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|Country of origin||China|
|Distinguishing features||Small, but both strong and quick; thrives at high altitudes|
The Baise horse (also known as the Guangxi) is a pony-sized horse breed native to the autonomous region of Guangxi, in southeastern China. Like other Asian breeds (the Mongolian horse in particular), it thrives at high altitudes and roams freely when not working. Guangxi's mild climate has long favored horse breeding; bronze statues from the third to the first centuries BCE exist of horses very similar in conformation to the Baise.
The Baise horse is small, with an average height of 11 to 11.2 hands (44 to 46 inches, 112 to 117 cm); it is smaller than other breeds in northern and western China. Its head is heavy, with a straight profile and wide jaw; it has a medium-length neck, running down to straight shoulders. Its legs are strong and well-developed, with strong hooves The usual coat colors are black, chestnut, gray and bay. The Baise is strong and quick with a willing, able temperament. It is used as a riding and pack horse for tourism, on the farm and in harness; it is also used for meat.
Baise horses are an important part of Guangxi village life, and are included in traditional wedding celebrations. The National Baise Horse Genetic Resources Conservation Area is a protected area in Guangxi.
- Ling, Yinghui; Ma, Yuehui; Guan, Weijun; Cheng, Yuejiao; Wang, Yanping; Han, Jianlin; Jin, Dapeng; Mang, Lai; Mahmut, Halik (2010). "Identification of Y Chromosome Genetic Variations in Chinese Indigenous Horse Breeds" (PDF). Journal of Heredity. 101 (5): 639–643. doi:10.1093/jhered/esq047. PMID 20497969. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- Sun, Yu-jiang; Min, Ling-jiang; Chen, Jian-xing; Mang, Lai (2009). "Analysis on Genetic Resource Characteristics of Southwest Horse Population in China". Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica (2009–02). Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
- Ling 2010, p. 642. | <urn:uuid:bdde8c0e-ea46-471b-94b6-8aad1e913d7d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise_horse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888341.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120004001-20180120024001-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.885528 | 514 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Visiting Veterinarian : Affairs of the heart(worm)
In springtime clients often call inquiring about when I am having a heartworm clinic.
"I'm not," I respond. "But doesn't my dog need a test every spring?" they persist, having been well trained in decades past. Well, that depends.
Reviewing the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis, the heartworm, will help you understand. Heartworm (HW) is a parasite carried by mosquitos. An infected mosquito takes a blood meal from your dog - let's call her Robin (your dog, that is, not the skeeter). While poking his nasty needle nose into Robin, the mosquito injects microscopic larvae, which migrate around until they find a blood vessel. Molting through several stages, they eventually arrive at the heart, where they settle happily, grow to adulthood, then start laying baby worms, called microfilaria, into the bloodstream. When the next skeeter stops by for lunch, he ingests microfilaria, which mature into the infectious stage inside the bug, and the cycle begins again.
In the old days, we used diethylcarbamazine (DEC) as a preventative. DEC did not affect adult HWs, but prevented infection by killing a specific larval molting stage. In our temperate climate, Robin needed daily DEC as soon as mosquitos appeared in spring until two months after they were gone, usually April through December. There was no reason to give DEC in the dead of winter. Come spring, it was time to start again, but there was a problem. Maybe you forgot to give some days. Maybe you had an elephant's memory but Robin barfed her pill in the backyard occasionally.
Even with perfect compliance, DEC wasn't 100 percent effective. There was a small chance Robin could have gotten infected. Imagine one winter, unbeknownst to you, Robin had HWs maturing into adults in her heart and making babies. You're not giving DEC because it's winter. The microfilaria build up in her blood. Spring arrives. You decide not to bother with that silly heartworm test your veterinarian advises just to pad her pockets. You pop Robin a DEC. All the microfilaria start dying at once. Robin has a severe allergic reaction, maybe even dies. You wish you had gone to the heartworm clinic.
So how come I'm not running a spring clinic? Because no one uses DEC anymore. The current once-a-month HW medications, called macrolides, are far more effective than DEC, and I recommend year-round administration. Why medicate Robin in winter when there are no mosquitos? For many reasons. First, macrolides have the added benefit of controlling many intestinal worms Robin might pick up gamboling through the forest or eating poop at the park. Second, macrolides have a property known as the "reach-back effect." If you use them faithfully, year-round, Robin will still be protected in the event that you forget once in a while. (With DEC even a few days lapse could put a dog at risk.) This reach-back effect cannot be relied upon if you discontinue treatment all winter. Isn't it bad for Robin to get medication all year? I don't think so. The macrolides are not long-acting drugs. They work as a quick monthly "housecleaning" and are rapidly metabolized and excreted. Third, it's easier to remember if you keep up your routine every month than if you start and stop.
Okay. You take my advice and give Robin year-round monthly macrolides. Does she need an annual test? There are arguments both for and against. Not even the macrolides are 100 percent effective. The American Heartworm Society still supports yearly testing. If you live in a high-risk area, like Florida, or frequently forget to give Robin her meds, I agree. If you stop preventative treatment for more than a month or two in the winter, I agree. On the other hand, if you are consistent with giving the pills, and live in an area like ours of relatively low incidence, in my opinion, testing every other year is adequate.
What about the timing of the test? Does it have to be spring? Well, yes and no. Early detection is always best. It takes five to nine months from the time Robin gets infected until our test will show positive. Do the math. It is true that in our neck of the woods the most effective screening time for early diagnosis of the majority of infections is spring. Maybe I'm getting lazy. Maybe motherhood has worn me out. Or maybe I just find so few cases of heartworm here that I question the effort and expense of testing every mutt every spring, especially if they get macrolide preventative year-round.
What if we have an unseasonably warm winter? Recent studies show that the average daily temperature has to be at least 57 degrees for the larvae in the skeeter to mature to the infective stage. Despite global warming, that ain't happening here - at least not yet. What if you forget for a couple of months while you hibernated through January and February? If your lapse was brief, and you've given pills reliably otherwise, the reach-back effect has Robin covered. What if by some weird confluence of circumstances, Robin did get infected and you didn't know? Could restarting medication without a test hurt her? Unlikely. Macrolides don't tend to create the same problems when given to heartworm-positive dogs as DEC did. The major down side to biennial testing is the chance of missing that early diagnosis in an infected individual.
Now I am not telling you to be lax about either testing or prevention. Heartworm infection is a serious, life-threatening disease. The treatment is no picnic either. It is up to you to assess Robin's risk. If you travel to the Caribbean, or Florida, or other locales with a high prevalence of heartworm, all bets are off. You should give Robin preventative year-round, test annually, and talk with a veterinarian about preventative for your southbound cats, too. Feline heartworm is uncommon but increasing in incidence. But if you have complied with your monthly preventative like clockwork, if you don't travel, and Robin comes annually for a physical examination, then I would recommend HW testing every other year at her routine visit. Your veterinarian may disagree.
Many experts still advise an annual spring screening and there is a reasonable case to be made for erring on the side of caution. So, I'm happy to run a spring test if you want to make sure Robin didn't get that worm. I'm just gonna do it one dog at a time during regular office hours. | <urn:uuid:bf5220f0-2be6-4753-b506-496ad1ed78b6> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.mvtimes.com/2008/04/10/calendar/visiting-veterinarian.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706121989/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120841-00068-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959205 | 1,409 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Scientists know that sleep plays an important part in memory but new research from New York University suggests that even a short break can help people remember things. The researchers showed the participants in the study images of faces, followed by a series of random objects. The participants did not know they would be tested on their memory of the objects later. The levels of activity in a part of the brain called the hippocampus - which plays an important part in memory - were measured while the participants were being shown the images and during a subsequent rest period. The hippocampus was found to be equally active while people were resting as it was when they were being shown the images and the more active people's hippocampi were when they were resting the better they did during a subsequent test of recall. | <urn:uuid:3196a0ff-75d5-4513-8c6f-a361cc788a5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://mentalhealthupdate.blogspot.com/2010/01/at-last-excuse-for-student-coffee-break.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123312.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823171414-20170823191414-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.988926 | 151 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Computer hacking, computer cracking; most people in the 21st century might already be familiar with these terms. As dreadful as they might seem to normal people, but hacking has been a highly explored topic in popular culture as seen in movies, sci-fi programs, video games and works of fiction. The roots of computer hacking can be traced back to the 20th century with the emergence of electronic computing devices and has been an integral part of the development of computer technology over the years. Nevertheless, exploiting loopholes in a system has always been a subject of controversy and shows how the term ‘complete security’ is merely an illusion of safety. Even though computer hackers aren’t seen as heroes, there are several works of fiction and popular media that can actually trigger your interest in the sci-fi esque world of computer hacking. Below is a list of some great video games, that include some form of computer hacking even though they’re far from real-time hacking.
See Also: Future Laptops
- Enter The Matrix
The 1999 Hollywood flick, The Matrix might be a highly fantasy-inspired take on when computers go horribly bad. Nevertheless, its deep storyline and the cinematic action took the whole world by storm. The 2003 video game Enter the Matrix, presents a side story that is a part of the Matrix canon and brings out a new perspective to the whole movie trilogy. Although the game is mostly played in a 3rd person perspective, there is a hacking system that is quite similar to what we saw in the movies. Codes need to be entered in a specific format, similar to Command Prompt found on Windows computers and requires little understanding of command line editing. This is used to unlock special features and weapons along with new gameplay modes.
- Watch Dogs
The game that revamped the cyberpunk genre along with raising several questions about our data privacy and security, Watchdogs is a must play game for any tech nerd out there. The game puts you in the shoes of a skilled computer hacker Aiden Pearce in a futuristic Chicago that is connected through an operating system termed “ctOS”. The player is supposed to hack into various computer terminals and devices across the city to complete various objectives, collect information and defeat enemies. This might not really be the best example of hacking, but the very concept that ‘the internet of things’ is vulnerable makes this game extremely enjoyable.
Most gamers would totally agree that Shadowrun on the Super Nintendo is still one of the most detailed Cyberpunk game to exist. Released back in 1993, Shadowrun is a detective/RPG that takes place in Washington DC set in the year 2050. Although the game is an adaptation of a tabletop role-playing game, it features a highly detailed storyline along with the ability to hack into computers. The hacking mini games aren’t about real hacking, but the effort put in by the player is quite similar. The player assumes control of the character named Jake Armitage who works as a ‘data courier’ who delivers computer programs that are stored in a microchip located in his brain and has lost his memories following a shootout. This synopsis alone is enough for most gamers to try out this definitive SNES classic.
- Ghost In the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
The Matrix was certainly remembered for its over the top action and the futuristic depiction of a fight between humans and artificial intelligence. But the anime series that inspired it all, is definitely Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex. The plot involves a special police force in a futuristic Japan, where they attempt to stop and reduce the growing cyber crimes. Its spin-off game was released in 2004 for the Playstation 2 and involved advanced hacking features such as the ability to hack into cybernetically controlled enemies. While the gameplay was panned for being too generic, it is still a great title for the cyberpunk fans and provides an ‘entertaining if not fresh’ take on computer hacking.
- Deus Ex: Human Revolution
While the first game by the name Deus Ex was released back in 2000, it was Human Revolution from 2011 that made this game a must have for any nerd or cyberpunk fan. The story follows the exploits of Adam Jensen an ex-SWAT member who has been provided cybernetic augmentations that enhance his abilities. The game not only involves some highly tension filled stealth action moments, but also at an innovative take on computer hacking. The player must continually hack various terminals to access various areas in the game and obtain new items, upgrades and weapons.
Must Read: A peek into the fun Holographic Stickers
- Mass Effect 2
While purely an action-adventure title, the space age setting alone makes Mass Effect 2 a great game for sci-fi fans. The latest game in the series might have eliminated bypassing and hacking into system from the gameplay, but Mass Effect 2 is one of the best examples how hacking is portrayed in video games. Moreover, hacking in this game has been made a little challenging by limiting the amount of attempts, that will result in terminal lockdown upon failing. The game might be more popular due to its action elements but is still one of the best video game representations of futuristic computer hacking.
There are several video games that actually portray a more realistic take on computer hacking such as Uplink, EVA Online or the 1985 game “Hacker” that actually required you hack first and then play. The above list might not be anywhere close to real life computer hacking, but do provide you a highly entertaining mix of fiction, immersive gameplay and tremendous storytelling. | <urn:uuid:6f24a07f-75a6-4c0d-9263-2197fae44f5a> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://blogs.systweak.com/2016/09/6-video-games-that-bring-out-the-computer-hacker-within-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319636.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622161445-20170622181445-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.958802 | 1,131 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Now that you have some idea about possible interest areas, you will be able to think about ways to motivate underachieving students to pursue enrichment in one or more areas.
Gifted education teachers or enrichment specialists are excellent sources for enrichment activities and for advice about alternative teaching units or materials, and mentoring student projects.
For teachers who don’t have access to specialists, many commercially published materials are available. These kits, books, and activity cards offer high quality at reasonable prices, and can be adapted to individuals or small student groups of all ages. To see a description of some enrichment materials available in print, click here.
Of course, these are only some examples!! Hundreds of resources are available in your school, thousands in your library, and millions on line to help students’ interests. The time you spent with the student helping him or her compact out of the regular curriculum and find an interest may create the bond that we believe will help this student break the underachievement cycle.
Encouraging underachieving students to develop interests and pursue projects that can help them to develop a love of learning. If students develop an interest and want to pursue an independent study, a 12 step process for guiding students through independent study is provided in the next section. | <urn:uuid:bb567196-f689-405f-920e-ec10bcb991fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://nrcgt.uconn.edu/underachievement_study/curriculum-compacting/cc_section12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.949099 | 258 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Photo: TLIC file photo shows Molloy College students getting acquainted during freshmen orientation.
Playing Ping Pong with 20,000 people
By Drew Bogner, President of Molloy College, Rockville Centre
Ping pong is a back-and-forth game. I hit the ball to you, you react and then I have to respond to what you do. The entire game is based on how we respond to each other.
Good teaching has similar qualities, and the connection between professor and student can greatly influence how much learning actually takes place. This connection is what is most overlooked in today’s debate over how to reduce the cost of higher education.
In the search to make higher education more affordable, many people have seized on online learning and, in particular, MOOCs (massive open online courses) as a way to reduce costs. The rationale is that if a professor can teach 20 students, why not have her teach 20,000 at the same time? Wouldn’t there be enormous savings that a college could then pass on to students in terms of reduced tuition?
MOOCs certainly have value, as does online learning in general. The student has access to a professor without having to leave his home and, in many cases, can access this course at a time most convenient for the student. Similarly, one can go online and watch Neil Armstrong becoming the first person to walk on the moon in 1969. It’s incredible to be able to see that footage (particularly if you missed it the first time), and it is a great way to supplement your knowledge of this important historical event.
It can be very exciting to take a MOOC with a famous professor but, except for some limited email or text exchanges, there is very little real interaction. You hear the professor, but there is no real exchange between the two of you. In this way, MOOCs are like a webinar; they can provide value, but they are primarily a one-way conversation.
In the ideal learning environment, there is often an “a-ha” moment that happens when the student grasps a concept for the first time, usually a result of a direct exchange with the professor. The Japanese call this “satori,” a moment of enlightenment, and this moment is a key goal of every good professor.
You don’t have to make a decision between MOOCS and traditional classroom instruction. There is real value in a hybrid model that blends the best of online learning with actual class time and real interaction between professors and students. Students can take some portion of the class online, reducing commuting and/or providing them with the flexibility of taking a part of the class at a time most convenient to them. This would be combined with intensive class time that would enable the professor to reinforce concepts originally studied or learned online.
This is the approach that Molloy believes is the best fit for most students. More important, the hybrid approach is true to the culture of Molloy, which emphasizes personal attention and a deep sense of community, something that could not be replicated in a pure online learning environment.
I do not anticipate too many people would want to earn a full degree through online classes only. Education is more than career preparation and skill acquisition. It is about formation – about becoming who you were meant to be, the truest version of yourself. And this happens through interaction – the real give and take of conversation, dialogue and the exchanging of ideas. And for those of us who have children, would you want your son or daughter to earn a degree strictly though online learning, without any true interaction?
If you play ping pong, one of the things you probably enjoy is the conversations you have with your opponent while playing. That give and take between ping pong players is what makes the game enjoyable for so many people. Would you want to play ping pong with a computer that says nothing to you?
The back-and-forth aspect is what is lost with MOOCs. No matter how good a MOOC professor might be, it is extremely difficult to play ping pong with 20,000 people. | <urn:uuid:57298bfe-64a2-4c4d-9081-60c9bd6ffb53> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://licatholic.org/oped-playing-ping-pong-with-20000-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869264.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00026-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971026 | 853 | 2.765625 | 3 |
January 9, 2008
Long-lasting Lily Look-alike
The Mauve Majesty may look like a lily, but it can last a lot longer. This flower, which took five years for Cornell to develop, can bloom through the summer and until the first hard freeze in most northern states. If it is grown in a greenhouse, it never goes dormant, and once cut, the stems last two weeks before wilting. Botanically, it is not a lily, but perceptions can be deceiving.
This lavender-lilac colored flower with its creamy yellow throat and dark speckling is a new hybrid of the Inca lily (Alstroemeria). The Alstroemeria is the fifth most popular cut flower in the United States, according to Mark Bridgen, the Cornell professor of horticulture and director of the Department of Horticulture's Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center. Bridgen developed the Mauve Majesty, which is Cornells' first patented ornamental plant, and he recently received the 2008 Herbert Medal from the International Bulb Society for achievement in advancing knowledge of bulbous plants.
Cornell's hybrid is also one of the first in its color class to be hardy to cooler northern climates. The Mauve Majesty grows well in zone 6 of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone Map, on the coasts of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Northern New Jersey and some of the Midwest. It is also capable of sometimes growing in western Massachusetts, Michigan, southern Iowa and Nebraska, eastern Colorado, and northern Missouri and Kansas, which are included in zone 5. Its hardiness in zone 5 depends on the temperature range in a particular year.
---Image caption: Mauve Majesty is a new pinkish-purple ornamental flower, just patented by Cornell, that blooms all summer long in the cooler, northern states until the first hard freeze in the fall.
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:8731e225-ab6a-4e3a-bf04-662b4a7abbd4> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1209733/longlasting_lily_lookalike/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609404.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528004908-20170528024908-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.923375 | 404 | 2.53125 | 3 |
THE USE OF MONEY.
The money question in the management and training of children has a distinct bearing on the subjects of some of the preceding chapters. It is extremely important, first, in respect to opportunities which are afforded in connection with the use of money for cultivating and developing the qualities of sound judgment and of practical wisdom; and then, in the second place, the true course to be pursued with them in respect to money forms a special point to be considered in its bearing upon the subject of the proper mode of dealing with their wishes and requests.
Evil Results of a very Common Method.
If a parent wishes to eradicate from the mind of his boy all feelings of delicacy and manly pride, to train him to the habit of obtaining what he wants by importunity or servility, and to prevent his having any means of acquiring any practical knowledge of the right use of money, any principles of economy, or any of that forethought and thrift so essential to sure prosperity in future life, the best way to accomplish these ends would seem to be to have no system in supplying him with money in his boyish days, but to give it to him only when he asks for it, and in quantities determined only by the frequency and importunity of his calls.
Of course under such a system the boy has no inducement to take care of his money, to form any plans of expenditure, to make any calculations, to practise self-denial to-day for the sake of a greater good to-morrow. The source of supply from which he draws money, fitful and uncertain as it may be in what it yields to him, he considers unlimited; and as the amount which he can draw from it does not depend at all upon his frugality, his foresight, or upon any incipient financial skill that he may exercise, but solely upon his adroitness in coaxing, or his persistence in importunity, it is the group of bad qualities, and not the good, which such management tends to foster. The effect of such a system is, in other words, not to encourage the development and growth of those qualities on which thrift and forehandedness in the management of his affairs in future life, and, in consequence, his success and prosperity, depend; but, on the contrary, to cherish the growth of all the mean and ignoble propensities of human nature by accustoming him, so far as relates to this subject, to gain his ends by the arts of a sycophant, or by rude pertinacity.
Not that this system always produces these results. It may be, and perhaps generally is, greatly modified by other influences acting upon the mind of the child at the same time, as well as by the natural tendencies of the boy’s character, and by the character and general influence upon him of his father and mother in other respects. It can not be denied, however, that the above is the tendency of a system which makes a boy’s income of spending-money a matter of mere chance, on which no calculations can be founded, except so far as he can increase it by adroit manoeuvring or by asking for it directly, with more or less of urgency or persistence, as the case may require; that is to say, by precisely those means which are the most ignoble and most generally despised by honorably-minded men as means for the attainment of any human end. | <urn:uuid:941df65b-074c-40b4-ad9f-f8c8f5ea470e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/11667/141.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661767.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00137-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979491 | 707 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Exercise in the open air is good for you, but if you want to reap the full benefits you should head for the coast or the countryside rather than an urban park.
That is the conclusion of research by Katherine Ashbullby and Dr Mathew White from the European Centre for Environment and Human Health (ECEHH), Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, and the School of Psychology, University of Plymouth. Mathew White is presenting the findings on April 19 to the British Psychological Society Annual Conference held at the Grand Connaught Rooms, London.
Katherine Ashbullby and her colleagues from the two institutions studied data from 2750 English respondents drawn from Natural England's two-year study of people's engagement with the natural environment. They looked at people who had visited urban parks, the countryside and the coast.
They found that all outdoor locations were associated with positive feelings (enjoyment, calmness, refreshment), but that visits to the coast were most beneficial and visits to urban parks least beneficial. This finding remained when the researchers took account of factors like people's age, how far they had traveled, the presence of others and the activity they undertook.
Dr White, a lecturer in health and risk from the ECEHH, says: "There is a lot of work on the beneficial effects of visiting natural environments, but our findings suggest it is time to move beyond a simple urban vs rural debate and start looking at the effect that different natural environments have on people's health and well-being."
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:38d85f52-6c0b-4e69-8bc6-2c1ede7ae3a2> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120419102438.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883466.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00173-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969646 | 312 | 2.8125 | 3 |
You can use
next to try to execute the next iteration of a
while loop. After executing
while's condition is checked and, if truthy, the body will be executed.
a = 1 while a < 5 a += 1 if a == 3 next end puts a end # The above prints the numbers 2, 4 and 5
next can also be used to exit from a block, for example:
def block yield end block do puts "hello" next puts "world" end # The above prints "hello"
next can also take an argument which will then be returned by
def block puts yield end block do next "hello" end # The above prints "hello" | <urn:uuid:3b2e0872-0047-4986-af40-378a9b5a1105> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://crystal-lang.org/reference/syntax_and_semantics/next.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587719.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025154225-20211025184225-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.777729 | 141 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Monthly Archives: February 2013
New English for Engineering lesson plan available, looking at Lithium-ion batteries and their recent problems in the Boeing Dreamliner 787 series. Download for free today! visit https://eslrightnow.com/english-for-engineering/
A lesson plan exploring Low Budget Airlines. Go to https://eslrightnow.com/business-english-lesson-plans/ to dowload for free!
New Lesson Plan Uploaded This lesson looks at exactly that, including a survival scenario, a Bear Grylls video, a creative survival exercise and a reading text. Filled with interesting tasks, it is sure to ignite the creativity in the ESL … Continue reading
A lesson plan which looks at the world of technology and inventions. This lesson focuses on describing technology and products and is filled with useful language and vocabulary related to technology and inventions. It concludes with a look at Project … Continue reading
A new Engineering English lesson plan exploring the fascinating future of the car industry. This lesson explores the world of Hybrid and Driverless cars, using video, authentic texts, technical language and much more……. Download the lesson plan at https://eslrightnow.com/english-for-engineering/
New lesson plan uploaded – This lesson plan looks at the the world of making decisions and negotiating in Business. The tasks will train the participants in making suggestions, responsding diplomatically to good and bad decisions and negotiating deals. The … Continue reading | <urn:uuid:f7c2814e-55bd-4a78-8ac1-cd1f1e1ba41d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://eslrightnow.com/2013/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806422.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121185236-20171121205236-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.889275 | 302 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Analysis of the German Federal Government’s National Renewable Energy Action Plan
The National Renewable Energy Action Plans offer a unique insight into the energy policy context of each EU Member State. For a comparative analysis of six European action plans, Katharina Umpfenbach and Stephan Sina contributed a review of Germany's action plan.
For the first time, the EU Renewable Energy Directive sets legally binding targets for the expansion of renewable energies. The EU as a whole aims to provide 20 % of final energy consumption from renewable sources, while Germany agreed to a target of 18 % by 2020. Until July 2010, each Member State had to produce a National Renewable Energy Action Plan, detailing how the target is to be achieved.
The analysis of the German action plan focuses on the electricity sector and Germany’s performance in addressing the long-term challenge of transforming the energy sector.
A German version of the study is available for download here. | <urn:uuid:6268b7b6-f1f1-4af6-94e8-26dfbef76fa5> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.ecologic.eu/4027 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524743.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121101406-20210121131406-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.898345 | 192 | 2.75 | 3 |
Detroit Civil Rights Trilogy
An enhanced version of the Ford Hunger March with Dave Moore is included with two other personal stories that chronicle Black History in Michigan. The revealing stories are told and illustrated in three segments during this richly produced, award winning* documentary.
Last Survivor of the Ford Hunger March
In Detroit, Michigan during the great depression, Dave Moore was a hungry young black man without work. In 1932 when over three thousand people protested against the Ford Motor Company to appeal for jobs, Dave Moore marched with them and witnessed the brutality that caused five deaths. Dave continued to suffer through the depression until he joined the Civilian Conversation Corps and was sent to serve at Camp Baldwin, Michigan. Later Dave landed a prized job in the foundry with Ford Motors. Dave Moore never forgot the Hunger March experience that inspired him to help organize the workers of the auto industry. He held many positions in the UAW and other organizations. When he retired in 1994 he was the Director of the Senior Citizens Department for the City of Detroit. At age 96, Mr. Moore continued to organize, educate and advocate for workers rights until he died on November 1, 2009.
Rosa Parks of the Boblo Boat
Sara Elizabeth Haskell has been known as the "Rosa Parks of the Boblo Boat" but she actually led the way for Rosa Parks on the banks of the Detroit River in 1945.
Mr. Interlocutor of Mount Clemens
Duane Gerlach was the master of ceremonies for black face minstrel shows that were staged by white men for over 10 years in a Detroit suburb. Film clips from the 1959 show are included in the documentary.
*First Place, Documentary Feature, at the Made-in-Michigan Film Festival, 2010. | <urn:uuid:10a80f3e-c7d5-47c4-8e7c-3c648b8ae29d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://claytonrye.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573176.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918024332-20190918050332-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.969651 | 356 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Would you like to win $1 million? Have you always been good at sums?
Actually, it will take rather more than being good at sums to crack any of the seven problems described in this book. Before the Clay Mathematics Institute announced the problems in May 2000, and attached a $1 million prize to each one, it had consulted some of the world's top mathematicians.
Keith Devlin's book aims to give some idea of what the seven problems are, and why mathematicians think they are so important.
He begins with the Riemann Hypothesis, which is a 140-year-old conjecture related to the distribution of the prime numbers. He then moves on to Yang-Mills theory (modern mathematical physics) and the P versus NP problem (computability). He conjectures that the last of these is likely to be the only one of the seven that might conceivably be accessible to an amateur mathematician, as opposed to a highly specialised expert.
Then he comes to the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern fluid motion.
Take, for example, a shallow dish and fill it with cold water to a depth of 1cm or so. Sprinkle tea leaves on top, to visualise the flow. Then hold a pencil upright, dip it in the water, and move it across the dish. If you do this at a moderate speed you will observe a strikingly regular pattern of vortices in the wake of the pencil, spinning in alternate directions. While mathematicians can now (just about) account for phenomena of this kind, fundamental questions about the governing equations remain, and some of the deepest questions are about when solutions exist, even, let alone when those solutions might correspond to what is observed.
After a look at such matters, Devlin moves on to the Poincare Conjecture (topology). Since the book was published, there has been much excitement about this problem, and a proof by the Russian mathematician Grigori Perelman is still being checked by other experts in the field. Devlin follows with the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture (number theory), and then finishes with the Hodge Conjecture (don't even ask).
Devlin is a highly successful and well-known populariser of mathematics, and in each chapter he reviews some suitable elementary parts of the subject before sketching the prize problem itself. Any reader interested mainly in those more "general" parts might be better off with one of Devlin's other books, such as The Language of Mathematics (1998), but if what you want is a slight glimpse (very slight, in some cases) of the seven millennium problems, then I find it difficult to imagine any other book doing a much better job.
Devlin is candid about the difficulties he faced when writing the book. In connection with the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture, he notes:
"Although I have been a professional mathematician for more than 30 years, number theory is not my area of expertise, and it took me considerable effort, spread over several weeks, aided by discussions with experts that I knew, before I understood the problem sufficiently to write this chapter."
For that kind of reason, some may question whether anyone should be attempting to write a book such as this. Can there really be any point in even writing down, say, the Navier-Stokes equations if one feels obliged to prepare the way with an account of elementary calculus?
But, for what it is worth, I am on Devlin's side here. I suspect that a lot of the difficulty with mathematics in schools and universities is caused by students getting so bogged down with minutiae that they lose track of where they are really going. "Don't run before you can walk" is a good dictum, but so is "If you have no idea of where you're going, don't be too surprised if you never get there". In this respect, books such as The Millennium Problems can only help.
The $1 million prize money attached to each problem (see www.claymath.org ) has already done a service by helping to publicise mathematics as a living subject that is full of exciting challenges. And, contrary to common opinion, mathematicians are not from another planet; like everybody else, they are attracted by lots of money.
In the end, though, anyone who solves one of these problems will almost certainly be driven more by a love of mathematics for its own sake, including its remarkable applications, the elegance of some of the deductive arguments involved and the sheer wonder of some of the theorems, particularly when they reveal unexpected connections between different parts of the subject. This last aspect - surprising connections deep within mathematics - comes out particularly well in Devlin's ambitious book.
David Acheson is a fellow of Jesus College, Oxford.
The Millennium Problems: The Seven Greatest Unsolved Mathematical Puzzles of Our Time
Author - Keith Devlin
Publisher - Granta
Pages - 237
Price - £20.00
ISBN - 1 86207 686 3 | <urn:uuid:6f5f02c1-b9f4-4af2-bd41-65f8d0c47684> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/a-dish-of-water-and-tea-may-win-you-1-million/191262.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937074.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419223925-20180420003925-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.955985 | 1,045 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Synopses & Reviews
Offering a concise overview of Montevideo’s history and development, the ‘Historical Dictionary of Montevideo’ presents a comprehensive historical survey of the city by means of an alphabetical list of keywords and names, with accompanying definitions. Both well-researched and authoritative, the volume draws upon a wide range of modern sources, and contains an introductory essay about the city, a chronology, a list of acronyms and abbreviations, photographs and appendixes of supplemental information. Featuring a detailed array of references, the ‘Historical Dictionary of Montevideo’ is the perfect comprehensive starting point for anyone looking to conduct research on the city, and will be of great use to historians, journalists, diplomats, teachers, students, genealogists and librarians.
The perfect comprehensive starting point for anyone looking to conduct research on Montevideo, this historical dictionary is ideal for those who want to know more about the city’s history and development.
About the Author
Justin Corfield gained his PhD in history from Monash University, and has been teaching history and international relations at Geelong Grammar School in Australia since 1993. He has written extensively on Asian history and politics. | <urn:uuid:56cfe822-7da6-4020-b14d-1974370bccc0> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.powells.com/book/historical-dictionary-of-montevideo-9780857282361 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662705.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00221-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899382 | 252 | 3.03125 | 3 |
on this browser"/>
Are there any similarities between Magnesium and Tin?
Well, they are both metals and elements of main groups. Magnesium oxydation number is II and Tin oxydation numbers are II and IV.
They are both shinny. :lol:
Both elements are metals and therefore reasonably good conductors of heat and electricity. Both have fairly low melting points (you can melt them on the kitchen stove) and are fairly reactive in common inorganic acids such as HNO3 or HCl. The resulting compounds have a fairly wide range of applications in everyday life. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is epsom salts used as a bath soak and laxative; stannous fluoride (SnF) is a decay-preventative in some toothpastes; magnesium carbonate is gymnasts' chalk, used to improve the grip when vaulting on the horse or parallel bars. Tin oxide is used as a polishing compound. Both metals have wide application in alloying. Magnesium is alloyed with aluminum to produce a lighhter and tougher metal used in mag wheels on performance cars; tin is essential in type metal, white metal, pewter and many other alloys. Both metals are bivalent (thus forming compounds like MgCl2/SnCl2 or MgO or SnO) though Sn is also tetravalent (forming compounds like SnCl4 and SnO2) This is what your previous correspondents are correct in observing that both having an oxidation number of II (and tin also one of IV) and that, when freshly cut, both are shiny, though neither wins any prizes for spelling.
I would be cautious about trying to melt Mg though; at red heat it combines with O2 in a vigorous exothermic reaction to produce a spectacular white light light (used in flares and fireworks) which is incredibly rich in UV radiation. Eye damage may result. They never told me these things when I was a child with my very own chemistry set, ingots of Mg and flasks of Hg many years ago.
WebElements: the periodic table on the WWW [http://www.webelements.com/] | <urn:uuid:2c2441dc-655a-413a-b557-a3a9b282bbfe> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.webelements.com/forum/node/59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121983086.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175303-00138-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923193 | 457 | 2.515625 | 3 |
An option is the right to buy or sell an asset for a specified price, called the strike or exercise price, on or before a specified expiration date (Bodie et al, 2009). The underlying assets in this case are the shares of a company. Options are used by investors to hedge their capital gains risk. Call options are bought when the market is expected to rise (bull market) and put options are bought when the market is expected to fall (bear market).
Since 2007, global financial markets have been bearish and at the same time very volatile. Due to this, investors have been hedging their increased risk by investing in the option markets.
Option prices are determined by the information available in the market regarding a particular company. If a company announces positive news, the call option price of that particular share will increase (for the same strike price). The opposite will happen with the price of a put option. If good news regarding a company comes into the market, the price of the put option will decrease.
However, it has been argued that because, in practice, markets are not fully efficient (i.e. don’t follow the strong form of efficiency) it is possible for (privately known) insider information regarding companies to “leak” into the markets and affect the prices of options. This is known as the semi-strong form of efficiency and is what exists in the real world.
The purpose of this research is to see whether or not such insider information affects the prices of options before the information is publicly announced. The focus of this research will be on the global financial crises, which started in 2007.
Donald P. Chiras and Steven Manaster (1978) talked about market efficiency and the effect on option prices in their paper “The Information Content of Option Prices and a Test of Market Efficiency”. They used the Black-Scholes (1973) option pricing model to calculate the equilibrium price of stock purchase options. However, the Black-Scholes model assumes no dividends, so Merton (1973) adjusted the model to include dividend. Dividends in this case were assumed to be paid continuously such that the yield was constant. Merton implied that the standard deviation was the value of the stock’s standard deviation of returns, which when analysed in the option pricing formula will equate an observed option price calculated from the option formula.
Chiras and Manaster found that the prices observed for different options on the same stock resulted in different calculated implied standard deviations. Their hypothesis was tested by trying to identify over and underestimated priced option prices. They found that the “model tended to over estimate the value of an option on a high variance security, whilst market traders tended to underestimate the value. And similarly, while the model tended to underestimate the value of the option on a low variance security, traders tended to over estimate it” [Black and Scholes (1972, pp. 416-417)]. In other words, the tests indicated that the actual price at which options are bought and sold deviate in certain systematic ways from the values predicted by the formula. Option buyers pay prices which are consistently higher than those predicted by the formula.
Allen M. Poteshman (2006) tried to prove the statement that insider information can affect the financial markets. He concluded that terrorists and/or their associates had traded in the option market on advanced knowledge of the September 11 attacks. According to Poteshman, the put-call ratios of American Airlines’ and United Airlines’ options were abnormally high just days before the eleventh of September. He even stated that the masterminds behind the attacks had used the attacks as a means of financing their terrorist activities.
Allen M. Poteshman (2006) also proved that markets become inefficient due to the “non-public information possessed by option traders rather than the market inefficiency” itself. Furthermore, Allen M. Poteshman (2001) cited Stein (1989) stating that due to market inefficiencies there was long-term overreaction to information in the S&P100 Index options market in the mid-1980s. However, currently, there is no short-term under reaction in the same market. Also, Reza S. Mahani and Allen M. Poteshman (2006) found that unsophisticated option market investors overreacted to past news on underlying stocks, which proves yet again that the only people who take advantage of market inefficiencies are people who carry out insider dealing, and as Poteshman (2006) stated (above) that markets become inefficient due to the privately-held information by option holders rather than the market inefficiency itself.
Another proof of market inefficiency was given by R.L. Varson and M.J.R Selby (1997). Through examination they found that just five days before a company announced its earnings, the option prices would lead their corresponding share price by approximately fifteen minutes. This proves that even though the announcement wasn’t made yet, it was already incorporated in the option prices of the corresponding share price: proof of insider information, i.e., market inefficiency. Reza S. Mahani and Allen M. Poteshman (2006) also stated that unsophisticated investors overreact to past news; they buy more options on growth stocks just before the earnings announcement is made. This is true even though the value stocks outperform the growth stocks by a wide margin.
Brian D. Kluger AND Steve B. Wyatt (1995) carried out a test to find the information aggregation role of options when agents possessed diverse information about possible asset returns. They found that options speed the information aggregation process in the financial markets. This means that if there were no options in the financial markets, then insider information wouldn’t have the same effect as it does currently. In other words, the financial markets would probably not have been as inefficient as they are now.
The objectives of this research are the following:
To see if the semi-strong form of market efficiency holds in practice
I.e., whether or not insider information affects option prices (before the official announcement is made).
If yes, how did that information affect the prices of the options in question?
Did the prices increase or decrease?
Can arbitrage profits be made due to the market inefficiencies?
By looking at historical data, decide on how long insider information generally stays in the market before it is publicly available?
I.e., the amount of time insider investors have to make arbitrage profits, if any.
Was the 2007 financial crisis predictable by looking at/analysing the option prices then?
The research method for this project will be of a quantitative nature. The model to be used to price the options is the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. It was derived by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in their 1973 paper, “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities”. The formula derives the price of an option based on the following factors: spot price of the underlying asset, the time to maturity, the strike price, the risk-free rate and the volatility of the underlying asset.
The value of a call option in terms of the Black–Scholes parameters is:
The price of a put option is:
N(•) is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution
T – t is the time to maturity
S is the spot price of the underlying asset
K is the strike price
r is the risk free rate (annual rate, expressed in terms of continuous compounding)
σ is the volatility in the log-returns of the underlying
This formula follows certain assumptions. These are:
The stock pays no dividends during the option’s life.
European exercise terms are used.
American options are not considered as they have the flexibility to be exercised before the maturity date. Due to their flexibility they are more expensive than European options.
Markets are efficient.
This assumption suggests that people cannot consistently predict the direction of the market or an individual stock.
No transaction costs.
Interest rates remain constant and known.
UK gilts are used to represent the risk-free rate.
Returns are log normally distributed.
The data for this research will be collected from reliable sources, such as Bloomberg and DataStream. The data collected will be from the UKX Index and will be the weekly option prices from 2005 to 2010.
The reason data is being collected from 2005 is to see the effect of insider information leading to the crises in 2007.
June: Look up data for the dissertation.
June: Look up more information (journals) to see what others have researched on the topic (apart from the information already mentioned in the literature review).
July: Start typing the dissertation.
The prices of stock options will be calculated using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, which will then be analysed from the time period under examination (2005-2010) in the UK. These prices will be compared to any news that was announced soon after the changes in the prices, especially if there were any erratic changes in the prices. If there was an announcement to be made, which the option values had already incorporated in them, it could be concluded that market efficiency affects the prices of options.
Cite This Work
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: | <urn:uuid:418c0961-7205-45f7-ae8c-e916ad4aa0ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://freedissertation.com/literature-reviews/insider-information-affects-option-prices-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336921.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001195125-20221001225125-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.942858 | 1,958 | 2.875 | 3 |
The wavelength of the defect determines to which group the defect belongs. In engineering, the maximum wavelength for roughness is thus considered to be 0.8mm.
In order to separate the different components of a surface, several least squares fitting processes have been developed using a geometrical approach. Several filtering processes have been developed using a frequential approach.
Least Squares Fitting Processes
Global Least Squares Fitting
The principle is to determine and then subtract the average plane from the surface area. To determine the average plane, the least squares fitting method may be used
Selective Least Squares Fitting
This algorithm, which is more sophisticated, is based on automatically eliminating non pertinent zones from a line or from a least squares plane. Curves or surfaces showing significant localized defects can thus be automatically rectified.
Polynomial Least Squares Fitting
The rectification of a plane does not always suffice in eliminating the shape of the sample surface. This is the case for cylindrical, spherical or skew surfaces, for which an average polynomial surface is determined in degrees (n) using the “least squares fitting” method.
Another means of detecting certain kinds of surface defects ( roughness, waviness, shape) is to use filters.The cut-off frequency is determined in function of the defect under study.
This principle is frequently used by the 2D profile measurement apparatus using analogical filters at a stable frequency (0.8 mm).
The inconvenience of such an analogical filter, other than the choice of the frequency being rather limited, is the fact that its impulse response is asymmetrical, which thus deforms the scan. Numerical filters are thus preferable as they offer an impulse response which is symmetrical in relation to zero. | <urn:uuid:0f6b0143-3314-473e-8cca-49fa4d8ab960> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://www.akilog.com/en/products-services/surface-metrology/data-processing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362969.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204094103-20211204124103-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.921123 | 375 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Postpartum hair loss is a normal – and temporary – postpartum change that is unrelated to breastfeeding. Most women will return to their usual hair growth cycle between 6 and 12 months after birth.
Many new moms notice hair loss – sometimes quite dramatic – around three months postpartum. This is a normal – and temporary – postpartum change that is unrelated to breastfeeding.
Have you seen
for Nursing Mamas?
Following is how the hair growth cycle works:
All hair has a growth phase, termed anagen, and a resting phase, telogen. On the scalp, anagen lasts approximately 3 years, while telogen lasts roughly 3 months, although there can be wide variation in these times between individuals. During telogen, the resting hair remains in the follicle until it is pushed out by growth of a new anagen hair.
— from Telogen Effluvium by Elizabeth CW Hughes, MD
Normally, around 85-95% of your hair is in the growth phase at any point in time, but the hormonal changes during pregnancy stimulate an increase in the percentage of hairs in the growth phase. As a result, many women enjoy thicker hair during pregnancy, as more hairs than normal are growing and fewer than normal are resting/shedding.
With the birth of your baby (and the hormonal changes that accompany birth), a larger number of hairs than normal enter the resting phase. Since the resting phase is followed by hair shedding (and regrowth), new mothers will experience greater than normal hair loss once the resting phase ends.
Postpartum hair loss commonly starts at around three months after birth. The amount of time between childbirth and the onset of shedding corresponds to the length of the resting phase of hair growth (between 1 and 6 months, with an average of three months). The hair loss can seem more extreme if your hair grew much more than normal during pregnancy, or if you have long hair. Most women will return to their usual hair growth cycle within six months, or between 6 and 12 months after birth.
If you feel that your hair loss is greater than the norm, or if things are not back to normal by the time your baby is 12 months old, then see your doctor. Excessive hair loss can be caused by common and easy-to-remedy postpartum conditions such as hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone) or iron-deficiency anemia.
What can you do while you wait for your hair to return to its normal growth cycle?
- Get a good haircut. Some moms choose this time to get a shorter haircut or one that requires less care.
- Experiment with different hairstyles.
- A good quality shampoo and conditioner may help.
