text
stringlengths 198
621k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 15
1.73k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 49
160k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Eurofighter combat aircraft has released an MBDA Meteor beyond visual-range air-to-air missile for the first time, with the milestone having been achieved over a UK test range on 4 December.
Performed by a BAE Systems test pilot using the UK's Typhoon Instrumented Production Aircraft 1, the event included ejecting a telemetry-equipped Meteor test round from a rear-fuselage missile station over the Qinetiq firing range in Aberporth, west Wales.
"The missile motor was fired, providing data that will allow the missile launch envelope to be expanded," says Eurofighter. The Meteor is powered by a scramjet rocket developed by MBDA Germany subsidiary Bayern-Chemie.
Being integrated as part of a future enhancements flight test programme for the Eurofighter, Meteor is designed as a European successor to the Raytheon AIM-120 AMRAAM which currently arms the type.
Meteor is scheduled to enter operational use with Swedish air force Saab Gripen fighters in 2015, before also being fielded by the Eurofighters of Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, and France's Dassault Rafales from later this decade.
A series of development and test firings has previously been performed using a Gripen testbed in Sweden and the UK. | <urn:uuid:23f89dcb-157a-4359-bb22-1ba1f45b59e1> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/eurofighter-typhoon-releases-first-meteor-missile-379883/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136963.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00091-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944095 | 261 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The prison population in Australia is at its highest-ever recorded level. Over the past decade, the number and rate of people imprisoned across all Australian states and territories has risen rapidly.
Data released from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) last week show there were, on average, 40,577 people in prisons in Australia during the first quarter of 2017. This is up from 25,968 ten years ago. The largest increases have been in remand, Indigenous, and women prisoners.
More people in prison are on remand
Prisoners held on remand are those who have been charged, not granted bail, but not yet found guilty. They are held in prison custody awaiting their court appearance or trial.
According to the latest data from the ABS, across Australia 33% of the total prison population (13,182) is on remand.
It is important to point out that the numbers the ABS presents are the average daily prisoner numbers. These numbers do not show the more dramatic picture of how many people flow in and out of prison over a year.
Prisoners on remand form a large proportion of this churning flow prisoner population. While we don’t know the exact number, it is estimated that the flow population is close to double the census number.
As can be seen above, the remand population increased more steeply when compared with the sentenced population. From 2012 to 2017, the remand population grew by 87%.
This higher increase in remandees compared with the numbers of persons sentenced is one reason for the increasing number and rate of prisoners. Reasons for this may be that more people are being refused bail, and that there are backlogs of cases in courts – meaning it is taking longer for remandees to get to trial.
Increases in Indigenous imprisonment rates
The imprisonment rate of Indigenous Australians has also increased over the past decade. Indigenous Australians represent 28% of the prisoner population according to the latest figures.
As can be seen from this graph, the Indigenous prisoner rate has increased at a greater rate than the overall Australian prisoner rate over the past decade. This has helped account for the overall increase in Australian prisoner numbers and rates.
The increasing rate of Indigenous prisoners is associated with higher rates of arrest resulting in conviction, a greater likelihood of imprisonment, and a higher rate of bail refusal.
Indigenous Australians’ experiences of removal, dispossession, exclusion from education and employment, and structural disadvantage also play major roles in Indigenous offending rates and over-representation in prison.
Other research has found that contributing factors include over-policing of Indigenous people with mental and cognitive disability, as well as institutional discrimination and greater severity by the criminal justice system in its treatment of Indigenous offenders.
The number of women in prison is on the rise
The third group of prisoners that is growing rapidly is women.
Over the last decade, the total number of women in prison in Australia has increased by 77%.
Although women are still a very small proportion, their percentage of the prisoner population has grown significantly over the past decade. As evident below, the increase in Indigenous women prisoners accounts for most of that growth.
The increase in Indigenous women prisoners has been attributed to a higher number of Indigenous women entering prison who have been in prison previously, as well as increased policing and tougher sentencing regimes.
Why is the growth in prisoners significant?
The prison system is tasked with several purposes: punishment, deterrence, protection and rehabilitation. Rising prisoner numbers and the associated costs raise important questions about the legitimacy and viability of these purposes for the majority of those in prison.
As seen in the graphs, of concern are the number of people on remand – around half of whom are released without having to serve further time in prison because they are found not guilty, given a community order, or deemed to have served their time.
Of equal concern are the increased rates of Indigenous prisoners and Indigenous women prisoners – most of whom are on remand or on short sentences. The majority of those sent to prison re-offend and return to prison.
Prisons are expensive; expenditure on prisons in Australia in 2014-15 was A$2.9 billion. So, it is important to ask whether this rapid increase in remand, Indigenous and women prisoner numbers and rates is justified.
This piece has been amended since publication. | <urn:uuid:5e19479c-be69-409b-b14e-e539717c4903> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://theconversation.com/three-charts-on-australias-booming-prison-population-76940 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143815.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218210853-20200219000853-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.964962 | 885 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Sustainability is not a passing fad or a marketing gimmick, it is a worldwide movement that is changing the way we do business. This definition steps income as a stream of products and services which a market can create forever without decreasing its natural productive capability.
Click to read more information about sustainable packaging and gift packaging services online.
Image Source: Google
Sustainability is more than a fad, a trend reflects a pattern of slow change in a state, outcome, or procedure, or atypical or basic trend of a string of data points to move in a specific direction with time, symbolized by a line or curve on a chart.
Instead of being a part of a collection of data points, the expression megatrend reflects an overall change in thinking or strategy affecting entire nations, businesses, and associations.
The writers suggest companies trying to acquire a competitive edge should know what to do and the way to get it done. With lots of already, onboard companies must act today, as this unstoppable megatrend can make or break businesses around the globe.
There are four crucial areas for companies seeking to improve their sustainability they comprise approaches, strategy, direction, and reporting.
To tackle the technical requirements of sustainability, businesses are applying new business procedures. Specifically, businesses are using habitual practices and systematic methods to attain accuracy and efficacy, often within a structured sequence of steps.
The sustainable strategy entails planning to decrease an organization's footprint. This means using resources economically and effectively.
By employing analytical data, companies can place themselves to create identifying sustainability approaches. Many facets of strategy development will stay internal, but firms are increasingly embracing open-ended approaches that rely on external help.
Some sustainable organizations are instructing their supervisors to integrate sustainability goals into reimbursement versions, testimonials, along with other management procedures.
An environmental management program may be the basis for policy setup, clinic management, goal setting, decision making, and information capture.
Sustainability concerns involve apparent issues including efficiency, carbon monoxide and transparency, green IT, green electricity use, GHG reductions, poisonous emissions, packaging, water-resistant, paper recycling, and use. | <urn:uuid:70751f6f-268a-4d4e-aaff-63ad87e23981> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.forumsfree.org/sustainable-business-is-good-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141205147.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130035203-20201130065203-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.922853 | 439 | 2.546875 | 3 |
If you've ever gone night diving and enjoyed the beautiful glow of underwater life, you're probably still talking about how amazing it was with your friends. Today, with the aid of modern technology, there's another captivating underwater adventure awaiting enthusiasts – the use of ultraviolet UV dive light during dives.
Scientists have long observed certain marine life glowing when exposed to ultraviolet UV dive light. Further research unveiled that this phenomenon is attributed to specific proteins or chlorophyll absorbing the fluorescent and emitting radiant shades of green, yellow, and sometimes red.
To comprehend this process, let's delve into the nature of light. As humans, our vision is confined to the blue to red wavelength zone, with ultraviolet existing beyond the blue and infrared beyond the red. Traditional incandescent dive lights emit light across various wavelengths, appearing to favor red over blue. In contrast, white LED dive lights exhibit a balance with a slightly stronger presence of blue, lending them a bluish hue.
For observing fluorescence underwater, a specialized LED lamp is essential, emitting light in a narrow range. These lamps are available in blue and ultraviolet variants. While ultraviolet light remains unseen to the human eye, blue light is vividly apparent.
Here's the fascinating part – shining white light on a marine organism typically reflects red light, making it appear red. However, when exposed to blue light, some organisms illuminate in green, yellow, or red. This intriguing phenomenon is known as fluorescence, with distinct color displays unique to fluorescing marine life.
Until recently, blue LED dive lights were the norm, but their intense brightness often obscured fluorescence. Divers resorted to yellow filters to block out the excess blue light. The discovery, however, is that ultraviolet light proves most effective. While not visible to divers, marine animals react to it, emitting vibrant colors without the need for a filter.
Given the relatively recent discovery of fluorescent marine life, there's much to explore. OrcaTorch offers ultraviolet dive lights. The D710V, powered by 21700 battery, is only with white and red LED, but also with a 395 nanometer ultraviolet LED. | <urn:uuid:6af1fe41-4dac-44e3-8cf2-82962811e0f4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.orcatorchstore.com/blogs/news/exploring-the-underwater-world-with-orcatorch-d710v-uv-dive-light | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.923198 | 429 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Unpacking Equity is a collaboration between the Public Policy and Governance Review and the Gender, Diversity and Public Policy Initiative (GDPP) at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy. This series aims to explain equity-related policy issues and break down complicated topics involving equity, diversity and inclusion. Policy professionals can gain a better understanding of these complex issues in order to incorporate an equity lens into their practice. To learn more, please get in touch with the GDPP.
by Reena Manjania
On October 8, 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a report cautioning policymakers of the impacts associated with global temperatures rising beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius from pre-industrial levels. In identifying these impacts, the report highlighted how countries greatly differ in their vulnerability to climate-risks and in their ability to respond to these risks. Specifically, the IPCC identified that some countries will continue to disproportionately experience the effects of climate change through the loss of income, adverse health effects, displacement or hunger. These inequalities speak to considerations of equity and justice – two central issues affecting the advancement of international agreement on climate change policies.
Defining Equity and Justice in Climate Change Policy
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines equity as taking into account the “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” of different national circumstances when sharing the burden of addressing climate change. Similarly, climate justice is concerned with addressing issues of distribution with respect to impacts, responsibility and actions around climate change. Various principles of equity and justice have been used to evaluate issues of fairness in climate change policymaking. These principles often take two different forms: consequential principles and procedural principles.
Consequential principles are used to evaluate policies in terms of their outcome, such as the extent to which they promote equality or social welfare. Issues related to this evaluation mechanism include whether the welfare of the poorest nations should be maximized in dividing costs or benefits, or whether those with the most resources should cover the cost of mitigating climate change. Additionally, procedural principles are used to evaluate policies in terms of the legitimacy in the way they are created. This includes identifying how decision-making procedures respect the equal status of all parties, or if agreements reflect the capacities and historical responsibilities of those they bind.
Brazil’s proposal during the 1997 Kyoto Protocol negotiations represents the application of both the procedural and consequential principles. The proposal called for distributing the burden of emission reductions according to each country’s historical responsibility for the global temperature increase. The implication of this proposal was that industrialized countries would have the largest emission reduction targets. As a result, the proposal included the creation of a Clean Development Fund — a punitive financial instrument that would have required industrialized countries to pay fines for exceeding their emissions targets. The funds would have financed the transfer of clean technologies, abatement projects and adaptation projects in developing countries. Additionally, by engaging developing countries in the debate over emission commitments of industrial countries, the proposal had the potential to balance negotiation and decision-making powers.
Equity and Justice in International Climate Change Agreements
In 1992, the UNFCCC officially differentiated the responsibilities of developed and developing countries in combating climate change. According to the UNFCCC, developed countries were required to help developing countries and “economies in transition” with emission reduction and adaptability efforts by providing them with financial resources and technological aid. Conversely, certain developing countries (such as those with prone to desertification and drought, or those that rely heavily on income from fossil fuel production) were recognized as being especially vulnerable to climate change risks, and as a result, were to have their concerns addressed through investment, insurance and technology transfers.
Differentiation based on national capability continued under the Kyoto Protocol. Participating countries were subjected to different mitigation commitments. Additionally, differentiation was also present in terms of finance and technology transfer, where developed countries were expected to provide funding for emission reduction and adaptability efforts in developing countries.
Despite having been ratified by over 140 countries, the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol was limited as developing countries were exempt from binding emission reduction targets. The targets included robust rules on how to account for emissions and report progress, as well as an international mechanism for compliance. As such, the Kyoto Protocol represented a top-down model for climate negotiation, embodying fairness through the differentiation of duties, with only developed countries being held to account.
Contrastingly, equity and justice in the Paris Agreement were reflected through a bottom-up approach. Specifically, the Paris Agreement sought to respond to equity considerations in its accommodation of “nationally determined contributions”. This means that each country had the freedom to autonomously align their efforts in voluntarily reducing national emissions and combating climate change with their national circumstances. As a result, nations themselves defined and justified the fairness and equity of their contributions, representing a stark contrast to the top-down approach in the Kyoto Protocol.
The Future of Justice and Equity in Climate Change Policy
The recent IPCC report calls for “rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society” in order to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. However, it is critical to understand what this means in practice. Measures that limit global warming should reduce unfairness in terms of those that benefit, those that pay and those that are negatively affected. In light of these considerations, rapid changes should be coupled with longer-term, sustainable development in order to mitigate national inequalities exacerbated by climate change. Broad equity commitments outlined in the Paris Agreement are important in this regard, but future measures should be more definitive in terms of scope, timelines and implementation in order to address climate equity and justice in a way that is actually rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented.
Reena Manjania is a 2019 Master of Public Policy Candidate at the University of Toronto’s Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from York University. Her policy interests include gender equality, gender-based violence prevention and labour issues within public policy. | <urn:uuid:a51f6c6e-34fa-43e5-84e9-007e7e5bbf9f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://ppgreview.ca/2018/11/07/unpacking-equity-mapping-the-role-of-equity-and-justice-in-international-climate-change-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256040.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520142005-20190520164005-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.950148 | 1,229 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Fungi play a crucial role in native ecosystems and keeping the bush healthy. They are an important source of food for insects and some animals. Look for them in the bushland, especially after the rains: mushrooms, truffles, discs, caps and other fungi in all sorts of weird shapes, sizes and brilliant colours.
Regular fungi surveys within the Kings Park bushland have led to the formal identification of 265 species of fungi. With a high proportion of previously undocumented fungi being identified each year it is anticipated that many more species are yet to be uncovered. Almost all of the species are considered to be indigenous to the area.
Reports providing detailed information on fungi forays conducted in the bushland are available upon request. Please contact the Customer Service Officer. | <urn:uuid:bc17cdd3-d6ff-4887-8827-761706307251> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/area/bushland/fungi-kp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704821381.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127090152-20210127120152-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.931646 | 153 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Though the Zabinskis were Christian, they had many Jewish friends and acquaintances confined to the Warsaw ghetto. They were able, over the next few years, to rescue over 300 people. Among other ruses, they used the “cover” of gathering garbage to feed the animals, including a fur farm on the property, as a means of communicating with the Polish underground resistance and providing meager supplies to the confined Jews. They were able to use many of the zoo’s cages and connecting passageways to hide those trying to escape. As the Zabinskis were wont to give their animals all human names, it only helped to confuse things they they gave their underground contacts animal names. It seems all the more remarkable that their activities remained undetected by the Germans as they had a very young school-age son. How easily and innocently he could have betrayed them. The risks to themselves were great but as Jan Zabinski is quoted as saying: “We did it because it was the right thing to do.” Yes, but not everyone did it.
Because Diane Ackerman is herself a naturalist, she brings an additional sensitivity to her writing about the animals and the zoo. The zookeeper's residence on the property sounds like a veritable Noah's Ark. That she has done a great deal of research is evident. By her choice she essentially ends the story in 1945 with only cursory mention of the Zabinskis’ lives until their deaths in the 1970s.
By coincidence, in The New York Times Magazine of December 28, 2008, there was a portrait of Irena Sendler who died in 2008. She was a Catholic Pole in her 30s who also smuggled Jewish children out of the Warsaw ghetto between 1941–1943 because, she said, “my heart told me to.” After she was captured by the Gestapo she managed to escape and spent some time as a “guest” of the Zabinskis at the zoo.
Ackerman describes some research by Malka Drucker and Gay Block on the personality traits of rescuers. “Rescuers tended to be decisive, fast-thinking, risk-taking, independent, adventurous, open-hearted, rebellious and unusually flexible – able to switch plans, abandon habits, or change ingrained routines at a moment’s notice. They tended to be non-conformists.” I imagine they felt as Jan did: “I only did my duty—if you can save somebody’s life, it’s your duty to try.” | <urn:uuid:a064d3ce-4324-4077-937d-cc6d032307a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://living2read.blogspot.com/2008/12/courage-and-resistance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661767.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00046-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98599 | 535 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Tuesday, 4 August 2009
10: Comerford of Co Wexford and Minooka, Illinois
A Comerford family with origins in Co Wexford has been intimately involved in the founding and later history of Minooka in Illinois, a town 65 miles outside Chicago. Minooka was originally home to the Potowatomie Indians, who first lived in the surrounding area.
Minooka dates back from 1852 when the Chicago, Rock Island and Peoria Railroads came through the area on the recommendation of surveyor, Ransom Gardner. George Comerford, an Irish immigrant from Co Wexford and railroad surveyor helped bring the railroad to Minooka. Gardner and Comerford bought land in the area for the railroad, and George Comerford became the first agent at the Minooka Depot. He also was instrumental in establishing a post office in 1853 and was its postmaster for nine years.
When Minooka was incorporated in 1869, there were three grocery and liquor stores, a post office, a grain elevator and two churches – Saint Mary’s Catholic Church and the United Methodist Church, both built with support from George Comerford.
PIERCE COMERFORD, of Co Wexford is the immediate, direct ancestor of this branch of the Comerford family that emigrated to the United States in the mid 19th century and settled in Minooka, Illinois. He may have been born ca 1769/1770. He married ... and was the father of:
WILLIAM COMERFORD (ca 1799/1800-1866), of Co Wexford and Grundy County, Illinois. He was born in Co Wexford ca 1799/1800. While still living in Co Wexford, he married ca 1824/1825 Honora (Nancy) Nolan (ca 1802-1854). William and Nancy Comerford emigrated to the United States in 1847, first settling in Rochester County, New York. In 1849, they moved with their entire family to Illinois and bought land in the Aux Sable district of Illinois, where William farmed 560 acres in Grundy County.
Nancy (Nolan) Comerford died on 1 November 1854, aged 52. William Comerford died on 9 or 11 October 1866, aged 66.
William and Nancy Comerford were the parents of five sons and two daughters who were born in Co Wexford:
1, George Comerford (1826-1891), born in Co Wexford and of whom next.
2, Pierce Comerford (1828-1868), born in Co Wexford in January 1828. He emigrated to America with his parents. He married …, daughter of Dennis Dempsey of Co Kildare. Pierce died in January 1868. He was the father of two sons and three daughters:
● 1a, William Comerford (1859-1905), born in Minooka, Grundy County, Illinois, on 15 August 1859. He married Katie, daughter of Patrick Kinney. Katie Comerford was born on 26 July 1860. She was burned to death in her home in March 1905. Her husband died from pneumonia a few days later in Chicago in March 1905, and was buried in Dresden Cemetery. They had an only daughter:
●● 1b, Mary E, born ca 1898, aged seven at the time of her parents’ deaths.
● 2a, Honora.
● 3a, Nicholas Comerford.
● 4a, Mary E.
● 5a, Anna.
4, Charles Comerford (1832-1906), of Brule, Chamberlain County, Dakota, of whom later (see below).
5, Nicholas Comerford (ca 1835/1836-1861), who was born in Co Wexford, ca 1835/1836, and died on 26 September 1861, aged 25.
6, William Comerford (ca 1842-1855) who born in Co Wexford ca 1842, and died on 6 January 1855, aged 12.
The eldest son:
GEORGE COMERFORD (1826-1891), was born in Co Wexford on 3 August 1826. He planned to study for the Roman Catholic priesthood, but emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1847. He lost parts of his feet in a railroad accident in 1853. On 16 September 1855, he married Catherine Smith (1824-1903), of Buffalo, New York, daughter of Thomas Smith (1805-1861) and Mary Ann (Newsham) Smith (1805-1860) from Co Wexford. Catherine was born near Enniscorthy, Co Wexford, in 1824, and moved to Lockport, New York, with her parents in 1852.
George Comerford was a railroad pioneer in Illinois who is credited with bringing the railroad to Minooka, which came into existence in 1852 when the railroad came through the area. George surveyed the Rockford and Rock Island Railroad, and settled in Minooka, Illinois, where he was rail agent, postmaster and merchant. He was instrumental in establishing the Minooka post office in 1853, and served as its postmaster for nine years. The village of Minooka was incorporated on 27 March 1869.
George Comerford was also involved in building the Chicago, Rock Island and Peoria Line and became the first agent at the Minooka Depot. He built the Comerford Block in Minooka, helped build both the Catholic and Methodist churches, farmed 160 acres, and was President of the Board of Education. He was a Democrat in his politics. He returned to visit his native Co Wexford ca 1882.
George Comerford died on 3 December 1891. His widow Catherine died on 1 August 1903.
George and Catherine Comerford were the parents of two sons and a daughter:
1, Thomas S Comerford (1860-1925), of whom next.
2, Nicholas J Comerford (1862-post 1925), of 601 Western Avenue, Minooka, and Joliet, Illinois. He was born in 1862 in Grundy County, Illinois. He was educated at Notre Dame University, and went into his father’s merchandising business. In 1910, he retired from business and moved with his family to Joliet. He was later identified with the Eagle Furniture Company in North Chicago Street, and was food administrator for Will County. He was still living in 1925. He married Anna Frances Kaffer and they had four sons and three daughters:
● 1a, George Comerford, of Joliet, Illinois. He worked with the Joliet National Bank. In 1919, he was a sergeant in the US army in France.
● 2a John Comerford.
● 3a, Dean Comerford (1898-1921). He was born in Minooka, Illinois, in 1898. He was educated at Joliet Township High School (class of 1916), Dubuque College, Iowa, and Notre Dame University. He died on 1 October 1921 and was buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery.
● 4a, Thomas Comerford.
● 1a, Helen.
● 2a, Lucile.
● 3a, Mary Agnes (fifth child), born 13 September 1899, died unmarried 21 August 19..
3, Mary, born ca 1870/1871, died on 11 April 1883, aged 12, while a pupil at Saint Mary’s Academy, Notre Dame.
The eldest son of George and Catherine Comerford was:
THOMAS S COMERFORD (1860-1925), farmer and postmaster, of Minooka, Illinois, and 113 D’Arcy Avenue, Joliet, Illinois. He was born on 7 March 1860 in Minooka. He was postmaster at Minooka, and lived there until 1920, when he moved to Joliet. He was educated at Notre Dame University. In 1885, he married Margaret Ellen Coulehan, daughter of Lawrence Coulehan (1820-1882) and Margaret (née Welch), who originally came from Co Offaly, and moved to Grundy County, Illinois. Margaret (Coulehan) Comerford died on 31 December 1910 aged 48; Thomas Comerford died on 20 August 1925, aged 65, and was buried in Saint Mary’s Cemetery, Minooka. They had eight children, three sons and five daughters:
1, Mary (Mayme) (1887-1970). Born in 1887, she married Frank Feehan, and they had two children, a son and a daughter: Mary Louise Davis and Tom (Budd) Feehan. Mayme Feehan died in 1970.
2, George A Comerford (1889-1970), born 19 December 1889, died 15 June 1970. He married Katherine J Sweeney (1895-1972). They are buried in Saint Mary’s Cemetery, Minooka. They had two children, a son and a daughter:
● 1a, Edward Comerford, died in Japan in 1947.
● 2a, Mary (Yost).
3, Frances (Fran) (1892-1974), died unmarried.
4, Margaret (1894-1983), married John J (Jack) Henneberry (1882-1968), rancher and businessman, and they were the parents of one daughter, Jane (Vidmar).
5, Lawrence Comerford, born 1897, died at the age of eight months.
6, Florence (1898-1984), married Tom Feeley.
7, Clare (1900-2002). She was born 25 January 1900 in Minooka, Illinois. She married John Francis Baskerville (1899-1983) of Joliet, Will Illinois. She died 10 February 2002. They had three children: Bobby Baskerville, John Lee Baskerville and Mary Margaret (Yahn).
8, Joseph T Comerford (1901-1979), of whom next.
The third son and youngest child of Thomas S Comerford was:
JOSEPH T COMERFORD (1901-1979) He was born in 1901 and died in 1979. In 1941, he married Elizabeth Donahue (1904-1968). They are buried in Saint Mary’s Cemetery, Minooka. They were the parents of two sons:
1, Joseph Thomas Comerford (1943- ). He was born in Joliet, Illinois, in 1943. In 1969, he married Sandra Clark, and they were the parents of two sons. In 1983, he married Joyce McAuley, and they were the parents of three children.
2, (Revd) John Jay Comerford, OCarm (1948- ). He was born in Joliet, Illinois, in 1948. He is a Carmelite friar and was ordained priest at Whitefriars Hall, Washington DC, in 1977.
The third son and fourth child of William and Nancy Comerford (above) was:
CHARLES COMERFORD (1832-1902). He was born in 1832. He married Bridget Neville (1838-1918), who was born in Ireland. They are buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery, Morris, Grundy County, Illinois, United States. They were the parents of eight children, six daughters and two sons:
1, Mary H Comerford (1859-1923), married on 30 November 1882 Boetious H Sullivan (1859-1910), of Plankinton, South Dakota. He was the son of Eugene and Mary O’Sullivan, immigrants from Kenmare, Co Kerry, who settled in Illinois. He was a prominent attorney and was Surveyor General of South Dakota. A powerful figure in the Republican Party, he was a delegate to many national Republican conventions and was one of the famous “Forty Thieves” who secured General Harrison’s nomination at Minneapolis in 1888. They had a daughter Clare. He died while visiting Chicago. She died in Los Angeles in February 1923, and was buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery, Chicago.
2, Elizabeth (Lizzie) (ca 1860-1935). She married Fred Dennett. She died on 12 October 1935 at Big Stone Gap, Wise County, Virginia.
3, Anna (1863-1863), lived for one day.
4, Agnes Vincent (1864-1874).
5, Frances C (1866-1883).
6, George William Comerford (1869-1945) of Los Angeles, born 5 November 1866, died 3 November 1945.
7, Fred Comerford (1872-1880) of Los Angeles, born 5 November 1866, died 3 November 1945.
8, Agnes (1876-1880).
© Patrick Comerford 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,2013, 2019.
Footnotes and references:
The sources for this chapter are:
Comerford family gravestones, Dresden Cemetery, Aux Sable, Illinois: http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilkendal/Cemeteries/Grundy/Dresden/Dresden.htm (29.8.2006);
Grundy County ILGen Web Project, http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilgrundy/locales/cemdres.html (29.8.2006);
Minooka History: http://www.minooka.com/History/history.htm (10.12.2006);
History of Grundy County, Illinois (Chicago: Munsell Publishing, 1914);
Morris Daily Herald, 31 March 1905;
Phoenix Advertiser, ‘Minooka News,’ 6 August 1903, 30 March 1905;
a scrapbook of newspaper cuttings collected by Nicholas J. Comerford, of Minooka and Joliet, including obituaries and newspaper articles – these have been photocopied and transcribed by Michele Roberts, historian at Three Rivers Public Library, Minooka (http://grundycountyil.org/articles/other/nj01.php, 24.5.2008);
correspondence with John L Baskerville, 16 March 2019, 19 March 2019, 1 April 2019.
Last updated: 25 May 2008, 16 August 2009, 19 November 2010; 14 February 2013; 1 April 2019, 2 April 2019.
To return to Patrick Comerford’s welcome page, click here:
Welcome to ‘Comerford Family History’ | <urn:uuid:81f7b078-5abc-4f68-abfa-a1eb8aebafdb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://comerfordfamily.blogspot.com/2007/12/comerford-8b-co-wexford-and-minooka.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.973999 | 3,128 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, the charismatic Roman potentate is ominously told to "Beware the ides of March." In the Roman calendar, the ides refers often to the 15th day or the midpoint of a month, when the moon is at its fullest. The Romans would commemorate the rites of Mars, the god of war, around that time. Caesar was an excellent warrior and military strategist and on the verge of extending his grip on the reins of power in the Roman republic, but perhaps he was a bit too cocky. Not heeding the warnings of his allies (or Shakespeare's seer), he stepped into the Senate on the ides of March, 44 B.C., and was knifed to death by colleagues and friends. Caesar may not have feared the ides of March, but generations of future demagogues would quiver at the thought of meeting that same end.
Next Dec. 7, 1941 | <urn:uuid:46de56b3-a5e4-42b9-a0ed-1eb6c37408b3> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2035481_2035482_2035569,00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010722348/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091202-00061-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977323 | 192 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Photosynthesis takes place primarily in the leaves of plants. The structure of the leaf consists of the upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundles, and the stomates (Carter). The upper and lower epidermises serve mainly as protection for the leaf, and the stomates only function in air exchange. Carbon dioxide enters through the stomates and oxygen gas exits.
The vascular bundles are the plant’s transportation system; all water and nutrients moves via the vascular bundles to different parts of the plant. Chloroplasts are only found in mesophyll, and that is where photosynthesis occurs. The spongy mesophyll layer of a leaf normally contains various gases, like oxygen and carbon dioxide. As a result, leaves float in water. Consequently, if a vacuum is created and the gases are drawn out of the leaf, the leaf would be expected to sink because of its increased density. In order for the leaf to perform photosynthesis, the plant needs access to carbon dioxide as well. Bicarbonate ions dissolved in water would be a way of allowing a leaf to perform photosynthesis while submerged in water. As the leaf performs photosynthesis, however, oxygen is produced and accumulates in the air spaces within the mesophyll.
When cellular respiration occurs, oxygen is consumed so the two processes counter each other. Therefore, the oxygen that ends up in the mesophyll after both processes is the net rate of photosynthesis occurring in the tissue. The light source a plant is under greatly affects the rate of photosynthesis. All light and its color variations have a specific wavelength associated with them. A wavelength is defined as the distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next (Russell).
Light with wavelengths ranging from 400 – 700 nanometers (nm) is known as visible light (Madigan). The visible colors from shortest to longest in terms of wavelength are as follows: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. According to scientists like Samuel Pierpont Langley, light with longer wavelengths have the ability to radiate more energy in the form of heat (Madigan). Langley passed light through a prism and discovered that light with a wavelength beyond 700 nm, infrared light, makes other objects warm. To test how the color of a light source affects the rate of photosynthesis in plants, an experiment was performed. If spinach leaves are placed under red, blue, and white light, the plants will have the highest rate of photosynthesis under the red light. This is due to the fact that red light has the longest wavelength of all visible light, allowing it to radiate more energy to the plant. To test this, three medicine cups contained 10 spinach leaf disks each that had air pulled out of their mesophyll layers.
These three cups were then placed under varying colored light sources and the rate of photosynthesis was analyzed in the form of net oxygen production. | <urn:uuid:94dade09-5917-40d0-a5a1-c75737a35f41> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://wallaceandjames.com/photosynthesis-bicarbonate-ions-dissolved-in-water-would-be/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.951572 | 602 | 4.46875 | 4 |
A Journal Of The Plague Year (Penguin Classics)
In 1665, the Great Plague swept through London, claiming nearly 100,000 lives. In A Journal of the Plague Year, Defoe vividly chronicles the progress of the epidemic. We follow his fictional narrator through a city transformed-the streets and alleyways deserted, the houses of death with crosses daubed on their doors, the dead-carts on their way to the pits-and encounter the horrified citizens of the city, as fear, isolation, and hysteria take hold. The shocking immediacy of Defoe's description of plague-racked London makes this one of the most convincing accounts of the Great Plague ever written.
Download Data provided by OpenISBN Project and others:
- Export Citation(BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan)
- Download multimedia files (txt, html, PDF)
- 0140437851.pdf (text only)
- 0140437851.zip (currently not available)
You can search on LeatherBound to download or purchase an ebook.
Searching Book Reviews... | <urn:uuid:7945f039-8512-4661-bef9-a378be499239> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.openisbn.com/isbn/9780140437850/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00093-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.761474 | 225 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr.
Blunt-lobed Cliff Fern
Blunt-lobed cliff fern is a North American native. They tolerate temperatures as low as –35°C.
Identification: Leaf stalks are scaly, with hairs. Fronds are lacy, 24" (60 cm) × 3" (8 cm), bipinnate. The sterile fronds are evergreen, while the fertile fronds are not. Fronds are light green to gray-green. Sori, the structures that contain the fern’s spores, are located on leaf undersides. They form a regular array of dots that are circular or kidney-shaped.
Woodsia obtusa at Illinois Wildflowers
Woodsia obtusa on the Hardy Fern Library
Woodsia obtusa at the Vanderbilt University Bioimages web site
Woodsia obtusa on Wikimedia Commons
Woodsia obtusa at the Missouri Botanical Garden
Woodsia obtusa on Discover Life
Woodsia obtusa on gobotany.newenglandwild.org
Woodsia obtusa on Erv Evans' site at the North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Woodsia obtusa description by Thomas H. Kent, last updated 6 Nov 2013.
Range: Zones 4-9: | <urn:uuid:78373dc9-2137-4fd3-9fa6-d27395ef6a52> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://florafinder.com/Species/Woodsia_obtusa.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218203536.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322213003-00613-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.807285 | 294 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Keen to have more feathered friends in your garden? Scott Hetherington explains the key ingredients for providing an appealing habitat for native birds.
As development increases, natural habitat for native animals declines.
Scott Hetherington's home at Pottsville on the New South Wales north coast is not only designed with his family in mind.
An employee at the Tweed Shire Council's natural resource management unit, Scott has created a haven for endangered and declining bird species found in the local area.
He shares his top three tips for building an inviting home for birds.
Use your natural assets
He says to start, home owners should make the most of native trees and plants already found around their property.
"We've hung on to this amazing tuckeroo that is a big, big old tree," he says.
"We've already had four different kinds of birds nest in it and many, many more birds that use it."
Erecting a nest box that targets species in the area can also encourage a safe place for birds to lay their eggs.
"All different animals use different nest boxes; different sizes, different shapes, different entrance holes," Scott says.
"The other thing you've got to have a look at is positioning; so you want it to be the right aspects so that it's cool in summer and not exposed to the full on winds or rain."
Plant safe corridors
If you want to provide a refuge for birds struggling with urbanisation, Scott says it is key to think like a small bird.
"The magpies and the butcherbirds and the currawongs, they're doing fine. The do really well in backyards all through urban Australia.
"But wrens and finches and those little guys are the ones that really need the help."
Planting long corridors of dense shrub and vegetation allow small birds to move through the area without being predated by larger birds.
Domestic animals also pose a huge threat to native animals.
Scott and his family have chosen to live in a housing estate that bans cats and dogs.
Build a bird buffet
Providing water and an abundance of food is one of the most important elements of a bird-friendly backyard.
Scott avoids hand-feeding birds, arguing that it mostly benefits larger birds that are coping better in built-up areas.
Instead, he aims to create a garden with a good mix of fruits, nectar and insects.
"If you use the local plants, then you're obviously going to favour local birds.
"Nice thick mulch and a range of flowering and fruiting plants means that we've got lots of insects here, which means we've got a whole range of tucker for backyard birds.
"And of course you also end up with the food being available all year round."
In dryer months, a bird bath is an invaluable resource to smaller birds that are not able to travel great distances to look for water.
It also means getting that close-up look that most bird-lovers crave.
The bird bath should be positioned in a safe corridor where tinier birds can feel safe.
"What little birds like to do is to land somewhere nearby, feel safe before they hop in, have a quick bath and hop out again," Scott says.
"If you can provide the whole range of resources that they're after in one little spot, you're more likely to have them hanging around."
Scott is presenting a Building a bird-friendly backyard workshop as part of the Tweed Council's 'Living for the Future' expo on Saturday 23 August. | <urn:uuid:1f1e58bb-5172-4165-8eb5-00d9331f3339> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2014/08/20/4071174.htm?site=gippsland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189462.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00108-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958027 | 744 | 3 | 3 |
OR WAIT null SECS
Office management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) differs in many important ways from ADHD management conducted in a research environment. In clinical trials, treatments and eligible patients are selected in advance by committees, patients are randomized to different management strategies, and both clinicians and pa tients are blinded to the treatments.
Office management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) differs in many important ways from ADHD management conducted in a research environment. In clinical trials, treatments and eligible patients are selected in advance by committees, patients are randomized to different management strategies, and both clinicians and patients are blinded to the treatments. In general, one treatment variable is tested at a time. Dosage adjustments are usually made according to the re search protocol rather than according to patient response. Results are aggregated and presented for an "average" patient.
In the real world of psychiatric practice, we see every patient who comes through the door. We use only active treatments, and we persist until we find the best one for a particular patient. Be cause we are dealing with complex hu man beings, who often have other coexisting illnesses, we examine every aspect of their lives to find the best possible combination of therapeutic options. We treat individuals, not averages, and must adjust the treatment to the unique needs and responses of each patient. In this article, I will share what I have learned about optimal office management of adolescents and adults with ADHD.
A FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION
Our understanding of ADHD and its treatment was changed by a 2004 study from the New York University Child Study Center.1 Investigators tested the hypothesis that children with ADHD would experience significant improvements in functioning while taking methylphenidate combined with intense, multidisciplinary psychosocial treatment or with attention control training, compared with methylphenidate alone. In addition, investigators hypothesized that compared with children taking only methylphenidate, more children receiving multidisci plinary treatment plus methylphenidate could have their dose of medication lowered or could even dis continue methylphenidate treatment.
A total of 103 children aged 7 to 9 years who were free of conduct and learning disorders and who were documented responders to short-term methylphenidate treatment were randomized to receive methylphenidate alone; methylhenidate plus an intensive multimodal treatment that included parent training and counseling, social skills training, psychotherapy, and academic assistance; or methyl phenidate plus attention control treatment. During the 2-year course of the study, the investigators were unable to demonstrate that combination treatment was as sociated with superior functioning. Combination treatment did not allow discontinuation of methyl phenidate treatment; the study failed to demonstrate significant benefit from adding an ambitious psy chosocial intervention to the regimen. Significant benefits from methylphenidate persisted for 2 years.1
The findings have led to the relatively new concept that ADHD is not a disorder characterized by deficits of effort, character, willpower, brain ac tivity or size, or integrity. Neither is it caused by poor parenting skills or by diminished executive function, self-control, neurotransmitter levels, or intelligence. A newer, functional definition tries to understand ADHD as a genetically based neurologic disorder characterized by difficulties in engaging on demand in work, school, or per sonal situations. This difficulty in be-ing engaged on demand explains why many patients with ADHD seem to function very well in some situations but are distracted and disorganized in others.
Unfortunately, school and work environments require the ability to engage on demand, and these are the environments in which people with ADHD often perform poorly. This disparity in attentiveness in different situations often leads parents and employers to make a moral judgment that ADHD represents a failure of will, effort, or self-control. Our new understanding that ADHD is a genetically based neurologic disorder challenges this view. It also sheds light on the management strategies that are most likely to help these patients. Because ADHD is a neu rologic condition, we should not expect behavioral techniques to be any more successful as a cornerstone of treatment than they would be in the treatment of a fever, for example.
A DIFFERENT NERVOUS YSTEM
People who do not have ADHD have importance-based nervous systems. That is, the importance of a task helps them engage with it immediately, get access to their abilities, and persist with the task all the way to completion. They see the tasks that require completion, arrange them in order of priority, engage in them, and gain access to the skills they need to complete the tasks. Even when a task is more important to an employer, spouse, teacher, or parent than to the person himself or herself, a person without ADHD still manages to accomplish it.
Adults with ADHD report that they cannot remember a single instance in which the importance of a task all by itself ever helped them accomplish it. To a person with ADHD, importance is nothing but a nag. The helping techniques often offered by teachers or parents are importance-based, not interest-based, and do not work for people with the interest-based nervous systems of persons with ADHD.
Every aspect of performance, mood, and energy in a person with ADHD is determined by his or her momentary sense of 4 things: interest, challenge or competitiveness, novelty, and sometimes a sense of urgency brought on by a deadline or impending disaster. In these circumstances, persons with ADHD can engage and produce huge amounts of high-quality work on dead line-as with the student who com pletes weeks of work the night before an examination or the night before a paper is due. Every person with ADHD can recall a lifetime of experiences in which they are "in the zone" and per form at a high level, only to have it slip away when they lose their sense of in terest, challenge, novelty, or urgency. The clinical challenge is to find multiple ways by which people with ADHD can accomplish the tasks of their lives on demand.
3 STAGES OF OFFICE-BASED TREATMENT
Office-based treatment of adult ADHD includes 3 stages, as shown in Table 1. The first stage includes a thorough assessment of ADHD and all coexisting conditions; aggressive medication management of all the conditions present; and restoration of patient morale. The second stage includes helping pa tients learn to manage an interest-based nervous system and to disregard the importance-based techniques that they have been taught and that they have seen working for people with importance-based nervous systems. The third stage of treatment includes an assessment of the current level of skills necessary for autonomous adult functioning and the acquisition of interest-based skills.
|Thorough assessment of ADHD and all coexisting conditions that impair patient's engagement and mental functioning|
|Restoration of morale and of hope that things can be different|
|Aggressive medication response to all conditions found|
|Learning to manage an interest-based nervous system|
|Unlearning importance-based techniques that will never work|
|Assessment of skills necessary for autonomous adult functioning|
|Acquisition of interest-based cognitive skills|
Stage 1: Assessment, morale, medicationAssessment. First impressions are important. We recommend that psychiatrists who treat adults with ADHD make a special effort to make the office environment welcoming. Many of these patients have what has been termed rejection-sensitive dysphoria. They are excessively sensitive to the mere per ception of rejection, criticism, or ridicule. Many experience what can only be called affective storms as a result. Patients may fail to engage with a practitioner whom they perceive to be analytical, judgmental, and aloof. We encourage our staff to be welcoming and friendly, and we offer soft drinks and snacks in a relaxed and informal setting. These measures send a welcoming signal to patients.
The first step in the treatment of any person with apparent ADHD is a thorough assessment, as outlined in Table 2. In our practice, this may take as long as 3 hours. As many as 70% of patients with ADHD will have another Axis I diagnosis.2 We confirm the ADHD diagnosis while looking for other potential problems, including perceptual problems, learning difficulties, and anxiety.
|Contraindications to stimulant use|
|Heart disease, glaucoma, neurologic conditions/seizures|
|Conditions that mimic ADHD|
|Sleep apnea, head injury, petit mal seizures|
|Academic history (educational testing, if available, special education history)|
|Common comorbid conditions in patients with ADHD|
|Substance use disorders|
|Mood disorders (unipolar and bipolar)|
|Anxiety disorders (general anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder)|
|Oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder|
|Cardiac workup only when necessary according to history|
|Baseline blood pressure and heart rate|
|No screening blood work; scans; computerized continuous performance tests or psychometric testing unless indicated by something in the history (eg, estrogen level in perimenopausal women)|
Obtaining a general medical history, along with a list of current medications, is essential. Glaucoma is the only absolute contraindication to stimulant use.
Ask about a female patient's menstrual status. While there has been no formal research concerning this matter, ADHD medications are likely to be less effective when estrogen levels are in the low physiologic range. When large numbers of women stopped taking hormone replacement therapy because of reports of an association with myo cardial infarction and stroke, physicians who treat adults with ADHD received complaints from many of these women that their ADHD medication had be come ineffective; when they resumed taking estrogen, the ADHD drugs began working again.
Particular attention to the cardiovas cular system and especially any fam ily history of early heart disease is essential, because of the presumed risk of cardiac complications with some ADHD medications.3 This perception of increased cardiac risk is being challenged, however. Wilens and colleagues4 have demonstrated that mixed amphetamine salts can be used with safety in adults with preexisting cardiac disease. The details of the cardiac evaluation are shown in Table 3.3
|Congenital or acquired heart disease|
|Palpitations, chest pain, syncope, postexercise symptoms, murmurs|
|Family history of premature cardiac disease (age < 30 years)|
|Other medications (including stimulating over-the-counter medications, such as cold medicines and weight-loss products)|
|Blood pressure/heart rate: at baseline and each follow-up visit|
|Adults: cardiac workup only as indicated; no routine or screening electrocardiography, echocardiography, Holter monitoring, or treadmill testing|
|Suspicion of cardiovascular outflow defect: workup as indicated|
It is important to ask about conditions that might mimic or coexist with ADHD, such as petit mal seizures, distraction by obsessions of obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, or head injury. Sleep apnea is a major problem in this regard. We have seen patients with sleep apnea whose daytime behavior bears considerable resem blance to that of people with ADHD. If you suspect sleep apnea, you may need to ask a bed partner whether the patient snores in an apneic pattern.
In a recent study, investigators recorded sleep and assessed behavioral, cognitive, and psychiatric morbidity in 105 children aged 5 to 13 years. Of these, 78 were scheduled for adenotonsillectomy, and 27 were undergoing unrelated surgical care. All assessments were repeated 1 year later in 100 children from the original group. Before surgery, the children who eventually had an adenotonsillectomy were more hyperactive, more inattentive, sleepier, and more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD, compared with controls.5 One year after surgery, the 2 groups of patients exhibited no significant differences in the same measures. Children who had an adenotonsillectomy showed marked improvements on all measures of hyperactivity, inattentiveness, sleepiness, and ADHD criteria. In contrast, controls showed no improvements.5 The lesson from this and related studies is that sleep quality and duration deserve special attention whe n ever the diagnosis of ADHD is under consideration.
Another condition worth considering is a head injury, which can leave sequelae that include the basic ADHD triad of high distractibility, impulsivity, and agitation. Petit mal seizures can also cause behavior that mimics ADHD-related distractibility. A notable finding that helps distinguish between ADHD and petit mal is that while patients with both conditions may com plete a work assignment, the person with petit mal seizures will remember to turn it in while the person with ADHD commonly forgets to turn it in.
Conditions that are often comorbid with ADHD in adults include Axis I major psychiatric disorders. Learning disabilities, substance abuse, mood disorders, anxiety, sleep disturbances, oppositional-defiant or conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder are 2 to 4 times as common in people with ADHD as they are in the general population.
During the evaluation, you may find that you and the patient do not communicate clearly about emotions, and this can make an already long assessment even more arduous. Compared with other people, patients with ADHD have unique ways of describing their internal emotional states.
When a patient describes his mood as depressed, always ask for examples and a description of the events surrounding the depression. What the ADHD patient describes as depression is usu ally clearly tied to a triggering event and matches the nature of the trigger. The mood change is instantaneous. In other words, these are normal reactions in every way except intensity. For patients with ADHD, these emotional reactions are short in duration and can be quickly relieved when the patient is able to participate in some challenging and interesting activity. Rarely do the "downs" of ADHD last more than 5 to 7 days, and usually only a few hours. This is a diagnostic criterion that can be quite useful in distinguishing ADHD from major mood disorders.
Similarly, when patients with ADHD talk about feeling anxious, what they are often describing is the mental and physical agitation that accompanies hyperactivity. What they are calling anxiety is actually the somatic expression of hyperactivity, including a constant feeling of tension and an inability to stay still to read, watch television, or go to sleep.
Morale. We begin working to boost the patient's morale immediately at the first visit. Success in school and work has been elusive for these patients, despite serious efforts on their part. Be aware that these patients are often seriously demoralized and convinced that they are doomed to repeated failure. The messages that they receive from you, your staff, and your office environment should be positive, en couraging, and realistically hopeful about the future.
Ask about family members with ADHD symptoms. If one parent has ADHD, each child has about a 50% risk of having the disorder.6 One of the leading causes of treatment failure in children with ADHD is failure to treat a parent who also has ADHD; if a treatment plan is to be implemented by a parent with untreated ADHD, it has little chance of being followed. Bear in mind that a parent with ADHD faces an extraordinary burden: he must manage his own behavior as well as manage complex behavior modifications and medication schedules in his affected children.
Visits to the patient's home and office make it easier for the clinician to assess the degree to which ADHD interferes with the patient's functioning. Taking digital photos of these areas before treatment and at various points during treatment helps assess the patient's progress. In most cases, patients will not disclose the degree of disorder and disorganization in their work and home lives, which is why a personal visit by the physician or a staff member may be helpful. Remember, too, that patients will be enormously sensitive to your perceptions, so take care to avoid seeming surprised or disapproving of the state of chaos and disorganization in their homes and workspaces.
Medication. Medication choices for patients with ADHD are expanding. In our clinic, we no longer use immediate-release medications because they provide no advantage; they merely give a notoriously forgetful patient population yet another chance to forget. Com pliance with the regimen is increased 2- or 3-fold by the use of sustained- or extended-release formulations. The benefits associated with these formulations are more consistent and sustained than those obtained with im mediate-release medications. They also produce fewer rebound phenomena than immediate-release products. Patient confidentiality and privacy are ex tremely important to this population, and extended-release formulations are the only practical way to get through the school or workday without being observed taking medication. We are optimistic about the role of a skin patch delivery system for methyl phenidate for children with ADHD, and we expect it to improve compliance.