- Try different styling products, such as mousses or texturizers that “bulk up” the appearance of your hair.
- Avoid using a brush or comb that pulls or stresses the hair.
Lynfield YL. Effect of Pregnancy on the Human Hair Cycle. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology (1960) 35, 323–327; doi:10.1038/jid.1960.127 | <urn:uuid:144d5aa1-02e7-48ad-a14e-ba4df618514b> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/hairloss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581053.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216030243-20171216052243-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.940178 | 645 | 2.609375 | 3 |
why does he do this?
Answers 1Add Yours
The House of Usher signifies the whole family or at least what was left of them. Both Madeline (before she "died") and Roderick sufferer from strange illnesses. Poe’s subtext is that there is some creepy incest stuff going on, "...The stem of the Usher race...had put forth, at no period, any enduring branch; in other words, that the entire family lay in the direct line of descent, and had always, with very trifling and very temporary variation, so lain." Roderick comes to believe that the mansion is directly related to his malady," He believes that somehow the mansion controls his behaviour, and what eventually will become of him. “The decaying state of the mansion parallels the decaying state of Roderick. I think Poe was looking to create a very literal sense of artistic unity. He wanted to present a physical structure that would manifest the tragedy of this family. It's like the DNA of the house itself was faulty hence the subtext of incest. As Madeline makes her zombie entrance and Roderick, more or less, melts away, it somehow makes sense that this very sick house finally self-destructs putting an end to this whole creepy family. | <urn:uuid:77a810b5-17c0-46ec-819e-cf6963538344> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.gradesaver.com/the-fall-of-the-house-of-usher/q-and-a/several-parallels-are-made-between-the-house-of-usher-and-its-occupant-too-many-in-fact-to-be-accidental-why-has-poe-linked-the-two-49015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015163653-20181015185153-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.980177 | 262 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This article is not intended to disparage the service of General George S. Patton. He revolutionized modern warfare with his aggressive use of armored cavalry and his disdain for fixed fortifications. His Seventh and Third Armies saved soldiers and citizens from Sardinia to the Seine in the dark years of World War II—One of them being my own great-uncle, a 101st paratrooper who huddled in the Bastogne snow during the Battle of the Bulge. However, Patton was far from perfect.
In November of 1943, Private Herman Kuhl sat slouched over on a stool in the 15th Evacuation Hospital in Sicily. A husband and father from South Bend, Indiana, had fought bravely for eight months through the Tunisian and Sicilian campaigns. Within the last two weeks Kuhl had twice been admitted for “exhaustion” and doctors were observing the chronically fatigued young man. Beds of wounded men lined room around him.
Everything fell to a disciplined hush when the six-foot, two-inch General George S. Patton tromped into the room, ivory-handled pistol on his belt, jodhpurs flaring from his hips to knees. The general, tired and irritable from the long months of planning and training, and the longer months of fighting, was touring the hospital to visit his sick and wounded men. Faced with soldiers’ suffering put Patton’s vulnerability on full display and his soldiers’ suffering moved him to tears. It wasn’t affected or a performance; it really did upset the general.
Then his long, tall shadow fell across the young Hoosier from northern Indiana. For Private Kuhl, it must have felt like God Himself standing over him in judgment. “Where were you hurt?” the general asked in his high-pitched voice (Patton sounded nothing like George C. Scott).
The physically-exhausted and sweat-soaked Kuhl could barely lift his eyes up to the general. His mind and body seemed two separate things and the young soldier couldn’t stand at attention or even offer a salute. “I-I guess I can’t take it, sir,” Kuhl said.
The general’s already-flushed face grew crimson. Patton exploded. Already infamous for his love of cursing, Patton fired a volley of unprintable words at the hunched over GI, sprinkled with an occasional “coward” and “yellow-bellied.” In moments a crowd of doctors and attendants surrounded the two men, not sure how to react.
Had it ended there, it might not have even made the news. But it didn’t end there.
Patton pulled his arm back and then whapped the private across his chin with his leather gloves. The slap silenced the entire room and there was only the sound of Patton’s cursing and the sobbing and shamed private.
The furious general reached down and twisted the private collar in his hand, lifting him easily and dragging him to the entrance. The staff and attendants of the hospital parted faster than the Red Sea. He continued cursing the crying private the entire time.
Patton yanked the private into the sunlight, then planted one polished boot on the private’s rear and kicked him to the dust. He turned to a doctor. “You don’t admit him again,” Patton said, stabbing a finger at a humiliated Kuhl.
“You hear me, you gutless BASTARD? You’re going back to the front,” Patton bellowed at Kuhl and then stomped away.
Quickly, medics came to Kuhl’s aid and lifted him from the ground, helping him to a smaller tent well away from the hospital. The private’s face was bathed in sweat and although he was still crying, it was obvious Kuhl was only half-aware of what had just happened. Heat radiated off him like an oven wrapped in olive drab cotton. Nurses took his temperature and found the Hoosier baking with a 102 degree fever. They performed a flurry of tests.
The answer for Kuhl’s sudden delirium, chronic weakness, and inability to fight returned soon after: malaria. For the last two weeks this private had endured a sun-baked Hell. The daily stress and exhaustion of furious combat and shelling, multiplied by fever, exhaustion, vomiting, and aches. It didn’t surprise anyone that Kuhl had arrived at the hospital. In fact, the most amazing thing was that Kuhl had lasted as long as he did.
Doctors hurriedly reported the incident, which made its way up the chain of command, directly to Ike himself. A similar incident happened a week later, involving Patton slapping yet another soldier for cowardice. This second incident ended with a rabid Patton pulling out his sidearm. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the man in charge of the whole shebang, finally intervened.
…I feel that the personal services you have rendered the United States and the Allied cause during the past weeks are of incalculable value; but nevertheless if there is a very considerable element of truth in the allegations accompanying this letter, I must so seriously question your good judgment and your self-discipline as to raise serious doubts in my mind as to your future usefulness.
~8/17/43 Letter from Eisenhower to Patton
His chilling message to “Old Blood and Guts” ended with a suggestion that Patton apologize to the soldiers, the doctors, and any witnesses. He then spoke publicly to each of the five divisions of the Seventh Army. His speech, as colorful, memorable, and apologetic as it might have sounded, was mostly crocodile tears. Personally, Patton didn’t see the purpose. He later wrote, “It is rather a commentary on justice when an Army commander has to soft-soap a skulker to placate the timidity of those above.” *In this instance, he was speaking of the second incident, where the soldier in question had gone AWOL then lied about his condition to avoid combat.
The support from his soldiers was unquestioned. In fact, when speaking to the last division, his own men drowned out his speech by chanting “NO. NO. NO. NO…” over and over to drown out the general’s penitent words. It was reported that Patton burst into tears.
Many in the American media overseas demanded Patton’s resignation, but Eisenhower demurred. Both Charles Kuhl (and his father) forgave the general for his mistake, with the private suggesting the general had been suffering his own “battle fatigue.” A prudent Eisenhower simply pocketed Patton while the war continued, waiting for the bloodlust to boil down. “Patton is indispensable to the war effort,” Eisenhower wrote, “one of the guarantors of our victory.” He kept Patton in the wings until after the Normandy landings, when he handed “Old Blood and Guts” control of the Third Army.
Today, Post-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a well-researched and all-too-common diagnosis for the chronic flight-or-flight response that results from the intensity of combat. Today, it’s PTSD. During World War II, doctors referred to it as “battle fatigue”. During World War I, when it was first diagnosed, it was known as “shell shock.” In 1943, it was still a somewhat controversial diagnosis. And Patton? He believed shell shock an invention of the Jewish people. *Patton’s anti-Semitism was well-documented, but that’s still a big YIKES.
Patton numerous exploits have left him a moderately controversial figure, but most historians agree that his contribution to the war far exceed his personal shortcomings. His lack of diplomacy was dwarfed by the morale boost his presence offered the fighting American soldiers. They loved him. Found of swearing and of conspicuously displaying his rank in public (any German sniper that bagged Patton would have been an instant hero). According to Eisenhower himself, Patton’s personal swagger and willingness to fight “struck terror at the hearts of the enemy.”
Want to Know More?
Watch this World War II Navy training film “Combat Fatigue Irritability” starring Singin’ in the Rain actor Gene Kelly.
Here’s a link to excerpts from Bill O’Reilly’s easy-to-read history Killing Patton: The Strange Death of World War II’s Most Audacious General.Using his extensive experience as a high school social studies teacher, O’Reilly paints a simple and accessible portrait of “Old Blood and Guts.” | <urn:uuid:b48b99ae-de51-459c-a7c3-e70ff92560a5> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://orangebeanindiana.com/2021/04/01/patton-slapped-a-hoosier-then-lost-his-army/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056120.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918002951-20210918032951-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.973625 | 1,851 | 2.53125 | 3 |
They are animals without a backbone. They have no internal skeleton and some have an exoskeleton a hard outer cover, like a crab or beetle).
Some live in shells like snails and clams and some are divided into segments like a worm.
There are thought to be about 5 million species of invertebrates around the world, which is about 95% of all animal life on Earth. They are found in the sea, on land, in the air and even in your body.
There are six separate groups, they are molluscs, echinodermis, annelids, cnidarians, arthropodis and sponges.
Without invertebrates the planet would not survive. Krill is a type of crustacean and it forms the basis of the food chain in polar seas.
Insects such as ants and beetles and their larvae help clean up the planet. While other insects such as bees are essential for pollination. | <urn:uuid:b7529a8b-c4ad-47c4-845e-46e11bf7acf5> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.interestingfacts.org.uk/what-is-an-invertebrate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154126.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731203400-20210731233400-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.963347 | 201 | 3.65625 | 4 |
CAIRO — Ramadan, the holiest month of the year for the world's 1 billion Muslims, begins with the new moon expected in most of the world on July 20. It marks the start of a month of fasting, reflective prayer and helping the poor.
In Egypt, observers have their own take on the centuries-old customs, including the traditional daily fast from sunrise to sunset as an expression of self-sacrifice.
Islamic scholar Sheikh Mahmoud Ashour explains that Ramadan is much more than just abstaining from food and drink.
"In between fasting and praying we read the Quran, and they are the words of God Almighty," Ashour said. "And the Prophet Muhammad said whoever wants God to talk to him, let him read the Quran, so throughout Ramadan we do nothing but talk to God and God talks to us."
Many Muslims break their fast with dates and water.
At a bustling market in the Cairo district of Al Sayeda Zeinab, date sellers like Ahmed hope to attract customers by naming the varieties for sale after belly dancers, movie stars and more recently, political movements and figures.
"Last year we called them [Hosni] Mubarak, Habib al Adli, Alaa Mubarak, Suzanne Mubarak," he said. "This year we named them [President Mohamed] Morsi, the 25th of January, the Revolution, Tahrir [Square], demonstrators, according to the events we are going through."
He said the names do not always help sales.
"No, these are just names. The buyer chooses according to the date's taste," he said.
Although it is a month for spiritual renewal, many people also festively decorate and spend more money and care preparing food for their loved ones, such as Fawzia.
"I spend it like any Muslim spends it," she said. "We have good days, we pray and fast. We make nice food and invite friends and family and we are also invited."
Egyptian parents also buy colorful lanterns called fanous for their children to play with after breaking the day's fast, singing rhymes and asking for treats.
"We fast and pray and wake up in the night to pray, and we buy lanterns for the children," said Abdel Hakim.
But all the faithful spend the month in reflective prayer, for Muslims believe this was the month God revealed the first chapters of their holy book to the Prophet Muhammad. | <urn:uuid:41fea860-f9c7-49da-96f5-bf9db6b86a5b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.voanews.com/a/egyptian-muslims-prepare-for-holiest-month/1441349.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889681.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120182041-20180120202041-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.964645 | 496 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Bread is a staple food around the world that is prepared by baking a dough of flour and water. It may be leavened or unleavened. Salt, fat and a leavening agent such as yeast are common ingredients, though breads may contain a range of other ingredients: milk, egg, sugar, spice, fruit (such as raisins), vegetables (such as onion), nuts (such as walnuts) or seeds (such as poppy seeds).
Bread is one of the oldest prepared foods, dating back to the Neolithic era. The development of leavened bread can probably also be traced to prehistoric times. Sliced bread began to be developed from 1912 onwards.
Fresh bread is prized for its taste, aroma and texture. Retaining its freshness is important to keep it appetizing. Bread that has stiffened or dried past its prime is said to be stale. Modern bread is often wrapped in paper or plastic film, or stored in an airtight container such as a breadbox to keep it fresh longer. Bread that is kept in warm, moist environments is prone to the growth of mold. It becomes stale more quickly in the low temperature of a refrigerator, although by keeping it cool, mold is less likely to grow.
The inner, soft part of bread is referred to as the crumb, which is not to be confused with small bits of bread that often fall off, called crumbs. The latter term is in common use, while crumb is an esoteric word used mainly by culinary professionals. The outer hard portion of bread is referred to as the crust.
For more information see www.wikipedia.org
Critiques | Translate
cfreire (11741) 2008-03-09 12:26
O pão nosso, de cada dia, que por sua vez, também combina com o peixe. Bem, vamos deixar os aspectos filosóficos, um pouco de lado, e vamos à foto. Está muito bem feita, com excelente nitidez e as cores muitos naturais. Com toda sinceridade, nunca vi um pão tão bem retratado. Parabéns, Consuelo
aagama (224) 2008-03-09 13:59
Concordo com Consuelo. Este pão arrasou mesmo.
Dá até vontade de comer...
Ótima nitidez! Parabéns!
lucasgalodoido (21101) 2008-03-09 14:37
nosso famoso pãozinho de sal de cada dia, que por sinal vai subir bem de preço nas próximas semanas, que vê ele assim nem imagina o trabalho que da pra fazer... Bela foto.
Parabéns e Abraço!
siamesa (27753) 2008-03-09 14:54
Delicia matutina, né? Quem não gosta de bread and butter?Tostado e gostoso.
doctor_kk (16) 2008-03-09 15:57
I think that this photo should be placed in the treklense and no in the trekearth.
I can not see anything special...
nivaldo (15415) 2008-03-09 18:59
Como já descrito pela Consuelo e na oração matinal : " O Pão Nosso de cada dia " ...
Parabéns, mestre Raimundo.
julioaax (173) 2008-03-10 17:56
Fotos macro sempre me atraem.
Gostei bastante da composicao.
Porem faco um comentario, o fundo mais branco teria valorizado mais a imagem
Da forma com que está, parece que esta chamando a atencao.
Mas é uma bela imagem.
DFilip (101) 2008-03-12 13:37
I think, that a bread can tell us very mutch about the country where it was baked. So, your picture is very interesting in many respects.
- Copyright: Raimundo Mesquita (mesquens) (2401)
- Genre: Places
- Medium: Color
- Date Taken: 2008-03-09
- Categories: Daily Life, Food
- Camera: Panasonic Lumix DMC LZ7
- Exposure: f/2.8, 1/20 seconds
- More Photo Info: view
- Photo Version: Original Version
- Date Submitted: 2008-03-09 11:12 | <urn:uuid:a1b854a0-d1bf-413a-948b-5e17cdeb8d3d> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/photo849932.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930423.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00120-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.668995 | 1,041 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Current therapeutics in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) just treat the connected symptoms, without addressing core interpersonal dysfunctions. animal research which is getting released as an experimental buy 76996-27-5 treatment. Being a novel method of verify treatment efficiency, neural processing adjustments were recently examined by fMRI after a pivotal response schooling intervention. Another research of neural adjustments in response to treatment analyzed variants in EEG signaling in sufferers after an early on Begin Denver Model (ESDM) involvement. strong course=”kwd-title” Keywords: autism range disorders, experimental remedies, preclinical models, scientific trials, years as a child and adolescence Launch Autism range disorders (ASD) are early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders seen as a major issues in social relationship, communication, and recurring or restricted passions and behaviors. Autism is certainly thought as a range disorder because of the heterogeneity of scientific presentation, the amount of cultural impairment, intellectual capability, linked symptoms, and feasible etiology. ASD are contained in the diagnostic group of neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (1). The medical diagnosis of ASD is dependant on two main symptoms: social-communication deficits, limited and repetitive passions, and behaviors. By description, these symptoms must take place through the early years as a child of people with ASD. The presently recognized prevalence of ASD, predicated on constant reviews from multiple resources in various populations, is approximately 1% world-wide. ASDs are as a result being among the most common pervasive developmental disorders and there is excellent concern relating to its growing occurrence (2C4). To time, the just FDA-approved remedies for ASD will be the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and aripiprazole, that are mainly fond of treating the linked symptoms rather than the core cultural dysfunctions that characterize this heterogeneous band of disorders. Remedies with both of these medicines have been proven to decrease and attenuate irritability (e.g., tantrums, hostility, hyperactivity, and self-injurious actions) in kids and children with ASD (5C8). Improvements in interpersonal conversation and reciprocity have already been observed aswell, but that is probably a second effect Xdh of a standard decrease in maladaptive behaviors rather than an initial therapeutic aftereffect of these medicines. Targeted remedies for ASD are created through the knowledge of molecular and mobile abnormalities that guideline particular interventions, hypothesizing that this wide selection of hereditary variations in ASD converge inside a core group of molecular pathways that mediate phenotypic manifestation in a few identifiable primary symptoms (9). Many research for fresh therapeutics presently uses preclinical versions, buy 76996-27-5 such as for example knockout mice showing particular molecular abnormalities. Hereditary research of ASD and related neurodevelopmental disorders possess offered classes of possibly useful substances. Proof-of-principle assays with brokers that reversed phenotypes in mouse versions have paved just how for medical tests (10). Excitatory/Inhibitory Imbalance in ASD and New Remedies An imbalance of excitatory (glutamate) to inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission (E/I imbalance) is usually regarded as implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD (11C13). Extreme excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission having a lack of inhibitory GABA transmitting, aswell as abnormalities in synaptic plasticity because of dysfunctions in the NMDA, AMPA, and/or GABA receptor systems, buy 76996-27-5 have already been recognized in mouse versions buy 76996-27-5 and support this conceptualization of ASD pathogenesis (10). Pharmacological proof surfaced from mouse versions with deletions in synaptic genes Fmr1, Mecp2, and Shank2, as well as the BTBR inbred stress, which have exhibited favorable results from remedies with glutamatergic brokers, including memantine (14). After these preclinical investigations, medical trials were completed to test the part of glutamatergic and GABAergic brokers in reversing primary interpersonal dysfunction in ASD. Glutamatergic focusing on in ASD Altered glutamatergic excitatory transmitting entails different receptors, including down-regulation of AMPA receptors, abnormalities. | <urn:uuid:ca04f70f-5d25-4e6e-b50e-ac35110617fd> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://barasertib.info/current-therapeutics-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-asd-just-treat-the-connected/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375274.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306162308-20210306192308-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.936318 | 876 | 2.71875 | 3 |
How are your B12 levels?
If you suffer from tiredness, breathlessness, feeling faint, a sore tongue, perhaps your having vision problems, suffering from depression- the list is quite extensive. It’s worth getting you B12 (cobalamin) checked as deficiency of B12 can cause anaemia and nervous system damage.
B12 helps your brain function which raise GABA levels – a neurotransmitter that softens signals to the brain that could otherwise overwhelm it. B12 also helps in the production of healthy red blood cells that carry oxygen around the body.
It’s not found in plant based foods.
B12 is made by micro-organisms meaning it isn’t produced by plants, so vegetarians and vegans can suffer from low levels of this essential vitamin. It’s important to find other fortified food that contain it such as nutritional yeast.
Foods that are great sources of B12
- Shrimp contains roughly 80% of your daily requirement.
- Cheese contains some – Swiss cheese being higher than most.
- Fish such as sardines contain about 20% of your daily amount plus the extra bonus of DHA which is essential for brain function.
- Fortified cereals often contain added B12 and folate.
- Mussels contain a huge amount of B12, up to 340% for a 3 ounce serving. Also packed with iron and Vitamin c. Clams would be another good choice and their high in potassium too.
- Beef, chicken, milk and eggs all have B12 values and if your vegan or vegetarian, Marmite is a great choice as it raises GABA levels for up to 8 weeks with just one teaspoon a day for 1 month according to scientists at York University.
- Nutritional yeast is an excellent source for vegans and many alternative milks are fortified them with B12.
- To be on the safe side I use daily supplement of B12 and I always take with folate.
If your unsure get your levels checked. | <urn:uuid:b50604fe-d745-479a-9f5e-933c45ce7bbf> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.nicolamassey.com/2017/10/09/b12-foods-that-will-boost-brain-function/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500619.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207134453-20230207164453-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.951021 | 416 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A new study has found that the wavy jet stream pattern that tends to bring warm winter weather to the U.S. West and cold weather to the East was set in place 4,000 years ago.
The research, published in the journal Nature Communications, also suggests that climate change may help keep the wavy pattern in place.
"It's possible the kinds of changes we are seeing with increased jet stream sinuosity might continue into the future as a result of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, although it's not a perfect comparison," said Gabriel Bowen, a geochemist at the University of Utah and an author on the study.
When the jet stream is very wavy, it tends to bring warm air up from the tropics into the U.S. West. It then kinks up toward the Arctic and brings cold air down to the Great Plains and the East, Bowen said.
Some researchers have suggested that climate change, which has resulted in a rapidly warming Arctic, is leading to jet stream kinks that keep extreme weather in place, although that hypothesis is still being debated (ClimateWire, April 3).
When the jet stream got loopy
In order to track the jet stream's behavior thousands of years ago, Bowen and his fellow researchers looked at oxygen isotope ratios from lake cores and cave formations in the eastern and western United States. A high ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 indicates wetter weather, a low one indicates drier.
"Changes in the ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 propagate through that system and are recorded in what we are looking at," Bowen said.
In winter, which is when jet stream influence on weather is the most pronounced, a wavy jet stream would generally lead to dry, cold weather in the East and warm, wet weather in the West.
When the researchers analyzed the oxygen isotope ratios over the past 8,000 years, they found that the jet stream became wavier—with colder Eastern winter weather and warmer Western winter weather -- on about a 4,000-year cycle.
They also found a smaller cycle of waviness about every 200 years, Bowen said, although the margin of error in their records makes that finding less robust.
Bowen suggested that some of what drives the 4,000-year cycle is changes in the Earth's temperature gradient. This is why climate change, which is warming up the Arctic and changing the temperature gradient, may keep the jet stream wavy.
Lesleigh Anderson, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey whose work focuses on historical climate records, said that papers like Bowen's are important because they give a historical context for how the jet stream is behaving now.
"The paper is a nice highlight of the state of the research on what do we know about how the atmosphere behaved in the past," Anderson said.
One of history's many puzzles
The researchers also chose a good assortment of locations to show the changes they are documenting, which make their findings relevant to the entire country, Anderson said. She also praised the researchers for using models to verify their findings.
"To have this model component combined with multiple data records is really a sound approach. And I like to see that as a scientist," Anderson said.
As to why these shifts in the jet stream happen, Anderson said that is still an open question. A lot of researchers are focusing their research in the tropical Pacific, where phenomena like El Niño and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation also appear to shift in large-scale time cycles, she said.
One explanation is the change in solar insolation, or the amount of the sun's energy that hits the Earth. In winter, that quantity has slowly decreased over the past 10,000 years or so, and, in summer, it had increased.
But those changes do not adequately explain sudden shifts like the one seen in Bowen's paper.
"The fact that in this paper you see things kind of cruising along, and then, at 4,000 years, a lot of the records change ... we just don't understand the system well enough to know why," Anderson said.
Reprinted from Climatewire with permission from Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC. www.eenews.net, 202-628-6500 | <urn:uuid:26d3728e-d09a-4a56-adda-9fd75137199c> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blame-the-jet-stream-for-frigid-winters-in-eastern-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736682947.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215802-00036-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961983 | 876 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Establishing an oral hygiene routine with your dentist and dental hygienist is an essential part of keeping your teeth and gums healthy. Everyone has different oral health needs, but everyone can find some benefit from this basic routine. This routine includes techniques on brushing, flossing, and using a daily fluoride mouth rinse! Here is a list of Heather’s oral hygiene routine that she uses:
- She brushes 2 times daily, for 2 minutes, using her electric toothbrush with a rechargeable, wall-outlet battery. It is important to note that if you do choose to use an electric brush, you let the brush do most of the brushing work for you so you are not scrubbing too hard. A manual brush is also good to use, if used with good-brushing techniques, that your hygienist will go over with you! For both electric and manual brushes, using a soft head brush and not applying too much pressure while brushing is key, as this can cause wear to the teeth and even cause gum recession if you are brushing too hard! A simple, gentle, circular motion for 2 minutes, angling the toothbrush head where the gum meets the tooth, will keep your healthy and clean!
- 2.She gently flosses, using a waxed floss to removed plaque/bacteria from in between the teeth, where the toothbrush can’t reach. Wrapping the floss around 2 fingers she hugs each tooth to bring bacteria and plaque up and out of the gum-pocket.
- Her next step is to inspect her teeth in mirror for any white, plaque left over on the teeth, usually right along the gum-line. Sometimes spots of plaque can be missed while brushing, and it is important to take a glance at your teeth after you are done brushing and flossing to see that you have removed all bacteria and food from the teeth. If you notice there is still white plaque on your teeth, be sure to go back with the toothbrush and floss!
- Heather last step in her oral hygiene routine is to swish with a non-alcohol containing, fluoride mouth rinse before bed for 1 minute to reduce amount of bacteria in her mouth, and leave a protective layer of fluoride on the teeth to prevent cavities, while she sleeps. She does not rinse with water after using the mouth rinse, because if she does, this will reduce the effectiveness of the fluoride on the teeth. She does this step right before bed because she will not eat or drink for 30 minutes after using the mouth rinse to leave the fluoride layer on her teeth, to reduce her chances of getting a cavity by strengthening her tooth enamel.
Dr. Brian H Yoon is a general dentist in North Andover, MA. His office provides comprehensive general dentistry for children and adults. | <urn:uuid:6c5cd947-26af-4a84-ac1c-2f7b9f8c35c1> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://brianyoondmd.com/heathers-home-care-recommendations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145713.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222180557-20200222210557-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.939224 | 577 | 2.875 | 3 |
Manchester Corporation Transport
In 1824 what is generally acknowledged as Britain's first horse-omnibus
service was started by John Greenwood, keeper of the tollgate at Pendleton (in
neighbouring Salford), and ran between Pendleton and Market Street in
Manchester. So successful was this service, that it was not long before
Greenwood became the proprietor of several more omnibuses. By 1850 records
showed that 64 omnibuses were serving the centre of Manchester from outlying
suburbs, many by rival concerns.
In 1865 Greenwood and the other principal operators merged to form the
Manchester Carriage Company with a fleet of over 90 horse-drawn vehicles, and,
in 1877, this company acquired the concession to operate the newly constructed
tramway in Manchester and Salford, under the title 'Manchester & Salford
Tramways'. By the end of the century the company owned a fleet of 515 tramcars,
over 5000 horses and operated over 140 route miles.
In 1893, however, a Bill was introduced into Parliament, which allowed local
authorities to work the tramways themselves, previously forbidden by the 1870
Tramways Act. This prompted Salford Corporation to suggest that a joint
committee could be established to consider taking over the operation of the
company's lines at the expiration of the lease and the Manchester Corporation
Act of 1897 paved the way for municipal operation by granting the powers
necessary to operate the lines under electric traction.
An initial requirement for around 600 cars would be needed for the
Corporation to operate all the planned services (although this was later revised
to around 400), and this was beyond current manufacturing capacity. Instead a
phased introduction of the electric tram system was envisaged, with the
Corporation gradually replacing the Manchester & Salford Tramway routes as
vehicles became available. Even so, it was likely that well over 100 cars would
have been delivered before the system actually opened. The choice of initial
routes would determine the location of the new tram depot. Finally, land between
Cheetham Hill and Queens Road was purchased from Lord Derby and within a few
months, on 12th June 1900, Councillor Daniel Boyle had laid the
Just under one year later, on the 6th June 1901, the system was
officially opened, although public services did not commence until the following
day 7th June 1901, with services to Cheetham Hill and Hightown. By
the end of the year, further sections had been opened between High Street and
Blackley; High Street and Queens Park; High Street and Moston Lane; Cheetham
Hill Road and Rochdale Road; and Deansgate and Hightown.
Manchester Corporation followed the practice of many other operators at the
time by ordering a batch of sample cars for evaluation. Numbered 101-106 they
were delivered in 1899 and consisted of five open-top double-deck cars and one
single-deck car. The first batch of production cars (Nos. 107-536) was delivered
over three years from 1901 to 1903 and consisted mainly of 4-wheel and bogie
open-top double-deck vehicles with Brush and Milnes bodywork on Brill, Brush or
Peckham trucks. Nos. 512-536, however, were single-deck bogie cars with Milnes
48-seat bodywork on Brill 22E trucks. Queens Road depot was able to accommodate
only 252 cars and this meant that another depot would have to be constructed to
house the remainder, the site chosen being between Hyde Road and Devonshire
Street, which was in use by the end of 1902 although only partially completed.
Throughout 1902 and 1903 further sections of the system were brought into
use, including for the first time Piccadilly (1st June 1902), where
the Corporation Tramway offices were housed and, by the end of 1903, services
from Piccadilly reached Denton, St. Peter's Square, Alexandra Park, Moss Side,
Old Trafford, Openshaw, Audenshaw, Hollinwood, Newton Heath and Stretford. The
remainder of the decade saw the tramway network expand rapidly and by 1910 the
Corporation had 582 cars in service operating over 100 route miles and was
making almost £150,000 annually in profit. The expansion of the fleet meant
that a further tramcar depot had to be opened and this time the site chosen was
Princess Road in Moss Side and this depot (opened on 9th June 1909)
would eventually accommodate almost 300 cars.
Although Manchester experimented early with the motorbus, it was not until
July 1906 that the first Manchester Corporation bus route, between the tram
terminus at West Didsbury and the Church Inn at Northenden, began operating,
replacing the horse buses that had previously plied the route. Three vehicles
(Nos. 1-3) were ordered from the local firm of Crossley Brothers, although the
chassis were obtained from the Lancashire Steam Motor Company of Leyland (the
predecessor of Leyland Motors) and bodied by Dick Kerr of Preston. A further
service to Cheadle from West Didsbury was introduced shortly afterwards, and
another vehicle, this time a Ryknield (No.4), again with Dick Kerr bodywork, was
purchased. However, not everyone appreciated the new bus services, especially
the residents of West Didsbury who voiced their complaints over the noise and
fumes of the buses. In September 1908 the Tramways Committee decided to dispense
with them and return to the horse buses, but the plans were not carried out and
buses continued to operate in West Didsbury until the advent of the First World
War, by which time Manchester had a fleet of 662 tramcars and it was still
growing, however, the steady loss of staff to the armed forces meant that, for
the first time, women were employed as tram guards. The shortage of maintenance
staff and materials meant that the fleet and track deteriorated under the
constraints. After the War, the cost of living, which had remained fairly static
until now, started to rise, and with it the running costs of the tramway. In
1919 working costs were £681,000 but by 1922 had risen to £1,520,000,
prompting some people to query whether or not the tramway system should be
prolonged. It was in this decade that the bus fleet started to grow, although it
was still a mainly loss-making operation, being subsidised by tramway profits.
In 1913 four new Daimlers were purchased as replacements for the existing
fleet, taking the newly vacant numbers (Nos. 1-4), and a further four (Nos. 5-8)
ordered for the commencement of the Chorlton to Barton Bridge route. Six of
these vehicles had a very short life with Manchester Corporation, Nos. 2, 4, 5-8
being requisitioned by the War Department in 1914 on the outbreak of war. The
bodies (whether they were built by Dodson or Brush has never satisfactorily been
resolved) were removed and stored for use later. The motorbus routes were
returned to horse bus operation for the duration of the War, much to the relief
of the West Didsbury residents.
In 1917 three Daimler's were delivered and each received one of the stored
bodies. The new vehicles were un-numbered, and the use of fleet numbers for
Corporation buses ceased until 1927.
Between 1919 and 1921 a further 11 vehicles were purchased, making it
possible to open more bus routes. In April 1922 West Didsbury was connected to
Sale Moor, further extended to Brooklands in October, and in July 1922 the West
Didsbury to Reddish route commenced. In 1923 more bus routes were introduced;
Blackley to Crescent Road; Halliwell Lane to Rochdale Road; and Levenshulme to
In 1921 the Corporation, jointly with Ashton Corporation and Stalybridge
Joint Board, took over the working of the Oldham, Ashton and Hyde Tramway on the
expiry of its lease, making it possible for Manchester trams to work the Ashton
via Guide Bridge section. Two years later, in 1923, the Middleton Electric
Traction Company was acquired jointly by Middleton, Chadderton and Rochdale.
Middleton granted Manchester a 30-year lease on the ex-company tracks on
condition they were connected to neighbouring lines, which they duly were,
enabling Corporation trams to run through to Rochdale. Ten of the twelve
ex-Middleton Electric Traction Company cars were retained by Manchester and were
the only second-hand cars operated by the Corporation. Along with the ten
tramcars the Corporation acquired three more buses, two AEC YC's and a Daimler
Y, none of which were in particularly good condition, although the Daimler
survived until 1927, by which time it was numbered 38.
In order to develop connecting suburban services a number of one-man operated
motorbus routes were proposed. In December 1922 a single Karrier CL4 arrived on
trial, which was apparently a success, for the following year two more orders
for a total of ten Karriers were placed. The influx of buses, which included
Vulcan and Bristol vehicles allowed more developments to the bus network,
including a route along Rochdale Road to Moston, and the extension of the
Levenshulme service to West Didsbury, as well as allowing sufficient spare
vehicles for the proper maintenance of the bus fleet.
By 1924 some of the earlier double-deck vehicles were in need of replacement
and the Corporation opted for ten AEC 'S'-type chassis, similar to those
operating in London at the time. In 1925, along with the ten tramcars from the
Middleton Electric Traction Company, the Corporation acquired three more buses,
two AEC YC's and a Daimler Y, none of which were in particularly good condition,
although the Daimler survived until 1927, by which time it was numbered 38.
The first purpose-built bus garage was opened at Parrs Wood, East Didsbury on
23rd March 1926 and the bus fleet, which had previously operated from
the various tram depots was moved there. The depot was extended in 1932.
Towards the end of the 1920's, Manchester, in common with most other
municipal authorities, was experiencing an increase in private competition to
its tram services. Most of the private companies were operating inter-town
services and Manchester Corporation, who was responsible for issuing the
operating licences at the time, reasoned that if they too provided these
services then this would be sufficient grounds for refusing new service
applications from the private sector. The Tramways Department, with the
co-operation of the surrounding local authorities, began to set up a network of
local express bus services, the first of which ran from Cheadle a distance of
some 15 miles through the city centre to Heywood and commenced operation on the
11th April 1927. It was an immediate success, prompting more services
to be inaugurated. By the end of the decade there were 27 inter-town express
services, which effectively stifled the private competition. In order to operate
these services Manchester found it necessary to increase the size of its
single-deck fleet, which meant that the use of registration numbers as a means
of identification was becoming a little unwieldy and so fleet numbers were
re-introduced early in 1927. Subsequently it became Manchester Corporation
practice to allocate fleet numbers to batches of vehicles when they were
ordered, not when they were delivered, which meant that some future deliveries
bore fleet numbers out of sequence.
To help implement the new express services Manchester was in urgent need of
extra vehicles and, in April 1928, they acquired a fleet of fourteen,
second-hand Bristol 4-ton chassis, which had been purchased new in 1924 by the
Sunderland District Omnibus Company.
Tramcar route mileage in the mid-1920's had increased from 128 miles in 1925
to 163 miles by 1930, including an extension in 1928 from the Middleton line to
Hopwood in Heywood where it connected with the Bury Corporation tramway system,
virtually the last major extension to the system. The fleet was now at its
maximum strength and totalled almost 1000 cars, but darker days were just around
In 1929 a new General Manager, Mr. Stuart Pilcher, was appointed following
the unexpected death of the previous incumbent. The new Manager was very much a
'bus' man, as opposed to the previous manager, Mr. Mattinson, who was a 'tram'
man. This meant a radical change in the Corporation's policies over the next few
years, including the gradual abandonment of the tramway system in favour of
buses. His first recommendation was the purchase of an additional 90 buses,
which enabled the first tram route to be converted to buses. In the event the
order was amended by the city council to include a larger order than originally
planned from the local firm of Crossley Brothers, a gesture supporting local
industry during the trade recession. This led to an involvement with Crossley's
that was to last for almost two decades. This year also saw the change of name
from Manchester Corporation Tramways to Manchester Corporation Transport.
On 6th April 1930 the route from Cheetham Hill to Stretford Road
was abandoned to the motorbus, of which Manchester now had a fleet of over 100.
It was the first major conversion of an intensively used tram route to buses in
the United Kingdom, and with revenue increasing after conversion, Pilcher had
gone someway to convincing the doubters that tramway conversion was the way
forward. Subsequently, the demand for capital expenditure on new infrastructure
was the trigger for abandonment of the line. In June 1931 trams were withdrawn
from the Altrincham service when it was proposed that large sums would have to
be spent in upgrading the line due to a bridge-widening scheme; it was replaced
by motorbuses. The Sale Moor service ceased in July of the same year and the
abandonment of the Middleton section, in 1932, was precipitated by a
road-widening scheme. Rochdale Corporation's abandonment of trams on the
Rochdale to Manchester route led to the Corporation agreeing to replace their
trams by motorbuses and the route closed on 12th November 1932, just
one month after the last new tramcar (No. 676) entered service.
In 1933 the 'Standard' Manchester Corporation bodywork was introduced, and
became a feature of future deliveries. It was based on an all-metal body, which
at the time was relatively untried, and replaced the outdated 'piano-front'
design, last seen on the 1932 deliveries. Constructed by Crossley Brothers on
Metro-Cammell framework, it was another method of giving employment to local
firms and became a regular feature of Manchester's transport policy until the
war years. The timber framed 'piano-front' vehicles were mostly re-bodied with
standard design bodies in the 1930's, although some of the older bodies were in
good enough condition to be overhauled and temporarily fitted to vehicles whilst
they awaited re-bodying.
Although trolleybuses (or trackless cars) were considered (and approved) by
the Transport Committee as early as 1908, motorbuses were used instead, and it
was not until 1935 that thoughts once again turned to the trolleybus.
At the time, tramway abandonment was continuing apace and it was with some
patriotic fervour that suggestions were raised at a meeting of the City Council
on 3rd April 1935 to use trolleybuses instead of motorbuses, since
the power generated used home produced coal, amongst other things. But the
Transport Committee saw no virtue in using trolleybuses and recommended that
motorbuses continue to be used as tram replacement vehicles. The City Council,
however, had other ideas and the decision was reversed on 31st July
1935 and powers to operate trolleybuses sought. The tramcar services thought
suitable for conversion were route numbers 28 (Piccadilly to Ashton), 29 (Guide
Bridge to Trafford Park), and 31 (Fairfield to Chorlton).
During 1936 and 1937 Manchester introduced the 'Streamliner', an innovative
design, which utilised the all-metal bodywork of the 'Standard' but with gentle
curves instead of the previous harsh lines. The interior was to a higher
specification than previously, and many new safety features were incorporated.
Crossley even produced a new style radiator shell designed specifically for the
'Streamliners', which, when transferred to the 'Standard' design when spares
became short during the war, looked totally out of place.
In March 1937 the initial order for 76 trolleybuses was placed with Leyland
(who would supply 38) and Crossley (who would supply the other 38). The bodywork
would be built entirely by Crossley using Metro-Cammell all-metal frames, which
were a standard Manchester Corporation feature of the time. A site on Rochdale
Road, just outside the city centre had been purchased for the construction of a
new depot and work commenced in the same month. By February 1938, overhead
construction had been completed.
On the 7th July 1937 the City Council made the decision to abandon
the tramway system completely, anticipating that this could be done over the
next three years, but the advent of the Second World War in 1939 delayed these
On the 1st March 1938 the first trolleybus ran along the former
tram route (numbered 28) to Ashton, leaving the Portland Street terminus via
Piccadilly, London Road, and Fairfield Street to Ashton Old Road. Intermediate
turning loops were situated at Grey Mare Lane, Dakeley Street, Fairfield Road
and Audenshaw Road (The Trough), for short workings. At the time another service
to Ashton via Ashton New Road was being operated by tramcars and since it seemed
illogical to operate one service with trams and one with trolleybuses, the
second route to Ashton was converted to trolleybus operation. The terminus for
this service was situated in Stevenson Square and numbered 26. The two services
joined at Audenshaw, where there were turning facilities.
On the 1st February 1939 tenders were invited for the supply of
another 77 trolleybuses, in anticipation of more conversions. On the 16th
October 1939 a spur off the 28 service to Guide Bridge was opened and became
route number 29.
In 1939 Manchester Corporation introduced a composite bus body design using a
wood and metal frame, built by the MCTD Car Works with the intention of giving
older vehicles a new lease of life. The plan was to build about 50 such bodies,
but this was cut short by the advent of the Second World War and only 26 were
At the outbreak of the War, the peak hour tramcar requirement was for a total
of 288 cars, which, allowing for spare vehicles actually necessitated over 300.
Manchester at this time had over 450 cars available, although some were waiting
to be scrapped. In addition the stock of spare parts had been run down in
anticipation of final abandonment, so many of the older cars were cannibalised
for spares to keep the fleet running. By the end of the War, Manchester had 373
cars remaining, the majority being housed in Birchfields Road depot, built in
1928 at the height of the tramway system.
The 51 tram service, which had run between Miller Street and the University
via Ardwick, was replaced by trolleybuses on the 6th April 1940 (as
route number 30), and the former motorbus service 57 to Haughton Green became
trolleybus operated as far as Denton on 1st July 1940. In November
1940 the 55 bus service as far as Moston Lane on Rochdale Road was converted to
trolleybus operation and was extended early in 1941 to the Ben Brierley and
later the same year to the Gardener's Arms by A. V. Roe's works. In July 1941, a
line via Oldham Road to the same destination was opened.
1944 saw the emergence of the prototype double-deck Crossley DD42/1 chassis,
on loan to Manchester as No. 1217, although the prototype body was uncompleted
when it was delivered. As a result a 'streamline' body from No. 1211 was fitted,
the vehicle eventually being purchased by Manchester Corporation in 1947. On 20th
June 1944, the Manchester-Chadderton-Rochdale limited stop service of Yelloway
Motor Services was purchased (jointly with Oldham and Rochdale Corporations),
together with the vehicles that operated it. Manchester received two Leyland
Tiger TS1's and a single Leyland TD5 as their share.
Tramway conversions recommenced in 1945 and the intention was to complete the
abandonment by the early part of 1947, but problems obtaining new buses once
again delayed the final closure.
Following the end of the Second World War, Ringway Airport was re-opened to
commercial traffic and Manchester Corporation introduced an improved airport
service, using eight of the 1938 Leyland Tiger TS8's, which were rebuilt as
airport coaches with high-backed seats, sliding doors and large luggage boots.
They were given a smart blue and cream livery and continued to operate this
service until 1953, when Leyland Royal Tigers replaced them.
The Ministry of Transport authorised the use of 8-ft wide buses in 1946, and
the Corporation adopted this as standard for future orders.
The final tramway abandonment came with the replacement of the Stockport
trams on the 9th January 1949. The remnants of the tramway fleet were
stored at Hyde Road depot until 16th March when they were scrapped
wholesale in a final bonfire, along with the official last car No. 1007,
bringing to an end what was once the third largest tramway system in the
country. 1949 also saw the first one-man operated bus route (to Dane Bank)
introduced, using a modified Leyland Tiger, and in 1950, external advertising
I January 1950 the Piccadilly to Gee Cross service, via Hyde Road, Denton and
Hyde was converted to trolleybus operation. This was formerly the 106 bus
service to Hyde and the extension to Gee Cross was added when the route was
converted to trolleybus operation.