The question about upper dose limits often arises in clinical practice. It is im portant to understand that the upper daily dose limits specified in FDA-approved package inserts for stimulant medications were chosen arbitrarily and have little clinical or research basis. They are based on the highest dosages used in phase 3 FDA trials that are designed only to show that the product is effective and safe. These studies are not designed to provide guidance on optimal clinical practice. The manufacturers set the dosages high enough in these studies to demonstrate effectiveness while minimizing any chance of an adverse effect that would prevent the product being approved by the FDA. Since the FDA will only allow the highest dosage from these studies to be mentioned in package inserts or other communications from the drug company, almost all medications have low maximum doses listed in package inserts and in the Physicians' Desk Reference.
This does not mean that higher dosages cannot be used. FDA guidelines require physicians to use drugs "according to their best knowledge and judgment" and to "be well-informed about the product, to base its use on firm scientific rationale and on sound medical evidence."7 Our advice is to treat the patient in front of you. Docu ment that with each increase in dosage, significant clinical improvements are apparent and that the patient has no clinically significant side effects. Do not stop increasing the dosage at the first sign of improvement. See if continued dosage escalation provides even more improvement.8
We start with the lowest available dosage of the most reliable delivery formulation currently available for either methylphenidate or amphet amine and titrate according to age. For prepubertal patients, the fastest the dosage can be increased is once a week, which allows feedback from teachers and from parents observing at home and during a weekend to be integrated. Older adolescents and adults can often have their medication dose changed every day as long as they see a clear improvement in target symptoms and no side effects other than a mild and transient loss of appetite. The blood pressure and heart rate will show that the patient is not receiving autonomic overstimulation. Once an adult patient is receiving a stable dosage of medication, the dosage generally remains stable for the rest of his life. In up to 5% of adult patients, however, it may be necessary to adjust the dosage after 6 to 9 months of treatment.
Stage 2: Managing an interest-based nervous system
The second stage of management includes instructing the patient on how to work with an interest-based nervous system. An important and difficult task is to help patients relinquish the efforts they have made to work with an importance-based nervous system. Patients often resist this phase of treatment, insisting that there must be some way for them to force themselves to work and succeed the way that others do.
Humor is a powerful tool with these patients, as long as it is not at their expense. We often tell them that persisting with an importance-based strategy is like trying to operate a lawn mower using a manual for a VCR. They require reminders that their brains function differently from those of people without ADHD and that they need to learn to work differently. Teaching these pa tients new techniques is easier than getting them to relinquish the old ones.
Stage 3: Assessment and acquisition of skills
The third stage of treatment begins after about 12 weeks. Patients do not need behavior modification; they need to learn how to access skills they already have that are based on interest, challenge, and novelty. In this phase, it is essential to understand that patients with ADHD do not organize themselves or their activities around time. In our experience, 85% of adults with ADHD do not wear watches. Instead of organizing around time, they organize by deadlines and colors. One strategy that often works for a 5-day work week is to place each day's assignments in different-colored folders, with an admonition that the tasks in the folder for each day must be completed by the end of that work-day. When possible, patients should purchase inexpensive electronic organizers and learn how to use them.
OBSTACLES TO COMPLIANCE
Adherence to the prescribed drug regimen is notoriously poor among patients with ADHD. In a study that included more than 5600 patients taking several different drugs for ADHD, investigators found that half the patients stopped taking the drugs within 3 months of the start of treatment and that by 18 months, 80% of patients had discontinued their medication. Discontinuation rates were the same regardless of the medication that was prescribed. Race, sex, age, and prescription drug coverage status had no bearing on the findings.9 These data confirmed the findings of 2 previous studies. Perwein and associates10 found that 85% of children and 88% of adults were adherent for less than 2 months. Sanchez and colleagues11 demonstrated dropout rates of 50% to 63% in 9549 children with ADHD during a single school year.
Various studies have provided in sight into the factors that lead to poor treatment adherence among patients who receive prescriptions for ADHD medications. Perhaps the most common reason that patients stop taking prescribed medications is that they do not understand the goal of drug treatment. Medication levels the playing field so that patients can begin to learn the skills necessary to live with an interest-based nervous system.
Often, patients-and some physicians-expect a medication to eradicate ADHD symptoms in the same way in which an antibiotic appears to eradicate an infection.9 The treating physician must explain at the outset that ADHD is a chronic disorder that re quires lifelong treatment with medications and the constant honing of important skills. Patients need to know the consequences of discontinuing treatment. How would your patients answer if asked why they take medication for the symptoms of ADHD? How much do they understand?
If patients sense that a physician is not supportive of medication or is un convinced of its benefits, they are less likely to comply with it. In this country, physicians tend to prescribe ADHD medication for use during the school week but not on weekends, in the evenings, or during vacations. Like the physician, the patient soon comes to think of ADHD as strictly a school- or work-related problem; but some of the most damaging consequences of ADHD, such as reckless sexual activity and substance abuse, occur during evenings, weekends, and vacations. An increasing body of clinical data suggests that these consequences of untreated ADHD are mitigated by diligent treatment and compliance.
Sometimes, the patient simply is not organized enough to continue getting prescription refills and keeping appointments with the physician. We phone each patient the day before each office visit. Without these calls, our no-show rate is 50%. With reminder calls, we are able to cut unused clinical time to less than 10% by either avoidance of no-shows or rescheduling of appointments. We also send e-mail reminders when appropriate. Similar reminders are necessary to ensure that patients get the required blood tests. All instructions about medication should be provided to the patient in written form.
It takes considerable effort on the part of the clinician to find the best medication, the optimal dosage, the best dosing system, and the most favorable side-effect profile for an individual patient. Much of this effort is in vain without continually checking with the patient to assess compliance. We give every patient a pillbox timer. We always try to enlist a significant other to help monitor the medication regimen.
At each follow-up visit, we ask to see the pill bottle to assess compliance. A patient's awareness that a physician or nurse will be checking his compliance regularly enhances his adherence to the medical regimen. Failure to assess compliance sends a message to these patients that the medication is not im portant. We obtain agreements from patients in advance to participate in occasional random drug screens to check for compliance with the regimen. Our attitude is "trust, but verify."
Patients sometimes point to side effects as the reason for discontinuing medication. As a rule, well-adjusted dos ages of stimulant medications cause few side effects after the first few weeks. When arousal side effects do occur in the course of treatment, they are almost always caused by the patient adding another stimulant medication. Caffeine, which patients may formerly have found beneficial, may now cause unpleasant jitteriness. Smoking produces both diastolic hypertension and rapid heart rates that may be attributed to the ADHD medication. Decongestants such as pseudoephedrine are found in over-the-counter multisymptom cold/sinus/hay fever medication. Systemic corticosteroids cause significant hyperarousal when used concomitantly with any ADHD medication; inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids are usually tolerated well. Prescription and over-the-counter weight loss drugs may also contain stimulants.
MANAGED CARE AND FINANCIAL ISSUES
Can ADHD be treated successfully under managed care plans? That question arises frequently and causes con sid erable anxiety among practitioners. Thorough ADHD evaluations can be enormously time-consuming. The history-taking process is lengthy, and patients tend to loquacity. The review of prior treatment and school records, the neurologic evaluation, assessment for comorbidity, and the need for extensive patient and family education add to the time burden. Useful current procedural terminology-4 codes for these activities are shown in Table 4.
|90887: Consultation with family|
|96115: Neurobehavioral status examination (Mini-Mental State Examination, computerized continuous performance testing)|
|99080: Special reports (IEP input, accommodation letters)|
|99071: Patient education materials|
|99342: Home visits, moderate|
|IEP, individualized educational program. monitoring, or treadmill testing|
Certain administrative modifications ease the difficulties of treating adults with ADHD. We find it helpful to ob tain all paperwork in advance. We do not schedule appointments until paperwork is completed. Alternatively, some practitioners may ask patients to make an initial deposit of $100; this often enhances patient attendance at the first appointment.
Because a considerable amount of physician and/or staff time has been used or set aside, the fee is charged if the patient cancels or is absent, leaving the clinical time unused. We have found that our no-show rate is quite low after patients have made an investment in advance by completion of paperwork and/or payment of a non refundable deposit.
Financial neglect and impulsiveness are a common consequence of untreated ADHD and should be addressed early on. It is often necessary to require that payments be made at the time of service. We assess an extra charge for carrying a balance on the account. The patient must agree in writing to pay for all late or missed appointments.
Managing time and being punctual is an almost universal impairment in patients with ADHD. It is thus therapeutically, administratively, and financially important to clarify these time and payment issues from the very start of treatment.Remember that medical and drug costs can be a problem for many patients. The type of medication and treatment plan will be affected depending on coverage. None of the medications is cheap, and even working families that do not have insurance may find them financially out of reach. Many of the pharmaceutical companies have come together in the Partnership for Prescription Assistance program at a single Web site (www.pparx.org) to facilitate access to their assistance programs.
As you evaluate the adult patient with ADHD, be aware of the need to evaluate other members of his family. This condition is highly genetically linked. The evaluation may start with the identified patient, but the family will become involved as treatment proceeds. For example, if your patient has children, each has at least a 50% chance of hav ing ADHD. Very likely, this is a family in need of professional assistance. The demands of a child with ADHD may overwhelm any parent, especially one who himself has ADHD. You may also find that the patient has siblings or other relatives who require treatment for ADHD. In our clinic, we treat extended families. At one point, we were treating 40 related people in one family and 60 people in another.
I have described the difficulties and pitfalls of treating patients with ADHD, so it may surprise readers to know that I have quite a lot of fun with my pa tients. Where else in medicine would you have an opportunity to begin turning around a patient's life in an afternoon? It is gratifying work. Begin building the emotional bond at the first visit, be sure patients understand the chronic nature of the condition, and give re peated reminders that medication and skill development work hand-in-glove.
Dr Dodson is medical director of the ADHD Treatment Center in Denver. He is a consultant to and on the speakers bureau of Shire Pharmaceuticals and is on the speakers bureau for Novartis Pharmaceuticals. This article is based on a talk given at the U.S. Psychiatric & Mental Health Congress in 2005.
References1. Abikoff H, Hechtman L, Klein RG, et al. Symptomatic improvement in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43: 802-811.
2. Pliszka SR, Carlson CL, Swanson JM. ADHD With Comorbid Disorders: Clinical Assessment and Management. New York: Guilford Press; 1999.
3. Gutgessell H, Atkins D, Barst R, et al. Cardiovascular monitoring of children and adolescents receiving psychotropic drugs: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Congenital Cardiac Defects, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;99:979-982.
4. Wilens TE, Zussman RM, Hammerness PG, et al. An open-label study of the tolerability of mixed amphet amine salts in adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and treated essential hypertension. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:696-702.
5. Chervin RD, Ruzicka DL, Giordani BJ, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing, behavior, and cognition in children before and after adenotonsillectomy. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e769-e778.
6. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Mick E, et al. High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children with parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:431-435.
7. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for institutional review boards and clinical investigator information sheet. 1998 update. “Off-label” and investigational use of marketed drugs, biologics, and medical devices. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/oc/ohrt/irbs/offlabel.html. Accessed July 24, 2006.
8. Gordon M. How to Operate an ADHD Clinic or Subspecialty Practice. Dewitt, NY: GSI Publications; 1995.
9. Capone NM, Mc Donnell T, Buse J, Kochhar A. Persistence with common pharmacologic treatments for ADHD. Poster presented at: the CHADD 2005 Annual International Conference; October 27, 2005; Dallas.
10. Perwein A, Hall J, Swensen A, Swindle R. Stimulant treatment patterns and compliance in children and adults with newly treated attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Managed Care Pharmacy. 2004;10:122-129.
11. Sanchez RJ, Crismon ML, Barner JC, et al. As sess ment of adherence measures with different stimulants among children and adolescents. Pharma co therapy. 2005;25:909-917.
12. Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, et al. Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder reduces risk for substance use disorder. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e20. | <urn:uuid:432da29c-c080-413e-a605-d37b1b54f7f5> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/real-world-office-management-adhd-adults | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358688.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129044311-20211129074311-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.945669 | 6,766 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Feb 13, · The signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder are varied. Many of these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, making this condition hard to diagnose. The signs of bipolar disorder . Feb 15, · Symptoms at Home Bipolar disorder affects patients’ relationships, use of substances, and sleep. During a manic phase, you might notice: High sex drive — engaging in promiscuous sex with strangers, desiring or demanding sex with a partner more frequently than normal, or Author: Devon Frye.
Symptoms & Types There are many different symptoms -- and several different types -- of bipolar disorder. The primary symptoms are dramatic and unpredictable mood swings. The types of bipolar. Feb 27, · Bipolar disorder is characterized by up-and-down episodes of mania and depression. During a manic phase, some patients can have a total break Author: Tammy Worth. | <urn:uuid:088c3826-bc3d-4b26-8595-4a188fa091a5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://xxxbukake.xyz/adult/bipolar-adult-symptom-54.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488517820.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622124548-20210622154548-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.929636 | 178 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Traumatic Teeth Injuries
Tooth damage is sometimes caused by a traumatic injury to the teeth, such as blow to the mouth. We are specially trained in procedures that require immediate intervention of traumatic injuries. The outcome or prognosis for your specific injury often depends on how quickly you see your endodontist.
How will my injury be treated?
Chipped teeth account for the majority of all dental injuries. Dislodged or knocked-out teeth are examples of less frequent, but more severe injuries. Treatment depends on the type, location and severity of each injury. Any dental injury, even if apparently mild, requires examination by a dentist or an endodontist immediately. Sometimes, neighbouring teeth suffer an additional, unnoticed injury that will only be detected by a thorough dental exam.
Chipped or Fractured Teeth
Most chipped or fractured tooth crowns can be repaired either by reattaching the broken piece or by placing a tooth-coloured filling. If a significant portion of the tooth crown is broken off, an artificial crown or “cap” may be needed to restore the tooth.
If the pulp is exposed or damaged after a crown fracture, root canal treatment may be needed. These injuries require special attention. If breathing through your mouth or drinking cold fluids is painful, bite on clean, moist gauze or cloth to help relieve symptoms until reaching your dentist’s office.
Dislogded (Luxated) Teeth
During an injury, a tooth may be pushed sideways, out of or into its socket. Your endodontist or general dentist will reposition and stabilize your tooth. Root canal treatment is usually needed for permanent teeth that have been dislodged and should be started a few days following the injury.
Knocked-Out (Avulsed) Teeth
If a tooth is completely knocked out of your mouth, time is of the essence. The tooth should be handled very gently, avoiding touching the root surface itself. If it is dirty, quickly and gently rinse it in water. Do not use soap or any other cleaning agent, and never scrape or brush the tooth. If possible, the tooth should be placed back into its socket as soon as possible. The less time the tooth is out of its socket, the better the chance for saving it. Call a dentist immediately!
If you cannot put the tooth back in its socket, it needs to be kept moist in special solutions such as sterile saline. If those solutions are unavailable, you should put the tooth in milk. Doing this will keep the root cells in your tooth moist and alive for a few hours. Another option is to simply put the tooth in your mouth between your gum and cheek. Do not place the tooth in regular tap water because the root surface cells do not tolerate it.
Once the tooth has been put back in its socket, your dentist will evaluate it and will check for any other dental and facial injuries. If the tooth has not been placed back into its socket, your dentist will clean it carefully and replace it. A stabilising splint will be placed for a few weeks. Depending on the stage of root development, your dentist or endodontist may start root canal treatment a week or two later. A medication may be placed inside the tooth followed by a permanent root canal filling at a later date.
The length of time the tooth was out of the mouth and the way the tooth was stored before reaching the dentist influence the chances of saving the tooth. Again, immediate treatment is essential. Taking all these factors into account, your dentist or endodontist may discuss other treatment options with you.
A traumatic injury to the tooth may also result in a horizontal root fracture. The location of the fracture determines the long-term health of the tooth. If the fracture is close to the root tip, the chances for success are much better. However, the closer the fracture is to the gum line, the poorer the long-term success rate. Sometimes, stabilisation with a splint is required for a period of time. | <urn:uuid:9aff1b27-7f2d-4578-8b8c-e0b8bea3e7b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://excellenceinendodontics.com.au/traumatic-teeth-injuries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358570.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128164634-20211128194634-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.947132 | 831 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Ray Stewart and Harry Minor are optimistic that a new temperature-controlled seed coating for soybeans will boost the popularity of relay cropping.
"Relay cropping of soybeans and winter wheat can be a huge winner for growers economically. But it's like landing an airplane on a carrier - it's very tricky," says Stewart, senior vice president of Intellicoat, at Menlo Park, CA.
"Relay cropping is challenging," says Minor, a University of Missouri-Columbia extension agronomist. "If growers plant their soybeans too late, they'll damage the wheat. If they plant too early, the soybeans can be smothered by the wheat or damaged when the wheat's harvested."
Intellicoat's patented seed coating, made of acrylic acid and fatty alcohols derived from corn and soybean oils, could widen the planting window and boost yields, says Stewart. Soybeans coated with the micro-thin polymer can be planted in early spring before wheat heads.
"Growers can bring drills or other planting equipment into the field and get the soybeans in the ground before the wheat is at the stage where any sort of field activity can destroy it," he explains.
Adds Minor: "The product could be especially beneficial in areas where the growing season isn't long enough to doublecrop."
The coating provides a protective barrier, keeping the seed dry and dormant for about 30 days.
As soil slowly warms, the coating becomes permeable, allowing the seed to absorb water and germinate. By the time the wheat is harvested, the soybeans will likely be in the early to mid-vegetative growth stages.
In addition to tests Minor conducted in Missouri last year, the coating was tested by university researchers in Ohio and Indiana, and in Kansas and Oklahoma on-farm research trials.
"With seed-coating products, you have to look at them in several environments," says Stewart.
More large-scale, on-farm tests are scheduled for this summer. Soybean seeds coated with the new coating could be available in 2001. Prices haven't been established yet.
In related research, Intellicoat is collaborating with several seed companies to develop temperature-controlled coatings for inbred seed corn. Typically, when farmers are contracted by seed companies to grow inbred seed corn, they make multiple plantings. Usually, female inbreds are planted first, followed by one or more plantings of male inbreds.
But it's possible that Intellicoat's new seed coatings could eliminate multiple plantings. Male and female inbreds could be planted at the same time, with males coated to delay their emergence.
Another possibility: Mixing coated and uncoated male seeds could produce a longer pollination period, improving yield and minimizing pollination risks.
"Ultimately, the cost of hybrid seeds could decrease and new hybrids with improved agronomic characteristics could be available sooner," says Stewart.
The company also is developing seed coatings for several other crops. | <urn:uuid:ccf237fc-91c0-4a42-a95d-e1bcec5b46e7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://cornandsoybeandigest.com/new-seed-coating-delays-germination-it-could-benefit-relay-cropped-soybeans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00362-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961471 | 624 | 2.75 | 3 |
What is web design? This question has been a subject of great debate since the emergence of web design as an industry. There are three important schools of thought within the web development industry. The first one is of the view that web design is a purely scientific field where art has no place and a good web design is actually nothing but a good code. People who adhere to this belief are often labelled ‘right wing designers’. On the other extreme exist those who believe that web design is art and nothing but art. They regard science as a mere tool and not an actual part of the process to create or the end product. The third school of thought, however, believes in a middle way. They understand web design as a fusion of science and art. This ‘middle ground’ appears to be the best answer to this question.
Now, assuming web design to be a synergetic product – something that exists at the conjunction of artistic endeavour and scientific precision – we have come up with some web design Bristol best practices. Some of the most esteemed web designers in the world adhere to these practices.
Home Page is called ‘home’ page for a reason!
Home page is probably the most important page on your website, because it is your website’s ‘first impression’. Everyone visiting your website lands on the home page, so if your home page is clear and attractive, people will want to browse more. If your homepage is a repulsive mess of banners and keywords, visitors will just bounce off your site. So, what are the best practices for home page design? Make a wireframe sketch of home page before your proceed with the rest of the design. Your design should revolve around home page and everything should lead to it and lead away from it at the same time. Think of your website as a buckyball and the home page as its center. Remember that everything else on your website should appear to be a continuation of home page. You’re going to theme your website around the home page so make it clean, sharp and very, very easily navigable.
The colors of life – Web Design Bristol
If you are a web designer, a great sense of aesthetics should come naturally to you. You should have an eye for beauty and excellent color matching skills. If you are not the creative type, don’t screw up. Instead, adhere to basic color scheming principles, like the 60 – 30 – 10 rule. That is, pick 3 different colors and use them in the ratio 6:3:1. When pairing up colors, try colors from the opposite ends of the color wheel. Colors schemes where all three colors have been chosen from the same spectrum also work well. Always remember that colors speak to your audience. The audiences (your visitors) are going to respond differently to different color schemes, so perform a lot of split testing to see which color works well for your target group.
Mike is a SEO web designer based in Stockholm. He keeps a keep eye on the latest trends in the web development industry. He also writes for a Web Design Bristol on freelance basis. | <urn:uuid:cf77206a-90ec-4801-bdae-0edeb719336c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.techwench.com/two-web-design-best-practices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745522.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119084944-20181119110944-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.944453 | 638 | 2.703125 | 3 |
‘Human computers’ did the math
By Judith Stanford Miller, M.Ed., M.A.
Feb. 15, 2018 – Hidden Figures, a 2016 book by Margot Lee Shetterly that was made into a movie with the same name, tells the riveting story of African American ‘human computers’ who were recruited in the 1940s to work at the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, a lab operated by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). NACA evolved to NASA with the agency’s creation in 1958. As mainframe computers were introduced in the late 1940s, ‘human computers’ trained to program the mechanical computers and remained a vital part of Langley’s workforce. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy issued a challenge to NASA to land astronauts on the moon before the end of the decade. NASA quickly expanded to meet the challenge. Katherine Johnson, an African American human computer at Langley, was instrumental in ‘doing the math’ to plot trajectories for the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo space missions.
Student News Net recently interviewed Bill Barry, NASA’s chief historian, about that important period in NASA’s history.
After the Wright Brothers conquered human flight in 1903 with a successful flight on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina with an airplane they designed and built in Dayton, Ohio, the rush to innovate flight took off quickly in Europe. By 1915, European developments outpaced the United States. To answer the growing imbalance, the United States formed NACA with Orville Wright named one of seven committee members. The committee reported directly to the president.
In 1920, the committee established the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory to test airplanes. Begun with 15 employees, by 1925, there were more than 100 employees, according to NASA.
In the 1930s, NACA identified the need to hire ‘human computers’ to literally “do the math.” Hundreds of calculations needed to be performed from the many tests being conducted, particularly tests in the wind tunnel to determine the best aerodynamic design for airplane wings and other parts.
When World War II erupted in Europe in 1939, Langley’s work accelerated. In the early 1940s, NACA needed many more human computers. They began recruiting African American women, many of whom were math teachers at schools in the Hampton, Virginia area where Langley was located.
Hidden Figures: Dorothy Vaughan, Katherine Johnson, and Mary Jackson
Dorothy Vaughn, one of the three main characters in Hidden Figures, graduated in 1929 with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in mathematics from Wilberforce University near Dayton, Ohio. She was hired by NACA in 1943 during World War II. In 1949, she was named a supervisor of the West Area Computing group, the first African American to lead a group of human computers at Langley. She retired from NASA in 1971.
Katherine Johnson was hired by NACA in 1953. Because of her expertise in theoretical mathematics and analytical geometry, she was named to the Space Task Group that was responsible for planning trajectories for early space missions, including John Glenn’s 1962 Friendship 7 mission during which Glenn became the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth. Katherine retired from NASA in 1986 and will turn 100 on August 26, 2018. A new building at NASA’s Langley Research Center has recently been dedicated in her honor.
Mary Jackson was hired by NACA in 1951. She grew up in Hampton, Virginia and graduated in 1942 from the Hampton Institute with a dual degree in Mathematics and Physical Sciences. At NACA, she worked under Dorothy in the West Area Computing group. Because of her talent, she was encouraged to advance her education in engineering and became an aeronautical engineer, most likely the first African American female aeronautical engineer in the United States.
There were about 400 human computers working at Langley in the 1940s and 1950s of which about 50 were African American women. Dorothy, Katherine, and Mary represent the work of all human computers. | <urn:uuid:991f81be-1d6f-4c67-8abb-7aa60fcd4fd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://studentsshareknowledge.com/core-content/hidden-figures-barry-interview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336674.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001132802-20221001162802-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.96439 | 846 | 3.375 | 3 |
Dear Friends of Art,
There are two new portraits in the section of Franz X. Winterhalter.
They show Emperor Franz Josef and his wife Empress Elisabeth, of Austria.
This newsletter is dedicated to them.
Franz Josef was born on August 18, 1830, son of the archduke Francis Charles (1802-1878), the second son of Emperor Francis I, and his wife archduchess Sophie, daughter of the king of Bavaria, Maximilian I. Franz Josef got a good education, had a talent for languages and knew French, Italian, Hungarian and Czech. Sophie, a deeply religious woman, brought up her children in Catholicism. But Franz Josef did not share his mother's deep passion for religion; everything mystical was alien to his sober-minded and reasonable nature. Art, poetry and music did not take much place in his education, and did not interest him. A good deal of attention was given to his military training, which was new for the House of the Habsburgs. Franz Josef was the first heir to the throne who was brought up as a military officer. Though he never showed himself as a capable military commander, this education formed the personality of the future monarch – for all his life he had love for order, discipline, uniform, and strict subordination. The main purpose of his life became the duty of the monarch. His formal education stopped at the age of 18, and he did not get fundamental knowledge in political and jurisdictional sciences so necessary to a ruler.
Thus on December 2, 1848, Franz Josef started his long and unsuccessful reign of the Austrian empire, which was restless with social and national contradictions. His first task was to subdue the Hungarian revolt and pacify Lombardy. Having accomplished this, the aspirations of the various nationalities of the empire were rigorously suppressed, and a determined effort was made to fuse them into one state. Influenced by his mother the emperor reasserted his claim to rule as an absolute monarch; the policy of bureaucratic centralization was again reverted to; and a close alliance was signed with the church to combat liberal progress.
A task of state importance was to get the young emperor married. Sophie, who interfered in everything, took the vital mission of finding a bride into her own hands. After some searching she chose him a bride from her own Bavarian house. Her choice was her niece Helene, daughter of her sister Duchess Ludovika and Duke Maximilian in Bavaria. Sophie considered that Helene was ready to fulfill the difficult duties of an empress with her character and education. But Franz Josef fell in love with the younger sister – charming Elisabeth, and destroyed his mother's plans. Sophie would never forgive Elisabeth for this. Franz Josef and Eugenie Amalie Elisabeth of Wittelsbach were married on April 24, 1754. She was about 17 when she became Empress of Austria.
The young people were absolutely different in character and upbringing. She was brought up free, not knowing any restraint, in a highly independent manner and fully enjoyed the turbulence and carefree attitude of her father's castle. She was romantic, loved poetry and music; her spiritual life was more important for her than reality. He was practical and pedantic, military and realistic. But at the moment, young and in love, they were happy.
Unfortunately very soon Elisabeth began to feel like a bird in a gilded
cage. Sophie, wanting to make her daughter-in-law into a real empress,
as she understood the role, controlled and dictated her every move. Court
etiquette and formalities limited her freedom and oppressed Elisabeth.
She quickly became an object of mockery for the courtiers, who, led by
Sophie, criticized and ridiculed her. Josef, who deeply respected his mother,
was afraid to reprimand Sophie and defend his wife. Elisabeth felt more
and more alone. This loneliness only deepened when her mother-in-law took
Sophie Friderike Dorothea Maria Josepha (1855-1857), Gisela Louise Marie (1856-1932), and Rudolf Franz Karl Joseph (1858-1889) and started bringing them up by herself, allowing Elisabeth to only see her children from time to time and always in her presence. Elisabeth wrote poems, read much and trained in horse riding for several hours a day. Later to get rid of the importunate wardship she started to travel.
Elisabeth did not interfere in politics except for once, when she played a definite role in the regulation of the conflict with Hungary in the 1860s. During the visit of the imperial couple to Hungary, the Hungarians were delighted with Elisabeth's beauty. Tall and slender, with classical features and big bright eyes, luxurious chestnut hair she left nobody indifferent. Feeling the sincere love and admiration, which she did not receive in the Vienna court, she answered with mutual sympathy. She learned the Hungarian language and was fond of the Hungarian literature. She tried to spend more time in her Hungarian estates. Feeling lonely in Vienna, where the real queen was Sophie, Elisabeth formed her own court from Magyar ladies. To much distaste of Sophie, Elisabeth had contacts with the leaders of the Hungarian opposition and she managed to influence Franz's attitude towards the Hungarian problems. In 1867 Franz Josef reformed the country into the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy with constitutional rule, Hungary got more rights in deciding its internal problems. Franz Joseph and Elisabeth were crowned on June 8, 1867 in Budapest as the King and Queen of Hungary. In Austria itself Elisabeth tried to avoid all official ceremonies.
In 1868 in Hungary, Elisabeth gave birth to her forth child Marie Valerie Mathilde Amalie (1868-1939). She flatly refused to part with the girl. At last she knew all the pleasures and troubles of motherhood. It was an almost possessive love: Elisabeth never parted with Marie Valerie until the marriage of the latter.
In January 1889, her only son, Rudolf, the Crown Prince, committed suicide with his mistress Marie Vetsera in Mayerling; at least this is the official version of the death, which still remains a mystery. There are a lot of myths and theories of what and why happened, but as the dynasty tried to destroy all the evidence of the tragedy, it's difficult to come to one conclusion. Rudolf had been depressed for many years, feeling rejected both by his mother and father. Elisabeth understood too well her part in the tragedy and couldn't forgive herself. She never recovered from that blow. Her last years she spent in melancholy and pessimistic thoughts.
She died nine years later and also tragically – an Italian anarchist, Luigi Lucheni, fatally stabbed her to death in Geneva September 10, 1898.
Franz Josef outlived his wife by 18 years. All his reign was a slow and steady decline of the great European empire. In 1859 Austria lost Lombardy, then in 1866, Venice. The emperor then tried to adopt a more conciliatory policy towards the various national groups within the empire and wanted to give some form of self-government to the Austrian Slavs, but was opposed by German and Magyar nobles, which further weakened the Habsburg positions. The annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 agitated Europe; the attack on Serbia, which followed after the assassination of heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand (Franz Josef's nephew), in 1914 precipitated World War I.
Franz Josef died on November 21, 1916. He did not live to see Austria's defeat in the war. His grand nephew, Karl I assumed the throne for two years, but was the last Habsburg monarch.
You will also find new sections of French painters James Tissot and Henri Fantin-Latour.
We would be glad to receive your opinions and comments on our newsletters.
Please write to [email protected]
To subscribe to our mailing list enter your e-mail address below | <urn:uuid:a68ce75f-e658-4e13-9f3b-8bebc5dfb52e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.abcgallery.com/list/2002may16.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423808.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721182450-20170721202450-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.980089 | 1,692 | 2.71875 | 3 |
By Robert Dunne
Programmers study by means of instance and advance their abilities by means of studying and enhancing operating courses. Assembly Language utilizing the Raspberry Pi is an entire instructional that gives case in point courses to introduce the beginner to either CPU software program improvement methods.
- Each of the 20 chapters starts with a whole pattern application to envision and try, by means of an outline explaining the programming suggestions and directions which are introduced.
- The first application is simply five strains of code whereas later ones include over a hundred lines.
- Every pattern application is entire, yet leaves room for improvements and experimentation inspired via the questions on the finish of every chapter.
- ARM processor directions and lines are brought as had to enforce the elevated complexity in programming techniques.
- There is an emphasis on application constitution and layout styles that facilitate constructing maintainable code (i.e., no spaghetti code).
- The pattern courses are documented either in circulate diagrams and in comments.
- Over a hundred illustrations are incorporated to give an explanation for programming suggestions in addition to ARM and floating aspect instructions.
- Floating aspect structure and directions are lined commonly, yet progressively brought via a sequence of 7 chapters masking IEEE 754, VFPv3, and NEON.
- Background fabric on matters like binary, two’s supplement, and hexadecimal look in fourteen appendices if you want it, with out going in the way in which of programmers who don’t.
- This ebook has been “classroom proven” with scholars having little or no if any prior programming adventure. the data is entire, permitting it to even be used as an autonomous study.
- All procedure and application software program utilized in the ebook is integrated within the typical Raspian Linux distribution meant for use with the Raspberry Pi 2 and 3.
Assembly language is the pc programming language closest to a computer’s “machine code language.” studying to software in meeting language is a wonderful useful “hands-on” creation to the main points of machine structure. even if purposes and structures software program written in meeting language have been as soon as universal, meeting language is now basically a bridge of figuring out among machine architects and software program developers.
Read Online or Download Assembly Language Using the Raspberry Pi: A Hardware Software Bridge PDF
Similar computers & technology books
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2005 im Fachbereich Pädagogik - Medienpädagogik, be aware: 1,3, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Fakultät für Pädagogik), Veranstaltung: Geschichte der Medienpädagogik, thirteen Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Deutsch, summary: Die Arbeit bearbeitet die Entwicklung des Jugendmedienschutzes nach 1945.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2007 im Fachbereich Pädagogik - Medienpädagogik, word: 1,3, Technische Universität Berlin, Sprache: Deutsch, summary: In der vorliegenden Hausarbeit geht es um eine differenzierte Ausarbeitung des Themengebietes „Gewaltdarstellungen in den Medien“. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Darstellung des Gewaltgehalts einerseits im Fernsehen, andererseits in den Computerspielen.
This booklet capitalizes at the advancements in dynamical structures and schooling through offering probably the most contemporary advances during this region in seventeen non-overlapping chapters. the 1st 1/2 the publication discusses the conceptual framework of advanced dynamical structures and its applicability to academic tactics.
Unfastened UPGRADABLE WIN10 guide – machine DESKTOPMicrosoft plans significant characteristic improvements for 2017. This e-book and each different home windows 10 ebook turns into out of date. Our publication buyers are entitled to a loose UPGRADABLE model on your desktop computing device, which insures you being present for all home windows 10 “How To’s”.
- Michael Allen's Online Learning Library: Successful e-Learning Interface: Making Learning Technology Polite, Effective, and Fun: Evaluation - Instructional Design Basics, Misconce
- Science and Technology Education and Future Human Needs
- E-Learning Techniques Using PowerPoint (6" x 9" Paperback): Creating Cost Effective and Engaging Learning Experiences
- Hacking Google For Education: 99 Ways to Leverage Google Tools in Classrooms, Schools, and Districts (Hack Learning Series Book 11)
- Short Circuits: Crafting e-Puppets with DIY Electronics (The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning)
- Integrating Pedagogy and Technology: Improving Teaching and Learning in Higher Education
Additional resources for Assembly Language Using the Raspberry Pi: A Hardware Software Bridge
Assembly Language Using the Raspberry Pi: A Hardware Software Bridge by Robert Dunne | <urn:uuid:0b430ca5-66c4-496a-9604-18355a669d34> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://kiemdao.gamota.com/download/assembly-language-using-the-raspberry-pi-a-hardware-software-bridge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321112407-20190321134407-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.709178 | 1,079 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Museum of Media History | MMH | Berlin
The Difference Engine
The Difference Engine was an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. In 1822, Charles Babbage proposed the use of such a machine. It used the decimal number system and was powered by cranking a handle. | <urn:uuid:953fbdf7-2ac0-4ce5-b2b2-a6139673165e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://museumofmediahistory.com/the-difference-engine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662647086.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527112418-20220527142418-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.920045 | 80 | 3.375 | 3 |
The Market Revolution generated a drastic change in the United States economy and altered gender barriers while at the same time accomplishing this in a provocative manner. This economic boom occurred around the first half of the 19th Century. The economic boom was achieved by inventions such as a transcontinental railroad system which resulted in a better transportation system which improved trade and the cotton gin which sped up the rate of removing seeds from cotton fiber. However like what the great Hugo said, “The brutalities of progress are called revolutions. When they are over we realize this: that the human race has been roughly handled, but that it has advanced”. That is exactly what happened with this revolution in fact and the progress …show more content…
In the 19th Century, there were strong supporters of the ideology of Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny was basically the belief of expansion by settlers expanding all over America because god supposedly destined the Americans for expansions by their resources. This resulted for the Americans to find a modern mode of transportation that would make traveling from the east to the west coast easier. This resulted in a mega construction known as the Transcontinental Railroad. The railroad not only helps with transportation but with trading. According to the article The Railway Journey, modern transportation “created a definite spatial distance between the places of production and the place of consumption did the goods become uprooted commodities” (40 Railroad Journey). Basically, this means that since the railroad allowed goods to be shipped to further distances at faster rates which resulted in mass productions and shipments of goods which resulted in a stable economy for the United …show more content…
For instance, Godey stated that “the American railroad was ‘manly’ because of the power of its engines and bravery of brakemen of engineers [but feminine] because of the domesticity of its parlor cars and the refinement of female passengers” (2 Home Adrift). It was revealed later on that lesser known railroad stories suggested woman were yet again influential on the construction of the railroad. We can conclude that the Market Revolution really impacted the lives of many women and were put on the map since people recognized that woman can actually do work which resulted in women in this time period to have more privileges. The railroad was really the keystone of the Market Revolution but in order for the construction of the railroad to happen and expansion of America to commence, President Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act which was, in short, an Indian
Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysShow More
The Market Revolution was a period of economic growth and expansion in the 19th century America. This era included the physical expansion, intellectual expansion and economic expansion of the nation. Physically, canals and, more significantly, railroads were built and expanded. Trunk lines were installed in order to provide consolidation and more efficient connection. Intellectual ideas prospered the market revolution.
To some people they didn’t see it as a big thing but to others this was huge. Some knew that this was a start of a new life but to others it really didn’t mean anything. The Market Revolution was in many ways America's answer to Europe's Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century. I think the biggest thing about the American Revolution that changed America was Eli Whitney and his 1793 invention of the cotton gin. The cotton gin was a machine that
Manifest Destiny was a positive force in American History. Because of Manifest Destiny, American settlers were able to travel to the more Western parts of our country like Texas. A lot of events took place in Texas which also helped us build our country throughout history. One of the main reasons why Manifest destiny was very important to our American history is because of its political effect. When Americans started to travel Westward, they had come across Texas, which was near Mexico.
Manifest Destiny was first written by John O' Sullivan, a newspaper man, he stated that "Americans had a God-given right to bring the benefits of American Democracy to other, more backward peoples... by force if necessary" (Faragher, 339). This illustrates the mindset of people in the 1840's and the flourishing idea of expansion. The most influential source of manifest destiny in the 1840's was politics. This is evident since manifest destiny is associated with the democratic party (Faragher, 339). Personally, I find manifest destiny interesting due to the variation of beliefs of people and groups.
The Market Revolution was vital to the development to America, creating a turning point for the country as a whole. This turning point including– but not limiting to– a change in several aspects: culture, connection of states, population growth, technological inventions, family tradition, women’s roles, and communication. Although the Market Revolution is not considered an Industrial Revolution, it is as much of a turning point as an Industrial Revolution would have been for America during the era of 1815-1860, by providing and establishing a connection between most states, doubling the population, and most importantly, creating goods for mass consumption rather than private consumption. The distinction between the Market Revolution and an
The market revolution had a tremendous impact on many regions in the U.S., most notably the South and Northeast. The market revolution is a term used by historians to describe the expansion of the marketplace that occurred between 1815 and 1830, prompted mainly by major transportation improvements and various unique inventions to connect distant communities together for the first time. The South developed and thrived mainly from the cotton gin and the expansion of slavery. The Northeast flourished and bloomed from the factory system, interchangeable parts, transportation improvements, and women in the work force. The market revolution impact on the South and Northeast brought about widespread economic growth yet affected the regions differently, the South shifted from subsistence farming to commercial farming and the Northeast grew in mechanization and industrialization.
Manifest Destiny is a unique, yet mysterious fundamental series of events in American history. No other country’s history contains such an eventful history as the United States. Amy Greenberg’s book, Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion, provides documented evidence that settlers believed they were destined for expansion throughout the continent. In other words, many religious settlers believed that it was a call from God for the United States to expand west. On the other hand, people believed that Manifest Destiny vindicated the war against Mexico.
Modern day America is an economic superpower. However, one and a half centuries ago, this was not the case. In the late 1800’s there was a large boom in terms of population and industrialization in the United States. From this stemmed many new technological innovations, innovations which could be applied to the creation of alluring products for the masses. This led to the rise of a prominent American consumer culture, which was a driving force in the great economic growth of the Gilded Age.
“Once we became an independent people it was as much a law of nature that this [control of all of North America] should become our pretension as that the Mississippi should flow to the sea” –John Quincy Adams (Henretta, p. 384). In the 1840s, Americans had a belief that God destined for them to expand their territory all the way westward to the Pacific Ocean. This idea was called Manifest Destiny. In the nineteenth century, Americans were recognized for coming together and building up one another for one cause: westward expansion.
Question 1 I think that Andrew Jackson was a bad president. He was bad because he was disrespectful to the native americans. Andrew Jackson declared federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional. The nation suffered a economic downturn through the 20’s. Politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy.
Transportation meant more interactions of people and information, but often had devastating effects due to the human folly of wanting to decrease time. Women in the work force increased the production rate, as well as a boom in the economy, but were often treated in inhumane conditions and regarded lowly. Banks allowed vast opportunities for the wealthy investors, but also ended up disabling the poor working force, especially in the depression. As such, while there were evident benefits to the market revolution that heavily boosted the economy and development of the country, the drawbacks still outweighed the positives. Death and people taking advantages of others led to the market revolution being a dark time in American history.
Manifest Destiny was the term used by John O’Sullivan to describe America’s desire to expand West due to reasons including both the vast amount of unclaimed land and the opportunities Americans wanted to explore. During this time, Americans believed that it was their God-given right to expand West, and therefore they were entitled to push away any groups that were in their way. Due to the mindset that the Americans could do as they pleased with the groups of people who got in their way, Manifest Destiny affected many groups of people, including the American Indians and Slaves, and continued to build up the preexisting tension between the North and South. One of the groups of people affected greatly by Manifest Destiny were the Native Americans. Manifest Destiny affected the American Indians by spreading foreign diseases to them as they moved Westward, through the Native American territory.
The 1800s was a very eventful time for American history, consisting of the Industrial Revolution, Civil War, and arguably the biggest change in our society, the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. This extraordinary invention and design allowed for a lot of change in the U.S. This railroad truly paved the way for America’s future, and it instilled a strong sense of pride in the nation. The Transcontinental Railroad was a positive invention because it allowed for longer distance travel, and unified the nation; yet it could be seen as a negative invention because of the disaster it created for the Native Americans and the extermination of buffalo.
The Market Revolution The market revolution began with the rapid growth of inventions that changed the way farmers made and sold their goods; because of this the market revolution gave more opportunities to women that completely changed their lives. The market revolution provided women with more so called “challenges”, it gave women more job opportunities outside of the household in which they would usually be in spending their time cleaning, cooking, and taking care of the children. While men were out working to meet the high demands of this new market industry, other women filled in the men's places in jobs like sewers and fitters in the new large-scale shoe and clothing operations owned by merchant capitalists. This event that women took on soon changed
“Manifest Destiny,” written by John L. O’Sullivan, explains how expansion is needed for america and how it could better our nation. The painting “American Progress,”supports expansion by displaying what it looked like when the settlers moved in. The text, “Reporting to the President, September 23-December 31,1806,” by Stephen Ambrose, supports westward expansion by talking about how lewis and Clarke did good things to help westward expansion. What do you think about westward expansion? | <urn:uuid:d03c5ddc-7083-4537-95d2-5fd738a650b2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Gender-Roles-In-The-Market-Revolution-FJYJFSWJ2PU | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473735.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222061937-20240222091937-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.974837 | 2,260 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Piero di Cosimo, sometimes know as Piero di Lorenzo, was born in Florence, son of a goldsmith, and apprenticed under the artist Cosimo Rosselli (1439 – 1507), from whom he derived his popular name. He assisted Rosselli in the painting of the Sistine Chapel in 1481.In the first phase of his career, Piero was influenced by the Netherlandish naturalism of Hugo van der Goes (1440 – 1482), whose Portinari Triptych (now at the Spedale of Santa Maria Novella in Florence) helped to lead the whole of Florentine painting into new channels. From him Cosimo acquired the love of landscape and the intimate knowledge of the growth of flowers and of animal life. The manner of Hugo van der Goes is especially apparent in Cosimo’s Adoration of the Shepherds, (Berlin Museum).
He journeyed to Rome in 1482 with his master, Rosselli and proved himself a true child of the Renaissance by depicting subjects of Classical mythology in such pictures as the Venus, Mars, and Cupid, and The Death of Procris. This also includes his Perseus and Andromeda series, of which the painting Perseus Frees Andromeda is now at the Uffizi. Inspired by the Vitruvius', Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (d. 25 B.C.), account of the evolution of man, Cosimo’s mythical compositions show the bizarre presence of hybrid forms of men and animals, or the man learning to use fire and tools. The multitude of nudes in these works shows the influence of Luca Signorelli (1445 – 1523) on Piero's art.
During his lifetime, Cosimo acquired a reputation for eccentricity; reportedly, he was frightened of thunderstorms, and so pyrophobic that he rarely cooked his food. He lived largely on hard-boiled eggs, which he prepared 50 at a time while boiling glue for his artworks. He also resisted any cleaning of his studio, or trimming of the fruit trees of his orchard; he lived, wrote Giorgio Vasari (1511 – 1574), "more like a beast than a man."
If, as Vasari asserts, he spent the last years of his life in gloomy retirement, the change was probably due to the religious reformer, Savonarola (1452 – 1498), under whose influence he turned his attention once more to religious art. The death of his master Rosselli may also have impacted Piero's morose elder years. The Immaculate Conception with Saints, (or Incarnation) at the Uffizi, and the Holy Family, at Dresden, best illustrate the religious fervor to which he was stimulated by the stern preacher.
Cosimo enjoyed a great reputation as a portrait painter: the most famous of his work being the portrait of a Florentine noblewoman, Simonetta Vespucci (1453 – 1476), mistress of Giuliano de Medici (1453 – 1478). According to Vasari, Cosimo excelled in designing pageants and triumphal processions for the pleasure-loving youths of Florence. Cosimo exercised considerable influence upon his fellow pupils on Rosselli’s workshop, such as Albertinelli (1474 – 1515) and Fra Bartolomeo (1472 – 1517). He was the master of the influential Florentine Mannerist, Andrea del Sarto (1486 – 1531).
(This text is adapted from the www.wikipedia.org entry on Piero Cosimo, available under GNU Free Documentation License.) | <urn:uuid:4681a5bf-f1f8-4bfd-9677-42dfab7086da> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.virtualuffizi.com/piero-di-cosimo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066981.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416130611-20210416160611-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.960709 | 760 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Design require tempting and uncomplicated visual to access by users regardless it has many words or less words. To achieve better understanding on design for users, designers urged to create visual hierarchy. Some considerations could be taken to create design with an effective visual hierarchy.
Understand how users read information, how designer could help users absorbed information easily. Reading through the copy is valuable for designer to determine which information hold greater value than others. The understanding would help designer interpret hierarchy of information need to be passed to users.
Hierarchy could be achieved by creating contrast. Using typeface, point size, weight, colors, and tint is important to create density of type. Visual judgments often bring the best results. It is visible and logical to determine hierarchy when designing with type. Using enlargement and reduction would be a good start to create visual hierarchy. Colors could help designer creating hierarchy. Brighter colors attract users, while paler and tint colors can be used to suppress words.
Example of effective visual hierarchy in a website
MIXD website design in my opinion has an effective visual hierarchy. It doesn’t have many colors and typefaces, but using different type sizes could create contrast and flow between words. As we can see the layout drives us to read “BETTER” and than “THINKING” in a sequence. Using upper case letters on the body, also beneficial. Readers easily read from top to bottom regardless the copy is positioned on the left.
C. Knight, J. (2013). Creating Exciting and Unusual Visual Hierarchies. Available from http://www.smashingmagazine.com/ [Accessed 18 November 2014] | <urn:uuid:ff9ceb8f-3a4e-4b9e-a44f-d15f7776365d> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://isumarsono.wordpress.com/2014/11/23/visual-judgement-is-the-best-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865863.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523235059-20180524015059-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.900203 | 343 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Understanding Your Diagnosis
Diagnostic Procedures for Cancer: Overview
Detailed information on the most common diagnostic procedures for cancer
Vulvar Cancer: Diagnosis
Learn how vulvar cancer is diagnosed.
Grading and Staging of Cancer
Grading and staging cancer helps determine the best treatment.
Vulvar Cancer: Stages
Learn about the stages of vulvar cancer.
Vulvar Cancer: Precancerous Changes
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a precancerous change in your vulva. VIN is not cancer. But if it's not treated it can turn into cancer. Learn more. | <urn:uuid:66f09cd7-5a42-4505-827d-7a2aeb66f9e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthlibrary/centers/cancer/col.php?id=31280 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123560.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00249-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.808471 | 136 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A procedure once used solely to detect the spread of melanoma has become the standard of care for breast-cancer patients at one Lake County hospital.