By 1953, new buses were standard manufacturers' models with minor adaptations
to Manchester Corporation design based on Leyland and Daimler chassis and
including the Orion body, newly introduced by MCW. Hyde Road Car Works was
completely rebuilt in 1954 to allow easier overhaul of buses and fibreglass
began to be used for body components.
Some of the earlier trolleybuses were in need of replacement by 1954 and the
General Manager proposed to replace them with motorbuses. In addition the
overhead on the Moston routes would need to be renewed over the next few years
or so and, by converting these routes to motorbus, the council would save on the
renewal expenses and release some of the 46 trolleybuses needed for these
services for spare duties. At a meeting of the City Council in October 1954
these proposals were accepted and the Moston routes were abandoned, the last
trolleybus from the Gardener's Arms running on the 7th August 1955.
Chorlton Street Bus Station was opened in 1958, with the newly rebuilt
Piccadilly Bus Station opening on December 4th of the same year.
In 1959, the Co-operative Wholesale Society completed plans to build a multi-storey
office block on the corner of Miller Street and Corporation Street, the terminus
of the 213 route past the University (formerly route 30). Again the General
Manager recommended conversion of the route to motorbuses as against moving the
terminal point. In June 1959 the 213 service was taken over by motorbuses. A
year later the 217 service (formerly route 57) to Haughton Green was converted
to motorbus operation, in anticipation of a new housing estate being built
there, and the trolleybus system was in decline.
Ashton Corporation, who operated trolleybuses on the Ashton to Manchester
routes, were pressing the Council for information on the future of the
trolleybuses. As result, in November 1961, a report was put before the Council
outlining the costs associated with the continued running of the trolleybuses.
The report's conclusions that the 1200 and 1240 series trolleybuses be replaced
within two years, overhead renewals be kept to a minimum, and that the remaining
vehicles be overhauled to last until 1967, were adopted on the 6th
An experimental City Circle service commenced in 1961, linking the principal
shopping and business areas with the railway stations, but was never a
commercial success and was withdrawn in 1965.
In January 1963 the 210 trolleybus route (formerly 106) was partially
converted to motorbus operation in peak hours then finally on 28th
April 1963 the last trolleybus (No. 1308) ran. This enabled the 1200 and 1240
series trolleybuses to be withdrawn and only the 1300-class BUT's remained.
Although an order had been placed for the Leyland Atlantean in 1959, the
early rear-engined buses proved troublesome and so orders reverted to the more
reliable PD2, but in 1964 a move back to rear-engined vehicles was made.
On Saturday 10th October 1964 trolleybuses ceased working the 219
route without notice, leaving only the Ashton routes 215, 216 and 218,
In 1965 it was proposed to make one-man operation of all routes the standard,
using double-deckers where possible, and by August 1967, conversion had started.
In May 1966 Manchester Corporation stopped working trolleybuses on the 218
route, although Ashton Corporation continued to work some journeys with
trolleybuses. By the 27th August 1966, Saturday working by
trolleybuses had ceased on the remaining two routes and Manchester Corporation
workings were thus confined to weekdays only.
In November 1966 it was announced that the last day of trolleybus operations
would be Friday 30th December 1966 and so it was that trolleybus No.
1354 departed from Stevenson Square on the 216x service towards Ashton for the
last time. The very last Manchester Corporation vehicle to run over the
trolleybus system was preserved vehicle No. 1344, which entered Hyde Road depot
at 8 o'clock on New Year's Eve 1966, following a tour of the system by
enthusiasts, after which the power was switched off and the trolleybus era was
The last of Manchester Corporation's innovative designs was the Mancunian
double-decker, which made an appearance in April 1968, along with the
American-style Johnson fare boxes later in the same year, which did away with
the need for tickets.
Just over one year later, on the 1st November 1969, the
undertaking was merged with several other local operators to form the South East
Lancashire and North East Cheshire Passenger Transport Executive and Manchester
Corporation Transport passed into history after almost 70 years of municipal
In producing this history reference has been made to the
The Manchester Tramways (Yearsley and
Groves, TPC 1988); Manchester's Transport: Part 1 Tramway &
Trolleybus Rolling Stock (C. Taylor, MTHC 1965);
Manchester's Buses 1906-1945 (D. Eyre, MTMS 1971); PSV Circle Fleet History PC9
| Tram Fleet List 1899-1949
Fleet List 1938-1966 |
Bus Fleet List 1906-1935 | Bus
Fleet List 1936-1950 | Bus Fleet List 1951-1969 | <urn:uuid:251e03a9-2e9e-4439-9a76-7eb2db684e4a> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/fleetlists/manchester1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051002346.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005002-00165-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972043 | 6,017 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Dover is home to the world's oldest sea-faring vessel. It was built around 1550 years BC, and is known as the Bronze Age Boat. This cargo ship, registered at Dover Port, was in operation 750 years before the first huts appeared in Rome, sailing the seas from Kent to Cornwall, and from Dover to Calais!
Albion and the Bronze Age
Long before Rome appeared, a flourishing Bronze Age civilization prospered in Albion, one of the ancient names for Britannia, which is itself of Celtic origin. Dover's oldest sea vessel in the world is an emblem to ancient civilization, an emblem to trade and commerce at home and abroad. The world's oldest sea vessel is a befitting trophy of honour to the Light Tower Church standing above the Port of Dover, for the continuity of Prosperity on the British Isles and over the Sea.
Britannia's Oldest Vessel
The Dover Bronze Age boat is an icon of Britannia's Fleet, which from early times served a prosperous and flourishing Island called Britannia, its home base being Dover by the Sea. | <urn:uuid:7033f9eb-b988-4a24-9ef1-1c79a14052e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://celticbritannia.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104172.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817225858-20170818005858-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.958093 | 223 | 2.875 | 3 |
Traffic Speed Management
ITS is an intelligent transportation system that improves the convenience of traffic and its safety. Speeding on the roads is a serious societal and public health issue in all countries. Excess speed and inappropriate speed (too fast for the conditions) are major factors in road safety. Increased vehicle speed leads to both greater accident risk, likely to result in serious injury or fatality.
Speed management lowers the likelihood of severe or fatal traffic injuries by reducing the frequency and severity of crashes. For pedestrians, speed management creates safe conditions for crossing, walking along the corridor, or sharing space with cycle or motor vehicle traffic. | <urn:uuid:3cb23f3a-1878-44cc-bfd2-73bf1ab98d47> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.komoto.com/application/list/Traffic_Speed_Management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.93749 | 125 | 3.25 | 3 |
Asthma is a type of medical condition that can make breathing difficult when the patient is exposed to its triggers. It can lead to aggravating symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath when your airways narrow and swell, producing extra mucus.
This condition might not be a major problem to some, but others may find it a serious health issue, as it can interfere with their day-to-day activities. It can also possibly lead to life-threatening situations. If experiencing severe asthma attacks, always consult a primary care doctor in Elgin, Illinois for a thorough check-up.
While there is no cure for asthma, its symptoms are still highly treatable. Here are some tips you could use to avoid experiencing an attack:
- Identify your triggers
It is important to know what can trigger your asthma attacks. This way, you can avoid and prevent it from happening. Some common triggers are smoke, cold air, fragrances, and air pollution.
- Avoid your allergens
If you have allergies, make sure to stay away from it as much as possible. Allergens can cause inflammation in your airways, making you more prone to asthma attacks.
- Get a flu shot
The flu virus can make your asthma worse for days or even weeks. Remember to always take a flu shot every year to keep you away from the flu, and subsequently, from asthma attacks.
Since asthma symptoms can also vary over time, it is also important that you work with a Medical Clinic in Illinois for better prevention of your attacks.
You can also visit Doctor Sanchez Medical Care for any questions about your triggers. They provide Consulting Services in Arlington Heights, Illinois.
They also offer other medical services like geriatrics, ultrasound, wellness exams, laboratory, and more! | <urn:uuid:51e097d8-5a55-4818-adf0-0c30bef63b75> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.drsanchezcare.com/three-tips-to-avoid-asthma-attacks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739370.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814190500-20200814220500-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.963147 | 369 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Nickel is element 28 in our International Year of the Periodic Table elements series. One of a select number of magnetic elements, it’s found in many of the coins of various currencies, and is also found in the heating elements in your oven and toaster.
Nickel is one of those elements that you encounter a whole lot more than you might realise. For starters, it’s almost certainly found in your kitchen. If you have an electric oven, or a toaster, the heating element will be made of nichrome alloy. This is composed of around 80% nickel and 20% chromium; it’s chosen for its high electrical resistance and also for the fact that when it heats up a layer of chromium oxide forms on the surface, preventing further oxidation of the alloy.
Nickel is also one of only a small number of the 118 elements which are magnetic around room temperature. In fact, there are only three others that are magnetic at 20˚C: iron, cobalt, and gadolinium. Gadolinium, the most unfamiliar of these, is only just magnetic at 20˚C – raise the temperature even a little high and this ceases to be the case.
Finally, many of the coins of many currencies contain nickel in varying amounts. All of the UK coins in current circulation, with the exception of the 1p and 2p coins, contain nickel, as do all U.S. coins with the exception of the penny.
Nickel can also cause allergic skin reactions for some – there’s more detail on that in this feature from Chemistry World.
Remember, you can keep track of all of the previous entries in this series on the site here, or on the Royal Society of Chemistry’s dedicated page. | <urn:uuid:67657ae8-fc01-48c5-9bf2-58d9442c8827> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.compoundchem.com/2019/05/14/iypt028-nickel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521883.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518083841-20220518113841-00684.warc.gz | en | 0.937706 | 365 | 3.15625 | 3 |
can I do to protect my vision or prevent cataract?
is a cataract?
lens focuses light onto the retina and adjusts to allow
us to focus clearly on near or distant objects. As we age
the clear crystalline lens can start to cloud, and this
progresses over time. Gradually the vision resembles a similar
effect to that of looking through frosted glass. At this
stage a new glasses prescription will not be able to correct
cataract is a clouding or frosting of the lens of the
eye. Most commonly this cloudiness is age related however
occasionally it can be due to trauma to the eye, it may
be secondary to diabetes or other medical conditions,
and can be congenital.
is the lens?
lens is the part of the eye that helps focus light on
the retina (just like the lens in a camera). The retina
is the eye's light-sensitive layer that transmits visual
signals to the brain (like the photographic film in a
camera). In a normal eye, light passes through the lens
and gets focused on the retina. To help produce a sharp
image, the lens must remain clear.
are the symptoms of a cataract?
cataract begins quite small and may have little effect
on vision at first. You may notice that your vision is
slightly blurred. A cataract can also cause glare in bright
sunlight or glare around lights. This might be noticed
at night when looking at oncoming car headlights. Some
people report that colours may not appear as bright as
they once did. As the cataract gets bigger and clouds
more of the lens, you will find it harder to read and
do other day-to-day tasks. Less commonly cataracts can
cause double vision in the affected eye.
what age do they most commonly develop?
people develop cataracts between the ages of 40 & 60
years, but these rarely have a significant effect on
vision. In patients over 60 years cataracts typically
become more dense and start to impact vision.
is a cataract diagnosed?
cataract is most often detected by your optometrist
as part of your annual or biannual eye examination.
However if you suspect a cataract, a visit to your
optometrist will be able to confirm this. Should he
or she find a cataract they will be able to monitor
it and advise you about any future treatment. Not
all cataracts need immediate treatment and same may
not require surgery for years.
does a cataract require treatment?
modern surgical techniques it is possible to operate
on a cataract at a relatively early stage, they do not
need to be mature. There is no level of vision at which
cataract surgery is indicated, but it is usually recommended
if the quality of your vision is reduced such that is
affecting your lifestyle. Surgery is also indicated if
you wish to drive and your vision no longer meets the
is a cataract treated?
Once a cataract has developed such that it is affecting
your daily life, it is treated with surgery. An experienced
eye surgeon will remove your clouded lens and, in most
cases, replace it with a clear, plastic lens. Cataract
surgery is extremely successful in restoring vision and
is one of the most common surgical procedures performed
each year in the UK. It is also one of the quickest operations.At
Grange Eye Consultants we use micro-incision phaco technology
to remove the cataract.
can I do to protect my vision or prevent cataracts?
Although research has not yet proved
how to prevent cataracts, people over the age of 60 are
at risk of many vision problems. If you are 60 years
or older, you should have an eye examination through
dilated pupils at least every 2 years. This kind of exam
allows your optometrist or surgeon to check for signs
of age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts,
and other vision disorders. | <urn:uuid:5366ae75-4126-4822-b99f-a88755ecf9ff> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.grangeeyeconsultants.com/cataract-understanding.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930995.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00016-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918563 | 878 | 2.75 | 3 |
Sometimes the simplest concepts are the hardest to define. This is the case with learning.
So much of education reform uses words that feel understood, but the assumption that we all agree on what they mean is a falsehood.
Even more unfortunate is that the student voices aren't represented while defining these important terms that impact their school experiences and working in that void leaves students disconnected where they need to be most engaged.
So how do students define learning?
Consider the following:
"Learning is a step-by-step process in which an individual receives and undergo unlimited knowledge. A lot of my learning doesn't just occur in class. It happens randomly throughout my life, from new experiences, gaining information and from my perceptions." - Alice, senior at World Journalism Preparatory School
Jordan, senior at World Journalism Preparatory School shares his thoughts on learning on Voxer.
Faith, senior at World Journalism Preparatory School shares her thoughts on learning on Voxer.
"Learning is what helps prepare us for success in life. In school, I don't necessarily think that everything we learn is going to be relevant to our lives, but a lot of it is. The work load also helps us to learn how to manage our time, and helps to teach us how much we can handle. We learn from everything whether we think so or not. Mistakes we make we learn not to do them again, while things that we like we like we learn to try and do more. At the end of the day learning to me is something that can't be avoided and it should be something that people keep an open mind to." - Aja, junior at World Journalism Preparatory School
Zach, senior at World Journalism Preparatory School shares his thoughts on learning on Voxer.
Markella, senior at World Journalism Preparatory School shares her thoughts on leanring on Voxer.
As we consider what kids are saying about learning, we can better address what they feel they need to grow as learners. As we shift our focus as educators to more student-empowered learning environments, we can't ignore the most important stakeholder, the student.
How can we better include students in their own learning? Share your thoughts, better yet, get your students to share theirs.
This post originally ran on my Education Week Teacher blog in December of 2014. | <urn:uuid:02fbbf80-cc80-42a6-8d44-a97351b14138> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.mssackstein.com/post/what-is-learning-to-students | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197593.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129093434-20201129123434-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.967694 | 476 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The origins of atonement are found in Paul's writings. Popular Christian theology has understood them to mean that God demanded a bloody victim to pay for human sin. In Problems with Atonement Stephen Finlan examines the Christian doctrine of atonement and current debates about it. He considers its biblical foundation in Pauline texts, the Old Testament background, and the theological questions under discussion about atonement. He provides ancient historical background and raises questions, such as whether the Incarnation must be understood through the lens of atonement.
Chapters are "Chapter 1: Sacrifice and Scapegoat," "Chapter 2: Paul’s Use of Cultic Imagery," "Chapter 3: Atonement after Paul," "Chapter 4: Rationalizing the Atonement Doctrine," and "Chapter 5: The Incarnation."
Stephen Finlan, PhD, is an adjunct professor of New Testament at Seton Hall University and Fordham University. He is the author of The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors (Society of Biblical Culture, 2004). | <urn:uuid:d9fd2884-8bc3-4406-9d1f-6434153b8d9e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=0814652204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462202.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00176-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911941 | 215 | 2.765625 | 3 |
AROPE2 - Alphabetic Rope2
The Alphabetic Rope is now available in the market. The Alphabetic Rope consists of alphabetic characters in each stripe which looks like string. You are given an Alphabetic Rope consisting of lowercase alphabetic characters only. You have to perform some operations on the rope and answers some queries on it and Time is increases by 1. Initial time is 0 and queries are of 4 types:
- 1 X Y: Cut the rope segment from X to Y and join at the front of rope.
- 2 X Y: Cut the rope segment from X to Y and join at the back of rope.
- 3 Y: Print on a new line the character at the Yth position of current rope.
- 4 X Y: Print on a new line the character on Yth position of rope configuration at Xth time.
There is only one input. Input begins with single line giving Alphabetic Rope as a string S. Next line contains Q, following Q lines giving queries as mentioned above. (Index used are 0-based)
For each query of type 3 and type 4, print a single character in a new line.
1 <= |S| <= 10000. (Length of string)
1 <= Q <= 10000. (Number of Queries)
Input: gautambishal 5 3 0 2 0 5 3 1 4 0 0 4 3 0 Output: g i g b
|Added by:||BISHAL GAUTAM|
|Cluster:||Cube (Intel G860)|
|Languages:||All except: ASM64 GOSU| | <urn:uuid:5313fc63-a268-4e0f-a6d7-00f3f1081294> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.spoj.com/problems/AROPE2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945144.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323100829-20230323130829-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.873746 | 405 | 2.6875 | 3 |
|PDH Online Course Description||PDH Units/
Learning Units (Hours)
John C. Huang, Ph.D., PE
Worldwide use of micropiles has grown since their original development in the 1950s, and in particular since the mid-1980s. In general, micropiles are applicable when there are problems with using conventional deep foundation systems like driven piles, drilled shafts, or augercast piling. Micropiles are primarily used as elements for foundation support to resist static and dynamic loading conditions, and less frequently as in-situ reinforcements for slope and excavation stability. Micropile can be designed as soil frictional piles or rock socketed piles either under tension or compression. The advantages of micropiles are that their installation procedure causes minimal vibration and noise, they can be installed in difficult ground conditions, and they can be used in areas with low headroom and restrictive access. This makes micropiles the preferred choice of foundation system for retrofitting existing structures in challenging areas. This course is entirely based on the US Department of Transportation Publication No. FHWA NHI-05-039, Micropile Design and Construction. This two-part series discusses micropile classifications, design concepts, problems associated with the common installation methods, specifications, construction control and performance of this pile system. This is part one of the series.
This course includes a multiple-choice quiz at the end, which is designed to enhance the understanding of the course materials.
NY PE & PLS: You must choose courses that are technical in nature or related to matters of laws and ethics contributing to the health and welfare of the public. NY Board does not accept courses related to office management, risk management, leadership, marketing, accounting, financial planning, real estate, and basic CAD. Specific course topics that are on the borderline and are not acceptable by the NY Board have been noted under the course description on our website. | <urn:uuid:81875861-3efd-4d00-8dd5-94d25660812a> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://pdhonline.com/cgi-bin/quiz/courses/courselist.cgi?class_name=c146 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585837.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024015104-20211024045104-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.929632 | 396 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Lightning at Kitt Peak
About this image
Lightning atop Kitt Peak, looking to the north-west, with the Mayall 4-meter telescope silhouetted against the stormy sky.
Taken by Adam Block in July 1998.
This picture was a twenty second exposure using Fuji 800 film with a 50mm camera lens. To most people's surprise, good lightning shots are not difficult to take. You need to have a manual camera with a bulb setting, which you set on a stable surface or tripod. All that is then necessary is to keep the shutter open until at least one lightning flash has occurred, and then release. You can also keep the shutter open for any number of lightning bolts of any kind. However, certain conditions make taking such pictures easier. If the sky is not especially dark, then one must shorten the length of an exposure while waiting for lightning. Also, if the storm is very close the lightning will be seen over the entire sky, so having the storm at a distance makes it easier to capture many strokes (and a bit safer as well). This particular storm was around fifteen to twenty miles away, and you can see how well the lightning illuminates the ground.
More: facilities page.
Minimum credit line: Adam Block/NOAO/AURA/NSF
Comments by e-mail to [email protected] | <urn:uuid:ec589430-c61a-4eba-b6ae-83cb82eaae0f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0425.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944772 | 280 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The philosophical school of thought I follow draws on many sources, and one of them is in the Eastern tradition. Sanskrit terms are used to create an abstract model of “the subtle realm”.
Navigation through this world is not through maps or images of things that can be found in the physical world of the senses. A map shows named places or things in relation to similar others.
But that sort of knowledge is useless in finding one’s way through an abstract realm. For example, where might one find an image or map of the maxim “treat others as you wish to be treated”?
It is thoughtstuff, but something that underlies law, religion, government, and simple social discourse.
There are three sources – or “graces” – for this sort of knowledge:
- Intellect or “nous”. In theory, we can logically arrive at all subtle knowledge. Starting with 1 + 1 = 2, for example, we could work our way through arithmetic and mathematics, and geometry, simply by thinking logically.
- The teacher. A lot simpler to have someone just tell us things. We can then use our own intellect to verify what is said.
- Records. Textbooks or essays, where someone writes down, perhaps with diagrams, the knowledge we need to find our way through the realm of abstract entities.
These three sources, used in combination, can tell us everything we need to know. The process is how we, as a human society, manage to progress. There is more to the subtle world than any one person can deduce in a lifetime. We build on the work of others, and we gain understanding.
This is why I enjoy reading and discussing Plato so much. Plato wrote down the dialogues of his teacher Socrates, who was in himself possessed of impressive intellectual powers. Socrates examined the subtle world through his own logical processes and turned it over in discussion with his fellows in Ancient Greece.
The Socratic method of dialectic reveals the truth, through logical processes, enabling the reader to follow along. The genius of Plato is that he was able to make the process not only comprehensible, but entertaining,
We therefore have all three “graces” at once. Socrates using logic in his arguments, which we may follow and later use for our own purposes. The teacher-student relationship exposed through dialogue, and the recording of wisdom through Plato writing it down.
Reading Plato in a group and discussing it at intervals works best, I find. It takes a lot of work to read through a dialogue cold and get the full understanding. Having others to talk it over with helps a lot.
Quite often I’ll read a passage out loud and though the words have passed through my brain from the paper out through my mouth into the air, I’ll have no idea what they meant. Being able to chew over some of the harder concepts is key.
There’s an added bonus to studying Plato. Do it often enough and the techniques of dialectic become second nature. The cosmos is not quite so opaque as it was before. Dialectic gives the practitioner tools for understanding, and for helping others see the light.
I wish it were taught in schools. Children would be better equipped to find truth, and less easily conned or deceived. There would be more harmony and fewer disputes, because part of the process is making sure one understands the views and arguments of the other person before examining their logic.
If the view of the other stacks up better then your own, then Plato tells us to discard yours and take up theirs. The person who defends an illogical or incorrect position simply because it is theirs is not just a fool, but a waster of time.
I won’t pretend to be a master of dialectic. But I’m working on it. | <urn:uuid:33ab688d-698b-4f9c-8a0d-93508a3dc414> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://britnipepper.com/2019/07/31/the-three-wisdoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728092200-20210728122200-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.962012 | 797 | 3.203125 | 3 |
D is a programming language intended as an "improved" version of C++.
C was a successor to an earlier programming language called B, which was itself descended from BCPL. There was much debate over whether any successor language to C ought then to be called D (to continue in the alphabet) or P (to continue to take letters from the original BCPL). This was sidestepped by naming the successor language C++ instead (and some other languages, such as C# and Objective-C also took the tack of adding additional symbols or words to the name "C"), but eventually somebody did come out with a language named D. There doesn't seem to have been any language A, however.
D keeps many of the object-oriented features of C++ (but not quite all, so it's not fully compatible with that language), and adds such things as garbage collection and bounds checking. | <urn:uuid:94eae48b-af29-4072-909a-0dbe6a4e609b> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/wiki/D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276304.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00031-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984927 | 184 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Wilderness Wednesday: Journey Through the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Wilderness Act, Sierra Club Executive Director Michael Brune this week will embark on a journey through the winding rivers in one of our nation’s greatest wilderness icons, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Joining him will be composer, writer, musician and 2014 National Geographic Emerging Explorer Paul D. Miller, known as DJ Spooky; and Rue Mapp, Founder and CEO of Outdoor Afro, a national and social network designed to help re-reconnect African Americans to nature.
The only refuge specifically designed for wilderness purposes, the Arctic Refuge is home to spectacular scenery and some of our most beloved wildlife, including polar bears, caribou and birds from all 50 states. The group will share stories with the Gwich’in residents of Arctic Village, then raft through the Brooks Range on the Aichilik River all the way to the Arctic Ocean, and there they will meet with the Inupiat people in the village of Kaktovik to learn more about their sacred connection with the land and wildlife. The journey will be a testament to both the enduring legacy of the Wilderness Act but also the ongoing need for it, as they will float through a landscape protected for future generations in the Mollie Beattie Wilderness area, but end up in one of the areas most threatened by oil and gas exploration— the coastal plain of the Arctic Refuge.
Right now the Porcupine Caribou Herd is traveling through the Aichilik River region, according to reports in the field. The caribou herd is nearly 170,000 animals strong, and each year they migrate 1,500 miles from their wintering grounds in Interior Alaska and Canada, to the coast of the Beaufort Sea, and back. On our trip we’re hoping to see the caribou herd as it heads to the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge—the crown jewel of the refuge. These caribou come to the coastal plain each year to birth their young, and they’re far from alone. Millions of birds nest of the coastal plain and it's where polar bears den their young.
Over the past fifty years the Wilderness Act has protected nearly 110 million acres of public lands for all Americans to enjoy. Worthy in their own right, these lands also provide clean air and water for communities, provide landscapes for wildlife, help fight climate disruption, and contribute to the $646 billion outdoor recreation economy. Wilderness areas provide opportunities for people to reconnect with the outdoors and with each other in an increasingly disconnected world. | <urn:uuid:4bf3bf14-a8e5-4a34-9faf-f6d7291cdda8> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://sierraclub.typepad.com/layoftheland/2014/06/wilderness-wednesday-journey-through-the-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457697.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00299-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931085 | 531 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater
Authors:Romolo Fochetti and José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa
Abstract:Plecoptera, or stoneflies, is a small order of hemimetabolous insects: according to our data, more than 3,497 species have been described so far in the world. The total number of species has enormously increased in the last 30 years (2,000 species estimated in 1976) and, if the trend continues, then it will nearly double in the near future. The order is divided into the suborders Arctoperlaria and Antarctoperlaria, and includes 16 families: 12 arctoperlarian and 4 antarctoperlarian. The Arctoperlaria account for a total number of 3,179 species, and Antarctoperlaria, only 318 species. The total number of genera is 286. We give in this article the estimated number of species for each family. The fauna and diversity of stonefly in North America (650 species reported) and Europe (426 species) are best known. Nevertheless, in the last 25 years, a mean of 2.6 Plecoptera species per year were described in Europe. Stonefly-faunas of Australia (191 species, Tasmania included) and New Zealand (104 species) are relatively well-known, while our knowledge of the Plecoptera of Central and South America (95 and 378 species respectively) is poor and still not representative of the real diversity. Africa has a reduced stonefly fauna (126 species). Asian stonefly diversity (approximately 1,527 species) is much greater than that of Europe or North America despite the fact that, except for Japan and Asiatic Russia that have been well studied, our knowledge of the remaining Asiatic areas is extremely poor. Even though our data indicate the Holarctic Region as the diversity hot-spot for the order, the analysis of the specific diversity divided by family suggests also an important role of tropical stoneflies. | <urn:uuid:745d6b13-6187-46a8-9436-4077e033f6c7> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://fada.biodiversity.be/freshwater/abstract/122 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145654.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222054424-20200222084424-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.921932 | 423 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Evergreen tree, with leaves called “needles”, arranged in pairs. It belongs to the order of conifers, since its fruit is cone shaped, and thus called “pine cone”. It is a tree similar to «P. thunbergii », although not as vigorous, with longer and thinner needles.
It has to be located outdoor, in full sun. It is one of the trees most in need of sun exposure.
Pine trees require controlled irrigation. An excess of it, especially if the substrate does not drain well enough, is fatal to the life of mycorrhizae. These are fungi whose roots (hyphae) act in symbiosis with those of pine, helping them to absorb mineral elements from the soil, such as phosphorus. In their absence, the tree weakens, and eventually dies.
Spring and autumn. It is preferable to use organic fertilizers, favouring and protecting mycorrhizae.
Every 3 years, at the time the candles (growth bud) stretch out, before they deploy the needles they contain. In our Mediterranean area it is usually mid March.
100% Kiryuzuna, or mixed with a 50-70% of Akadama.
Pruning and pinching
Done in the coldest months of the year. Whenever we can, we have to leave needles and buds on the branch when pruning, otherwise it will dry.
It consists of two very precise moments:
1- At the spring growth of the candles: we will slow the strongest ones, by breaking them with the fingers and leaving only 1/3 of the candle. We will break the medium ones in half. Of the weak ones, we will only eliminate 1/3 and, if they are very weak, we will not touch them. We must do this before the needles deploy; Generally, in the month of March.
2- After the first pinching: when the new needles that we have left have matured, we will cut with scissors the candles that we had already pinched from their base, in the following order: first we will cut the weak ones, after about ten days, when we see new buds appearing in the cut area, we will pinch the medium candles in the same way, and then, after another ten days, we will end up pinching the strong ones. This is usually done at the end of June.
From October to March. Preferably with copper wire, since they are very flexible trees, wire must remain a long time.
In Japan, this pine is highly valued for its rough reddish bark and the shine of its needles. It is usually modeled in bunjin (literary) style. | <urn:uuid:4874f3a9-4243-4dad-b8ab-493a8fbaf755> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.mistralbonsai.com/en/all-about-bonsai/bonsai-datasheets/mediterranean-bonsai/pinus-densiflora/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396163.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527204212-20200527234212-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.953244 | 560 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The history of writing – from cave paintings to abbreviations
Because September 6th is The International Book Reading Day, we present a short history of writing.
Those who like this activity don’t need a specific day to celebrate the subject of their passion. Reading is easy, you just have to want to do it, but can we see beyond those printed words?
A book has been written, corrected, maybe paragraphs or entire pages have been modified, and behind it is a lot of work. Behind the creation of a book is imagination. It follows writing, the physical fact without which the information cannot be transmitted further. But how did writing actually arise? What is its story?
Writing has not always existed and no one has ever been born educated. In fact, it’s an extraordinary evolution, from cave paintings, from simple symbols to a multitude of alphabets, with more complex letters. The first ways of transmitting information date back somewhere in the Stone Age, when cavemen have made various drawings on the walls.
The actual writing started with the pictograms, not the ones we know today in the IT field, but the symbols that the Sumerians used originally for information in agriculture or astronomy. They were a relatively developed civilization, and the first library dates from somewhere in 3200 BC, containing clay tiles.
Somewhere around 3000 BC there were both cuneiform and hieroglyphic writings. Like alphabets, the cuneiform and the linear phoenician were used. It is supposed that the second was the basis for subsequent alphabets – Latin, Arab, Greek, Cyrillic and Hebrew.
The Phoenicians wrote on limestone or papyrus sheets, horizontally, from right to left. The Greek alphabet has many similarities to the Phoenician one: the order of the letters, the form of the vowels and the letters in general. The Latin alphabet follows, being less difficult than the Greek one. This one has a smaller number of consonants.
Until the 5th century AD, the writing was done in uppercases. Then, small letters have appeared. From Chinese silk, papyruses and parchments, from the 3rd century AD, writing began to be done on paper.
Modern writing instruments
In the year 800 AD Gothic writing appeared, and the writing tools were also diversified. From the cane calamus, goose feathers, bone or metal pen, to the lead pencil and irons pens, writing instruments had a fast evolution.
People have always sought to simplify writing, thus appearing the printing press. This way has begun the revolution of knowing and spreading information much easier. With the advance of technology, people began to split written information in public and secret. Working methods, recipes or war tactics, nothing should have left the area without approval.
That’s why different security methods have appeared, from invisible ink to fiber paper, the evolution being fast and competitive. But the writing remained the basis for the transmission of information, regardless of its support and instrument. | <urn:uuid:582ea05c-683d-4207-9354-f3bc00776dae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://securitypapers.eu/the-history-of-writing-from-cave-paintings-to-abbreviations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.959346 | 625 | 3.34375 | 3 |
WASHINGTON — For the first time in almost 30 years a president has lost reelection, according to projections from AP and CBS.
But how many presidents have lost reelection?
That became the subject of one of Joe Biden’s speeches earlier this week.
“Only three presidential campaigns in the past have defeated an incumbent president,” Biden said. “When it’s finished, God willing, we will be the fourth,” Biden said.
Have only three incumbent president’s lost re-election?
No, it’s a much higher number.
This is obviously false. According to the White House records, since George Washington, 10 sitting presidents have been defeated while seeking reelection.
In the last century alone, four have lost reelection. From the 1990s back to the 1930s: George H.W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford and Herbert Hoover.
To add to it, in the 1800s, four presidents never made it to the general election because they lost in the primaries.
That brings the total to 14 incumbent presidents in history who have been defeated for reelection. Which is clearly not three. Joe Biden’s claim is inaccurate.
Don’t forget before 1951 there was no presidential term limits. That meant some presidents did seek a third term in office.
Which brings us to Woodrow Wilson. Wilson was president during the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic. During that pandemic more than 600,000 Americans died.
Wilson served two terms and attempted to run for a third. However, he didn’t even get picked as his party’s nominee in the primary. | <urn:uuid:67e486ef-e531-402b-810d-1bd0924ab82f> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/verify/unseating-an-incumbent-president-how-many-presidents-lost-reelection-verify/65-f7ce8afb-91fb-4f19-8c0b-ef3f08ffaec2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057225.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921161350-20210921191350-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.973058 | 339 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Law Enforcement Teaching Students (L.E.T.S.) was developed by the Dallas Police Department and area schools as a joint project. The Roanoke Police Department and the Northwest Independent School District have adopted the L.E.T.S. Program for our children. L.E.T.S. teaches "life skills".
School Resource Officer Stroud reviews four core skills with fifth graders at Roanoke and Cox Elementary:
Conflict management is crucial in today’s society. Communication skills are the focus. Students are taught to work toward win-win solutions to conflict.
Decision making is something we all do daily. It is important that we have the skills necessary to make correct decisions. Students are taught a simple process to use when making decisions, especially when friends are exerting pressure.
Peer pressure reversal is essential. Peer pressure is second only to the media as the greatest influence on children. Students are taught simple skills to resist negative peer pressure and ways to encourage positive peer pressure. Another important component of the L.E.T.S. curriculum is Character Education, which discusses 6 core values: Caring, Citizenship, Fairness, Respect, Responsibility and Trustworthiness.
Self confidence is often taken for granted. Students are taught how to obtain it, nurture it, and use positive self confidence as a tool against situations that are harmful or unhealthy. | <urn:uuid:4198a986-459a-4794-a2bd-895781ae0534> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.roanoketexas.com/318/Law-Enforcement-Teaching-Students | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154486.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803222541-20210804012541-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.950981 | 284 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Contribute to combating climate change
- Capture more than 60% of methane in the waste disposal facilities we manage.
- 100 million CO2 equivalent tons of emissions reduced over the period 2015- 2020
- 50 million CO2 equivalent tons of emissions avoided over the period 2015- 2020
The company has at its disposal a number of tools to help reduce its overall greenhouse gas emissions: firstly by reducing emissions from the facilities it manages (energy efficiency, optimizing operational performance, using renewable energy, methane destruction, through some of the Group’s operating methods), secondly through its activities (including recovery of energy or materials) helping third parties avoid emissions.
total reduced emissions since 2015 = 63 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent
Emissions avoided: 24 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent
of methane captured
Avoided emissions refer to measures to recover energy and materials from waste.
Reduced emissions refer to methane emissions avoided in waste storage centers, the use of renewable and alternative energy, combined heat and power, thermal and electrical efficiency, anaerobic digestion, etc.
Veolia provides global solutions for cities and industry through its integrated water-energy-waste expertise:
- Mitigation solutions based on the circular economy:
► Recycling and recovery of waste, to reduce GHG emissions associated with the extraction of raw materials
► Renewable energy production (heat and electricity from waste or biomass to fuel energy installations)
► Energy efficiency and heat networks (optimization of large district heating networks in for example in Warsaw, Poland and Harbin, China)
- Adaptation and resilience solutions: for example, recycling of water to limit pressure on resources and conflicts of use in water-stressed areas; control of sanitation systems during rainfall to prevent flooding, and continuity plans for the provision of essential services when extreme events occur. Our new partnership with Swiss Re also illustrates our offering in relation to mitigating the consequences of climate change. | <urn:uuid:ad86a035-26ce-46a9-aade-79a8613826bb> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.veolia.com/en/csr-performance/climate-change | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670770.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121101711-20191121125711-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.921983 | 392 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The blood can be said to be the bases of life as it performs many functions crucial to helping your body carry out the activities essential for life. Red blood cells deliver oxygen to the tissues, white blood cells help you fight against infections,and blood platelets help your blood to cloth. Imagine what a serious threat to your health a blood disease could bring. Rare blood disease could attack any component of your blood and threaten your existence. There is good news though, even the rarest blood diseases are treatable. 1. Aplastic Anemia
Fewer than 1,000 people per year are diagnosed with aplastic anemia in the United States. Different from common iron-deficiency anemia, aplatic anemia arises a problem with the bone marrow that causes almost blood cell production to cease. In aplastic anemia, the stem cell that normally form into red or white blood cells become damages and never mature. The most common treatment for aplastic anemia may include medications, blood transfusions and bone marrow or stem cell transplant. 2. Myelofibrosis
In myelofibrosis(MF), the bone marrow stops making red and white blood cells instead, it produces scar tissues in places where cell factories should be. Fewer red cells mean less oxygen delivery to the body. Fewer white cells make the body less able to fight infections. MF often results from a related disease like polycythemia vera (PV). Doctors usually treat myelofibrosis with medications or blood transfusions. 3. Polycythemia Vera
This uncommon condition usually affects people over the age of 60. In polycythemia vera, the bone marrow produce large amounts of defective red blood cells. These cells don't function correctly and serve to thicken the blood. Thick blood cannot be pumped easy through tiny arteries to deliver oxygen to vital tissues. Fortunately, PV generally progresses slowly. Many people who recieve prompt treatments and medical monitoring live long and healthy lives. 4. Hairy Cell Leukemia
Despite its name, hairy cell leukemia has nothing to do with your scalp, but has everything to do with your blood. Hairy cell leukemia is a type of blood cancer that causes the body to produce too many immune system cells called lymphocytes. These white blood cells normally fight infections but in hairy cell leukemia, they become misshapen and simply clog up the bloodstream. Hairy cell leukemia can be treated, and many people live for years with the remission. 5. Factor XIII Deficiency
Your blood consists of many components beyond blood cells. In fact, blood contains more that 20 proteins related to clotting alone. One of these proteins called Factor XIII (Factor 13) helps blood clot stick together. If a person lacks Factor III protein, the person could experience problems clotting or even spontaneous bleeding in the brain. Factor 13 deficiency is extremely rare, occuring perhaps just one birth per 5 million. Fortunately, two drugs are available to treat it. | <urn:uuid:ae920869-d66b-4549-81f1-8fb8fee24877> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://afriwap.com/health-and-lifestyle/5-rare-diseases-that-affects-the-blood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747665.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121092625-20181121114625-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.919222 | 605 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Cueball's physics has a mistake on this one (or at least assumes we've managed to heat the atmosphere of Titan to Earth's temperature). The temperature of Titan is roughly 1/3 the temperature of Earth on an absolute scale. Starting with the Ideal Gas Law, PV = NkT (k is Boltzmann's constant, N is # of molecules, P is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature), its easy to define the density of a gas, ρ as:
ρ = m/V = (m P)/(N k T) = P (m/N) / (k T)
Titan's atmosphere is 98.4% molecular nitrogen (N2) and on Earth only 78.1% molecular nitrogen (by volume), but for simplicity we'll assume 100% for both. The weight of one molecule of Nitrogen is (m/N) ~ 2 × 14 × 1.67x10-27 (kg/molecule) (there are 28 nucleons per molecule with a mass of about 1.67x10^-27 kg.
The pressure on Titan is PTitan=146.7 kPa, and TTitan = 93.7 K, while on Earth PEarth=101.3 kPa and TEarth = 287 K.
Plugging in numbers, we get ρTitan = 5.3 kg/m3 and ρEarth = 1.2 kg/m3 (note the measured surface density of air on Earth is 1.2 kg/m3 at Earth's mean temperature even without the simplifying assumption of 100% N2).
Hence Titan's atmosphere is 4.4 = (5.3/1.2) times denser than Earth's (or 340% denser); not 50% denser as stated in the comic.
You will get the 50% denser if you assume the same planetary temperature on Titan as on Earth. Titan at 287 K would have a density of ρTitan at 287K ~ 1.73 kg/m3 which is about 50% greater than Earth's.
For the second calculation (panel 2), note lift is proportional to the density of air. If your action on Earth creates a lift of L0 and you weigh W0, on Titan you'd have a lift of 4.4 L0 (Cueball calculated 1.5 L0) due to the greater air density. Your weight would only be 0.14 W0, due to Titan's lower surface gravity. If lift balances weight, you would be able to fly on Titan, that is if 4.4 L0 = 0.14 W0. That means to fly on Titan you need a lift on Earth of L0 = 0.03 W0, that is 3% of your Earth weight. Substituting Cueball's Titan density you would get the critical value from the comic: L0 = 0.14 W0/(1.5) = 9% W0.
PS: I largely adapted this my writeup on xkcd forums from 2009 when the comic was made. Jimbob (talk) 05:44, 8 June 2013 (UTC)
- That was the whole point of Blackhat's presence. He was there to make sure Rob (AKA Cueball) wasn't hurt.
- Fortunately, Blackhat couldn't care less about the outcome. So he's got that going for him, which is nice. | <urn:uuid:012fabbb-c695-4ae1-8d7b-c824149394ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/Talk:620:_Wings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166650.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00095-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95414 | 714 | 3.265625 | 3 |
What Are Common Symptoms of Autoimmune Disease?
Between taking care of yourself and family members and trying to manage a social life and career, it’s common for women to feel tired and achy. But are these symptoms of a stressful life, or could they be tied to an underlying condition like autoimmune disease?
Ana-Maria Orbai, M.D., M.H.S., is a rheumatologist at the Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center. Rheumatologists specialize in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal diseases and autoimmune conditions (rheumatic disease). Orbai talks about how to recognize common autoimmune disease symptoms and when you should see a doctor.
Autoimmune Disease Basics
Autoimmune disease happens when the body’s natural defense system can’t tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells, causing the body to mistakenly attack normal cells. There are more than 80 types of autoimmune diseases that affect a wide range of body parts.
The most common autoimmune diseases in women are:
- Rheumatoid arthritis, a form of arthritis that attacks the joints
- Psoriasis, a condition marked by thick, scaly patches of skin
- Psoriatic arthritis, a type of arthritis affecting some people with psoriasis
- Lupus, a disease that damages areas of the body that include joints, skin and organs
- Thyroid diseases, including Graves’ disease, where the body makes too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism), and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, where it doesn’t make enough (hypothyroidism) of the hormone
Symptoms of autoimmune disease may be severe in some people and mild in others. “There are different degrees of autoimmune disease,” says Orbai. “The symptoms a person gets likely relate to multiple factors that include genetics, environment and personal health.”
Common Autoimmune Disease Symptoms
Despite the varying types of autoimmune disease, many of them share similar symptoms. Common symptoms of autoimmune disease include:
- Joint pain and swelling
- Skin problems
- Abdominal pain or digestive issues
- Recurring fever
- Swollen glands
Many women say it’s hard to get diagnosed, something that Orbai agrees with. “It’s not black or white,” she says. “There’s usually no single test to diagnose autoimmune disease. You have to have certain symptoms combined with specific blood markers and in some cases, even a tissue biopsy. It’s not just one factor.”