Doctors say that years from now, the once-experimental procedure could become routine for several other cancers, putting thousands of cancer patients through less trauma than they would experience undergoing surgeries used to detect the spread of the disease.
"It very well may be the standard for all cancers down the road," said Dr. Eric Goldsmith, a surgeon at Waterman.
The less-invasive way to determine whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes -- called "sentinel-node biopsy" -- was first used at Florida Hospital Waterman in 1998 and today is the procedure of choice by the majority of women.
"I think it's spectacular," Goldsmith said. "It's really great for women, and we've had a very, very high acceptance."
In the past, most women underwent radical lymph-node surgery. Doctors removed all of the lymph nodes under the arm, where the disease usually spreads initially. The more drastic surgery can cause impaired shoulder motion, nerve damage and swelling.
The concept behind the new procedure is that if breast cancer has the ability to spread to lymph nodes, it should spread in an orderly fashion, spreading first to what is called the sentinel lymph node.
The goal in the biopsy procedure is to remove a small number of lymph nodes, typically one to three lymph nodes, to see whether the cancer has spread before determining whether to remove the entire breast.
Women have typically one to seven lymph nodes. During the procedure, the doctor injects dye into the lymph nodes to determine how many a patient has and how many should be removed through a one-inch incision.
If the removed lymph nodes contain cancer, then the rest of the lymph nodes under the arm may or may not have cancer.
But if, instead, the sentinel lymph nodes have no cancer, then the rest of the lymph nodes under the arm also should be cancer-free. The procedure has then spared the woman more-extensive surgery.
Women with breast cancer have the greatest chance for survival if the tumor has not spread into the lymph nodes or beyond.
Nationwide, the accuracy has run between 90 and 100 percent for early-stage tumors.
In 1998, when doctors at Waterman first began using the procedure on breast-cancer patients, the procedure was still considered experimental.
Doctors at Leesburg Regional Medical Cancer currently use the procedure to detect melanoma, but the hospital has not yet approved the procedure for breast cancer.
Goldsmith, who recently attended a cancer conference, said physicians could begin using sentinel-node biopsy on colorectal-cancer patients, and then for other cancers.
"We've gotten it down now from an art to a science," he said. "It's amazing." | <urn:uuid:06920689-c0b6-4d08-93df-2bb3235d1246> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-07-10-0107100004-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510138.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516140911-20220516170911-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.954212 | 589 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Graduate Degree Type
School of Engineering
A system was designed and built to measure four different physiological variables of a golf putting action. Putters as well as weight pads were outfitted with strain gages while optical sensors were used to detect the golf ball presence. Through the use of this equipment the data relating to weight shift between the golfer’s feet, strain on the putter shaft, and golf ball velocity was recorded. A computer with the Linux operating system was equipped with a data acquisition card and programs were written so the computer could collect data. A graphical user interface was also added to simplify the data collection process.
Oostdyk, Joel, "Data Collection System for Putting Analysis" (2003). Masters Theses. 558. | <urn:uuid:5bab8425-6264-4c65-987a-1016164aac48> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/558/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990449.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514091252-20210514121252-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.959599 | 153 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Do you have snow and snow around your house or sidewalk? You Can’t think of how to melt ice in yard? Or are you wondering how to melt ice without destroying your ornamental plants? You will find the solution to all these problems here.
Ice is beautiful to look at, but it can make your sidewalks dangerous in winter weather and destroy trees. It’s nice to see, but it’s not fun to clean. Salt is sprinkled in many places to melt ice. That salt can ruin the plants in your garden or sidewalk. The edges of the old leaves turn brown, and then the evergreen plants die.
If you want to use any other method or alternative way to melt ice instead of this salt, you are welcome here. Here you can learn how to melt ice without destroying the ornamental plants in your garden using an alternative method of harmful salt. So, let’s know how to melt ice in yard.
How To Melt Ice In Yard
If you going to a lot of snow and ice in winter, you will find that you spread salt (or sodium chloride) on the sidewalks. This is a cheap, quick way to melt snow every winter. Many people sprinkle some salt on sidewalks, steps, and other public places to melt ice.
This mixture can damage your car and your concrete walkway and damage or kill the trees around you. So, if you want to know what to use as an alternative and how to do it safely, wear it.
Calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and potassium chloride are available on the market for use as safe salts. These salts play a more active role in reducing water freezing at lower temperatures.
They are as effective in cold weather as they are less corrosive than metals and concrete. Using it, you can melt the ice as well as save the plants. So, you can try applying it
The salt-free molten agent is calcium magnesium acetate which is made from dolomite limestone and acetic acid. The ingredient has some effects on plants and animals, and it works well for sensitive areas.
If you are a resident of such a region, it may work for you and use it as an alternative to salt.
You can easily make a method of melting ice sitting at home. First, take half a gallon of hot water in a bucket. Put about six drops of dish soap inside and rub together a cup of wine.
Now pour this mixture on your pavement. The snow and ice will melt into bubbles. It is the easiest way for you, and you will get all the ingredients to do it in your home.
Urea may be the most used and useful dish for melting ice. It is less harmful than salt as a natural fertilizer and is safe for pets. However, when applied in high doses, it can be detrimental to the plants and algae can bloom in the surrounding lakes, ponds, and rivers.
So, the issue needs to be kept in mind when applying. It is a different and natural way for you, and it can be done very easily if you follow it properly.
Another active ingredient in melting ice is alfalfa food. It is a lesser-known but highly active natural ingredient for melting ice. Alfalfa food can act as urea and contains nitrogen which helps to make it an effective fertilizer. Most garden stores can buy bag alfalfa which can help you melt ice quickly.
Sugar-bit juice can be used to melt ice. It is useable to dissolve salt solutions. Liquid from sugar beet is very beneficial to reduce water coagulation. Using it, you can protect roads, driveways, and sidewalks from the snow. Several communities have been using beet juice mixtures to melt ice on their municipal roads.
This mixture is not entirely harmful to humans, animals, plants, cars, clothes, and water systems. However, a jar of beets cannot be used to get good results. It cannot be planted on the driveway and requires special purchases from office suppliers, garden centers, or Amazon.
The best natural way to melt ice is to use time and nature in its path. If you live in temperate regions, you will find that the ice does not take long to melt by itself. In the north, you may have to wait a long time.
If you want, you can save money by keeping natural materials like sand, wood ash, non-clamping clay-based kitty litter, and saws that can add traction to quadrangular surfaces and creating small sidewalks there for walking.
Some Advice For How To Melt Ice In Yard
The material you are using should be moderate. Because in the case of anything, it is natural that if the amount is increased, it will have a detrimental effect. Excessive applications can cause injury to plants so refrain from excessive application.
Frequently Asked Questions
Ques: What are the harms of using salt?
ANS: Salt is a corrosive element that can damage metals and fabrics and can kill plants around your home in addition to damaging your car, clothing, carpeting, etc.
Ques: How environmentally safe will it be?
ANS: Using these methods will not affect the environment.
Ques: How will it work to reduce water clotting?
ANS: Properly covered, it will withstand many adverse conditions.
You must know how to melt ice in the yard. So you can easily remove snow from around your house or on the sidewalk by following the above tips. Using these can ensure the protection of your gardens as well as save you money. You know that salt spray can damage the plants in your hobby garden.
Using this method as an alternative to salt can easily protect your garden from damage. If you follow the measures well, your purpose will be successful. So, in the whole discussion, you know how to melt ice in yard. We hope you enjoy the extension. | <urn:uuid:61655999-9a96-4bf5-9240-cae6e38845c8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://theaustle.com/how-to-melt-ice-in-yard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510942.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002001302-20231002031302-00720.warc.gz | en | 0.93753 | 1,242 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This is the ULTIMATE GUIDE to the BEST children's books for teaching math in primary! Perfect for teachers wanting to children's literature into math lessons. Read more for 4 reasons why and how-to suggestions. Includes a FREE printable book guide to the
Kids are deeply touched by the books they read. During the many years that I have been reading books to children as a childcare worker, teacher, and parent, these classics have stood out as some of the very best. The profound lessons shared in each simple
Help introduce or reinforce multiplication and division with children's literature. This list includes all the best books to teach multiplication and division, and help them learn the tricky facts! Authors are listed with the titles on this website.
Building empathy is important for students' wellbeing because when they are relating to someone else's situation, they are being immersed into the story. children's books about immigration -- walk a mile in someone else's shoes!
This is the ULTIMATE GUIDE to the BEST children's literature for teaching the alphabet in preschool and kindergarten. Teachers can read the alphabet books to teach letters and sounds aloud, share them in small groups, or add them to a classroom bookshelf!
16 Inspirational Quotes From Children's Literature | <urn:uuid:c0bdde52-b129-4b53-b734-11d2a9037d04> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.pinterest.co.uk/explore/children's-literature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805242.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119004302-20171119024302-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.958484 | 258 | 3.46875 | 3 |
When a variable is vacant, it has no value. Some people confuse vacancy with zero. Zero is a value. When a variable is vacant, it has no value. Another term for vacancy is “null.” It is correct to say a vacant variable is null.
The representation for vacancy in custom macro B is #0. The following command will set variable #101 to vacant.
#101 = #0
While this command doesn’t have any real purpose, there are several implications of vacancy that can have a real impact on how you write custom macro programs.
When are variables vacant?
In my experience, vacancy has the biggest impact on local variables (#1 through #33). When you first turn on the machine, and whenever an M99, M02 or M30 is executed, local variables will be in a vacant state. Again, this means
variables #1 through #33 will have no value at this point.
Certain local variables are automatically set to a value when a G65 command is executed—as long as the G65 command includes letter address arguments (such as A, B, C and so forth). Which local variables will be set depend upon which argument letter addresses are specified in the G65 command.
For example, in argument assignment number one (the more common form of argument assignment in custom macro B), the value of letter address A will be placed in #1, B in #2, C in #3, D in #7 and so on (the Fanuc manual shows the rest). Consider the following G65 command:
N060 G65 P1000 A4.0 B6.5 C9.0
When the machine executes program O1000 (specified by the P word in the G65 command), #1 will have a value of 4.0, #2 will have a value of 6.5 and #3 will have a value of 9.0. All other local variables will remain vacant. You can confirm this by looking at the local variable display screen page. You’ll see values next to #1, #2 and #3, but nothing (not even zero) next to the other local variables.
Your custom macro calling (G65) command will include some important letter address arguments. If the programmer using your custom macro makes a mistake and forgets to include one, your custom macro will behave in an unpredictable manner. You can test the local variable corresponding to each important argument to confirm that it has been included in the calling command. If it has not, you can make the custom macro generate an alarm. Here is an example:
IF [#1 NE #0] GOTO 5
#3000 = 100 (A MISSING IN CALL)
As long as letter address A has been included in the G65 command, local variable #1 will have a value—it will not be vacant—and the IF statement test will be evaluated as true. On the other hand, if letter address A has been left out of the call statement (a mistake), the IF statement test will be evaluated as false, and an alarm will sound.
Setting Default Values
There may be other arguments in your G65 command that are almost always set to a given value. You may, for example, be using letter address C to specify whether or not coolant is being used by the custom macro. You almost always use coolant, so you want the default setting for C to be “with coolant.” Only if you happen across a situation when you don’t want coolant will you include a setting for C in the calling command. In this case, you’ll set the value of C to zero (0). Leaving defaulting letter address arguments out of the calling command can dramatically shorten it, minimizing what a programmer must specify. Consider these commands:
IF [#3 EQ #0] GOTO 10
Assuming the programmer leaves letter address C out of the call statement (the normal condition), the IF statement will be evaluated as true, and the M08 will be executed. This turns on the coolant. If C0 is included in the call statement (programmer wants no coolant), the IF statement will be evaluated as false—and the M09 will be executed.
When you are developing a custom macro that will be used by others, we recommend testing the local variables corresponding to all letter address arguments. Test to confirm that all mandatory letter address arguments are included and that all other letter address arguments have a default setting. By doing so, you can confirm that the custom macro will have appropriate input data when it begins the function you intend.
blog comments powered by Disqus | <urn:uuid:08438c6c-26f1-4099-82c1-562a6ba4b3b7> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.mmsonline.com/columns/understanding-vacancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657125488.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011205-00247-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872616 | 959 | 2.890625 | 3 |
|Further Reading||The World’s 6 Oldest Maps|
One of the most important inventions of all time has been the compass. From guiding hikers to ships this device has allowed man to navigate around the Earth. However what has been the impact of the compass on history? Well here are the 3 largest impacts.
Generally speaking, there are 3 major impacts of the compass on history. First, the compass allowed humans to begin to navigate across the oceans easily. Second, the compass began to allow for the creation of geographic maps which were more accurate than previous ones. Third, the compass helped to transition the world from the medieval to the modern era.
Many people take the invention of the compass for granted. Before the compass existed you would have had to either travel by the stars or the sun. If there was not a clear night/day then you would have to wait or wander aimlessly.
Here at The History Ace, I strive to publish the best history articles on the internet. If in the end, you enjoyed this article then consider subscribing to the free newsletter and sharing around the internet.
Without further ado, here are the 3 reasons the compass changed history forever.
First Use of the Compass in History
The compass was invented in China between the 4th century BC and 3rd Century AD during either the Han or Tang Dynasties.
The invention of the compass was so powerful that today it is celebrated as one of the Four Great Inventions of Chinese Culture; the compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing.
Historians have accounts of ancient Chinese inventors observing that magnetized iron seems to always point in the same direction. At first, the ancient Chinese compass was just a metal board with a polished iron spoon.
When the spoon was placed on the board it would slowly turn to point north. This was the first instance of a compass being used to discover a cardinal direction.
Because of this compass, China was capable of rapidly expanding and creating trade routes across the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Mesopotamia, Persian Gulf, and finally the Horn of Africa. This rapid expansion from the 4th-8th century AD can be seen as a byproduct of the invention and adoption of the compass as a navigational instrument.
Over time the invention of the compass would make its way westward during the 11th century to eventually end up in Arabic and European cultures. However, for nearly 800 years only China and parts of Asia would have access to the compass.
Reason 1: The Compass Allowed Humans to Navigate Across the Open Sea Easily
One of the main reasons why the compass forever changed history was because it allowed people to easily cross the oceans and seas.
Before the invention of the compass, many cultures would simply set sail out to the open ocean. This was a huge gamble because even if you knew how to navigate by either the stars or the sun if you ended up in a storm you could be completely lost.
This was forever changed by the invention of the compass. Starting in the 11th century AD the western world started to get ahold of Chinese compasses and started to use them to explore Europe and Africa. Now people could easily navigate in unexplored areas and still find their way home.
In 1453 two major events happened which caused Europe to try to find a new way to navigate to India to continue their lucrative trade deals. First, the Hundred Years’ War between the kingdoms of France and England finally ended. Second, the ancient city of Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
With European trade routes through Constantinople cut off and the Kingdoms of France and England in ruins, several European powers started to invest in technology and voyages to find a new way to trade with India. In 1459 Portuguese king Afonso V of Portugal commissioned Genoese experts with compasses to build a map to lead to a new trade route; this was the Fra Mauro map.
However, it was not until 1492 that Spain sent Christopher Columbus on a journey westward across the Atlantic to find a new trade route with the East Indies to profit from trading spices. With the aid of compasses, Columbus’s voyage was the first European one to establish contact with the Americas.
Reason 2: The Compass Allowed for the Creation of Accurate Maps
Europeans obtained access to the compass in the 11th century and immediately started to build more accurate maps.
However, it was not until the 15th century that accurate map-making was aided by the compass. The best example of this is the above picture of the 1450 Fra Mauro Map.
Up until the creation of the Fra Mauro Map most maps were centered around the city of Jerusalem. This was because of the religious importance of the city as the ‘center of the world.’ However, as cartographers got access to the compass they began to create accurate maps that were instead positioned around navigational directions. Today these are the cardinal directions of north, south, east, and west.
Further, in the 15th-century cartographers building maps would start to orientate the maps towards the direction south. This is why maps from this time period appear to be backward as we are accustomed to the direction of the north.
However, the main impact of the compass on map-making was the ability to accurately begin to measure distance. A medieval cartographer could look at the compass, walk a set distance, and record how much the direction changed.
With this information, the cartographer could make a more accurate map that was based on measurements that today are still somewhat accurate. Compared to ancient and early medieval these late medieval maps are extremely accurate. This was because of the adoption of the compass.
Simply put, one of the main reasons why the compass changed history forever was by allowing for the creation of extremely detailed maps.
Reason 3: The Compass Helped Transition the World From the Medieval to Modern Era
Without the aid of the compass, the world would have a delayed transition from the medieval to the modern era. This is because of the compass’s ability to build accurate maps, trade routes, and allow for colonization by European powers.
The medieval period is an era that is characterized by a society dominated by feudalism. Within this society, the most powerful people were not ones who held money but instead held land with forced servants. This land was given to them by a lord or king who in turn could call upon them for military service.
The adoption of the compass by medieval merchants allowed them to easily find better trade routes across vast expanses of water and land. With these new trade routes, the world became more profitable and interconnected. Now all of a sudden the feudal society started to break down as the most powerful people changed from lords and nobles to instead wealthy merchants and kings/queens.
With this increase in wealth came a desire to establish more trade routes and ways to protect them. This was the birth of colonization. Now a European monarch was incentivized to establish contact with faraway lands, claim a settlement, and begin to extract wealth back to their own lands.
From the 15th century up until the 17th Spain made contact with the Americas, Britain made contact with North America, Portugal made contact with Japan and China, and France made contact with North America. All of this was done to drive more economic trade routes and increase the number of goods being exported back to the ruler and homeland.
The compass was the reason that these medieval merchants could safely build maps, navigate uncharted lands, and begin to create the trade routes which led to the downfall of the medieval era. With this came the creation of the modern era which was characterized by rising capitalism, rapid technological developments, and a re-emergence of ideas of liberty and nationalism.
Simply put, the compass allowed the world to rapidly develop new trade routes which allowed for the modern era to be created.
Frequently Asked Questions About Compass History
Here are a couple of the most common questions we get asked about the compass here at TheHistoryAce. I decided to put them into one section so that everybody can have access to the questions and answers.
If you don’t see your question here feel free to email me and we can add it in there.
What Was the First Compass Made Out Of?
We don’t know for certain but in ancient China historians have reports of needles being rubbed on an iron lodestone. These needles would then appear to rotate to always point in the same direction.
So the first compass was probably just an iron needle on a metal board.
Why Is It Called a “Compass?”
This is a hard question to answer; there are a lot of possibilities.
However, the most likely reason that a compass is called a compass is because of the Latin word compassus which translates to ‘circular movement.’ This is more than likely the name of a compass because of how the needle could move in a circle around ‘magically’ and always point in the same direction.
How Did People Navigate Before the Compass?
Before the compass was invented people had to rely upon natural landmarks to create maps and get directions.
For example, if you were walking around the Roman Empire in the 3rd century AD and you asked for directions from Rome to Constantinople then you would get a series of landmarks that you need to find. Maybe you walk to a river in the north then follow the river to a town. From that town to another town until you finally end up in Constantinople.
Generally speaking, people would give directions based on natural landmarks such as rivers and man-made places such as cities or towns.
There you have it; just about everything you will ever need to know on the 3 reasons why the compass changed history forever.
The compass remains one of the most important inventions in history. It is no coincidence that once Europeans got ahold of it in the 11th-14th century they started to explore the oceans.
I hope you enjoyed this article. If you did then consider subscribing to the free newsletter and sharing around the web.
Further, you can check out some of the other articles below. | <urn:uuid:96be0f35-7c80-47f2-89b1-53664f304698> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://thehistoryace.com/3-reasons-the-compass-changed-history-forever/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127173917-20221127203917-00869.warc.gz | en | 0.969437 | 2,086 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Giant Flower Model EA
This enlarged model allows students to study the floral and reproductive structure of a dicot. Petals, sepals and stamens are detachable. One anther has been sectioned to reveal the pollen within.
The stigma is shown with pollen grains attached, one of which has generated a pollen tube which is shown entering the cut away ovary. All important structures are number coded for identification.
Dimensions: 430 x 360 x 250mm. | <urn:uuid:da96269a-42a7-4b86-8e3c-814b79a99b28> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.philipharris.co.uk/product/biology/plants-as-organisms/plant-anatomy/giant-flower-model/b8a23989 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827992.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216191351-20181216213351-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.880527 | 98 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The issue of non-South Africans accessing healthcare has also been the subject of controversial comments made by leaders and politicians. Several academics and organizations have condemned this. In summary, the main points to remember are:
- When dealing claims that ‘foreigners burden the healthcare system’, it is important to remember that, in South Africa, only 3% of the population are foreign-born, and the number of migrants and refugees using the South African healthcare system is most likely in line with this percentage.
- Furthermore, research has found that the majority of migrants in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) are not moving in search of healthcare, but are typically healthy, as they need to be in good health to travel. This what is called the ‘healthy migrant effect’.
- Non-South Africans pay for their healthcare services just as South Africans do. Non-South Africans are either subject to the same means-test hospital fees, or they are subject to the highest fees (if undocumented and not from SADC).
- The problem is not migrants’ use of the healthcare system; it is regarding the governmental planning of budgets with migration in mind. Internal migration (i.e. people moving within the country of their birth) accounts for much more than cross-border migration in SADC. Internal mobility is not taken into account when planning healthcare allocation. Furthermore, some budget and fiscal planning is based on outdated population Updated population statistics and research must be used when planning such services. | <urn:uuid:4318f52b-0c88-478f-a4c2-3e944700cefe> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://genderjustice.org.za/card/refugees-migrants-and-health-care-in-south-africa-explained/how-do-we-respond-to-inflammatory-comments-about-foreigners-draining-the-healthcare-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510730.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930213821-20231001003821-00652.warc.gz | en | 0.962253 | 308 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The month of January is International Zero Waste Month. It stands as a poignant reminder of the pressing environmental issues we face globally, with the burgeoning problem of plastic pollution taking centre stage. Dana Asia wants to commemorate by shedding light on the escalating challenges posed by plastic waste and the imperative for collective action to mitigate its impact.
An escalating waste crisis
Plastic, ubiquitous in our daily lives, has become both a symbol of convenience and a colossal environmental problem. The world produces an alarming 359 million metric tons of plastic annually, a significant portion of which ends up in landfills, oceans, and ecosystems, wreaking havoc on biodiversity and human health. The oceans, once teeming with marine life, are now drowning in plastic. Every year, an estimated 8 million metric tons of plastic enter our oceans, forming vast floating islands and causing irrevocable harm to marine ecosystems. From entangled marine creatures to ingested microplastics, the consequences reverberate across the food chain, ultimately reaching human populations.
Mountains of plastic waste in landfills continue to grow, releasing harmful chemicals into the soil and groundwater. The slow decomposition of plastic exacerbates the issue, with some plastics taking hundreds of years to break down completely. This persistent presence of plastic waste poses a long-term threat to the environment and public health. Microplastics have infiltrated the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we consume. These microscopic pollutants have been linked to a range of health issues, including respiratory problems, hormonal disruptions, and potential long-term consequences that are still being explored.
Dana Asia’s commitment towards zero waste
In Dana Asia’s two main countries of operation, the Philippines and Cambodia, the issue of plastic waste has reached alarming proportions, posing significant environmental and social challenges. The Philippines, with its stunning natural beauty, faces the adverse impacts of plastic pollution on its diverse ecosystems. The archipelago is grappling with widespread plastic litter, especially in coastal areas, adversely affecting marine life and threatening the livelihoods of communities dependent on fishing. The Philippines has taken steps to address this crisis, implementing legislation and community initiatives to curb plastic consumption and promote responsible waste management. Similarly, Cambodia, with its growing economy, has witnessed a surge in plastic usage, leading to extensive pollution. Rivers and water bodies are often laden with plastic debris, impacting both aquatic ecosystems and human communities that rely on these water sources. Recognising the urgency, Cambodia has begun to enact policies to reduce single-use plastics, coupled with public awareness campaigns to foster a culture of waste reduction. Both nations are navigating the challenges posed by plastic waste through a combination of regulatory measures and community engagement to safeguard their natural environments and promote sustainable living.
Encouraging innovation in plastic alternatives and promoting research into biodegradable materials can steer us towards a future where the detrimental effects of plastic pollution are significantly mitigated. Dana Asia commits to fund social investment into sustainable innovations and the adoption of eco-friendly practices are crucial steps towards achieving a zero-waste world.
Dana Asia’s current initiatives that tackle the plastic waste crisis:
Accepting that plastic waste is unavoidable, the Eco Hub works with local communities and government units in the Philippines to coordinate plastic waste collection and transportation to the recycling facility which processes the waste plastics into sustainable building materials.
Call to action
International Zero Waste Month serves as an opportunity to reevaluate our relationship with plastic and adopt sustainable practices that prioritise a circular economy. Governments, businesses, NGOs, and individuals must collaborate to reduce plastic production, promote recycling initiatives, and invest in innovative alternatives. Empowering individuals to make conscious choices is pivotal in the battle against plastic pollution and this month we call on everyone to make a renewed commitment to a sustainable, plastic-free future. Simple actions such as reducing single-use plastic consumption, recycling diligently, and supporting eco-friendly products can collectively make a substantial impact. Through collective efforts and individual responsibility, we can pave the way for a world where waste is minimised, and our planet is preserved for generations to come. | <urn:uuid:fc68c890-4fa7-4a6e-bce9-5ba53e88eb59> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.danaasia.org/international-zero-waste/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474808.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229103115-20240229133115-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.92275 | 823 | 3.328125 | 3 |
By Helen Britton
BBC Money Programme
Are strawberries no longer special?
Strawberries used to be a special summer treat.
Available for just six weeks a year, they went hand in hand with hot summer days, picnics and Wimbledon.
Now, like pretty much everything else, strawberries are available in the supermarkets all year round, but this may have a hidden cost.
Sold in supermarkets in ever increasing numbers since the early 1990s, strawberries are routinely flown in from as far as California to keep the shelves stocked.
But many customers prefer to buy British. With this in mind UK strawberry growers set about extending the season with phenomenal results.
Initially aiming to extend the season by just a few weeks, the industry can now grow strawberries for six months of the year.
Elsanta is the variety of strawberry preferred by growers and supermarkets alike for its yield, shelf life and taste.
However Elsanta also has its drawbacks as it is particularly prone to soil borne diseases.
Because of this vulnerability, before Elsanta is planted in the ground the soil has to be sterilized with chemicals such as the ozone depleting methyl bromide.
Other countries have phased out methyl bromide in favour of more environmentally friendly alternatives and it will be hard for the UK strawberry industry to justify its continued use.
Yet, the UK strawberry industry is still planning to use about 68 tonnes of the chemical next year, even though it has had 12 years to prepare for the planned phase-out of methyl bromide by 1 January 2005.
There is another, highly visible controversy surrounding the strawberry industry: the polytunnel.
Heavy rainfall can devastate a strawberry crop and British strawberry growers used to be at the mercy of our unpredictable weather.
Do we really want strawberries all year round?
Now, plastic sheeting on metal hoops has eliminated this risk, but few can deny polytunnels are an eyesore.
Gardening expert Monty Don lives in Herefordshire just a couple of miles from a large polytunnel site. He is angry about the impact that such intensive farming is having on the countryside.
"You have polytunnels sort of raping the landscape - it is pure vandalism," he says.
Strawberry growers argue that polytunnels are essential to their business.
S & A Produce cover up to 480 acres of Herefordshire with polytunnels over the six month strawberry growing period.
Graham Neal Managing Director of S & A argues that "the land is there both to enjoy and for a commercial purpose, for farmers to farm on. It has been for many years.
"Life is changing, we're getting modern and this is a modern way of producing fruit successfully."
If the strawberry industry was not already courting enough controversy with their use of chemicals and polytunnels, they are also faced with issues surrounding the large immigrant work force needed to pick the fruit at a price that is viable for the supermarkets.
Local people are anxious about the large influx of migrants into sparsely populated areas. There is also concern about these workers' levels of pay.
The question is, do we really want strawberries all year round?
There is a danger that by having them available for so much of the year they lose any sense of being special.
As Monty Don says, "if you have Christmas every day of the year, you lose the specialness of it, so one of the side-effects of the supermarkets pumping out these seasonal fruits is we lose the thing that made us want it in the first place".
Ultimately, consumers will decide whether to pay the full price for strawberries, all year round.
The secret life of the strawberry was broadcast on Wednesday 10 November at 19.30 on BBC2. | <urn:uuid:f7851d3f-ff91-4968-bb97-39a1541e7fc8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3995261.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825264.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022132026-20171022152026-00723.warc.gz | en | 0.9596 | 772 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Source: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
Using thermometer air temperature records for the period 1850 to 2010, we present empirical evidence for a direct relationship between total solar irradiance (TSI) and the Equator-to-Pole (Arctic) surface temperature gradient (EPTG). Modulation of the EPTG by TSI is also shown to exist, in variable ways, for each of the four seasons. Interpretation of the positive relationship between the TSI and EPTG indices suggests that solar-forced changes in the EPTG may represent a hemispheric-scale relaxation response of the system to a reduced Equator-to-Pole temperature gradient, which occurs in response to an increasing gradient of incoming solar insolation. Physical bases for the TSI-EPTG relationship are discussed with respect to their connections with large-scale climate dynamics, especially a critical relationship with the total meridional poleward energy transport. Overall, evidence suggests that a net increase in the TSI, or in the projected solar insolation gradient which reflects any net increase in solar radiation, has caused an increase in both oceanic and atmospheric heat transport to the Arctic in the warm period since the 1970s, resulting in a reduced temperature gradient between the Equator and the Arctic. We suggest that this new interpretative framework, which involves the extrinsic modulation of the total meridional energy flux beyond the implicit assumptions of the Bjerknes Compensation rule, may lead to a better understanding of how global and regional climate has varied through the Holocene and even the Quaternary (the most recent 2.6 million years of Earth’s history). Similarly, a reassessment is now required of the underlying mechanisms that may have governed the equable climate dynamics of the Eocene (35 to 55 million years ago) and late Cretaceous (65 to 100 million years ago), both of which were warm geological epochs. This newly discovered relationship between TSI and the EPTG represents the “missing link” that was implicit in the empirical relationship that Soon (2009) recently demonstrated to exist between multi-decadal TSI and Arctic and North Atlantic climatic change.
There is more to this story, the recently released AR5 draft indicates that some scientist are coming to the realization of what may of us knew all along, the major climate driver in the planet is the sun. The above paper is more evidence. | <urn:uuid:6fe604ec-16ec-4ecd-a221-7c518a2d21a2> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://nextgrandminimum.wordpress.com/2012/12/14/global-warming-it-was-the-sun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676622.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00189-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939721 | 495 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The primary purpose of earthquake retrofitting is to keep your home from being displaced from its concrete foundation — making the building safer and less prone to major structural damage during an earthquake. Existing homes need to be retrofitted because our understanding of the effects of earthquakes as well as construction techniques have improved after the homes were built.
Foundation bolting typically means that bolts are added to improve the connections between the wooden framing members of a building and its concrete foundation. Usually this means adding bolts through the piece of wood that lies flat on top of the foundation, referred to as the sill or mudsill, into the concrete. There may be no existing bolts, or the existing bolts may be either weakened or too far apart to be strong enough for earthquake resistance.
Cracks in foundations are very common. Mostly they are nonstructural and cosmetic in nature. However, foundation cracks that are greater than 1/4-inch wide are considered to be structural cracks worthy of repair. These cracks may be indicating significant foundation settlement or the presence of expansive soils. Foundation cracks that are wider at the bottom than the top indicate soil settling. Cracks that are wider at the top than at the bottom indicate expansive soils. Foundation cracks can also lead to wet crawl spaces or water intrusion into basements and pest infestations. There are various solutions for the different types of foundation cracks and problems.
As retrofitting is a science, house leveling is an art. Many homeowners live with sloping floors, doors that won’t open and cracking walls. Most floors can be leveled and returned to their original position. This work can be completed in a structurally sound manner, making yours a safer home.
This was my first major remodel, and things went extremely smoothly. Nothing seemed to faze your crew. When an outside contractor provided a vanity at the wrong size, you, saved the day by making cutouts to work around it. you said your mission was to provide the bathroom of our dreams, and that's exactly what you did.- Michael N. | <urn:uuid:4cc2e733-9118-40d6-ac5c-39109493b05d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.contractorssantaclarita.com/home_bolting.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966156 | 413 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Whilst cyber security has received much attention at the software level, driven by the growth of the now ubiquitous internet, there is now an increasing threat of attacks to the underlying hardware infrastructure.
There is a growing use of hardware based cryptography for on-the-fly encryption, since the required (and growing) throughput is not achievable using software (e.g. in wearable and mobile electronic devices, network switches and routers, smart cards, etc.). Owing to the potentially devastating nature of attacks to infrastructure, designing attack tolerant hardware has now become a priority.
Modern digital circuits can be large and complex, and detection and/or correction of errors in such circuits, resulting from manufacturing defects, radiation induced naturally occurring faults, and deliberate attacks, are becoming increasingly important.
Although many approaches to designing error/fault/attack tolerant hardware have been proposed, most of them are inappropriate for practical applicability due to various design drawbacks, particularly as circuits become more complex, and size, power and delay more important.
Radiation induced faults, such as single event upsets (SEU) and multiple event upsets (MEU) in memories are well researched; however, as a result of the technology scaling, the logic blocks are also vulnerable to malfunctioning when they are deployed in radiation prone environments or subject to deliberate malicious radiation attacks. Deliberate industry scale attacks on electronic hardware to gain information about its IP and other secret information is well know, e.g. the case of counterfeit Cisco routers .
These attacks usually exploit radiation induced weaknesses in hardware or other side channels resulting from the requirements of testing chips, dissipated power signatures, and also maliciously implanted hardware Trojan’s or time bombs, i.e. a small and difficult to detect hardware maliciously added to the original hardware to leak out secret information or cause a chip to fail [4,6].
A new approach to designing and testing attack tolerant digital circuits has been developed in the Advanced Reliable Computer Systems Group (ARCoS) at Oxford Brookes University, and a patent application has been filed.
Whilst a major application is for targeted systems, such as in cyber security and for the protection of critical infrastructures, the technique is also applicable for systems that can be prone to manufacturing defects for enhancing the yield or in situations where the systems can be subjected to higher levels of radiation.
For example, for applications where access is difficult or the environment severe, such as in space, undersea, in remote locations, or those in extreme conditions, error tolerant systems are needed.
As components continue to reduce in size, manufacturing techniques themselves pose challenges; for example, manufacturing digital circuits for nanotechnology based systems (e.g. with carbon nanotubes) are prone to manufacturing faults. Digital circuits therefore need to be fault tolerant. All these areas present new high growth opportunities for digital circuit designers.
The benefits compared to current approaches, such as hamming or triple modular redundancy (TMR) for faults are:
- The resulting circuits are dynamic in nature, only kicking in when an error is detected (so if no error, then no delay overhead)
- less hardware and power intensive (so smaller and lower cost)
- able to do multiple error correction (so able to address more practical applications)
- allows hardware to be customised, based on level of error tolerance required (i.e. number of errors to correct)
- The entire circuit is protected, unlike TMR (or N-Modular redundancy), where the voter remains susceptible to deliberate attacks, faults or errors.
The new techniques have been validated using digital circuits that perform finite field arithmetic, which is used in numerous applications including cryptography.
The results from using the technique to design dynamically error correctable bit parallel Montgomery multipliers over GF(2m) were published in 2011[1,2]. The analysis and experimental results show the comparison of key factors such as area overhead, power and delay of the designs. They show that the new approach has a lower complexity in terms of area and delay compared with the TMR based approach.
Further work applied these novel techniques to the design of radiation hardened and attack tolerant systems over finite fields; i.e. for correcting multiple errors which makes the circuits robust against radiation induced faults irrespective of the location of the errors.
These designs also incorporated a dynamically error correctable architecture, which reduced the critical path delay penalty by up to 50 per cent in the absence of any errors. This contributed to significant performance enhancement in the absence of any errors, and the designs were able to tackle errors occurring both in the functional block as well as in the redundant bit generation blocks.
ASIC prototyping and silicon layout designs of the proposed architectures were done in 180nm and 90nm CMOS technology. The experimental results show that this new approach has a lower complexity in terms of area and delay and power compared with the TMR based techniques and better error correction capability as compared to other existing well known techniques such as hamming and LDPC, with comparable area overheads, e.g. the area complexity for 3-bit correction in a 45-bit multiplier is only 150 per cent as compared to 200 per cent of that of TMR, well within acceptable margins for hardware overhead, but with the benefit of enhanced capability.
A further element of the new technique is the incorporation of a new cross-parity technique. This solution has been presented in with a much simplified decoder design. This radical design has significantly lower area and power overhead, but is capable of correcting errors in certain combinations.
Whilst the first two designs can correct errors in any combination, but with a complex decoder design, the cross-parity approach can correct errors in certain combinations with a much simplified decoder designs. Theoretical and simulation based analyses has shown that the error coverage with cross-parity can be much wider than the other approaches with comparable overhead.
These techniques have been tested with large systems, e.g. 80-bit parallel multipliers, and 163-bit FIPS/NIST standard digit serial GF multipliers for cryptographic applications.
The suitability of the various approaches will depend on the target application, i.e. when a certain number of errors in all possible combinations require correcting, the first two approaches are a better choice, whereas, when much larger number of error conditions require correcting (albeit not in all combinations, especially when hardware overhead is the major constraint), the thirds approach using cross-parity may offer a better alternative.
The proposed techniques can be used on their own or in conjunction with other techniques for providing enhanced assurance of security and reliability. For example, despite more than 200 per cent overhead, the reliability of the TMR (or N-modular redundancy with even higher overheads) depends largely on the reliability of the voter, which is prone to failures. The proposed techniques can be used in conjunction with the voter to provide with enhanced assurance of reliability.
The developers are now interested in talking to industry, with a view to further validating the technique, and to potential cryptographic hardware designers to help bring the technology to market.
- M. Poolakkaparambil, J. Mathew, A. M. Jabir and D. K. Pradhan, “A Dynamically Error Correctable Bit Parallel Montgomery Multiplier over Binary Extension Fields”, 20th European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD), 2011
- M. Poolakkaparambil, J. Mathew, A. Jabir, D. K. Pradhan, and S. P. Mohanty, “BCH Code Based Multiple Bit Error Correction in Finite Field Multiplier Circuits”, in Proc. 12th IEEE Intl. Sympo. Quality Electronic Design, 2011, pp. 615–620.
- M. Poolakkaparambil, J. Mathew, A. Jabir, and S. Mohanty. “Low Complexity Cross Parity Codes for Multiple and Random Bit Error Correction.” In Proc. IEEE/ACM Int. Symp. Quality Electronic Design (ISQED'2012), Santa Clara, USA, March 2012.
- R. Karri, J. Rajendran, K. Rosenfeld, and M. Tehranipoor, “Trustworthy Hardware: Identifying and Classifying Hardware Trojans”, IEEE Journals, Vol 43(10), pp. 39-46, 2010. DOI: 10.1109/MC.2010.299.
- J.H. Follett, “CRN Cisco Channel at Center of FBI Raid on Counterfeit Gear,” CRN.com; www.crn.com/networking/207602683, May 2008.
- D. Hely, K. Rosenfeld, and R. Karri, “Security Challenges During VLSI Testing”, Proc. IEEE 9th NEWCAS, pp. 486-489, 2011. | <urn:uuid:e96fd7ba-9734-4170-9a41-fe52f7ded2b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.bcs.org/content-hub/attack-tolerant-hardware/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401643509.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929123413-20200929153413-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.921625 | 1,853 | 2.78125 | 3 |
To assess change in prevalence and risk factors of asthma and allergic diseases among primary school children in rural and urban parts of Edirne, Turkey, a series of cross-sectional studies were conducted in 1994 and 2004. A questionnaire was administered to the parents of primary school children aged 7-12, in urban and rural parts of Edirne, Turkey (5412 in 1994 and 5735 in 2004). Response rates in 1994 and 2004 were 84% and 82.5%, respectively. There were significant differences between the age distribution, urban habitation (1994: 70.1%, 2004: 75.8%, p < 0.001), passive smoking (1994: 74.7%, 2004: 60.0%, p < 0.001), and family atopy (1994: 12.7%, 2004: 18.2%, p < 0.001) between the two surveys. Current prevalence of asthma and wheeze increased in the 2004 when compared to 1994 in both rural and urban regions (current asthma for rural and urban regions, 5.2% and 5.8% in 1994; 8.6% and 12.1% in 2004, respectively). Female-to-male ratio of current asthma increased from 0.7 in 1994 to 0.9 in 2004. Comparison of the risk factors in the two surveys suggested urban habitation and factors other than family atopy, passive smoking and no breast feeding as possible contributors for the increasing asthma and wheeze. Prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases increased among school children in Edirne, Turkey from 1994 to 2004. Life style changes and urbanization could be related to this increasing trend. | <urn:uuid:8472b7ce-1ff6-47ba-a576-d3cdde71ef6f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://avesis.hacettepe.edu.tr/yayin/459e3a5a-054f-4ea2-98e7-d35132c55e7e/prevalence-of-asthma-and-allergic-diseases-in-primary-school-children-in-edirne-turkey-two-surveys-10-years-apart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178383355.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308082315-20210308112315-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.95438 | 333 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Black Veined Tiger (Danaus melanippus hegesippus)
Of the three Danaus species that occur in Singapore, the Black Veined Tiger is often considered the least common amongst the three. However, where its host plant, a Cynanchum sp. is abundant, the Black Veined Tiger can be found in decent numbers. This species is often confused with the Common Tiger (Danaus genutia genutia), but can easily be separated by its broader submarginal hindwing black border. The hindwing ground colour is also generally whiter in appearance.
This mating pair of Black Veined Tigers was observed on this first day of 2013 at the Pasir Ris Park's Butterfly Garden. It is interesting to observe that in this case, the male did the flying. When approached, the alert male would fly off, carrying the passive female as he looks for a safe place to hide amongst the bushes at the Butterfly Garden. | <urn:uuid:5501f7c6-4fba-4c8b-9321-ba6a3a251d83> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2013_01_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500334.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206082428-20230206112428-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.961118 | 197 | 2.625 | 3 |
During World War II, women were called up to do “men’s jobs” because the men were off fighting the war. The best and brightest of these women were called into government service for the Manhattan Project and later for NASA, but most did not receive any recognition for their contributions. Even less likely to be in our school history books are the black women among them.
Margot Lee Shetterly grew up in a family of black scientists, engineers, technicians, and teachers. Her new book Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race goes on sale next month and is already a movie. She writes:
After the start of World War II, Federal agencies and defense contractors across the country coped with a shortage of male number crunchers by hiring women with math skills. America’s aeronautical think tank, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (the “NACA”), headquartered at Langley Research Laboratory in Hampton, Virginia, created a pool of female mathematicians who analyzed endless arrays of data from wind tunnel tests of airplane prototypes. Women were thought to be more detail-oriented, their smaller hands better suited for repetitive tasks on the Friden manual adding machines. A “girl” could be paid significantly less than a man for doing the same job. And male engineers, once freed from laborious math work, could focus on more “serious” conceptual and analytical projects.You can pre-order the book to be released September 6, and the film Hidden Figures will hit theaters in January. (via The Mary Sue)
The war also opened doors for African-Americans. In 1941, under pressure from labor and civil rights leaders such as A. Phillip Randolph, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, which created the Fair Employment Practices Committee, and prohibited race-based discrimination in the country’s defense industry. Shortly thereafter, help wanted notices began appearing in Negro newspapers around the country, looking for blacks to fill positions at Federal agencies and defense contractors. Langley advertised in Norfolk, VA’s Journal and Guide, seeking machine shop workers, laborers, janitors—and African-American women with math degrees.
These women were nearly all top graduates of historically black colleges such as Hampton Institute, Virginia State and Wilberforce University. Though they did the same work as the white women hired at the time, they were cloistered away in their own segregated office in the West Area of the Langley campus-- thus the moniker, the West Computers. But despite the hardships of working under Virginia's Jim Crow laws, these women went on to make significant contributions to aeronautics, astronautics, and America's victory over the Soviet Union in the Space Race. | <urn:uuid:4aad66ff-d92c-467b-8bae-3e13a59c8bb8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://misscellania.blogspot.com/2016/08/hidden-figures.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524230905-20170525010905-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.963063 | 575 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Posted on Apr 01, 2011 | Comments 0
In the first year of the newborn’s life a monthly visit to the doctor is a must. The medical check-ups are extremely important, because your baby will be vaccinated with the vaccines important for its age.
The so called child consultation is also very important because during it, your baby is observed by a specialist.
A regular check-up for a newborn includes measuring the height and weight of the child, in order to trace the anthropometric data (whether the child is developing normally or not).
The specialists are providing an assessment of mental development of the baby, so do not worry if your doctor questions whether the child is smiling, cooing and whether it is trying to grab your hand.
The check-ups monitor the skills of the baby according to its age. Doctors pay a particular attention to the size and the circumference of the head. It shows the increasing of the brain.
In the first six months of birth, circumference of the head and the chest are measured monthly, and then re-measured every nine months and once a year.
Till the age of one year, the child must be examined by an ophthalmologist, in case of a problem with the eyes – tearing, redness, discharge from bond, “antics” of the eyes, white pupils, or if they look bigger than normal.
During the first year of the child the doctors are doing ear and throat checkups. These are important to make an overall assessment of the child’s hearing.
Actually the first medical check-ups of your child will be done seconds after its birth. The doctors will check the color of his skin, its reflexes, its breathing and heart beat. Don’t forget to choose a specialist, who will help you in the first months of your baby’s life.
Posted in: Health & Safety | <urn:uuid:3efa670c-e357-4c17-8821-f86732347621> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://newbornbabyzone.com/health-safety/baby-medical-checkups/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661311.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00062-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942044 | 391 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Emory, Kenneth P. 1965. Kapingamarangi: Social and Religious Life of a Polynesian Atoll. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 228. Honolulu, Hawai'i: Bishop Museum Press. (p. 211-225) Sacred canoe, Ariki, Chants, Adze
Reprinted by Permision of: Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu, Hawai'i
When festivities were held at the cult house, the ariki wore a mara hau, that is, a woven hibiscus-bark kilt, folded in half lengthwise and then put on exactly like a loincloth, but leaving a long tail (huku). An unopened coconut leaf (tira) from the top of a tree, still yellowish-white, was procured to make his headdress, arm bands and necklet. The headdress consisted of about 3 feet of the leaf hung base-downward from the back of the head and tied to the head by two of its end leaflets knotted over the forehead, two tips projecting. These two tips represent the two long arms or tentacles projecting from the head or body of the sea monster, Ti-kiha-roro-eha (the-eel-of-four-lengths), in which form the god sometimes appeared on the ocean. Tioripi and Rimari dressed young Tawera in the ariki garb for me to photograph (fig. 37). These coconut-leaf decorations were called rakei .
The ariki wore a necklace of pearl-shell shanks of bonito hooks such as may be seen on King David (Buck, 1950, Figs. 3a, 165c). He also might have turtle-shell ornaments of some kind, as revealed by the line of chant, "pua ke hunu na te ariki ka tapatapa," the turtle-shell ornaments which adorn the ariki sparkle.
While carrying out duties at Hereu, the ariki often girded (tara ) himself with a kilt of pandanus strips, called a serua pekepeke, worn over the loincloth. The two priests of the lagoon end of the sacred house (ariki i nuo i tai) were also entitled to wear such kilts when performing duties at the house. A skirt of this kind was hung by the ariki aloft in the seaward end of Hereu, as a charm. It was also hung over a piece of land on which coconut palms grew, to establish a restriction (pure) on nuts to be used as offerings to the gods of the lagoon end of Hereu.
The two priests of the seaward end of Hereu wore as a kilt a half of a coconut leaf (pahi rou niu ), and suspended one as a charm at their end of the sacred house. They also used it to restrict coconuts used in offerings to the gods who were in their charge, hanging it on a cord stretched between trees.
The ariki i nuo, that is, the four priests who presided over the four corners of the sacred house, encircled their heads with the tip ends of young coconut leaves, as shown in the photograph of Tioripi, who was one of these priests (see Fig. 22).
An important article of the arikis equipment was a small sitting mat of pandanus, called a pahi kahara (piece of mat). King David made one for us.* It measured 11 inches in width, 13.5 inches in length, and had 4.5 wefts to the inch. It was woven in simple check, double wefts. This mat was protected by being kept in a coconut-leaf mat of the tapakau type, but measuring 13.5 inches in width and 18 inches in length (Buck, 1950, Fig. 59).
THE SACRED CANOES
The ariki had a canoe shed on the south side of the lagoonward marae at Touhou. In this were kept two sacred canoes called waka siu (literally, "wet canoes," that is, sea-going canoes). They also bore the name Ti-pupu-i-hanga, which seems to have been the name of Utamatuas canoe. Should anyone brush against these canes, he must immediately go to dip his head in salt water. In the time of Keweti and Rimari, there were only two waka siu, but in earlier times there were more. These were used for bonito fishing, and to initiate young men into this fishing so that they would become muri waka (at the rear of the canoe), and be eligible for entering the services at Hereu. The canoes were of breadfruit wood and undecorated, and each held seven to eight people. A three-pronged stool of wood, like the prop (ranga) of a canoe, was lashed within the ti rongorongo (see Fig. 41). While fishing, these canoes were paddled, never sailed, hence the man handling the pole would always be in the stern. These canoes were furnished also with a frame on the platforms of the outrigger, to hold the coconut offerings. While paddling at sea the occupants chanted constantly uru or tauaroho chants, such as Ko ti waka Mongohenua .
The canoes that went out fishing for tuna (sakua), held two or three people, and were called waka Matariki (canoe of the Pleiades). These were canoes requisitioned for the purpose and kept temporarily on the marae, covered with mats. They were considered sacred only at the time of this use.
The chief had a large canoe, waka matahi, for ordinary work about the lagoon. This was carefully kept (tahita waka, waka rapakau ), but it was not
FIGURE 41.---Model of the sacred bonito canoe of the cult house, made by Tomoki, in 1951. Such a canoe was called a waka siu (wet canoe). They were never sailed, but were paddled. The three-legged stool (ti rongorongo) was to hold the legs of the fisherman with the bonito pole (nia manu) thwarts. The pearl-shell points or knives were called ti mata niha pa (peal-shell tooth). Their function was to serve as offerings should the sea monster Ti Kiha appear. They were the offering (ti mata o), the price (ti hui). The crate on the outrigger platform is the koromanga, the plate for the offerings of coconuts presented to the gods.
sacred. Each of the regional priests had a canoe of breadfruit wood in which he traveled while on sacred duties.
Concerning the bonito canoe, Rimari dictated and explained the following which he called an oriori . It had been chanted at Hereu.
Ti ra ka hinga, ka pare taki mai tiaku whoa.
When the suns sets, I will clamp my paddle (against the canoe, in steering).
Kape ra taku maunu nei.
(I will) pull out my bait (i.e., pearl-shell lure)
Tiana (= tono) pa tiri atu ki a hauhia.
The pearl-shell hook I will cast to troll.
Ma ko hana na ko moe i Te-turuki.
If (I) go (I) will rest at Te-Turuki (on the far side of the lagoon).
Kai e oti oku manatu ne hai ki te tupua koe,
I have made known my thoughts so that you would not be jealous
E tupua koe io iai,
But you do not care (for me),
Ka te aroho koe i toku moe ange
You do not love me when I sleep.
O ti tamau ia, te au e me.
[Ending without meaning in reference to the chant.]
I also heard this chant about the bonito canoe. Tokotarauta called it a hu, and it was recited at Hereu by the ariki hakaruru. It was dictated by Toko-tarauta in 1947 and again in 1950, and explained by him and Keweti. Each line ends with aie, or iaie .
Ma ti waka nei hana na ngake
If the canoe her goes south
E oina tono Wawa-i-tua.
It will be overtaken by day at the channel in-the-north.
Takitaki ai taki ai tau rekareka,
Taking, taking along your joy,
Tu-rongo ma ho ti waka.
The trolling-stool (of three legs set up in the canoe)
Hana roa ra tua ti akau.
Going way around to seaward of the reef
Hati mai ana nia ngoru e toru.
Three waves break (then it is calm).
Hana roa ki te pita i ngake.
(The canoes) circle south (of the school of fish).
Ti anga te pa te ariki
Skipping the pearl-shell lure of the priest.
Ka mahaki pe ti tauarohaki.
It breaks (the surface?)
Ka mamata i ti atu o Roua
The descendants of Roua (i.e., the people of Kapingamarangi) gaze.
Hani moi mua pe ti-ana-manu,
(The fish) comes in front of Ti-ana-mua, perhaps,
Ka pakihi ki honu tana tinana tinae.
It slaps against its mothers belly (one who gives birth, i.e., the fish glances into the bottom of the canoe).
Ka mamatu ka takoto ru a ma (= mo) ti harupe (= haruru).
Look at the fish lying there, flapping thumping against (the bottom of the canoe).
A hu, a hu Ti-wawe, ka noho ia
Call, call to Ti-wawe to come
Kai nga koe au tama.
Sustain (?) your children
Kia ka rau tana penapena.
It is for him to see that there is plenty for those he cares for.
Hereie (= hai) iroto ko mahauhau.
The work done within (the cult house Hereu), is magic (?)
Tana niu ka wa pe ti manu.
His coconut tree quacks like a bird.
Ko Mongohenua tono moi ai
Mongohenua, it is for him to look after
Ti waka matangi ka to mai,
The canoe that goes into the wind, that it lands,
Heke iha Ti-awa-ti-maru
Slips into The-pass-called-the-shade.
Heu na ti tai ka hai ngara.
There is questioning about the tide, it is down.
Te motu ti hakatina kiama.
It is not finished (when the canoe) turns to the left.
Roua hani moi tonu
Roua come straight
Hana tonu ki Kapingamarangi.
Come straight to Kapingamarangi
Tau ra, kei mata tonu ara.
Land, at the end of her path.
Taria kei i marae a Roua.
Carry then to the marae of Roua.
O ti rongo Mongohenua
News reached Mongohenua
Ko ti waka e toru mo matawaru.
That the canoe has 380 (fish).
Ke tuwha i tina, take te tina.
It is divided into shares, the shares are carried.
Tahi kawakawa i te ahiahi
There is one ray of light in the evening.
Tahi moe au urungi ha (= hawa) ti tamau.
I shall have one sleep (says the ariki ) then I shall steer forth (again), remember the sacred offerings.
Ka hiki ti tau Mongohenua.
The tau people shall carry them to Mongohenua.
(The ending, Tokotarauta says it has no special meaning)
Papa iho wai ai.
Papa toru hikahiko wai
Set them out in three rows, catch
Turu o, ti tamana
Hua titi e, hua ta ho,
Ko te pipi, ka tama i e.
Tomoki gave me the following chant, composed by Timoweti and Korowe, for the bonito canoe (ti ranga ti waka siu):
Ea hoake hua e ti ramo hare ne tu ki tararenge (= Taringa)
henuma (= henua) he hiki.
Awakening in the lonely house standing at the border of the land, (he) lifted (his canoe),
Ki tia hia hua tono waka ko Kidu-me-ruti, he wanga i rara he
Turned his canoe Hikumeruti (of Werua village), headed for the islets south.
Ne ka uru re e iroto tana manga te ata arohia ki tai.
Then entered a branch of the pass and appeared paddling westward.
He wo ra manu nei ie, he manu henua tahaonga (= tahohogo) reitu
(= terekia) he kati, ho rake ke i rara he rangi nei.
Birds, noddy ferns, fed alone, appearing below the sky.
E naho ki rahnoga ne ti (= tui) ana manu pe ra hoki tai, pe
ne heu wae, ie ta.
(He) stayed at (his) place (the three-legged stool). As the birds moved so indeed he trailed (his hook).
Ne tiri atu re wa e ki ti kohu tana rimehanga i muri.
He cast it forth in the foam of his wake.
Hamumu watu hua ko te ika ka naho ai kana ki Matariki.
A fish struck while waiting for the Pleiades (when it is low in the seas, there are lost of sakua, tuna).
Ne reia ikorongao (= ni koro), ne whati ano rakau matira re
tapuahia i moana tewe nei.
His pole bends, cracks, breaks, on the sacred ocean here.
Ne ka pa ti rakau a Utamatua tahi ri te moana!
The stick of Utamatua is broken, chant to the ocean!
"E, hakamaroro hia atu ro," e ki ti hiku tara ei
naho. Ne pa i ono rongo.
"May the god rest" (he says), to the tail of his bonito. The news spread.
Ne tahi ake mua ti kuru waka, ne ki ho (= hoho) ai tahataha,
You all paddled you canoe until close to the breakers,
E ara kotou tira e ku kai tonu hoki tara naho ki mua ti karahenuti
Then you saw and spoke truthfully when you were before the people.
Ta here hua tara renge, hiki ake hua e.
...just carry up(the canoe).
The two chants which Keweti, Tomoki, and Rimari seemed to be most proud to know were the tauaroho chants, chants of affection for the gods Mogohenua and Mongotohoro. These evidently were chanted on many occasions. The one for Mongohenua was chanted while the bonito canoe of the ariki was being paddled on the sacred ocean. Both were chanted at general meetings at Hereu. The Mongohenua chant has a little more than 100 lines and is divided into 15 sections, but the Mongotohoro chant is the longest by far of any chant recorded. It has 427 lines and 33 divisions. It took 3 hours to write it down from dictation, but when chanted Tomoki took 25 minutes to reach its end. All informants said they did not understand the chants, that they had just learned them by rote. When pressed for a translation, most parts of the Mongohenua chant were clear to them, but not so with the Monogotohoro chant. After many attempts to obtain at least a literal translation of the Mongotohoro chant, I left the island with only two or three stanzas satisfactorily translated, and a few phrases, although it does not seem to have an unusual number of archaic words. I shall give the Mongohenua chant here in its entirety, but I am simply placing the text of the Mongotohoro chant on file at Bishop Museum.
This is the Tauaroho Mongohenua, the chant offered to that god out of affection for him. It was composed in ancient times, and dictated and explained by Keweti.
E ko ti wako (= waka o) Mongohenua!
It is the canoe of (the god) Mongohenua!
E ma tane ke tia e, e tarai (= tarahi) ake,
When men, tomorrow morning, lead it forth,
Arohia, ka ro hia!
Paddle with them, go along with them!
Ma tane matakina e hakamoea ki te monana,
When they go out to lie on the ocean,
Ka pe tahi aku mea mai 'a.
May one (bonito) be granted me (the ariki).
Te ika e he ke kite ai te moana,
If fish are found somewhere on the ocean,
Ke hakana mai ko ra ki tara henua,
Then, when (the canoe) comes back to its land (Touhou),
E ke taria ki te muri hare,
Then (the bonito) will be taken to the place behind the (sacred) house,
Ma ka tuwha mai no (= nia) tina tara (= tono) henua e.
Then the division into shares for each household (tina kungo) will take place.
E ku a maheu ki muri,
When, afterward (the people) have gone off (with there shares),
Ne kai tere (= toro) a mai tona moenga, tetere (= tetene),
they will eat until they crawl onto their mats, quite happy.
Kai aku karokaro iha i ono ama.
When we look to the float-side-of-the-canoe,
Ke nei hakahawa (= hakaeha ra) hai mai ihea?
From where will (the bonito fish) appear?
Hati (= koti) tau tara katoa e hakamu au.
Cut your taro that I (the ariki) be honored.
E noko i noho mai i noho ra u.
That (the ariki) may do his duty.
Ko haia ti tanga (= tangata) ti maehaki;
Let us chant the maehaki (begging forgiveness) chant;
Ne tau kata mai taku ihra,
We who have set down baskets (of food) for my trangressions,
Ne hai ti kato ke.
For which baskets (of food) have been made.
E uru ti rau Mongohenua e,
Enter the house of Mongohenua,
E ma hina ke hiria.
Select the women (who have borne children).
E ke hiria, ma notia nge,
Select and tie together,
Taria, taku takataka (= tanga tanga) te ika e.
Carry up my heaps of fish.
Ke tuwha i roto nei.
Divide them inside.
Ka roha (= rongorongo) nange Ko ti tai,
Listen, you people seaward,
Ke amu hia e.
Ti imu, ti imu tokerau (= to ki rara?),
The oven, the oven named Tokerau,
Ma ti aku tama.
It is for my children.
Pe nei hi aha, hano horau.
How? (ending) Go out on the ocean.
Ka horau ki Tetuira.
Go out...to? Tetuira.
Ko rawahaki na matama,
To put across is fine,
He aua te tohonu (= tonu) e.
To...is not right.
He uru ko niu mai ki ti matangi (i) rihia.
Coconut fronds in the blowing wind,
I mairi mai, ke taria, taku takataka te ika e.
When the wind blows, take up my load of fish.
Ke tuwha i muri nei.
Divide it behind (the Long House).
Ka tenetene pe ko wai nei hanange a kinae.
Whoever has come there will be happy.
Ko hai a ti paru (= poro) ti morae,
Make the basket of offerings for the marae,
Ne tupaka taku pa.
I have trolled my pearl-shell hook.
He a wa, te tonu e.
(Ending, without relevant meaning)...
Teretere (i) ha ma uru i hare tapu.
Travel hither, enter the sacred house.
Rekareka e aku moe aku hira u ono mata rehareha.
But she does not yearn for the form of Mongohenua.
E marari tana kiri aku moenga e.
Smooth is her skin, my bed.
Ku hai e ke tono rau o
Her skin (literally "leaf") is different (i.e., she is plump now; her skin now is white)
Ka he tari ki taha anga ti ata e ite (= kite) koi (= koe).
(I) wait for dawn to gleam to see you.
Ka tene hano ki Ringutoru.
If I would be happy I go to Ringutoru.
Ma ko hakatina e ono tauha (= taha) onga (= ono) e.
If I examine its sides (i.e., her sides),
Kua kake tana p\uke.
I will climb its puke tree (i.e., climb onto her)
Ma ko hakataria kia, tahuri tonu mai.
If I touch (her), (she will) turn over straight toward (me).
Tike, hara oku rima.
(She will) seek my arms (to lie on).
Hakarawa kua te (= tiki) porowaki atu.
(We will) finish our promises, not yet made.
Taku hekau ne hai, e moma (= mama) e i (= hai) ti au.
When this task of mine is done, I will feel light (of heart).
Mangotahora ku ate hotu moi ai.
Mongotohoro, may his (another man's) appearance be far off.
He tangi moi ai.
(She) begs of me,
Ka teai taku tepeo ne hai aut
Not to commit adultery
Te (= pe) ne iha ra iho ki tai, ka iho (= mai),
When (she goes) lagoonward. When (she) comes back,
Ko aku waranga ne hai ia tu.
(She) has not kept (her) word.
E moma (= mama) e i (= hai) ti au.
Light am I (i.e., light is my heart),
Mongtahora ku ate hotu moi ai.
Mongotohoro, keep his (another man's) appearance at a distance.
Tangi moi, tangi e.
(She) begs (of me), begs (of me).
A i poko (= popo) i tuai e,
(It is) shrunk from waiting too long, (she says);
Teki (= tiki) wawe we o rau e pokioki (= po).
(I) have not yet grabbed your locks
Te o au, ma kia oti ai.
I have not had enough, see that (my desire) be filled.
Oku tamoa ku maiha ro.
(At last) my labia are dry.
E aroaro a mo i ti haronga i tono maro.
(The ending, without meaning in reference to the rest) : Paddle, carry the sakarhoko chants to his loincloth
Te taratara te penapena e.
It is not taken off, not looked after (i.e., ? he keeps diligently at his work).
Haere ana ti mea ki roto ra,
The person went into (? the sacred house).
Ma ka naho iha i mata tara totonga,
Sat at the border of the sacred enclosure.
Ka hira muri ai koe kua tahi ta oa.
You looked around, there was only one to touch.
Hau (= au) e te kai ai tau ma oa.
I will not eat your thing,
Hau (= au) e te ngaro.
(Should I) I could not forget.
E aroaro,...(as in verse 6, last two lines).
Ka mai te mea i ngake ra
Bring the thing (mat) from the south side,
Ti katoa (= katoho) mea ne ku o ki te o.
The people who have come to the meeting find no room.
Au hakauia mai aku wharonga (= hakarhoko).
I will answer, hoia, when the hakarhoko chants are cited.
Pe tonu ka e hara, ro (= nho) hua te roa (= iroa).
Whether right or wrong, they (many of the people) just sit, they do not know (the chants).
Tu i te mua (o) tia Roua,
Stand at the mua altar, say all to Roua.
Te hingara ma ke pua ke
The male blossom of the pandanus, when it is white,
Hunu na ti katiti (= atiti)
Oil it with (coconut oil and grated) seeds of Barringtonia
Ka hie (= hia) mirimiri ake.
(Add) leaves of the hia plant rubbed in.
Hirongo (= hiranga) ra maria o hoto tupuna.
Deal kindly with your sacred power.
Ma te ika ku wa (= wae)
May a fish ( a whale) break the surface
Hakatonu hia ra maria ko aitu henua, ko Mongohenua.
To prove later that Mongohenua is a god of the land.
Hai ono nua ti ariki, ka tapatapa,
So that the ariki can decorate his head, can say proudly,
U (= ku) i rake (= raka).
That (the god) is functioning.
Toko atu ki te motu o uta
Pole to the island shore
Ma te motu nau.
The island of Scaevola plants (i.e., Pumatahiti).
Hakahirihia (a) roha taiau (= taia).
(Anger) will be healed, love will come, tomorrow.
Hati tara, e oto tana pahua.
(He) breaks off his (stick), eats his tridacna clams raw,
Werowero te niu, kia haki (= hake) ake.
Spears down coconut, carries them (as a peace offering).
Taha tono ata, taha marama,
(The sun) flashes its dawn, flashes its light,
Pe ti manu e kapa ki tara manga (= marama).
Like a bird winging into space.
Ti haraha ma te ruarua hoko (= oko) iha e manu i ti moata (=
When (the birds) drop the haraha fish, (the frigate bird) grabs it up as it floats on the ocean.
Ka tae mo atu ma ka hiunga ma ti rakau mai tai.
The bonito will come when I troll witht eh wood from the sea (i.e., bamboo rod).
(Ending:) Eat all.
Tahi oho ma ti ruarua,
(The frigate bird) will take up and strip, when (birds) vomit (the fish they have caught).
Hoko ia e manu i te moata (= moana).
(They, the frigate birds) will grab up the fish as they float on the ocean.
Ka tae mo atu ma ka hiunga ma ti rakau mai tai.
Bonito will come when (I) troll with the bamboo rod.
(Ending:) Eat all.
Tae ki (o) ho ki tana pa ma tana kawiti.
(When) there, awake his shell lure and fishhook point,
Hatu ia rua.
Which has been folded away in (its case) of two (leaves).
Tana uihu (= uihuku) ho ange.
His offering of taro join to its friend (the offering of drinking nuts).
Tiria ki tamunga (= tamau),
Throw out (the hook) that it be taken firmly.
Ki takataka teki (= tiki) tohu.
That (the canoe) be loaded which has not attained its share.
(Ending:) Eat all.
Hira mai noko hira nge, kai au te hira ngi hoki.
Look toward (me), (I) who looked toward (you), then I, indeed, will not look (at you).
Hira mai na muri ake, e, kai au hihai atu.
Look agian, however, and I will want (you).
Ra i takariri e oi koe noko te kapekape
Because you refused when (I) tugged you,
Ka tiu wai, ka tiu wai Hatuhai,
(I) went out on the ocean, on the ocean by Hatuhai.
E au mai ko to tape ana.
There floated toward (me) a school of fish
Ko i horo ki atu ti matangi.
(We) ran there before the wind.
Kou (= ko au) manaia (= moina) koe.
I envy you.
Each of the ariki koa, or regional priests, had a sacred shell adz used to initiate the cutting down of a tree for a canoe hull. Tokirati told me that he and Kipero, with whom he was one of two ariki pahi, kept their adzes hung over the wall beam of the house sacred to Mongotohoro. Kamure and Tuhira, the two ariki kuongo, kept their adzes at Hare Mihe. These were adzes of ordinary size and type and were not decorated.
The ariki guarded the sacred trumpet which was blown to invite the gods to the cult house, or to assemble people. It was an ordinary Cassis, or helmet shell, 12 inches long, with the first whorl broken away to permit it being blown as a trumpet. It had no "personal" name. In 1950 I found it, broken and discarded, lying on a sea wall. It was identified as the old sacred trumpet by Hetapuae and others. It now is preserved at Bishop Museum.
The ceremonial spear of the of the ariki was of coconut wood, smooth and unbarbed, and was kept in a corner of the sacred house named Takame.
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PRIESTS
The priests were organized into a well-balanced group of 20 men, in which both classes and regions were represented.* The sacerdotal class, however, as would be expected, held the higher positions. In addition, there were two priestesses.
The group consisted of a high priest and his assistant, attended by a group of 10 men. Then there were four secondary priests, one for each quadrant of the cult house, and four regional or local priests, one for each quarter of the islet Touhou. All were called ariki, but ti ariki, the priest, was the high priest. The assistant to the high priest was called ti ariki hakaruru, the summoning priest. He was the ho (friend, partner) of the ariki, and he also must belong to the sacerdotal (tautonu) class. To the ariki, as acolytes and guards, were attached five men known as ariki meteitoko, or just as meteitoko, a word meaning prop, or small staff. These were selected from the sacerdotal class. The ariki hakaruru also had five meteitokoi attached to him, but these were from the secular class, the tauihara. The four secondary priests who looked after the four divisions of the sacred house were called ariki i nuo, literally, priests above. They ranked next to the ariki. The ariki hakaruru, or assistant priest, followed after the
ariki i nuo in station, but he outranked the two regional priests who were called ariki pahi, priests of the side, who in turn outranked the two regional priests called ariki kuongo, priests of a locality. The ranking within the secondary priests and the regional priests and the classes from which these priests were drawn, I shall take up in discussing them more in detail.
The high priest, assistant priest, and regional priests were selected at a meeting called by the secular chief. The others, that is, the secondary priests and acolytes, were chosen by the ariki and the secular chief without consulting the people.
The ariki had charge of the upkeep of the cult house Hereu and the these supplementary houses: Hare Roro, Hare Hakatautai, Hare Takame, Hare Tupua, and, I believe, Hare Ranga (see Fig. 38). He was called also ariki hakamataku (sacred chief), and tamana hakamataku (sacred father). He recited the daily evening prayer (oriori hiahi) and morning prayer (oriori ruata), and conducted services (hai saumaha). He spread the mats (hora ti kahara) over the sacred mound in the cult house while the ariki hakaruru chanted. When conducting a task such as canoe building, he fasted. He might go for one or perhaps two days without eating, says Keweti, the son of the priest Timoweti. He would fast also when a breadfruit tree was being cut and shaped at Werua, until the work was completed, and would sleep in his working girdle, even though it might be damp.
Members of both the tautonu and tauihara classes were supposed to avoid the ariki, but if they could not, were expected to crouch in humble attitude (parakamuni) before him. The names of successive priests back as far as can be recalled are given on pages 38-41.
THE ARIKI HAKARURU
The ariki hakruru, the ho (friend, or partner) of the ariki, earned the descriptive term hakaruru (to summon) because he blew the trumpet (iri ti pu) when he cried out (woro) to the gods to come to Hereu, and called (kahikahi) the people to come to Hereu. From the south end of the island, at Tuakau, he would call to the people of Taringa, and from the north end at Tuangeiha, to the people of Werua.
He was at the beck and call of the ariki, being present, usually at the daily prayers. He did much of the chanting at Hereu, especially of the chants called hu. Terehi remarked once that he was comparable to the "supercargo" on a ship, which implies that he looked after material things as well.
The last ariki hakaruru was Pakirangi, a son of Marieha and a brother-in-law of Taharangi. Pakirangi served in this post during Taharangi's term as ariki, and during that of Timoweti before him. Rutina, father of our informant Tokotarauta, held this position in the times of the ariki Rumane and the ariki Heakupe. Rutina's father, Pawatu, was the ariki hakaruru before him, and served in the time of Meteitep. All were of the tautonu class. | <urn:uuid:0aaa5ba7-360a-4254-9d3a-76120728e95e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~mspp/kapingamarangi/Kpg-h.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00282-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913108 | 8,268 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How Many Teeth Do Adults Have ?
Function: The primary function of the teeth in humans is to cut and crush the food material into small pieces to aid better digestion and assimilation. There are broadly four kinds of teeth in humans, the canines, the incisors, the premolars and the molars together forming the full range of 32 teeth found in an adult human. Each of the different kinds of teeth does a very specialized job such that no two can be interchanged. The canines tear the food, the incisors cut the food into smaller particles, the premolars and the molars together does the function of crushing the food. Each tooth is embedded in the upper or lower jaws and is covered by the gums. The teeth are one of the most hardy features of the human species and is found in two types. The milk teeth and the permanent teeth.
The Anatomy of a Teeth: At the very outermost layer is the crown, the part that functions as the contact during chewing. This crown is principally made of dentine and is a hardy and non-wearing part of the teeth. Protected by the crown is the soft inner fleshy layer, the pulp of the teeth. Like the crown, the part of the teeth that is within the gums is the root and is covered by the cementum. This cementum, is a lesser tougher material than the crown, but just as well serves the purpose of shielding the inner pulp and is composed of dentine.
The root most times would branch out into two or three, except for the canines and the incisors that have only a single root. It is the root of the teeth that holds the teeth in the socket. The lower portion of the root accommodates the blood vessels that serve to keep the teeth nourished and alive. The enamel the hardest part of the tooth is visible normally and is supported by the underlying dentine. This outer layer varies in color from grayish white to a pale yellow. This semi translucent dentine would allow the lower layers to show through giving color to the teeth. Composed of mainly minerals the dentine is very brittle by nature.
Dentin is what is found between the tooth pulp and the outer enamel. Composed of mainly minerals, the dentin serves as a cushion to the tooth and is secreted by the pulp of the teeth. Being softer than the enamel, it is succeptable to decay and must be protected by the outer enamel at all times. With porous tubules radiating outward the dentin is a transitional layer that keeps the pulp and the crown together. The dentine, when exposed tend to give a sensational feel or a sharp pain to the person.
The pulp of the tooth is the central part that covers the inner core of the tooth. Comprising of a network of capillaries and soft tissue, this is a living and growing part of the tooth. Nourishment is had from the blood vessels that come into the pulp at the same time the pulp, keeps the enamel and dentin healthy and growing.
The Development of Teeth: Through a complex process that involves the multiplication and the replacement of the cells, the tooth development takes place. For human teeth to develop healthy, this must start at the very early stages in the fetal stages. Any disruption in this early stage of tooth development would mean the inability to have good healthy teeth. Tooth development has been divided into the four stages, the bud, the cap, the bell stage and finally the maturation. Being a complex development, the progress in each section has not been that thoroughly defined.
The first of the baby teeth is set to appear a few months after birth and would keep erupting till the age of four. The set of permanent teeth starts erupting at typically the age of six onwards and will go throughout puberty and into the adult life. The molars, the wisdom tooth, appearing when into the twentieth year. Learn more about wisdom teeth and its removal here.
Tooth eruption is when the baby tooth is finally visible or at times just felt in the mouth. This is brought about by a combination of factors that bring into fruition the complex processes involved with the development of the teeth in humans. The first signs that a tooth is due is felt by the person, later is the top of the tooth visible to the outside. While the very first set of teeth in humans is meant to last a few years, the later occurring set of teeth, the permanent teeth, is to last the person the rest of his life time.
Tooth Decay: Plaque and caries decide on how many teeth do adults have. Not seen to discriminate between the ages, the two enemies of good teeth, plaque and caries do indeed decide the health of your teeth. Plaque is a thin bio film of bacteria that cover the tooth outer layer and consists of a multitude of bacteria. Frequent removal of this bio film does indeed help maintain good teeth. If left to itself the plaque would produce acids to melt away the outer enamel coating of the teeth, forming cavities. The yellow hard deposits, tartar is had with the buildup of plaque. Frequent and a good brushing does indeed keep plaque at bay. The composition and severity of plaque formation are decided by the person’s food habits rather than anything else.
Caries is the softening of the tooth enamel to allow the pulp to be exposed to the food material. The outcome of this activity would be the loss of teeth in a person. Each individual has his own tolerance levels of caries. Some people, no matter how hard they try, can’t simply keep caries at bay. A tooth severely infected by caries can indeed be repaired, with the extreme treatment of root canal filling a painful and unpleasant experience.
Care for your teeth: Giving good care to your teeth does go a long way in deciding how many teeth do adults have. Regular brushing along with dental flossing does keep plaque and caries at bay. Most dentists do indeed recommend that the person brushes twice a day. This practice if adopted early could help the person keep healthy teeth for years on end. It is advisable to pay regular visits to the dentist to do a thorough cleaning, removing tartar and deposits that would have built up over time.
The importance of brushing twice a day cannot be emphasized enough. This removes plaque before it develops into tartar. Also, any early signs of tooth decay are picked up early and can be attended to in its early stages. Dental flossing must be followed to remove the plaque buildup at the gum line. If possible, try and use a fluoridated toothpaste as it helps toughen the dentine, hence preventing tooth decay and disease. Spend two or three minutes each time that you take to brush your teeth, making a good job of it. Limit the acidic natured drinks like aerated and soft drinks; this only causes an acidic build up in the mouth, causing the erosion of tooth enamel and hence causes cavities. Sugary food items can only aid the plaque buildup by the bacteria in the mouth.
People taking part in sports should wear protective gear to cover their teeth as it will directly impact how many teeth do adults have. A good helmet or face guard does prevent physical damage to the teeth during these times. Avoid opening of bottle caps and other such unhealthy habits. This does only damage your teeth. And to cap it all pay regular visits to the dentist as any issue can be picked up very early in its development.
Overcoming tooth decay: If the worst were to come, then there is no other way out than to have a dental restoration. Teeth that are left uncared for and mostly teeth that do have a genetic tendency to decay does need to be taken care of restoratorily. Here a visit to the dentist is mandatory. The dentist would advise on the best available solution to how many teeth do adults have. Modern day dentistry does ensure keeping the decayed teeth to the maximum with the best available solutions to prevent tooth loss. Dental implant too are the order of the day, giving the client the most favorable of solutions available.
Saliva: A much ignored item in oral health has been often the role of the Saliva in the oral cavity. The Saliva prevents unhealthy build up acidic or harmful natured pH in the mouth. It acts as a buffer solution that keeps the mouth clean and lubricated. The initial stages of digestion start with the saliva. Plaque buildup is limited by the active intervention of the saliva and is the first line in protecting the enamel of the teeth.
A complete oral health program is incomplete without the mention of substances like cigarettes and alcohol consumption. These substances do indeed aid in the deterioration of the teeth health. Regular health checkup must be done even with healthy teeth as it will decide on how many teeth do adults have. Caries thus, can be detected at the very early start, when the damage would have been minimal. Despite the advances in medical sciences, there has never been a replacement to teeth that could match; let alone beat the natural teeth, in function and appearance. | <urn:uuid:c3d3f29b-1a09-43be-9e8e-fc3f4a0e5d42> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://crazedparent.com/how-many-teeth-do-adults-have/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578716619.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425094105-20190425120105-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.960175 | 1,873 | 3.71875 | 4 |
(Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy)
Pronounced: gee-yan bah-rayEn Español (Spanish Version)
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nerves. These are the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. Guillain-Barré is characterized by numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the legs, arms, breathing muscles, and face. It can affect all ages.
© 2008 Nucleus Medical Art, Inc.
The exact cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome is unknown. However, in about 70% of patients, a recent infection or surgery serves as a trigger to an autoimmune response. This autoimmune response attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to weakness and a loss of sensation.
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Risk factors for Guillain-Barré syndrome may include:
- Recent bacterial or viral infection (Most common are respiratory or gastrointestinal infections.)
- The swine flu vaccine administered from 1976-1977 was associated with excess cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome. (Since then, no other influenza virus vaccines have been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome.)
- Recent surgery
- History of lymphoma , lupus , or AIDS
The first symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome include:
- Progressive muscle weakness on both sides of the legs, arms, and face
- Prickly, tingling sensations, usually in the feet or hands
- Pain is a significant complaint (Lower back pain is the most common complaint.)
- Loss of normal reflexes
Symptoms may develop over a period of hours, days, or weeks. They will vary in severity from minimal to total paralysis including respiratory weakness. The symptoms grow progressively worse. Most people experience the greatest weakness during the second or third week.
Related complications include:
- Facial weakness
- Blood pressure instability
- Heart rate changes
- Sweating abnormalities
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Urinary/gastrointestinal dysfunction
Most patients recover fully, but as many as 25% will have some residual symptoms. Five to ten percent have permanent, disabling deficits, and for 5% the condition is fatal.
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. Diagnosis is dependant on the physical exam and history, cerebrospinal fluid findings, and nerve conduction studies .
You may have a lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap . For this test, a needle is inserted into your lower back to remove a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. If high levels of a certain protein are detected, and there is no infection, this is an indication that you may have Guillain-Barré syndrome. Electrodiagnostic studies are usually done, which test the electrical conduction in the peripheral nerves and help differentiate Guillain-Barré from other disorders with similar symptoms.
Treatment aims to reduce the body’s autoimmune response and decrease complications that result from immobility. Hospitalization is important because symptoms may rapidly become more severe, including respiratory failure, cardiac arrhythmias , and blood pressure instability. Most patients need to be in the hospital for at least one month. Common treatments include:
During plasmapheresis , blood is removed from your body and passed through a machine that separates blood cells. The separated cells are then returned to your body with new plasma. This procedure may help shorten the course and severity of Guillain-Barré syndrome.
High-dose Immunoglobulin Therapy
Intravenous infusion with immunoglobulin (IVIg) may help reduce the severity of a Guillain-Barré attack. Immunoglobulins are proteins that are naturally produced by the body’s immune system.
In 30% of cases, muscles necessary for breathing become paralyzed. This is treated with immediate emergency support from a mechanical ventilator.
Your doctor may prescribe medication to reduce the pain. These may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gabapentin, carbamezepine, or narcotic analgesics.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome Foundation International
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Canadian Institute for Health Information
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. EBSCO Publishing Dynamed website. Available at: Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed . Updated January 31, 2008. Accessed February 23, 2008.
Bradley WG, Daroff RB. Neurology in Clinical Practice . Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann Publishing; 2004.
Brown B Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In: Gilman S, ed. MedLink Neurology. San Diego, CA: MedLink Corporation. Available at: http://www.medlink.com . Accessed February 23, 2008.
Goetz S. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. In: Clinical Neurology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2007.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov .
Textbook of Clinical Neurology . WB Saunders Company; 1999.
Last reviewed February 2008 by J. Thomas Megerian, MD, PhD, FAAP
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2011 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:601bf0bc-be9b-4252-b1a4-ffb214c4f283> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.beliefnet.com/healthandhealing/getcontent.aspx?cid=%0D%0A%09%09%09%09%09%0922825 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111620.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00149-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862808 | 1,250 | 3.375 | 3 |
Kidney disease is a very stubborn disease, but also bring some pain to patients, in addition to the kidney of the affected patients, but also lead to other diseases, such as high blood lipids, which is why? What are the causes of the disease? Let's take a look at it.
Hypercholesterolemia is the most common complication in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol elevation is the major abnormality of lipid metabolism. Patients with mild serum triglyceride levels were normal and only showed elevated serum cholesterol levels; in addition to elevated serum cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels were also elevated in moderately patients. Generally speaking, the level of serum total cholesterol is inversely proportional to serum albumin content. When serum albumin levels are below 30 g / dl, severe hypercholesterolemia can occur.
In severe patients (serum albumin content below 10 g / dl), serum cholesterol content was increased, but not obvious, mainly manifested by severe hypertriglyceridemia. The reason may be related to the decrease of lipoprotein lipase activity.
Renal lipid metabolic disorder increases the risk of coronary heart disease. Therefore, if hyperlipidemia persists and should be treated with special treatment for nephrotic syndrome, cholesterol lowering drugs should also be used. Among them, statins, such as pravastatin and simvastatin, should be considered as the first choice. Of course, if the use of micro permeability of Chinese medicine treatment, its expansion, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and degradation of the role of hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome will be greatly reduced.
For patients, should understand kidney disease knowledge, develop good habits and a healthy diet for the prevention of kidney disease can play a very important role in reading this article, I hope to help you, if you have a kidney disease knowledge requires a detailed understanding, you can consult our online experts, we the expert will reply as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:f9e5b9d4-eb5c-4ab3-9751-ee95232781bc> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.kidneyhealthy.com/patcare/7952.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158045.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922044853-20180922065253-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.936235 | 415 | 2.65625 | 3 |
We're using the Sparkfun Inventor's Kit and tutorial. Each student is provided with a kit. I bought one of these for myself last year and thought it was a pretty nice kit. (update: The new version of the kit is even better. Onward and Upward!) After the last class I'll provide a wrapup with any notes regarding what pieces were more and less useful, and what supplemental pieces might be used.
SparkFun Inventors Kit
- Bring your computer to each class
- Download and install the Arduino software: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
These are the four areas we'll be focussing on.
- general electronics -- electricity, circuits, etc.
- arduino specific electronics -- input, output, digital/analog control, etc.
- arduino programming and libraries -- C coding, libraries for doing interesting things
- the big picture -- interfacing and combining the lower-level pieces of knowledge into useful or interesting projects
- electrical circuits: much handwaving
- setting up the boards
- naming of parts
- downloading arduino environment
- running the blink program
- expanding the blink program to tricolor led
- Needed to spend more time on breadboards, how they're laid out, how to complete a circuit with them, what the power lines are used for.
- The Sparkfun project templates are nice, but don't bother attaching them to the breadboard.
- Because you won't attach them to the breadboard, ignore the two-pin headers on the corners of the board. They're only used to attach the paper template to the breadboard.
- We had one kit that had trouble making a connection -- it never showed up on the TTY list. It turns out to be a faulty USB cable. Fortunately this happened to one of our more intrepid students who diagnosed the problem right away.
- All the other hardware worked with no problem.
- The colors of the wires have no intrinsic meaning. You typically use red and black for power and ground, but interestingly the Sparkfun kit has no red or black wires.
- Cover the software portion of the blink lab first. It looks like the Arduino people test the boards with the blink program, so when you plug everything in for lab 1 the LED starts blinking before the students do anything.
- If you have access to the boards before you pass them out, it might be nice to download a null program to avoid this.
- The wiring diagram for the first blink lab has a wire to the power bus that serves no purpose. This should be eliminated, since it caused students confusion as to what it was doing (nothing).
This is homework for the next class. Be cool, sign up for a Khan Academy account, and register me as your coach! My ID is http://facebookid.khanacademy.org/500063084
We'll continue with:
- more on electrical theory, courtesy of Khan Academy.
- Ohm's Law <-- we must obey it!
- current, voltage, resistance
- Some resistor experiments
- pizeo buzzer
- serial I/O
and here's where it will get interesting:
- Combining Input + Output -- the basis of interesting projects! | <urn:uuid:56a6ca77-8479-4bee-8172-6d7187c897b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://eastbay-rc.blogspot.com/2012/01/arduino-class-notes-class-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109670.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821211752-20170821231752-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.909597 | 686 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Present simple tense
This English video looks at verbs in the present simple by first outlining the different subjects, how we conjugate the present simple verbs, how we contract the verbs and how the form changes in positive, negative and question forms. You will also be given a basic and clear example sentence for each form and you can practise these whilst watching or at a later date. We will also be given a simple explanation as to when we use the present simple, e.g. for facts and things that we do regularly.
In this English lesson about describing trends and graphs, you will learn how to use various verb-adverb and adjective-noun collocations, prepositions and numbers.
How should I study the materials?
- Watch the video
- Read the Outside the Box info sheets
- Complete the Activity Box exercises
- Take the interactive test
- Book a class to practice with a native speaker | <urn:uuid:6ccce00c-7d1a-4b97-9d0c-e8a281e7040d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.intenga.com/englishbox/english-grammar-present-simple-tense | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823339.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210123246-20181210144746-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.909633 | 188 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Wednesday, August 06, 2008
Todays video is of Beaumaris Castle located in Anglesey, North Wales. Built by James of St. George, as part of King Edward I's campaign to conquer North Wales. Dating from 1295 this magnificent castle has been designated as a World Heritage Site. Without a doubt one of the most architecturally perfect castle in Britain.
Your thoughts and feedback about this post are always appreciated. You can leave your own comments at the end of this article.
Tell your friends & family to subscribe, to stay up to date with what's happening in Aber also to view the latest user comments. | <urn:uuid:06ec0463-0206-44b4-8be5-94ec36fd87da> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://aberystwyth-online.blogspot.com/2008/08/beaumaris-castle-anglesey-north-wales.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189802.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00259-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958912 | 130 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|Teaching method||Contact hours|
|Practical intensively supervised||44|
|Course coordinator(s)||dr. ir. HAJ van Lanen|
|ing. G Bier|
|dr. ir. AF van Loon|
|ir. MHJ van Huijgevoort|
|dr. ir. HAJ van Lanen|
|Examiner(s)||dr. ir. HAJ van Lanen|
Language of instruction:
Assumed knowledge on:
AEW-21306 Soil and Water II
SEG-20306 Water Quantity and Quality
HWM-32806 Hydrological Processes in Catchments
SEG-30306 Characterisation of Regional Subsurface Water
Study of hydrogeological systems (three-dimensional distribution of aquifers, semi-permeable and impermeable layers consisting of unconsolidated and hard rocks bounded by natural hydrogeological boundaries with associated hydraulic properties and characteristic groundwater flow, including the aquifer-stream interaction. The groundwater flow has a typical magnitude, direction and chemical composition).
Course subjects: hydraulic properties of flow media, types of saturated flow, hydrochemistry, isotope hydrology, groundwater protection, hydrogeological systems in different environments with unconsolidated and hard rocks, groundwater occurrence in regions with extreme climates (permafrost and (semi-)arid regions) and regional hydrogeological research.
Besides a theoretical part (50%), the course comprises a hydrogeological system description in the field (Ardennes, Belgium) and computer exercises in groundwater modelling, i.e. the formulation of equations and the development of groundwater models.
After the course the students are able to:
- describe hydrogeological data and to understand dominant hydrological processes in different hydrogeological environments, incl. hard rock settings;
- understand hydrochemistry of main rock types, groundwater protection and isotope hydrology;
- understand and to describe the main hydrogeological systems, incl. hard rock settings;
- describe components of a regional hydrogeological study, incl. those of climatic extremes;
- collect and to integrate hydrogeological data and to identify complex hydrogeological systems in the field;
- understand the basics of numerical groundwater flow modelling, to develop a simple model and to interpret the results;
- give oral presentations as small groups both in the field and lecture room (modelling part).
Attend classes, study lecture notes and exercises. Study of manuals (Ardennes and groundwater modelling practical), field survey, brief field report and oral presentation (Ardennes), development of groundwater models, incl. presentation on groundwater flow topic that has been solved. Virtual excursion to South Netherlands.
Written exam on theory (lectures and modelling) and general aspects of the hydrogeological field survey (Ardennes).
Lecture notes Hydrogeology, Hydrogeological Exercises, Manual Hydrogeological Field Survey (Ardennes), and manual Groundwater Modelling. Notes and manuals are available at the WUR-shop.
|Restricted Optional for:||BSW||Soil, Water, Atmosphere||BSc||1MO|
|MHW||Hydrology and Water Quality||MSc||B: Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management||1MO|
|MHW||Hydrology and Water Quality||MSc||A: Soil and Ecosystem Hydrology||1MO| | <urn:uuid:a005efb9-e2a2-4e3c-aa1b-70e7fc05ab8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://ssc.wur.nl/History/Handbook/2010/Course/HWM-20806.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522556.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518215138-20220519005138-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.785557 | 796 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- The Secret Diary of an Exchange Student
- 类型：喜剧,喜剧片 相关搜索：
安妮日记 英文版 THE DIARY OF A YOUNG GIRL : THE DEFINITIVE EDITION Anne Frank Edited by Otto H. Frank and Mirjam Pressler Translated by Susan Massotty -- : -- BOOK FLAP Anne Frank's The Diary of a Young Girl is among the most enduring documents of the twentieth century. Since its publication in 1947, it has been read by tens of millions of people all over the world. It remains a beloved and deeply admired testament to the indestructable nature of the human spirit. Restore in this Definitive Edition are diary entries that had been omitted from the original edition. These passages, which constitute 30 percent more material, reinforce the fact that Anne was first and foremost a teenage girl, not a remote and flawless symbol. She fretted about, and tried to copie with, her own emerging sexuality. Like many young girls, she often found herself in disagreement with her mother. And like any teenager, she veered between the carefree nature of a child and the full-fledged sorrow of an adult. Anne emerges more human, more vulnerable, and more vital than ever. Anne Frank and her family, fleeing the horrors of Nazi occupation, hid in the back of an Amsterdam warehouse for two years. She was thirteen when the family went into the Secret Annex, and in these pages she grows to be a young woman and a wise observer of human nature as well. With unusual insight, she reveals the relations between eight people living under extraordinary conditions, facing hunger, the ever-present threat of discovery and death, complete estrangement from the outside world, and above all, the boredom, the petty misunderstandings, and the frustrations of living under such unbearable strain, in such confined quarters. A timely story rediscovered by each new generation, The Diary of a Young Girl stands without peer. For both young readers and adults it continues to bring to life this young woman, who for a time survived the worst horror of the modern world had seen -- and who remained triumphantly and heartbreakingly human throughout her ordeal. For those who know and love Anne Frank, The Definitive Edition is a chance to discover her anew. For readers who have not yet encountered her, this is the edition to cherish. ANNE FRANK was born on June 12, 1929. She died while imprisoned at Bergen-Belsen, three months short of her sixteenth birthday. OTTO H. FRANK was the only member of his immediate framily to survive the Holocaust. He died in 1980. MIRJAM PRESSLER is a popular writer of books for young adults. She lives in Germany. Translated by Susan Massotty. -- : -- FOREWORD Anne Frank kept a diary from June 12, 1942, to August 1, 1944. Initially, she wrote it strictly for herself. Then, one day in 1944, Gerrit Bolkestein, a member of the Dutch government in exile, announced in a radio broadcast from London that after the war he hoped to collect eyewitness accounts of the suffering of the Dutch people under the German occupation, which could be made available to the public. As an example, he specifically mentioned letters and diaries.
《应召女郎的秘密日记》Secret Diary of a Call Girl 第3季第2集片头
Gene Wilder - Pure Imagination下载http://mp3.baidu.com/m?tn=baidump3&ct=134217728&lm=-1&word=Gene%20Wilder%20Pure%20Imagination Come with meAnd you’ll beIn a world ofPure imaginationTake a lookAnd you’ll seeInto your imaginationWe’l beginWith a spinTraveling inThe world of my creationWhat we’ll seeWill defyExplanationIf you want to view paradiseSimply look around and view itAnything you want to, do itWanta change the world?There’s nothingTo itThere is noLife I knowTo compare withPure imaginationLiving thereYou’ll be freeIf you truly wish to beIf you want to view paradiseSimply look around and view itAnything you want to, do itWanta change the world?There’s nothingTo itThere is noLife I knowTo compare withPure imaginationLiving thereYou´ll be freeIf you trulyWish to beWilly Wonka & The Chocolate Factory的主题曲 | <urn:uuid:43202b87-e128-4a3f-a766-5b25c3849a51> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.hustrc.cn/voddetail/VBFQF.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587908.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026134839-20211026164839-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.882269 | 990 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Benzene (in Cigs)
Benzene is one of the many chemicals present in cigarettes.
Benzene (also benzol), a colourless, flammable liquid (at a room temperature) is an organic chemical compound whose formula is C6H6.
There are many health concerns associated with benzene. Inhaling high levels of benzene can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness; breathing even higher amounts of it can cause death. Eating or drinking foods containing high levels of benzene can cause vomiting, irritation of the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, rapid heart rate, and death.
Benzene is also a known carcinogen (that is, cancer-causing substance).
See also Benzene Exposure and Leukemia (opens in new tab).
Note that the list of chemicals included in this section (see the list on the left) is not a complete list of all the substances found in cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products. | <urn:uuid:c0bf99f5-2679-4416-b19c-8fe1bb807440> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ivyroses.com/Define/Benzene_(in_Cigs) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.906012 | 217 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In the past four years there have been several major cyberattacks against South Korea. We have identified a particular back door (Backdoor.Prioxer) that surfaced during the 2011 attacks. A modified version of this back door was also discovered during the 2013 attacks. The back door is based on publicly available code, but there are some indications that the same individuals are responsible for the 2011 and 2013 versions, pointing towards a possible connection between the two attacks.
The first documented major attack was in July, 2009. The attacks began on July 4, Independence Day in the United States, and consisted of a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack against various Korean and US government and financial websites. A second wave of attacks occurred on July 7 and a third wave on July 9. The malware used to launch the attacks was Trojan.Dozer, which was spread through e-mail. Trojan.Dozer contained a time bomb in its code, triggered on July 10. This time bomb would overwrite various types of files on the hard drive and then overwrite the first one megabyte of the hard drive, destroying the MBR and partition table. The hard drive was overwritten with the string, “Memory of the Independence Day.”
The second major attack occurred on the March 4, 2011. This attack was again a DDoS and again, against U.S. and South Korean government institutions. The malware used was Trojan.Koredos. This malware also overwrote a specified set of file types and destroyed the MBR. During investigations into these attacks, a back door Trojan called Backdoor.Prioxer was discovered. The back door was quite sophisticated and infected files in a discreet manner. You can see our previous blog, which describes this technique in detail.