Diagnosis can also be difficult because these symptoms can come from other common conditions. Orbai says women should seek treatment when they notice new symptoms.
“If you’ve been healthy and suddenly you feel fatigue or joint stiffness, don’t downplay that,” she says. “Telling your doctor helps him or her to look closer at your symptoms and run tests to either identify or rule out autoimmune disease.”
Autoimmune Disease: Why Is My Immune System Attacking Itself?
Autoimmune disease affects 23.5 million Americans, and nearly 80 percent of those are women. If you're one of the millions of women affected by this group of diseases, which includes lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid disease, you may be wondering why your immune system is attacking itself.
Autoimmune Disease Risk Factors
Researchers don’t know what causes autoimmune disease, but several theories point to an overactive immune system attacking the body after an infection or injury. We do know that certain risk factors increase the chances of developing autoimmune disorders, including:
- Genetics: Certain disorders such as lupus and multiple sclerosis (MS) tend to run in families. “Having a relative with autoimmune disease increases your risk, but it doesn’t mean you will develop a disease for certain,” says Orbai.
- Weight: Being overweight or obese raises your risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis. This could be because more weight puts greater stress on the joints or because fat tissue makes substances that encourage inflammation.
- Smoking: Research has linked smoking to a number of autoimmune diseases, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism and MS.
- Certain medications: “Certain blood pressure medications or antibiotics can trigger drug-induced lupus, which is often a more benign form of lupus,” Orbai says. “Our myositis center also discovered that specific medications used to lower cholesterol, called statins, can trigger statin-induced myopathy.” Myopathy is a rare autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness. Before starting or stopping any medications, however, make sure to talk to your doctor.
Warning Signs You Shouldn’t Ignore
Common symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, bowel changes or extreme fatigue may be triggered by more than just stress. Geneticist Kala Visvanathan, M.B.B.S., M.H.S., delves into how these symptoms might indicate an underlying condition and shares recent breakthroughs in cancer detection during a panel discussion at A Woman’s Journey — Baltimore, a daylong women’s health event in November.
Autoimmune Disease and Your Health
Having lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis raises your risk for heart disease. While taking steps to reduce heart disease is always a good idea, it is even more essential if you have one of these conditions. Talk to your doctor about what you can do to keep your heart healthy and strong. For example, keeping your blood pressure and cholesterol levels within healthy ranges, eating a nutritious diet and exercising regularly can be lifesaving.
These steps can also help reduce the symptoms of autoimmune disease. Orbai admits that making time for healthy living can be hard, given women’s fast-paced lives, but she insists that finding the balance is key to living with autoimmune disease.
“It’s something that’s going to involve commitment, and sometimes it’s going to be tough,” she says. “But learning to listen to your body and being smart about what triggers your disease is important. It’s something you do for yourself.”
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One of the best things you can do to protect and improve your health is to stay informed. Your Health is a FREE e-newsletter that serves as your smart, simple connection to the world-class expertise of Johns Hopkins. | <urn:uuid:ecd30bca-b583-4a87-8ef8-08188e0496b3> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/what-are-common-symptoms-of-autoimmune-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986700560.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020001515-20191020025015-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.921618 | 1,363 | 2.875 | 3 |
Gloves as a fashion accessory, rather than as a necessity to keep the hands warm, date to about the twelfth or thirteenth century, late in the Middle Ages (c. 500-c. 1500). For years people had worn crude mittens, perhaps lined with fur, when working outdoors, but sewing techniques were not developed enough to allow for the delicate stitches that were needed between fingers. In fact, most people kept the hands warm by wrapping them in the excess fabric of their baggy sleeves. Beginning in the Middle Ages, however, advances in tailoring made gloves a desirable fashion accessory.
The first people to wear gloves in medieval Europe were members of royalty and dignitaries in the Roman Catholic Church, the dominant church in Europe. For church dignitaries, or notable figures, gloves were a symbol of purity. Rich people wore gloves for such aristocratic pursuits as falconry, which involved training falcons to land on one's hand. Early gloves were made from deerskin or sheepskin. By the time of the Renaissance in the fifteenth century, gloves were so popular that whole communities were known for their glove making. Since then, gloves have been worn for warmth and with fancy attire throughout the remainder of Western history.
Payne, Blanche, Geitel Winakor, and Jane Farrell-Beck. The History of Costume. 2nd ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
Yarwood, Doreen. The Encyclopedia of World Costume. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978. | <urn:uuid:b40e7be3-87e1-4049-94d9-c3e47cf746e8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Early-Cultures-Europe-in-the-Middle-Ages/Gloves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.978025 | 316 | 3.625 | 4 |
Wind Development Threatens Iconic American Birds
Safeguards needed to prevent population declines in the Whooping Crane and
Greater Sage-Grouse, and reduce mass mortality among eagles and songbirds
For Immediate Release Contact:
, 202-234-7181 ext. 212
Map showing migration path of the endangered Whooping Crane in relation to core wind power development areas.
(Washington, D.C. - December 29, 2010) Today, American Bird Conservancy announced that three iconic American bird species face especially severe threats from wind energy development.
"Golden Eagles, Whooping Cranes, and Greater Sage-Grouse are likely to be among the birds most affected by poorly planned and sited wind projects,” said Kelly Fuller, Wind Program Coordinator for American Bird Conservancy, the nation’s leading bird conservation organization. “Unless the government acts now to require that the wind industry respect basic wildlife safeguards, these three species will be at ever greater risk.”
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) currently estimates that more than 400,000 birds are already being killed each year after being struck by the fast-moving blades of wind turbines. This figure is expected to rise significantly, and will likely eventually pass the million mark as wind power becomes increasingly ubiquitous under a Department of Energy plan to supply 20% of America's power through wind by 2030.
Golden Eagles have already been one of the major victims of the largest wind farm in the United States at Altamont Pass in California. The Altamont wind farm was sited in an area that eagles and other raptors use to hunt ground squirrels and other small mammals. Using the now-outdated towers as perches, thousands of raptors have been killed as they launch out through the spinning turbines towards their prey. While new tower designs have been developed, they don’t completely eliminate the risk. Much of the additional wind build-out planned for the western U.S. is expected to occur in areas used by Golden Eagles.
A further threat to birds is expected to come from the major transmission line build-out required to service new wind farms. Large birds such as the endangered Whooping Crane can fail to see the wires in time and die after colliding with them. According to a recent FWS report, “The Great Plains states traversed by the Whooping Cranes during their fall and spring migrations are among the windiest states in the nation. The best places for wind energy development in these states overlap to a large extent the Whooping Crane migration corridor, and many of these areas provide attractive stopover sites. Thus, the potential for impacts to Whooping Cranes from future wind energy development is high.”
The threat to yet more birds comes not from collisions, but from loss of their habitat due to wind farm construction. The Greater Sage-Grouse is already reduced to a tiny fraction of its former range and population size due to degradation of sagebrush habitat in the West. The proliferation of giant turbines looming over the habitat can cause birds to abandon remaining traditional breeding grounds. The total habitat footprint from wind farms is predicted to exceed 20,000 square miles by 2030, much of it in states such as Wyoming, one of the last remaining sage-grouse strongholds.
While the threat from wind development stands out for these three iconic American birds, it is by no means limited to a small handful of species. More than ten billion birds are estimated to migrate across the country each spring and fall, many at night. Wind turbines will be an unexpected obstacle to these migrations. Plans to build a wind farm at Canada's Point Pelee—a migration hotspot on the Great Lakes—were recently shelved due to a public outcry over the expected impact on songbirds, but other wind developments are planned along the U.S. side of the lakes, and in other areas through which migrating birds funnel, with as-yet uncalculated bird impacts.
While Whooping Cranes are protected under the Endangered Species Act and Golden Eagles under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, most migratory birds are only protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which has seldom been enforced to prevent such mortality as is predicted as a result of wind development. The Greater Sage-Grouse, meanwhile, currently receives no federal legal protection, though several states have stepped up to protect remaining core breeding areas. In the face of increasing wind development, realizing the potential for state agencies to do yet more will be important for this species.
“Without strong standards designed to protect birds through smart siting, technology, and mitigation programs, wind power will soon affect millions of birds. Given the subsidies paid to the wind industry by the government, many of the negative impacts to birds will be unwittingly funded by the American taxpayer,” said Fuller. “We understand the problem and we know the solutions. American Bird Conservancy supports wind energy, and some operators are already working to protect birds, but we need to make all wind power bird smart now before major build out occurs.”
American Bird Conservancy conserves native birds and their habitats throughout the Americas by safeguarding the rarest species, protecting and restoring habitats, and reducing threats while building capacity of the bird conservation movement. For more information, visit, www.abcbirds.org
American Bird Conservancy (ABC) is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit membership organization whose mission is to conserve native birds and their habitats throughout the Americas. ABC acts by safeguarding the rarest species, conserving and restoring habitats, and reducing threats, while building capacity in the bird conservation movement. | <urn:uuid:d74a8d2a-1865-4555-81f2-6ca22a15fc77> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.abcbirds.org/newsandreports/releases/101229.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656887.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00103-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942915 | 1,162 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Have you ever heard about malt?
It's one of the important ingredients of "hop" "malt' and "water" that are the essential for producing beer.
If you like alcoholic beverage, absolutely you have heard of malt. However not so many people who can explain about the process to produce delicious beer with malt.
This time I'll show you about "malt" so that you can enjoy beer with some knowledge about how it's actually made!
What is malt which important ingredient of beer?
Malt is made from "barley".
Briefly, what germinated this "barley" is "malt".
There are 5 steps to produce malt
Selecting → Soaking → Germinating → Drying →Removing the rootlets
Give water to the barley, germinate. When they get bigger to some extent they are dried after that they remove the rootlets.
The reason why they don't use the barley itself is that malt holds the key of "color" "taste and flavor" and" foaming".
Determine the "color" of beer
To more germination, drying at high temperatures also make the color of the malt darker.
Because of these differences, it can be divided into types of "light colored malt" and "dark colored malt".
The color black of dark beer, it did not color artificially. That is because the malt has dark color.
"Flavor and fragrance" changes
For example, Pilsner Malt which is "light colored malt" used for Lager tastes light and refreshing. On the other hand Caramel Malt which is "dark colored malt" used for darker beers has a roasted aroma of coffee and caramel.
Though by using the same ingredient barley, taste and fragrance are different. That is because of the malt.
By changing the way of making malt, we can make various types and styles of beers with different tastes.
"foaming" also related to malt
The beer head is made with components of malt protein and hop.
To fine-grained delicate beer head for more delicious beer, you need high-quality malt.
In this way "malt" becomes in several ways an important role in the art of beer making.
The differences between "barley" and "wheat"
Do you know the difference between "barley" and "wheat"?
It not because of the size. (Because in Japanese barley=Ō(big)mugi /wheat=ko(small)mugi)
It is said that the origin of the name of "komugi" is because of wheat is often used as flour(ko) or it is produced for a long time(ko) or less(ko) use. On the other hand, it is said that"Ōmugi" is because of" many(Ō) uses" .
Wheat is often used as flour and is still often used for "food" such as udon noodle and bread.
On the other hand, barley is often used for seasonings or others.
Especially varieties called Two-row barley among barley is often use for beer making.
A content of starch is suitable, excellent germination, so it easy to use.
Currently wheat as well is being used as an ingredient for beer making. However wheat has no husk so that it is fragile and difficult to use during polishing. Therefore "the beer ingredient is barley."
Nevertheless, wheat beer called barley wine. It's popular because of more rich taste.
Personal recommendations! Malt 100% beer
Malt 100% beer is a beer that use only malt and hop as ingredients. Do not use auxiliary ingredients such as rice or corn starch.
You can enjoy aroma of barley and rich taste from malt 100% beer.
■ YEBISU beer ( Sapporo Breweries )
Japanese delicious beer. Talking of malt 100 % beer, everyone will think about this yebisu beer.All generation love this delicious dark beer.
They take good care to all the details of ingredients "malt · hop · yeast". They do the best for high-quality "rich taste"of delicious beer.
Fine beer head also characteristic
Besides you can smell strong aroma of barley.
Recommended for this who wants to enjoy typical beer taste.
■Carlsberg (Suntory) Danish Royal Warrant beer "Carlsberg"
Carlsberg founded in Denmark in 1847 and now you can drink this beer in about 150 countries around the world.
Characteristic points of this beer are malt 100%, pure and tastes light and fresh.
You can enjoy great aroma of hop. Representative beer in Northern Europe.
By contract with Suntory, domestic licensing production was carried out. So that you can taste traditional and closer to the original one.
No strong flavor, law alcohol. Recommended for beer newbie or female.
■Heineken（Heineken）Heineken is a brewery founded in the Netherlands in 1863
Currently sold in more than 170 countries. They own brewery factories in 100 countries around the world including the Netherlands. Besides they also provide technical guidance to 60 companies. Europe's largest and the largest beer company in the world.
Kirin Brewery Company has a license agreement in Japan.
Heineken is a "Pilsner" a type of lager.
Strong amount of carbonic acid and a refreshing aroma. This beer has good balance of bitterness and sharpness. It is actually very difficult to create this balance.
What creating this good balance is because of brewer's yeast called "A-Yeast ".
This "A -yeast" was discovered by Heineken in the 19th century. It is cultivated only in the Netherlands for "Heineken" and send to the factories in countries around the world.
Why not try taste a fruity beer!
…Though they are personal recommended beer… We will show you some reviews on SNS…
We showed about malt.
Malt is essential for making beer.
Deliciousness and pay a lot attention to the malt are directly connected to the beer good or bad.
By all means, when drinking beer from now on please also try to taste "deliciousness of malt" !! | <urn:uuid:9321b6c7-6ef3-4d89-9569-92b0046d672b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://media.magical-trip.com/beer-trivia-influence-the-taste-of-beer-learn-more-about-malt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510528.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929190403-20230929220403-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.942426 | 1,337 | 2.8125 | 3 |
House of Hanover
|House of Hanover|
|Country||Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg|
|Founded||1635 - George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|
|Current head||Ernst August, Prince of Hanover|
1901 - Death of Queen Victoria ends the British branch in the agnatic line; semi-Salic law ends personal union of Hanover with the United Kingdom in 1837, upon death of her uncle William IV.
1918 - Ernest Augustus of Brunswick forced to abdicate after German defeat in World War I
The House of Hanover (or the Hanoverians //; German: Haus Hannover) is a German royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Braunschweig-Lüneburg), the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Kingdom of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. They are sometimes referred to as the House of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Hanover line.
Queen Victoria was the granddaughter of George III and was an ancestor of most major European royal houses. She arranged marriages for her children and grandchildren across the continent, tying Europe together; this earned her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover; her son King Edward VII belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father, Albert, Prince Consort. Under semi-Salic law, Victoria could not inherit the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchies unless the entire male line became extinct; those possessions passed to the next eligible male heir, her uncle Ernest Augustus I of Hanover, the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale—the fifth son of George III.
The current head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, Prince of Hanover.
- 1 History
- 2 See also
- 3 Notes
- 4 Further reading
- 5 External links
Dukes and Electors of Brunswick-Lüneburg
George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, is considered the first member of the House of Hanover. When the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg was divided in 1635, George inherited the Principality of Calenberg and moved his residence to Hanover. His son, Christian Louis inherited the Principality of Lüneburg from George's brother. Calenberg and Lüneburg were then shared between George's sons until united in 1705 under his grandson, also called George, who subsequently became George I of Great Britain. All held the title Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. George died in 1641 and was succeeded by:
- Christian Louis, 1st son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1641–1648) and Prince of Lüneburg (1648–1665). He relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg.
- George William, 2nd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1648–1665) and Prince of Lüneburg (1665–1705). He relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg on the death of his brother, Christian Louis.
- John Frederick, 3rd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1665–1679).
- Ernest Augustus, 4th son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1679–1698). He became Prince of Calenberg on the death of his brother John Frederick. He was elevated to prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692. Ernest Augustus's wife, Sophia of the Palatinate, was declared heiress of the throne of England by the Act of Settlement of 1701, which decreed Roman Catholics could not accede to the throne. Sophia was at that time the senior eligible Protestant descendant of James I of England.
- George Louis, son of Duke Ernest Augustus and Sophia, became Elector and Prince of Calenberg in 1698 and Prince of Lüneburg when his uncle George William died in 1705. He inherited his mother's claim to the throne of Great Britain when she died in 1714.
Monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom and Electors and Kings of Hanover
George Louis became the first British monarch of the House of Hanover as George I in 1714.:13 The dynasty provided six British monarchs:
- George I (r.1714–27) (Georg Ludwig = George Louis)
- George II (r.1727–60) (Georg August = George Augustus)
- George III (r.1760–1820)
George I, George II, and George III also served as electors and dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, informally, Electors of Hanover (cf. personal union). From 1814, when Hanover became a kingdom, the British monarch was also King of Hanover.
George I (1714–1727)
George II (1727–1760)
George III (1760–1820)
George IV (1820–1830)
William IV (1830–1837)
In 1837, however, the personal union of the thrones of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended. Succession to the Hanoverian throne was regulated by semi-Salic law (agnatic-cognatic), which gave priority to all male lines before female lines, so that it passed not to Queen Victoria but to her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland.:13,14 In 1901, when Queen Victoria died, her son and heir Edward VII became the first British Monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward taking his family name from that of his father, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.:14
Kings of Hanover after the breakup of the personal union
After the death of William IV in 1837, the following kings of Hanover continued the dynasty:
Coat of arms of the kingdom of Hanover 1837
King Ernest Augustus I of Hanover (1837–1851)
King George V of Hanover (1851–1866)
The Kingdom of Hanover came to an end in 1866 when it was annexed by Prussia. The 1866 rift between the House of Hanover and the House of Hohenzollern was settled only by the 1913 marriage of Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick.
Duchy of Brunswick
In 1884, the senior branch of the House of Welf became extinct. By semi-Salic law, the House of Hanover would have acceded to the Duchy of Brunswick, but there had been strong Prussian pressure against having George V of Hanover or his son, the Duke of Cumberland, succeed to a member state of the German Empire, at least without strong conditions, including swearing to the German constitution. By a law of 1879, the Duchy of Brunswick established a temporary council of regency to take over at the Duke's death, and if necessary appoint a regent.
The Duke of Cumberland proclaimed himself Duke of Brunswick at the Duke's death, and lengthy negotiations ensued, but were never resolved. Prince Albert of Prussia was appointed regent; after his death in 1906, Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg succeeded him. The Duke of Cumberland's eldest son died in a car accident in 1912; the father renounced Brunswick in favor of his youngest son Ernest Augustus, who married the Kaiser's daughter, swore allegiance to the German Empire, and was allowed to ascend the throne of the Duchy in November 1913. He was a major-general during the First World War; but he was overthrown as Duke of Brunswick in 1918. His father was also deprived of his British titles in 1919, for "bearing arms against Great Britain".
The later heads of the House of Hanover have been:
- George V (1866–1878)
- Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (1878–1923)
- Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick (1923–1953), son of the previous
- Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover (1953–1987)
- Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover (1987–present)
The family has been resident in Austria since 1866; it has held courtesy titles since 1919.
List of members
- Oberto I, 912–975
- Oberto Obizzo, 940–1017
- Albert Azzo I, Margrave of Milan, 970–1029
- Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, d.
- Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, 1037–1101
- Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, 1074–1126
- Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, 1108–1139
- Henry the Lion, 1129–1195
- William of Winchester, Lord of Lunenburg, 1184–1213
- Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1204–1252
- Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1236–1279
- Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1268–1318
- Magnus the Pious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1304–1369
- Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1328–1373
- Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1362–1434
- Frederick II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1408–1478
- Otto V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1439–1471
- Heinrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1468–1532
- Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1497–1546
- William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1535–1592
- George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1582–1641
- Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, 1629–1698
- George I of Great Britain, 1660–1727
- George II of Great Britain, 1683–1760
- Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707–1751
- George III of the United Kingdom, 1738–1820
- Ernest Augustus I of Hanover, 1771–1851
- George V of Hanover, 1819–1878
- Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, 1845–1923
- Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, 1887–1953
- Ernest Augustus IV, Prince of Hanover, 1914–1987
- Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover, b. 1954
- Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover, b. 1983
The Leine Palace in Hanover (Former Royal Residence of the Kingdom of Hanover)
Herrenhausen Castle and Gardens in Hanover (c. 1708)
Marienburg Castle (Hanover), present seat of the Princes of Hanover
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Hanover.|
- Picknett, Lynn; Prince, Clive; Prior, Stephen; Brydon, Robert (2002), War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy, Mainstream Publishing, ISBN 1-84018-631-3<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>.
- In 1801, the British and Irish kingdoms merged, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- Fraser, Flora. Princesses: The Six Daughters of George III. Knopf, 2005.
- Plumb, J. H. The First Four Georges. Revised ed. Hamlyn, 1974.
- Redman, Alvin. The House of Hanover. Coward-McCann, 1960.
- Van der Kiste, John. George III’s Children. Sutton Publishing, 1992.
- Bultmann, William A. "Early Hanoverian England (1714–1760): Some Recent Writings," in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939 (Harvard University Press, 1966), pp 181–205
- Snyder, Henry L. "Early Georgian England," in Richard Schlatter, ed., Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 (Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 167 – 196, historiography
- (German) Official website of the House of Welf
- Succession laws in the House of Welf
- British German Royal Heritage Route 2014
- House of Hanover Archive.org
- House of Hanover Royalty.nu
House of Hanover
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
||Ruling house of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
|Duchy raised to Electorate
by Emperor Leopold I for aid
given in the Nine Years' War
Duchy raised to Electorate
|Ruling house of the Electorate of Hanover
Occupied by France in the Napoleonic Wars
House of Stuart
|Ruling house of the Kingdom of Great Britain
|Kingdoms merged by
Acts of Union 1800
|Ruling house of the Kingdom of Ireland
||Ruling house of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Electorate raised to Kingdom
at the Congress of Vienna
|Ruling house of the Kingdom of Hanover
Annexed by Prussia in the | <urn:uuid:3fb30f0a-8ffc-4698-8170-2d4aa8a5ea4a> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://infogalactic.com/info/House_of_Hanover | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541301598.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215042926-20191215070926-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.914058 | 2,958 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Roots & Radicals - GMAT Math Study Guide
Table of Contents
- Rules of Roots & Radicals
- Useful Radicals to Memorize
- Radicals and the Sign of the Radicand
- Simplifying Radicals
- Nth Root of X - the number that, when multiplied together N times, yields X.
For example, the N = 2 root (also called the square root) of 9 is the number, 3, that when multiplied together 2 times yields 9.
- Square Root of X - the number that, when multiplied together two times, yields X.
For example, the square root of 16 is 4 because four multiplied together two times (i.e., 4*4) is 16.
- Cube Root of X - the number that, when multiplied together three times, yields X.
For example, the cube root of 64 is 4 because four multiplied together three times (i.e., 4*4*4) is 64.
- Radical - the sign used to denote the square or nth root of a number.
For example, the value of "radical 4" is 2 and the value of "radical 9" is 3.
- Radicand - the number that is beneath the radical sign and from which the square root (or nth root) is derived.
For example, when saying, "2 is the square root of 4," the number 4 is the radicand.
Relationship to Exponents
The relationship between roots and exponents is effectively an inverse relationship.
As will be shown shortly in the formulas section of this study guide, roots relate to exponents through this extremely important formulaic relationship.
Rules of Roots & Radicals
Examples of the Rules of Roots & Radicals
Useful Radicals to Memorize
In order to improve your ability to work mathematics questions successfully and quickly, it is extremely helpful to memorize a few commonly used exponents and roots:
Radicals and the Sign of the Radicand
There are four different cases that encompass the world of radicals.
Case 1: Positive Radicand and Even Root
In Case 1, it is common mathematical convention that there is only one solution and this solution is positive. For example, the square root of 4 is only positive 2, even though (technically speaking) -2 is a root since (-2)(-2)=+4. Consequently, when asked, "what is the square root of 25?" the correct answer is "only positive 5." Similarly, if asked, "what is the 4th root of 16?" the correct answer is "only positive 2" even though (-2)4 = 16 too.
Case 2: Positive Radicand and Odd Root
In Case 2, there is only one possible answer. By comparison and for clarification's sake, in Case 1, there were two possible answers, although mathematical convention agreed that only one of those answers (i.e., the positive one) was correct. Due to the nature of how negative numbers behave when multiplied together an odd number of times (i.e., they retain their negative sign), it is impossible to have a negative answer in Case 2.
Case 3: Negative Radicand and Odd Root
In Case 3, there is only one possible answer. Since the only way to have a negative product is by multiplying a negative number an odd number of times, the answer in Case 3 is always negative. In order to more clearly see this, notice that multiplying together a negative number an even number of times produces a positive number. Similarly, multiplying a positive number by itself an odd number of times produces a positive number.
Case 4: Negative Radicand and Even Root
In Case 4, there is no answer to this type of question within the domain of what are called real numbers. Technically, this Case can be answered using what are known as imaginary numbers--but this is well beyond the scope of what is tested. If you encounter a question such as "what is the square root of -4" the correct answer is "there is no real solution."
One important skill that is required in many problems is the ability to simplify radical expressions. While there is no formula for successfully simplifying radicals nor is there one process that will work each time, asking the following questions can provide a good framework.
- Which terms share a common base?
In general, the most important step in simplifying radicals is to write each term with a common base. For example, 3 and 9 share a common base (i.e., 3), 5 and 25 share a common base (i.e., 5), 2,4, 8, and 16 share a common base (i.e., 2).
- Are there any duplicate terms that can be canceled?
- Are there any perfect squares that can be removed from the square root (or, by corollary, are there any perfect cubes that can be removed from the cube root)?
Since both 2 and 3 are being raised to powers of 2, this expression can be simplified even more considerably.
- Are there any common terms that can be factored out? | <urn:uuid:c3af20c8-5375-4547-886b-78f5460b3a7b> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.platinumgmat.com/gmat_study_guide/exponential_roots_radicals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990217.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00197-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930316 | 1,059 | 4.3125 | 4 |
Besides the reasons of forming Vietnamese language chat, English language chat is created due to a tendency to absorb new things which continuously take place in the youth’s life. This makes parents embarrassed and worried when sometimes glancing at their children’s computer screen or cellphone messages. Thus, inventing cryptography is one of the the reasons of forming language chat.
II. The basic variants in English language chat 1. Letter change
Changing letters into other letters or numbers is mainly based on homonymy.
Nowadays, the use of slang and abbreviations is not limited just to e-mails, text messages or instant messages. It is showing up in kids' schoolwork, in their SAT essays and in college admission applications.
Blending is a combination of different words that produces new words. The advantages of the writing style are the collective meaning and the shortness of using words. Chatters make the most of blending and use it widely in the Internet.
Use emoticons to express emotion and thought. For example:
In Vietnamese: ###^^^ Mý ngày nay e hộx chẵng dc gì hít trơn á!... pài kiểm tra thỳ dưới trung bình hem hà!!! (;^_^;) nghỹ nại thý tức mình thiệt lun! :)… Kết wả nem hộx này e wóa iếu… Mẹc dầu e đã cố gắng hít sức cũn chẵng có lợi ích gì…:-( ))))88(((
In Enghlish: ###^^^ A boring day! Mayb I’ll fone 4 her. Wot are u doing now, baby? Look f’ward 2 c u soon. Omg, I need u now:( ))))88(((
Employ symbols on the keyboard effectively in order to send messages such as
(()):** embrace and kiss
! I have a comment.
? I have a question.
Chatters attempt to reduce letters as much as they can do. For instance:
In Vietnamese: những nhữg
In Enghlish: what wat, think tink
Have the same purposes:
Save time when communicating.
Avoid parental control.
Want to create a striking style.
Wish to show off their creativity.
Use code language to keep their activities private. | <urn:uuid:9dcdff74-3e3b-4f7a-af9b-df2728a2ad1f> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://hocday.com/english-and-vietnamese-chat-language.html?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358443.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128013650-20211128043650-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.872772 | 602 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Bespoke Twilight CPD Sessions
From September 2020 we intend to offer a range of training courses where previous evaluations – often monitored and validated by Ealing local authority or the Ealing Learning Partnership – have been excellent. We will build upon training which has been developed for NQTs, middle and senior leaders.
From January 2020, and in response to feedback from our alliance schools, we have now planned a suite of training sessions that are geared to meeting needs within different schools’ own financial constraints. Our Specialist Leaders of Education (SLEs) will now be able to provide twilight training sessions (3.45 – 5.00pm), at your own school, in order to maximise access for whole staff teams.
Our SLEs can come to schools to deliver bespoke twilight CPD on all curriculum areas (Mathematics, English, Science and learning themes) to develop and enrich staff knowledge and understanding. We can support schools to reflect on their current curriculum and how to ensure effective implementation for maximum pupil impact.
Some examples of what we can offer are:
- The significance of geography in primary education. How does your school develop core knowledge and big ideas to ensure a coherent geography curriculum?
Design and Technology:
- What is design and technology?
- What makes it design and technology rather than art and design?
- What are the different strands of the design and technology curriculum and how can this be planned across each phase?
- What should a high-quality unit look like?
- Key concepts in history – what do they mean and how can we support pupils to develop them in a progressive way?
- The importance of chronology in developing a coherent knowledge and understanding of the past. How to develop pupils understanding of chronology through practical tasks.
- Getting to grips on parts of speech, sentence structure and punctuation. Are all staff clear and confident in teaching parts of speech?
- Ideas and games for developing staff understanding of teaching grammar consistently and effectively across the school.
- Run by Mark Hartley MBE, this programme focuses on reaching the KS2 students who do not reach the government’s national performance standard and is designed for both recently qualified and experienced KS2 teachers.
- Both available course below: | <urn:uuid:792623b5-c173-4146-8611-a31365235c83> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://westlondonteachingalliance.com/continual-professional-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704795033.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126011645-20210126041645-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.942325 | 461 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Secondary School Reform
Education Gets a Makeover. In the past decade, education reform at all levels has received much attention from the government and the public.Statistics have shown that the US is losing competitive ground in the international arena for high marks in education. Institutions such as No Child Left Behind and now more recently The Race to the Top have been ideals established during the administration of President George W. Bush and President Barrack Obama respectively to address the expectations for schools, educators, and students. While reform is taking place at all grade levels in public schools, secondary reform is of particular interest because it is at that level where graduation requirements and final test scores are measured.
The No Child Left Behind Act (enacted in 2002) required public schools to meet established standards and achieve measurable goals in order to retain federal funding. More specifically, it accounted for all students with the focus to bring disadvantaged schools and students to acceptable levels of achievement. The deadline in mind for all schools to meet proficiency requirements is 2014. Annual testing has become a part of the culture to check for progress and to determine if schools are indeed meeting the expectations. Schools who do not meet the Annual Yearly Progress standards could be in jeopardy of losing federal assistance.
In July 2009, President Obama made a move toward education reform with a proposal called Race to the Top where states will be eligible to compete for over 4 billion dollars in federal funds toward education reform and maintenance of standards. Criteria include the need for states to address low-performing schools, implementing benchmarks and systems to effectively measure progress, and to recruit and train effective teachers. First round winners in the spring of 2010 included Delaware and Tennessee. In August 2010, Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan announced ten states more as second round winners of the Race to the Top funds to be used for their bold plans for reform.
For the first time in over forty years, education reform at the national is being examined from all angles. Support and debate of proposals is ongoing. | <urn:uuid:777582b2-5f7d-4a0d-a653-6eeb6d9c4a73> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.essentialblog.org/secondary-school-reform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987833766.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023122219-20191023145719-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.965173 | 401 | 3.125 | 3 |
Constitution Day 2021: History, significance, quotes and all you need to know about Samvidhan Divas
It is also known as National Law Day or Samvidhan Divas since the Constituent Assembly of India legally adopted the Indian Constitution on this day in 1949.
- The Indian Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950.
- It took two months between the Constitution's adoption and enforcement.
- Those months were devoted to comprehensive reading and translation of the draft.
New Delhi: India's Constitution Day is celebrated every year on November 26. It is also known as National Law Day or Samvidhan Divas since the Constituent Assembly of India legally adopted the Indian Constitution on this day in 1949. The Indian Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950, which was Republic Day. Surprisingly, those two months (between the Constitution's adoption and enforcement) were devoted to a comprehensive reading and translation (from English to Hindi) of the draft.
In 1947, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar was appointed chairman of the constitution drafting committee and charged with crafting the country's constitution.
On January 24, 1950, the members of the Constituent Assembly signed two handwritten versions of the document. On January 26, the same year, this became the law.
Ambedkar's Constitution, according to American historian Granville Seward Austin, is "first and foremost a social document."
Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared November 26 to be India's Constitution Day on October 11, 2015, while laying the foundation stone for Dr BR Ambedkar's (the Father of the Constitution of India) Statue of Equality memorial. The 125th anniversary of Ambedkar's birth was celebrated in 2015. The government came up with this notion as a tribute to the renowned man in order to make it memorable.
By releasing a gazette notification on November 19, 2015, the Indian government designated the day to be observed as India's Constitution Day.
The significance of this day is to raise public awareness about the importance of the constitution and to propagate Ambedkar's values and thoughts. On August 29, 1947, this revolutionary man was named chairman of the constitution drafting committee.
"Democracy is not merely a form of government. It is primarily a mode of associated living, of conjoint communicated experience. It is essentially an attitude of respect and reverence towards fellow men."
"The Constitution can provide only the organs of State such as the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The factors on which the working of those organs of the State depend are the people and the political parties they will set up as their instruments to carry out their wishes and their politics."
"If we wish to maintain democracy not merely in form, but also in fact, what must we do? The first thing in my judgement we must do is to hold fast to constitutional methods of achieving our social and economic objectives."
"Political democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base of…social democracy. What does social democracy mean? It means a way of life which recognizes liberty, equality and fraternity as the principles of life…"
"I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved."
RSS remains optimistic on realising the dream of united India — Akhand Bharat
United are working on a six-month deal for Rangnick with an option for two further years in a consultancy role.
591 children were rescued from forced work and bonded labour from different parts of India during the lockdown.
The new variant, called B.1.1.529, is said to be more virulent than its predecessors Delta and Beta
The treaty chalked out by the incoming coalition govt will align Germany’s foreign policy with that of the US which seeks to contain the rise of China
Bitcoin sheds over 18% after India announces plan to ban
India is estimated to have around 15 million crypto investors with a cumulative investment value of $6 billion
Without cadre and workers on the ground, TMC's over-the-top leaders cannot assemble
The legalisation of MSP could also fuel demand for coverage of other crops, thus making it an unending cycle
Schools can do a lot when it comes to choosing right uniform. Gender neutral clothing is not important.
A balance between sporting balance and entertainment is a solution, experts are seeking.
At this moment, cross-pollination between formats is the norm. But for how long? Selectors are looking at specialised... | <urn:uuid:67b2693e-c769-48b6-8028-29e11dd9686c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/constitution-day-2021-history-significance-quotes-samvidhan-divas-136417 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358074.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211126224056-20211127014056-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.958374 | 934 | 3.734375 | 4 |
|Since the beginning of time, mankind has been trying to figure out a dependable way to know where they were, and to guide them to where they wanted to go and get back again. Seamen followed the coastline to keep them from getting lost. They discovered, when they sailed out into the open sea, that they could use the position of the stars to chart their courses.
Major developments in early navigation were the compass and the sextant. The needle of the compass always points north. So even if they didn't knew where they were, at least they knew in what direction they were traveling. The sextant measures the exact angles of stars, the moon and the sun above the horizon by the use of adjustable mirrors. Early sextants could only measure the latitude and sailors were still not able to work out their longitude.
As this was determined to be a serious enough problem, in the seventeenth century, Great Britain formed a group of well-known scientists called the Board of Longitude. They offered a substantial cash reward to any person who could find a way of working out the longitude of a ship within thirty nautical miles. In 1761, a man named John Harrison developed a timepiece called a chronometer. This invention lost or gained only about one second a day. Sextants and chronometers were used together to provide travelers with their latitude and longitude.
Radio-based navigation systems were developed in the early twentieth century, and were used in World War II. As this technology advanced, both ships and airplanes used ground-based radio-navigation systems. The disadvantage of using a system that uses ground generated radio waves, is that a choice has to made between a high-frequency system that is accurate, but does not cover a wide area, and a low-frequency system that covers a wide area, but is not very accurate.
When Sputnik was launched into space by Russia on October 4th, 1957 it became known that "artificial stars" could be used for navigation. The evening after the launch researchers of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology determined the orbit of the Russian satellite by noting that the Sputnik's radio signal increased as it approached and decreased as it left. So the fact that a satellite's position could be tracked from the ground was the first step in recognizing that a subject's whereabouts on the ground could be determined using radio signals from the satellite.
The U.S. Navy experimented with satellite navigation. In the mid-sixties there was the Transit System that was developed for submarines carrying Polaris nuclear missiles. This system has six satellites that circled the earth in polar orbits. In measuring the Doppler shift of the radio signals the submarines could locate its position within fifteen minutes.
The Global Positioning System, now commonly known GPS was designed and built and is operated and maintained by the U.S. Department of Defense. It used to be known as the Navstar Global Positioning System and was first brainstormed at the Pentagon in 1973 as they were looking for a satellite system that was error-proof. In 1978 the first operational GPS satellite was launched. By the mid-1990s the system was fully operational with 24 satellites. | <urn:uuid:6938a1e2-a605-4a74-a724-aa7088511736> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://support.radioshack.com/support_tutorials/gps/gps_hist.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464193.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00240-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981641 | 649 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Pond Salt™ is a chemically sound blend of salts designed to replicate the native ionic environment of goldfish and koi without adversely impacting on pond plants when used at the recommended dosage. It can also be useful to temporarily reduce nitrite toxicity in an emergency situation. It does not impact pH. For pH control, use Pond Acid Buffer™ or Pond pH Buffer™.
Pond Salt™ is more than just a simple sodium chloride product. Other salts can burn leaves and roots in a planted pond. However, Pond Salt™ does not cause this type of damage, and actually provides many nutrients crucial to healthy plant growth. Pond Salt™ is a safe and effective alternative to the sodium chloride based pond salts so prevalent.
Sizes: 1 kg, 2 kg, 4 kg, 20 kg
When setting up a pond and when making water changes: 100 g (5 tablespoons) for each 200 L (50 US gallons). This amount will yield 0.5 ppt. Once every 6 months: 250 g (12.5 tablespoons) for each 200 L (50 US gallons). For emergency relief of nitrite toxicity: 1 kg (3 US cups) for each 200 L (50 US gallons). Once nitrite toxicity has subsided a water change should be initiated to reduce salinity. (Please note: nitrite levels do not fall, only the toxicity to the fish). The presence of high levels of nitrite indicates a problem with the biofilter. Use Pond Stability® to restore and maintain the pond biofilter. NOTE: To add salt to an established pond, do so gradually. Add in an area unlikely to attract fish attention (to avoid ingestion). If this cannot be avoided then it is best to dissolve the salt in freshwater before use. Do not use salt when replacing evaporated water. If following the 6 month regimen you must perform regular water changes to avoid salt build up. This product is not recommended for new ponds or water changes if source water already has a salinity above 1.0 ppt.
Can't find what you're looking for? Ask us a new question. One of the experts from our technical support staff will be happy to promptly respond. You can also call 888‑732‑0003 (Monday- Friday 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM EST) if you would like to speak directly with a technical support representative. | <urn:uuid:aa25ffda-e25f-418c-9c68-32ec5ef90f7f> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://e-lss.jp/seachem/pond-salt.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363420.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207232140-20211208022140-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.882589 | 483 | 2.671875 | 3 |
If you look at the nutritional information of a pack of trail mix, you can quickly scare. After all, there are very high numbers in the columns for the fat and calorie content. But do nuts make you fat and unhealthy?
It depends on the quantity and variety
There is one thing that can not be denied: nuts contain a lot of fat. However, these are unsaturated fatty acids that are easily digestible and very healthy for the body. In addition, nuts can provide you with many valuable nutrients such as protein, vitamin E and magnesium.
But you should not eat snacks in bulk. If you eat 100 grams of nuts, you quickly reach over 550 kilocalories. To really eat you enough, they are therefore not suitable. About 30 grams of nuts daily are harmless to your figure. Rather, a handful of almonds that you eat as a snack should, according to one study , even reduce hunger and cause you to consume fewer calories a day altogether. In other words, nuts may even help you lose weight.
Our table shows that there are also significant differences between varieties. The macadamia has about 135 grams more calories per 100 grams than the cashew and is also much fatty. For a snack in between almonds, peanuts, pistachios and cashews are particularly good.
|Nuss places||Fats (in g per 100 g)||Kilocalories (in kcal per 100 g)| | <urn:uuid:5f2ba48d-7300-4815-81d7-403c43ed0eae> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.thewebfry.com/do-nuts-really-make-you-fat-the-surprising-answer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374686.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306100836-20210306130836-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.917283 | 290 | 2.875 | 3 |
'Glad' in the Bible
And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart.
And Jethro was glad because the Lord had been good to Israel, freeing them from the power of the Egyptians.
On the first day, take the fruit of fair trees, branches of palm-trees, and branches of thick trees and trees from the riverside, and be glad before the Lord for seven days.
He has seen no evil in Jacob or wrongdoing in Israel: the Lord his God is with him, and the glad cry of a king is among them
On the first day of the seventh month [on New Year's Day of the civil year], you shall have a holy [summoned] assembly; you shall do no servile work. It is a day of blowing of trumpets for you [everyone blowing who wishes, proclaiming that the glad New Year has come and that the great Day of Atonement and the Feast of Tabernacles are now approaching].
And you will be glad before the Lord your God, you and your sons and your daughters, and your men-servants and your women-servants, and the Levite who is with you in your house, because he has no part or heritage among you.
And with the money get whatever you have a desire for, oxen or sheep or wine or strong drink, whatever your soul's desire may be: and make a feast there before the Lord your God, and be glad, you and all your house;
Then you are to be glad before the Lord your God, you and your son and your daughter, your man-servant and your woman-servant, and the Levite who is with you, and the man from a strange country, and the child without a father, and the widow, who are living among you, in the place marked out by the Lord your God as a resting-place for his name.
Seven days shalt thou celebrate a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose; because the LORD thy God shall have blessed thee in all thy fruits and in all the works of thine hands, therefore, thou shalt truly be glad.
"Because you did not serve the LORD your God with joy and a glad heart, for the abundance of all things;
Just as the Lord was glad to cause you to prosper and to multiply you, so He will also be glad to cause you to perish and to destroy you. You will be deported from the land you are entering to possess.
Be glad, O you his people, over the nations; for he will take payment for the blood of his servants, and will give punishment to his haters, and take away the sin of his land, for his people.
And of Zebulun he said, Be glad, Zebulun, in your going out; and, Issachar, in your tents.
And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, made glad with grace and full of the blessing of the Lord: the sea and its fishes will be his.
But the vine said to them, Am I to give up my wine, which makes glad God and men, to go waving over the trees?
And the chiefs of the Philistines came together to make a great offering to Dagon their god, and to be glad; for they said, Our god has given into our hands Samson our hater.
And it cometh to pass, when their heart is glad, that they say, 'Call for Samson, and he doth play before us;' and they call for Samson out of the prison-house, and he playeth before them, and they cause him to stand between the pillars.
And the priest's heart was glad, and he took the ephod, and the teraphim, and the graven image, and went in the midst of the people.
Then her husband arose and went after her to speak tenderly to her in order to bring her back, taking with him his servant and a pair of donkeys. So she brought him into her father's house, and when the girl's father saw him, he was glad to meet him.