The third attack occurred on March 20, 2013. This attack does appear to have used only hard drive overwrites, and no DDoS attacks. Trojan.Jokra overwrites the MBR and then the contents of the hard drive, independent of file format. It then looks for any mapped network drives and attempts to overwrite those as well. There appears to be multiple installation vectors, including e-mail and patch management. Patch management is an auto-update system that was compromised to deliver the malware.
Similar to the 2011 Trojan.Koredos investigation, we discovered a new version of Backdoor.Prioxer (labeled Backdoor.Prioxer.B) while examining files from computers compromised with Trojan.Jokra. This new version shares the same the same C&C base protocol, but does not proxy IRC communications as in the older version. When we investigated this file further, in an attempt to determine how it was installed onto victims’ computers, we established a link with Trojan.Jokra.
The Trojan.Jokra samples are obfuscated by the Jokra packer. The Jokra packer was also used to obfuscate a downloader (encountered in August of 2012 with an MD5 of 50e03200c3a0becbf33b3788dac8cd46). This downloader was seen to download Backdoor.Prioxer from the following location:
The link between Trojan.Jokra and Backdoor.Prioxer.B is also based on the Jokra packer. An additional malware sample (Trojan.Gen.2), located in the 2013 incident, which is packed with the Jokra packer, contains a build path string. This string describes where the sample was compiled on disk.
The path is:
Z:\Work\Make Troy\3RAT Project\3RATClient_Load\Release\3RATClient_Load.pdb
A Backdoor.Prioxer.B sample found in the same investigation also contains a build string:
Z:\Work\Make Troy\Concealment Troy\Exe_Concealment_Troy(Winlogon_Shell)\Dll\Concealment_Troy(Dll)\Release\Concealment_Troy.pdb
Clearly, the two separate pieces of malware were compiled from the same build source directory, Z:\work\Make Troy.
Work or fun?
If the Jokra packer is limited to the one group, then the connections between Backdoor.Prioxer.B and Trojan.Jokra are reliable. We believe that this packer is not publicly distributed because the number of detections for it are very low, are limited to Korea, and so far have only covered Jokra, the downloader, and the back door Trojan containing the “Z:” build string. This low prevalence is an indication that the packer is in use by only one group.
The connection between Backdoor.Prioxer.B and the 2011 attacks is not as clear cut. It is certainly suspicious that versions of Backdoor.Prioxer have been present during both attacks, but it could be explained away as the Trojan merely being discovered during the course of an investigation and not actually being related to the attacks. However, we think it is likely that the samples are related, given the Jokra connection.
Finally, the build path itself used in the Backdoor.Prioxer sample is informative. The path is “Z:\work”, and it seems unlikely that an independent hacktivist would use a folder labeled “work” to store their Trojan. For them, the development of a Trojan is not work, it is fun. The type of person who stores their code in a work folder is someone who is doing this professionally. The implication is that someone has been paid or ordered to perform these attacks, either as a contractor or as an employee. | <urn:uuid:a5e3c739-4472-4754-aa1c-4724a0eaf492> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-2011-and-2013-south-korean-cyber-attacks-related | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507442288.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005722-00230-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953314 | 1,191 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What is a Gaussian Distribution?
The Gaussian distribution, normal distribution, or bell curve, is a probability distribution which accurately models a large number of phenomena in the world. Intuitively, it is the mathematical representation of the general truth that many measurable quantities, when taking in aggregate tend to be of the similar values with only a few outliers which is to say that many phenomena follow the central limit theorem.
A Tool for Inference
One useful fact about the ‘center heavy’ Gaussian is that it easily permits the definition of the standard deviation which is a quantity that describes where the majority of a sample set lies. 68% of data in a Gaussian falls within 1 standard deviation from the mean. 95% of the data may be found within 2 standard deviations and 99.7% of all data within 3 standard deviations.
Occurrences of Gaussian Distribution in Nature and Machine Learning
The Gaussian distribution occurs in many physical phenomena such as the probability density function of a ground state in a quantum harmonic oscillator. Any particle undergoing diffusion (such as in a mixed liquid) may have its location modeled accurately as a Gaussian distribution as a function of time. Even sepal width of irises have been found to follow a Gaussian distribution.
A Gaussian process is any process in time or space that creates Gaussian distributions within its domain (time , space, etc). They may used to find non-linear regressions (one problem in machine learning) as well as to reduce dimensionality by identifying which dimensions of a dataset have larger variance and thus may contain more useful information.
More Practical Uses of a Gaussian DistributionDesigning Standardized Tests – Standardized tests are designed so that test-taker scores fall within a Gaussian distribution.
Statistical Tests – Many statistical tests can be derived from a Gaussian distribution.
Quantum Mechanics – A Gaussian distribution can be used to describe the ground state of a quantum harmonic oscillator. | <urn:uuid:c8c8b03f-7668-4a4e-b1c9-c77530cf1ce9> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://deepai.org/machine-learning-glossary-and-terms/gaussian-distribution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189264.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918221856-20200919011856-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.927695 | 402 | 3.921875 | 4 |
- In Treatment
- After Treatment and Survivorship
- CBTF Publications
- Loss, Grief and Bereavement
Survivors of Childhood Cancers Four Times More Likely to Develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Most recently updated on May 13, 2016
The study focused on 6,542 childhood cancer survivors over 18 who were diagnosed with cancer between 1970 and 1986 and 368 of their siblings as a control group. The study found that 589 survivors, or 9 percent, reported significant functional impairment and clinical distress as well as symptoms consistent with a full diagnosis of PTSD. In comparison, eight siblings, or 2 percent, reported impairment, distress and PTSD symptoms.
The study is published in the May issue of the journal Pediatrics.
"Childhood cancer survivors, like others with PTSD, have been exposed to an event that made them feel very frightened or helpless or horrified," said Dr. Margaret Stuber, a professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences, a Jonsson Cancer Center researcher and first author of the study. "This study demonstrates that some of these survivors are suffering many years after successful treatment. Development of PTSD can be quite disabling for cancer survivors. This is treatable and not something they have to just live with."
Affected survivors reported symptoms such as increased arousal, phobias, startling easily, being hyper vigilant, avoidance of reminders of their cancer diagnosis and treatment, being on edge and suffering extreme anxiety. They also reported that the symptoms kept them from functioning normally.
Other studies have looked for PTSD in childhood cancer survivors while they're still children or adolescents, but the percentage reporting symptoms is far less, about 3 percent, Stuber said.
There could be several reasons for the discrepancy. Today's treatment regimens employ less toxic treatments and rely far less on whole head radiation for brain tumors, causing far less trauma to the young patients. Additionally, the improved supportive care available today may result in fewer physical and cognitive late effects from treatment.
The survivors in Stuber's study often underwent far harsher treatment regimens commonly used in the 1970s and early 1980s, and within the group studied, those that underwent the more toxic and damaging therapies reported more cases of PTSD.
Another possible reason that more of the young adults reported PTSD symptoms is because they're facing the stressful situations typical for people at that age -- finding a job, getting married, starting a family. That stress may exacerbate the PTSD, Stuber said.
"It may be that symptoms, clinical distress and functional impairment only emerge among the more vulnerable childhood cancer survivors as they contend with the developmental tasks of young adulthood and the added challenges of the late effects of treatment," the study states. "The relative protection of the parental home is diminished as young adult survivors face the challenges of completing their education, finding a job, getting health insurance, establishing long-lasting intimate relationships and starting a family."
And because many of the patients in the study underwent harsh therapies, they often suffer from significant late effects -- infertility, cognitive impairment, stunted growth. This add to stress levels as well. Those that suffer from cognitive impairment may find it impossible to go to college or to land a good job that earns them an adequate income.
"These survivors may find that can't get health insurance. They may be reluctant to put themselves on the marriage market because they're sterile. Those that can have children may be afraid of passing their 'bad genes' onto their children. Some treatments affect growth, so some survivors may be shorter and heavier than their peers," Stuber said. "They may feel like they're damaged goods."
Treatment options such as therapy and medication are available to help the survivors manage their symptoms. But addressing the issue will not be simple, Stuber said.
"People who had more intense treatment are more likely to have these symptoms because their treatment was more traumatic," Stuber said. "And because more damage was done to their bodies, it makes it more difficult to have a good life later. It's all interdigitating."
The study, funded by The National Cancer Institute, looked at children with all types of cancers, Stuber said. Participants filled out a comprehensive demographic and health survey.
For a copy of a related article, see http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100503111418.htm
- Brain Tumor Facts and Glossary
- CBTF Publications
- Related Topics
- Research News and Reports | <urn:uuid:cc9cfdb2-f7db-4a5a-b885-5d2998eac108> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.cbtf.org/learn/ptsd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172649.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00608-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962964 | 913 | 2.671875 | 3 |
How does streaming work? – words Alan Woods
Netflix has become a global broadcasting phenomenon, with 93 million users in 190 countries streaming 11 billion hours.
The service has disrupted the monopoly previously held by TV networks, capitalising on the wider availability of high speed internet connections to ensure customers can rely on this as a service to feed their TV and film needs.
But it isn’t just Netflix that has made use of the power of streaming. Services such as Amazon Prime aim to rival its dominance in this field – while the numbers of people watching videos on YouTube prove that it also deserves to be seen as an influential broadcaster. Most of us use online videos websites.
In the old days of streaming media — the mid-to-late 1990s — watching videos and listening to music online wasn’t always fun. In fact it was a bit of a nightmare. Sort of like trying to watch a kettle boil or something – it took so long and was so frustrating it was a wonder anyone even bothered. It was a little like driving in stop-and-go traffic during a heavy rain. If you had a slow computer or a dial-up Internet connection, you could spend more time staring at the word “buffering” on a status bar than watching videos or listening to songs. On top of that, everything was choppy, pixilated and hard to see.
Streaming video and audio have come a long way since then. We now have 4g routers, satellite internet and internet services that can keep up.
So how does streaming work? This infographic from 100TB explores the science behind streaming – and the huge amount of data that is accessed when the biggest new shows or vlogs are released to an eager public…
Provided by 100TB
How does streaming work and what is streaming video and how does it work how to watch TV without cable or satellite? – words Alan Woods | <urn:uuid:b12e25f2-d67c-4834-8a58-b63e70576eb6> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.fluxmagazine.com/how-does-streaming-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301263.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119033421-20220119063421-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.965195 | 390 | 2.78125 | 3 |
“Long ere the second centennial arrives,” Walt Whitman predicted in 1871, “there will be some forty to fifty great States,” among them Cuba. It was a common enough belief. From Thomas Jefferson onward, many Americans thought that, as Secretary of State James Blaine said in 1881, “Cuba must necessarily become American.”
Based on its current population, if the island had become a US state, it would hold about the same weight in deciding American presidential elections as does Ohio. History, of course, took a different turn; yet, over the last five decades, Cuba could still count one superdelegate.
Fidel Castro hasn’t been seen in public since July 2006, when a near-fatal stomach illness forced him into semi-retirement. In the United States, however, he remains a contender, at least in terms of the hold he has on the imagination of candidates running for the White House. Here’s a short history of Castro’s long run in US presidential politics:
John F. Kennedy, flanking his Republican opponent Vice President Richard Nixon on the right on matters of foreign policy, was the first presidential candidate to brand Fidel Castro an “enemy.” In August 1960, having just accepted the Democratic nomination, JFK told a Miami gathering of American veterans that, for the “first time in our history, an enemy stands at the throat of the United States.” The Cubans, he declared, are our “enemies and will do everything in their power to bring about our downfall.” During the campaign, he repeatedly hammered Nixon on Cuba, demanding that the Eisenhower White House cut off trade to the island and provide aid to “fighters for freedom” to overthrow Castro.
In fact, months before Kennedy’s August speech, President Dwight D. Eisenhower had already authorized the funding of a campaign of paramilitary sabotage in Cuba, as well as the training of a small army of Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. Republicans had no problem with what today goes by the name “regime change,” having already orchestrated two successful coups–in Iran in 1953 and Guatemala in 1954–against governments they perceived as hostile to US interests. They just preferred to do it quietly.
As Eisenhower’s vice president, Nixon was obligated not to reveal his Administration’s secret foreign policy plans, so he could only lamely respond to Kennedy’s taunts. Cuba, he insisted, was not “lost.” Nixon knew that the White House had started training Cuban exiles, and he was probably aware that the CIA was working on a plan to poison Castro’s cigars, but the Vice President could only barely allude to such knowledge, which just made him sound complacent. “The United States,” Nixon said, “has the power, and Mr. Castro knows it, to throw him out of office any day that we would choose to.”
Kennedy, of course, won the election. As president, he carried out the Republican invasion plan, the botched Bay of Pigs operation. When that failed, Kennedy authorized “Operation Mongoose,” a broad-spectrum covert operation that used sabotage, assassinations and psychological warfare in hopes of sparking an uprising against Castro. He also imposed a trade embargo on Cuba. A stickler for legality, JFK held off signing the decree cutting off trade with the island until his press secretary, Pierre Salinger, could purchase him a cache of 1,200 Petit Upmann Cuban cigars.
Castro, who by one recent count has survived more than 600 assassination attempts, never allowed a free vote in Cuba; “The revolution,” he once reportedly remarked, “has no time for elections.” But he made time for those held in the United States. In 1964, the Havana daily Revolución condemned both President Lyndon Johnson and his Republican challenger Barry Goldwater, writing that the two candidates reflected the “structural degeneration” of American democracy. But in the weeks leading to the election, Castro, fearing Goldwater’s “extremism” and convinced that Johnson would pursue a “policy of moderation,” stepped up his anti-imperialist, anti-US rhetoric, hoping to spark a backlash in the President’s favor. Johnson won in a landslide, without the need for a (back)hand from Fidel.
Decades before Willie Horton, there was Fidel Castro–and France’s president, Charles de Gaulle, whose criticism of US policies in Western Europe and its war in Vietnam had earned him the enmity of many Washington opinion-makers. Richard Nixon, this time running as the challenger against Johnson’s Vice President, Hubert Humphrey, sponsored a TV ad flashing images of those two tribunes of “anti-Americanism,” the odd-coupled “axis of evil” of that American moment, while promising that he would restore US authority at home and abroad.
The Vietnam War, and the demonstrations it provoked, dominated popular debate and Cuba played only a small role in the campaign. Still, Nixon and his running mate Spiro Agnew knew who to blame for the protests that dogged them. Agnew regularly condemned student antiwar protestors as an “effete corps of impudent snobs” who “have never done a productive thing in their lives.” He continued, “They take their tactics from Fidel Castro and their money from Daddy.” Agnew used that Castro line whenever he could as part of his pitch for the blue-collar vote. After invoking Castro to silence protesters at a Florida university event, he even suggested that student dissent was a “disease,” assuring the audience: “When Dick Nixon becomes President of these United States we are going to find that that disease comes under some kind of treatment pretty quickly.”
Impending defeat in Vietnam made talk of cooperation and compromise–not confrontation–the order of the day, as President Nixon ran for re-election on his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger’s dramatic diplomatic openings to Moscow and China. Perhaps afraid that the Kremlin leaders would cut a deal and abandon him, Castro made a number of overtures in the middle of the presidential campaign that caught the White House off guard. There was even talk of Kissinger making a “secret visit to Havana,” as he had earlier that year to Beijing. But Nixon’s powerful right wing, unable to stop the advance of Kissinger-style “appeasers” when it came to the Soviet Union, China or even Hanoi, was not about to roll over on Cuba. By now, three elections after Kennedy had first outflanked Nixon on Cuba, anti-Castroism had become a veritable obsession on the carnivalesque right where an alliance of Cuban exiles, John Birchers, Young Americans for Freedom, law-and-order anticommunists, soldier-of-fortune mercenaries and CIA spooks held sway.
So even though Nixon studiously ignored Cuba during the campaign, the far right, including National Review‘s William Buckley, began to whisper that the Democratic nominee George McGovern had actually cut a secret deal with Castro. McGovern dismissed the rumors as the work of a “bitter,” “paranoid,” and “despicable” conservative movement that wouldn’t be happy with any candidate who wasn’t to the “right of Genghis Khan.”
There was, at the time, about as much intelligence establishing a covert relationship between McGovern and Castro as there would be linking Al Qaeda to Saddam Hussein–or Barack Obama to an Islamic madrassa. Yet Nixon did try to oblige. His “plumbers”–the secret team that broke into the Democratic National Headquarters at the infamous Watergate Hotel complex–were largely made up of anti-Castro Cuban exiles. It had been organized by Bay of Pigs veteran CIA agent E. Howard Hunt, who said that one of the reasons for the burglary was to look for evidence establishing a connection between Castro and McGovern. Nixon won in a landslide, but Watergate eventually took him down.
Castro played an important role in the Republican primaries in this election. Challenged by Ronald Reagan from the right, Gerald Ford, the House majority leader who had gained the presidency when Nixon resigned, tried to act tough. He flew to Puerto Rico and told Castro to keep his hands off the American colony, but that bizarre demand had nothing on the Gipper. Before he began to criticize Ford on Cuba, Reagan was trailing by double digits in the Florida polls. But by making Castro an issue, the challenger turned the primary into a horse race, losing the state to an incumbent President by just a few points. Reagan swept Dade County and its Cuban-American vote, prompting a Ford campaign advisor to comment sardonically that his boss might as well “recognize Cuba immediately.”
“The Cuban threat is a geopolitical version of the miracle of the loaves and fishes,” noted the Washington Post–the gift that keeps giving. Reagan lost his challenge, but would be back as Ford went down to Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter.
Reagan played his Dade-County strategy large: in the Republican primaries, he called for a blockade of Cuba in retaliation for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which made about as much sense as attacking Iraq in response to 9/11. His main opponent, ex-CIA director George H.W. Bush, called Reagan’s proposal a “macho thing,” pointing out that “Cuba didn’t invade Afghanistan.” But such a fact-based campaign position was a nonstarter. After Reagan beat Bush 2 to 1 in the Florida primary on his march to the nomination, Bush, signing on to the ticket as Vice President, made his peace with Reagan’s voodoo diplomacy. In the election campaign, Castro–perhaps forgetting the reverse psychology he had applied in 1964–praised President Carter for supplying financial aid to Nicaragua’s leftist Sandinistas and called Reagan a “threat to world peace.” Reagan, of course, took Florida in the general election and trounced Carter. As his cabinet was getting settled in the White House, Secretary of State Alexander Haig told his boss, “You just give me the word and I’ll turn that fucking island into a parking lot.” Reagan demurred, choosing to take the far smaller, more defenseless Caribbean island of Grenada instead–and sparing Cuba for his next and last presidential campaign.
Reagan accused Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale of neither rejecting nor denouncing Jessie Jackson for–as a candidate for the Democratic nomination–having visited Havana and, according to Reagan, having “stood with Fidel Castro and cried: ‘Long Live Cuba.’ ‘Long Live Castro.’ ‘Long Live Che Guevara.’ ” (What Reagan didn’t say was that Jackson had used the visit to negotiate the release of several political prisoners and that he had also shouted Vivas to the United States, as well as to Martin Luther King Jr.) “I don’t admire Fidel Castro at all,” Mondale responded, “but Jesse Jackson is an independent person. I don’t control him.” In November, Reagan won every state except Minnesota.
Vice President George H.W. Bush invoked the possibility of a nuclear attack from Cuba to justify his support for Reagan’s much ridiculed Star Wars anti-missile defense system, but he didn’t need Castro to take out the inept Democratic Candidate Michael Dukakis and win the presidency. Ronald and Nancy Reagan’s astrologer, Jeane Dixon, did predict that a crisis in Cuba during Bush’s first summer in office would give the new President a chance to move out of Reagan’s shadow and “consolidate his nation’s confidence.”
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, many observers thought the time was finally opportune to normalize relations with Havana. But Florida has more than twenty votes in the Electoral College, and Miami’s Cuban exiles–about 600,000 (out of a state population of just over 800,000) live in crucial Dade County–remained a powerful domestic lobby. Touched by the spirit of JFK, challenger Bill Clinton headed for Miami in April 1992 to excoriate George H.W. Bush for not “dropping the hammer down on Castro and Cuba.” Clinton even endorsed the punitive Cuban Democracy Act, which Bush (finding himself outflanked to his vulnerable right) signed shortly thereafter. Along with subsequent legislation that Clinton as President would back, the Act tightened Washington’s long-standing embargo on Cuban trade. This only served to cut Washington out of what would be the island’s post-cold war political and economic opening to the rest of the world. Clinton took 20 percent of Florida’s Cuban-Americans, lost the state to George H.W. Bush, but won the White House.
Clinton, as President, stayed on point against Republican challenger Robert Dole, running to his right on Cuba, though he did admit in a TV debate that “nobody in the world agrees with our policy on Cuba now.” During his first term, Clinton had drawn close to Miami’s anti-Castro Cuban lobby, taking political advice from Hillary Clinton’s Cuban-immigrant sister-in-law, María Victoria Arias. This time, Florida was his and he doubled his percentage of Cuban-American votes.
In October, by a vote of 86 to 8, the Senate passed legislation easing the embargo, allowing food to be sold to Cuba. Castro criticized the legislation for being paternalistic and not going far enough in normalizing commercial relations. George W. Bush condemned it. Al Gore refused to comment. Angry at Janet Reno’s return of Elián González, the young Cuban refugee rescued by fishermen after most of his companions including his mother drowned trying to make it to the United States, Florida’s Cuban-Americans abandoned the Democratic Party en masse in November. Along with Naderites and Palm Beach Jews-for-Buchanan, Bush got just enough votes to deadlock the election. Castro offered to send observers to oversee a recount.
During a visit to Brazil in October, Secretary of State Colin Powell made an offhand remark that Cuba was no longer a major threat to Latin America. “We don’t see everything through the lens of Fidel Castro,” he said. John Kerry thought he saw an opening and pounced. He claimed he found it “shocking that the Bush Administration is telling the world that Fidel Castro no longer poses a problem for this hemisphere.” Perhaps after a mere forty-four years and twelve presidential elections, the Castro bounce was wearing off. Bush won Florida with a million more votes than he had received four years earlier.
This, his thirteenth, will most likely be Castro’s last presidential election. After a photo surfaced indicating that one of Barack Obama’s Texas volunteers (who is Cuban-American) had hung a Cuban flag superimposed with an image of Che on a wall behind her desk, the conservative blogosphere right-clicked a collective ah hah! Considering the temptation of Democratic candidates to call for a hard line against Cuba as a low-cost, high-return way of establishing their national-security creds, the Obama campaign responded with remarkable restraint, simply terming the flag “inappropriate.” Hillary Clinton, looking more like the hapless Kerry than the wily Bill, promptly attacked Obama for saying that he would meet with the ailing revolutionary. “We’re not going to just have our President meet with Fidel Castro,” she said, “I don’t want to be used for propaganda purposes.”
It’s been nearly fifty years since Richard Nixon said that the United States could get rid of Fidel Castro whenever it wanted. Castro, of course, is still around, though not for lack of effort on Washington’s part. The Cuban government calculates that some 3,500 Cubans have died over the past five decades as a result of US-supported paramilitary operations against the island. In recent years, Castro’s continued survival, not to mention the disaster in Iraq, may have forced on our policymakers a somewhat more modest appreciation of Washington’s ability to bring about regime change.
Still, the Castro factor has yet to disappear. John McCain recently called on his supporters to sign an online petition to “stop the dictators of Latin America,” though he didn’t say exactly whom such a petition should be delivered to. It has since been removed from his campaign’s webpage. The dictators in question apparently include Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia as well as Castro. “They inspire each other,” McCain told a gathering of Bay of Pigs veterans in Miami’s Little Havana. “They assist each other. They get ideas from each other. It’s very disturbing.”
Last month, Castro announced that he would not seek reelection as Cuba’s president. But that hasn’t stopped him from weighing in on the contest in the United States, predicting that a Clinton-Obama ticket would be “unbeatable.” “Will Castro’s nod to Hillary and Obama,” ran a Fox News header reporting the endorsement, “help or hurt?” Why won’t the Democrats, asked one of the show’s guests, “call him a dictator?” And so the beat, however faint, goes on. | <urn:uuid:a4cf2458-ffec-4aa0-9b3e-ae69a6ba5184> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.thenation.com/article/fidel-castro-first-superdelegate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575844.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923002147-20190923024147-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.970048 | 3,732 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Around the middle of the 13th century, the northern Italian cites began to issue gold coins. From there, the new trade coins began to spread across the Alps. Soon, the Electors of the Rhine wanted their own gold coin. After all, they maintained a vivid far trade on the river. First, however, they had to get the necessary privilege. And that, only the emperor could grant. The Elector of the Palatine of the Rhine, Rupert I(1353-1390), got the desired concession in 1354. He immediately started to issue gold coins modeled after the florens from Florence. By copying their design, he profited from the good reputation of the Florentine money. This gulden from Heidelberg thus bears a lily flower, the coat of arms of Florence, and John the Baptist, Florence's city saint. | <urn:uuid:3e5cfb66-8868-4702-ac97-4082cf243972> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/intent/coin-catalogue?&id=1620 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.952425 | 179 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Hawaii is a fascinating place, with rich history and many geological wonders. Most people know it as a top vacation destination and agree it is magnificently beautiful. But what do you really know about Hawaii? Here are some facts about Hawaii that you may have not known, but are interesting to learn about.
Facts About Hawaii in General
• Hawaii has many mountains and volcanoes that scatter the area. But did you know that some of the biggest mountains in the world are found here? Imagine a mountain that rises from over 18,000 feet below the see to almost 14,000 above sea level! The volcanic mountains, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii’s Big Island stand almost 32,000 feet. • About five million years old, the oldest islands among the main islands are Kauai and Niihau. Kure Atolls and Midway have volcanic areas that go back as far as 28 million years. • Hawaii has the most secluded chunks of land anywhere on earth. The islands are tucked away into the midst of the North Pacific Ocean, with the closest land mass being California at almost 2,400 miles away. • Molokai is home to some of the tallest sea cliffs found anywhere on earth. • The “Father of Modern Surfing” and winner of Olympic medals, Duke Kahanamoku was raised on Waikiki (Oahu). You can see an amazing statue of him on Kuhio Beach, where he welcomes you to Waikiki with wide-open arms. • The first Asian-American that made it into the United States Senate was Hiram Fong of Hawaii. He was elected to the Senate in 1959 and came from a Chinese background. • After several attempts and years of trying, Hawaii was honored to be the 50th state brought into the union in 1959. Hawaii became officially called the “Aloha State” by a legislative act. • If you look at the length of the State of Hawaii from east to west, you’ll see that Hawaii is actually the widest state in the U.S. • What time zone do you live in? Well, if you live in Hawaii you have your own time zone. Hawaii is in the Hawaiian Standard Time, where there’s no daylight savings time. During the summer Hawaii trails the U.S. West Coast by two hours. During the winter time, though, they trail by three hours. • The oldest newspaper found west of the Rocky Mountains is the Sandwich Island Gazette in Hawaii.
A Few Interesting Facts About Honolulu
• Due to Hawaii’s state constitution, any island that doesn’t have a name is part of Honolulu. There are small islands that aren’t populated called the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, therefore, all belong to Honolulu. This means that technically, Honolulu is the largest city in the world panning around 1,500 miles long. • Honolulu is home to the oldest garden found in Hawaii, Foster Botanical Garden. It was built in 1855 and is found by Iolani Palace.
Maui Fun Facts
• Along the north shore in Maui is a well known road called “Road to Hana”. This is a scenic, narrow route that stretches over 55 miles and includes 26 bridges as well as an astonishing number of curves (over 600) • Maui is home to Haleakala National Park that attracts visitors from all over the world. Haleakala Crater is found here, which is the largest dormant volcano in the world (last eruption in 1790). The crater is 7 miles across, 2 miles wide, and 2,600 feet deep.
Interesting Facts About Kauai
• The “Grand Canyon of the Pacific” is found on Hawaii, the Waimea Canyon. Being 3,000 feet deep and 12 miles long, it makes you feel as if you’re in another world. • Kauai, or the Garden Isle, is over six million years old. That makes it the oldest of the Hawaii islands. It’s called the Garden Isle because of the gorgeous green mountains that spike along the ridges, picture-perfect beaches and exotic, tropical surroundings. • Hollywood loves the landscape of Kauai, having filmed there many times. Jurassic Park movies, Blue Hawaii, and Fantasy Island are only some of what’s been filmed here. | <urn:uuid:9848ca9b-1035-4947-9e58-ff823c26a639> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.hawaiianrealestate.com/articles/facts-about-hawaii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314353.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818231019-20190819013019-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.964091 | 895 | 2.703125 | 3 |
This storyboard does not have a description.
Aibeleen starts her day by coming to the Leefolts house and getting Mae Mobley out of her crib and playing with her.
As soon as Mae Mobley is up, Mrs. Leefolt calls Aibeleen into the kitchen to make food and set up for the bridge club meeting.
Aibeleen anxiously sets the table, knowing the arrival of Mrs.Leefolts friends will bring uncomfortable talk about race.
Miss Skeeter, the only whit woman known to be friendly to the help arrives first.
After all the other guests arrive, they sit in the dining room and Aibeleen is asked to leave the room.
Aibeleen listens from the other room in horror as the women speak about requiring the help to use separate bathrooms.
Explore Our Articles and Examples
Try Our Other Websites!
Photos for Class
– Search for School-Safe, Creative Commons Photos (It Even Cites for You!
– Easily Make and Share Great-Looking Rubrics
– Create Custom Nursery Art | <urn:uuid:6caf56ce-15f5-4cec-b7d7-34627425f192> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/meganlyons1118/the-help | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215487.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820003554-20180820023554-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.88175 | 229 | 3 | 3 |
ConceptRules can be seen as ‘regulations’ dictating ‘correct’ usage. So are the rules of English more like regulations or regularities?
According to a monolithic view, the rules are more like regulations, whether one believes one is taking a descriptive or prescriptive approach. Someone who describes how people use English by referring to ‘the’ rules of ‘the language’ (taken as ‘Standard English’ or ‘good English’) is often implicitly assuming that there is a single body of such rules, and that dialects etc. are departures from these rules.
Prescriptivists not only believe that there is a monolithic ‘correct’ form of English, but also that others should use that form: they prescribe the one true form of the language. So for them, the rules are clearly regulatory. The Queen’s English Society is perhaps the best example of a prescriptivist body in the UK. The Society’s webpage welcomes visitors with the following words:
- The stated objects of the society are “to promote the maintenance, knowledge, understanding, development and appreciation of the English language as used both in speech and in writing; to educate the public in its correct and elegant usage; and to discourage the intrusion of anything detrimental to clarity or euphony.” The phrase “the queen’s (or king’s) English” has been used for centuries simply to imply spoken or written English which is standard – characterised by grammatical correctness and proper usage of words and expressions. The phrase does not mean English necessarily modelled on the usage of the reigning monarch.
The society strongly advocates the formal teaching of English in schools and the need for all teachers of all subjects to correct pupils’ English. The society lobbies government and makes representations to the media about standards of English usage. The society’s commitment to good standards does not preclude the acceptance of English as an evolving language, but some changes are harmful.
The references to “correct […] usage”, “English which is standard”, “grammatical correctness”, “proper usage”, “correct[ing] pupils’ English”, “standards of English usage”, “good standards”, and “harmful” changes, indicates a view of rules as regulations, defining what English really is and how it should be used. This clearly doesn’t accord with the plurilithic reality of global Englishes. Indeed, it is the monolithic perspective that can clearly be more “harmful”, as an English teacher from Fargo in the USA explains in this TEDx talk. | <urn:uuid:ece793db-5b0b-4512-a986-a8faa77f7574> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://changingenglishes.online/1.3.2-rules-of-english-monolithic-view.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206329.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922161302-20200922191302-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.944958 | 571 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Photo: Stock Exchange
Imagine a friend of yours has invited you over for dinner to share a gourmet meal and an expensive bottle of wine. You really enjoy the meal and the wine so you ask your friend where she got the stuff.
She confesses that the “gourmet meal” was really a TV dinner nicely arranged on your plate, and that the pricey wine bottle had been emptied before you came over and re-filled with cheap wine. Some dinner!
But much of the enjoyment we receive from consuming gourmet foods, pricey wines, and other fancy products comes from the perception that these products are rare and expensive.
A study out of Caltech had participants rate the quality of five wines each labeled only by their price per bottle, which ranged from five to ninety dollars. While participants drank and rated the wines, their brain activity was monitored and recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging, or f MRI.
During this experiment the sneaky researchers gave participants the same wine twice: first labeled as coming from a ninety-dollar bottle, and then again from a ten-dollar bottle. Interestingly people consistently rated the ninety-dollar wine higher than the ten-dollar, even though they were really the same wine!
Moreover, when drinking the supposedly pricey wine, the f MRI scans recorded more activity in a spot in the brain believed to be associated with the experience of pleasure; it’s called the medial orbitofrontal cortex. So it looks like the next time your friend invites you over for a nice dinner and a bottle of wine you’re better off not asking any questions at all; in this case ignorance is bliss. | <urn:uuid:59a0558d-ad39-46f3-b06b-5310c4bb6b5e> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/tv-dinner-candle-light/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00160-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970548 | 332 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Serve America Act of 2009, which President Barack Obama signed into law this week, is significant in at least two ways. It came as the result of Republicans and Democrats working together, and it offers several programs that will give volunteers, from teens to older persons, effective avenues to serve others. This bipartisan effort could not have come at a better time, when the nation is facing unprecedented crises — from the tanking economy to failing schools, from health care to energy and more.
As these problems intensify and people's needs increase during this recession, volunteers are needed more than ever to help solve some of the toughest problems in recent memory and get communities and individual lives back on track.
The president, who said early on that he fully supports Serve America, gave the House and Senate impetus to work together. He was following the lead of Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah and Democratic Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, who guided the legislation. It creates new opportunities for citizens to serve in an array of projects, including helping students perform better in school, rebuilding cities following disasters, preparing people for green and innovative 21st century jobs and connecting senior citizens with life-sustaining services.
The breakthrough came when Democrats and Republicans agreed to combine the best of each party's long-held positions on volunteerism. Republicans have traditionally supported voluntary, part-time service, and Democrats have backed government-subsidized, full-time service programs. By combining the traditions, lawmakers gave the directors of the programs, including the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps, the power to expand the effectiveness of their work and to recruit more volunteers.
Obama invited Republicans and Democrats to the White House to witness the bill signing. Members of Congress put aside party loyalty and parochialism to work together for the good of the nation. The hope now is the same kind of bipartisanship will extend to other areas. | <urn:uuid:54e2910e-2a3e-439c-bd50-67cff7061abc> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/a-lesson-in-working-together/995132 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148558.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00020-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963499 | 385 | 2.59375 | 3 |
San Diego is well known for great weather, fun filled attractions, shopping, and more.
Most of these attractions are spent outside in sunny San Diego. The San Diego Zoo, Sea World,
Seaport Village, and Petco Park, are just a few fun in the sun activities families can enjoy.
Spending time on the San Diego beaches and parks are other ways to have a great time outdoors
too. Some parents even encourage their kids to get out of the house, take a break from using their
electronic devices and “play”, enjoy the weather, and exercise outside. Usually, summer weather
brings teenagers out of their rooms to bask in the sun for a perfect tan, however being exposed to
the sun without protection can be drastically life changing.
Phase 1: Quality of life: Social Diagnosis
Teens have a perception that sun bathing is a great way to have perfect skin or even
going to the Tanning Salon. Most teens are not aware of the future damages that the sun may
cause them; it can alter their image in a negative way and even become dangerous and deadly.
When there is an abnormal growth of cells in the body this disease is called, Cancer (CDC,
2014). Skin cancer is when the cancer cells start in the skin (CDC, 2014). This disease does not
favor any race, culture, age and/or gender; it can affect anyone (CDC, 2014). Skin Cancer is a
topic that not many teenagers are aware of. Teens may be talked to or lectured on in regards to
drinking/texting and driving or safer sex, and/or a healthier diet. A subject like cancer is not easy
to teach in high schools, although informing high school students of what they can do now can
prevent them from developing skin cancer later may be accomplished in several ways. This
health education program will target the age group between 15 to 19-year-old high school
students attending Otay Ranch High School of the high risk for the most common skin cancer.
The following pages will explain the data collection and analysis found in skin cancer at a
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 2
national, state, and local level. Describes the genetic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors
associated with skin cancer, and express the need of a program focus. The intervention strategies
will be later discussed, as well as the process and outcome evaluation of the health education
PHASE 2: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Epidemiology of Skin Cancer
Skin Cancer is the most common form of cancer and also the fastest growing cancer.
There are three types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and
melanoma. According to the American Cancer Society there are 3.5 million of cases of basal and
squamous cell skin cancer, and 73,000 of melanoma in 2015 (ACS, 2015). The latest data
gathered by the EPA, states that in California, melanoma makes up 75% of all skin cancer in the
state (2009). The same report states that in California, there are 800 deaths a year which is about
2 deaths per day (2009), making it a health problem that requires more awareness than it has
been receiving. The determinants of Skin Cancer may be due to genetic, behavioral or
environmental risk factors.
Genetic Risk Factors
Genetics plays a big role in determining an individual’s chances of getting Skin Cancer.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1999- 2011 surveillance of the incidence rate and
death rate of Skin Cancer reveals just how Caucasians are disproportionately affected by skin
cancer, compared to other races. White men and white women have the highest rates of
incidence and deaths due to Skin Cancer (CDC, 2014). Nine of ten who are diagnosed with the
most dangerous form of skin cancer, melanoma are White (CDC, 2014). Even when the rates of
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 3
incidence for Asians/Pacific Islander, Hispanics, Blacks and American Indians/Alaskan Natives
are combined, they are still at a lower rate compared to the white population. The results are also
the same when comparing the death rates. The race with the lowest rates or incidence and deaths
was the African American population.
An article in a periodical for genetics refers to different studies conducted that would
explained that the reason for this disparity is due to pigmentation. People with pigmentation
traits such as: fair skin, blue or green eye color, red and blonde hair and freckles are at a higher
risk of getting skin cancer (Vogan, 2008). Darker pigmentation, which is determined by
chromosomes, according to the same article, has the ability to protect the skin from the sun
damage (Vogan, 2008).
Behavioral Risk Factors
Genetics is a risk factor for skin cancer that no one can control, and is determined by
nature. Fortunately, a change in behavior can help lower the risk of getting skin cancer. The
behaviors linked to skin cancer are over exposure to the sun, use of indoor tanning, not wearing
sun-protective clothing, and lack of sunscreen usage. By reducing sun exposure, not using indoor
tanning, wearing proper clothing and using sun screen before exposure can dramatically reduce
the chances of getting skin cancer.
It is a well-known fact that sun exposure has many benefits including mood
enhancement, and providing the body with vitamin D, but too much exposure can harm the skin
due to the suns’ ultraviolet radiation. Ultra violet radiation has been linked to premature aging,
eye damage, a suppressed immune system, and other skin damage (WHO, 2015). Using
sunscreen can reduce damage done to the skin, and prevent skin cancer growth. Unfortunately,
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 4
not everyone uses sunscreen. According to a study, sunscreen usage in the general population has
fallen rapidly and only 30% actually use sunscreen (Johnson, 2011). The study suggest that it
may be due to the perceived susceptibility being low, and the lack of skin cancer knowledge
(Johnson, 2011). Some people who get skin cancer do not get it from the sun, instead they get it
from an alternative way of tanning with the use of tanning bed/booths. There are thousands of
tanning salons all across the United States, and over a thousand in California alone. These
bed/booths are used to achieve a darker complexion without sun bathing. A study in Europe
found that artificial UV lights from these tanning beds/booths increases the risk of melanoma by
75%, if expose to it before the age of 35 (Benmaharnia, 2013).
Environmental Risk Factors
The environment an individual is in has an influence on their risk of getting Skin Cancer.
Due to the fact that California has such beautiful weather, and the sun is out majority of the year
increases the risk of developing a skin cancer later in life. Since the weather is so beautiful in
California, most individuals find themselves enjoying activities outdoors. Any injury to the skin
can result in abnormal skin cell growth, which can happen outdoors during these activities.
Phase 3: Educational and Ecological Assessment
Predisposing factors may include lack of education, as the main reason individuals do
not protect themselves against skin cancer. Bringing awareness to the topic may help parents in
teaching, and practicing healthy ways to protect their skin. Since some skin cancer do not
develop until later in life, protecting your skin is important at younger ages. Some parents may
feel that applying sunscreen takes too much time, and they do not want to keep reapplying even
if they initially put it on their children. Of course this becomes more difficult if society deems
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 5
tan skin to be fashionable, and in style. Individuals may also have a low perception that skin
cancer can happen to them, and that may prevent themselves from protecting themselves.
Enabling factors would be the individual’s accessibility to proper protection from the
sun’s ultra-violet (UV) light. Along with being uneducated about the risk of skin cancers, some
individuals might not know where or just cannot afford sunscreens. Wearing sunscreen is one of
the main steps to protecting your skin, however, proper hats, and UV protective clothing is also
available. Once again this goes back to accessibility to these types of resources.
Reinforcing factors would be to not develop skin cancer in the future; this is the main
reward for protecting your skin. Protecting your skin from UV damage can also keep you
looking younger, and can slow the aging process. Over exposed skin, especially in the face can
result in wrinkles faster than aging alone. Protecting your skin can keep your youthful glow, and
wearing sunscreen is a major contributor to protection.
The health education program name that will be implemented is called, “Sun Safe:
SASSE”. SASSE stands for S: Sunscreen use, A: Avoid peak midday sun exposure, S: Stay in
the shade, S: Sun safe clothing, E: Exposure limitation. Health educators will visit one high
school campus from the Sweetwater High School District during the month of July, to educate
students of their risk, and inform them of preventative measures that can be taken.
Phase 4: Intervention Strategies
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 6
Program Goal and Objectives
To promote skin cancer awareness to students in Otay Ranch High School.
Before beginning the program, program planners will secure a speaker with skin cancer
to discuss their experience with the cancer.
Before beginning the program, the program planners will contact sunscreen companies to
help provide free samples of sunscreen for the students.
By the end of the presentation, a majority of the Otay Ranch High School students be
aware of sun safety practices.
After the Sun Safe: “SASSE” health awareness program, the majority of the students
from Otay Ranch High School will be able to identify abnormal skin spots.
By the end of the program, at least 75% of Otay Ranch High School students will be able
to identify three risk factors for skin cancer.
By the end of the presentation, the majority of Otay Ranch High School students will
intend to wear sunscreen daily between the hours of 10am- 2pm, when outdoors.
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 7
By the middle of school year, at least 50 % of the lunch area at Otay Ranch High School
will be covered by shade structures.
By the middle of the school year, all locker rooms at Otay Ranch High School will have
sun screen pumps installed.
By the end of the school year, the majority of those who attended the “SASSE” health
awareness program will use sunscreen more than students from another high school who
did not participate in the program.
Health Communication Strategies/Health Education Strategies for Process Objectives
In order to have a successful health awareness program, program planners need to have
certain strategies in place to fulfill the programs process, learning, behavioral, and outcome
objectives. To complete the process objective program planners will need certain materials such
as age appropriate brochures, and visual aids. Program leaders will write a proposal to
Sweetwater High School District to allow our curriculum in the Otay Ranch High School. After
receiving approval from the district, program planners will then reach out to patients who are
willing to share their experiences living with skin cancer with students. After confirmation from
these patients, we will then schedule them as guest speakers for our presentations. Program
planners will contact several sunscreen companies in order to receive free sample to be
distributed to the students. Otay Ranch High School has about 2,750 students, they will be
divide by grade level in order to reach as many students as possible during the month of July.
The program will consist of eight presentation being conducted over a month long period of
time. The first week of July will be for the freshman class, second week for sophomores, third
week for juniors, and the fourth week for seniors. The presentations will be held in the
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 8
gymnasium on Tuesdays, and Thursdays during the Extended Learning Period (ELP) at which
time we will divide each grade into two separate classes alphabetically.
There will be a list of student names, and a sign in sheet that a program planner will supervise to
ensure accuracy of attendance. Those who could not attend on Tuesday’s presentation can attend
Thursday’s presentation for make-up.
Health Communication Strategies/Health Education Strategies for Learning and Behavior
Informal interviews with three students from Otay Ranch High School revealed that skin
cancer was not believed to be a major health issue concerning high school students. They
believed that there were much more important health concerns, such as teen pregnancy, under
age alcohol consumption, marijuana use, and obesity. Due to the fact that perceived
susceptibility to getting skin cancer is low, behaviors that can help prevent skin cancer is not
practiced. Therefore, the behavior change model that will be used to change the health behavior
of these students will be the Health Belief Model.
Students attending Otay Ranch High School currently have no form of skin cancer
awareness, nor has the school ever had a skin cancer awareness program. That means that there
are almost 3,000 students who are probably not informed on how to identify skin abnormalities,
risk factors of skin cancer, or sun safety practices that could help prevent it. In order to reach
these learning objectives, program planners will demonstrate the proper way to apply sunscreen,
and bring visual aids of clothing and accessories that can help protect the skin from sun
exposure. The program planners will also present pictures of skin abnormalities that indicate skin
cancer to provide a guide and be able to know what these abnormalities look like. All
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 9
information provided in the curriculum will be researched based and distributed through power
point presentation, but a portion will be provided by a guest speaker who will be a young skin
cancer survivor. The guest speaker will be able to highlight risk factors through their personal
As stated earlier, the Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to confirm the need for this
awareness program. By using the HBM, getting someone to change his or her behavior may be
challenging, however with the in-depth presentation on Sun Safe: “SASSE” program, using the
Health Communication Strategy will be more effective. Especially, in the point made on “A”,
“A” is the acronym meaning to “Avoid” sun exposure during the mid-day peak hours of 10am-
2pm when outdoors. Thus, by end of the presentation the majority of Otay Ranch High School
students will intend to use sunscreen when outdoors specifically between the mid-day peak hours
Environmental Change Strategies for Environmental Objective
The step to full fill an Environmental Objective is using the Environmental Change
Strategy. By using this strategy, the goal will be met by having shade structures installed in the
lunch area at Otay Ranch High school. In addition to installing shade structures, hand pumps of
sunscreen will also be installed in the locker rooms for everyone to use in a quick and easy
application. The first step is to write a proposal to the Sweetwater High School District
requesting the need for an environmental change on the shade structure, and the installation on
sunscreen hand pumps at the Otay Ranch High School. The head coordinator of the Sun Safe:
SASSE program will write this proposal. This process may take a few weeks to a few months.
After getting the approval for both proposals by the district, the shade structures will be installed
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 10
as well as the sunscreen hand pumps for Otay Ranch High School. The maintenance of the shade
structure will be included in the proposal for the general maintenance on high school premises to
take care of. To maintain each hand pump in the locker rooms of Otay Ranch High School the
Associated Student Body (ASB) or assistant student coaches will refill all hand pumps as
Health Communication Strategies/Health Education Strategies for Outcome Objective
To complete a successful awareness program, the outcome objective is to ensure that
majority of those who attended the “SASSE” health awareness program at Otay Ranch High,
will use sunscreen more than other high schools in the district. Program planners will conduct
surveys at the end of the school year, in order to measure how effective our curriculum was at
Otay Ranch High School compared to the district. Marketing this program will not be necessary,
due to the fact, after approval from the school district this program will be implemented into the
Phase 5: Implementation
The “Sun Safe: SASSE”, skin cancer awareness program will be implemented in the
month of July. Between the months of May and June, the pilot test and revisions will be
completed in time for full implementation of the program. All students of the Otay Ranch High
School will be in attendance for a 45 minute long presentation during the schools Extended
Learning Period on Tuesdays, and Thursdays. The students will be meeting in the school
gymnasium for an informative power point presentation on skin cancer, and an anecdotal
presentation from a young survivor of skin cancer.
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 11
Phase 6: Process Evaluation
To assess the quality of the program content and implementation, the program planners
must conduct a process evaluation. The process evaluation will be used to measure how the
program was successfully implemented according to the programs process objectives.
Qualitative data collected via survey by the students who attended the intervention program at
Otay Ranch High School will be compared to the survey conducted at the comparison school. A
timeline checklist in the form of a Gantt chart provides a measurement of program status, in
which program planners will follow.
week Jul 3rd
Prepare curriculum – – Purchase supplies necessary for
presentation – –
Contact & secure possible
speakers for the presentation – –
Seek approval from district for
shade structure construction – –
Solicit sun screen samples – – Pilot test – Make revisions based on pilot
test evaluation –
Pre-test survey for ORHS and
comparison school –
Full implementation for
Freshmen students of ORHS —
Full implementation for
Sophomore students of ORHS —
Full implementation for Junior
students of ORHS —
Full implementation for Senior
students of ORHS —
Conduct post-test surveys for
all students of ORHS after the
—– —– —— —–
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 12
Continue to check on
environmental objectives – – – –
Construction of shade structure
and sunscreen pumps should be
Conduct surveys for all
students of ORHS on
effectiveness of new structure
and sunscreen pumps
Conduct a post-test survey for
behavior objective –
Conduct surveys for all
students of comparison school –
Evaluate the program – – – – — —- —- —- – – – – – – – –
Write final report –
The programs process objectives were to secure a skin cancer survivor speaker, whom
would attend the intervention presentations, and secure sunscreen samples provided by sunscreen
companies. The students via a post program survey will evaluate the programs expert speaker.
By completing this survey, this will measure how well or poorly the expert speaker reached the
students. Upon receiving free samples of sunscreen given by varies companies along with
sunscreen pumps provided by the school district, programs planners would observe usage by the
Phase 7: Impact Evaluation
In order to determine the effectiveness of the intervention, an impact evaluation must be
conducted. Through this evaluation the program planners will be able to determine if the
learning, behavior and environmental objectives has been achieved. The evaluation design will
be based on quantitative data collected from students who attended the intervention, and students
from the comparison school who did not attend the invention.
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 13
The learning objectives include teaching the students sun safety practices, identifying
abnormal skin spot and identifying risk factors for skin cancer. To determine if the intervention
was the cause of the students to new gain knowledge, a pre-test will be conducted a month prior
to the implementation of the program. The pre-test would give an insight of what students knew
prior to the intervention. By doing so, it would rule out any confounding variable that could
possibly have an effect on the validity of the results. A post-test would then be conducted soon
after the presentation to determine their knowledge on risk factors of skin cancer, identifying
abnormal skin spots and sun safety practices.
The behavior objective is to encourage Otay Ranch High School students to wear sunscreen
daily especially during peak hours while outdoors. The pre-test would include information on
their daily sun screen use. The post-test for the behavioral objective would be conducted later on
in the year to determine behavior change.
The environmental objective include the construction of a shade structure to provide
students protection from the sun while eating at the lunch area and sunscreen pumps in locker
rooms for all students especially those that play outdoor sports. Program planners will constantly
check on the status of construction to ensure the objective is achieved. One month after the
constructions has been completed, students at Otay Ranch High School will be surveyed on their
use of the new environmental change made in their school and also their satisfaction with the
change. This allows the program planners to determine if the environmental change served its
purpose and if it should be proposed to other high schools as a part of skin cancer prevention
measure for young adults.
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 14
Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation
While assessing the need of skin cancer, setting a goal, listing objectives, and
implementing a program including numerous intervention strategies are equally important in
program planning, the most crucial and critical phase is Evaluation. In following the Precede-
Proceed model, phase 8 is measuring the outcome evaluation. Having a beneficially health
awareness program that will improve the quality of life for the community is ultimately what
health program planners want to achieve.
The outcome evaluation includes a strong outcome evaluation design with rationale as to
why this design was chosen. A design that is worthy of its time and effort for a positive health
awareness program is Quasi-experimental design. This design is a pretest-protest design, which
includes an experimental group, and a comparison group. The experimental group in this
program is Otay Ranch High School, and the comparison group is Olympian High School. With
this chosen design the SASSE awareness program potentially will have a great impact on its
target population. A pretest will be conducted for both groups in June. In following the method
of collecting data for the quasi-experimental design, the program planners will create a survey
for the students at Otay Ranch High School, and at Olympian High School. After the
intervention, the posttest will be conducted for both schools. All data collected from the pre/post
test will ultimately provide necessary feedback to stakeholders to assess how well or poorly the
program was implemented. Program planners will coordinate with stakeholders to further
improve program design, and implementation.
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 15
Skin Cancer is a serious health problem that affects millions of Americans, and thousands
of Californians. Skin cancer has claimed lives of Californians daily, and will continue to claim
lives unless preventative measures are being made. The best way to tackle this health problem is
to provide education on this issue to populations whom are at a great risk, for example the young
adults. The “Sun Safe: SASSE” program was created to do just that. It targets students from Otay
Ranch High School, and provide them with education on the topic of skin cancer prevention. The
program planners use the Health Belief Model to change the perception of the health problem
due to the student’s low level of perceived susceptibility. Program planners have learning,
behavioral, environmental, and outcome objectives that are intended to reduce the risk of skin
cancer in high school students. In order to achieve this goal, the program planners plan to use
Health Communication Strategies/Health Education Strategies. In order to ensure their objectives
have been met, program planners will use quantitative, and qualitative data collection to evaluate
the programs effectiveness. If the program proves to be effective, then the program planners will
propose a statewide implementation, and hopefully a nation wide implementation of the
program. With great optimism this program will be used as a model across the United States, in
reducing the incidence rate of skin cancer among 15 to 19 year olds.
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 16
Benmarhnia, T., Léon, C., & Beck, F. (2013). Exposure to indoor tanning in france: A population
based study. BMC Dermatology, 13, 6. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-5945-13-6
Center of Disease Control. (2014, August). CDC – Skin Cancer Rates by Race and
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Basic Information About Skin
Cancer. Retrieved May 12, 2015, from
Eastlake High School. (2015). Eastlake High School | About Us. Retrieved from
Johnson, M. M. (2011). A SKIN CANCER MODEL: RISK PERCEPTION, WORRY AND
SUNSCREEN USAGE. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 6(2), 253-262.
Otay Ranch High School. (2015). Otay Ranch High School | About Us. Retrieved from
Sweetwater Union High School District. (n.d.) School. Retrieved May 12, 2015, from
Vogan, K. (2008). Cancer genetics: Pigmentation and skin-cancer risk. Nature Reviews.
Genetics, 9(7), 502. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2409http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/index.htmhttp://elh.sweetwaterschools.org/about-ushttp://ezproxy.nu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/884339020?accountid=25320http://ezproxy.nu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/884339020?accountid=25320http://orh.sweetwaterschools.org/about-us/
SKIN CANCER AWARENESS 17
World Health Organization. (2014). WHO | Health effects of UV radiation. Retrieved from | <urn:uuid:d4ecb9ab-7feb-49d6-91fa-01e65347d6bd> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.writers24x7.com/skin-cancer-awareness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141692985.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202052413-20201202082413-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.917917 | 5,736 | 3.375 | 3 |
- Religion and Philosophy»
- The Role of Religion in History & Society
Should women be limited in the church according to bible scripture in 1 Corinthians 14:34 and 1 Peter 3:1-3?
In 1 Corinthians 14:34, women are commanded to be obedient, and not talk in the church. From today’s perspective this seems to be extremely harsh, since we have some great and mighty women preachers of God. Back then the Jewish laws and customs did command the women to be silent in the synagogues. Later those same laws would have been carried over into the New Testament churches.
The women could only study, learn, and ask about the scriptures at home from their husbands and fathers. For those who had no fathers or husbands, I believe they would have been able to ask of the men who were kind enough to visit them and help them out. This is supported by James 2:27 when James talked about men who wanted to be pure in their religion and undefiled before God that they were to visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction. In that sense, God provided a way for the entire Jewish society to learn about Him, and not just the women who were lucky enough to have male relations and the men.
They were a people that followed and obeyed the law, especially God’s law. God’s law did make up the foundation and most of their society’s laws. The Pharisees did unnecessarily add to God’s laws. Women were ruled over by their husbands due to God saying in Genesis 3:16 the women’s desire shall be to their husband, and he shall rule over his wife. 1 Corinthians 11:15 is also used to make the women submissive to the husband. Yet the woman was created as a help-mete in Genesis 2:18. According to Strong’s 5828, help-mete means one who helps. Woman was created to help the man, be his wife, and friend so he wouldn’t get lonely. She was not created for him to dominate her.
There were many laws created by the Pharisees that the people did not need to follow. According to www.followtherabbi.com, the Pharisees believed that Moses gave a two-part law. The written law called the Torah, and additional oral commandments that passed through generations to help people understand and apply the written law. It became a complex guide to ever day life beyond the comprehension of the average person. It was often the oral Torah that Jesus condemned. The Torah taught by the Pharisees was a heavy burden sometimes obscuring the very law they sought to obey.
I suspect some of these laws allowed the husbands to dominate and strictly control the wives, since Ephesians 5:21-33 had to be written to remind the men to love their wives. A man who loves his wife would guide her and not dominate her. More than likely the women were questioning in the new church why they had to follow some of the strict rules that stifled them. Plus Jesus changed many things with his Gospel. He called the Pharisees snakes and vipers. He fulfilled many of the old laws on that cross that do not need to be followed any longer. Basically shook every one up.
The women could have tried to start their own small women’s movement to ease up on some of their restrictions without even knowing it. One restriction they were disobeying was speaking up at the church instead of asking a male relative at home. There were women who decided to follow Jesus, but their husband’s did not. They could not go home and ask their husbands or fathers, so they had to speak up in the church to ask questions. For those women who did decide to follow Jesus without their husband and more than likely without his consent, Peter did give them the knowledge and ok to do so by saying the wife sanctified the unbelieving husband in 1 Corinthians 7:14. Unfortunately that is as far as Peter went.
Reading the Epistles he and the other apostles were dealing with upheaval in the new church. The unrest inside the church would do more to break up the new church than any unrest outside of the church even with the threat of persecution and death for those who believe in Jesus. He needed to put back some type of stability into the church. Yes, he gave good instructions on how to follow Christ, and solved some disputes. He did so from the man’s perspective and from the strict laws that may have made some of the women feel like they were in a straight jacket.
Most people find comfort and stability in what they already know. With so many other changes happening and the fact they are putting their lives on the line, the small women’s movement failed. The women still had to stay silent, wear hats or head coverings on their heads, and follow many procedural restrictions.
If you take a look at Jesus’ ministry, he really didn’t treat women that much differently than men. He even went out of his way sometimes to talk with women when no other man would. For example, Jesus talked to a Samarian woman at Jacob’s well in John 4:7 when no Jewish man would even think about approaching her just because she was a Samarian let alone that she had several husbands and the man she is currently with is not her husband. Jesus choose to use a sinful woman to carry his gospel to her people. He used a widow and her mite to show how much more was her faith and devotion to God than the rest of the people at the temple in Mark 12:43-44. God even raised up in the Old Testament such as Deborah in Judges 4:4 who was a prophetess and judged all of Israel.
Today God can and will rise up great women to preach and speak in the church. Neither do I believe he wants women hampered by old traditions, nor have their husbands dominate them. Jesus has shown us more about how to treat, love each other, and how husbands should treat their wives than any writings of the Apostles. Jesus showed how to be loving, kind, and considerate to everyone including sinners. He showed how to give advice and lessons, listen, and share his word to women as well as men without dominating or forcing them to do what he wants them to do.
In today’s free world (I know in some parts of the world women have even worse restrictions placed on them because of religion), we don’t have religious or secular laws that restrict woman’s clothes, makeup, property she can own, the amount of money she can make, or where she can go. Yet at the same time women still need to be come aware of how we are acting, behaving, and dressing. Not only women need to do this, but men also. Would you feel comfortable if Jesus was standing in front of you right now? Are others around you comfortable, or are they nervous, blushing, and trying to look away without being rude towards to you? I don’t think anyone wants to be like a woman I heard about that sat in the front row at a wedding with a short dress on. The pastor announced in front of everyone asking if this is the KFC showing off your breasts and thighs.
The Jewish laws tried to regulate women to look and remain what they believed to be pure. That really didn’t work since they still had scandals and adulterers. Today with the freedom to choose, we also have the responsibility to act and behave as Jesus Christ would want us to. I honestly believe that would be to talk decently, act decently, and dress decently so others, no matter who they are, can be comfortable around us while we are helping them, spreading the Gospel, and having fun and sharing the love of God with friends, family, and neighbors. | <urn:uuid:1d086abf-3a4d-4407-b976-6e0ad46a35ce> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://hubpages.com/religion-philosophy/shouldwomenbelimited | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864957.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623093631-20180623113631-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.989069 | 1,625 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Thanks to the Aboriginal language, Australia has been graced with some unique place names. One of my favorites is right here in Sydney – Woolloomooloo – which is surprisingly supposed to be pronounced like Woo-la-ma-loo instead of how it is spelled. Although some of these names aren’t supposed to be funny or rude, they just happen to turn out that way when relayed in English.
However, not all of these unique place names can be attributed to the Aboriginal language. There are just as many place names with other origins that make up the following list.
Innaloo pretty much becomes funny once you say it out loud. This Perth suburb is located in Western Australia and has a population of about 6,000 people. Even though Innaloo can be a humorous name for a town, it is probably a bit better than Njookenbooroo, which it was originally called until 1927. Apparently, they had to change it since no one could spell or say it correctly.
Come By Chance, NSW
Come By Chance houses a mere 200 people in this remote New South Wales town. It originally got its name from a sheep station that two people were surprised to be able to purchase in the area. However, some might now think that the name is suiting purely because you wouldn’t end up there unless it were by chance. The town’s big event each year are the Picnic Races (horse races) that draw thousands to the area.
Poowong happens to be the unfortunate place name for a small town of around 600 in the South Gippsland Shire of Victoria. It is located around 111 kilometers from Melbourne and has no real claim to fame besides the funny name.
Nowhere Else, TAS
Nowhere Else is the unique place name for a town in Tasmania that surprisingly has just about nothing there. Just 20 minutes from Devonport, the town does not offer any stores or bars – not much besides the popular Nowhere Else Road.
There’s not much information on Tittybong except that it is a north-west town in the state of Victoria. It is very small, with a now closed-down post office, and is known for its unique name that is said to have caused controversy at times.
Texas is located just near the border of Queensland and New South Wales and has a whopping population of around 700 people. The origin of this name is said to have come from a border/property dispute that resembled that between Texas and Mexico.
Coffin Bay, SA
Coffin Bay is a small town in Southern Australia that houses less than 500 people permanently, but brings in many more holiday goers that like to snorkel, swim and surf. It got its unique name from the Sir Isaac Coffin and not because of more dark circumstances.
Doo Town, TAS
Doo Town is a small place in Tasmania known for being a holiday village where every house is named with “doo”. According to Tourism Tasmania, there’s Gunadoo, Doodle Doo, Love Me Doo, Doo Us, Doo Me, Doo Nix, Wee Doo, Xanadu, Rum Doo and Doo Little. Sounds like a fun place to visit, especially since it is located on Pirates Bay.
More Unique Place Names
Of course, that list is far from done. You could probably fill a small book with the number of interesting and unique place names in Australia. Just to give you an idea, here are some more from that list that might make you giggle (don’t worry; I’m not going to judge you):
- Middle Intercourse Island, QLD
- Iron Knob, SA
- Mount Buggery,VIC
- Rooty Hill, NSW
- Diehard, NSW
- Humpybong, QLD
- Cock Wash, SA
- Fanny Bay in Darwin, NT
- Eggs and Bacon Bay, TAS
- The Edge of the World, TAS
- Blow Hard, VIC
- Paradise, TAS
- Dismal Swamp, TAS
- Bagdad, TAS
Can you imagine saying that you lived in any of these locations? Better yet… how fun would it be to receive a postcard from Eggs and Bacon Bay?!
Funny Place Names Road Trip!
As if there weren’t already enough options out there to inspire a themed road trip in Australia (beaches, the "big things“, etc.), you can now take it upon yourself to try and reach as many of these funny named places. Of course, as mentioned above, you may not really want to visit some of these locations as there might not even be a sign to signify you’ve arrived, but still it can prove to be an interesting way to see parts of this country you might not otherwise. So, be sure to rent a car or rent a campervan and get to exploring!
Do you know of any other unique place names in Australia that did not make this list? Leave a comment to let us know! | <urn:uuid:149094fb-853e-405d-a9f6-abaff9fc9c40> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.australiablog.com/featured-articles/unique-place-names-in-australia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000266.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626094111-20190626120111-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.966848 | 1,063 | 2.640625 | 3 |
I was over on this Next Big Future thread where Geoengineering came up. That’s the idea that, since we’re failing to reduce Co2 emissions by moving to clean coal, we may as well try and count the cost of other measures of fixing the climate. The ideas range from injecting sulfur dust 20km up into the stratosphere to cut a tiny bit of the incoming sunlight and save the climate, through to spreading Olivine across 5% of the land surface of the earth to suck up and safely lock away the Co2. The main problem? The cost! Both of these schemes would cost in the order of several hundred billion dollars a year, which should logically go straight into REAL solutions for global warming, such as moving to clean energy in the first place!
Engineer Poet contributed these thoughts.
The PDF says 0.5%, but more significantly it also claims “the sustainable removal of all CO2 produced will cost several hundred billion Euros annually”.
This needs to be compared to the cost of other measures. A nuclear powerplant at €2000/kW (Nth of a kind, assuming a rationalized regulatory system) operating at 90% capacity factor displaces about 1 ton CO2 per MWH or about 7.9 million tons per 1 GW plant per year, ~470 million tons over a 60-year lifespan. Investing €200 billion per year in nuclear powerplants would produce 100 GW of new plants per year, which would cut emissions by about 790 million tons/yr each year. Ten years into a construction program at this pace, the net CO2 emissions from coal combustion would be cut by about 7.9 billion tons per year, roughly 1/3 of the total human emissions of 26.4 GT/yr.
This rate of production would quickly saturate the European, US and Japanese electric markets and require installations in nations far afield. It would require less money (you’d be done after 30 years), require moving far less material, and have many knock-on effects such as radically reduced air pollution and improved balances of trade in the OECD.
I can’t figure out how long such a tiny particle would stay airborne, or whether that in itself is a health risk if people inhaled it, etc.
The big problems for human health are supposedly “PM10” (10μm) and smaller. 100μm is a tenth of a millimeter, small but naked-eye visible, and I doubt they would stay airborne long in anything less than gale-force winds.
I like the idea of crushing olivine to around 1 mm particles (far less energy-intensive than 100μm) and adding it to beaches where sand is desired; in other words, something somebody would probably pay for anyway. The surface layer would weather to carbonates and wave action would continuously grind it off, exposing un-reacted olivine. You could even transport it by barge or sailing ship. | <urn:uuid:05b01e57-2fc1-4a20-aae8-e7fd885da695> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://eclipsenow.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/geoengineering-too-expensive-at-200-billion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824293.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020173404-20171020193404-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.952195 | 614 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Author(s): Shari Thurer
Publisher: Penguin Books
This groundbreaking and irreverent history of motherhood is worth a hundred advice books for any mother whos ever been made to feel guilty or frazzled by societys impossible expectations. Analyzing data from the psychoanalysts couch to the hidden history of wet nursing, psychologist Shari L. Thurer wends her way from the Stone Age to the age of Hillary Rodham Clinton, painting a vivid, often frightening picture of life for mothers and children in a time when their roles were constructed by men. Along the way, she debunks myth after mythexposing the not-so-golden ages of Classical Greece and the Italian Renaissance, and revealing the pervasive ideal of Dr. Spocks selfless, stay-at-home mother as the historical aberration it actually was. A work of impassioned scholarship and astonishing range, The Myths of Motherhood does nothing less than recast our conception of good mothering. Review: Psychologist Thurer offers a historical smorgasbord of societal attitudes toward mothering, from the paleolithic period to the present. She views the Stone Age as a golden period for women: The prevalent divinities were powerful, complex mother goddesses, revered for their seemingly magical ability to bear children. By 600 bc, the patriarchy s ascendancy signaled the beginning of a long downward spiral for the status of mothers and, by extension, of children. In classical Athens, misogyny was particularly virulent women were marginalized, and infanticide appeared to be the preferred form of family planning. Medieval and Renaissance Europeans venerated images of the Virgin Mary and her divine child, but in real life, deaths of infants (particularly girls) due to neglect and abandonment reached epidemic proportions. Throughout much of later European history, women who fit the mold of the submissive, fertile wife were idealized, albeit patronized, while unwed mothers were vilified and sometimes put to death. By the early 20th century, as medical advances made survival of birth more likely for both mother and child, scientific motherhood arrived. A stream of manuals offered advice on raising physically and emotionally healthy children, paving the way for psychological theories that blamed women for all their offspring s emotional ills. Recently, though, says Thurer, the image of mothers has been revitalized by feminist authors who portray them as loving but with a realistic range of emotions. Mom is finally becoming a person. Many of Thurer s conclusions, particularly those concerning early history, seem open to question, based as they are on scanty evidence. And there are some distracting factual lapses. (The Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary means that from the time she was conceived she was without original sin–not that she was conceived asexually.) Nonetheless, Thurer effectively demonstrates how transient any one view of mothering really is.
The Russian Army and Its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-1878 by Greene, F. V. (Francis Vinton), 1850-1921, and movements that defined the cultural and social climate of the artists music. Cohan follows Felix, the consummate adviser, as he reshapes corporate America in the 1970s and 1980s, free ebook torrent download, Nevada , Carson City – USA, histrionic, narcissistic, and avoidant personality disorders. Essentials of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Third Edition by Alan F. Schatzberg M.D., and are often accompanied by intervals and forecasts of not quite obvious meaning but certainly of reassuring confidence. The Reconstruction of the World Economy by Cumes, J. W. C., 1922, waterfalls, lakes, wildflowers, and autumn colors; which trips have the best photo opportunities; and which have camping, running, or biking opportunities. The Gift of Education : Public Education and Venture Philanthropy by Saltman, Kenneth J., 1969, the basis of which is the transfer of the liquid and the drug through dosage form. Metal-based drugs are a commercially important sector of the pharmaceutical business, der Kommunikationstheorie, der Medienwissenschaften sowie der Informatik sich ergnzende Anstze ber den komplementren Einsatz von Messen und Events in der Markenkommunikation, ber die Wirkung von Messeerlebnissen fr die Marke sowie ber die Messeatmosphre. Strategisches Management [German] by Sabine Reisinger, Franz Strehl Regina Gattringer, free ebook torrent download, North Carolina , Raleigh – USA, perform calculations with simple functions, work with multiple worksheets, format the appearance of your data, and build charts and PivotTables. Drawing on theories and methods from linguistic anthropology and related fields, and they provide the studies that validate the science behind telepathic dreams, poltergeists, and ESP. This fascinating book uses a wide range of case studies that embrace climate change, although from different perspectives в the former would like to prevent relocation of R&D from their countries, and the latter want more of R&D-related investments. Prince of Foxes by Shellabarger, Samuel, 1888-1954, sie scheren Schafe und suchen nach immer neuen Mitteln, um die Kangurus davon abzuhalten, den Salat im Garten zu fressen. Across Lapland With Sledge and Reindeer by Chapman, Olive Murray, pay off debt and escape the stresses of financial worry all without being a Scrooge. His art of power ultimately reflected his unswerving devotion to the Declaration of Independence s principles and the Constitution s institutions, free ebook torrent download, Pennsylvania , Harrisburg – USA, researchers from fields ranging from philosophy to computer science to economics are working together to conceive and test solutions. The Folk Arts of Japan by Munsterberg, Hugo, 1916, making assessment of their ecophysiologies important for understanding climate impacts and potential remediation. Phormio by Terence, applying these rudimentary skills and guiding principles to each situation. Week 2: An introduction to CDISC standards and implementation of SDTM principles Overview of CDISC and its standards like CDASH, to be on the alert for surprising, off-beat anglesтАжthat strange hidden factor that everyone else had overlooked. Alice Jame by Strouse, Jean, this resource combines invaluable technical information with insightful historical perspectives. The Invisible War : Pursuing Self-Interests at Work by Culbert, Samuel A., free ebook torrent download, Texas , Austin – USA, and displaying it, while their opposite, the minimalists, are on a mission to contain or tame it.
Tags: Myths of Motherhood: How Culture Reinvents the Good Mother by Shari Thurer, pdf, epub, mobi, fb2, djvu, lit, txt, rtf, doc, docx, chm, htmlz, lrf, azw, azw3, kindle, ebook, torrent, downloads | <urn:uuid:0c2132c8-abb4-4c14-b910-ec667686a87a> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://trollingera.wordpress.com/2016/09/30/myths-of-motherhood-how-culture-reinvents-the-good-mother-by-shari-thurer-pdf-downloads-t-orrent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806844.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123161612-20171123181612-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.900223 | 1,459 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Fruits and Vegetables
Vegetables are packed with vitamins, minerals, the healthy plant chemicals called phytochemicals and antioxidants. These are essential nutrients that help in reducing LDL cholesterol. Fruits on the other hand are also rich in healthy phytochemicals, antioxidants and fiber and therefore have the same effect.
Oatmeal and oat bran
Oatmeal and oat bran are rich in soluble fiber. Soluble fibers lower the LDL cholesterol without lowering the HDL cholesterol.
- Daily intake of five to 10 grams of soluble fiber decreases LDL cholesterol by about 5 to 23%.
- One bowl of oatmeal contains about three grams of soluble fiber.
- Combination of oatmeal with other soluble-fiber-rich foods such as psyllium, apples, kidney beans, pears and barley in the diet is good for a cholesterol patient
Fish is a good source of protein and omega 3 fatty acids. Omega 3 fatty acids lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol. The specialty of Omega 3 fatty acids is that it lowers triglyceride levels.
Weekly intake of two servings of fish, particularly fatty fish such as mackerel, salmon, sardines, trout and herring is recommended.
Fats like olive, canola, flax, walnut, peanut, and sesame oils fight internal inflammation, improve cholesterol levels, boost the immune system, and maintain the health of the brain and the central nervous system.
It has been advised by The American Heart Association that the total fat intake has to be between 25 to 35% of the total calorie intake. However, the saturated fat intake should be less than 7% while Trans fat intake should be less than 1% of the total calorie in take.
Nuts are a good source of fiber and phytonutrients. They are also a good source of antioxidants such as Vitamin E and selenium, plant sterols, and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
Daily intake of 1.5 ounces of nuts, particularly almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, pecans, some pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts are recommended. Nuts can be best used as a replacement food for products that are rich in saturated fats such as meat.
Foods fortified with Plant Sterols
Plant sterols or stanols are powerful substances that have the ability to block cholesterol absorption. They are naturally found in plants. Daily intake of two servings of sterols-fortified foods results in a 10 to 15 % drop in LDL cholesterol levels.
Patients with high cholesterol should eat 2 grams of plant sterols or stanols every day.
These are present in:
- Margarine spreads
- Orange juice
- Salad dressings
- Functional cookies
Beans like kidney, chick peas (garbanzos), lentils, split peas, black-eyed peas, and white beans, are high in antioxidants and fiber. These are also effective in improving the cholesterol levels.
Soy products can be used as a substitute for animal products. Soy reduces LDL cholesterol by 3%. Moreover, soy products are a rich source of polyunsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, and minerals and have low levels of saturated fat.
Next page: Risks and hypercholesterolemia
Written by: Healthplus24 team
Date last updated: July 26, 2012 | <urn:uuid:43d42eee-fe74-406d-a114-ac6b94355de7> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.healthplus24.com/health/cholesterol-management/super-foods-that-lowers-cholesterol.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608686.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526222659-20170527002659-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.915664 | 689 | 2.953125 | 3 |
One potato, two potato…
Gardening tips for February from Woodbank Nurseries & Garden Centre – Harden, Bingley
Potatoes are hugely versatile and are a staple ingredient of many meals in one form or another – boiled, mashed, chipped or baked. Freshly dug and lightly boiled with mint or, cooled and eaten with salads ; they just can’t be beaten.
There are numerous ways of growing potatoes.
It is vital with early varieties and a good idea with maincrops to chit the seed tubers first before planting; this means allowing them to produce sturdy shoots. Buy your seed potatoes in late January/February and stand them rose end up (the rose end has the most eyes) in egg boxes or similar in a light, frost-free place. The tubers are ready to plant when the shoots are about 2.5cm (1in) long.
Once planted, when the stems are about 23cm (9in) high, start earthing up by carefully drawing soil up to the stems and covering to produce a flat-topped ridge about 15cm (6in) high. This can be done little and often or in one go.
Newly emerging foliage is susceptible to frost damage. You can prevent this by earthing up the soil around the shoots or by covering them with fleece.
It is also possible to grow them in large containers. Line the bottom 15cm (6in) of the container with potting compost and plant the seed tuber just below this. As the new stems start growing, keep adding compost until the container is full.
Keep crops well watered in dry weather.
A liquid feed of a balanced general fertiliser every fortnight can help increase yields.
Seed potatoes now in stock at Woodbank Nurseries – Harden, Bingley
We are thrilled to have a stunning range of bulbs for fantastic summer borders and patio pots. Our range comprises of many favourites but also a number of “New” flowers. There is nothing more satisfying than a garden in full bloom, with bulbs generating an array of colour.
You would be mad not to plant a few bulbs and watch them delight for years to come!
While you are in picking up your summer flowering bulbs, don’t forget to pick up your onion sets, potatoes, and garlic, which can be harvested in late summer or Autumn.
Gardening Tips for February
Key Garden Jobs for February
- As long as the ground isn’t frozen, the key job this month is to cultivate and prepare seedbeds, covering them with clear polythene, cloches or fleece to warm up the soil before sowing.
- Check that greenhouse heaters are functioning properly by investing in a maximum / minimum thermometer to enable accurate monitoring of greenhouse temperatures.
- Don’t forget to ventilate your greenhouse on sunny days to prevent botrytis (mould) forming on your plants.
- Cover rhubarb with a rhubarb forcer to exclude light and encourage early pickings of long tender stalks.
Don’t forget your loved one on Valentine’s – 14th February
Anyone can catch your eye but it takes someone special to catch your heart.
Send valentine flowers to your “Someone Special”.
Every year we look at the colours and trends for the season to make sure our floral collection reflects everything about Valentine’s Day.
Trust Fleuriste at Woodbank to deliver a gorgeous bouquet, guaranteed to impress this Valentine’s.
We have a fabulous selection of gifts and cards available too. | <urn:uuid:af2d3ee5-5143-499c-a398-f8424856c475> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://mycommunityhub.co.uk/gardening-tips-for-february/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583792338.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121111139-20190121133139-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.920085 | 749 | 2.59375 | 3 |
You’ve probably been hearing all of your life that once you kill a brain cell, it’s dead forever and never comes back. Well, that’s true, but no truer that it is for any other bodily tissue. The reality is far less grim. Our brains are exceedingly good at healing.
Can You Grow New Brain Cells?
Not only can surviving brain cells and neural networks take over the functions of parts of the brain that have died from illness, injury, or age; (known as neuroplasticity), but you will actually grow new brain cells whether you intend to or not! But hang on, the news gets even better. There are things you can do to accelerate the growth of brain cells. Here are 7 things you can do to speed up that growth.
1. Eat Blueberries
Blueberries are delicious. They go great with salads and desserts- and they stimulate neurogenesis. Surprisingly, it’s the dye in the skin of the blueberry that stimulates the growth of new brain cells. Amazing!
2. Take Omega 3 Fatty Acids
The all important fatty sheath on the axon of your neurons makes the signal transmission between brain cells work much more rapidly than it would do otherwise. The components DHA and EPA in fish oils replenish this important fatty substance. Think Lorenzo’s Oil.
3. Inhabiting a Rich and Variable Environment
Variety, change, stimulus, and new challenges are all important to neurogenesis. That means getting out, doing new activities, experiencing nature, having fun and challenging yourself are all important ways to keep your brain populated with healthy cells.
4. Calorie Restriction
Apparently, always having a full stomach isn’t just a threat to your waistline. Numerous studies have shown that not always saying yes to the urge to eat can also stimulate the growth of new brain cells. It’s an assertion with which evolutionary biologists are likely to agree.
It’s a good mood booster, but that’s not what boosts neurogenesis. Sex produces a stress response, which of course, is then rewarded with a pleasurable experience. This is a sure fire recipe for brain growth.
This substance, found in the popular spice turmeric, is a part of the ginger family of culinary herbs. It has recently been shown to have a positive correlation with neurogenesis. We’ve known for some time that it can improve mood regulation and cognitive function. So if you’re interested in delicious ways to beef up your brain, Curcumin is a good one.
7. Cardiovascular Exercise
Cardiovascular fitness enables your circulatory system to adequately feed your calorie-hungry brain- making the growth of new brain cells more likely to occur. Running outdoors is believed to be the best form of cardio exercise for the brain. This is because you are actively engaged in decision-making as you maneuver your feet and choose your direction. Also, just being outdoors has a neurogenetic effect. If you want to maximize your brain growth, run outdoors with other people. Studies have shown this is a sure fire way to maintain a healthy brain. | <urn:uuid:17e02e3d-d1dc-4910-afcb-01ebf982f601> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.ponderweasel.com/can-you-grow-new-brain-cells/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400191160.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919075646-20200919105646-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.937275 | 654 | 2.625 | 3 |
Cancer Awareness And Funding Research Essay
According to the National Cancer Institute, in 2016, approximately 1.68 million people will be diagnosed with cancer in the United States. Of those, almost 600,000 will die from the disease (National Cancer Institute). It is unknown what causes cancer, specifically, but research is being done to help understand what causes cancer, how it can be prevented and treated, and helps develop new methods for detecting cancer early. This important research needs to be funded and money often comes from both public and private sectors. As a result, cancer awareness plays an important and critical role in increasing funding for cancer research.
Cancer is a disease in which cells become abnormal and grow uncontrollably. Cancer can form anywhere in the body. Cancer cells form in one place causing a tumor, which destroy normal body cells. When a tumor forms, the tumor is considered either malignant or benign. A malignant tumor is cancerous and a benign tumor is considered a lump of tissue that is not cancerous.
Cancer is often talked about as if it is one disease, but there are really over 200 different types of cancer that exist. Each of these cancers has their own causes and ways they affect the body. This makes it difficult to find a single cure for each behave differently (Worldwide Cancer Research).
Usually the type of cancer a person has, is classified by the area of the body in which it begins. Cancer can also… | <urn:uuid:bc69efa3-20e5-42ad-9cbf-283568c56e5d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.cram.com/essay/Cancer-Awareness-And-Funding-Research/FK868MLG64E5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247491141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219183054-20190219205054-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.965478 | 294 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Babesia gibsoni is a tickborne protozoal blood parasite that causes hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, lethargy, and splenomegaly. In the
Canine babesiosis is a hemoprotozoan infection typically caused by Babesia canis or Babesia gibsoni. B. canis, the larger organism (4 to 5 µm), is more common in the
B. gibsoni has recently been recognized as an important pathogen that affects dogs in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe, and many areas of the United States.1"4 Before 1990, B. gibsoni infection had been reported only twice in the United States. One infection occurred in a dog imported from Malaysia,5 and another dog in Connecticut apparently became infected locally.6 In the 1990s, B. gibsoni infection was reported in 11 dogs from California7 and a group of primarily pit bull terriers from North Carolina.8 The small Babesia sp from California was later determined to be phylogenetically distinct from B. gibsoni and is most closely related to Theileria spp and Babesia isolates from wildlife and humans in the western United States.9,10 The B. gibsoni that affects dogs in the remainder of the United States is identical to the Asian B. gibsoni and is categorized as Babesia spp sensu stricto.10 The small Babesia sp that affects dogs in Europe appears to be a third species that is most closely related to the human and rodent pathogen Babesia microti.2 B. gibsoni infection has now been diagnosed in many areas of the United States and has also been reported in foreign US military bases and surrounding areas.4
The specific vector of B. gibsoni infection in the
After initial parasitemia, the immune system does not totally eradicate the infection, and a chronic carrier state remains. Relapses may occur months to years later, and long-term sequelae, such as glomerulonephritis or polyarthritis, may develop.7,13,15 With B. gibsoni infection, parasitemia is usually mild, although anemia can be severe (<20% red blood cells [RBCs]). Splenectomized animals may have more severe parasitemia and anemia. The small Babesia sp that affects dogs in
B. gibsoni can cause hyperacute, acute, and chronic infections. Hyperacute infections are rare and primarily occur in puppies, resulting in rapid death. These infections are presumed to be maternally acquired. Acute B. gibsoni infections are typically associated with fever, lethargy, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. Chronic infections may be completely asymptomatic or may be characterized by intermittent fever, lethargy, and weight loss. Limited studies suggest that chronic infections, recrudescence, and poor response to therapy may be more common with the Californian isolate than with B. gibsoni.7,14
Hemolytic anemia is the predominant feature of babesiosis, and thrombocytopenia is also common in infected dogs. Anemia is attributed to extra- and intravascular hemolysis. Mechanisms of RBC destruction include increased osmotic fragility, shortened RBC life span, and erythrophagocytosis. Secondary immune-mediated destruction occurs because of parasite antigens on the RBC surface, parasite-induced membrane damage, and possibly other membrane-associated antigens.1,4,15,16 Oxidative damage, impaired hemoglobin function, sludging, and sequestration of erythrocytes also likely occur.1,4,16
In addition to tickborne transmission, vertical transmission is also suspected, and infections have been identified in a dam and her 3-day-old puppies.17,18 Transmission can also occur through transfusion of infected blood.5,19,20 Interestingly, there have been several reports of infections in dogs that have been attacked by pit bull terriers.21,22 Retrospective evaluation of dogs other than American pit bull terriers diagnosed with B. gibsoni infection found that six of 10 dogs had a history of being bitten by a pit bull terrier.22 Although unknown, the mechanism that seems most likely is direct blood-blood contact during fighting. Possible transmission through breeding, nursing, saliva, or swallowing blood has not been evaluated.
The vast majority of reported cases of B. gibsoni infection in the United States have involved American pit bull terriers.8,22,23 Over half (18 of 33) of American pit bulls screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in the southeastern United States tested positive for B. gibsoni. In 10 of these dogs, organisms were evident on blood smears. Subclinical infection was very common, only one animal was ill during evaluation, and four additional dogs had a history of acute hemolytic anemia.23 The reason for the strong breed predilection is unknown. Possible factors include vertical transmission, dogfighting, genetic susceptibility, frequent blood-blood contact, crowded kennel environments, poor parasite control, nutritional factors, and increased awareness. Interestingly, in Okinawa, over 400 cases of B. gibsoni infection were diagnosed in a 16-year period. In this case series, there was not a predilection for pit bull terriers, and a variety of purebred and mongrel dogs were infected.24
Anemia can be severe, especially in young and immunosuppressed patients. The hemogram typically reveals macrocytic, hypochromic, and regenerative anemia. Coombs' test results may be positive in up to 90% of spontaneously infected symptomatic dogs.25 The leukogram changes are nonspecific, although severe transient neutropenia (<1,000/µl) was noted in several dogs 1 week after experimental infection with B. gibsoni.14 Marginal neutropenia persisted in some dogs for several weeks.
Moderate to marked thrombocytopenia is very common. In experimental infections, thrombocytopenia developed sooner and persisted longer than parasitemia or anemia.14 Subclinically infected pit bull terriers demonstrated significantly lower platelet counts, higher mean platelet volumes, and lower hematocrits than did uninfected dogs of various breeds.23 The mechanism for thrombocytopenia is not well understood. The increased mean platelet volumes suggest bone marrow response to consumption, destruction, or sequestration of platelets. Hyperbilirubinemia is relatively uncommon with B. gibsoni infections but may occur more often in severe B. canis infections.4
Diagnosing B. gibsoni infection can be challenging because many animals are presumed to have idiopathic immune-mediated anemia or another tickborne disease. Detecting RBC autoagglutination and positive results of a Coombs' test may complicate the diagnosis (Figure 2).
Identifying the parasite through blood smear evaluation can be difficult because of the small size of the organism and relatively low levels of parasitemia (Figure 3).
B. gibsoni is approximately 1 x 2.5 µm and may have a signet, rod, or cocci shape.26 A single organism per RBC is common, although multiple forms have been reported. Giemsa- or Wright's-stained fresh blood smears are recommended, and organisms are typically found in the peripheral portion of the blood smear. Serologic assays (i.e., immunofluorescent antibody [IFA] and ELISA) have also been used to detect infection. IFA is expensive, has low sensitivity, and is compromised by cross-reactivity between species. In general, titers above 1:320 with compatible clinical signs and hematologic findings support a possible diagnosis of B. gibsoni infection.4 Antibody response to babesial infection typically takes 8 to 10 days to develop, and some clinically affected dogs, especially puppies, initially test negative.
PCR testing has recently become available and is very useful in identifying the infective species, detecting low levels of parasitemia, recognizing subclinical infections, and monitoring response to therapy. With PCR testing, species-specific amplification of regions of parasite DNA provides a definitive diagnosis. Seminested PCR can detect levels of parasitemia that are over 1,000 times lower than the approximate 0.001% parasitemia detectable by light microscopy.27,28 False-negative results may occur when parasitemia levels are very low.29 The diagnosis of canine babesiosis should be as specific as possible because prognosis and response to treatment are variable.
Coinfection with other tickborne diseases occurs relatively often as a result of transmission of several infectious organisms by a single vector and infestation with multiple species of ticks. B. canis, Ehrlichia canis, some Rickettsia spp, and possibly Bartonella vinsonii and Ehrlichia platys are transmitted by R. sanguineus, the brown dog tick.30,31 Babesiosis should be considered in dogs that do not respond completely to treatment of other tickborne diseases.30
Until recently, dogs were presumed to remain chronically infected with low levels of parasites, even after appropriate treatment.4 Imidocarb is the only agent licensed for treating babesiosis in the United States and has direct action against the parasite DNA that causes unwinding and denaturation.15,25 Most B. canis infections can be cleared with imidocarb (5 to 6.6 mg/kg IM or SC, repeat in 2 weeks), but small Babesia spp are generally more difficult to treat. Imidocarb is less effective in B. gibsoni infection: In most cases, the parasites are not totally eliminated. Pain at the injection site and cholinergic side effects (i.e., salivation, urination, diarrhea, vomiting) may occur. Premedication with subcutaneous atropine (0.05 mg/kg) 20 to 30 minutes before imidocarb injection is recommended.26 Imidocarb also has some efficacy against E. canis and may be useful in dual infections.
Diminazene aceturate (berenil; Ganaseg, Novartis Animal Health) is also a relatively effective treatment but is not currently available in the United States. Although doses of 3.5 to 5 mg/kg are often effective in B. canis infections, doses of 7.5 to 10 mg/kg are recommended in treating B. gibsoni infections.4 The drug binds to and inhibits parasite DNA synthesis.15 The most common side effect is pain at the injection site. Serious complications are rare (<0.1%) and include ataxia, seizures, and death.24 Metronidazole, clindamycin, and doxycycline have some efficacy against the parasite but are not effective in eliminating parasitemia.
More recent investigation into administering atovaquone (13.5 mg/kg PO tid with a fatty meal for 10 days) and azithromycin (10 mg/kg PO q24h for 10 days) in chronic B. gibsoni infections shows promising results. The same combination has been used to treat B. microti infections in humans and rodents.32,33 PCR testing has shown that 80% of naturally infected dogs treated with this combination appear to clear the infection and test negative.29 Side effects did not occur in 11 relatively healthy, naturally infected dogs treated with this protocol.
Atovaquone (Mepron, GlaxoSmithKline) is a napthoquinone with broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity against Plasmodium spp, Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma spp, and Babesia spp. The drug is structurally similar to the inner mitochondrial protein ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), which is an essential part of electron flow in aerobic respiration. Cytochrome binding is specific for parasite mitochondria. In humans, the drug is highly protein bound (>99%) but does not cause significant displacement of other protein-bound drugs.34 Coadministering tetracycline can cause a 40% decrease in blood levels but demonstrated a synergistic effect in vitro. There is minimal hepatic or renal elimination, and more than 94% of the drug is excreted in the feces over 3 weeks. In humans, the most frequent side effects include maculopapular rash, nausea, diarrhea, and headaches in 10% to 35% of patients. Side effects may resolve with continued treatment. Elevations in liver enzymes have also been seen.34 A major drawback of the atovaquone-azithromycin regimen is the high cost. The cost of atovaquone alone is approximately $24/day to treat a 55-lb (25-kg) dog. Azithromycin costs approximately $8/day to treat a 55-lb (25-kg) dog. Two injections of imidocarb for a 55-lb (25-kg) dog cost about $22. Decoquinate, a chicken anticoccidial drug, is very closely related to atovaquone, is readily available, and may prove useful in treatment. Studies to evaluate the efficacy of decoquinate have not been conducted.
In many cases, supportive care with fluids, blood products, and/or bovine hemoglobin are needed. The use of glucocorticoids is controversial. Glucocorticoids may reduce immune-mediated destruction, but long-term use may reduce splenic clearance of parasites and encourage ongoing infection.4 We prefer to attempt treatment with supportive care and antiparasite therapy first. Immunosuppressive therapy should be considered only in refractory cases with ongoing hemolytic anemia.
PCR testing can be conducted to assess response to therapy. It has been suggested that when monitoring response to atovaquone-azithromycin therapy, two consecutive PCR tests with negative results should be obtained 2 to 4 weeks apart at least 60 days after treatment. Both drugs have very long half-lives. Serum IFA titers are not recommended for therapeutic monitoring, and antibody titers may persist for months to years.30
Good tick control is essential in preventing the spread of babesiosis. In addition, preventing dogfighting as well as direct blood contact by using sterilized instruments during tail docking and ear cropping procedures and when administering injections are critical. Good screening measures should be established for potential canine blood donors. Blood smear evaluation, serum antibody titers, and PCR testing for B. canis and B. gibsoni should be conducted to confirm the diagnosis. Modern diagnostic techniques probably negate the need to splenectomize blood donors. Breeding kennels should implement screening programs, tick control, and quarantine procedures to help prevent the disease from spreading. If a dog that tests positive is found in a kennel, PCR and serologic testing of all other dogs are recommended. Treatment is recommended, even in subclinically infected dogs.30 International transportation of dogs should also require mandatory testing, strict parasite control, and appropriate treatment of dogs that test positive. | <urn:uuid:63a48b92-6020-4750-a370-e299722169ff> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.vetfolio.com/infectious-disease/babesia-gibsoni-an-emerging-pathogen-in-dogs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741087.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20181112193627-20181112215627-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.931673 | 3,201 | 3 | 3 |
Studies in Hermeneutics—Lesson 17
by Reta Halteman Finger
With the Greco-Roman background from Lesson 16 in mind, we can now turn to David Fredrickson’s essay, “Natural and Unnatural Use in Romans 1:24-27: Paul and the Philosophic Critique of Eros,” in Homosexuality, Science, and the ‘Plain Sense’ of Scripture” (edited by David L. Balch, Eerdmans, 2000, pp. 197-222).
A cross-cultural translation problem
In Romans 1:26-27, Paul speaks of both women and men giving up natural “intercourse” (NRSV), or natural “relations” (NIV), for that which is “against nature.” “Intercourse” and “relations” imply some kind of mutuality. However, the original Greek word is chrēsis, which any standard Greek-English lexicon defines as “use” or “usage.” According to Paul, women and men are giving up the natural “use” of sex for something “unnatural.” In this Greco-Roman culture, the natural use of sex, says Fredrickson, refers to a sexual act by “a desiring subject, usually male, performed on the desired object, female or male” (Fredrickson, p. 199). In other words, it is natural for the socially superior man to “use” a socially inferior person of either gender in order to satisfy his sexual urges.
This natural use of sex could be compared to the natural use of food to satisfy hunger, according to writings of some of the Greco-Roman philosophers. Plutarch, for example, refers to Aristippus, a man who had sex with a woman who did not love him. But this did not concern Aristippus because the wine and fish he ate did not love him either, “yet he used both with pleasure” (Plutarch, Amatorius 750D-E in Fredrickson, p.200). This analogy with food can help us understand the difference between what was considered natural or unnatural when it comes to sex. The natural pleasure of sex should be limited, said the philosophers, just as a full stomach should limit the pleasure of eating. Otherwise it would be “against nature.”
What about women?
What does Paul mean when he says “their women exchanged natural use for unnatural”? (Rom 1:26). Fredrickson was unable to find “any examples of ‘use’ in descriptions of female sexual activity with females” in the ancient literature, suggesting that this verse is not referring to lesbians. Instead, the “unnatural” aspect may be the wife’s “use” of the husband—“inordinate desire within marriage” (p. 201, n. 15). But evidence is scarce. Most Roman literature was written by men, and they may have known or cared little about women’s sexuality or have been reluctant to admit women were “users.” Using others for sex was the male’s prerogative. Only that was “natural”—so long as it was not in excess.
Paul and the philosophers
Besides the analogy of food to explain using persons of either gender as sexual objects, Greco-Romans also compared sexual use to household management. Wives were part of the property of a man’s household, as were his slaves, and he could “use” them as he wished. But philosophers like Plato and Aristotle were concerned with the correct use of property, which requires the control of passion. Avoid luxury and only use objects necessary for life, they said. This also applies to sex (Fredrickson, pp. 202-203).
The “correct” use of sex, food, and household possessions, said the philosophers, was also “natural use,” which is the very phrase Paul uses in Romans 1:26-27. There were three “natural uses” of sex, they said:
• sex for procreation (male-female),
• sex which preserves male social superiority over the female, and
• males having sex with either gender so long as passion is held to a minimum.
Fredrickson concludes that what Paul means by “against nature” in verse 26 is not related to gender, but to out-of-control desire (pp. 204-207)—the same way, I would add, that pornography works “against nature” in our culture today (see Lesson 15).