And they sit and eat both of them together, and drink, and the father of the young woman saith unto the man, 'Be willing, I pray thee, and lodge all night, and let thy heart be glad.'
And the man riseth to go, he and his concubine, and his young man, and his father-in-law, father of the young woman, saith to him, 'Lo, I pray thee, the day hath fallen toward evening, lodge all night, I pray thee; lo, the declining of the day! lodge here, and let thine heart be glad -- and ye have risen early to-morrow for your journey, and thou hast gone to thy tent.'
They are making their heart glad, and lo, men of the city, men -- sons of worthlessness -- have gone round about the house, beating on the door, and they speak unto the old man, the master of the house, saying, 'Bring out the man who hath come unto thine house, and we know him.'
And Boaz eateth and drinketh, and his heart is glad; and he goeth in to lie down at the end of the heap; and she cometh in gently, and uncovereth his feet, and lieth down.
And Hannah, in prayer before the Lord, said, My heart is glad in the Lord, my horn is lifted up in the Lord: my mouth is open wide over my haters; because my joy is in your salvation.
Now the people of Beth-shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley, and they raised their eyes and saw the ark and were glad to see it.
And they said unto the messengers that came, Thus shall ye say unto the men of Jabeshgilead, To morrow, by that time the sun be hot, ye shall have help. And the messengers came and shewed it to the men of Jabesh; and they were glad.
So all the people went to Gilgal; and there in Gilgal they made Saul king before the Lord; and peace-offerings were offered before the Lord; and there Saul and all the men of Israel were glad with great joy.
For he put his life in danger and overcame the Philistine, and the Lord gave all Israel salvation: you saw it and were glad: why then are you sinning against him who has done no wrong, desiring the death of David without cause?
Abigail returned to Nabal, and he was there in his house holding a festival like the festival of a king. Nabal's heart was glad, and he was very drunk, so she didn't tell him anything at all until morning.
So Achish summoned David and said to him, "As surely as the Lord lives, you are an honest man, and I am glad to have you serving with me in the army. I have found no fault with you from the day that you first came to me until the present time. But in the opinion of the leaders, you are not reliable.
And they cut off his head, and stripped off his armour, and sent them into the land of the Philistines round about, to announce the glad tidings in the houses of their idols, and to the people.
Give no news of it in Gath, let it not be said in the streets of Ashkelon; or the daughters of the Philistines will be glad, the daughters of men without circumcision will be uplifted in joy.
And Absalom commandeth his young men, saying, 'See, I pray thee, when the heart of Amnon is glad with wine, and I have said unto you, Smite Amnon, that ye have put him to death; fear not; is it not because I have commanded you? be strong, yea, become sons of valour.'
And all the people came up after him, piping with pipes, and they were glad with great joy, so that the earth was shaking with the sound.
And these words of Solomon made Hiram glad, and he said, Now may the Lord be praised who has given to David a wise son to be king over this great people.
On the eighth day he sent the people away: and they blessed the king, and went unto their tents joyful and glad of heart for all the goodness that the LORD had done for David his servant, and for Israel his people.
And Jezebel his wife saith unto him, 'Thou now dost execute rule over Israel! rise, eat bread, and let thy heart be glad, -- I do give to thee the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.'
Then they said one to another, We are not doing right. This is a day of [glad] good news and we are silent and do not speak up! If we wait until daylight, some punishment will come upon us [for not reporting at once]. So now come, let us go and tell the king's household.
So all the people of the land were glad, and the town was quiet; and they had put Athaliah to death with the sword at the king's house.
And Hezekiah was glad at their coming and let them see all his store of wealth, the silver and the gold and the spices and the oil of great price, and the house of his arms, and everything there was in his stores; there was nothing in all his house or his kingdom which Hezekiah did not let them see.
And they stripped him, and took his head, and his armour, and sent them into the land of the Philistines round about, to announce the glad tidings to their idols, and to the people.
And David gave orders to the chief of the Levites to put their brothers the music-makers in position, with instruments of music, corded instruments and brass, with glad voices making sounds of joy.
Glory in His holy name; Let the heart of those who seek the LORD be glad.
Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice: and let men say among the nations, The LORD reigneth.
Let the sea be thundering with all its waters; let the field be glad, and everything which is in it;
Then the people were glad because their offerings were freely given, for with a true heart they freely gave what they had to the Lord; and David the king was full of joy.
Up! now, O Lord God, come back to your resting-place, you and the ark of your strength: let your priests, O Lord God, be clothed with salvation, and let your saints be glad in what is good.
And on the three and twentieth day of the seventh month he sent the people away into their tents, glad and merry in heart for the goodness that the LORD had shewed unto David, and to Solomon, and to Israel his people.
Everybody in Judah was very glad to make their oath, because they had made their vow with all their heart and had sought him with all of their might, and they found him! The LORD also gave them rest in their surrounding lands.
Then all the men of Judah and Jerusalem went back, with Jehoshaphat at their head, coming back to Jerusalem with joy; for the Lord had made them glad over their haters.
So all the people of the land were glad and the town was quiet, for they had put Athaliah to death with the sword
And all the people of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and those who had come from Israel, and men from other lands who had come from Israel or who were living in Judah, were glad with great joy.
Then they observed the Festival of Unleavened Bread for seven days with joy, because the LORD had made them glad, turning the heart of the king of Assyria toward them and strengthening them for their work on the Temple of God, the God of Israel.
And all the people went away to take food and drink, and to send food to others, and to be glad, because the words which were said to them had been made clear.
And on that day they made great offerings and were glad; for God had made them glad with great joy; and the women and the children were glad with them: so that the joy of Jerusalem came to the ears of those who were far off.
And on that day certain men were put over the rooms where the things which had been given were stored, for the lifted offerings and the first-fruits and the tenths, and to take into them the amounts, from the fields of every town, fixed by the law for the priests and the Levites: for Judah was glad on account of the priests and the Levites who were in their places.
On the seventh day, as the heart of the king is glad with wine, he hath said to Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha, Zethar, and Carcas, the seven eunuchs who are ministering in the presence of the king Ahasuerus,
Then went Haman forth that day joyful and with a glad heart: but when Haman saw Mordecai in the king's gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai.
Then his wife Zeresh and all his friends said to him, Let a pillar, fifty cubits high, be made ready for hanging him, and in the morning get the king to give orders for the hanging of Mordecai: then you will be able to go to the feast with the king with a glad heart. And Haman was pleased with the suggestion, and he had the pillar made.
And Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal apparel of blue and white, and with a great crown of gold, and with a garment of fine linen and purple: and the city of Shushan rejoiced and was glad.
And in every part of the kingdom and in every town, wherever the king's letter and his order came, the Jews were glad with great joy, and had a feast and a good day. And a great number of the people of the land became Jews: for the fear of the Jews had come on them.
Which rejoice exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave?
They make songs to the instruments of music, and are glad at the sound of the pipe.
The righteous see it, and are glad: and the innocent laugh them to scorn.
If I was glad because my wealth was great, and because my hand had got together a great store;
If I was glad at the trouble of my hater, and gave cries of joy when evil overtook him;
But let all who take refuge in You be glad, Let them ever sing for joy; And may You shelter them, That those who love Your name may exult in You.
I will be glad and rejoice in thee: I will sing praise to thy name, O thou most High.
So that I may make clear all your praise in the house of the daughter of Zion: I will be glad because of your salvation.
And he who is against me may not say, I have overcome him; and those who are troubling me may not be glad when I am moved.
But I have had faith in your mercy; my heart will be glad in your salvation.
Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! when the LORD bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad.
Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: my flesh also shall rest in hope.
and it [is] like a bridegroom who comes out of his bridal chamber. It is glad like a strong man to run [its] course.
The precepts of the Lord are right, making the heart glad; the commandment of the Lord is radiant, making the eyes light up.
We will be glad in your salvation, and in the name of our God we will put up our flags: may the Lord give you all your requests.
O LORD, in Your strength the king will be glad, And in Your salvation how greatly he will rejoice!
For thou hast made him most blessed for ever: thou hast made him exceeding glad with thy countenance.
I will give you praise and honour, O Lord, because through you I have been lifted up; you have not given my haters cause to be glad over me.
I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy: for thou hast considered my trouble; thou hast known my soul in adversities;
Be glad in the LORD, and rejoice, ye righteous: and shout for joy, all ye that are upright in heart.
Be glad in the Lord, O doers of righteousness; for praise is beautiful for the upright.
My soul shall make her boast in the LORD: the humble shall hear thereof, and be glad.
My soul will rejoice in the LORD and be glad in his deliverance.
Do not let my haters be glad over me falsely; let not those who are against me without cause make sport of me.
Be my judge, O Lord my God, in your righteousness; do not let them be glad over me.
Let them shout for joy, and be glad, that favour my righteous cause: yea, let them say continually, Let the LORD be magnified, which hath pleasure in the prosperity of his servant.
I have proclaimed glad tidings of righteousness in the great congregation; Behold, I will not restrain my lips, O LORD, You know.
Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee: let such as love thy salvation say continually, The LORD be magnified.
Then I will go up to the altar of God, to the God of my joy; I will be glad and give praise to you on an instrument of music, O God, my God.
All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad.
There is a river, the streams whereof shall make glad the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the most High.
O make a glad noise with your hands, all you peoples; letting your voices go up to God with joy.
God has gone up with a glad cry, the Lord with the sound of the horn.
Let mount Zion rejoice, let the daughters of Judah be glad, because of thy judgments.
Make me full of joy and rapture; so that the bones which have been broken may be glad.
Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! When God bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad.
The upright man will be glad when he sees their punishment; his feet will be washed in the blood of the evil-doer.
By the power of your hand the earth is shaking and broken; make it strong again, for it is moved.
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- Rejoicing In God's Works | <urn:uuid:22133057-9d78-408a-8020-f7b401548974> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/words/Glad | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948532873.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214000736-20171214020736-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.975942 | 4,534 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Planning a baby – get your body off to a healthy start
Whether you are trying to conceive your first baby or planning to expand your family taking a look at your nutrition and lifestyle is one of the most important first steps you can take. With one in six couples struggling with sub-fertility this is one way in which you can improve your chances of conception as well as optimising your body’s condition in order to carry a healthy pregnancy.
While we often associate antenatal care with trips to the GP or hospital once baby is on the way, doctors encourage women to attend for a pre-conceptual check-up that may highlight any issues relating to your own particular situation as well as being well positioned to offer general health advice on where to start on the route to parenthood.
Women with pre-existing medical conditions such as thyroid problems, epilepsy, depression and diabetes are likely to be aware of the importance of medical advice around the time of contraception and pregnancy. Some of the medications required for these conditions can be harmful to the developing foetus and some of the conditions themselves may impact fertility if care is not optimised.
Being overweight can impact your fertility & pregnancy
For some women it may take time for their cycle to regulate after ceasing hormonal contraception – this is normal, however fertility can also return immediately so it is important to only stop once ready, unless planning to use barrier contraception in interim. Women do not routinely need any blood tests before conception. It is advised that if a couple are trying to conceive for more than a year or more than 6 months over the age of 35 it may be worth having a medical check up to assess fertility. Remember both partners have a role to play and a male factor is present in at least 50% of couples with sub-fertility. Maintaining a healthy weight going into a pregnancy is also important for the health of both mother and baby. Overweight and obese women are at greater risk of pregnancy complications including development of gestational diabetes and high blood pressure as well as having higher Caesarean section rates and delivery complications. The magic number for pregnancy and weight seems to be a BMI (body mass index) of 20 – 24. Below this there is a risk of irregular or absent ovulation. For women who struggle with being overweight, research indicates that a weight loss of as little as 5%-10% of current weight can dramatically improve ovulation and pregnancy rates. Exercise, at a rate of at least 30 minutes a day plays a vital role in helping maintain a healthy weight and has been shown to improve fertility. Only elite athletes and those whose training is maintaining a BMI below 20 may need to consider the impact of this on their body’s preparedness for pregnancy.
Good pre-pregnancy foods
A diet rich in high quality carbohydrates (wholegrain bread, rice and pasta) and fibre, fresh fruit and vegetables and plant proteins such as beans, nuts and seeds has been shown in research to result in greater fertility. At least one portion a day of whole fat yogurt, cheese or milk (or even ice cream) has surprisingly been shown to improve ovulation and fertility compared with low fat versions. This is best advised as a temporary switch of habit! Folic acid should be commenced ideally 3 months prior to conception and continued until at least 14th week of pregnancy. In general a processed, fast food diet, high in sugary, and white starch carbohydrates will tend to increase weight, diabetes risk and sub-fertility. Trans-fats, found in margarines and deep fried foods have been shown to reduce ovulation at a relatively low intake of 4 grams/day.
Stopping bad habits
Smoking cessation may seem obvious but up to 18% of Irish women smoke at some stage during pregnancy, with 13% smoking right through – a condition that has been proven to increase the risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight babies as well as now being linked with childhood behavioural problems in later years.
Alcohol – As it may take the average couple 6 months to a year to conceive it may seem impractical to omit alcohol altogether. However it is a good time to review your intake. The maximum safe weekly alcohol limit for women is considered to be 11 units – that is just over one bottle of wine per week. Many of us consider that level to be normal social drinking. At the stage of life where a pregnancy is being considered cutting back on alcohol can both improve your chances of conception but most importantly as no safe limit for alcohol is known in pregnancy it is desirable for a healthy pregnancy outcome.
Diet is important before, during and after pregnancy
Maintaining a healthy weight, smoking cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption have all been shown to improve male fertility. There is much research into the use of various anti-oxidents in relation to improving sperm quality in men with sub-fertility. Studies have shown improvements with use of multivitamin / anti-oxidant products including Zinc, selenium, Vitamin E amongst other anti- oxidents in the production of healthy sperm.
Those who have had narrowly spaced pregnancies or have been breastfeeding may want to pay particular attention to their weight and diet to ensure that the are taking in adequate supplies of essential nutrients such as Iron, Folic acid, calcium, omega 3 fatty acids and which can easily be depleted with the demands that this time puts on the body.
Finally relax – while the excitement of planning a pregnancy or the strains of sub-fertility may make this seem impossible, it has been proven that relaxation improves the chance of conception so whether this is getting out for a walk, a yoga class, reflexology or just a good catch up with friends taking time in your schedule to let mind and body rest may be the key to success you have been looking for. | <urn:uuid:b1b6f8b7-ae33-4274-9e1b-8a2d6de69f3d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.evergreen.ie/blog/nutrition-lifestyle-advice-for-fertility-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948029.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425232612-20180426012612-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.962072 | 1,179 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Yesterday, the ISJL hosted students from Operation Understanding, an organization whose mission is to develop a group of young African American and Jewish leaders knowledgeable about each other’s histories and cultures to effectively lead the communities of Philadelphia, PA and Washington, D.C. to a greater understanding of diversity and acceptance.
I thought I would share with our readers here a little of what I shared with the students in our office.
Having taught high school history for a number of years, I was thrilled to have the opportunity to do a presentation for teenagers on the relationship between Southern Jews and African Americans. This is not an easy talk to give to any age group, because while we like the stories of Jews fighting for civil rights, the historical truth is that those were primarily Northern Jews; most Southern Jews were not actively involved in fighting against the white hierarchy of the South.
Jews in states like Mississippi lived in a climate of fear and intimidation. Southern Jews were acutely aware that any challenge to white supremacy would result in serious social and economic consequences. Synagogue bombings, threats of economic boycott, and violence directed against civil rights workers convinced a lot of Southern Jews to remain relatively silent.
African American activists faced the same challenges, but to a much higher degree. James Chaney – one of three civil rights workers murdered during Freedom Summer by members of the Ku Klux Klan near Philadelphia, Mississippi – struggled to find support for civil rights among his local community. They were afraid of falling prey to what ultimately happened to Chaney. Chaney knew the risk and accepted it, paying dearly for his bravery. Following his death, his mother Fannie made sure that James’ younger brother Ben would follow his brother’s footsteps. I can’t imagine the kind of courage that would allow a mother to risk such a sacrifice, but she did, and Ben is still an active advocate of civil rights today. | <urn:uuid:c515f8e1-bff0-4957-a9a4-ab3b8a18bf8a> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.myjewishlearning.com/southern-and-jewish/operation-understanding-our-history-our-present/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982953863.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200913-00172-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980868 | 383 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Who published lucas cranachs holy land map: Lucas Cranach the Elder was a prominent artist of the German Renaissance known for his paintings, engravings, and woodcuts. However, he also created a lesser-known masterpiece: a large-scale map of the Holy Land that is widely considered one of the most important cartographic works of the 16th century. This article will explore theWho published lucas cranachs holy land map
The History of Cranach’s Holy Land Map
Cranach’s map of the Holy Land was created in 1562 during a great religious upheaval in Europe. The Protestant Reformation was in full swing, and the Holy Land held a special place in the imaginations of Europeans as the birthplace of Christianity. Cranach’s map was part of a larger effort to document the geography and history of the Holy Land and to provide a visual aid for pilgrims and scholars interested in studying the region.
The Significance of Cranach’s Holy Land Map
Cranach’s Holy Land Map is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it is one of the earliest maps of the Holy Land to be based on actual surveys and measurements rather than relying solely on biblical and literary sources. Cranach drew on the work of earlier cartographers, such as Sebastian Munster and Abraham Ortelius. But also added his observations and corrections. As a result, his map is more accurate and detailed than earlier depictions of the region.
Secondly, Cranach’s map is notable for its artistic beauty and attention to detail. The map is adorned with a decorative border. Intricate illustrations of biblical scenes, and portraits of important figures. Such as King David and Solomon. The use of vivid colors and elaborate ornamentation makes the map a work of art in its own right and a valuable historical document.
Finally, Cranach’s Holy Land Map is significant because of its impact on subsequent cartography. The map was widely circulated and copied and influenced the work of later cartographers. Such as Gerardus Mercator and Johannes Janssonius. Cranach’s emphasis on accuracy and visual appeal set a new standard for mapmaking and helped establish the Holy Land as a subject of scholarly and artistic interest.
The Publisher Behind Cranach’s Holy Land Map
The question of who published Cranach’s Holy Land Map is complex, as several individuals and institutions were involved in its creation and dissemination. However, one of the key figures behind the map’s publication was Johann Stumpf. A Swiss historian, and cartographer.
Stumpf was a friend and collaborator of Cranach’s and was instrumental in commissioning the map. He provided Cranach with access to his extensive collection of geographical and historical sources and likely played a role in securing funding for the project.
After the map was completed, Stumpf oversaw its publication and distribution. He arranged for the map to be printed by the prominent Frankfurt printer Heinrich Petri and oversaw producing an accompanying text that provided detailed explanations of the map’s contents.
In addition to Stumpf, several other individuals and institutions were involved in producing and disseminating Cranach’s Holy Land Map. These included Cranach’s workshop. Which likely contributed to the map’s decorative elements, and various printers, publishers, and booksellers who sold copies of the map throughout Europe.
Lucas Cranach’s Holy Land Map is a masterpiece of 16th-century cartography. Notable for its accuracy, beauty, and impact on subsequent mapmaking. While the question of who published the map is complex. Johann Stumpf played a key role in overseeing its production, printing, and distribution. Cranach’s Holy Land Map remains an important historical and artistic document. Providing valuable insights into the Holy Land’s geography, history, and religious significance. Its enduring legacy is a testament to the skill and vision of its creator. As well as the collaborative efforts of the individuals and institutions involved in its publication. As such, it continues to inspire and captivate scholars, artists, and enthusiasts centuries after its creation.
Also Read: Cult of the lamb map symbols | <urn:uuid:beb91cc0-bb6d-41cc-9948-e193af247d86> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://techinfoboost.com/who-published-lucas-cranachs-holy-land-map/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945381.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326013652-20230326043652-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.954119 | 868 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Yungang Grottoes, one of the three major cave clusters in China, punctuate the north cliff of Wuzhou Mountain, Datong. The area was excavated along the mountain, extending 1 km (0.62 miles) from east to west, revealing 53 caves and over 51,000 stone statues.
The Caves are divided into east, middle, and west parts. Pagodas dominate the eastern parts; west caves are small and mid-sized with niches. Caves in the middle are made up of front and back chambers with Buddha statues in the center. Embossing covers walls and ceilings.
Yungang Grottoes, some 16 kilometers west of Datong, contain China's largest and earliest stone sculpture. These are known as one of the three major cave complexes in China, the others being the earlier Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang in Gansu and the later Longmen Caves at Luoyang in Henan. The sculptural works at Yungang are noted for t he fleshy, vigorous features and rich variety.
Back in the fourth century, during the later part of the period known as the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Datong was made the capital of the Northern Wei(368-534). This state was made by Tuoba Gui, a member of the militant Tuoba clan of the nomadic Xianbei tribe from the north. By the end of the fifth century, the Northern Wei had conquered a large part of northern China, and they were quick to intermarry with the Han Chinese and absorb their Culture. Great artistic progress was made during this period.
The Northern Wei court looked to Nuddhism as the state religion. By 446, however the reigning sovereign Taiwu, prompted by his chief minister, Cui Hao, turned against Buddhism and burnt down large number of monasteries and temples, forcing the monks to return to the secular life. Soon afterwards, Taiwu fell seriously ill and wondered if the was the retribution for what he had done to Buddhism.
After his demise, his son succeeded him, becoming Emperor Wencheng. In an effort to redeem his father's sin, he decreed the restoration of the religion and embarked on a large-scale programme of monastery-building. He went so far as to spend his entire tax revenues on the Lingyan Monastery, now known as the Yungang Grottoes.
Construction of these cave temples began between 460 and 465. The first five caves were excavated under the auspices of the noted monk Tan Yao. More than 1000 caves, big and small, were finished in the following years and it was not until 494, when the Northern Wei court moved its capital to Luoyang in Henan, that the grottoes were in the main completed. Over 10000 master artisans and the stonemasons, plus their assistants, were pressed into service at the peak of the construction - a truly gargantuan undertaking.
A 17-Metre Sitting Buddha
Today, more than 1500 years after their execution, the Yungang Grottoes still boast over 1100 shrines and niches of widely varying sizes and no less than 50000 sculptures of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. The larger-sized caves, 53 all told, are scattered over the southern foot of Wuzhou Hill, sprawling for over a kilmetre from east to west. Walls peeling with the passage of time add an archaic note to these caves, while the sculptures peep out at the world through door or window-like openings.
The Grottoes are divided into three zones, east, west and central, and numbered from east to west. Grotto No. 3 is the biggest in the east zone. The sculptures inside are not from the Northern Wei period, but were probably executed during the Sui(581-618) or Tang(618-907) dynasties.
Grottos Nos. 5-20 in the central zone are acknowledged to be the cream of the whole complex. I first entered Grotto No. 5. As it is screened by an impressive four-storeyed wooden facade added in the Qing Dynasty, the huge Buddha it contained came into view only after I had stepped inside. Seventeen meters high, it is the biggest in the Yungang Grottoes. Seated in the lotus position, the sculptures takes up almost the entire floor space of the cave, so it is difficult for the visitor to get a good overall view. Its lap is so vast that as many as 120 people can stand there and each of its feet can comfortably hold 12 people!
Next comes Grotto No. 6. There are no huge sculptures here, but carvings of Buddhas, Nodhisattvas, arhats and flying apsaras cover the walls. In the middle of the cave there is a stupa-like pillar reaching to the ceiling. All of the stupa and the four walls are bas-reliefs depicting the life of Sakyamuni, from the day of his birth up to the time of his achieving Buddha-hood. The images are vivid and varied. Each side of the entrance to Grotto No. 8 is carved with a grotesque-looking heavenly deity, each with several heads and arms, one riding a peafowl and the other an ox.
In Grottos Nos. 9 and 10 there are many fine sculptures, but the moment I stepped into Grotto No. 13 another huge Buddha, 13 meters high, loomed over me. Here there is a fascinating sight: between the right arm and leg of the Buddha stands a tiny figure appearing to be of extraordinary strength, his right hand supporting one of the Buddha's huge hands, apparently without too much trouble.
Monolithic Yungang Art
Grottos Nos. 16-20 are the earliest of the Yungang Grottos and of the utmost grandeur. They are otherwise known as the "Five Caves of Tan Yao" which were built to suggest the limitless power of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Each of the five caves contains in its centre a massive sculpture of Tathagaya("he who has come", one of the epithets of the Buddha), symbolising the five Northern Wei rulers.
These are truly on a gigantic scale: the body of the main statue in Grotto No. 19, for instance, has a disproportionately elongated body by comparison with its head, and its shoulders are broad and thickset. The Bodhisattva by the side of this huge Buddha is comparatively small, providing the main statue with extra contrast. To accentuate the imposing size of the Buddha still more, the artisans of the past who designed the layout saw to it that the distance between the statue and the front of the cave is rather short and that the roof of the cave narrows towards the top so that devotees prostrating themselves before the statue have to crane their necks to see it properly.
Grotto No. 20 may be described as the prototype of Yungang art. The wooden eaves over the entrance to this cave temple were burnt away during some battle of the past and its front wall has collapsed as a result of erosion so that the statues inside are now exposed. The full-bodied, massive Tathagata statue in the middle, 13.7 metres high, sits cross-legged. This has been executed in a simplistic way; the lines delineating the folds and pleats in the clothes are decisive and clear-cut. The deity has an innocent-looking face, calm, with a slight smile as if looking down at the world magnanimously.
A Cosmpolitan Buddhist World
These sculptures in the "Five Caves of Tan Yao" reflect the influence of the sculptural art of Gandhara, with high-bridged noses, deepset eyes, and hair worn in a coil. In fact, some of the Buddhist statues at Yungang are in body-hugging Indian attire, others wear the dress of the Xianbeis while those originating at a later period appear in the dress of the Southern Dynasties or in the loose robes with sleeves worn by the intellectuals of the following Sui and Tang dynasties.
Together they give the impression of a multinational Buddhist family. The art of the Yungang Grottos may in fact be looked upon as a manifestation of a process of blending of cultures and religions, a process of giving a Chinese touch to Buddhist art which, at that time, was essentially Indian.
Yungang Caves, one of China's four most famous "Buddhist Caves Art Treasure Houses", is located about sixteen kilometers west of Datong, Shanxi Province. There exists 53 caves, most of which are made during the Northern Wei Dynasty between 460 and 494 AD, and over 51, 000 stone sculptures. It extends one kilometer from east to west and can be fallen into three major groups.
The first group (including Cave 1, Cave 2, Cave 3 and Cave 4) are at the eastern end separated from others. Cave 1 and Cave 2 have suffered from rigors of time and the weather. Cave 3, an afterthought after the Northern Wei Dynasty, is the largest grotto among Yungang caves.
Tours normally begin from the second group ranging from Cave 5 to Cave 13.Yungang art manifests its best in this group. Cave 5 contains a seated Buddha with a height of 17 meters. In Cave 6, a 15-meter-high two storey pagoda pillar stands in the center of chamber and the life of the Buddha from birth to the attainment of nirvana is carved in the pagoda walls and the sides of the cave. The Bodhisattva was engraved in Cave 7. The rare seen Shiva Statue in Yungang with eight arms and four heads and riding on a bull is illustrated in Cave 8. Cave 9 and Cave 10 are notable for front pillars and figures bearing musical instruments. Musicians playing instruments also appear in Cave 12. Cave 13 has the Buddha statue with a giant figurine supporting its right arm.
The rest caves belong to the third group. Cave 14 has eroded severely. Cave 15 is named as the Cave of Ten Thousand Buddha. The caves numbered 16 to Cave 20 are the oldest complex and each one symbolizes an emperor from the Northern Wei Dynasty and the subject of "Emperor is the Buddha" is embodied. The caves from No. 21 onward are built in the later times and can not compare to their better preserved counterparts.
Traffic: The scenic area is equipped with 3 parking lots, the biggest one is located Yungang station sign nearby the travling special line, visitors may enter the scenic area by storage battery car after they got off , another one is in playground of the Yungang Middle School , ecological car park is the last parking lot located in the exit, each car park has the eye-catching signs, special management, the environment clean and orderly parking.
Visitor service center: In front of the No.6 cave ,embedded computer touch screen, tourists may go into the details about scenic spot introduction and services to tourists by touching it.equipped with umbrellas, temperature cabinets, disinfected cabinet , sewing kits, toys, baby carriage, crutches, wheelchairs, mobile phone charging and the other convenience facilities, and the provision of scenic tourist maps(Ching, Britain, Japan , South Korea, Germany five languages) , Album of paintint (In Chinese , English , Japanise).Set up two lounges of tourists ’public film and video which can hold 150 visitors before the NO.3 and the No.6 cave. Advisory Tel: 0352-3026230
Food and bererage:There are restaurants with local characteristics in the business street and in the exit , such as “Datong Knife Strip Noodle
8:00 to 17:00
Recommended Time for a Visit:
Take No. 4 bus at Datong Railway Station and transfer No. 3 bus at Xin Kaili | <urn:uuid:12623826-4834-4674-af84-f3af2ebd6434> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://chinauniquetour.com/arts.asp?id=732 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463928.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00159-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965865 | 2,484 | 3.734375 | 4 |
St Augustine Town Plan Historic District
The old City Gate was built in 1808 during the last reconstruction of the city walls that surrounded St Augustine. Construction on the walls began in 1704. Built out of coquina, the gate is part of the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument. This is a contributing structure on the National Register of Historic Places (NRIS #70000847) and a part of the St Augustine Town Plan Historic District . The Old City Gate is located in Saint Augustine, Florida.
Taylor, George Lansing, Jr.; Lance Taylor; Photographers -- Florida --Jacksonville; Photograph collections -- Florida -- Jacksonville,Gates--Florida--Saint Augustine; Saint Augustine (Fla.); Historical-Misc. | <urn:uuid:fbb4cb04-217f-4020-9a4f-17bc18be1aa5> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/historical_architecture_main/2385/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688940.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922112142-20170922132142-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.818791 | 149 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Truth About Diagnostic X-Ray Safety
We are all exposed to small amounts of radiation daily from soil, rocks, building materials, air, water, and cosmic radiation. These types of radiation are called naturally occurring background radiation. Radiation can be measured in many ways. Measurements can be used to estimate the radiation dose deposited in the whole body or to an individual organ. Because every animal patient is different in size and shape, different X-ray settings must be used to accommodate these differences. One way of looking at doses from X-ray examinations is to compare effective radiation dose estimates from different sources using millisievert units (mSv) (from the American College of Radiologists and the Radiological Society of North America). In addition, the radiation used in diagnostic X-rays and CT scans has been compared to our daily exposure of background radiation. This approach often over estimates exposure risk as this refers to whole body dose which is not truly comparable to studies which image only a portion of the body. However, the following comparison may be helpful in understanding relative radiation doses to an animal during a diagnostic radiograph (x-ray) or CT scan.
What are the risks from medical radiation?
There is no conclusive evidence that directly links radiation from diagnostic X-rays to the development of cancer later in life. However, some studies of large populations exposed to radiation have demonstrated slight increases in cancer risk even at low levels of radiation exposure. Veterinarians work to minimize the risks by utilizing x-rays when there is a clear medical benefit, using the lowest amount of radiation for adequate imaging based on size of the animal, imaging only the indicated area, avoiding multiple scans, and utilizing alternative diagnostic studies (such as ultrasound or MRI) when possible.
What are the uses of x-ray in pregnant dogs?
A single abdominal x-ray is an important tool to diagnose pregnancy in dogs. To achieve the diagnosis of pregnancy by x-ray, skeletal mineralization of the puppies must have occurred. Prior to mineralization, the enlarged uterus of pregnancy is indistinguishable from that seen with uterine disease, such as pyometra. The danger of ionizing radiation is extremely low with this one time diagnostic x-ray late in gestation as mentioned above. The exposure risk to the developing puppies is also proportional to the dose received and their gestational age with developing puppies being most sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation during organogenesis, which occurs during the first half of pregnancy (prior to 35 days of gestation). Late in gestation, risk of radiation damage to the developing puppies is no greater than for the mother (Dam). Fetal skeletons are visible from 45 days of gestation and beyond. Because the normal bitch may stand for breeding for a wide window of time around ovulation, if ovulation timing was not performed, this window may range from 43 to 54 days post-breeding. The closer to the whelping date, the more easily identifiable the puppies are, making accuracy higher and risks lower with this diagnostic tool. In the last trimester of pregnancy, x-ray has been reported to be 100% accurate for pregnancy diagnosis. X-ray is not as accurate an indicator of fetal viability as is ultrasonography, and so these two diagnostic tests may be combined based on the recommendation of your reproductive veterinarian. Late gestation x-ray is the most accurate modality for assessment of puppy number or expected litter size, with a reported accuracy of 93%. Degree of mineralization of the puppies can be also used to assess gestational age and roughly predict whelping date, although gestational aging is more accurate with ultrasound. In addition, x-ray can assist with determination of obvious fetal-maternal disproportion which may increase the risk for difficult birth (dystocia) and assist with the decision to pursue and elective Caesarian section.
Helpful web sites | <urn:uuid:f853f5be-38aa-4f49-88ba-03087d66b69a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://sladevet.com/Reality-Check-Fact-or-Fiction.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822116.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017144041-20171017164041-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.945469 | 783 | 3.265625 | 3 |
(AP) -- The Air Force has delayed launching an experimental space plane because of bad weather.
Friday's launch attempt was canceled because of the threat of lightning near Cape Canaveral in Florida, which also experienced heavy winds and rain. It was rescheduled for mid-Saturday afternoon. Air Force forecasters said there was a 40 percent chance of launch.
The X-37B orbital test vehicle resembles a small shuttle and will be launched aboard an Atlas 5 rocket. The first one was launched last April and landed in December at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California after a 270-day mission. The Air Force says the second mission of the unmanned, winged space plane is for further testing.
The ultimate purpose of the X-37B and details about the craft have long been a mystery.
Explore further: Branson shocked as Virgin spaceship crash kills pilot | <urn:uuid:9f9647d1-f447-455b-859b-72a5bb5b9e16> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://phys.org/news/2011-03-weather-air-space-plane.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637906909.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025826-00005-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958159 | 174 | 2.640625 | 3 |
« back to encyclopedia search results
Fruit of the elder tree, which belongs to the Sambucus family. These are small, black and round and have a rather bitter flavour. They make excellent wine and preserves.
They also make good chutney, particularly if mixed with apples, and were once used to make an old English ketchup called poulac. See 'Chutney'; 'Ketchup'
If you enjoy cooking take a minute to look at ‘Simon Scrutton French Cookery Classes’ on Google – and learn how to make top class bistro-style dishes. Suitable for beginners upwards. Small classes. | <urn:uuid:6a38fe46-d18f-4754-af30-71af4935e490> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.gourmetbritain.com/food-encyclopedia/1709/elderberry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517845.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212173259-20171212193259-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.935853 | 135 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What substance helps suspend fat in a variety digestive mixture, making fat more available to digestive enzymes?
Where are most digestive enzymes produced?
liver and pancreas
What produces bile?
Muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract?
The study of how food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression is called?
What % of a meal has een absorbed by the time it leaves the small intestine?
Most digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by?
Excessive acid production in the stomach on upper small intestine could result in?
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by the following mechanisms except?
Most of the digestive proceses occur in the?
All of the following are characteristics of heart burn except?
subsides when a person lies down after a meal
Constipation can best be prevented by?
eating dietary fiber
The basic building block of a protein is called?
Chemical element found in all amino acids but not in fats or carbs?
An essential amino acid?
Cannot be syntehsized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs
Essential food that provides all amino acids?
Proteins are digested in which area of the body?
Stomach and small intestine
What enzyme digest protein in the stomach?
Instructions for making proteins located in?
DNA or RNA
Person who eats only plant foods is referred to as a?
Edema occurs with severe lack of dietary protein b/c?
blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to tissues
A typical American diet should supply approximately what % of protein as essential amino acids?
Comparing plant sources to animal sources?
plant sources contain more dietary fiber
Marasmus is associated with deficiency of?
Kwashiorkor is associated with deficiency of?
Which type of diabetes is the most common?
Glucose is also known as?
What enzyme is responsible for carb digestion in the small intestine?
Lactose intolerance is caused by?
The main function of glucose is?
To supply energy
Which of the following hormones corrects a hyperglycemic state?
When the pancreas detects excess glucose, it releases the?
Which of the following hormones is released to orrect a hypoglycemic state?
The glycemic load takes into account the glycemic index of the food and the amount of?
The major storage sites for glycogen are?
Muscles and liver
Dietary fibers are primarily?
A reasonable and recommended goal for daily dietary fiber intake is how many grams?
25 to 38 grams
Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome are?
Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke
Essential fats include?
Omega 3 and Omega 6
High blood concentration of ___ decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease?
In which form are most dietary lipids found
A saturated fatty acid contains?
No double bonds
Hydrogenation produces what kinds of fat?
Trans fatty acids
Which would be a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Olive oil contains abundant amounts of which type of fatty acid?
After chyliomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system?
Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?
High density lipoprotein
To be transported throughout the body, fats are packaged in structures called?
Which of the following contains a rich supply of omega 3 fatty acids.
The body energy that can be stored in almost unlimited amounts is?
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The pleas of needy chicks take their toll on a mama bird, but research now shows that a mother bird will break away from parenting when more enticing opportunities arise, such as the chance to mate again.
Hihi birds (Notiomystis cincta) that live in the forests of Tiritiri Matangi Island in New Zealand ignore the intensity of their nestlings' begging displays when they have the chance to reproduce multiple times in a season, according to a study published Jan. 25 in the journal the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
Putting a lot of effort into feeding the bird brood increases the likelihood that the progeny will survive and procreate. But healthy parents may instead focus their energy on mating again as soon as possible, because they could be rewarded with more offspring.
To test whether avian parents trade off nurturing their brood for future opportunities to breed, a research team led by behavioral ecologist Rose Thorogood of the University of Cambridge studied a population of Hihi birds. “The sensitivity of parents to offspring's signals in relation to their future reproductive attempts hasn’t really ever been explored before,” Thorogood said.
For nine days, the researchers fed some of the nestlings sugar water laced with carotenoids (pigmented molecules that turn their mouths a deeper shade of yellow and thus enhance their open-mouthed begging displays). The next day, the team used miniature infrared cameras to record for three hours the frequency with which adults visited the nests and regurgitated food for their young.
Birds that laid only one clutch within a season were more responsive to chicks with bright yellow mouths —feeding them and visiting their nests more often — than to chicks that had not consumed carotenoids. By contrast, adults that later laid a second clutch were not sensitive to the intensity of nestlings’ begging displays, giving equal attention to all chicks.
The study demonstrates that parents weigh the costs and benefits of attending to their broods' demands and attempting to breed again, Thorogood told LiveScience.
“Parents aren’t just slaves to the offspring; they have some control over the situation,” she said. “If the parents know they’ve got a good chance of breeding again in the future, they can’t be completely manipulated by the offspring.”
The results may also explain the overlooked research topic of why individual parents of different species vary so much in their responses to begging, Thorogood added.
John Ewen, a co-author and behavioral ecologist from the Zoological Society of London, said "Our results may help explain some of the apparently conflicting results of previous studies by offering a reason for variable sensitivity of parent birds to the demands of their young." | <urn:uuid:61486fc6-dc94-45e7-a780-d8c5fa60cb20> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.livescience.com/11669-mama-bird-skips-chicks-sex.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509973.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117051021-20210117081021-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.950706 | 575 | 3.25 | 3 |
in the Library entrance
Art in the Library
Clear and Silver Chandelier
Artist: Dale Chihuly
Location: UMD Kathryn A. Martin Library Entrance Foyer
Enter the Martin Library, and you will see suspended before you a creation by the internationally known glass artist Dale Chihuly. Take the stairs to the second level to get a closer look. Inspired by nature, especially aspects of the sea, Chihuly manipulates cylindrical forms to construct a dynamic work seemingly illuminated from within.
In 1984, the Minnesota Legislature passed “Percent for Art” legislation to encourage “state building projects with construction or renovation budgets of $500,000 or more” to allocate up to 1 percent of their total construction budgets to purchase or commission original artworks for the sites. While the University of Minnesota is not bound by the statute, it set its own standard and formally launched its Public Art on Campus Program in 1988. The University’s collection of public art has grown rapidly, accelerating with the building boom on the UMD campus in recent years.
Dale Chihuly’s glass sculpture is entitled “Clear and Silver Chandelier,” so-called because silver was melted into the glass medium as it was blown.
Chihuly’s work is often controversial, as he has been highly experimental in his use of glass to create sculptural forms. His work has its roots in the abstract expressionist movement, and over the last several decades, he has vitalized and challenged the glass medium, its production, and its audiences.
The library piece exhibits unmistakable Chihuly hallmarks, as it incorporates influences from his boyhood memories of nature and the sea, and contains an amazing variety of glass cylinders. Clear and Silver Chandelier is composed of individual glass pieces attached with plastic-coated wires to a flat metal strip.
Chihuly’s playful use of colors and inventive forms has made him one of the most popular glass artisans in the United States today. His work is included in over 170 museum collections throughout the world, from New York to Kyoto, Japan.
Dale Chihuly studied at the University of Wisconsin and the Rhode Island School of Design, where he received his MFA in 1968. After that, he received a Fulbright Fellowship and was the first American glassblower to work on the Island of Murano, Italy. In 1971, he cofounded the Pilchuck Glass School in Seattle to train the next generation of glass artists.
The library is fortunate to be able to display a glass sculpture by such an internationally recognized artist.
For more information about artist Dale Chihuly, consult the following library information resources:
Chihuly [video recording] This set of six videocassettes (30 min. each) reveals Chihuly’s creativity as he collaborates with his team and with two of the greatest glass masters, Tagliapetra and Signoretto.
• VC 3763, pts. 1-6 (2000)
Chihuly Projects / by Dale Chihuly; essays by Barbara Rose and Dale Lanzone.
• NK5198 .C43 A4 2000A
Chihuly’s Pendletons: and their influence on his work / Corporate author: Pendleton Woolen Mills., Inc.
• NK5198 .C43 A4 2000
Dale Chihuly: installations, 1964-1992 / by Patterson Sims. Corporate author: Seattle Art Museum
• NK5198 .C43 A4 1992
Back to top | <urn:uuid:737ecb21-333f-4e84-bdc2-8f877bd49716> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://d.umn.edu/lib/lib-art/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721067.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00095-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958046 | 738 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Chloephaga is the sheldgeese genus in the bird family Anatidae.
- Andean Goose, Chloephaga melanoptera
- Magellan Goose or Upland Goose, Chloephaga picta
- Kelp Goose, Chloephaga hybrida
- Ashy-headed Goose, Chloephaga poliocephala
- Ruddy-headed Goose, Chloephaga rubidiceps
Diet / Feeding:
Geese feed mainly on plant material. When feeding in water, they submerge their heads and necks to reach aquatic plants, sometimes tipping forward like a dabbling duck. Flocks of these birds often feed on leftover cultivated grains in fields, especially during migration or in winter.
Ducks and geese generally feed on larvae and pupae usually found under rocks, aquatic animals, plant material, seeds, small fish, snails and crabs.
Feeding Ducks and Geese ...
We all enjoy waterfowl and many of us offer them food to encourage them to come over and stay around - and it works! Who doesn't like an easy meal!
However, the foods that we traditionally feed them at local ponds are utterly unsuitable for them and are likely to cause health problems down the road. Also, there may be local laws against feeding this species of bird - so it's best to check on that rather than facing consequences at a later stage.
- Foods that can be fed to Ducks, Geese and Swans to survive cold winters and remain healthy when food is scarce in their environment.
Please note that feeding ducks and geese makes them dependent on humans for food, which can result in starvation and possibly death when those feedings stop. If you decide to feed them, please limit the quantity to make sure that they maintain their natural ability to forage for food themselves - providing, of course, that natural food sources are available.