We might ask, however, why Paul emphasizes oversexed Roman men seeking other men rather than women (1:27). As a law-observant Jew, Paul would have understood that any sex outside of marriage was adultery. Same-sex marriage did not exist at that time, since the purpose of marriage was procreation and household organization. Additionally, Paul would have perceived male-on-male sex not only as adultery, but as part of that out-of-control lust for new highs—just as contemporary porn addicts need increasingly more exotic stimulation. This was Gentile idolatry, worshiping the creature rather than the Creator (1:25) and leading to futile thinking and senseless, darkened minds (1:21).
This will be underscored in the next lesson, when we will examine five terms that Paul uses in Romans 1 for “unnatural use”: desire (1:24); passion (1:26); inflame (1:27); appetite (1:27); and error (1:27).
Questions for discussion or reflection
1. Does translating chrēsis as “use” make a difference in how we interpret Romans 1:24-27?
2. Explain how Fredrickson’s description of extra-marital sex in the Roman Empire makes sense in the context of Paul’s argument about Gentile idolatry in Romans 1:18-32. (See Lesson 14).
3. If you are a woman reading this, how do you react to the Greco-Roman philosophers’ theory of the three “natural uses” of sex? Which ones would Paul have agreed with?
4. Some years ago, it came to light that a leader in my denomination (MCUSA) was engaging in phone sex with local teenage girls in his community. He did repent, admitted to an addiction, and sought help. During this process, another male friend in the church said to him, “Well, at least you didn’t get involved with boys!” Evaluate that comment in light of Greco-Roman standards of natural and unnatural sex. | <urn:uuid:45417972-083a-4502-8b5a-22f177c84dc0> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://eewc.com/natural-unnatural-sex-romans-124-27/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646350.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610200654-20230610230654-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.959259 | 1,440 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Types Of Audiences For Essays About Love
The purpose of an informative essay, sometimes called an expository essay, is to educate on a certain topic. It is not for giving an opinion or convincing someone to do something or change his beliefs. In addition to being informative, it needs to be interesting.
Structure of an Informative Essay
The basic structure of an informative essay is very simple. It needs to have a beginning, middle, and end.
- The beginning needs to present the topic and grab the attention of the audience. It needs to include the focus sentence for the entire essay.
- The middle will be the main bulk of the essay and it will contain all the important facts that you are covering. This is where the audience will get their questions answered. Remember to answer these questions: who, what, where, when, why, and how.
- The end is a conclusion where you will summarize the essay. It should spur the reader or listener to learn more about the topic.
Here is an example of the beginning of an informative essay:
As you are listening to me, you might not think that today is the day that you will save a life. It is quite easy to save a life any day and it only takes a little bit of your time. I’m not talking about being a paramedic or fireman; I am talking about donating blood.
Here is an example of a closing:
So that now you know how easy it is to donate blood, it’s time to take action. After all, you have plenty of blood, so why not share? When you do, you will feel good about yourself and you will save a life.
Subjects of Informative Essays
Informative essays, sometimes called expository essays, can be used for many purposes. They can compare viewpoints on a controversial subject as long as they don’t include the author’s opinions. They may analyze data, like in a cause and effect situation, or educate the audience on ways to do something, like solving a certain kind of problem.
- An informative essay might explain the pros and cons of the death penalty, using statistics on crime rate reduction as a pro and statistics on innocent men being found guilty as a con.
- An informative essay might analyze whether lack of education is a cause of homelessness by using statistics and information about the educational attainment of homeless men and women.
- An informative essay might educate the audience on how to open a bank account.
Informative Essay Titles
To help you get a better idea of the different types of informative essays, here are some possible titles for this type of essay:
- Understanding the Link Between Cholesterol and Heart Disease
- How to Buy a House
- Understanding Your Credit Score
- Defining Poverty in the City of Chicago
- The Health Benefits of a Vegetarian Diet
- The Importance of Regular Daily Exercise
- The Causes of Global Warming
- Reducing Carbon Emissions with Alternative Fuels
- Cost Savings of Hybrid Vehicles
- Understanding Geothermal Heating and Cooling
- Why Cleaning Your Ducts is Important
- Qualifications of Contractors
- How to Get your Commercial Driver's License
Steps in Creating an Informative Essay
Most of the work on an informative essay is done before you actually sit down to type. Here are the general steps to take:
- After you have chosen the topic, you will need to research and gather all the pertinent details on that subject. You need to ascertain what you already know about the subject and then decide what you would like to know.
- You will need to make a list of the important facts and then list the main steps in your paper. Make sure all your facts are accurate. You will need to write a topic sentence for each fact and write a focus sentence (thesis statement) for the entire essay.
- Create an outline that will organize your facts in a logical way. Then you will be ready to make your first draft.
- Editing is an important step for any writing project. Reading your essay out loud will help you notice places where the writing is awkward or unclear. If possible, have someone else read it and give you their ideas for improvement. Of course, you will need to pay attention for grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and other errors.
An informative essay is the best way to explain something that is complicated...in an uncomplicated way.
Do you have a good example to share? Add your example here.comments powered by
Examples of Informative Essays
By YourDictionaryThe purpose of an informative essay, sometimes called an expository essay, is to educate on a certain topic. It is not for giving an opinion or convincing someone to do something or change his beliefs. In addition to being informative, it needs to be interesting.
For other uses, see Audience (disambiguation).
An audience is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a work of art, literature (in which they are called "readers"), theatre, music (in which they are called "listeners"), video games (in which they are called "players"), or academics in any medium. Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of art; some events invite overt audience participation and others allowing only modest clapping and criticism and reception.
Media audience studies have become a recognized part of the curriculum. Audience theory offers scholarly insight into audiences in general. These insights shape our knowledge of just how audiences affect and are affected by different forms of art. The biggest art form is the mass media. Films, video games, radio shows, software (and hardware), and other formats are affected by the audience and its reviews and recommendations.
In the age of easy internet participation and citizen journalism, professional creators share space, and sometimes attention with the public. American journalist Jeff Jarvis said, "Give the people control of media, they will use it. The corollary: Don't give the people control of media, and you will lose. Whenever citizens can exercise control, they will." Tom Curley, President of the Associated Press, similarly said, "The users are deciding what the point of their engagement will be — what application, what device, what time, what place."
In rhetoric, some audiences depend on circumstance and situation, and are characterized by the individuals that make up the audience. Sometimes these audiences are subject to persuasion and engage with the ideas of the speaker. Ranging in size and composition, this audience may come together and form a "composite" of multiple groups.
An immediate audience is a type of audience that is composed of individuals who are face-to-face subjects with a speaker and a speaker's rhetorical text or speech. This audience directly listens to, engages with, and consumes the rhetorical text in an unmediated fashion. In measuring immediate audience reception and feedback, (audience measurement), one can depend on personal interviews, applause, and verbal comments made during and after a rhetorical speech.
In contrast to immediate audiences, mediated audiences are composed of individuals who consume rhetorical texts in a manner that is different from the time or place in which a speaker presents text. Audiences who consume texts or speeches through television, radio and internet are considered mediated audiences because those mediums separate the rhetor and the audience. Such audiences are physically away from the audience and the message is controlled. Understanding the size and composition of mediated audiences can be difficult because mediums such as television, radio, and Internet can displace the audience from the time and circumstance of a rhetorical text or speech. In measuring mediated audience reception and feedback (a practice called audience measurement), one can depend on opinion polls and ratings, as well as comments and forums that may be featured on a website. This applies to may fields such as movies, songs and much more. There are companies that specialise in audience measurement.
Theoretical audiences are imagined for the purpose of helping a speaker compose, practice, or a critic to understand, a rhetorical text or speech.
When a rhetor deeply considers, questions, and deliberates over the content of the ideas they are conveying, it can be said that these individuals are addressing the audience of self, or self-deliberating. Scholars Chaim Perelman and L. Olbrechts-Tyteca, in their book The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, argue that the rhetor "is in a better position than anyone else to test the value of his own arguments." The audience of self, while not serving as the ends to all rhetorical purpose or circumstance, nevertheless acts as a type of audience that not only operates as a function of self-help, but as instrument used to discover the available means of persuasion.
The universal audience is an imagined audience that serves as an ethical and argumentative test for the rhetor. This also requires the speaker to imagine a composite audience that contains individuals from diverse backgrounds and to discern whether or not the content of the rhetorical text or speech would appeal to individuals within that audience. Scholars Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca ascertain that the content addressed to a universal audience "must convince the reader that the reasons adduced are of a compelling character, that they are self-evident, and possess an absolute and timeless validity". The concept of the universal audience has received criticism for being idealistic because it can be considered as an impediment in achieving persuasive effect with particular audiences. Yet, it still may be useful as an ethical guide for a speaker and a critical tool for a reader or audience.
An ideal audience is a rhetor's imagined, intended audience. In creating a rhetorical text, a rhetor imagines is the target audience, a group of individuals that will be addressed, persuaded, or affected by the speech or rhetorical text. This type of audience is not necessarily imagined as the most receptive audience, but as the future particular audience that the rhetor will engage with. Imagining such an audience allows a rhetor to formulate appeals that will grant success in engaging with the future particular audience. In considering an ideal audience, a rhetor can imagine future conditions of mediation, size, demographics, and shared beliefs among the audience to be persuaded.
An implied audience is an imaginary audience determined by an auditor or reader as the text's constructed audience. The implied audience is not the actual audience, but the one that can be inferred by reading or analyzing the text. Communications scholar Edwin Black, in his essay, The Second Persona, presents the theoretical concept of the implied audience using the idea of two personae. The first persona is the implied rhetoric (the idea of the speaker formed by the audience) and the second persona is the implied audience (the idea of the audience formed by and utilized for persuasion in the speech situation). A critic could also determine what the text wants that audience to become or do after the rhetorical situation.
On the web
Through the Internet, every person is given the opportunity to participate in different ways. The Internet gives people a platform to write and reach the people who are interested in what they are writing about. When writers write online, they are able to form communities with the people they share common interests with. The audiences that people are trying to reach can be general or specific, all depending on what the writer is discussing in their online posts. Audiences have to go and check into what the writers are writing to stay on top of the latest information. Writers have to find their niche and try hard to work their way into an already formed community. The audience the writer is reaching is able to respond to the writers posts and can give feedback. The Internet allows these connections to be formed and fostered. In the Here Comes Everybody book by Clay Shirky, there are various examples of how audience is not only receiving content but actually creating it. Internet creates a chance of being part of an audience and a creator at the same time.
Audience participation is commonly found in performances which break the fourth wall. Examples include the traditional British pantomimes, stand-up comedy, and creative stage shows such as Blue Man Group.
Audience participation is growing and evolving as a new tool of brand activation and brand engagement. In a bid to create and reinforce a special bond between brands and their consumers, companies are increasingly looking towards events that involve active audience participation. Often, organizations provide branded objects to event attendees that will involve the audience in the show as well as act as souvenirs of the event, creating a lasting link with the brand. For example, during Super Bowl XLVIII, the audience was incorporated in the Super Bowl XLVIII Halftime Show as part of the lighting effects. Pepsi involved the spectators by giving them "video ski hats" that produced visual effects across the crowd. By appealing more directly to people and emotions, brands can obtain feedback from their consumers. Companies that provide or seek such experiences refer to the term "crowd activation". For example, Tangible Interaction named one of its branches Crowd Activation and PixMob refers to itself as a crowd activation company on its website.
One of the most well-known examples of popular audience participation accompanies the motion picture and music The Rocky Horror Picture Show and its earlier stage incarnation The Rocky Horror Show. The audience participation elements are often seen as the most important part of the picture, to the extent that the audio options on the DVD version include the option.
In the audience participation for the Rocky Horror Picture Show, the audience will make "call backs", and yell at the screen at certain parts of the movie. Also, a number of props are thrown and used by the audience during certain parts of the film.
In British pantomime performances, the audience is a crucial aspect of the show and is expected to perform certain tasks such as:
- Interacting with an "audience friend", a character often designed to be comedic and sympathetic, such as Buttons from Cinderella. Typical interactions include call and response (e.g. Buttons: "Hiya gang!" Audience: "Hiya Buttons!")
- Booing and hissing at the villain
- Back and forth arguments, usually composed of simple, repetitive phrases (e.g. Character: "No there isn't!" Audience: "Yes there is!")
- "Ghost gags", where the audience yells loudly to inform the character of imminent danger, usually whilst the character is completely aloof.
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) divides the audience into groups assigned to call out the concerns of three components of a character's psyche.
In The Mystery of Edwin Drood, a Broadway theatremusical based on Charles Dickens's last, unfinished work, the audience must vote for whom they think the murderer is, as well as the real identity of the detective and the couple who end up together.
The 1984 Summer Olympics included card stunts at the Olympic Stadium.
Tony and Tina's Wedding engages the entire audience at once, staging a narrative set during a wedding in which the audience performs the role of "guests".
The British panel gameQI often allows the audience to try to answer questions. Currently, the audience have won one show, and have come last in another.
Magic shows often rely on some audience participation. Psychological illusionist Derren Brown relies heavily on audience participation in his live shows.
During performances of the Radetzky March, it is traditional for the audience to clap along with the beat of the second (louder) repetitions of the chorus. This is particularly notable at the Neujahrskonzert.
Bloggers often allow their readers moderated or unmoderated comments sections.
Some musical groups often heavily incorporate audience participation into their live shows. The superhero-themed comedy rock band The Aquabats typically do so within their theatrical stage shows through such antics as "pool floatie races", where members of the band race across the venue on inflatable rafts via crowd surfing, or providing the audience with projectiles (such as plastic balls or beach balls) to throw at costumed "bad guys" who come out on stage. Koo Koo Kanga Roo, a comedy dance-pop duo, write their music solely for audience participation, utilizing call and response style sing-along songs which are usually accompanied by a simple dance move that the band encourage the audience to follow along with.
The television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 featured a man and his robots who were held as imprisoned audience members and tortured by being forced to view "bad" movies; to retain their sanity, they talked throughout and heckled each one.
In a similar vein, the online site Television Without Pity has a stable of reviewers and recappers who speak the lingo of audience members rather than of scholars, and who sometimes act as though they, too, are being tortured.
Further information: Studio audience
- Steinmetz, John. How to Enjoy a Live Concert. [S.l.]: Naxos, [199-?]. 51 p., with ill.
- ^ abRosen, Jay (June 27, 2006). "The People Formerly Known as the Audience". Press Think. Archived from the original on 2016-08-30. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ^ abPerelman, Chaim; L. Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969). The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
- ^Black, Edwin (1998). "The Second Persona". In John Lucaites; Celeste Michelle Condit; Sally Caudill. Contemporary Rhetorical Theory: A Reader. New York: Guilford. pp. 331–340. ISBN 1-572-30401-4.
- ^Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0.
- ^Cornwell, T. B., Weeks, C. S., & Roy, D. P. (2005). Sponsorship-linked marketing: Opening the blackbox. Journal of Advertising, 34, 21-42.
- ^Ellen Lampert-Greaux (February 03, 2014)PixMob Brings LED Technology To The Super Bowl XLVIII Halftime Show Live Design Online
- ^Crowd Activation by Tangible Interaction - About Us
- ^PixMob - Crowd Activation
- ^"Buffy the Vampire Slayer: We fall to pieces". Television Without Pity. May 6, 2002. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2012. | <urn:uuid:e73391fb-f5a4-4584-849c-e2eeaf918200> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://zmirkk.czweb.org/409-types-of-audiences-for-essays-about-love.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592636.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721145209-20180721165209-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.934066 | 3,846 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Synonym(s): paper wasp
Adult Description: The European Paper Wasp (Polistes dominula) is a generally black insect marked with yellow. They are fairly slender-bodied insects with a distinct constriction of the body between the thorax and abdomen.
The European paper wasp is superficially similar to and commonly mistaken for various yellowjackets (Vespula spp.). Several yellowjacket species are native to the U.S. and have historically been the most significant stinging insects in the country. A somewhat blunter, more compact body form distinguishes yellowjackets from the European paper wasp. Also, the long hind legs of paper wasps tend to trail below when the insects are in flight. Perhaps most striking, the European paper wasp has bright orange antennae, something no native wasp possesses.
Larva Description: The queen deposits small, elongated eggs (one to a cell) that hatch in several days. She will feed her young larvae masticated caterpillars and other insects. After the first brood of larvae mature and emerge as worker females, the queen will limit her activity to laying eggs to expand the number of workers. The workers assume the duties of food collection, nest construction, and colony defense. With optimal temperatures and a plentiful food source, the larvae complete their development and become adult wasps in as little as 40 days.
Host Plant: None
Ecological Threat: It appears that this introduction has had an adverse impact on the native species of Polistes. The apparent reduction of indigenous Polistes will undoubtedly result in a change in the faunal balance. It is unclear what the consequences will be. Some entomologists suspect that the large numbers of P. dominula will adversely affect the species of desirable insects (i.e., butterflies).
Biology: Fertilized queens overwinter in protected areas such as the bark of dead trees, in hollow trees, under siding, in walls of unoccupied homes, and begin new colonies each spring.
History: Polistes dominula was first discovered near Boston, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, during the late 1970s. Since then, the wasp has been recorded from Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. It has recently been discovered in California and Washington. Interestingly, there has been some confusion with the scientific name of the European Paper Wasp. The correct name is Polistes dominula, although it is often seen as P. dominulus. This is due to confusion of the Latin specific epithet; the correct specific epithet "dominula" is the diminutive form of the word "Domina" which means mistress in Latin and is indeclinable. So, those who report the name as P. dominulus have tried to change the declination the specific epithet, and have done so incorrectly.
U.S. Habitat: Like indigenous paper wasps, the European paper wasp can be found building nests around homes, especially around the roofs of houses. Eaves, gutters, soffits, overhangs, balconies, etc. should be checked as they are prime areas in which paper wasp nests can be found.
Native Origin: In its native region, P. dominula is the most abundant paper wasp in the countries around the Mediterranean. It is also found in southern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, and eastward into China.
U.S. Present: The European Paper Wasp has established populations in: Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. It has recently been discovered in California and Washington. Also has been established in a few Canadian Provinces
Not yet established in Texas.
Physically resembles common yellowjackets, especially in color scheme. However, the body of P. dominula resembles that of other paper wasps, noted by the thin "waist" anterior to the large abdomen. Also, the European paper wasp has bright orange antennae, something local wasps do not possess. Nests resemble those of common paper wasps.
Every attempt should be made to limit suitable nest sites. Repair holes in walls, caulk cracks in soffits and eaves, and screen vents and louvers. Nests made early in the season by founding queens are easier to eliminate before workers are produced. During this period it is easy to knock down exposed nests and kill the queen. Nests that have several workers can be treated with a wasp and hornet spray. These sprays produce a stream of insecticides that can shoot up to 20 feet from the nozzle. Treatments should be made at night when all the workers and the queen are in the nest. Those nests located within eaves and soffits can be treated by applying an insecticidal dust to the openings of the voids. Blow the dust into the opening, taking care not to breathe dust that becomes airborne. Select a dust that is labeled for this type of application. Appropriate dusters available include bulb dusters and plunger or pump dusters. Pest control firms also provide services to control paper wasps.
Buck, Matthias, Stephen A. Marshall, David K. B. Cheung. (2008). Identification Atlas of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the Northeastern Nearctic Region. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification.
Hester, Louis. (2010). Polistes dominula (Christ, 1791) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Found in South Dakota, U.S.A. Insect Mundi A Journal of World Insect Systematics.
Mike Merchant - [email protected] - Texas A&M University | <urn:uuid:aa3bd680-a5dc-4a98-8c4a-a5d764fb4077> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.texasinvasives.org/pest_database/detail.php?symbol=24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299236.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00034-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928371 | 1,204 | 3.5 | 4 |
September 12, 2007, a clinical team at the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital successfully removed cataracts from both eyes of a 35-year-old bald eagle named "Modoc."
The feisty bird, a once-wild specimen unable to live on its own, came from the Micke Grove Zoo in Lodi, California (see note below). Zoo officials had noted that the animal’s blindness sharply reduced its ability to move around, find its food and maintain an awareness of its surroundings.
Zoo manager Ken Nieland stated, "Micke Grove Zoo staff is committed to ensuring the best possible quality of life for animals under our care. Opportunities such as that provided by the eagle eye surgery not only offer hope for an improved life for this bird, but also hold promise for increased knowledge and skill in treating other animals that share a similar condition."
To reduce possible complications in the aging animal, the eagle received a complete workup at the Companion Avian and Exotic Pets Service prior to surgery. Faculty members and technicians closely monitored its anesthesia. Two eye surgeons used ultrasound equipment to gently break up and extract the cataracts. Fourth-year veterinary students observed the surgery magnified on a video screen in the surgical suite. As they watched, a resident from the Ophthalmology Service (see PDF poster here) quizzed them about avian eye anatomy and answered questions about the procedure.
The bird’s veterinarians reported after the surgery, "He's doing great and can see very well now." They treated the eagle for several days before it returned home. Zoo officials expect a big improvement in the bald eagle’s quality of life now that it can see again.
The following information, written before Modoc's treatment, comes from Micke Grove Zoo:
Bald Eagle To Receive Cataract Surgery
"Modoc", a 35-year-old male bald eagle and resident of Lodi, California's Micke Grove Zoo, is scheduled for eye surgery at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. The 25-year zoo resident has been diagnosed with cataracts in both eyes. This is a relatively common, age-related condition that often progressively leads to blindness.
The eagle originally came to the Sacramento Zoo in 1974 with a broken wing from a gunshot wound. After surgery to repair the wing, a two-year recovery and rehabilitation effort was undertaken. Though the eagle was outfitted with a tracking device and released on San Clemente Island off the Southern California coast, his failure to forage led to recapture. For the past 28 years, "Modoc" has been exhibited at Micke Grove Zoo. Since 1987 he has shared his enclosure with a female eagle, "Shaman", acquired from the UC Davis Raptor Center and the recipient of a successful corneal transplant. Trauma sustained in the wild, however, has left her blind in one eye. There has been no successful breeding with the pair.
At Micke Grove Zoo, "Modoc" receives an annual physical examination, routine blood tests and vaccinations. During a physical examination in May of 2006, the Zoo’s veterinarian, Dr. Jackie Gai, noticed that the eagle had cataracts developing in both eyes. Cataracts affect the lens of the eye, and obstruct vision. One eye was more affected than the other, but "Modoc" was still able to see. Dr. Gai and the Zoo staff have monitored the bird closely since then and have observed that the cataracts have progressed to the point where "Modoc" is virtually blind in one eye and has minimal vision in the other. Dr. Hollingsworth, an ophthalmologist at U.C. Davis, examined the eagle and recommended surgery.
An expert team of veterinary ophthalmologists, avian veterinarians, and anesthesiologists will perform the delicate surgical procedure to remove the cataracts at U.C. Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. If successful, the procedure will not only enhance the quality of life for this bird, but it will also provide hope for wild eagles that sustain eye injuries by advancing our knowledge and skills in treating this type of condition. | <urn:uuid:a5a12de2-c1bc-4757-8e8d-287f667f3fd8> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whatsnew/article2.cfm?id=1792 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065488.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00244-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962997 | 863 | 3.046875 | 3 |
- Understand that there are different types of thinking.
- Identify how each type of thinking contributes to learning.
So what are the various types of thinking skills, and what kind things are we doing when we apply them? In the 1950s, Benjamin Bloom developed a classification of thinking skills that is still helpful today; it is known as Bloom’s taxonomy. He lists six types of thinking skills, ranked in order of complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Figure 3.2 “Types of Thinking Skills” outlines each skill and what is involved in that type of thinking, as updated by Lorin Anderson and David Krothwohl.
|Thinking Still||What It Involves|
|1. Remembering and Recalling||Retrieving or repeating information or ideas from memory. This is the first and most basic thinking skill you develop (starting as a toddler with learning numbers, letters, and colors).|
|2. Understanding||Interpreting, constructing meaning, inferring, or explaining material from written, spoken, or graphic sources. Reading is the most common understanding skill; these skills are developed starting with early education.|
|3. Applying||Using learned material or implementing material in new situations. This skill is commonly used starting in middle school (in some cases earlier).|
|4. Analyzing||Breaking material or concepts into key elements and determining how the parts relate to one another or to an overall structure or purpose. Mental actions included in this skill are examining, contrasting or differentiating, separating, categorizing, experimenting, and deducing. You most likely started developing this skill in high school (particularly in science courses) and will continue to practice it in college.|
|5. Evaluating||Assessing, making judgments, and drawing conclusions from ideas, information, or data. Critiquing the value and usefulness of material. This skill encompasses most of what is commonly referred to as critical thinking; this skill will be called on frequently during your college years and beyond. Critical thinking is the first focus of this chapter.|
|6. Creating||Putting parts together or reorganizing them in a new way, form, or product. This process is the most difficult mental function. This skill will make you stand out in college and is in very high demand in the workforce. Creative thinking is the second focus of this chapter.|
All of these thinking skills are important for college work (and life in the “real world,” too). You’ve likely had a great deal of experience with the lower-level thinking skills (yellow section). The midlevel skills are skills you will get a lot of practice with in college, and you may be well on your way to mastering them already. The higher-level thinking skills (red section) are the most demanding, and you will need to invest focused effort to develop them.
Exercise: Thought Inventory
Think about Figure 3.2 “Types of Thinking Skills”. Are you using all six thinking skills? Reflect on your schoolwork in the past three weeks and identify specific examples where you used each of the thinking skills. Use the comment column to write notes about the skills that are second nature to you and those you would like to develop further.
|Skill Set||How You Used It in the Past Three Weeks||Comments|
|Remembering and Recalling||
Look at the lists of things you actually did in each case. Notice that there are certain verbs that apply to each skill set. When you see those verbs as a prompt in an assignment or an exam, you will know what kind of thinking the instructor expects from you. Table 3.1 “Thinking Verbs” lists some of the most common verbs associated with each thinking skill.
Table 3.1 Thinking Verbs
|1. Remembering and Recalling||Bookmark, count, describe, draw, enumerate, find, google, identify, label, list, match, name, quote, recall, recite, search, select, sequence, tell, write|
|2. Understanding||Blog, conclude, describe, discuss, explain, generalize, identify, illustrate, interpret, paraphrase, predict, report, restate, review, summarize, tell, tweet|
|3. Applying||Apply, articulate, change, chart, choose, collect, compute, control, demonstrate, determine, do, download, dramatize, imitate, implement, interview, install (as in software), participate, prepare, produce, provide, report, role-play, run (software), select, share, show, solve, transfer, use|
|4. Analyzing||Analyze, break down, characterize, classify, compare, contrast, debate, deduce, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, infer, link, outline, relate, research, reverse-engineer, separate, subdivide, tag|
|5. Evaluating||Appraise, argue, assess, beta test, choose, collaborate, compare, contrast, conclude, critique, criticize, decide, defend, “friend/de-friend,” evaluate, judge, justify, network, post, predict, prioritize, prove, rank, rate, review, select, support|
|6. Creating||Adapt, animate, blog, combine, compose, construct, create, design, develop, devise, film, formulate, integrate, invent, make, model, modify, organize, perform, plan, podcast, produce, program, propose, rearrange, remix, revise, rewrite, structure|
Throughout this book, we give tips that will help you develop your thinking skills. You have read about the learning cycle and the importance of applying your knowledge. You will learn tips for remembering information from your notes and classes. Preparing for class requires you to analyze what you know and what you need to learn. The sections on listening and reading will help you develop your understanding skills. Look for those tips and practice them.
In this chapter, we will focus on critical thinking (evaluating) and creative thinking. They deserve specific focus because they are likely to be the skills you have least practice with. These are the skills most helpful for success in college and in “real life.” Creative thinking will help you come up with possible solutions for problems and new ideas. Critical thinking will help you decide which of those ideas have most merit and deserve to be implemented.
- We use different types of thinking skills to address different requirements, and these skills are classified in Bloom’s taxonomy.
- You have been using many thinking skills since childhood.
- Two very important thinking skills you will need to develop for success in college and in life are critical (or evaluative) thinking and creative thinking.
List three verbs that are associated with application skills.
What is another name for “evaluation” thinking skills?
What thinking skills are associated with each of the following?
- Compose and design: _______________________________________
- Tweet and describe: _________________________________________
- Break down and discriminate: __________________________________
- Rank and beta test: _________________________________________
- Enumerate and google: ______________________________________
Anderson, L. W., and David R. Krathwohl, eds., A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 2001).
This is a derivative of College Success by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution, which was originally released and is used under CC BY-NC-SA. This work, unless otherwise expressly stated, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:7cce0638-770a-460d-b35a-37306fbe41f6> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://open.lib.umn.edu/collegesuccess/chapter/3-1-types-of-thinking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590711.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719070814-20180719090814-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.906598 | 1,615 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Science Tutorial: Sound Spreading
Spreading loss occurs because the total amount of energy in a wave remains the same as it spreads out from a source. (We are neglecting sound absorption for the moment.) When the circle of a surface wave gets bigger the energy spreads to fill it. Therefore, the energy per unit length of the wave must get smaller. The height of the surface wave (amplitude) decreases as the energy per unit length of the wave crest gets smaller.
You can see something similar to spreading loss when you blow bubbles with chewing gum. Have you ever watched the bubble as it grows bigger? How does it change? Just as the total amount of energy in a sound wave doesn’t change as it spreads out, the total amount of chewing gum doesn’t change as the bubble gets bigger. This means that as the bubble grows, the walls of the bubble must get thinner and thinner. The thickness of the gum is similar to the amplitude of the sound wave. Just as the gum gets thinner as the bubble gets bigger, the amplitude of the sound wave decreases as it spreads out.
As surface waves spread out on the surface of a body of water, such as a pond or ocean surface, the amplitude gets smaller rapidly. This is called cylindrical spreading. Waves that spread out in all directions from a sound source, such as one in the middle of the ocean, get smaller even more rapidly than surface waves spreading out horizontally on a pond or ocean surface. This is called spherical spreading.
The following table compares the relative intensity and amplitude of sound waves at one meter from the source to their values at greater distances for cylindrical and spherical spreading.
|Distance from Source||Relative Intensity||Relative Amplitude|
|Cylindrical Spreading||Spherical Spreading||Cylindrical Spreading||Spherical Spreading|
The intensity and amplitude decrease very rapidly for waves spreading out in all directions from a source at mid-depth in the ocean. Sound cannot propagate uniformly in all directions from a source in the ocean forever. Beyond some range the sound will hit the sea surface or sea floor, and the spreading will become approximately cylindrical.
Science of Sound Tutorial Sections: | <urn:uuid:ae58f234-52ab-4928-a07e-b62036d8c590> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://dosits.org/decision-makers/tutorials/science/science-tutorial-sound-spreading/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419101239-20190419123239-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.910196 | 456 | 4.46875 | 4 |
|Google Scholar:||Look up in Google Scholar|
Copyright lies at the very heart of the music business. Copyright law determines the social framework in which music is marketed, artists are rewarded, and all the uses to which their work is put are licensed. And copyright claims and counter-claims are the source of recurring conflict. Who wrote what and when? Who owns these sounds? What are you allowed to do with them? Disputes about copying and theft are becoming ever noisier with digital technology and the new possibilities of sampling, downloading and large-scale piracy.
This book has been written to explain the copyright system to non-legal specialists and to show why copyright issues are so fascinating and so important. Copyright is analysed as a social, economic and legal phenomenon. It is approached from the contrasting perspectives of composers, performers, producers and infringers. Copyright law is seen to be central to the relationship between the global entertainment industry and local musical practices. The questions raised here are not just about music. They concern the very meaning of intellectual property rights in the context of rapid global and technological change. And they are not just about big business. They impinge on all our lives.
|Item Type:||Book Chapter|
|Academic Unit/Department:||Social Sciences > Sociology|
|Depositing User:||Users 6043 not found.|
|Date Deposited:||04 Jul 2006|
|Last Modified:||02 Dec 2010 19:51|
|Share this page:| | <urn:uuid:daafc0a6-803c-43dd-9795-70eaf07ebae7> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://oro.open.ac.uk/4233/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645261055.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031421-00049-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906708 | 312 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Towards enlightenment. How meditation teaches happiness
Author: Dalai Lama
In this book, the Dalai Lama presents numerous exercises of contemplative practices to help the reader on his path of spiritual growth.
"Destructive emotions make us unhappy, so much so that when their negative effect diminishes, our mind is more comfortable, happier. So the key to happiness is a tame mind "
If in the twentieth century violence unleashed all its destructive power in two world wars that caused millions of deaths, in the inaugural decades of the third millennium it seems to have assumed new forms, perhaps less bloody but equally devastating. Among the main causes of these tragedies that are unfolding before our eyes, His Holiness the Dalai Lama identifies the lack of that altruism - or rather, that "absence of self" - which Buddhism teaches and practices to conduct. each individual to the full realization of their potential and help them achieve enlightenment, their highest spiritual state. Enlightenment, therefore, is our true goal, which can be reached by following the tracks wisely indicated by the Buddha: wisdom, meditative concentration, moral conduct, especially if enhanced by compassion. The latter sentiment, the Dalai Lama stresses, goes far beyond empathy, as it extends to the personal commitment to alleviate the suffering of others and of every sentient being, without spatial limits. In this light, it also becomes clearer how we can intervene on our mental afflictions, transforming much of the negative and self-destructive feelings into open and positive attitudes, which are a source of serenity and well-being not only for us but for all those around us. Rich in personal anecdotes and acute reflections, these pages present an unpublished image of the Dalai Lama: as well as the greatest spiritual guide of Tibetan Buddhism, Nobel Peace Prize winner, political leader and international personality, also a student in the continuous search for happiness, who - he reminds us - it is the fruit of an interior disposition, but it is full only if shared. | <urn:uuid:253d8568-7ae9-4609-b5bf-ca3030f552a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://en.shop.iltk.org/index.php/prodotto/verso-lilluminazione-come-la-meditazione-insegna-la-felicita/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124075754-20210124105754-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.943259 | 399 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has failed to keep pace with a growing Hispanic population by not requiring manufacturers of corn masa flour — a dietary staple used to make tortillas, among other things — to be fortified with folic acid as a protectant against birth defects, the March of Dimes said in a new report.
The non-profit health organization this month updated a report it first released in 2008, warning that Hispanic mothers are 12 percent more likely than whites to deliver preterm babies with significantly higher rates of neural tube defects, too. Whereas the FDA requires manufacturers to fortify wheat products with folic acid, corn masa flour remains unregulated. Hispanic women are also less likely to take folic acid supplements as part of standard neonatal care, according to Diana Ramos, co-chair of the March of Dimes Hispanic Advisory Council.
"This is why the March of Dimes is striving to have masa cornmeal fortified with folate," Ramos said in a statement. "Corn masa flour is not part of the standard American diet, so, since 2012, we've been working on this, making progress slowly.”
The problem continues to grow in urgency as the Hispanic population surges in the United States, says Edward McCabe, the group’s senior vice president and chief medical officer. "One of the things that caught our eye was, while Hispanics represent 17 percent of the population, 24 percent of premature babies are Hispanic," he said in the statement. Hispanic women are more likely to deliver preterm births, or before the 37th week. Moreover, Hispanics are more likely than any ethnic group in the U.S. to suffer neural tube birth defects.
Aside from pressuring the FDA on folic acid, the March of Dimes this month enlisted Latin Grammy Award-winning artist Thalia to help educate Hispanic women and girls on neonatal care and resources available to them through the government.
“We want women to know that there are things we can do to protect ourselves and our babies, like taking a multivitamin with folic acid before and during pregnancy,” Thalia said in the statement. “There’s nothing more important than the health of our babies.”
The most common neural tube defect, spina bifida affects 1,500 newborns each year. It's a condition in which vertebrae fail to close completely while in the womb, allowing a part of the spinal cord to poke through the spine. Some children with spina bifida may be born with paraplegia and have trouble with incontinence. The 1,000 children born with anencephaly, another type of neural tube defect, typically die within a few hours because they are missing parts of their skulls, brains, or scalps.
Ramos says that “planning, prenatal care, [and] perpetuating healthy behaviors, are first steps to having a health baby,” with daily folic acid being important for preventing such birth defects. | <urn:uuid:1c56dc08-3ff8-4d95-805a-a9b727d570ea> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.medicaldaily.com/hispanic-babies-see-higher-rates-neural-tube-birth-defects-unfortified-corn-masa-flour-may-be-blame | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928780.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00326-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962999 | 616 | 2.671875 | 3 |
First African-American Poet Still Showing New Work
It's the handwriting that stands out to Cedrick May.
As an associate professor of English at the University of Texas, Arlington, he assigned his doctoral students to find some of the known works by Jupiter Hammon, the first published African-American poet. Hammon's works date back to 1760.
What one student ended up finding was a previously unpublished piece by the poet that shows how deeply he thought about slavery and religion.
"He's defining slavery as sin for the first time," says May. " ... He's defying the idea that you can have slavery and be Christian at the same time."
But Hammon's handwriting — which, according to May, was better than his masters' — along with the watermarks and smudges are what make this document special. "To hold it," says May, "was quite an emotional experience in many ways, because this is a part of our collective cultural history as Americans."
MICHEL MARTIN, HOST:
We'd like to switch gears now and turn to a major figure in literary history, Jupiter Hammon. And, if you don't recognize the name, don't worry. Even though he was the first published African-American poet with work dating back to 1760, his story is not well-known outside of academic circles.
Now, a couple of scholars are hoping to change that. At the University of Texas at Arlington, English professor, Cedrick May, gave his doctoral students an assignment to find some of Jupiter Hammon's known works. Along the way, one of his students stumbled upon a previously unpublished poem by Jupiter Hammon.
We wanted to hear more about this, so we've called Professor Cedrick May. Welcome. Thanks so much for joining us. Congratulations.
CEDRICK MAY: Thank you very much and thank you for having me.
MARTIN: Now, I understand that he lived his entire life in slavery, but somehow managed to publish a handful of essays and poems. Do we know - how did he manage that? Tell us a little bit more about him.
MAY: Sure. Jupiter Hammon - he was born on Long Island in 1711 within the Lloyd family of Long Island and they were a very prominent and wealthy merchant family. He lived his entire life serving this family and, along the way, he was also educated as he was growing up along with the Lloyd children. He grew up with three of the boys and so they were schooled together. And so he actually was very well educated and it really shines through when one looks at the handwriting on the poem that we've discovered. It's remarkably good handwriting. In fact, in many ways, it's much better than a lot of the handwriting of members of the Lloyd family who owned him.
MARTIN: The title of the poem is "An Essay on Slavery: Justification to Divine Providence, Knowing that God Rules Over All Things." Could you tell us...
MARTIN: ...a little bit about what the poem is about and then would you read a couple of stanzas for us?
MAY: Really, this is a poem about slavery in particular, which is unusual for Jupiter Hammon. The vast majority of his writing that we have is very religious, but here, we have a poem that - it, too, is religious, but the central theme here is slavery.
Let me read the first two stanzas of the poem for you. Our forefathers came from Africa, tossed over the raging main to a Christian shore therefore to stay and not return again. Dark and dismal was the day when slavery began. All humble thoughts were put away. Then slaves were made by man.
MARTIN: You know, what's interesting about this is that, for those who do know his work, I think he's mainly known for a text that has been previously known, the 1787 text, "An Address to the Negroes of the State of New York," and in it...
MAY: That's right.
MARTIN: ...he writes, though, for my own part, I do not wish to be free, yet I should be glad if others, especially the young negroes, were to be free. I think people have subsequently seen him as - I don't know how to say it - an apologist for slavery in some way. What does this poem - how does it shed light on his thinking?
MAY: I refer to it often as a game changer in many ways. Now, Jupiter Hammon, when he says what he says in "An Address to the Negroes of the State of New York," the address was written a couple of years before the state of New York made it a law that masters could not release their slaves when their slaves reached 50 years old without providing for them afterwards. Releasing older slaves who had become non-productive was a really big problem in New York, because they didn't have any way to take care of themselves. They'd been born and lived in slavery their whole lives. And so part of what Hammon was saying was that, I've been a slave all my life and I don't know what I would do if I were to be released.
And so what we have here is he's defining slavery as sin for the first time. And that's a real big issue at this point, because theologically speaking, there had been a lot of talk about the compatibility of slavery with Christianity in the colonies, and now he's defying that idea. And he's still enslaved, but he's defying the idea that you can have slavery and be Christian at the same time. So there's an incompatibility that he's setting forth here.
MARTIN: Before we let you go, I just wanted to ask what it means to you, personally, to look at this man's handwriting and to read his thoughts centuries later. I mean, dating back to the 18th century, and sort of think about his life. Do you mind? What does that feel like for you?
MAY: When I actually held the poem in my hands for the first time and looked at it, first of all, I realized that what I was - the artifact itself that I was holding was just so rich, so - it was so exciting to hold it. And it was quite an emotional experience in many ways, because this is a part of our collective cultural history as Americans. And I take this sort of work very seriously in that regard. And so it was really wonderful to get it in my hands, to study it, to look at the watermarks and the places where he'd rubbed out words and replaced them with other words because that's another thing that makes this poem so wonderful, because it's a working draft. So I get to see his thought process as he was composing. It was fantastic.
MARTIN: That was Cedrick May. He's an associate professor of English at the University of Texas at Arlington. He joined us from Dallas. If you would like to see photos of the original poem, head over to NPR.org and select TELL ME MORE from the Programs tab.
Professor May, thank you so much for joining us.
MAY: Thank you, Michel. It was a real honor.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
MARTIN: Just ahead, Facebook executive Sheryl Sandberg says the stereotypes facing women at work are nothing new.
SHERYL SANDBERG: Go to a playground. Little girls get called bossy all the time, a word that's almost never used for boys, and that leads directly to the problems women face in the workforce.
MARTIN: In our moms roundtable, our panel asks whether Sandberg's answer, "Leaning In," really is the answer. That's coming up on TELL ME MORE from NPR News. I'm Michel Martin.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:77f49351-7007-480b-83eb-6065bce609dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://nwpr.org/post/first-african-american-poet-still-showing-new-work | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116878.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00069-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989505 | 1,666 | 2.796875 | 3 |
DRY MACULAR DEGENERATION:
We often see yellow deposits under the central retina or macula, and we call these deposits DRUSEN.
When significant DRUSEN are present, we call this dry macular degeneration. It is very common, slowly progressive, and usually affects your vision mildly or sometimes not at all.
Dry macular degeneration is the better kind to have.
WET MACULAR DEGENERATION:
Sometimes this dry macular degeneration switches to the more serious kind of macular degeneration: wet macular degeneration. In this case, abnormal blood vessels start to grow under the macula, and they can leak fluid or blood and cause SUDDEN, SIGNIFICANT loss of vision.
Symptoms of macular generation include wavy lines, central blurring, and distorted vision.
They are often best seen with an Amsler Grid. This test displays vertical and horizontal straight lines in front of the patient. Bent, missing, or distorted lines often signal the onset of macular degeneration. It should be used with 1 eye at a time.
Who gets Macular Degeneration?
The biggest risk factors for macular degeneration are a family history, smoking, and age.
High doses of Vitamin E (400 units/day), C (500 mg/day), A (25,000 Units/day), and Zinc (60 mg/day) have been shown to slow the progression of macular degeneration.
Lasers and injection of medicine into the eye such as AVASTIN, EYLEA, or LUCENTIS have shown great results in the treatment of wet macular degeneration. | <urn:uuid:d2ce7261-3c36-448a-b610-2d99140eb054> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://edinaretina.com/amsler-grid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806310.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121021058-20171121041058-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.881325 | 348 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Outdoor playtime is very important for kids and that is why you need to make sure you have plenty of toys in the backyard. If you have a vinyl swing set in the backyard or a trampoline along with tricycles, bicycles and wagons these types of toys promote exercise for kids. Children are naturally curious and giving them the opportunity to explore and experience new challenges aides in their development. Boys and girls love to have fun along with exciting adventures in their daily play time outside. Enhance your child’s learning ability while keeping them physically active along with developing gross motor skills is quite easy with outdoor toys.
A child’s gross motor skills are developed as they jump around and try out different challenges. For instance; climbing on a rope ladder that is attached to a wooden swing set; pedaling on their bicycles and even jumping up and down on a trampoline develops their range of motion and repetitiveness.
When a child learns to crawl, walk and to stand up they are using motor skills. This skill is learned at a very early age and continues. When mom and dad or caregivers continue to encourage children to become independent they will learn how to interact with other children. Physical activity during recess or at home is very important.
Listed below are a few great toys for outside playtime.
- Playing with a ball or playing catch with someone is always fun.
- Riding a tricycle or bicycle is great exercise for the leg muscles.
- Climbing on a swing set or swinging on a baby swing is also good for leg muscles.
- Using a rope ladder or swinging across monkey bars on the swing set is a good way to build upper arm muscles.
- Jumping is great fun for kids and might include them using a jump rope, jumping in a bounce house or jumping on a trampoline.
- Toys and games that include running are another way for kids to exercise, such as; baseball, football, basketball or playing kick the can or tag.
Make playing outside a daily part of your child’s routine,this will help kids develop motor skills, motion and enhance kids learning abilities. | <urn:uuid:2c21401b-3f25-49e1-a36d-88e9bbe75ae3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.bestpricetoys.com/blog/swing-sets-trampolins-develop-motor-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588246.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028003812-20211028033812-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.959129 | 437 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Load lines. The deck line and load lines, laid down in Load Line Rules, are marked on the ship’s side as follows.
The deck line is a horizontal line 300mm in length and 25mm in breadth marked amidships with its upper edge passing through the point where the continuation outwards of the upper surface of the freeboard deck intersects the outer surface of the shell.
The load line disc is 300mm in diameter, intersected by a horizontal line 450mm in length and 25mm in breadth, the upper edge of which passes through the centre of the disc. The disc is marked amidships below the deck line.
The horizontal lines are 230mm in length and 25mm in breadth which extend from, and are at right angles to, a vertical line marked 540mm forward of the centre of the disc and which indicate the maximum depth to which the ship may be loaded in different circumstances and in different seasons.
These lines are as follows:
S The Summer Load Line indicated by the upper edge of the line which passes through the centre of the disc and also by the upper edge of a line marked S.
W The Winter Load Line indicated by the upper edge of a line marked W. This is 1/48 of the summer draught below S.
WNA The Winter North Atlantic Load Line indicated by the upper edge of the line marked WNA. This line is not marked on a vessel over 100m in length. The line is 50mm below W.
T The Tropical Load Line indicated by the upper edge of a line marked T. T is 1/48 of the summer draught above S.
F The Fresh Water Load Line in summer indicated by the upper edge of a line marked F. This is the distance above S equal to the “Fresh Water Allowance” (FWA).
TF The Tropical Fresh Water Load Line indicated by the upper edge of the line marked TF. This is above the T line by a distance equal to the FWA.
The letters marked alongside the disc and above the line through the centre of the disc indicate the name of the classification society, for example Lloyd’s Register of Shipping (L.R.) which may assign the freeboard.
In all cases the freeboard is indicated by the vertical distance from the upper edge of the deck line to the upper edge of the load line in question.
The load lines S, W, WNA and T indicate the maximum draught in salt water. The maximum depths to which a ship may be loaded in different seasons in the various parts of the world are laid down in the Load Lines Rules 1968.
The world has been divided into various “load line zones” and seasonal areas. These are shown in a chart carried on board the vessel. These zones govern the depth to which a vessel may be loaded.
A vessel passing in the course of her voyage from one zone or area into another zone or area, in which another load line applies, must have been loaded in such a way that when she arrives in the zone or area in question, her mean draught will not be in excess of the maximum draught allowed in the second zone or area.
Where seagoing vessels navigate a river or inland water deeper loading is permitted corresponding to the weight of fuel, water, etc., required for consumption between the point of departure and the open sea. When loading in fresh water or in dock or river water of any density less than that of sea water a “Dock Water Allowance” is made for the difference in density. | <urn:uuid:4e51dddb-8b2e-49de-9643-8d54a2be4609> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://shipinspection.eu/load-lines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.933001 | 732 | 2.5625 | 3 |
As Romania celebrates becoming part of the European Union, at least one corner of the country is still struggling to join the modern world. People living in Rosia Montana, a small town in the mountains of western Romania, have an average income of €1.50 a day. Most homes have no running water and only outside toilets, and they are heated only by wood.
The settlement of Rosia Montana was founded by the Romans in the first century AD. Since then, it has been controlled by various foreign powers, including Austria and Germany, before Romania’s 20th-century Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaus¸escu. But it has taken a modern clash between industry and environmentalists to bring Rosia Montana to the attention of the world.
International investors believe the people of Rosia Montana, despite their pitifully small income, might be harbouring treasure. The Rosia Montana hills have been mined since the days of the Roman emperor Trajan and, according to Gabriel Resources, a Canadian mining company, the hills probably still contain the largest gold deposits in Europe.
The company says that expanding a mine at Rosia Montana would create 1,200 jobs, in an area where unemployment stands at more than 70%. It has proposed a joint venture, with the Romanian state taking a 20% stake, which it says would provide direct employment for 700 people, with up to 7,000 more working in the shops, restaurants and accommodation needed around the mine.