Please Note: The articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers. Please contact them directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. Thank you.
The Avianweb strives to maintain accurate and up-to-date information; however, mistakes do happen. If you would like to correct or update any of the information, please send us an e-mail. THANK YOU! | <urn:uuid:2622458b-d63e-47da-b183-1a22ee4d86b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.beautyofbirds.com/sheldgeese.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00156-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934361 | 478 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Venous sinus, in human anatomy, any of the channels of a branching complex sinus network that lies between layers of the dura mater, the outermost covering of the brain, and functions to collect oxygen-depleted blood. Unlike veins, these sinuses possess no muscular coat. Their lining is endothelium, a layer of cells like that which forms the surface of the innermost coat of the veins. The sinuses receive blood from the veins of the brain and connect directly or ultimately with the internal jugular vein. Blood from the sinuses, after it leaves the internal jugular vein, flows through the brachiocephalic vein and the superior vena cava to the upper right chamber (atrium) of the heart. | <urn:uuid:6e4bb906-92d5-4d8b-b8c5-46793b17f32b> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.britannica.com/science/venous-sinus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824037.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00119-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893058 | 152 | 3.8125 | 4 |
August 23, 2021
On Aug. 21, 1939, five African American men were arrested for entering the whites only Alexandria library on Queen Street. The peaceful sit-in is recognized as one of the first Civil Rights protests in the nation.
Stories this photo appears in:
Display chronicles historic library protest
It was a peaceful protest, virtually ignored by newspapers across the country. | <urn:uuid:34c38eae-87e5-44ca-8dcf-29b0da149a89> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/photos/2021/aug/23/152940/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00790.warc.gz | en | 0.962243 | 78 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Tangles observed in the brains of Alzheimer's patients induce the formation of similar inclusions when injected into the brains of healthy mice, reports a study online in Nature Cell Biology. This indicates that the tangles have contagious properties and may be similar to prions, which are associated with infectious brain diseases such as 'mad cow disease' and human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
Markus Tolnay and colleagues extracted sections of brain from mice expressing a mutant form of human tau protein, a component of the Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles. These brain extracts were injected into specific regions in the brains of wild-type mice. They observed that the brain extracts induced normal human tau proteins in the wild-type mice to assemble into neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, these newly formed tangles were able to spread to nearby regions in the brain.
Previously, the formation of tau inclusions observed in the neurodegenerative disease of the tauopathy family had not been thought to be contagious. Prion proteins are thought to infect and propagate by abnormally folding into a structure that is able to convert their normal counterparts into a similar abnormal structure.
This study opens new avenues in tauopathies research that will aim to understand how an abnormal form of tau can spread and how similar tauopathies and prion disease are.
Markus Tolnay (University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland)
Abstract available online.
(C) Nature Cell Biology press release.
Message posted by: Trevor M. D'Souza | <urn:uuid:1a4a88bb-63fe-4ce2-b7e7-9573f375c984> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://hum-molgen.org/NewsGen/06-2009/000016.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247488374.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218200135-20190218222135-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.93212 | 326 | 2.90625 | 3 |
More than 700 years old, the German capital has a rich and turbulent history. It is home to high-tech industries, amazing service providers, as well as universities, museums and orchestras know around the world. Let us explore what there is to see in this Mecca of European development.
1. Berlin Wall
After Germany suffered defeat in World War 2, the nation was divided. The eastern part of the country was left to Soviets, while the western part went to the allies of the west – the USA and UK. There were tensions, as many Germans defected from east to west.
Premier Khrushchev authorized the government of East Germany to close the border, stopping the flow of immigrants. In two weeks, there was a barbed-wire fence.
In a span of almost thirty years, Berlin and its occupants were divided by the middle. The traces of the wall can be found all over the 160 kilometers (about 100 miles) bicycle route, designed specifically to trace this historic landmark.
This was one of many places that was divided and ruined during the Cold war. However, after reunification, this once ruined square was revived and rejuvenated. Those who wish to visit Berlin must not elude from the opportunity to enjoy shopping centers, modern architecture and cinemas.
Every year, in February, Postdamer Platz hosts Berlinare, the film festival. It features new and experimental films, as well as classics and movies that celebrate German actors.
If you want to see Museum Dali, or the Spy museum, you need only hop on over to Leipziger Platz.
This is one of the most important buildings in Berlin and Germany as a whole, historically speaking. You can visit the Reichstag dome any day 8 am and 10 pm. One way to reach it is to get on a hop on/hop off tour.
The Reichstag is internationally acknowledged as a symbol of democracy. It is also where the German parliament presides. The building itself is very environmentally conscious, as it uses solar panels for its electricity.
This is the largest square in Germany. Like Postdamer Platz, it was destroyed during the Cold war and redeveloped after the two Germanys united. There are many attractions, as well as restaurants, shops and cinemas within your walking distance at any given time or place inside Alexanderplatz. You can see the amazing TV Tower, the Museum Island and the famous Bratenburg Gate. Don’t forget to check out the Berlin Cathedral, which is technically a parish and the most important protestant basilica in the city.
If you want to combine shopping and culture, be sure to visit Friedrichstraße, Berlin’s home of the real estate market. It was rebuilt in 1990, as there were many plans, and renovations following the political climate of the time. It gets its name from Elector Friedrich III. If you are looking for the entertainment, north of the station you will find the Friedrichstadt-Palast, the glamorous theatre celebrated throughout the world. | <urn:uuid:8e6b5080-7d8d-456e-bda7-39db310b0dd8> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.berlinstories.org/top-10-things-to-see-in-berlin-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315750.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821022901-20190821044901-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.965251 | 624 | 2.515625 | 3 |
October 22, 2012
Hurricane Strength May Be Tied to Warm Ocean
Michael Lemonick, Climate Central
One of the major unanswered questions about climate change is whether hurricanes have become more frequent and stronger as the world has warmed. Until now, there hasn’t been enough evidence to settle the question, but a report published Monday in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences may have changed all that. Using an entirely new method of tallying hurricane power and frequency, a team of scientists say that hurricanes are, indeed, more of a danger when ocean temperatures are higher. “In particular, we estimate that Katrina-magnitude events have been twice as frequent in warm years compared with cold years," the report says.
TAGGED: Global Warming, Hurricane, Ocean Temperature | <urn:uuid:304fe85a-7dd0-4f20-8a8a-2adbafba68ab> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.realclearscience.com/2012/10/22/hurricane_strength_may_be_tied_to_warm_ocean_249633.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909040051-00326-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949463 | 160 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Why do my gums bleed when I brush my teeth?
As gum disease progresses, bacteria spreads throughout the gum line forming deep periodontal pockets. These pockets cause the gum line to pull from the surface of teeth. Gums become irritated, inflamed and sensitive to the touch. Brushing and flossing can agitate the already sensitive, inflamed gum tissue causing them to bleed.
Bleeding gums are not normal and should be addressed. If your gums bleed regularly, contact Claremont Dental Institute.
If your gums frequently bleed while you are brushing or flossing your teeth, it may be an indication of the presences of gum disease. Gum disease is common, occurs in patients of all ages, and can commonly be prevented or managed with an improved oral hygiene routine and professional teeth cleanings.
At Claremont Dental Institute our dentists screen for gum disease as part of our routine dental exams. We provide comprehensive treatment options for restoring health to smiles effected by all stages of gum disease. The course of treatment will be determined by the overall health of the patients smile as well as the stage and progression of the gum disease. We combined state of the art dental technology, laser therapy, and deep cleanings to help patients repair and rebuild healthy, stable, beautiful smiles.
Healthy gums are essential for a stable, functional smile. Gum tissues help to hold teeth in place and protect the tooth root from exposure or damage. Gum disease compromises the gum tissue and causes the gum line to recede. Claremont Dental Institute offers laser treatment that promotes healing and recontours the gumline repairing damage caused by gum disease.
Left untreated, gum disease can begin to impact your bodily health. Gum disease has been linked to higher rates of cardiovascular disease, inflammation, heart attacks, and strokes. Patients with diabetes or those who are obese have a higher risk of developing gum disease.
Patients with gum disease are more prone to:
- Chronic halitosis
- Tooth loss
- Receding gum line
- Tooth sensitivity
- Patchy red or white spots on their gums
- Swollen, tender gums
Preventing Gum Disease, Maintaining Oral Wellness
Brushing and flossing twice a day for two full minutes is your first defense against the build-up of disease-causing oral bacteria. Daily oral hygiene removes debris and food particles and reduces the build-up of plaque and tartar on the surface of the teeth. Bacteria thrive off of plaque, multiplying and spreading throughout the oral cavity. Brushing and flossing well interrupt this cycle and helps to manage oral bacteria.
Routine dental health exams are also important in preventing oral disease. Wellness visits give you dentist an opportunity to diagnose gum disease as soon as possible preventing further deterioration of your teeth, gums, and jaw.
Professional teeth cleanings can help clear out plaque and tartar buildup in hard to reach spaces between your teeth. Your dental hygienist will thoroughly clean all surfaces of the teeth and gums. We reccomened that patients get their teeth cleaned once every six months to maintain their optimal oral health. | <urn:uuid:50e660cf-585b-422c-ab0a-82f26c75c578> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.claremontdentalinstitute.com/dental-concerns/bleeding-gums/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529839.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420140859-20190420162859-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.924069 | 647 | 3.03125 | 3 |
- Development & Aid
- Economy & Trade
- Human Rights
- Global Governance
- Civil Society
Sunday, February 18, 2018
UNITED NATIONS, Dec 4 2009 (IPS) - Activists and U.N. officials celebrating the 30th anniversary of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) say the treaty has been an increasingly successful tool for challenging discriminatory laws and battling violence against women’s and girls.
“The CEDAW Convention is at the core of our global mission of peace, development and human rights,” U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said at the opening of CEDAW’s 30th anniversary event in New York Thursday. “The Convention is one of the most successful human rights treaties ever.”
Still, he cautioned, three decades after the treaty was introduced, “Violence against women and girls is found in all countries.”
“The results are devastating for individuals and societies alike: personal suffering, stunted development and political instability,” he said.
Adopted in December 1979 by the U.N. General Assembly, CEDAW has been described as an “international bill of rights” for women and girls. Ninety percent of the U.N.’s member states are party to the treaty.
Ten years ago, the General Assembly also adopted an additional protocol, now signed by 98 countries, that allows victims or human rights advocates to seek redress for violations under the Convention.
The CEDAW Committee has since heard complaints ranging from forced sterilisation to pension rights in case of divorce.
The treaty’s positive influence has spread around the world.
Morocco gave women greater equality and protection of their human rights within marriage and divorce by passing a new family code in 2004.
India has accepted legal obligations to eliminate discrimination against women and outlawed sexual harassment in the workplace.
In Cameroon, the Convention is applied in local courts and groundbreaking decisions on gender equality are being made by the country’s high courts.
Mexico passed a law in 2007 toughening its laws on violence against women.
And the CEDAW committee in Austria decided two complaints against Austria concerning domestic violence in 2007.
Ban also noted that within the U.N. itself, the number of women in senior posts has increased by 40 percent.
“The Convention has been used to challenge discriminatory laws, interpret ambiguous provisions or where the law is silent, to confer rights on women,” Pillay said.
The 186 countries that that have both signed and ratified the Convention pledge to ensure equal recognition, exercise and enjoyment of human rights by women without discrimination. Only the Holy See, Iran, Nauru, Palau, Somalia, Sudan, Tonga and the United States have not signed and ratified the Convention.
“But ratification is not implementation, and some states maintain reservations to the Convention which may be incompatible with its object and purpose,” Pillay added.
Those “reservations” often touch on the Convention’s core articles, dealing with nationality, family rights and family relations, and should not be permitted because they ran counter to the treaty’s main objectives, agreed Regina Tavares da Silva, a former member of the CEDAW Committee that monitors compliance.
Today, CEDAW’s champions are the gender equality advocates around the world – civil society groups, lawyers, judges, academics, and CEDAW Committee members, according to Pillay.
Women’s rights challenges remain profound and should be interpreted through a lens of culture, custom, tradition and religion, she said.
“But discrimination against women and girls persists. So while we recognise the Convention’s successes, we must also acknowledge the urgent need for the entire U.N. system to support its full implementation,” Ban said.
“We must move beyond debates to concrete action that will increase the impact of the Convention,” the secretary-general stressed.
CEDAW’s 30th anniversary event brought together speakers from around the world, including Sarah Jones, an award-winning playwright, performer and UNICEF goodwill ambassador, who gave a rendition of her hilarious and lively show, “One Woman, Eight Characters”.
It was hosted by the New York Human Rights Office and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
The celebrations also featured a photo exhibit titled “Women Can! Women’s rights are human rights”, and a photo contest with entries from 28 countries.
“Throughout its 30 years, the Convention has managed to capture the imagination of women worldwide and it has been used by many to transform their lives,” said Naéla Gabr, CEDAW’s chair.
“The Convention has set the standard,” she said, but “it is clear there remains much more to be done.”
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Indus Water Treaty (IWT), is a treaty between India & Pakistan to distribute the water of Indus & its tributaries. IWT is considered one of the world's most successful water sharing schemes. Let's read about it in detail.
Indus Waters Treaty (IWT): All you need to Know
The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) was signed on 19 September 1960 which is a water-distribution pact between India and Pakistan. The treaty was signed by the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s President Ayub Khan. This treaty was mediated by the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development).
The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) deals in river Indus and its five tributaries, which are divided into two categories:
Details of Indus Water Treaty:
According to the treaty, the entire eastern rivers water is available for unrestricted use within India.
India should let non-restricted water flow from western rivers to Pakistan.
It doesn’t mean that India can not use western river’s water. The treaty clearly states that India can use the water in western rivers for “non-consumptive” needs. Non-consumptive needs mean we can use it for the purpose of irrigation, storage and production of electricity.
The treaty allocates about 80% of the water from the six-rivers to Pakistan.
A Permanent Indus Commission was formed as a bilateral commission to implement and manage the Treaty between the two countries.
Although Indus originates from Tibet, China has not been included in the Treaty.
India-Pakistan Disputes Connecting Indus Treaty:
1948: India cut off the supply in every canal that went to Pakistan. But restored it later.
1951: Pakistan accuses India of cutting water to many of its villages like Wagha and Bhaun.
1954: World Bank comes up with a water-sharing strategy for two countries.
1960: Indus Waters Treaty came into force.
1970’s: India starts building hydropower projects in Kashmir. Pakistan raises concern against it.
1984: Pakistan objects India building Tulbul navigation project on Jhelum which India stops unilaterally.
2007: Pakistan objects the Kishanganga hydroelectric plant.
2008: Lashkar-e-Taiba starts a campaign against India and Its chief Hafiz Saeed accuses India of doing water terrorism.
2010: Pakistan accuses India of choking water supply consistently causing floods and droughts.
2016: India reviews the working of Indus Waters Treaty linking it with cross-border terrorism like Uri attack.
Indus Water Treaty: Global Outlook
Indus Water Treaty is one of the most successful water-sharing efforts in the world today. For 59 years, both the countries are peacefully sharing the water of Indus and its tributaries.
Because of the disputes between India and Pakistan over issues, the water treaty comes into the picture.
After the cross-border Uri attack by Pakistan in 2016, the Indian PM Narendra Modi had said: “Blood and Water cannot flow simultaneously.”
There are issues between India and Pakistan, but there has been no fight over the water after the Treaty was sanctioned.
Many disagreements and conflicts have been settled via legal procedures, provided for within the framework of the treaty.
Cutting off the water supply: Possibilities
Not as per the treaty doesn’t give a provision to any of the countries do so.
What India can do is to reduce the water supply that is flowing to Pakistan by utilizing the provisions of the treaty.
But any project which may have such an effect on water flow will take time for its implementation, considering the cost and objections involved.
Pakistan has reportedly objected to 5 hydropower projects and the Wullar Barrage (Tulbul Navigation Project) which must be settled before India can resume work on them.
Walking out of the Pact: Implications
The treaty has no provision for either of the country to unilaterally walk out of the treaty.
Article 12 of the treaty states, “The provisions of the treaty as mentioned in Paragraph (3) shall remain in force until a duly ratified treaty has been concluded between the two governments for that purpose.”
However still if India wants to go about terminating it, the country should abide by the 1969 Vienna convention about the law of treaties.
Projects by India
The Tulbul project or Wullar Barrage is located on the Jhelum river in Jammu-Kashmir.
India calls it Tulbul Navigation Project whereas Pakistan terms it as Wullar Barrage
India proposed to build the Tulbul project which will serve as a “navigation lock-cum-control structure” at the mouth of the Wullar lake, located on the Jhelum river.
The project ensures a water release from the lake to maintain a minimum depth of 4.5 feet in the Jhelum river.
Pakistan protested against the project claiming it to violate the Indus Water Treaty 1960.
Pakistan believes that India could use the project to control the water flow and use it as a geo-strategic weapon against it.
The Project has the potential to disturb the Triple Canal Project by Pakistan.
India unilaterally suspended the Tulbul project in 1987 after the objections.
Despite Pakistan's opinion, the decision to review the suspension signalled the Modi government's intention to revive the project.
Projects by Pakistan
Pakistan constructed Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) project without India’s consent with the assistance from World Bank.
The project passes through the Great Rann of Kutch area (Gujarat, India). The purpose of LBOD is to bypass the Salt and impure water which is not fit for agricultural use to reach the sea via Rann of Kutch area without passing through its Indus delta.
The LBOD water is planned to join the sea via Sir Creek but LBOD water enters Indian territory due to several breaches in its left bank caused by floods.
Water released by the LBOD is leading to floods in India and also contaminating the quality of water bodies which are a source of water to salt farmers spread over a vast area.
The Gujarat state of India is the lowermost riparian part of Indus basin, Pakistan is bound to provide all the details pertaining to engineering work that is undertaken by Pakistan to India as per the provisions of the treaty and shall not proceed with the project works until the disagreements are settled by the arbitration process.
IWT: Matters Beyond
Indus originates from Tibet in China. If China decides to cut off or change the direction of the river, it will have an effect on both India and Pakistan.
Climate change is causing the melting of ice in Tibetan plateau, which scientists believe will affect the river in the near future.
Cross- Border Terrorism
The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) was meant to maintain peace and cordial relation between India and Pakistan and the same should be the spirit.
India has always handled the security issues and water issues with Pakistan separately.
As per the statistics, about 80% of Pakistan’s 21.5 million hectares of farmland is irrigated by Indus river and its tributaries. Reducing/Stopping the water flow to Pakistan will lead to ruination there (especially in Punjab and Sindh province).
Breaking the Indus Water Treaty will not be rational move as presently India does not have enough infrastructures to use the additional water available. It may cause a flood in the Kashmir valley due to this.
Deciding to cut off the water supply to Pakistan may aggravate the terror activities in the country.
Not respecting the Indus Water Treaty, may invite global criticism to India as the treaty is an international agreement and may defame India’s image globally which is not a good scenario for a developing nation like us.
Neighbours like Nepal and Bangladesh with whom we have entered into water treaties may turn doubtful of our credibility.
There are concerns that China may also block the water of the Brahmaputra going to Assam.
The Kashmir issue will get a whole new dimension if India withdraws from the treaty triggering the accusation of water terrorism by Terror groups and Pakistan.
India, aspiring for a seat in the UNSC, should safeguard the bilateral treaties
The approach of government should be to utilize provisions available in Indus Water Treaty and plan upon building infrastructure across Indus which will take time.
India has never exercised its rights on the western rivers. Within the framework of the Indus Water Treaty, we can make use of the waters of the western rivers for irrigation, storage, and even for producing electricity, in the manner specified. Even if we just do what we are entitled to do under the Treaty, it would be enough to send shivers across the border in Pakistan. It would be a strong signal without doing anything serious.
But India has always taken the molar higher ground and continued steps that would be mutually beneficial so that peace can prevail in the region.
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Dr. Philip Petrov, Assist. Prof.
Absract. “Integers and their representation” is the first section from the curriculum for 8th grade high school Informatics education in Bulgaria. The main topic in it is the study of binary numbers. The research shows that the current Bulgarian textbooks have excessive amount of mathematical problems and very
few have direct practical applications. Furthermore, they do not use sufficiently
the inquiry-based learning approach in the lesson and there are no introductory
problems aimed in forcing cognitive dissonance. Good examples on how it can be
done in constructivist way are given in the ‘80s textbooks from the experimental
Research Group on Education. The article then presents a popular magic trick
for teaching binary numbers by the inquiry-based learning. The author provides
methodology for its more effective usage as introductory problem for the lesson.
The conclusion is that Informatics lessons should use more practical problems with
games, tricks and sophisms.
Keywords: informatics; binary numbers; magic trick; gamification | <urn:uuid:c0d014be-7205-41f5-a907-ef27af2a8a2d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mathinfo.azbuki.bg/en/uncategorized/prilozhenie-na-izsledovatelskiya-podhod-v-obrazovanieto-po-informatika-chrez-edin-populyaren-matematicheski-fokus-nov-pogled-kam-stari-idei/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100525.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204052342-20231204082342-00856.warc.gz | en | 0.901725 | 217 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Teaching Commons > Teaching Guides > Technology > Desire2Learn > Tools > Content > Adding Descriptions to Modules and Topics
Add a description to a
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A module description will be visible when viewing the entire table of contents, or when the module is selected and open. A submodule description is only visible when the submodule is selected and expanded.
When a description is added to a Topic, it will be visible when viewing the module the Topic is in, but the description will not appear when viewing the entire Table of Contents.
To control the availability of a module or topic within the Content area, use the Dates settings in D2L. View
Setting Dates and Availability for more information. | <urn:uuid:509e7f36-be11-47d3-bbb9-f53749237910> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://resources.depaul.edu/teaching-commons/teaching-guides/technology/desire2learn/tools/content/Pages/adding-descriptions.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607010703-20230607040703-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.673748 | 196 | 3.015625 | 3 |
- To find the green spaces in your neighborhood, plug in your zip code here: nwf.org/naturefind
A school readiness guide for teachers and parents
The guide on school readiness, authored by NWF's Kevin Coyle, is for teachers and parents alike and includes tips on how to provide fun and valuable outdoor experiences for kids, even with their busy school-year schedules. Read the full report
Thank you for your patience while we are developing this site.
National Wildlife Federation®
How you can be involved
with your kids outdoors!
Summer reading suggestions for parents
Discover the relationship between children & nature
A guide to getting your kids active in the great outdoors
Suggested Summer Reading Lists
Grades K - 12
Discovery Education Home Materials
- Math Home Resources - Welcome to the fun and challenge of mathematics! Here you will find resources to help your child master the basics of mathematics Videos and tutorials explain basic operations and help with the mastery of math skills in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division--essential building blocks for success in mathematics.
- Social Studies Home Resources - Presidents and presidential elections in the United States are issues we review and find fascinating, no matter how close we are to Election Day. Here video chapters and web resources will assist students with understanding the election process, as well as the powers of and people behind the U.S. presidency.
- Science Resources - Science is part of the world all around us. Here you will find resources to help your child connect science content to things they can see and experience. Videos, Interactive Explorations, and Interactive Videos engage students and encourage them to explore more on their own with your help.
- Language Arts Resources - Effective Communication empowers students not only in school but also in every facet of life. These video chapters and web resources will assist students with their written and verbal communication skills. Content areas included are grammar, composition, and mechanics from Kindergarten to Grade 12.
Grades K - 5
• Fabulous Fishes
• Sea Horse: The Shyest Fish in the Sea
• Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming
• Tracking Trash: Flotsam, Jetsam, and the Science of Ocean Motion
Grades 6 - 12
• A Life in the Wild: George Schaller's Struggle to Save the Last Great Beasts
• Explore Global Warming
• The Cartoon Guide to Physics
• Gadget Nation: A Journey through the Eccentric World of Invention
Read more about Discovery Education Summer Activities here. Back to School shouldn't mean back indoors for children. In fact, National Wildlife Federation's new report TIME OUT: Using the Outdoors to Enhance Classroom Performance highlights the vast research linking time kids spend outside to increased classroom preparedness. American's childhood has largely moved indoors in the past 15 years. The increasingly indoor lifestyle causes several factors that work against high performance in the classroom
“Environmental Education can help a struggling student become a competent student, and a competent student grow into a star.” ~Kevin Coyle, NWF Vice President for Education and Training
What is a Green Hour?
The National Wildlife Federation recommends that kids have one “Green Hour” every day. This is a time of unstructured play and interaction with the natural world around them.
The Green Hour’s aim is to get this generation of children away from their computer screens and mp3 players. Kids and their parents are encouraged to spend time learning about and appreciating the bugs, birds, butterflies, trees, and even the dirt of the natural world around them.
Why Be Out There?
Today's kids spend only four to seven minutes outside per day. They log more than seven hours per day in front of electronic media.
Make a difference in the health and well-being of our children--and feel the difference that it makes in you.
Join the Be Out There™ movement
and spend more time outdoors!
Learn more at www.BeOutThere.org
School may be out, but reading is always in! Support your child’s summer learning with the PBS KIDS Summer Reading Challenge! This FREE four-week challenge encourages parents and kids to read together this summer.
Get Out for a Green Hour
A daily dose of the outdoors will improve your family's overall well-being and inspire a life-long appreciation of wildlife and nature. Check out the activities and events listed below and make time for a Green Hour today! Learn more here.
"The Green Hour: A Daily Dose of Nature for Happier, Healthier, Smarter Kids" is a book with lots of ideas for family outdoor exploration that can be done almost anywhere.
Watch The Green Hour book review here:
Need some ideas to overcome common barriers to getting children out into nature? Read about them here.
Fascinating readings for parents
"Evidence suggests that children and adults benefit so much from contact with nature that land conservation can now be viewed as a public health strategy."
The Children & Nature Network (C&NN) was created to encourage and support the people and organizations working nationally and internationally to reconnect children with nature. The network provides a critical link between researchers and individuals, educators and organizations dedicated to children's health and well-being.
Connect with the Children & Nature Network
Get Outdoors ~ Unplug and reconnect
Call for nature writing by children
Wilderness Interface Zone is on the search for an endangered species: children who spend time in nature and are willing to write about it. They are looking or nature poems and short essays written by children. Read more about it here. At a loss for how to get out there with your kids? Check out Hiking Adventures with Children for detailed information on everything from how to pack for toddlers to how to occupy them during the car ride to your favorite destination.
Your Guide to Connecting Kids with Nature
KidsDiscoverNature.com will help you find great outdoor activities for your children. No matter where you live, you can help them learn about and experience nature by following tips to get them interested in being outside. And best of all...it doesn't cost a penny.
Nature For Kids
Encouragement and ideas concerning wholesome outdoor recreation for kids and their parents
Bass Pro Shops offers free Indoor Summer Camp 2010
Free activities and free workshops are arranged by the Bass Pro Shops for Family Summer Camp where families can learn the skills to enjoy great outdoor adventures that will last a lifetime. Learn more here! | <urn:uuid:5ca4c6c8-fbf5-47e8-889e-85cfd9529786> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.edout.us/Parent-resources.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828018.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216234902-20181217020902-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.92652 | 1,334 | 3.46875 | 3 |
If you’ve ever had hay fever, you are all too aware of how unpleasant a pollen allergy can be. When your kids are young, you can’t help but wonder if they’ll inherit your seasonal allergies. Other substances — such as dust, pet dander, and certain types of food — are also cause for concern.
Do You Know How Allergies Develop?
It’s true that allergies often run in families. However, allergy development is partly environmental, and you can take steps to reduce your children’s risk of developing allergies. If you or your spouse suddenly has runny eyes and a stuffy nose, keep reading: Adult-onset allergies are real.
While immunologists still don’t know exactly how children and adults develop allergies, they do know that pollen allergies are more common in wealthy, industrialized nations than less developed countries.
The theory is that sanitation is higher in rich countries, which reduces our exposure to outdoor allergens and gives our immune systems less time to adjust.
Whether pollen allergies are preventable or not is unclear. Thankfully, you can help decrease your child’s risk of developing another common allergy — dust mites.
Unlike food allergies, early exposure to dust mites increases the risk of developing an allergic reaction. You can reduce the amount of dust mites in your child’s bedroom by using allergen-proof bedding, washing sheets in hot water every week, and removing carpet from the room (if possible).
Another easy way to reduce the amount of allergens in your home is to keep the windows closed during hay fever season. Also keep in mind that biological agents and dust mites love humidity, so it’s a good idea to keep your home’s humidity levels under 50 percent.
In the past, doctors advised parents to delay their children’s contact with eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, seafood, and other common food allergens. Research now shows that delaying contact increases, rather than decreases, your child’s risk of developing food allergies.
According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (AAAAI), it’s better to gradually introduce these foods between 4 and 6 months of age after your child has shown tolerance to less allergenic food.
Are you pregnant or nursing? You’ll be happy to hear that you can keep eating soy, tree nuts, and other high-allergy foods. Your baby won’t develop allergies from the food you eat.
Even though allergies usually appear early in life, they can develop during adulthood.
Fifteen percent of food allergies have an adult onset, although nobody understands why these allergies occur. However, immunologists can partly explain why adults develop environmental allergies.
Your immune system may react when you move to a markedly different environment, such as an area that has higher levels of outdoor pollution or unfamiliar types of tree pollen.
In other cases, you may have had the allergy all along, and the symptoms were so mild that you didn’t notice them until they got worse.
We’ve listed above only a few of the most common allergies. If you suspect that your child is allergic to other substances, stay safe and have your child’s doctor refer your child to an allergist. | <urn:uuid:86e226a7-779a-482d-bfed-936e3f73f524> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.lovinglymama.info/how-allergies-develop-and-ways-to-avoid-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657138718.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712113546-20200712143546-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.946623 | 685 | 3.28125 | 3 |
According to the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center, an egg takes about 30 hours to get down the Fallopian tube. The trip starts when the egg is let loose by the ovary.
UCSF Medical Center reports that a released egg is swept into a Fallopian tube by finger-like protrusions, or fimbriae, located at the end of the tube. Hair-like cilia in the tube then push the egg along. As the egg moves, muscles contract and contribute to its progress. The process is impeded or prevented by certain medical conditions, such as endometriosis and pelvic infections. These conditions sometimes cause scarring or damage to the tube. | <urn:uuid:7d33e5e2-9f42-4e9b-b9ee-a7cd3d59c8d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.reference.com/health/many-days-egg-down-fallopian-tube-aec2e4bbf52c7de1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247506094.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221172909-20190221194909-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.937487 | 145 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Iceland – The unique land of contrasts
Just over a couple of hours’ flight from the UK, Iceland is the perfect place to appreciate an environment both spectacular and peaceful. The country is renowned for its otherworldly beauty and stark contrasts of nature and displays nature’s power in all its glory, boasting stunning waterfalls and tranquil lakes, lava fields, beautiful mountains, massive glaciers, bubbling mud pools, and the largest hot spring area in the world. Iceland has some of the purest air in the world which makes it superb for photography and is a nature lover’s paradise, with its unusual geological formations such as giant basalt columns and huge land rifts, due to tectonic plate activity. Iceland is a paradise for photographers, ornithologists, botanists, geologists and lovers of literature and nature. Iceland also has a rich cultural heritage and the capital Reykjavik is vibrant but relaxed with cosy cafes, fine museums and galleries, pools and world-class restaurants.
Group members become captivated by the tranquility and beauty of the Icelandic landscape. For many, it has a magnetic pull and people return again and again to experience the unique and magical atmosphere of the country.
Some interesting facts about Iceland:
- Iceland is the second largest island in Europe, Britain being first.
- Iceland has a mere population of just over 300,000 inhabitants, and 60% of the population live in the capital, Reykjavik.
- Iceland has:
- Europe’s largest waterfall: Dettifoss. At 100m wide and with a drop of 45m and fall of 193 cubic metres per second, this is a truly breathtaking force of nature.
- Europe’s largest glacier: Vatnajokull. If you added all of Europe’s glaciers together, the size still would not match the mighty Vatnajokull glacier. The phenomenon of a “glacial blast” is unique to Iceland, when volcanoes erupted beneath 1,100 metres of ice causing massive flooding. At its height, the waters equalled that of the Congo river.
- The world’s largest hot spring area: Deildartunguhver, with Geysir being the original name given by Iceland to their most famous hot spring. There are over 2,000 hot spring zones in the country.
- Many Icelanders still believe in Trolls, Elves and other mythical creatures. It is also the land of Sagas, Eddas, Poets and Writers, with a nation’s whole history laid down to be read.
- Iceland sits astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the whole island being pulled apart.
- Iceland is a microcosm of a world being made. It is the youngest country on earth in geological terms. Everyday there is a new discovery to be made. Nowhere else in the world can we witness such a display of creativity – not only in nature but also amongst the Icelandic people.
- Iceland has landed the No. 1 spot on the World Economic Forum’s list of countries closest to achieving gender equality.
- Iceland has more women in Parliament than any other country (nearly 48 percent), and was the first nation on the planet to democratically elect a female head of state (Vigdis Finnbogadottir, in 1980).
- Iceland is the most peaceful country in the world and is the only NATO country without a professional, full-time standing army.
As if this was not enough, the island is visited by huge flocks of birds arriving from Northern Europe to nest and feed and so is a paradise for ornithologists. Its native birds of prey are spectacular, with a huge variety of sea birds to be seen, including the endearing puffin.
Iceland also has many varieties of wild flowers, which always surprises visitors. There are also over 400 varieties of lichen growing in some of the purest air found in the world, as Iceland is not situated in the path of Europe’s pollution and has hardly any factories since most articles are imported. | <urn:uuid:d30c4d88-ed8a-493f-9b2e-77ab802151b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jona-tours.com/about-the-tours/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.930773 | 844 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Shiv Grewal of the National Cancer Institute spoke to approximately 40 students and faculty about “Heterochromatin inheritance and epigenetic control of the genome” in this week’s Frontiers in Biology seminar on March 18 in Winston. Grewal is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and much of his research within the field of epigenetics focuses on the formation of heterochromatin, which is the tightly packed form of DNA.
“Grewal’s research in the early 2000s laid the foundation for the then-young field of epigenetics,” said Wake Forest PhD candidate Fadi Marayati. “His focus on how environmental stress factors alter gene expression could change our understanding of how we are more than just our genomic sequence, but also what choices we make and what environment we live in, on a daily basis.”
In other words, he helped show how nature and nurture affect us on a molecular level.
Grewal began his talk with a brief introduction to epigenetics, the study of how genes can be switched on and off within an organism’s cells, without actually altering the genetic code stored in DNA itself. Epigenetics help to control cellular differentiation, the process by which two cells in your body can develop into completely different specialized cell types, despite having exactly the same DNA. Some diseases, including cancer, have also been linked to epigenetics, and certain epigenetic changes, whether good or bad, can even be inherited.
Your body turns off, or “silences,” certain genes so that not every protein encoded in your DNA is expressed all at once in a single cell. This silencing occurs by adding methyl groups to the histone proteins that your DNA winds around, which blocks transcription (the first step of gene expression) in these regions of your DNA. Histone proteins are important for keeping DNA structurally organized. Together, the DNA and histones form chromatin, the material chromosomes are made from.
There are two types of chromatin: euchromatin, which is loosely wound and easily accessible for transcription, and heterochromatin, which is tightly wound and harder to transcribe. Grewal explores heterochromatin using fission yeast as a model organism. One feature he found involves complexes of silencing effector proteins, which bind to heterochromatin and promote genome stability. Mutants without these silencing effectors allow transcriptional access to gene sequences which should be suppressed.
Stress is also an important aspect of epigenetics, as organisms like yeast and humans can modify their gene expression to better deal with stressful conditions.
“The reason you should care about this is this is the system which allows your cells to change gene expression as cells experience stress,” Grewal said.
Grewal found that certain genes that are simply switched on or off under normal conditions can instead be regulated using a different mechanism under stress, which allows some gene expression, but only within a certain range.
Grewal also found that iron uptake is very important for heterochromatin assembly and epigenetic genome control in cells. His research team is currently working to understand how the iron helps with this process and why cells without iron uptake cannot form heterochromatin correctly and may mis-express genes.
Grewal took time at the end of his presentation to thank his collaborators and the many researchers in his lab, many of whom are connected to Wake Forest.
“I particularly enjoyed seeing my current advisor, Dr. Ke Zhang, and my former lab partner, James Tucker, get recognized for their contribution,” Marayati said. | <urn:uuid:79948a96-8ebf-4196-a1ed-f7c809f00048> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://wfuogb.com/2019/03/epigenetics-research-sheds-light-on-genome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529006.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210205200-20191210233200-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.95551 | 758 | 3.1875 | 3 |
History of Greene County
1651 – 1800
J. Van Vechten Vedder
Originally published in 1927 by Authority of
the Greene county Board of Supervisors
Transcribed by Arlene Goodwin
TOWN OF COXSACKIE
Coxsackie has been written Kocks Hackie, Kuxakee, and Coxsackie. The French defined it “owl hoot,” Spafford the “hooting of owls.” Schoolcraft “cut banks,” and O’Callagan suggests a “corruption of Kaaks-aki, country of the wild goose.”
The town of Coxsackie has a more or less high ridge along its river front, while on top of this ridge the country stretches out into the Coxsackie Flats. This eastern section of the town has been called “the garden of Greene county,” and the extensive flat land is backed by the Kaleberg, beyond which the country is more or less hilly and uneven, with other but smaller flat lands to the west.
The oldest highway in the town is the King’s Road of 1710. A road leading from the King’s Road to the river was laid out in 1790 and ran “between the line of Peter Bronk, Richard Bronk and Anthony Van Bergen” and son on * * * “to the dock of Ephrahim Bogardus on the North River, to the high water mark.” The road at the head of the landing in 1793 is described as “leading from the dwelling house of Eliakim Reed to Coxsackie Landing.” Johnny Cake Street belongs to later history, that of 1828, and the Coxsackie Turnpike was built in 1806.
John Bronk was the first supervisor, 1800-01, and the first known school teacher after the dominies (who were the first instructors) in the town of Coxsackie was Anthony Rogers, who taught in Coxsackie village in 1795. At Jacksonville at this date was John Bower, Rev. Henry Ostrander is known to have kept school in the old stone school house on the north side of the turnpike from 1801 to 1810, and here it is said “the sons of the wealthy Van Bergens and Bronks studied Latin.”
Coxsackie according to her size has a large number of patriots of the Revolution to her credit. Some participated in the conflict, and others did good service at home. October 20, 1775, John L. Bronk was commissioned Major of the 11th Regiment, of which Anthony Van Bergen was Colonel. Bronk had been commissioned a captain of a company as early as 1740, with Sybrant Van Schaack as colonel.
Leonard Bronk was ordered by Governor Clinton in 1780 to “impress ten tons of flour or an equivalent in wheat, 20,000 weight of beef or fat cattle or equivalent thereto, for the use and service of the Army.” Like most other settlements, they had Tories in their midst and Committees of Safety were necessary to see that the roads were patrolled, and proper measures taken for the safety of the people and their property. Coxsackie also came to the front with a Declaration of Independence made before the accepted Declaration, on the “Seventeenth Day of the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy five.” This Declaration had two hundred and twenty-five signatures, and the original can been seen at Albany.
WEST Coxsackie and Catskill had much in common in the early days. Then they were known as Kocks Hackie and Katskill. Both were born on vast farm estates; had in part the same ancestors (Bronk and Van Bergen); and each was a twin, or rather triplet, for it consisted of two landing places and a country home. The landings were at first feeble infants, and some years later the upper one at Coxsackie gave up the struggle for existence as a landing, while the lower grew in length and breadth, and the sister on the hill was content to lead a farmer’s life with less family to her credit but with more widespread possessions.
Old Katskill and Kocks Hackie shared the same pastor of the Dutch Reformed faith until 1797, but with separate churches; and every other Sunday the common pastor or dominie, whose home was at Katskill, traveled through the forest on horseback to preach two long sermons on “Lord’s Days and feast days, catechizing the children and youth and those of the German brethren residing among us, in their language.”
Around this first Dutch church at Coxsackie* (*See Churches) grew what is now West Coxsackie, then the most important part of the settlement. It is not known whether Peter Bronk, the first patentee, lived there or not. He died before 1687 and the land came to his son Jan. Marte Gerritse Van Bergen purchased the north part of the Loonenburg Patent adjoining Bronk’s called the “Fountain Flats.” The land purchased of the Indians by Peter Bronk Jan. 13, 1662, and confirmed by Governor Richard Nicolls, June 11, 1776,* (*The north line of the “Fountain Flats” was the south line of Peter Bronk’s line, and the south line (original line) ran about ten rods north of the house on the Ely farm.) consisting of 252 acres, went “Westward of the woods to Katskill Path, and running along the said Path southward, it comes to the Stone Kill, from thence it runs Eastward over against the said Nutten Hooke, and so Northward along the river to the Forest Kill.” This and the Fountain Flats, also the Corlears Kill Patent, all owned by Bronk & Van Bergen, composed the three patents for which they petitioned Governor Dougan to issue another patent covering all three parcels of land, which was granted May 23, 1687. This called the “Coxsackie Patent.”
Vol. 2 of Patents, Sec. of State office, Albany, Discrepancies in land areas is accounted for by the fact that the Dutch definition of land is that which was cleared or fit for cultivation. Rocks did not count with them.
Jan Hendrickse Bruyn’s share came into the possession of Cornelius Machielis (Oct. 30, 1685) and was sold to Jacob, Casperen, and Jan Casperen Hallenbeck, Dirck Van Vechten and Jochem Collier. Machielis sold to Jacob Pheonix “the half of a farm called “Klinkenberg,” with the barn and house, in 1685. this is the first mention of a house, although in a Staats and Proovost deed of 1670 a barn is mentioned. Klinkenberg or Echo Hill is north of Four Mile Point. In 1694 and old and a new orchard are mentioned as on this farm. This new orchard was used as a burial place by the Hallenbeck family, and was on the top of a hill west of the Houghtaling house. Onthe west side of the road near Four Mile Point was the dwelling place of Jan Van Loon’s father (Jan).
At the headwaters of the Coxsackie Creek, under the high cliffs of the Kale Berg, was the home of Van Schaacks, which was given by Jan Van Loon in 1719 to his son-in-law Arent Van Schaack, who married his daughter Maria. The annual rent to be paid for this land was “one scheppel (about three pecks) of wheat, and two fowls.”
Martin and Garret Van Bergen of Old Katskill, after the death of their father and in settlement of the estate, conveyed their rights in the Coxsackie Patent to their brother Peter, who in turn relinquished his rights in the Katskill and Corlears Kill. In 1726 Jan Bronk made his home at what is now Leeds, and died there, but when Peter Van Bergen settled permanently at Coxsackie is not known. His brothers Gerret and Martin did not come down from Albany with their families to settle on their father’s estate until after their houses had been built in 1729, at Old Katskill. Previous to this date the estate there had been leased.* (*See Old Katskill.)
As Peter, Pieter, or Petrus, was married November 7, 1724, to Christina, daughter of Anthony Coster and Elizabeth Ten Broeck, it is likely he did not live at Coxsackie for any length of time before that date. The house of Peter was “on or near the site of the stone house which in 1884 was owned by William Farmer,” on the north side of the street in the upper village.
Garrett Van Bergen deeded a piece of land to Jan Caspersen Hallenbeck April 14, 1683, called “Kaniskeek,” which was at that time in the possession of Jan Caspersen, and in which a house and barn is mentioned. This was the Hallenbeck homestead and long remained in the family.
Jan Bronk deeded to Philip Leenderse Conyn in 1710 land of which Conyn had been “in peaceable possession for several years.” The house was on the opposite corner, west from the double house of Peter Van Bergen, and the farm on the south side of the street, and east from the King’s Road.
In the second division of the Coxsackie Patent in 1730, Jan Bronk conveyed to his son Leonard, of Coxsackie, a piece of land next and opposite to the homestead of said Leonard, and also a piece called “ronde vlackie or round flat.” 160 acres was sold in 1789 by Peter Van Bergen to Silas Rushmore. This tract was bounded on the west by the Catskill Path, and north and east by Murderer’s and Coxsackie Creeks. Rushmore sold twelve acres of this at the junction of the two creeks to Martin Hallenbeck, the remainder to John L. Bronk. It is still called the Rushmore lot. The part next to Murderer’s Kill was sold to Hendrick Vandenburg, the remaining acres were divided into 64 lots, and equally divided between the families of Bronk and Van Bergen. The whole of Lot No. 48 is now the business portion of Coxsackie Landing. Lot No. 50 is what in days gone by was the Upper Landing, while Nos. 46 and 47 are the Lower Landing. At the junction of the King’s Road and the road to Greenville near the New Baltimore line, on the northwest corner, stood during the Revolution and for years after the noted tavern kept by Peter Bronk, a grandson of the first settler.
At first the Upper Landing surpassed its sisters in growth and strength. One Ephrahim Bogardus established a ferry here just after the Revolution, and “one of the first acts of the County Court, in 1800, was to give him a license” for that purpose.
Before the war William Wells came from New England and built a stone house at Upper Landing. It stood on the northeast corner of Lot 52, in the Coxsackie Patent, and south of the road from the upper village. In 1818 the house and land near by was sold to Leonard Bronck. This sale included Well’s Island, which was opposite the house and contained eight acres. The oldest known name of this island when sold to Marte Gerritse Van Bergen, is “Nutten Flat.” One north of it “Blinder Flat,” and another still farther north, “Dover Flat.” The island at the mouth of Coxsackie Creek is shown on old maps as “Marte Gerritse Island.” Others who had homes here were William Rea and Peter Cuyler, but as time went on business moved down stream.
Peter and Richard Bronk sold to “Israel Gibbs, merchant
of the town of Catskill,” March 7, 1794, Lots 46 and 47 of the Coxsackie
patent. One contained 14 acres, the other 35 acres. Of this tract small lots
were sold to Joseph Chaplin, “on which (1794) the potash works now stands;”
another to John Gibbs who had a house there, reserving “14 feet square where
Miss Nancy Gibbs and Pauline Gibbs are buried.”
Mary Wells also had a house near the Knickerbocker ice-house. This was
Lot 47, and known as “Molly Well’s Point.” Squatters settled farther south,
and at this point was the wharf of Israel Gibbs, known as Gibbs Landing.
At the top of the hill, at what is now known as Coxsackie Landing, before 1744 stood a stone house built by Claude Ducalon, a French doctor, who had a daughter Catharine, baptized in the Lutheran church at Athens at that date. He was still living there in 1784 (one site of Collier house). What is now the landing was then a rocky point separated from the mainland by a marsh, at high tide covered with water. Eliakim Reed built a wharf on this rocky point and it became Reed’s Landing. The hillside was then a forest, the streets and roads but paths cut through the forest, in some instances only blazed trails.
In the New York Magazine of December, 1797, is the following: “On Saturday last Peter W. Yates, Esq. by virtue of a dispensation from the Grand Lodge (previously referred to as “ancient Masonic fraternity”) constituted a new lodge at Coxsackie, and installed its officers. He delivered to the officers and members, and the visiting members from adjacent lodges, and oration suitable to the occasion. Afterward they partook of a supper in and elegant lodge room, lately constructed by the members of the new lodge; and the next day the Rev. Mr. Knap preached a sermon for them in the new Presbyterian church.”
Jacksonville is a small village in the western part of the town whose first inhabitant was Gerret Roosa, who owned a share of the Roseboom Patent. He lived on the south side of the road east of Jacksonville, and his memory is perpetuated by two rude stones, one bearing the inscription “G. R. 1776,” and the other “Here lies the body of the wife of G. R. 1787, Apr. 28.”
The first tavern here was that of Joseph Bullis, built 1799. He also had a distillery opposite it. The name of the village is said to have been given it by “James Farlee Burroughs who came from Greenville and established a store there.” The story is that his goods arrived at Coxsackie Landing addressed to Jacksonville, Coxsackie, and for some time it was a mystery where the place could be, for previous to this, presumably because of the distillery, it had been called “Swill Street.” Jacksonville was doubtless named for “Old Hickory,” for it was in his time that Burroughs settled there.
In 1796 Shadrach Hubbell bought the farm on the south side of the road by the school (Dist 8). The principal business in the early days of Jacksonville was sawing. Robert Vandenburg and Pazzi Lampman had saw mills there.
The Houghtaling Patent was beyond the Kale Berg, from the Stony Kill on the south to the Diep Kill in the town of New Baltimore. This patent was granted to Mathias Houghtaling July 8, 1697, by Governor Benjamin Fletcher, who represented the English crown.* (*See Book 7 of Patents, page 127. Sec. of State’s office, Albany.) The Diep Kill crosses the county line and the Catskill Path at almost the same spot. Conrad Houghtaling, eldest son of Mathias, conveyed to his brother Hendrick a small tract along the Catskill Path, which was afterward the home of Conrad’s son Thomas. His house stood a few feet east of the house which was afterward Truman Mackey’s. Hendrick in 1770 conveyed the rest of the patent (excepting that of his brother, and the land conveyed to Casper Collier) to Hendrick and Robert Vandenberg, reserving “one-half of all mines which may be hereafter found on the above lands.”
There is an old tradition that when Coxsackie was young, Indians had gone out to the hills early one morning and had returned before breakfast with a quantity of lead. Tradition further states that an Indian chief offered to sell one of the pioneer Houghtalings the secret of the place where lead could be found, and upon his refusing to give the desired price the Indian “declared in a rage” that the mine should never be found while it remained in the hands of any who bore the name Houghtaling. “This tract is commonly known as the Vandenberg Patent, but that is not the original grant. It was afterward divided into seventeen lots of fifty acres each, one of which for some reason contained sixty acres and was the cause of a suit in Chancery. Thereafter it was known as the Chancery Lot.”
The Vandenbergs * (*The name is spelled Vandenberg in early deeds but is known as Van Den Berg.) were living at Coxsackie in 1729, for Richard Vandenberg purchased on April 18th of that year, land of Thomas Williams formerly owned by Jan Bronk, which began at the Spruyt or Slink (marshy piece of ground), bordering on the lands of Philip Conyn and the orchard of Peter Van Bergen. Vandenberg had evidently been living on the land previous to the purchase. The family seem to have been friends of the Van Bergens and it was through them that they settled here. The Vandenbergs also leased other land of the Van Bergens, paying annually five scheppels of good wheat until 1820, when a satisfactory arrangement was made between the heirs of both. With this land and the purchase of other tracts they became large land-owners west of the upper village.
About thirty rods east of the Kaleberg, on Murderer’s Kill, was the early home of the Vandenbergs. The first house was built before 1725, the second of stone about 1764. West of the house on the ridge above was the Catskill Path, and the old Indian trail on a line with the back garden fence.
This patent was south of the Houghtaling and Coeymans Patent, extending into the town of Athens, and was granted April 12, 1751, to Jacob, John Jacob, and John G. Roseboom. The last named had obtained his share for a friend, John Henry Lydias of Albany, and it was transferred to him in 1751. The tract seems to have been divided and transferred from one to another, denoting speculation until in 1771 it had thirteen owners who employed an Albany lawyer, Robert Yates, to divide it into lots. These were set apart to their different owners by a kind of lottery, each drawing a number in turn from a box. Nos. 4 and 5 were drawn by Martin Lydias, who with his wife Genevieve sold them to Dirck Van Vechten, reserving “his mill and stream of water where his mill stands.” This was called the “New Patent.” It is a rocky tract and the north end of High Hill* (*Coxsackie High Hill.) is within its boundaries.
The Stighkoke Patent is in the western part of the town and in the form of a square. The village of Jacksonville is within its eastern limit. Five Indians—Herman Backer,* (*Vol. XIII, Land Papers, page 134. The Patent in Book XII page 198.) Tanighsanow, Koughan, Aquahannit, and Tansaghoes—sold this tract of land to Casperus Bronk for thirteen pounds and ten shillings, June 6, 1743. The Patent was issued June 30th to Bronk, Martin and Garret Van Bergen and Hendrick Remsen.
The Coeymans Confirmation line runs through Stighkoke Patent from the east to near the west corner, and divides the patent into disputed and undisputed lands, for the Coeymans line at this point has been the cause of much ligitation. The Salisbury Patent lies south of the Stighkoke and contained 700 acres. A patent was granted to Casperus Bronk, William and Abraham Salisbury of which Bronk sold his share to Teunis Van Vechten for 50 pounds, and he in turn sold it to the Salisburys, reserving one-third of the saw mill, and one-third of the utensils and implements belonging to the mill, with “liberty to ride or lay down saw logs and planks in a convenient place near the mill.” Abraham Salisbury left his part by will (1756) to his son Wessel. Teunis Van Vechten left his share in the saw mill to this sons Teunis and Abraham. Wessel Salisbury and his brothers sold to the Brandows, and the land was divided and sub-divided until at last the mill, lot and streams passed into the possession of Henry Cornwell, a native of Duchess county who did an extensive business at what was widely known as Cornwell’s Mills. He married Sarah, a daughter of Nicholas Van Hoesen. The mills were sold by his sons Henry and Richard to Reuben Jump. Robert Vandenberg had a saw mill on a branch of the Potick within this patent.
This tract of land, for which a patent was secured in 1770 by John Morin Scott and seventy others, occupies only a small portion of the town of Coxsackie, the town line running through it only a little way east of the Stighkoke Patent.
CASPARUS BRONK’S ONE HUNDRED ACRES
This one hundred acres bordered on the Stony Kill and was on the “west side of the Catskill foot path where the Path crosses the Stony Kill.” All this land came to Annetje Bronk, only child of Casparus, who afterward married John A. Whitbeck, and the upper half was sold to John L. Bronk in 1764, the lower half to the same person in 1773, together with her share in that part of the Fountain Flats which lay between the Catskill Path and the creek.
This first patent, the principal part of which is in Albany county, had its south boundary near West Coxsackie. This was granted in 1673 by General Lovelace to Barent Pietersen. The second patent was granted in 1714 at the request of Andries Coeymans, son and heir of the first patentee. A patent granted to Kilian Van Rensselaer in 1685 enroached upon the Coeymans Patent, but the contest over these disputed lands was settled by a deed from Van Rensselaer.
PIONEERS AND THEIR HOMES
The following has been taken from a paper prepared by Rev. Lewis Lampman and read before the Greene County Bar Association in 1911:
Leonard Bronk, fifth in descent form Jonas Bronck, was born in Bronk House (still standing and occupied) on Bronk Patent, about two and a half miles west of Coxsackie village, May 11th, 1751 or 1752. His first ancestor in this country was Jonas Bronck of Westchester County, after whom Bronck’s Manor, Bronck’s River and Bronck’s Borough were named, the “ck’s” being changed into “x” on account of euphony.
In 1639 Jonas Bronck, liberally educated and rich, with his friend Jochiem Pietersen Kuyter, a Danish officer, sailed in his own private armed vessel, named the Fire of Troy, from Hoorn, Holland, taking their families, farmers, female servants and stock, for New Amsterdam, reaching that place in July, 1639. The arrival of the ship was hailed by the colony “as a great public good.” Where Jonas Bronck came from originally is yet a matter of dispute. I am inclined to the opinion that he was a Dane. His last European residence was in Amsterdam, and there he married Antonia, daughter of Juriaen Slagboom (probably his second wife). Riker’s History says of him: “Signior Bronck was a family long distinguished in Sweden, though probably himself from Copenhagen, where some of his kindred lived.” What adds emphasis to my suggestion that he was probably a Dane, is the fact of his intimate association with Kuyter, a Danish officer; and the Danish library which is mentioned in the inventory of his possessions after his death.
The probabilities are that the place of his location had been settled by him, and the necessary steps to secure the land had been taken, before he left Holland. Hudde spent the preceding winter in Holland, and met both Kuyter and Bronck. And we find that the Directors of the Colony sent explicit directions to the governors of the Colony of New Amsterdam to further the wishes of both Bronck and Kuyter. He secured a “Grond Brief,” a tract of land of 500 acres north of Harlem River, and became to the first white settler in that section. It is interesting to note this characteristic of Jonas Bronck, for it crops out in his descendants, viz: he was not content with the deed from the authorities of New Amsterdam, but in addition made an honest purchase from the Indian Scachem, Tackamack, and his associates. The tract of land purchased by him was called by the Indians “Ranahqua.” It lay between the Harlem River and the River Abquahung, now known as the Bronx. Here Bronck made his improvements and began his life.
Jonas Bronck died in 1643. Kuyter and Dominie Bogardus were his executors: From the inventory of the estate we learn of the fine Latin and Danish library, as also a large collection of works on law and history and divinity. Jonas Bronck left a widow and one son, Pieter Jonassen Bronck. The widow married Arendt van Corlear, Sheriff of Rensselaerwick, and removed with him to Albany.
It was this Peter Bronck, the only son of Jonas, who in 1662 purchased from the Indians a tract of land and secured for it from the Dutch authorities what is known as Bronck’s Patent. On the overthrow of the Dutch by the English the purchase the original grant to Peter Bronck were confirmed by a patent granted by Gov. Richard Nicolls, June 11th, 1667. The grant was bounded on the north by the Coeymans Patent; on the south by the Fountain Flats and Loonenburgh Patent; on the west by the ridge of hills running north and south that makes the west bounds of the valley; on the east by the Hudson River, taking in the whole fertile valley and the river’s bank from an east and west line about a mile south of Coxsackie landing to an east and west line on the north bounds running from the mouth of the Coxsackie Creek to the ridge of hills to the west of the Coxsackie valley.
On this patent, by the terms of the grant, a house was built in 1663. I think the stone house at the southeast corner of what is known now as Bronk House was built at that time. My father-in-law, Leonard Bronk, youngest son of Judge Leonard Bronk, said many years before he died that that part of the house was a good deal more than two hundred years old. He died in 1872. The brick house was built in 1738. The date is cut in the foundation on the north side of the house. The kitchen extension was rebuilt in 1792.
The house, the mills and the land descended to his son Jan Bronck, and from the date of the original purchase the homestead and many acres of the original grant have never been out of the hands of the lineal descendants.
The immediate ancestor of Judge Leonard Bronk was John L. Bronk, who married Elsie van Buren. He inherited the old home and the traditions, and he was worthy of both. He was the most influential man in his section in his time. In 1770 he was commissioned Captain of Militia by Lieut. Gov. Cadwallader Colden. On Oct. 20th, 1775, he was commissioned Major of the 11th Regt. N. Y. by the Provincial Congress. In 1778 he was commissioned 2nd Major by Gov. Clinton. These commissions are in my possession. He was Justice of the Peace in 1782. The History of Greene County closes with this tribute to him: “John L. Bronk was in his day one of the prominent citizens of Albany County. Throughout his life he was a prominent man, and by his death Albany lost one of its most valuable citizens.”
Leonard Bronk was an only child, and he inherited a large fortune in mills and lands. But that was not his only inheritance. He inherited the traditions of his father’ house—kindliness to neighbors, uprightness in business and loyalty to his country. He saw his father living in friendly relations with all his neighbors, an officer fitting his men to fight for liberty, and a justice striving to resolve disputes and establish equity. And all of this entered into his life and became a part of it. When and where he got his education I do no know. The first documentary information I have of him is in 1773. It is a book of old patents, laboriously copied from the originals by Mr. Bronk. I have the book in my possession. He was evidently equipping himself as a surveyor. He seems at that time to have been in New York city. He was then twenty-one years of age and may have been finishing his studies in that place. In 1776 he is evidently an attorney at law.
But here comes in the documentary story a very sudden and abrupt transition. In 1777 he is appointed 1st Lieut. “in convention of the Representatives of the State of New York.” The commission is signed by Pierre van Cortlandt, Pres’t; Robt. Benson, Sec’y. In the same year Adjutant in Colonel Anthony Van Bergen’s regiment, and 1778 1st Lieut. By Governor Clinton.
In 1779 he married Catharine Van Den Berg, daughter of Robert Van Den Berg. She is said to have been a very beautiful woman. At any rate, for the evidence is abundant, she made her husband a very happy man and added to this influence.
In 1781 he begins that long civil career that ends only with his death, but in his multiplied activities he neither abates his interest nor his efforts for the success of the Revolution. He is selected a representative in the Assembly this year, and is at the head of the poll. He is also chosen Supervisor of Albany County. And John Wigram of Columbia County, writing to him a congratulatory letter, says that he is the youngest Supervisor yet chosen in Albany County. The list of honors conferred upon him by county and state is long and noted under another heading.
During all his life he was a slave-holder, and for the last twenty years of his life quite a large owner of slaves. When any of these slaves ran away Judge Bronk refused to go after them. When his friends remonstrated with him he would answer, “If they are not satisfied with my treatment of them I will not force then to live with me.” And his children and his grandchildren not only honored him—they adored him.
His grave is just beyond the house to the south and west on a little knoll at the bend of the creek. In the little inclosure is a plain slab with this inscription: “In memory of Leonard Bronk, who died April 22d, 1828, aged 76 years. I am the Resurrection and the Life.” And beyond the inclosure, crowding all the rest of the knoll, are the graves of the faithful servants who trusted him while he was alive and wanted to be buried near him when they were dead. On the whole I am proud that I an even remotely connected with him. He died as he had lived—trusted, honored and loved by all who knew him.
TOWN OF DURHAM
The town of Durham previous to March 8, 1790, was a part of Albany County and belonged to the district of Coxsackie which was organized in 1772. In 1778 Coxsackie became a town. In 1790 this town was divided and the western portion became Freehold (Durham).* (*The late J. G. Borthwick, uncle of William S. Borthwick, Supervisor of the town of Durham, from whose writings most of this sketch had been taken, states that in his opinion Freehold included at this time the present towns of Windham, Ashland and Prattsville, and the original Act of Legislature seems to confirm his opinion.)
The name Freehold originated either from the fact that there were no other claimants for the land, or as the late J. G. Borthwick believed, from the village of Freehold, which received its name because it was situated “in a section of land between two patents and was therefore a freehold.”
The town of Freehold included the present town of Durham and portions of Greenville and Cairo.* (*Ephrahim Darby, Ebenezer Barker and Peter Curtis were the first commissioners.) and a large part of Conesville, Schoharie County. It may also have intruded on Delaware County, as the boundaries are indefinite and embraced 150,000 acres, a vast forest wilderness where fish and game were plentiful.
Ebenezer Barker was the first Commissioner of Highways, and Ephrahim Darby the second. Upon the formation of Greene County, Freehold became one of her townships. In 1803, Cairo and Greenville took away a piece of Freehold, and two years later (March 28, 1805) the name was changed to Durham. As many of the early settlers had come from Durham, Conn., the name New Durham had been used for the settlement from the first, and was finally decided upon for the town.
The section of the town north
and west of the mountains was annexed to Schoharie County March 3, 1836, and the
town portion thus annexed became Conesville in honor of Rev. Jonathan Cone, who
was the pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Durham.
The section of the town north and west of the mountains was annexed to Schoharie County March 3, 1836, and the town portion thus annexed became Conesville in honor of Rev. Jonathan Cone, who was the pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Durham.
The town of Durham contains 31,033 acres, is an agricultural town with varied scenery. Mt. Pisgah is in the angle of the western boundary, its northern slope in Conesville, its southern and western in Windham. This peak is 2,900 feet high. On its eastern side is its famous “Cold Spring,” while the view from its summit includes portions of five states. This peak is one of several which may be said to be the northern frontier of the Catskills. To the south you may see Mitchell Hollow intersecting the Windham valley; beyond these valleys, tier upon tier of mountains. The peak stands alone, bleak and bare, no trees obstructing the view on any side, and one involuntarily quotes the old hymn, “When from Mount Pisgah’s lofty heights.”
Walter Doolittle in 1880-81 built up it a winding road, and the first vehicle made the ascent July 4, 1881. On the summit Doolittle built a house and observatory equipped with a telescope. During the year 1883, 1,500 persons registered there, and probably another thousand, who did not register, visited the spot. The number of carriages was 600. To-day there remains only the wreck of house and observatory, and the road is but a trail which still lures the nature lover.
Mt. Hayden is near, and southeast of Mt. Pisgah, its height 2,775 feet and well wooded to the top. Between these two the road from Durham to Windham crosses through Blakesley’s Notch. Jennie Notch divides Mt. Zoar and Ginseng Mountains, while southeast of Mt. Zoar, Windham High Peak raises its lofty head 3,500 feet. The town line as surveyed by David Baldwin in 1806 passes directly over the top of this mountain.
The Catskill Creek flows through the eastern part of the town of Durham, with Saybrook Creek its larges branch from the east. The latter received its name from settlers who came from Saybrook, Conn., and it is also called “Ten Mile Creek.” From the west come Bowery, Thorpe and Sawmill creeks.
Thorpe Creek received its name from Captain Aaron Thorpe, who in 1790 had a sawmill on its banks. It is a turbulent stream of rifts and falls and receives the waters of Cornwallville and Post Creeks. The gorge on this stream at East Durham is 50 feet deep, and here the wife of Joel Jewell lost her life while trying to save a weak-minded son. A few years later this son wandered away and was not found for several months, when a hollow pine “stub” was cut down. In the interior of this stub or trunk his remains were found. It was a favorite place for chimney swallows, and it is supposed he climbed to the top to secure the birds and falling in was unable to extricate himself. A man by the name of Vosdick road off the rocks on the side of the gorge in the night, and was found lying partly under his horse, both dead.
Roswell, or Rozwell Post, built one of the first grist mills in the town on Post Creek. This stream has also been called Heifer Creek. The two branches of Post Creek unite forces at what is known as Johnson’s Flats. This flat is supposed in early days to have been covered by the water of a huge beaver dam. Just below these flats the stream descends very rapidly over the rocks and enters a ravine called “Shady Glen.”
Sawmill Creek, later called “Prink Creek,” is now known as “Durham Creek,” one of the sources of which is Cold Spring on Mr. Pisgah. Another source is near West Durham, and still another on Mr. Hayden. On Durham Creek are Sawmill Falls, a famous sheep-washing place; Bidwell’s Falls, named after Benjamin Bidwell, and a spot called “Mrs. Bidwell’s Tea Cup.”
The town of Durham had very little Indian history. Their trail followed the Catskill, and there is a spot on what is known as the old Cleveland farm called an Indian burying ground. Hendrick Plank was carried captive to Canada by Indians during the Revolution, and died there. After the war a few still remained—a lazy, thievish set.
Eliab Youmans, a surveyor of patents in 1767, and his assistants is supposed to be the first white man who spent the night in this section. He surveyed the Maitland, Stewart, and other patents. The first settlement is the town, probably about 1770 or 1772, was made at Oak Hill by Lucas DeWitt, John Plank, Hendrick Plank and possibly a Mr. Egbertsen, although the last may not have come until ten years later. Lucas DeWitt Jr. was a son of Lucas of Hurley, Ulster County. They came from Holland but were originally from France. Some of the family were civil engineers employed by the government of Holland in the construction of dykes. Their services were considered so great that a monument was erected by the government in their memory.
Lucas DeWitt’s first house was of logs and he carried has grain to Madison (Leeds) or Katskill to be ground until he obtained a large portable mill, described as something like a coffee mill, with which he ground his grain by hand. As time passed he built a dam near the upper bridge in Oak Hill, attached his portable mill to water power, and it became the first grist mill in the town. When the war of the Revolution broke out DeWitt hid his mill in a hollow log, and on his return found it intact and ready for business. It was used until some years later, when a modern one was set up on the bank of the Catskill.
The town of Durham was the home of Revolutionary patriots and soldiers who had come after the war, probably 1782-83, to settle there, or had returned to deserted farms from which they had taken their families to a safer place while they served their country. At any rate, shortly after the war settlements within its borders began to grow rapidly.
Oak Hill was the earliest settlement in the town. It belonged to the patent granted by King George III of England to Colonel Richard Maitland, a Scotch officer in the British army. This patent was granted June 23, 1767. The settlers were obliged to take leases of Maitland’s executors, he having died. These leases were dated May 3, 1774. Lucas DeWitt’s lease stipulated he was to pay “one ear of corn, and a proportion of the King’s rent per year, for five years,” and at the expiration of five years the rent was to be 5 pounds 12s per year. As the war was on two years later, it is likely the King did not for long receive his rent. In the lease it is stated that Lucas DeWitt Jr., a yeoman from the Blue Mountains, was in possession of the land and, and also that the place was known as DeWittsburg. After the massacre of the Stropes or Strops at Round Top the settlers took their families to Ulster County.
The first church organization in the town was at Oak Hill and of the Dutch Reformed faith. The church building was about a mile from Oak Hill, on the road to Preston Hollow, and the site donated by Stephen Van Rensselaer. It was probably organized about 1787. (Vosburg says, “the earliest date appears to be July 7, 1794. Before 1800 probably a part of Albany Classis”).
Jan. 2, 1796, “ At a meeting of the citizens of a place called Oak Hill in the town of Freehold, they being desirous of changing the name of said village, it was unanimously voted to call it by the name of DeWittsburgh” (Catskill Packet).
VILLAGE OF DURHAM
Durham or New Durham is second in time of settlement in the town. The Revolutionary War had left the country burdened with debt and now followed hard times for many a yeoman and his family. Land was cheap in the wilderness, and emigration to the newer parts of the country was one of the ways of solving the living problem.
Meeting-house Hill is one of the highest of the foothills in this section at the base of the Catskill Mountains, 1,100 feet above tide water, and this spot was chosen by seven young men from Durham, Conn., in 1784, as a suitable place for their homes. These young men came by boat to Catskill Landing, then with knapsacks, muskets and axes, continued their journey on foot. The names of only four are known, those of Jonathan and Abiel Baldwin, Phineas Canfield and David Merwin. Selah Strong came later in the same year. The next year five families came.
This choice of a settlement commands a fine view in all directions, but though there had been two meeting houses, a school house, blacksmith shop, and store, besides a number of dwellings, on this hill, there is now nothing but a forsaken “city of the dead” upon the hill-top. It became too small for all, and only Jonathan Baldwin and Selah Strong remained. The last purchased the farm which belonged to the later Horace Strong in 1798, and died there in 1837. His second son Elijah is said to have been the first child born at New Durham. These settlers endured many privations, for Mr. Strong’s diary tells of “provisions being very scarce,” but the influence of these God-fearing, thrifty men and women can never be measured. Many of them belonged to the Congregational Church of Connecticut, and among the first things they did was to build a log meeting house and provide regular services on the Sabbath. Deacon Christopher Lord of Saybrook, Conn., father-in-law of Jonathan Baldwin, came in 1787 and filled the place of pastor for ten years.
The first settler in what is now Durham village was Adijah Dewey. He was called Major Dewey and built a log house which is said to have been the first hotel there. He moved to Madison (Leeds) about 1820.* (*His daughter Anna married Jarius Chittenden Jr. Polly, another daughter married Peter Elting, Major Dewey also lived in Cairo.) Dr. William Cook was the first physician. He was a soldier of the Revolution, and the following anecdote of General Washington has been handed down as related to him: the army wintered in Morristown, N. J., during the winter of 1777 and 1778, and so little did they have to eat that, at one time, their rations were limited to a single gill of wheat per day. Said Dr. Cook: “Washington used to come around and look into our tents, and he looked as kind, and said tenderly ‘Men, can you bear it?’ “yes, General; yes we can,’ was the reply, ‘and if you wish us to act, give us the word and we are ready’.” While they were at Morrisown Washington had a dangerous attack of quinsy. The officers feared that he would die, and they asked him to indicate the man best fitted to succeed him, and without hesitation he pointed to General Nathaniel Greene.
It is said of a man by the name of Ford that he had the first cabinetmaker’s shop, built the first bier and was the first to be borne to the grave upon it. Polly Chittenden taught school during 1787 and 1788, and Elizabeth Dudley in 1789. A Mr. Carter was the first lawyer, while Jacob Carter built the first bridge over the Katskill, and another at Brown’s mills, soon after the completion of which he was drowned near it.
In the year 1788 Deacon Obed Hervey and others.* (*Among them were Captain Ashael Jones, Mr. Bumhourd, John Butler, Elder Arnold and Henry Bartell.) settled in Hervey Street. They belonged to the North East Baptist church of Dutchess County. The Deacon was a godly man, and although well along in life was ordained a preacher, holding meetings at Hervey Street in houses and barns. He died in 1808, aged eighty-six. His son Obed was a deacon, contributing much toward the welfare of the church. Elder Hermon, son of Deacon Obed Hervey Jr., was pastor for thirty years during which the church was built. He resigned in 1839. The Presbyterian church was organized Nov. 8, 1792, and with that of West Durham makes interesting history.
Cornwallville is one of those “below the mountain villages,” set among the hills and farms lands of “Durham Town,” for the southwestern boundary of the town runs on the tops of high mountains, the sloping sides of which meet the villages half way, and the shadows of the “Blue Mountains” grow long as evening falls.
Looking from East Windham Mountain the land shows little of its hills and valleys, of the many streams by which it is watered, of the gorges, glens and cascades of these same streams, but rather stretches like a great map to the Hudson River and the country beyond. Yet these villages overlook valleys of their own, and in addition have hills a-plenty, all of which form attractive and diversified scenery.
It would seem that Daniel Cornwall was responsible for the name. He was born in Connecticut about 1753, married Rachel Hall, and settled on a farm owned by Benjamin Hubbard in 1788. His first house was of logs. The pair were two weeks coming from New Haven , Conn., to Catskill in a sailing vessel. A defective title to his land caused him to pay twice for it.
Mr. Cornwall was a soldier of the Revolution, and both were members of the Congregational Church of Connecticut. They brought their faith with them, and in 1793 united with the church of Durham. In his old age he was often Moderator at the annual town meetings. Both he and his wife lived to extreme old age. They had six children, and his son David married Mary, a sister of the late Edward Johnson. One of his daughters married the Hon. Lyman Tremain of Durham, and another Robert E. Austin of Catskill (Jefferson).
John and Paul Percival were among the first settlers of Cornwallville. “Quaker Orchard,” about two miles southeast of that place, was the last resting place of Capt. Thomas Smith and Charity his wife, and was named because of the springing up of self-sown apple trees, the seed scattered by people attending camp-meeting there. Deacon George Wright was one of the first settlers in Wright Street, and he came from Saybrook, Conn., very early in the history of the town, living on the farm afterward his grandson’s. He was a soldier of the Revolution and musician for his company. The country about this settlement belonged to the Cockburn Patent.
This church observed its one hundredth birthday October 16, 1921. Quoting from a “Historical Sketch” by William S. Borthwick, delivered on that day: “Many of the settlers of New Durham, which was the first English settlement in the town and was located on the hill north of where Platt Hill now lived, belonged to the Congregational Church of Connecticut, and among the first things they did was to build a log meeting house and to provide for regular meetings on the Sabbath.
“Quite a number of the settlers about New Durham were Methodists, and they bought the church frame of the East Durham people and set it up on the hill near the Presbyterian Meeting House. * * * This church is supposed to be the oldest of the denomination in the county. The church at Coeymans, Albany county, is the mother church, and the circuit included Coeymans, Catskill, Durham and part of Delaware county. * * * It was while the church was on the hill that it was incorporated September 21, 1819, and Harris Giddings was chosen President, Caleb Wetmore Secretary, and the corporation was known as the Methodist Episcopal Church of Durham, N. Y.”
As the forests were cleared away, Meeting House Hill became very bleak and bare, and a majority of its members lived in Cornwallville, hence in 1821 they moved the church building there. Dr. Barrett was the preacher. In 1825 the Trustees were Caleb Wetmore, John, Jerome and Jabez Hubbard. (See Churches).
South Durham is a tiny village at the foot of the Mohican Trail, and is composed of post office, store, hotel and a few dwellings. Its foothold seems precarious as you come from still lower levels, as if it might on an icy day slip and slide from its moorings. The shadows of Windham High Peak fall upon it early in the afternoon, and it is almost surrounded by the mysteries of deeply wooded mountain-sides.
A collection of summer hotels, a post office, a store and a wide-spread view of the Hudson valley to the Capital City and the Berkshires, constitutes East Windham. Its one-sided street is set close against the rock-terraced side of the mountain, at the front dropping precipitously down to the valley. It is the summit of the long and beautiful ascent up the mountain, now known as the Mohican Trail, which follows in part at least the blazed trail up which Jehiel Tuttle brought his family and household goods just after the Revolution, said household goods being fastened to two small trees which he cut at the foot and to which he fastened his ox-team.
Captain Peter Van Orden Sr. purchased 200 acres of land and built the first hotel in the town of Windham just outside this hamlet near where the toll-gate afterward stood, when all about him was a wildness given over to the wild beasts of the forest. It was a log house and he entertained emigrants and chance travelers of all kinds. It is said of him that “he often rose on dark rainy nights, yoked his oxen, and taking hold of old Bright’s bow in order to keep the track, drew emigrant wagons out of the mud.” Peter Van Orden Jr. was born here in 1800, and the family burial place is near by.
In 1836 Ira Sherman had a hotel at East Windham, He was a son of Samuel Sherman, and a first cousin of Gen. William T. Sherman. Barney Butts, whose after life was closely connected with this vicinity, was born a mile from Hensonville.
PIONEERS AND THEIR HOMES
Joseph Adams lived at what is sometimes called Durham Center, on what was afterward known as the Lant place and then became the property of Henry S. Mace. The annual town meetings were often held there. Mr. Adams had four sons—Joseph, Gopher and John by his first wife, and Platt by his second. John and Platt became eminent public men. Mr. Adams was born in 1738 and died May 16, 1832, aged ninety-four years; his son Joseph lived to be one hundred, and lived near South Durham at the time of his death.
John Adams became a teacher of district schools, studied law, and in 1810 was appointed Surrogate of Greene County by Daniel D. Tompkins. He was a Federalist, and, forming a co-partnership; with Malbone Watson (afterward Judge Watson), removed to Catskill.
Platt Adams, a half-brother of John, was a man of great force of character, possessing great executive ability. He was a lawyer by profession although he never practices much, preferring business and politics to law. He married Clarissa Dudley, daughter of the widow Dudley, who afterward married the Rev. Seth Williston, D. D. The name of Platt Adams is found frequently in the church records as clerk and trustee. He was Colonel of Militia, Town Clerk from 1821-25, when he was chosen Supervisor and filled that office for a number of terms. He was also Sheriff, and member of Senate and Assembly. He had two sons and two daughters. His son Governer married Nancy Cone, daughter of the Rev. Jonathan Cone.
The following was written by the late J. G. Borthwick over forty years ago: “Moses Austin was born in Wallingford, Conn., abut 1768; came to Durham at about twenty years of age, and bought land where Asbury Strong now lives. The farm still goes by the name of the “Austin Place;” the house long since disappeared, and the barn was destroyed by fire two or three years ago. His neighbors were Charles Johnson and a Mr. Ford who lived in the same house. Mr. Ford was taken violently ill, and Mr. Austin rode horseback, and in the night, to the city of Hudson for medicine, but it was in vain. Mr. Ford died, and Mr. Austin was often heard to say that it was one of the most melancholy recollections of his life. In 1806 he bought the farm now owned by Charles Wetmore.* (*He is said to have “built in 1806” the house where Edward J. Parks now lives.) and built the large house now standing, occupying in the meantime the old block house which stood near by. He was a prosperous business man—owned a woolen factory in Cairo, was engaged in various business enterprises and became very wealthy. He was at one time Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and in 1819-22 was one of the members of the New York State Senate. * * *
“Mr. Austin was twice married. His first wife was Elizabeth Cooper of Chatham, Conn.; his second, Sallie Humphrey of Derby, Conn., a niece of the Hon. and Gen. David Humphreys, who was United States Minister to the Court of Spain and Portugal. He had a large family and one of his sons remained on the farm, and became Supervisor of the town. Two daughters and one son lived in Cairo. His brother Aaron lived on the “old Austin place,” and died in Cornwallville. Another brother lived in Durham, his descendants in Windham. Mr. Austin spent the evening of his life at Cairo, and died there on the 2d day of May, 1848, aged eighty years.”
The name Baldwin date back to the year 864. the first Count of Flanders married Judith, the daughter of Charles the Bold of France. His first name seems to have been Baldwin, and his successors were called Baldwin down to Baldwin IX, who became the first Emperor of Constantinople. The first mention of it as a surname was in 1198.
Three brothers—Timothy, Nathaniel and Joseph—settled in Milford, Conn., in 1639. Joseph was the ancestor of the first Baldwins to come to Durham, N. Y. These were Jonathan and Abiel, sons of Abiel and Mehitable Baldwin of Durham, Conn., who came with five other young men in 1784 and settled on Meeting-House Hill. Abiel Sr., with his wife and younger children, did not come until 1804.
Jonathan is spoken of as a remarkable man and the means of bringing together the settlers of worship long before the church was organized. He was a blacksmith, and became treasurer and chorister of the first church; had charge of the building and received $3.25 per year for his care of it, which included sweeping it out at least once a month. He married Submit, youngest daughter of Deacon Christopher Lord, and in 1816 removed to Atwater, Ohio, where he died in 1843. One of his children, Elihue Whittlesey Baldwin, became a minister of the gospel and President of Wabash College, at Crawfordville, Indiana.
Abiel was a soldier of the Revolution; married Eunice Coe, had nine children, one of whom became a minister; and Abiel is spoken of by the late J. G. Borthwick as “the most godly man I ever knew.” Of the other brothers, Curtis, who came in 1785, married the school teacher Polly Chittenden. He had taken up land on Meeting-House Hill. David was a man of uncommon piety and had a wonderful memory. The Rev. Seth Williston called him “his concordance, “ and it had been said of him “his Christianity was a living principle.”
Seth Baldwin married Rhoda, daughter of Timothy Hull of Durham, Conn. He lived on the old farm until 1804, and then removed to a place near Cornwallville. He had twelve children, one of whom, Dwight, was at one time principal of Kingston Academy, taught in Catskill and Durham, and finally, after his conversion, became a medical missionary to the Sandwich Islands. Aaron, another son of Abiel Sr., marred Sarah Norton of Durham, Conn., and in 1816 removed to Ohio. Of the daughters of Abiel Sr., Eunice married Selah Strong, Mehitable married William Torrey, and Ruth, Leverett Chittenden.
The second family of Baldwins was that of Noah Sr., brother of the first Abiel, and eight years his junior. They seem to have been very firm friends, living and dying on the same farm. Their children were well educated, professors of religion, and became useful members of society. The three oldest children of Noah died in infancy, and Sally, the fourth child, on her mother’s death (when Sally was sixteen) took the entire care of seven children younger than herself. She often said if it had not been for the assistance of her brothers she would have utterly failed in the undertaking. She married John Hull of Durham, Conn., and, removing to Durham, N. Y., settled on a farm one mile south of the village.
Noah Baldwin Jr., brother of Sally, married Phoebe Hull, James married Mabel, the daughter of Seth Jones, a Revolutionary soldier of Saybrook, Conn., who gave his life for his country. James and his brother Noah lived about thirty rods apart and each built a substantial hip-roofed house, with internal arrangements exactly alike, built the same year and raised the same day. One stood on the north side of the road and the other on the south. James was a very quiet man, much respected, and finally sold his farm to his nephew, Lemuel Baldwin.
Hezekiah and his wife Rachel did not come to Durham until 1816, when he bought the farm at that time owned by Deacon Jonathan, where he lived the remainder of his days. They had no children and his widow became the second wife of Captain Jehiel Cooley.
Adah Baldwin married Christopher Post, and died in 1854 without children. Hannah married Stephen Tibbals and settled on what was afterward the Van Wagener farm. Mehitable married Luther Hayes, born in Massachusetts. They came to Durham village, where he was a hardware merchant, and by honest industry gained a competence. He was Elder in the church, a faithful Christian man. His wife, Aunt Hatty, was very cheerful, pleasant Christian woman. They had nine children.
Rhoda was the youngest and eleventh child of Noah Sr., and she married Constant Bushnell of Saybrook, and came to Durham about 1800; in 1815 removed their church membership to Madison county, N. Y., and at some later date to Marshall, Michigan. They had at least nine children. The name of Baldwin, originating in Durham, is scattered nearly all over this country, from New York to California, from Minnesota to Mississippi, and when this was written over forty years ago there were twenty-three in the Sandwich Islands.
TOWN OF GREENVILLE
This town was organized under the general act passed March 26, 1803. The name was changed from Greenfield to Freehold on April 6, 1808, and on Oct. 6th of the same year, at the house of Seymour Minor, inn-keeper, it was voted to change the name to Greenville, which was confirmed March 17, 1809.
The first town meeting was held at the home of Eli Knowles on April 5, 1803, and the first town officers were as follows:
Charles Griggs Town Clerk Henry Talmadge Assessor
Aaron Hull Overseer of Poor Francis Hickock Assessor
Thomas George Overseer of Poor Reuben Byington Collector
Eben Norton Commissioner Reuben Byington Constable
Daniel Miller Commissioner Robert Frazier Constable
Peter Brandow Commissioner Joseph Heath Constable
Eli Knowles Pound Master Nathaniel Fancher Constable
“In 1804 it was voted that all hogs one year old and upward may run at large, being yoked with a yoke 20 inches long. All under one year with a yoke 12 inches long.” If left unyoked there was a fine of 50 cents for each offense.
In 1813 fourteen schools districts were organized. There were numerous grist and saw mills on the Basic, “Jan-de-bakker” and Potick creeks—the grist mill of Augustine Provost in 1800, the woolen mill of the Kings in 1802, and the saw mills of Reuben Rundle and David Baker, one built by Simon Losee in 1792, a sort distance above where Losee creek empties into Potick; the mill of Henry and Peter Bogardus on “Jan-de-bakker” about 1820, and the Jennings grist mill on the Basic, built 1800. There was a tannery in Freehold in 1805, built by a Sanford; with several others at Greenville; also leather, stoves and shingle factories.
John L. Raymond was one of the first settlers on the Prevost Patent.
The town of Greenville is comparatively free from mountains and high hills, its land more rolling than that of any other town in Greene County, yet it has an elevation from 1,600 to 2,000 feet. Basic Creek is its largest stream. About the time of the town’s organization there was a post route between Coxsackie and Westerlo, with a post at Greenville village, and shortly after one at Newry. The first post-rider was known as “Old Brownie.” The mail of Aaron Hall was his near neighbors was left between two flat stones at the four corners near Hall’s home. The post was weekly and soon became semi-weekly.
Godfrey Brandow, Stephen Lampman and Jacob Bogardus were the first settlers. Reuben Rundle came in 1786, with wife and two sons. He had been a lieutenant in the Revolutionary Army, and married Sally Holly of Stamford, Conn,; his home on what is known s the Dean farm. For a time he was a shoemaker, bringing leather from Catskill on his back and exchanging boots and shoes for grain. He was senior warden of the first Episcopal church. Joseph Waldron was an enterprising settler of 1790; Obadiah King of 1791. Reuben Stevens paid $2.50 an acre for land at “The Hemlocks,” where he died in 1804. His eldest son was a soldier of the Revolution; his wife, Mary Williams.