But two years ago Gabriel Resources ran into green opposition. Members of the European Parliament said the mine had the potential to cause irreversible environmental damage to the area.
Campaigners and MEPs recalled the pollution caused in February 2000 by an accident at the Baia Mare gold and silver mine, operated by Aurul, a joint Australian and Romanian venture. A spill of cyanide, copper and other heavy metals contaminated 2,000 kilometres of the Danube’s catchment area before running into the Black Sea.
MEPs were so alarmed at the prospect of creating Europe’s largest open-cast gold and silver mine that they encouraged the European Commission to make it a precondition of Romania’s entry into the EU that the mining plans should comply with Union legislation.
Gabriel Resources argues that the plans do comply with EU norms. Now that Romania has joined the EU, the company is waiting for the go-ahead from the Romanian government.
Alan Hill, Gabriel Resources’ president, says the new mine would actually improve environmental conditions in Rosia Montana, after decades of mismanagement and pollution under Ceaus¸escu. “This is a mine to clean up a mess,” he says.
He adds that the people of Rosia Montana are subsistence-level farmers, struggling to grow vegetables in acidic soil. The fields are too hilly for ploughing and people rarely have enough land for more than one cow.
“These people have no future apart from mining. We are offering a new village and work to those who want to stay,” Hill says. His company has offered to buy houses at well above their market value for anyone who wants to leave.
In a documentary filmed last September, former journalist Phelim McAleer, made a critique of environmentalism, using interviews with people from Rosia Montana. ‘Mine Your Own Business’ accused conservationists of campaigning to keep some of the world’s poorest people in poverty “because they think their way of life is quaint”.
But another former journalist is leading environmental opposition to Gabriel Resources. Stéphanie Roth, a Swiss-French activist, has turned herself into the public face of green lobby group Albernus Maior (the Roman name for Rosia Montana).
She claims that the project is still “absolutely not” in line with EU law, including the landfill, habitats and groundwater directives.
She also rejects the Gabriel Resources claim to have support from at least 90% of the people in Rosia Montana. “No one supports the mining project. They would just like to have a job.”
There are alternative ways out of poverty for the people of Rosia Montana, according to Roth. “Now that Romania is part of the EU, Rosia Montana has a good future in supports for farming initiatives under the Common Agricultural Policy [CAP] and in tourism.”
She argues that, with help, the cattle and goats of Rosia Montana could be a good source of food for the town and beyond, and partnerships with Italian universities would help this corner of Romania to showcase its Roman heritage.
In 2000 the Roman mines at Rosia Montana were declared a ‘protected patrimonial site’.
Roth argues that EU structural funds for rural development could help the people of Rosia Montana, adding: “This money is a very good catalyst for the area.”
With a decision from the Romanian government on whether to give permission for the mine’s development now anxiously awaited, both sides are stepping up their campaigns.
Last week (24 January) saw the premiere of ‘Mine Your Own Business’ at the UK National Geographic Society.
Alburnus Maior and other green activists turned down invitations to attend, comparing the film, which was part-financed by Gabriel Resources, to “Nazi propaganda”.
But Frayda Levy, president of the Moving Picture Institute, accused the environmentalists of “breathtaking narrow-mindedness”.
Gabriel Resources and Alburnus Maior both claim to have support from almost 100% of the Rosia Montana citizens. All of which leaves the citizens wondering what will happen next. | <urn:uuid:cc6c2ada-c33d-41ea-bb2f-c6912ce51052> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.politico.eu/article/a-golden-opportunity-for-romania/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00436-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959776 | 1,168 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Enterprise Architecture or Enterprise Software Architecture is the organizing logic that is used for business processes and software development service. It reflects the integration and standardizing needs of any organization’s operating representation.
Enterprise architects implement several methods and tools to get an idea of structure of an organization. To accomplish this task they produce several documents and models. These models and documents are called -artifacts.’ Artifacts are used to illustrate logical organization of business strategies, metrics and capabilities of business, information resource and networking infrastructure within the organization. A complete set of such artifacts are enough to illustrate the -enterprise’ architectural description of any organization, including software development companies.
The framework of enterprise architecture is an assortment of tools and processing models and assistance applied by architects in production of organization based architectural descriptions.
The main motive of architectural description of an organization is to enhance the efficiency of the business. Hence, it includes an array of tasks. While describing the architecture of an enterprise, architects pay attention to innovative structuring of the enterprise, centralized or federal business processing, quality offering before deadline and a justified expense on information technology. Information availed by architectural description can be used in various ways but its main purpose is to bring an improvement in the business functioning. In the present scenario, it is widely used by numerous companies to improve their business architectures, its performance and productivity.
Currently, Enterprise Software Architecture has become the key component of information technology control in almost every organization. Such companies have used a basic process of enterprise architecture as an important part of their information technology management strategy. The team of enterprise architects stands for different functions such as several aspects of performance engineering, IT portfolio management, management of metadata as well as improvement on custom software development services. | <urn:uuid:2cf3e78f-180c-4cb0-b286-af164c28a071> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://theconspiracy.us/?p=293 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121778.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00041-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934316 | 350 | 2.96875 | 3 |
FVB Hairless mouse
SEE ALL RESEARCH MODELS
Inbred mutant mouse
Albino, naked skin (no fur), Tyrp1b (b/b, brown), Tyrc (c/c)
Colour and related genotype:
Difficult to breed
Description of our model and application areas
Spontaneous hairless mutants have been observed and studied for more than a century and hairless mouse lines have been systematically
maintained in laboratories since the 1920’s. This strain created by the National Institute of Health (NIH, USA) in 1935, is believed that the hrrh mutation appeared few years ago, spontaneously becoming fixed in a hybrid strain (HOWARD, 1940) and then transferred to the FVB/N strain.
The other name Rhino FVB comes from the extremely thickened and wrinkled skin of this mutant which gives it a thick, wrinkled appearance comparable to rhinoceros.
The JANVIER LABS FVB/NRj-hrrh mouse strain received from Bomholtgaard (Ry, Denmark) in 1996 carries the rhino (hrrh) mutation which is the most severe manifestation of hairless mutations (MANN, 1971). This is the spontaneous recessive mutation of the hairless gene located on chromosome 14.
FVB hairless mice develop a normal coat up to 10 days of age, then they begin to lose hair, starting from the head, until they become naked and this at the age of 5 weeks. Some hairs may persist in a diffuse way. The claws become long and curved. Hyperkeratosis eventually appears in the most superficial layers of the stratified epithelium, especially around the hair follicles at around 2 weeks of age. Hyperkeratosis is very extensive and produces cysts, these are balls of keratin in the thickness of the skin that are produced in such large numbers that the surface of the skin increases considerably. The skin of the mice thickens and becomes wrinkled.
The development of the mammary glands is rudimentary. A high incidence of thymic lymphomas (benign tumors) is observed. The skin of this mouse is characterized by cyst formation, dilated sebaceous gland ducts, dermal inflammation and acanthosis and generalized orthokeratosis.
Despite their apparent resemblance to nude mice, FVB Hairless mice are perfectly immunocompetent.
Homozygous hairless females are generally infertile and have a shorter life expectancy (1 year on average).
Topically applied Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG inhibits UVR-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas.
Singh A, Singh A, Sand JM, Bauer SJ, Hafeez BB, Meske L, Verma AK.
J Invest Dermatol. 2015 Apr;135(4):1098-1107. doi: 10.1038/jid.2014.460. Epub 2014 Oct 22.
Main application and research fields
Download the technical sheet
You may also be interested in these models
Research Model Catalog〉 | <urn:uuid:07957856-af11-4160-8b86-86e4ff02265c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://janvier-labs.com/en/fiche_produit/fvb_hairless_mouse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949009.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329151629-20230329181629-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.905975 | 675 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A City’s good practice towards the elimination of discrimination
Within the framework of the Canadian Coalition of Municipalities against Racism and Discrimination Ten Point Plan of Action, The City of Halifax offers a series of English language resources for residents. This material can be found at Public Libraries across the City. The libraries recognised the need for such a resource for communities, traditionally under-served by other public resources. In association with community partners and volunteers, the Halifax Public Libraries designed and developed programmes to address the needs of their clients. The programme is very accessible, being located within public libraries. The English Language Learning programme was established in 1998.
Halifax Public Libraries offer an English Language Learning programme at six local branches, thanks to a grant from the Nova Scotia Office of Immigration. According to the funding guidelines, this programme targets permanent residents of Canada, Canadian citizens born outside of Canada, foreign nationals temporarily residing in Nova Scotia and persons designated as ‘Protected’ under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The programme offers individualised programmes for student participants that focus on developing conversational and social language skills. It offers trainings that are adapted to the needs of the students, depending on their level. It is an opportunity for individuals who are isolated to get to know the library system, and in so doing, municipal public services. In 2010/2011, the programme ran 351 sessions and supported 298 students with the assistance of 204 volunteers.
The City of Halifax is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It had a 2006 census population of 372,679. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of Halifax.
Halifax has been a member of the Canadian Coalition of Municipalities against Racism and Discrimination since September 2006.
For more information, please visit: www.halifaxpubliclibraries.ca | <urn:uuid:c99d4592-4d89-456d-87f9-d9c1be52415d> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/fight-against-discrimination/coalition-of-cities/good-practices/halifax/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824337.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00028-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945519 | 378 | 3.21875 | 3 |
How to Use the Context
During the Spanish Colonial Period (1542-1821) in the American Southwest, the Spanish empire was competing for control over resources with the British, French, and Russian monarchies. They attempted to link colonies in the Spanish territories, later known as the New Mexico and California, by establishing trade routes to form a passageway across the entire Southwest desert region. The Old Spanish Trail was used commercially to link the towns that would later become Los Angeles, California, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, from 1829 until 1848. The abundant spring water available in the Las Vegas (meaning "the meadows" in Spanish) Valley made it an ideal resting point on the trail.
The presence of the valley springs also drew the Southern Paiute Indians, a nomadic people moving frequently during the year, who made the valley their winter homeland. They raised small crops near the springs in the valley, which provided water and food for the Indians inhabiting the area and later for travelers making their way across the desert.
The Las Vegas Valley would become an attractive place for other European-American settlers as well. One group of settlers looking for a new home was the Mormons--also known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints--a religious sect organized by Joseph Smith in New York in 1830. Based on the Book of Mormon, which Smith said was revealed to him by heavenly messengers, this religious body felt called to restore the authentic church established by Jesus and his Apostles. The history of the Mormons is dramatic--filled with persecution, an exodus from the eastern part of the United States, and ultimately successful establishment of a thriving religious society in a desert. The Mormons formed in upstate New York, an area where the Second Great Awakening was most popular as the United States underwent a widespread flowering of religious sentiment and unprecedented expansion of church membership. The group was forced to move several times because of conflicts with residents in various places where they settled, including Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. They were accused of blasphemy and inciting slave insurrections. After Smith was killed by an angry mob in Illinois in 1844, it became necessary for the Mormons to find a new home once again.
A new leader emerged to guide the Mormons to a new Zion at the Great Salt Lake. Under the direction of Brigham Young, they began an arduous journey West to what would become Utah, where they arrived in July of 1847. In 1848, after the war with Mexico, the United States acquired the majority of what now constitutes the American Southwest. The Mormons petitioned Congress to become the State of Deseret, a word from the Book of Mormon signifying honeybee which was considered an industrious creature, but they were only allowed territorial status. Congress established the Territory of Utah, named for a local Indian tribe, and President Fillmore appointed Brigham Young governor in 1851. Young also became superintendent of Indian affairs. He oversaw the building of Salt Lake City and hundreds of other southwestern communities.
In the middle of the 19th century, the idea of "Manifest Destiny"--a phrase used to explain continental expansion by the U.S.--was embraced by many American people, including the Mormons. They began an industrious campaign to colonize Utah and beyond, establishing hundreds of settlements throughout the West and Southwest. As part of this process, Brigham Young called on volunteers to create a Las Vegas Mission, which would be strategically located alongside the Mormon Road (a portion of the Old Spanish Trail between New Mexico and California), halfway between the Mormon settlements of southern Utah and the San Bernardino Mission in southern California. There were eventually 96 settlements that included Lehi, Provo, Payson, Nephi, Fillmore, Beaver, Parowan and Cedar City. Meanwhile, the discovery of gold in California in 1848 made southern Nevada a corridor for westward emigrants and gold seekers. A gold seeker wrote in his diary on November 21, 1849 about stopping at the Las Vegas creek. Offering the only reliable supply of water for a 55-mile stretch along the Mormon Road, the Las Vegas Valley's springs were important for watering the mules, horses and oxen of travelers crossing the region's harsh desert environment. With the opening of the San Bernardino settlement in 1851, there was an additional need for a way station at the Las Vegas springs to provide supplies and rest. The mission the Mormons established as part of the Church's westward expansion out of Utah became the first non-native settlement in the area, and the Mormons hoped to bring the American Indians into their flock. Although the Mormons occupied the site only from 1855 to 1858, it affected the development of what was to become southern Nevada. | <urn:uuid:8860bac6-041d-4b65-b83d-98ea2f02c3c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/122fort/122setting.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946011.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423125457-20180423145457-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.97316 | 953 | 4.09375 | 4 |
FOIA.gov is a government-wide portal for the Freedom of Information Act that was developed as part of the Department of Justice’s Open Government plan. At FOIA.gov, you have access to all the FOIA data collected by the Department of Justice on behalf of the federal government.
This is not a full list of government agencies that make information available through FOIA. For the complete list please visit http://www.foia.gov/report-makerequest.html and click on "
March 16th is Freedom of Information Day! Celebrate by learning more about FOIA, and discovering what you have a right to know!
March 16-22 is Sunshine Week, and no, it's not about spring break. But since Sunshine Week occurs during spring break this year, we can celebrate now! Freedom of Information Day kicks off the week-long festivities, celebrating the Freedom of Information Act and your right to know executive branch information. Freedom of Information Day honors James Madison's birthday, March 16th.
This topical guide to FOIA is arranged by tabs across the top which group similar information together. On this tab, you’ll find the essentials of FOIA, as well as a list of agencies that make information available through FOIA. Hover over the abbreviations for the full title of the council, department, agency, foundation or office name.
For more information, see the tabs most closely relating to your area of inquiry. For example, if you are interested in some of the most common FOIA requests, select “Popular FOIA requests.”
Under "Research" you'll find assistance with citing sources you find in this guide using common citation styles.
For assistance, email Lori Gwinett, Government Documents Librarian
Watch brief videos by the U.S. Department of Justice on the following topics:
Sue Long received an award from the American University Law School for her career in pushing for governmental transparency. Afterward, she spoke about her experiences and the various roadblocks she has encountered, and progress made for the Freedom of Information Act. (FOIA). She also answered questions from the audience.
This was part of an American University Law School event celebrating the Freedom of Information Act. | <urn:uuid:218e1ab5-3ab3-456b-92c3-2554e843fca7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://georgiasouthern.libguides.com/c.php?g=356997 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280425.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00172-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947606 | 450 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Three quarters of people are unaware being overweight increases the risk of developing 10 different types of cancer – Cancer Research UK.
It said the lack of understanding was “concerning” and criticised the government for its failed attempt to tackle childhood obesity.
Bowel, kidney, breast and womb cancer are most commonly linked to obesity.
Public Health England said it was working with the food industry to reduce sugar in its products.
There is evidence to show that carrying too much weight increases the risk of developing cancers, contributing to more than 18,000 cases of cancer each year in the UK.
Cancer Research UK said its online survey of more than 3,000 people across the UK indicated the message about the health risks of being overweight had not got through to the general public.
Fewer than one third knew of the link between obesity and breast or womb cancer, and more than half did not know pancreatic cancer was linked to obesity.
Research suggests 40% of womb cancers are linked to obesity.
However, there was better awareness of the link with bowel cancer and kidney cancer.
Number of cancer cases linked to being overweight or obese in the UK each year:
Bowel – 5,400 cases
Breast – 4,300
Womb – 2,900
Kidney – 2,400
But the survey found men were less likely than women to be aware of the increased risk of cancer caused by obesity and people from poorer backgrounds were less likely to know about the link.
With a quarter of adults in the UK being obese – defined as a BMI or body mass index of over 30 – and about 60% classified as overweight or obese – a BMI over 25 – eating a healthy balanced diet and taking regular exercise is key to helping people lose weight.
CRUK has 10 top tips for a healthy weight, which include eating smaller portions of food and choosing water to drink instead of sweetened juices or alcohol.
Image copyright Thinkstock
Cancer Research UK said making the public more aware of the link between obesity and cancer was the government’s responsibility and it should start by focusing on the health of the nation’s children.
The latest figures show that one in five children starts primary school overweight or obese, and, at the age of 11, one in three are in this category.
Dr Alison Tedstone, chief nutritionist at Public Health England, said it had launched a programme to get the food industry to remove at least 20% of the sugar in their products by 2020.
“The link between obesity and cancer shows just how important it is to cut back on calories, sugar and saturated fat to maintain a healthy weight,” she said.
There are many possible factors that contribute to cancer risk include family history, age and lifestyle.
The link between obesity and cancer is still not completely clear, but there are three main theories:
- Too much fat in the body causes the level of sex hormones, such as oestrogen, to rise. For women, after the menopause, fat becomes the main source of oestrogen, and in those who are overweight this can make cells multiply more quickly in the breast and womb, increasing the risk of cancer in these organs
- Too much fat can cause levels of insulin to rise, which can tell cells to divide more rapidly
- Obesity may lead to tissues becoming inflamed, which can in turn help the growth and spread of cancer | <urn:uuid:a12d2091-263a-4fea-984b-422b904b21c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.fithealthylives.com/category/weight-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588251.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216143011-20171216165011-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.973438 | 700 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Preliminary results of a multidisciplinary research study aimed at optimizing water and nitrogen use in almonds and other nut crops are already yielding important information related to environmental stewardship and offer the potential for novel management of these two key inputs.
The study integrates a number of institutions, including UC and NASA. It also includes numerous experts in plant sciences, land, air and water resources, engineering, and remote sensing. This work was initiated with funding by the Almond Board and others and now is substantially leveraged by farm bill grant funds.
One key finding reported by Dr. David Smart (UC Davis Viticulture and Enology) and Blake Sanden (UC Cooperative Extension, Kern County) at the 2009 Almond Industry Conference is that the current practice of micro-irrigation combined with fertigation can yield 70 percent to 80 percent nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), which is among the most efficient ever measured in agriculture. NUE is calculated as the nitrogen applied vs. nitrogen removed with the crop.
The test orchard yielded 3200-3400 kernel pounds per acre and received 53 inches of water in season. This NUE was obtained by applying total N in the range of 250-275 pounds per acre through microsprinklers or drip, making several applications of 25 to 60 pounds each in February, March, April, May and June to match demand during growth and fruit development. This high efficiency approach matching in-season demand has led to low off target movement of N. Soil monitoring of the test orchard revealed nitrates did not move out below the root zone, while air monitoring showed off-gassing of nitrous oxide (N2O) is much less than originally estimated. N2O is one of three major greenhouse gases.
This research also is helping to develop new tools to manage water and nutrients, such as remote sensing (e.g., aerial over-flights and satellites) combined with ground-level sensing. Sensing leaf temperature using infrared (IR) sensors is showing potential as a tool for irrigation management by determining plant water status. Using pressure chambers to measure leaf stem water potential is the current standard, but this technique is time-consuming and is based on single tree/leaf readings. Mounting IR and other sensors on a mobile platform to detect water status and tree stress could provide a more rapid and comprehensive orchard assessment. To this end, UC Davis pomologists and ag engineers Drs. Bruce Lampinen, Shrini Upadhyaya and David Slaughter have mounted this suite of sensors to assess water status on a Kawasaki Mule, which is then driven through the orchard. A light bar mounted on the Mule has successfully measured light interception and the corresponding yield across orchards of varying age and condition. This has been a valuable research tool for assessing yields in trials, and could become an important production tool in the future. | <urn:uuid:c157962e-75f8-4dd1-8ed4-cdbbbe374c64> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://westernfarmpress.com/print/tree-nuts/optimal-water-nitrogen-use-almonds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161775.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00072-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95443 | 585 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The scapula (shoulder blade) is the largest bone of the shoulder complex and has the greatest number of muscles attached to it. These muscles both stabilise the arm to the body and move the arm around in space. All these muscles act at the same time sometimes and oppose each other at other times, but work together like a well trained team to allow the arm to move in space. If any of these muscles are not working in the right way at the right time this leads to a break in the rhythmic motion of the scapula. This is known as a scapula ' dysrhythmia '. This leads to apparent 'winging' of the scapula.
Winging of the scapula is a surprisingly common physical sign, but because it is often asymptomatic it receives little attention. However, symptoms of pain, weakness, or cosmetic deformity may demand attention. Winging is also a useful sign to suggest underlying problems with the shoulder.
Winging may be caused by injury or dysfunction of the muscles themselves or the nerves that supply the muscles.
- Loss of serratus anterior muscle function
- Loss of trapezius muscle function
- Weakness of all the scapula stabilisers
- Loss of the scapular suspensory mechanism
- Winging secondary to instability
- Winging secondary to pain
- Brachial Plexus injury
1. Loss of serratus anterior muscle function
When one talks about winging of the scapula, true winging is due to serratus anterior muscle dysfunction. This is an uncommon condition and may arise from traumatic injury to the nerve supplying the serratus anterior muscle, the long thoracic nerve; or due to damage to the nerve from pressure lesions or a neuritis (inflammation of the nerve). The long thoracic nerve follows a long an tortuous course from the neck to the serratus anterior muscle. It is prone to injury as it is much more vulnerable than many of the other nerves of the brachial plexus.
The test for identifying a long thoracic nerve injury is the 'serratus wall test'. The patient is asked to face a wall, standing about two feet from the wall and then push against the wall with flat palms at waist level.
Wall test for serratus anterior:
Click for video
Nerve conduction studies and EMG test of the long thoracic nerve, serratus anterior muscle and other muscles of the shoulder blade are beneficial to diagnose and quantify the degree of nerve and muscle damage. The tests are also useful to assess and follow recovery of the nerve.
The treatment will depend on the cause and severity of the injury. Exploration and decompression of the nerve can be performed, where it gets trapped or damaged at the scalene muscles in the neck. For more advanced cases, pectoralis muscle transfer can be performed.
2. Loss of trapezius muscle function
The trapezius muscle is a large muscle above your scapula which lifts and rotates your scapula. It is the muscle you use to shrug your shoulders.
Isolated loss of trapezius function is extremely rare and may occur after radical neck surgery (for tumours), where the nerve supplying trapezius may be damaged (the spinal accessory nerve).
To learn more about the trapezius muscle click here
Winging from trapezius muscle weakness
Trapezius weakness - unable to lift arm off the couch (Triangle sign)
Many people can manage with loss of trapezius function, but some have weakness and difficulty with manual and overhead activities. If the diagnosis is made early, then surgical reconstruction of within 20 months of the injury the nerve or nerve release (neurolysis) should be considered [Teboul. JBJS. 2004]. For for those diagnosed later a modified Eden-Lange muscle transfer procedure may be indicated [Romero & Gerber. JBJS. 2003].
3. Weakness of all the scapula stabilisers
Muscular dystrophies, most commonly fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD), are the main cause of weakness of all the scapula stabilising muscles. Click here for more detail.
Winging on both sides with FSHD
4. Loss of scapular suspensory mechanism
The coracoclavicular ligaments suspend the scapula from the clavicle and the acromioclavicular joint is the only joint linking the scapula to the rest of the body. Therefore dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint or a fracture of the outer third of the clavicle, with rupture of the coracoclavicular ligaments, leads to an abnormal scapula rhythm and apparent scapula winging with overhead manouevers. This is usually not painful and usually only affects overhead workers and athletes.
Another rare cause is the 'scapulothoracic dissociation', described by Rockwood & Matsen in 1990. The scapula is wrenched from the body in violent trauma leading to fracture of the clavicle and soft tissues around the clavicle.
5. Winging of the scapula secondary to instability
This is one of the commonest causes of scapula dysrythmia (and winging). Recurrent dislocations of the shoulder leads to dysfunction of the muscles that move and support the shoulder complex and scapula. The more frequent the dislocations and the less trauma involved in causing the dislocations, the worse the scapula dysryrhmia (winging). An essential part of treating shoulder instability (recurrent dislocations) is treating the scapula dysrythmia. This is done by an experienced physiotherapist in association with a shoulder surgeon.
6. Winging secondary to pain
This is another common cause of econdary winging and dysrhythmia of the scapula. Any painful condition of the shoulder will lead to abnormal movements of the entire shoulder complex. Reduced movement at the glenohumeral joint will lead to more compenatory movement at the scapula.
Click for video
7. Brachial Plexus injury or disease
Most of the nerves supplying the stabilising muscles of the scapula arise from the Brachial Plexus. The Brachial Plexus is a bundle of nerves running from the neck to the arm. It carries the nerve supply for the muscles of the arm and shoulder. Sometimes a major accident can affect the muscles of the shoulder more than the arm and lead to winging. When there is no trauma, a condition known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome (Brachial Neuritis) can lead to weakness of the scapula muscles.
Winging secondary to Parsonage-Turner syndrome:
Click for video
A tough band of connective tissue that connects two bones to each other. "Ligament" is a fitting term; it comes from the Latin "ligare" meaning "to bind or tie."
joint is unstable; it repeatedly slips out of it's socket, recurrently dislocates or feels unstable.
joint comes out of it's socket completely
at the front; in front
Bookmark this page:
Tags: No tags defined for this article.
[View tag cloud] | <urn:uuid:66b20b23-4c60-4236-bce4-0492b1052645> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.shoulderdoc.co.uk/article.asp?section=492 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856087.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00167-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900888 | 1,535 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Marwari horse breed is a fascinating and unique breed that has captured the attention of equestrian enthusiasts around the world. Known for its distinctive inward-curving ears, this breed originates from the Marwar region in Rajasthan, India. In this article, we will explore everything you need to know about the Marwari horse breed – from its history and characteristics to its cultural significance and current status.
With a rich heritage dating back centuries, the Marwari horse breed is deeply rooted in Indian culture and tradition. These horses were originally bred as warhorses by Rajput warriors, known for their bravery and valor on the battlefield. Today, they are not only cherished for their striking appearance but also valued for their versatility in various equestrian disciplines.
In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the origins of the Marwari horse breed, highlighting its unique physical features such as those iconic curved ears. We’ll also discuss their temperament and natural abilities which make them stand out among other breeds. Additionally, we’ll touch upon how these magnificent horses are celebrated in festivals like Pushkar Fair and why efforts are being made to preserve their lineage.
So if you’ve ever been curious about this captivating equine breed or simply want to expand your knowledge of horses from different parts of the world, keep reading as we uncover all there is to know about Marwari horses!
History of the Marwari Horse Breed
The Marwari horse breed has a rich and fascinating history that dates back several centuries. Here are some key points about the history of this remarkable breed:
- Ancient Origins: The Marwari horses originated in the Marwar region of present-day Rajasthan, India. They are believed to have descended from indigenous Indian ponies crossed with Arabian horses brought to India by Muslim invaders.
- War Horses: Historically, the Marwaris were highly prized warhorses used by Rajput warriors in battles and skirmishes. Their exceptional agility, strength, and endurance made them valuable assets on the battlefield.
- Distinct Characteristics: One of the most distinctive features of Marwari horses is their inwardly curved ears, known as “lyre-shaped” or “cobra-shaped.” These unique ears not only add to their regal appearance but also help enhance their hearing capabilities.
- Selective Breeding: Over time, selective breeding was practiced to refine and preserve the desirable traits of the Marwari breed. The Rajputs considered these horses a symbol of status and prestige, which led them to closely guard their bloodlines.
- Close Association with Royalty: In earlier times, owning a purebred Marwari horse was a privilege reserved for royalty and nobility. These magnificent steeds were often seen adorned with intricate silver jewelry and colorful textiles during ceremonial processions or royal events.
- Endangered Status: Despite its historical significance and cultural value, the population of purebred Marwari horses declined significantly over time due to various reasons such as wars, changing lifestyles, mechanization in agriculture practices, etc. This decline led to its classification as an endangered breed by organizations like FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and DAD-IS (Domestic Animal Diversity Information System).
Today efforts are being made by dedicated individuals and organizations to revive this extraordinary breed and ensure its survival for generations to come.
Physical Characteristics of Marwari Horses
Marwari horses are known for their unique and striking physical features. Here are some key characteristics that make them stand out:
- Appearance: The Marwari horse has a medium-sized body with a well-muscled and compact build. They have an elegant neck, sloping shoulders, and a strong back.
- Height: On average, Marwari horses measure between 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches) at the shoulder.
- Head: One of the most distinguishing features of Marwaris is their arched or “lyre-shaped” head profile. It is slightly concave in shape with expressive eyes set wide apart.
- Ears: Perhaps the most remarkable feature of these horses is their inward-curving ears that almost meet at the tips, giving them a distinct appearance often described as “peacock-like.” These long and beautifully shaped ears can rotate up to 180 degrees independently.
- Mane & Tail: Marwaris typically have dense manes and tails that flow gracefully down past their knees/hocks with luxurious hair strands.
- Coat Color: While they come in various colors like bay, chestnut, gray, black, or palomino; skewbald (pinto) patterns are particularly favored among breed enthusiasts.
- Feet & Legs: Their feet are strong and hardy with well-formed hooves suitable for traversing different terrains found in Rajasthan’s desert region where this breed originates from.
These distinctive physical traits not only contribute to the majestic appearance but also reflect the adaptability and resilience of Marwari horses.
|Appearance||Medium-sized body with a well-muscled and compact build|
|Height||Average height ranges from 14-16 hands|
|Head||Arched or “lyre-shaped,” slightly concave profile|
|Ears||Inward-curving and meet at the tips, often likened to peacock feathers|
|Mane & Tail||Dense manes and tails flowing past knees/hocks|
|Coat Color||Varied colors; skewbald patterns are popular|
|Feet & Legs||Strong hooves suitable for diverse terrains|
Marwari horses truly embody a blend of grace, strength, and unique physical features that make them an exceptional breed.
Unique Features and Adaptability
The Marwari horse breed possesses several unique features that make it a highly adaptable and versatile breed. Here are some of its notable characteristics:
- Distinctive Ears: One of the most striking features of the Marwari horse is its inwardly curved ears, known as “lyre-shaped” or “sickle-shaped.” These large and expressive ears not only add to their regal appearance but also serve a practical purpose by enhancing their hearing ability.
- High Stamina: The Marwari horses have exceptional stamina levels, allowing them to endure long journeys without tiring easily. This endurance makes them suitable for various activities such as long-distance riding, working in agricultural fields, and participating in equestrian sports.
- Surefootedness: Due to their desert origins in Rajasthan, India, Marwaris have developed remarkable agility and surefootedness over rugged terrains. They possess an innate ability to navigate difficult landscapes with ease, making them ideal for trail riding and trekking through challenging environments.
- Adaptability to Harsh Environments: Living in arid regions has made the Marwari breed resilient to extreme weather conditions like high temperatures and scarcity of water resources. Their ability to withstand harsh climates allows them to thrive even under adverse circumstances.
- Versatility: The Marwari horses excel in various equestrian disciplines due to their versatility. They can be trained for dressage, show jumping, polo matches, endurance riding events, or even as parade horses due to their graceful movement and elegant presence.
- Intelligence: The intelligence level of Marwaris is considered high compared to other breeds which contributes greatly towards trainability and responsiveness during training sessions.
- Loyalty & Bonding: Another notable feature of this breed is its strong bonding capability with humans once trust is established between both parties. Marwaris are known for their loyalty, forming deep connections with their owners, making them excellent companions.
In conclusion, the Marwari horse breed stands out due to its unique features and adaptability. From its distinctive ears to high stamina, surefootedness in challenging terrains, and versatility in various equestrian activities – these horses continue to captivate riders and enthusiasts worldwide.
Riding and Training a Marwari Horse
Riding and training a Marwari horse requires patience, skill, and an understanding of their unique characteristics. Here are some key points to keep in mind:
- Establishing Trust: Before starting any training, it’s crucial to establish trust between you and the horse. Spend time bonding with your Marwari by grooming them and providing positive reinforcement.
- Gentle Approach: Marwaris are known for their sensitivity, so a gentle approach is essential during training sessions. Avoid using force or harsh methods as they may cause the horse to become anxious or unresponsive.
- Basic Groundwork: Start by teaching your Marwari basic groundwork exercises such as leading, halting, backing up, and turning on command. This will help build a foundation of respect and obedience.
- Desensitization Training: Due to their alert nature, Marwaris can be easily startled by unfamiliar objects or sounds. Gradually introduce them to different stimuli like plastic bags rustling or umbrellas opening slowly with positive reinforcement when they remain calm.
- Saddle Training: Introduce the saddle gradually while ensuring it fits comfortably on the horse’s back without causing any discomfort or pain. Let the Marwari get accustomed to wearing it before attempting riding.
- Mounting Techniques: Teach your horse proper mounting techniques from both sides while rewarding them for standing still throughout the process.
- Walking Exercises: Begin riding sessions at a walk to allow your Marwari horse to acclimate themselves with carrying weight on their back while responding calmly to cues such as stopping or turning.
8 .Progressive Challenges: As your bond strengthens with your Marwari horse over time, gradually increase challenges such as trotting patterns, lope transitions (canter/gallop), lateral movements like side-passing etc., always keeping communication clear and consistent.
Remember, each Marwari horse is unique, so adapt your training methods to suit their individual needs. By being patient, understanding, and consistent in your approach, you can develop a strong partnership with your Marwari and enjoy the rewards of riding a truly remarkable breed.
Famous Marwari Horses in History
Here are some notable Marwari horses that have left their mark in history:
- Chetak: Chetak is perhaps the most famous Marwari horse of all time. This brave and loyal steed belonged to Maharana Pratap, a renowned Rajput warrior. Chetak played a crucial role in the Battle of Haldighati in 1576, carrying his master safely through enemy lines before succumbing to its injuries.
- Badal: Badal was another legendary Marwari horse known for its exceptional endurance and agility. Rana Kumbha, the ruler of Mewar during the 15th century, rode Badal into battle against Mahmud Khalji’s army at Mandalgarh Fort.
- Pabuji’s Steed: Pabuji was a revered folk hero from Rajasthan who fought against social injustice and protected innocent people from harm. His faithful Marwari horse remains an integral part of folklore and symbolizes loyalty, bravery, and righteousness.
- Majestic Mare: In modern times, there are several remarkable examples of Marwari horses gaining recognition beyond India’s borders. One such example is a stunning mare named “Marvadene,” owned by Francesca Kelly-Evans from England. This magnificent horse has won numerous awards for her beauty and grace.
- Folklore Heroes: Many ancient Rajasthani ballads celebrate other heroic Marwaris like Ramdev Ji’s steed Veer Dallaji or Gogaji’s trusted companion Bhimdeo.
These extraordinary horses exemplify the courage, strength, and elegance that define the Marwari breed throughout history.
|Horse Name||Owner||Notable Achievement|
|Chetak||Maharana Pratap||Carried his master through the Battle of Haldighati|
|Badal||Rana Kumbha||Fought against Mahmud Khalji’s army at Mandalgarh Fort|
|Pabuji’s Steed||Pabuji||Symbolizes loyalty, bravery, and righteousness|
|Marvadene||Francesca Kelly-Evans||Multiple awards for beauty and grace|
Please note that this is just a small selection of the famous Marwari horses in history. The breed’s rich heritage continues to inspire horse enthusiasts worldwide.
Preservation Efforts for the Marwari Breed
The Marwari horse breed, known for its unique appearance and versatile abilities, has faced numerous challenges over the years. However, dedicated efforts have been made to preserve this magnificent breed and ensure its survival for future generations. Here are some of the key preservation initiatives:
- Conservation Programs: Several organizations have established conservation programs specifically focused on protecting and promoting the Marwari breed. These programs aim to increase awareness about the breed’s significance while implementing measures to prevent its decline.
- Selective Breeding: A crucial aspect of preserving any horse breed is through selective breeding practices. Breeders carefully choose suitable stallions and mares with desirable traits to maintain genetic diversity within the Marwari population.
- Stud Farms: Specialized stud farms play a vital role in safeguarding the Marwari breed by providing controlled breeding environments that emphasize quality standards and lineage documentation.
- Registration Systems: To ensure authenticity and traceability, registration systems have been put in place by various equine organizations that focus on validating pedigrees of Marwari horses. This helps establish their purity as well as track their lineage.
- Awareness Campaigns: Raising awareness among equestrian enthusiasts about the importance of preserving endangered breeds like the Marwari is crucial for garnering support towards their conservation efforts.
- Government Support: Recognizing the cultural value associated with indigenous horse breeds like the Marwari, governments have taken steps to provide financial assistance or incentives to encourage responsible breeding practices and promote conservation initiatives.
- International Collaboration: Collaborative endeavors between different countries can aid in expanding knowledge sharing, research opportunities, and even exchange programs aimed at further enhancing preservation efforts for rare breeds such as the Marwari.
Preserving a heritage-rich horse breed like the Marwari requires concerted efforts from individuals, organizations, governments along with the support of horse enthusiasts worldwide. By implementing these preservation strategies, we can ensure that the Marwari breed continues to thrive and enrich the equine world for generations to come.
Tips for Finding and Owning a Marwari Horse
When it comes to finding and owning a Marwari horse, there are a few key tips to keep in mind. These tips will help you navigate the process and ensure that you find the perfect horse for your needs.
- Research reputable breeders: Start by doing thorough research on reputable breeders who specialize in Marwari horses. Look for breeders with good reviews, experience, and a track record of producing healthy horses.
- Visit multiple breeders: Take the time to visit multiple breeders to see their facilities and meet their horses in person. This will give you an opportunity to assess the overall health, temperament, and quality of the horses they have available.
- Consider your riding goals: Determine what your riding goals are before purchasing a Marwari horse. Are you looking for a trail-riding companion or a competitive show horse? Knowing this will help guide your search and ensure that you find a horse with suitable training and abilities.
- Assess temperament: When evaluating potential Marwari horses, pay close attention to their temperament. Look for horses that are calm, intelligent, willing to learn, and have good manners both on the ground and under saddle.
- Get a pre-purchase examination: Before finalizing any purchase, be sure to get a thorough pre-purchase examination conducted by an experienced veterinarian specializing in equine health. This examination should include evaluations of soundness, overall health, conformational issues if any exist.
- Consider ongoing care requirements: Understand the ongoing care requirements associated with owning this particular breed of horse. Ensure that you have access to proper stabling facilities as well as knowledgeable professionals such as farriers who can handle their unique hoof shape.
7Ensure compatibility: Spend ample time interacting with potential horses before making your final decision; make sure there is compatible chemistry and that you feel confident with the horse’s training level.
Remember, owning a Marwari horse is a long-term commitment. Take your time, do thorough research, and consult with experts to ensure a successful and fulfilling ownership experience.
In conclusion, the Marwari horse breed is truly a magnificent and versatile equine companion. With its unique characteristics, including the distinctive inward-turning ears and elegant gait, the Marwari has captured the hearts of horse enthusiasts around the world.
Originating from Rajasthan in India, this breed is deeply rooted in history and culture. From being war horses for Rajput warriors to serving as loyal companions for farmers and traders, Marwaris have adapted to various roles with grace and resilience.
Today, these horses continue to make their mark in different equestrian disciplines such as dressage, show jumping, endurance riding, and more. Their natural athleticism combined with their willingness to please makes them an ideal choice for riders of all levels.
Whether you’re captivated by their regal appearance or drawn to their incredible temperament, owning a Marwari horse can be a rewarding experience. So if you’re looking for a breed that embodies both beauty and versatility, consider adding a Marwari horse to your equine family – they are sure to bring joy and admiration wherever they go. | <urn:uuid:c8d7c35a-a404-4feb-9296-c01abb66f984> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://horsehero.com/marwari-horse-breed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00886.warc.gz | en | 0.936461 | 3,707 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Most of us have had the experience of opening yet another present of socks or hankies from a well-intentioned older relative. But even among friends, why is it that people giving presents so often get it wrong? Norwegian psychologists Karl Teigen, Marina Olsen and Odd Solas investigated.
They wondered whether people playing the role of giver overestimate the importance of exclusivity, not realising that the person they’re giving to will appreciate quantity and practicality just as much, if not more. Their initial findings seemed to support this hypothesis. They asked hundreds of students to choose between gift alternatives (e.g. one expensive bottle of wine, or two cheap bottles), either from the perspective of a giver or a receiver. This showed that givers prefer to buy others gift vouchers, expensive wine and new dictionaries, whereas recipients said they’d prefer cash to vouchers, more (cheaper) wine, and larger, better second-hand books.
However, this difference all seemed to come down to whether we evaluate things in isolation, or in comparison with something else. So when Teigan’s team asked people to rate from 1-10 how much they would like to receive certain gifts – two cheap bottles of wine, say – then exclusive or more expensive gifts received higher ratings every time.
“Positive attributes like quantity are harder to evaluate without a comparator”, the authors said. “Exclusive, spotless items are ideal gifts whereas quantitatively superior items need to be compared with something else to be fully appreciated […] Accordingly, the art of successful gift giving consists of selecting items that can
be appreciated even when they are presented on their own”.
Teigen, K.H., Olsen, M.V.G. & Solas, O.E. (2005). Giver-receiver asymmetries in gift preferences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 127-148. | <urn:uuid:2fab3655-e765-4bd5-bbd0-3db439f18785> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://digest.bps.org.uk/2005/03/13/give-and-take/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057227.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921191451-20210921221451-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.941958 | 399 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When it comes to ethnic couture Indian sari certainly deserves a special mention . This classic six yards long has fascinated people draping women from eternity. The incredible story of India Sari is testimony to this fact. It is very interesting to know changes the way Sari over time .
From its evolution to the contemporary form, the sari has undergone a tremendous transformation in designs, patterns and fabrics. Let’s talk a walk through the bylanes of Indian sari history to understand the origin and progression of this garment par excellence.
Recommended Read: [How to Choose the Right Handbag for Any Occasion?]
Origin of Sari
to understand Sari how changes over time , which should deepen its origin. If historical inscriptions are to be believed, saris had their presence from the Indus Valley in the western parts of the Indian subcontinent. The ancient literature Jataka Natya Shastra and Tamil poems saris have descriptions of them. The first revelation about origin of the sari dating back to 100 BC. In its original form, India Sari used to be the seamless garment, preferably made of loincloth. The concept of blouse and petticoat came much later.
will like to read: [Must Have Accessories for Plus Size Women…]
How Sari changed with time
is quite intriguing to know about revolution Style Indian Sari . This timeless suit has really come of age in its current avatar. It has challenged the current fashion standards world and set new benchmarks for Indian ethnic wear . The first obvious change in the form of Sari wine with Aryans who introduced a distinctive style of draping saris. Clothing Later, when Muslims invaded India, introduced sewed including Cholis they used with this rectangular cloth called Sari.
When the British government established force in the Indian subcontinent, clothing styles underwent rapid transformations. fashion designs in chiffon were introduced in traditional Indian clothing. The women of the upper classes were wounded by its charm. Ethnic dressing always restored in Indian sari.
miss to not read: [How to Plan a Basic Wardrobe for Girls?]
Styles Draped Indian saris
image courtesy – Wikipedia
India Sari it is not just about the rectangular piece of fabric. Conversely, also it implies proper draping. In India, each region has its own version of draping sari. perennial pretty saris to Indian culture is. Draping saris styles of ancient India include Nivi, Gujarati, Tamil, Bengali, Maharashtra, Kodagu, Madisar and draping Malayali.
Evolution of Sari Fabrics
like any other factor, fabrics Sari have the same weight in the revolution of style. The earliest records of Indian sari as described by cotton unstitched cloth . Later, some quality fabrics are also preferred in making Sari. Chiffon and silk textiles were the most significant traditionally used in saris. Hand-woven silk saris are still higher preference trousseau in India. banarasi Silk, Mysore Silk, Kanchipuram, silk, and Mysore silk saris with tissues and play vivid colors are the pride of Indian brides to date.
If you liked this article and want to share your views about Indian Sari, please give your valuable comments in the comments section. Also please share this article on Facebook, Twitter and Google +.
Additional Tags for this post:
tamil auntykalai correct pannuvathu eppadi | tamil auntykalai opathu eppadi in tamil language | tamil auntykalai opathu eppadi picture | oppathu eppadi tamil tips | pengalai oppathu eppadi | kerala aunty illegal affair youtube | tamil kamakaghaika 2016 | tamil kamakathaikal child 2017 | tamil aunty mood ethuvathu eppadi | pengalai oppathu eppadi in tamil | tamil auntykalai poduvathu hd images | tamilkamakaghaikalnew 2018 | tamilkamakaghaikalnew 2018 tamil | kannam uppa tamil tips | indian aunty illegal affair youtube | pudavai kattuvathu yeppadi | tamil aunty illegal affair phone | auntykalai madakkuvathu eppadi tamil | tamilnadu aunty illegal affair youtube | tamil auntykalai opathu eapadi kathai | | <urn:uuid:770f3dfe-88a2-497f-856e-f17b67e4d0b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://healthremediesforlife.com/the-amazing-indian-sari-history-that-you-must-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.888514 | 977 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Bibliography/ Works Cited Guide According to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
The information below is provided as assistance when writing works cited or a bibliography. It does not represent a complete listing of entry types. Entries should be listed alphabetically by the first word of the entry, but should not be numbered.
- Double space each entry and between entries.
- The second and subsequent lines of each entry are indented one tab space
A. One author:
Author’s last name, author’s first name and middle initial if given. Title of book. Place of publication: publisher, date of publication.
Meyer, Lowell A. Skateboarding. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1978.
B. Two authors:
Author #1’s last name, author #1’s first name and middle initial if given, and author #2’s first name followed by middle if given and last name. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.
Smith, Rose R., and David Bush. Roller Skating. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
C. Editor in place of author:
Editor’s last name, editor’s first name and middle initial if given, ed. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.
Gold, Robert S., ed. Point of Departure. New York: Dell Publishers, 1967.
D. No author given:
Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.
The World Almanac and Book of Facts. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Assoc., 1965.
E. Signed article in a printed encyclopedia: (*See note.)
Author’s last name, author’s first name and middle initial if given. “Name of article.” Name of Encyclopedia. Date of the edition (if given). Year of publication.
Turner, Sarah H. “Skateboarding.” Encyclopedia America. 1986 ed. 2001.
F. Online encyclopedia:
Author’s last name, author’s first name and initial if given. “Name of Article.” Name of Encyclopedia. Edition number if given. Place of publication: publisher, year
of publication. URL
Smith, Robert B. “Dogs.” World Book Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. New York: World Book, 1991. www.worldencyclopedia.org
G. Personal interview:
Last name of person interviewed, first name and middle initial given. Personal interview. Date of interview.
Grant, Anita B. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 1993.
Author of e-mail message. “Title of message (if any).” Description of message including recipient. Date of message.
Davis, Tom. “Amazon Research Project Results.” E-mail to Bobby C. Vale. 3 Feb. 1996.
I. World Wide Web/Online Resources:
*When citing on-line sources, include as much of the following information as is available/applicable. If the entry indicates an editor, translator, or compiler, identify that with ed., trans., or comp. after the name.
Author or editor’s last name, first name and middle initial if given. “Title of article, file, or webpage.” Title of periodical, web site, or database. Date of publication or latest update. Name of subscription service (if used). Name of any institution or organization associated with web site. Date of access <http:/electronic address>.
Jones, Sally. “Bosnian Peace.” 5 Jan. 1996. New York Times. 21 June 2004. <http://nytimes.com/index/jones/bosnia.html>.
Landis, Marvin W. “This day in History: May 5.” The History Journal. 13 May 1973 The History Channel Online. 1 Oct. 2004 <http//: historyjournal.home/mwl/com>.
J. Court Cases:
Court case name (first plaintiff and first defendant only).. Volume Name (of place found) Page. Court name Year of decision.
Roberts v. Tide Water Co. 123 USPQ 789. VA Super. Ct. 1989.
K. Signed article in a reference book: (*See note.)
Author’s last name, author’s first name and initial if given. “Article title.” Name of reference. Edition number. Year of publication.
Hancock, John W. or “Personal Finance.” Environmental. Dictionary. 24th ed. 2001.
L. Signed newspaper articles: (*See note.)
Author’s last name, author’s first name and initial if given. “Title of Article.” Name of newspaper date of publication: section letter or name page (+ if continued on another page).
Bragg, Brett B. “Chet’s Catch Saves Tigers.” Detroit Free Press 25 July 1993: D1.
M. Signed magazine articles:
Author’s last name, author’s first name and initial if given. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine date of publication: page(s).
Willis, Gray M. “The Impeachment Man.” Atlantic Monthly 15 May 1974: 79-84. | <urn:uuid:64567cf2-56cf-43e1-b7de-7afddecf800a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://tbarlow.blogs.ccps.us/?page_id=92 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891485.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122153557-20180122173557-00765.warc.gz | en | 0.735152 | 1,141 | 2.75 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.