Augustine Provost was responsible for the existence of Greenville Center village. * (*Once known as “The Hemlocks.”) His patents covered 7,000 acres, and coming to the town of Greenville (1794) he immediately built a frame house a little west of the present village, near the center of his estate, and around it tenant-houses, grist and saw mills, a bark mill, and opened a real estate office where he disposed of small portions of his land on reasonable terms. He built roads and looked after the religious and educational interests of the people, by whom he was much beloved. A school house was built for his own children, and those of his neighbors were allowed to attend without charge. He improved his house and grounds until it looked like an old English estate. There was rich furniture of English manufacture, and valuable paintings. He was acquainted with the prominent men of his day and the notables of England. The portrait of the Duke of Kent, who was a personal friend of his own and his father’s hung on his wall. Three of his sons were in the English army and he a Royalist whose unspoken sympathies were doubtless with England, but he maintained a strict neutrality. It was written of him in 1799, “Major Prevost has a neat little house built on a tract of nine thousand acres, which belongs to him. He is a son of the General Prevost employed in the British service who distinguished himself in the defense of Savannah, and disgraced his character by the burning of many American towns.
“Major Prevost, a native of Switzerland, has all the frankness of an honest Switzer, and of a genuine honest Englishman. He is beloved by his neighbors, seems just and impartial in his opinions, speaks well of the American government, and is a good-natured and agreeable man.” Major Prevost was born in Geneva, Switzerland, August 29, 1774, was twice married, died in 1821, and lies in the Prevost cemetery with others of his family.
The Academy of Greenville was incorporated by Regents on Feb. 27, 1816. This act of incorporation was signed by Daniel D. Tompkins, chancellor of University of State of New York, and Gideon Hawley, secretary of state. The corporators were:
R. Beriah Hotchkin Levi Callendar Daniel Miller
Dr. Amos Botsford Abijah Reed Joseph Bishop
Augustine Prevost Truman Sanford Daniel Hitchcock
Eliakim Reed Alexander Calhoun Josiah Rundle
Aaron Hall Reuben Rundle Jr. Obediah King
James Waldron came to Greenville in 1790 and purchased 100 acres of Levi Blaisdell, a part of which was in the Coeymans Patent. His father came over from Holland in 1757.
Dr. Amos Botsford married Elizabeth Clark, (1801) and the young couple settled on the Eli Knowles place. The only physician in that vicinity for many years, he rode horseback on his innumerable calls throughout the town. He is said to have been very dignified, had a fine physique and commanded the respect of all. For fifty years he was the faithful and successful physician, a Supervisor for a number of years, and one of the incorporators of the Greenville Academy, to which pupils came from all pats of the county. His fourth child, Mary L., married Dr. Bradley S. McCabe, a later physician of Greenville.
On the road from Greenville to The Hemlocks was the house of the Townsends, afterward occupied by Russel Townsend, whose uncle, John Russel, was one of George Washington’s life guards in the Revolution and had the honor of carrying him from the field when thrown from his horse. Abel Townsend kept a public house on the borders of Greenville and Coxsackie.
The first physician in town is said to have been Dr. John Ely of Newry, whose fame spread throughout the county. Isaac Hallock kept a hotel in 1820. Among its merchants are Ransom Hinman (1803), Abijah Reed (1810), and Levi Callendar (1816). Buel Cheritree was the blacksmith and Eli Knowles another hotel-keeper.
Freehold was once an Indian village. The Indian village disappeared in 1616, followed by squatters in 1700, for here was some of the best land in the Catskill valley. Then George III of England granted it, in all 1,000 acres of land, to Johannes Hallenbeck, and a part was sold to the Beckers in 1720. Near by came Christopher Kniskern, Morris Hazard and the Truesdell family. Of the three last their families have disappeared from this vicinity, leaving behind only a few brown stones whose dates are all before 1795. Stephen Platt was an early comer and lost his life in 1800, trying to save a bridge in time of flood. He was active in the business of the town. The King brothers came from Massachusetts. They were educated men, and Perkins King was justice of the peace in 1818 and for seven terms of three years; County Judge for twenty-four years, Member of the Assembly and Congressman. Andrew Dodge was a successful merchant. Formerly potash was manufactured, and there were two brickyard, one near the old cemetery.
The little village of Gayhead lies on the edge of the town, and partly in the town of Cairo. Peter Scriver (now usually called Scriber) came from Clinton Corners, in Dutchess County, in 1818, and settled on a farm which is now the village of Gayhead. He had seven daughters and one son. The son went to Ohio, and his descendents now live in Annapolis, Michigan. He was a soldier of the Revolution, and the great-grandfather of Counselor Ambrose Jones, and grandfather of the late Addison P. Jones of Jefferson.
PIONEERS AND THEIR HOMES
Godfrey Brandow, who married Catrina Overbagh, was the first settler (1750) in the town of Greenville, the Overbaghs of Sandy Plain were his nearest neighbors, and his daughter Catrina, whose baptism is found in the old Katskill church records, was the first white child born there (1751), and the first marriage was that of another daughter, Maria, who married Stephen Lampman, their neighbor in 1752, coming from Coeymans by ox-team.
It is supposed that Godfrey Brandow was of Holland Dutch descent, but his birthplace is unknown, and previous to his coming to Greenville he lived near Saugerties. In the year 1750 he located land in the town of Greenville, and his log house stood on what is sometimes known as the Seabridge farm. His nearest neighbors for two years being the Overbaghs of Sandy Plains, who were his wife’s relatives. Godfrey Brandow and his wife Catrina Overbagh, at the time he settled in the town, had two sons and two daughters.
His farm contained 800 acres, the southern part in the Livingston Patent, and the northern in the Coeymans Patent, afterward Lot No. 1 of the sixth allotment. He cleared a little spot on a ridge which was covered by thick forest trees of oak, hickory and maple. Ten years later it was a large clearing well stocked with cattle and sheep. He brought to this new home plenty of such farming tools as could be secured at that period, and are said to have been imported from Holland.
There are no records of Indian troubles or other exciting events in his life in the wilderness, only wolf-hunts and the killing of other wild beasts of the forest. His son John settled near him, and after the father’s death, in 1795, the homestead came to his then only remaining son, Peter, who bequeathed it in 1830 to his sons, Jacob and Peter P.
Peter, son of Godfrey and Catharine Brandow, was born March 22, 1750, and married Hannah, daughter of Jacob and Maria Bogardus. Peter had courted the mother of his future wife without success, and thereafter had no use for any other women. He also refused to be friends with Jacob and Maria, but when their first child proved to be a daughter they again became friends, and a bargain was made that in case he could win that child’s consent when she became old enough, he should marry her. Her consent must have been obtained, for he married her in 1792, and they had eleven children.
Jacob, who came from Coxsackie, was the third settler, and in 1772 he commenced to clear land on the farm which in 1882 was occupied by his grandsons, Henry and David Bogardus. For two years he spent his summers clearing away the forest, and his winters in Coxsackie. Coming back with a family in 1774 to make a permanent home, he found it unsafe because of the Indians, and returned to wait for more peaceful times.
He enlisted as a minute-man in the Revolutionary war, and it was not until 1783 that he returned to Greenville with his family. The log house stood only a few rods east of where the family residence stood later. He had 800 acres, half of which was afterward sold, 200 acres to his brother Manning, who settled there in 1784.
Jacob Bogardus was a direct descendant of Everardus Bogardus, who was the first minister sent over by the Dutch West India Company to New Amsterdam. Jacob had a strong character and was noted for honesty of purpose, retaining the customs and manners of the Holland Dutch until the day of his death.
Manning Bogardus, who settled on a part of Jacob’s original estate, was born in Coxsackie; was a Revolutionary soldier, and had command of a company of rangers. | <urn:uuid:e4de511e-8da1-4ab2-8a6f-3f12d43d8587> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nygreen2/history_of_greene_county_section_3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645265792.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031425-00253-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985444 | 16,278 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Bloating, heartburn, and indigestion may not only be the end effect of Candida overgrowth. Poor digestion can actually cause Candida. Heartburn, bloating or bowel irregularity are warning signs that digestion is anything but perfect.
With indigestion epidemics you do not want to be another Candida victim. Here are the most common signs that may warn you about this microbial presence.
Heartburn and low stomach acid
Heartburn means you have too much stomach acid, right? Wrong! This is one of the most common myths circulating among patients and doctors. Heartburn may actually mean that you have low stomach acid. You may check your stomach acid levels easily at home. If you (or your doctor) have never tested for stomach acidity it is easy to make wrong assumptions.
Why low stomach acid contributes to Candida? Stomach acid has several functions. Besides starting the digestive process, stomach acid also aids in sterilizing the ingested food. Bacteria and yeast cannot survive strong stomach acid. However, if stomach acid is low, bacteria and yeast can easily find their way to the intestines, where they stay, multiply, and cause trouble.
Candida and drugs
Your heartburn medication can also contribute to Candida. If you or your doctor assume, without testing, that your heartburn is caused by excess acid then you may end up taking antacids or even stronger prescription medication. Watch out for names such as
- Zantac, or
They all shut down stomach acid production. Their effects do not just last for a meal, but possibly as long as three days. These drugs are major Candida makers.
Constipation contributes to Candida
What is constipation? A bowel movement once a week obviously is constipation, but what about going every second day, or daily. Can a person be constipated even with daily bowel movements?
Constipation simply means that a person does not evacuate bowels on time. One can have daily bowel movement, but if whatever comes out on Thursday are left-overs from Monday, that’s not good. That’s considered constipation.
People who “go” several times a day after a meal are frequently constipated. Their bowel movements are triggered by a new meal. A new meal provides a mechanical push in the intestines and triggers evacuation. If this is how your bowels work you may be constipated. Please test yourself with corn.
Corn test for constipation
On Monday eat half a cup of corn. Corn fibers are non-digestible and easily spotted in the stool. Watch for when the little corn pieces start coming out with your stool. The last bit to come out represents your transit time, which is the time it takes for you to digest and eliminate food. If the transit time is longer than two days it is not good.
Constipation, or prolonged waste retention promotes Candida. Candida loves constipation, because it changes colon pH (acidity). Candida loves alkaline bowels, and constipation does just that, increasing colon alkalinity. Just as the stomach is healthy when acidic, healthy bowels are also slightly acidic, but never alkaline.
Bloating a Candida warning
Bloating is a frequent sign of poor digestion. Gas bloating can already be a sign of Candida presence. Even if Candida is not present bloating can be an indication that a vicious cycle is starting. Bloating without Candida is frequently related to poor carbohydrate digestion. Bloating after bread of milk is a sign of insufficient carbohydrate processing. Undigested carbohydrate becomes food for Candida. The yeast easily grows on a carbohydrate-rich medium. Candida will produce gas, which causes bloating from digesting these carb-rich foods.
Candida, once established, is difficult to treat and will require major dietary and lifestyle changes. It is much easier to watch out for Candida triggers and remove Candida while it is in its early stage. It is wise to test for the presence of Candida even if there are no obvious signs. Candida is an epidemic and it is one of the most under-recognized and ignored health problems affecting North Americans today. | <urn:uuid:45eef44e-847a-44a5-a4b4-0c0a4573eff1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://drdnaturopath.com/low-stomach-acid-can-cause-candida/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812841.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219211247-20180219231247-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.93246 | 871 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- Identify three special properties of water that make it unusual for a molecule of its size, and explain how these result from hydrogen bonding.
- Explain what is meant by hydrogen bonding and the molecular structural features that bring it about.
- Describe the "structure", such as it is, of liquid water.
- Sketch out structural examples of hydrogen bonding in three small molecules other than H2O.
- Describe the roles of hydrogen bonding in proteins and in DNA.
Most students of chemistry quickly learn to relate the structure of a molecule to its general properties. Thus we generally expect small molecules to form gases or liquids, and large ones to exist as solids under ordinary conditions. And then we come to H2O, and are shocked to find that many of the predictions are way off, and that water (and by implication, life itself) should not even exist on our planet! In this section we will learn why this tiny combination of three nuclei and ten electrons possesses special properties that make it unique among the more than 15 million chemical species we presently know.
In water, each hydrogen nucleus is covalently bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair of electrons that are shared between them. In H2O, only two of the six outer-shell electrons of oxygen are used for this purpose, leaving four electrons which are organized into two non-bonding pairs. The four electron pairs surrounding the oxygen tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsions between these clouds of negative charge. This would ordinarily result in a tetrahedral geometry in which the angle between electron pairs (and therefore the H-O-H bond angle) is 109.5°. However, because the two non-bonding pairs remain closer to the oxygen atom, these exert a stronger repulsion against the two covalent bonding pairs, effectively pushing the two hydrogen atoms closer together. The result is a distorted tetrahedral arrangement in which the H—O—H angle is 104.5°.
Water's large dipole moment leads to hydrogen bonding
The H2O molecule is electrically neutral, but the positive and negative charges are not distributed uniformly. This is illustrated by the gradation in color in the schematic diagram here. The electronic (negative) charge is concentrated at the oxygen end of the molecule, owing partly to the nonbonding electrons (solid blue circles), and to oxygen's high nuclear charge which exerts stronger attractions on the electrons. This charge displacement constitutes an electric dipole, represented by the arrow at the bottom; you can think of this dipole as the electrical "image" of a water molecule.
Opposite charges attract, so it is not surprising that the negative end of one water molecule will tend to orient itself so as to be close to the positive end of another molecule that happens to be nearby. The strength of this dipole-dipole attraction is less than that of a normal chemical bond, and so it is completely overwhelmed by ordinary thermal motions in the gas phase. However, when the H2O molecules are crowded together in the liquid, these attractive forces exert a very noticeable effect, which we call (somewhat misleadingly) hydrogen bonding. And at temperatures low enough to turn off the disruptive effects of thermal motions, water freezes into ice in which the hydrogen bonds form a rigid and stable network.
Notice that the hydrogen bond (shown by the dashed green line) is somewhat longer than the covalent O—H bond. It is also much weaker, about 23 kJ mol–1 compared to the O–H covalent bond strength of 492 kJ mol–1.
Forty-one anomalies of water" — some of them rather esoteric.
Water has long been known to exhibit many physical properties that distinguish it from other small molecules of comparable mass. Although chemists refer to these as the "anomalous" properties of water, they are by no means mysterious; all are entirely predictable consequences of the way the size and nuclear charge of the oxygen atom conspire to distort the electronic charge clouds of the atoms of other elements when these are chemically bonded to the oxygen.
The most apparent peculiarity of water is its very high boiling point for such a light molecule. Liquid methane CH4 (molecular weight 16) boils at –161°C. As you can see from this diagram, extrapolation of the boiling points of the various Group 16 hydrogen compounds to H2O suggests that this substance should be a gas under normal conditions.
Compared to most other liquids, water also has a high surface tension. Have you ever watched an insect walk across the surface of a pond? The water strider takes advantage of the fact that the water surface acts like an elastic film that resists deformation when a small weight is placed on it. (If you are careful, you can also "float" a small paper clip or steel staple on the surface of water in a cup.) This is all due to the surface tension of the water. A molecule within the bulk of a liquid experiences attractions to neighboring molecules in all directions, but since these average out to zero, there is no net force on the molecule. For a molecule that finds itself at the surface, the situation is quite different; it experiences forces only sideways and downward, and this is what creates the stretched-membrane effect.
The distinction between molecules located at the surface and those deep inside is especially prominent in H2O, owing to the strong hydrogen-bonding forces. The difference between the forces experienced by a molecule at the surface and one in the bulk liquid gives rise to the liquid's surface tension. This drawing highlights two H2O molecules, one at the surface, and the other in the bulk of the liquid. The surface molecule is attracted to its neighbors below and to either side, but there are no attractions pointing in the 180° solid angle angle above the surface. As a consequence, a molecule at the surface will tend to be drawn into the bulk of the liquid. But since there must always be some surface, the overall effect is to minimize the surface area of a liquid.
The geometric shape that has the smallest ratio of surface area to volume is the sphere, so very small quantities of liquids tend to form spherical drops. As the drops get bigger, their weight deforms them into the typical tear shape.
Ice floats on water
The most energetically favorable configuration of H2O molecules is one in which each molecule is hydrogen-bonded to four neighboring molecules. Owing to the thermal motions described above, this ideal is never achieved in the liquid, but when water freezes to ice, the molecules settle into exactly this kind of an arrangement in the ice crystal. This arrangement requires that the molecules be somewhat farther apart then would otherwise be the case; as a consequence, ice, in which hydrogen bonding is at its maximum, has a more open structure, and thus a lower density than water.
Here are three-dimensional views of a typical local structure of water (left) and ice (right.) Notice the greater openness of the ice structure which is necessary to ensure the strongest degree of hydrogen bonding in a uniform, extended crystal lattice. The more crowded and jumbled arrangement in liquid water can be sustained only by the greater amount of thermal energy available above the freezing point.
When ice melts, the more vigorous thermal motion disrupts much of the hydrogen-bonded structure, allowing the molecules to pack more closely. Water is thus one of the very few substances whose solid form has a lower density than the liquid at the freezing point. Localized clusters of hydrogen bonds still remain, however; these are continually breaking and reforming as the thermal motions jiggle and shove the individual molecules. As the temperature of the water is raised above freezing, the extent and lifetimes of these clusters diminish, so the density of the water increases.
At higher temperatures, another effect, common to all substances, begins to dominate: as the temperature increases, so does the amplitude of thermal motions. This more vigorous jostling causes the average distance between the molecules to increase, reducing the density of the liquid; this is ordinary thermal expansion.
Because the two competing effects (hydrogen bonding at low temperatures and thermal expansion at higher temperatures) both lead to a decrease in density, it follows that there must be some temperature at which the density of water passes through a maximum. This temperature is 4° C; this is the temperature of the water you will find at the bottom of an ice-covered lake in which this most dense of all water has displaced the colder water and pushed it nearer to the surface.
Structure of Liquid Water
The nature of liquid water and how the H2O molecules within it are organized and interact are questions that have attracted the interest of chemists for many years. There is probably no liquid that has received more intensive study, and there is now a huge literature on this subject. The following facts are well established:
- H2O molecules attract each other through the special type of dipole-dipole interaction known as hydrogen bonding
- a hydrogen-bonded cluster in which four H2Os are located at the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron is an especially favorable (low-potential energy) configuration, but...
- the molecules undergo rapid thermal motions on a time scale of picoseconds (10–12 second), so the lifetime of any specific clustered configuration will be fleetingly brief.
A variety of techniques including infrared absorption, neutron scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance have been used to probe the microscopic structure of water. The information garnered from these experiments and from theoretical calculations has led to the development of around twenty "models" that attempt to explain the structure and behavior of water. More recently, computer simulations of various kinds have been employed to explore how well these models are able to predict the observed physical properties of water.
This work has led to a gradual refinement of our views about the structure of liquid water, but it has not produced any definitive answer. There are several reasons for this, but the principal one is that the very concept of "structure" (and of water "clusters") depends on both the time frame and volume under consideration. Thus, questions of the following kinds are still open:
- How do you distinguish the members of a "cluster" from adjacent molecules that are not in that cluster?
- Since individual hydrogen bonds are continually breaking and re-forming on a picosecond time scale, do water clusters have any meaningful existence over longer periods of time? In other words, clusters are transient, whereas "structure" implies a molecular arrangement that is more enduring. Can we then legitimately use the term "clusters" in describing the structure of water?
- The possible locations of neighboring molecules around a given H2O are limited by energetic and geometric considerations, thus giving rise to a certain amount of "structure" within any small volume element. It is not clear, however, to what extent these structures interact as the size of the volume element is enlarged. And as mentioned above, to what extent are these structures maintained for periods longer than a few picoseconds?
In the 1950's it was assumed that liquid water consists of a mixture of hydrogen-bonded clusters (H2O)n in which n can have a variety of values, but little evidence for the existence of such aggregates was ever found. The present view, supported by computer-modeling and spectroscopy, is that on a very short time scale, water is more like a "gel" consisting of a single, huge hydrogen-bonded cluster. On a 10–12-10–9 sec time scale, rotations and other thermal motions cause individual hydrogen bonds to break and re-form in new configurations, inducing ever-changing local discontinuities whose extent and influence depends on the temperature and pressure.
Ice, like all solids, has a well-defined structure; each water molecule is surrounded by four neighboring H2Os. two of these are hydrogen-bonded to the oxygen atom on the central H2O molecule, and each of the two hydrogen atoms is similarly bonded to another neighboring H2O.
Ice forms crystals having a hexagonal lattice structure, which in their full development would tend to form hexagonal prisms very similar to those sometimes seen in quartz. This does occasionally happen, and anyone who has done much winter mountaineering has likely seen needle-shaped prisms of ice crystals floating in the air. Under most conditions, however, the snowflake crystals we see are flattened into the beautiful fractal-like hexagonal structures that are commonly observed.
The H2O molecules that make up the top and bottom plane faces of the prism are packed very closely and linked (through hydrogen bonding) to the molecules inside. In contrast to this, the molecules that make up the sides of the prism, and especially those at the hexagonal corners, are much more exposed, so that atmospheric H2O molecules that come into contact with most places on the crystal surface attach very loosely and migrate along it until they are able to form hydrogen-bonded attachments to these corners, thus becoming part of the solid and extending the structure along these six directions. This process perpetuates itself as the new extensions themselves acquire a hexagonal structure.
Why is ice slippery?
At temperatures as low as 200 K, the surface of ice is highly disordered and water-like. As the temperature approaches the freezing point, this region of disorder extends farther down from the surface and acts as a lubricant.
The illustration is taken from from an article in the April 7, 2008 issue of C&EN honoring the physical chemist Gabor Somorjai who pioneered modern methods of studying surfaces.
To a chemist, the term "pure" has meaning only in the context of a particular application or process. The distilled or de-ionized water we use in the laboratory contains dissolved atmospheric gases and occasionally some silica, but their small amounts and relative inertness make these impurities insignificant for most purposes. When water of the highest obtainable purity is required for certain types of exacting measurements, it is commonly filtered, de-ionized, and triple-vacuum distilled. But even this "chemically pure" water is a mixture of isotopic species: there are two stable isotopes of both hydrogen (H1 and H2, the latter often denoted by D) and oxygen (O16 and O18) which give rise to combinations such as H2O18, HDO16, etc., all of which are readily identifiable in the infrared spectra of water vapor. And to top this off, the two hydrogen atoms in water contain protons whose magnetic moments can be parallel or antiparallel, giving rise to ortho- and para-water, respectively. The two forms are normally present in a o/p ratio of 3:1.
The amount of the rare isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in water varies enough from place to place that it is now possible to determine the age and source of a particular water sample with some precision. These differences are reflected in the H and O isotopic profiles of organisms. Thus the isotopic analysis of human hair can be a useful tool for crime investigations and anthropology research.
More about hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonds form when the electron cloud of a hydrogen atom that is attached to one of the more electronegative atoms is distorted by that atom, leaving a partial positive charge on the hydrogen. Owing to the very small size of the hydrogen atom, the density of this partial charge is large enough to allow it to interact with the lone-pair electrons on a nearby electronegative atom. Although hydrogen bonding is commonly described as a form of dipole-dipole attraction, it is now clear that it involves a certain measure of electron-sharing (between the external non-bonding electrons and the hydrogen) as well, so these bonds possess some covalent character.
Hydrogen bonds are longer than ordinary covalent bonds, and they are also weaker. The experimental evidence for hydrogen bonding usually comes from X-ray diffraction studies on solids that reveal shorter-than-normal distances between hydrogen and other atoms.
Hydrogen bonding in small molecules
The following examples show something of the wide scope of hydrogen bonding in molecules.
|Ammonia (mp –78, bp –33°C) is hydrogen-bonded in the liquid and solid states.
|Hydrogen bonding is responsible for ammonia's remarkably high solubility in water.
|Many organic (carboxylic) acids form hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state.
|Here the hydrogen bond acceptor is the π electron cloud of a benzene ring. This type of interaction is important in maintaining the shape of proteins.
Hydrogen fluoride (mp –92, bp 33°C) is another common substance that is strongly hydrogen-bonded in its condensed phases.
|The bifluoride ion (for which no proper Lewis structure can be written) can be regarded as a complex ion held together by the strongest hydrogen bond known: about 155 kJ mol–1.
|"As slow as molasses in the winter!" Multiple hydroxyl groups provide lots of opportunities for hydrogen bonding and lead to the high viscosities of substances such as glycerine and sugar syrups.
Hydrogen bonding in biopolymers
Hydrogen bonding plays an essential role in natural polymers of biological origin in two ways:
- Hydrogen bonding between adjacent polymer chains (intermolecular bonding);
- Hydrogen bonding between different parts of the same chain (intramolecular bonding;
- Hydrogen bonding of water molecules to –OH groups on the polymer chain ("bound water") that helps maintain the shape of the polymer.
The examples that follow are representative of several types of biopolymers.
Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose (see above), containing 300 to over 10,000 units, depending on the source. As the principal structural component of plants (along with lignin in trees), cellulose is the most abundant organic substance on the earth. The role of hydrogen bonding is to cross-link individual molecules to build up sheets as shown here. These sheets than stack up in a staggered array held together by van der Waals forces. Further hydrogen-bonding of adjacent stacks bundles them together into a stronger and more rigid structure.
These polymers made from amino acids R—CH(NH2)COOH depend on intramolecular hydrogen bonding to maintain their shape (secondary and tertiary structure) which is essential for their important function as biological catalysts (enzymes). Hydrogen-bonded water molecules embedded in the protein are also important for their structural integrity.
The principal hydrogen bonding in proteins is between the -N—H groups of the "amino" parts with the -C=O groups of the "acid" parts. These interactions give rise to the two major types of the secondary structure which refers to the arrangement of the amino acid polymer chain:
Although carbon is not usually considered particularly electronegative, C—H----X hydrogen bonds are also now known to be significant in proteins.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Who you are is totally dependent on hydrogen bonds! DNA, as you probably know, is the most famous of the biopolymers owing to its central role in defining the structure and function of all living organisms. Each strand of DNA is built from a sequence of four different nucleotide monomers consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base conventionally identified by the letters A,T, C and G. DNA itself consists of two of these polynucleotide chains that are coiled around a common axis in a configuration something like the protein alpha helix depicted above. The sugar-and-phosphate backbones are on the outside so that the nucleotide bases are on the inside and facing each other. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that link a nitrogen atom of a nucleotide in one chain with a nitrogen or oxygen on the nucleotide that is across from it on the other chain.
Efficient hydrogen bonding within this configuration can only occur between the pairs A-T and C-G, so these two complementary pairs constitute the "alphabet" that encodes the genetic information that gets transcribed whenever new protein molecules are built. Water molecules, hydrogen-bonded to the outer parts of the DNA helix, help stabilize it. | <urn:uuid:75288c0f-45f2-4849-8a3a-c282dca26554> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/Community_College_of_Baltimore_County_Organic_Chemistry_1/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_and_Covalent_Bonding/1.11%3A_The_Bonds_in_Water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476137.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302215752-20240303005752-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.943755 | 4,238 | 4.15625 | 4 |
All data transferred between devices in World Machine falls into one of three categories:
- Ordinary (Non-spatial)
Let’s take a look at the difference between these types of data.
Ordinary, non-spatial data in World Machine consistent of parameters and plain values. The number 0.75 or the color red don’t depend on anything else, and have intrinsic meaning on their own. They do not have a specific location in the world associated with them; they’re just a number, text, color, etc.
Spatial Data, on the other hand, has a unique value for each point in space, and is the principal form of data in World Machine.
Most of the spatial data in WM is defined on a grid, that contains a value at each grid point. For example: heightfields vary elevation across a plane, producing a terrain. Images contain a color for each 2D point in space in the same way.
Spatial data can exist within either worldspace or localspace.
Generally speaking, all inputs to a device must be of the same spatial type.
Worldspace data is the most common data you will encounter within World Machine. Unless you intentionally specify otherwise, all of your data will be in worldspace.
Worldspace data contains a placement. The placement defines the geographical location of the grid data, its pixel spacing, aspect ratio, etc. This placement data is taken from the current render extent. Generator devices in World Machine will produce the appropriate results respecting that placement.
This is convenient, because it means we can manipulate the render extent to change what contents are produced. If you want to move everything in your world over by a few kilometers, that is exactly the same as moving the location of your render extent by that amount.
It also means that WM always understands where and how to display your worldspace data. For example, a File Input device importing a heightfield into worldspace will place that heightfield at the particular location and size in the world as you specify.
Localspace is actually much simpler. A localspace image or heightfield is data that has not been placed into a particular spot in the world. You can think of it as simply an “asset“, waiting to be used. Because of this, it is often referred to as an object.
When would you want to work in localspace? Here’s some examples:
- Load a bitmap, tweak its colors, and export it at the same resolution
- Create a feature such as a crater or volcano, and then populate it randomly within your world
- Create “hero” terrain elements to be used elsewhere (perhaps as an alpha-stamp for software such as ZBrush or Mudbox)
Typically, you will create or load a localspace asset in a section of your workview graph, and then insert it into the world in some fashion. You can do this with the Instance Tile and Instance Scatter devices.
Some important things to remember about localspace:
- Localspace data doesn’t have an intrinsic scale to it. World Machine nominally assigns it to a patch of space 8km x 8km across, with an elevation (Z) scale the same as project elevation scale, but this is only for convenience and display purposes. The localspace data only has a real size once you place it into the world.
- Localspace data may have a non-square aspectio ratio. That is, the width does not have to equal the height. However, if two non-square local objects are combined (e.g. in a Combiner device, or two inputs to a filter) there is no way to specify which aspect ratio the result should use. This may be updated in the future.
Controlling Spatial Type
Most generators allow you to control the spatial type of the data that it produces. To do so, simply open the device parameters and adjust the Placement type:
The default is for a generator to inherit the placement type of the group that it resides within in the workview. This lets you set many devices to localspace at once by simply putting them inside a group set to localspace:
Localspace data flows-forward; every device after a localspace device in a chain will also be in localspace, and there will be an (L) indicator in the workview letting you know about this.
The Instance Tile/Scatter devices have an “Object Input” port that accepts a localspace input; Connect your object to this input to place it into the world. | <urn:uuid:724c9fcd-4b55-48ed-b476-7dc6aa3ef5d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://help.world-machine.com/topic/localspace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500365.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206212647-20230207002647-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.903341 | 982 | 2.546875 | 3 |
By Richard Brody
It’s a far different thing, to seek a leadership position, than, becoming a true LEADER! Wouldn’t it make sense, for these individuals, to proceed, forward, with an awareness. of their true, inner feelings, as to why, they want, to lead? Shouldn’t someone, to thoroughly consider, and know, why, they want to become a leader, and, whether, they have what it takes, to make a necessary, difference, for the better, in their chosen organization? With that in mind, this article will attempt to, briefly, consider, examine, review, and discuss, using the mnemonic approach, what this means and represents, and why it matters. It takes, far more than, merely wanting, to lead, but rather, the commitment, and discipline, to do so!
1. Listen; learn; like leading: It takes a willingness, to effectively, listen, and learn, in order to proceed, in a compelling way, to bring people together, for the greater good! In addition, one thing, few people consider, is whether, they will actually, like leading! How will you know, in advance, unless you proceed, in a well – considered, focused way?
2. Empathy; energy/ energize; emphasis: Why do so few leaders, appear to possess the degree of genuine empathy, which might address perceptions, concerns, etc, on a timely basis? A leader’s energy, tends to energize others, towards a meeting – of – the – minds! These considerations are significant factors, which generally determine, the best place to place his emphasis! Few people proceed, with a combination of introspection, and objectivity, to identify, their personal strengths, and weaknesses!
3. Attitude; aptitude; attention; articulate: It takes a positive, can – do, attitude, combined with a relevant, well – developed, aptitude, and skill – set, to make someone, a real leader! He must pay keen attention, to what’s relevant and sustainable, and understand potential ramifications, while having the self – confidence, to articulate an inspiring, motivating message!
4. Delve deeply; discover; deliver: It’s important to have the commitment, to delve deeply, in order to discover, the best strategy, and implement a meaningful, relevant, sustainable, action plan!
5. Endurance; excellence; enrich: Since there are many obstacles, thrust in one’s path, a leader must exhibit the degree of endurance, which might bring about quality, and excellence, in order to focus on, the best way, to enrich, the group he represents, and the constituents, he serves!
6. Relevant; responsive; realistic; rationale: If you don’t clearly, understand, and appreciate your personal motivations, motives, perceptions, and priorities, how will you be able to articulate, your rationale, to others? A real leader must proceed, consistently, in a relevant, sustainable, responsible, and realistic way, in order to earn the right, to be considered, a leader!
Why are you, and why, did you become, a LEADER? Are you, up to the task?
Richard has owned businesses, been a COO, CEO, Director of Development, consultant, professionally run events, consulted to thousands of leaders, and conducted personal development seminars, for 4 decades. Rich has written three books and thousands of articles. His company, PLAN2LEAD, LLC has an informative website http://plan2lead.net and Plan2lead can also be followed on Facebook http://facebook.com/Plan2lead | <urn:uuid:bd79f06f-2fb9-408b-ab0e-462dd08c097e> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.hrheadquarters.ie/managing-leading/why-do-you-want-to-be-a-leader/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541317967.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216041840-20191216065840-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.940323 | 766 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Peter Pan character’s hook may be due to the crocodile, but the author was inspired by an affliction that challenges hundreds of thousands of people.
When James Barrie, the author of Peter Pan, wrote his everlasting story his choice of the villainous Captain Hook, whose one hand had been snapped off by a crocodile, wasn’t created by happenstance. Barrie’s own ailment was the inspiration for his character, a problem of the hand known as Dupuytren’s disease.
Dupuytren’s disease (pronounced doo-pa-trens), also referred to as a Viking or Celtic disease or Dupuytren’s Contracture, is an ailment that causes one’s hand or hands to contract into an almost claw and Barrie is not the only person of historical note that suffered from it. The Papal Benediction sign, with bent ring and small fingers, may have had its beginnings with a pope who suffered from Dupuytren’s.
The disease is named after Dr. Guillaume Dupuytren, who was Napoleon’s surgeon, and in his time was perhaps the most famous surgeon in France. In 1831 he operated on patients and then lectured on a condition causing bent fingers. Although he wasn’t the first one to observe and treat the condition, his name was thereafter attached to the disease.
Today, hundreds of thousands of people in the United States alone are affected by the disease. In 2012, a member of the rock band Marillion, who goes by the name Fish, was diagnosed with the disease.
What Is It?
Stated simply, Dupuytren’s is a thickening and contracture of tissue beneath the skin on the palm of the hand and fingers. One or both hands may be affected. More specifically, the condition causes connective tissue under the skin of the palm of the hand to thicken and shrink which can cause the fingers to bend toward the palm. The bent fingers are usually unable to be fully straightened.
The disease is thought to have first occurred, or literature suggests, in the 1600s. It is thought to be an inherited disease, but the exact cause is not known nor clearly understood. There has been some thought that the disease is associated with anything from cigarette smoking, epilepsy, diabetes, to alcoholism. Even extensive use of vibrating tools has been thought to be a potential source for the problem. It is most likely to occur in middle age. The disease usually finds the ring finger affected, followed by the little finger and it’s not uncommon for several fingers to be affected. For unexplained reasons, men are more affected than women. | <urn:uuid:71c76d20-be2a-4f8d-b6c5-176f20232c7b> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://healthmad.com/conditions-and-diseases/the-disease-that-helped-create-captain-hook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769419.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00092-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979298 | 567 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Colorado Ghost Towns & Mining Camps
During the late 19th century, gold fever roared through Colorado
like wildfire, and mining camps and towns were literally born overnight. Seeking their fortunes, thousands of men arrived in the Centennial State in search of glittery minerals. Settlements grew up on rocky hillsides, in grassy meadows, and along creeks and rivers -- where ever gold or silver was thought to be found.
Many towns, such as Central City
and Cripple Creek
were so successful they grew into large cities, some of which were larger than Denver at the time. This mining boom brought national recognition to Colorado as one of the most lucrative places to be in the late 1800s.
Colorado has more than 600 ghost towns
, most of which were mining towns, which are the most popular among visitors. There at least that many more that were established that have no remains to provide evidence that they ever existed. | <urn:uuid:0b2b4030-61ce-466b-a491-6c463d4f20de> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://photos.legendsofamerica.com/co-ghosttowns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626008.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616190205-20210616220205-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.989115 | 192 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The recent Federal Communications Commission decision to “protect” net neutrality was long awaited by activists, but it turned out to be smoke and mirrors, catering largely to service providers such as Comcast and AT&T. What is needed now is a collective movement by all Internet users throughout the world, not just the relative few who have been fighting on our behalf, to stop the demise of Internet freedom before it’s too late.
While the new FCC ruling requires that telecom and telephone companies maintain transparency in their policies, it does little to regulate those policies. Chief among the dangerous practices that it will fail to adequately regulate is the imminent “pay for priority” system desired by a few dominant Internet service providers. The FCC’s impotent ruling comes just as it is about to put its seal of approval on Comcast’s merger with NBC International, one of the world’s largest content providers. The conflict of interest is glaring, yet the FCC seems to have missed it; or just maybe regulators intend their decision as a Band-Aid to try to fix the problem.
Call to Action:
On New Year’s Day, between the hours of 2 and 3 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, go offline to express one unified voice against the creation of a pay-for-priority Internet system, the abolition of a flat fee for Internet access, and any attempt by Internet service providers to block, censor or otherwise interfere with Internet content.
The problem is that the new ruling, even liberally interpreted, gives the FCC little or no regulatory power over these giant telecom corporations. Pursuant to the 2005 Supreme Court decision in Brand X, the FCC acquired the authority to determine whether or not such companies operate under common carriage. In Brand X, the FCC, chaired at the time by Michael Powell, maintained that the Internet was an information (rather than a telecommunication) service, hence more like a cable television station and less like your home phone. On this basis, the FCC concluded that the Internet was not subject to common carriage. This was significant because, under the common law doctrine of common carriage, the Internet pipes, like the telephone lines, would be regarded as a public rather than private set of roadways. Thus, nobody can be prevented by a telephone service provider from speaking to anyone else over the phone lines. Likewise, common carriage for the Internet meant that no one could be prevented from using the Internet cables to communicate with others.
What is Net Neutrality?
Internet common carriage is presently dead in the water. The upshot is that telecommunication and telephone companies can now decide, within certain limits of fair competition, what content providers can operate on the Internet. This is tantamount to turning the Net into an extension of the mainstream media, which has the power to decide what Internet surfers can see and hear in the way of news and information.
FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski claims that his commission’s new ruling would ensure that Internet users continue to have the same experience they currently have, but this is doubtful. To provide such assurance, the FCC needs to invoke Title II common carriage regulations and reinstate common carriage regarding Internet service providers. Instead, its ruling was based on Section 706 of the Communications Act, which limply requires the FCC to “encourage the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans.”
In short, the FCC took the path of least resistance. While companies like Comcast and AT&T and their congressional cronies may now be decrying this ruling as a formidable attempt to fix what isn’t broken, it is likely that these same opponents are quietly relieved that the FCC did not flex its muscle to reinstate common carriage.
As a consequence, companies such as Comcast are in a powerful legal position to control Internet content by creating a “pay for priority” system, according to which major corporations with lots of money would be able to purchase faster connectivity or bandwidth while the rest of us would afford only poor connectivity. Giant companies would be in a position to have their voices heard loudly and clearly while the rest of the human population would have a faint voice and presence on the Net.
To add insult to injury, these companies want to treat the Internet like a utility wherein customers would no longer pay a flat access rate but would be monitored and charged for the amount of time they spend on the Internet and the amount of data they download. This would mean higher usage costs for consumers and would portend less access to information for Americans. If you couldn’t afford to pay the price of a download, you simply couldn’t get it.
All this would be bad enough. However, the plot thickens because the current gatekeepers of the Internet who would wield such power also have cooperative arrangements with government. For example, pursuant to the 2008 FISA Amendments Act, telecom companies such as Comcast and AT&T are required to help government conduct mass surveillance sweeps of all electronic traffic passing through their networks. In return, these companies enjoy full immunity from civil lawsuits filed by customers for abridgements of their Fourth Amendment right to privacy.
The implication here is that the companies that now control the Internet pipes are also working for the government. This is a formula for increased government surveillance and Internet control. Thus, while the telecoms and telephone companies currently screen electronic communications in cooperation with government, they do not appear to be regularly blocking content. However, in the absence of a clear, unequivocal, legal mandate protecting net neutrality, these corporate gatekeepers will begin to block as well as screen Internet content for political purposes.
Presently, the Internet is an incredibly robust democratic forum. However, this level of democracy is inversely proportional to the amount of government-corporate control exercised over these information pipes. Americans have become accustomed to finding out things that they might not have known about had they not been permitted to freely surf the Net. When this freedom ends, a vital artery of democracy will be fatally severed.
But the time to react to this mounting exigency is not after the free architecture of the Internet is torn down. By then it would be too late. Instead, while it still exists, the free and open Internet can itself be used virally to create a mounting opposition to a pay-for-priority Internet.
So this is a plea to spread the news. The new FCC ruling is not good. The American people need to use the free Internet while it still exists to speak with one united voice. The message is that we the people of the free world will not sit idly by and allow the open and democratic Internet to be torn down. Collectively, we have power to stop this decline because these corporations can profit only if they have customers.
The will of the people must prevail and we must make our will known. There are several ways to do this. You can go to OpenInternet.gov, which is operated by the FCC, to express your dismay over the failure of the FCC’s new rules to unequivocally preempt a pay-for-priority Internet arrangement. You can write your elected representatives about it and advocate for passage of new legislation protecting net neutrality. You can organize peaceful demonstrations. And you can contact your Internet provider. In the U.S., you can contact Comcast here, AT&T here and Verizon here.
We’ll have the greatest impact if we work together.
On New Year’s Day, between the hours of 2 and 3 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, we the people should go offline to express one unified voice against the creation of a pay-for-priority Internet system, the abolition of a flat fee for Internet access, and any attempt by Internet service providers to block, censor or otherwise interfere with Internet content.
In other words, we can and should show that people throughout the free world will not tolerate any attempt by any Internet service provider to tamper with the free, open and accessible nature and design of the Internet. As gatekeepers of the Internet, these companies need a demonstration of the power of the people. Collective action by the few is insufficient. In order to succeed, there needs to be an expression of worldwide, unified support for the continued existence of a free and democratic Internet.
Please post and pass this plea for collective action on to others.
We the people need to stand united and use this very forum to make it known that we will not be silenced. For democracy’s sake, spread the word. | <urn:uuid:89b06788-cbe7-4d0e-bbc5-5bbd82c3120f> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.truthdig.com/report/print/help_stop_destruction_of_the_free_internet_now_20101226 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645281325.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031441-00180-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953713 | 1,733 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Union Public Service Commission, shortly called as UPSC conducts a Competitive Examination Named Geo-Scientist and Geologists Examination for Recruitment to the various positions in the Government sector.
The examination is held for two categories namely :
Category I : (Posts in Geological Survey of India, Ministry of Mines)
(i) Geologist, Group A : 150
(ii) Geophysicist, Group A : 40
(iii) Chemist, Group A : 50
Category II : (Posts in the Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources)
(i) Junior Hydrogeologists (Scientist B), Group A : 29
|Date of Notification||12th March, 2016|
|Last date for submission applications in online||8th April 2016, 11.59 pm|
|Date of Commencing Exam||26th June, 2016|
|The result of the written examination is expected to be far.|
Candidates selected under category I are appointed on probation for two years. During this period they have to undergo training and pass test or examination prescribed by the competent authority.
Candidates under category II are also appointed on probation for two years.
It is a lucrative opening for geology and hydrology graduates in the Government sector.
UPSC conducts the Geologists' exam, generally in the month of November and the Notification commences in the month of June every year. These are only the tentative schedule and the readers are advised to check for the updates with the UPSC. | <urn:uuid:ef851fc5-73e9-4b0b-8856-e74d8ddf3f72> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.coachingindians.com/upsc-exam/geologists-exam.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156311.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919220117-20180920000117-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.937694 | 311 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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