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Canonicalization is the method that serps use to find out the primary model of a web page. That’s the web page that will likely be listed and proven to customers. The chosen model is canonical, and rating indicators like hyperlinks will consolidate to that web page. This course of is typically known as standardization or normalization.
In response to Google Webmaster Traits Analyst Gary Illyes, ~60% of the web is duplicate content material.
— Lily Ray 😏 (@lilyraynyc) March 30, 2022
Canonicalization is advanced and infrequently misunderstood. I don’t assume many of the duplicates are nefarious. It’s principally going to be technical points that trigger them. We’ll have a look at this extra in a bit. I’m going to speak about how the canonicalization course of works, in addition to the next:
Plenty of completely different indicators go into the canonicalization course of. These embody:
- Canonical hyperlink parts
- Sitemap URLs
- Inside hyperlinks
Google appears in any respect the completely different indicators and weighs them to find out what the canonical model must be. That’s the model of the web page it would index and what it normally exhibits to customers.
With duplicate content material, Google will decide a canonical model to index. All of the eligible pages type a cluster of pages, and the indicators that go to the pages in that cluster will consolidate on the chosen canonical. That canonical might even change over time.
Some SEOs consider there’s a duplicate content material penalty, however that’s not true. Usually, you’re going to have one model or one other listed. It is probably not the model you need to be listed, however it will likely be listed and rank simply in addition to every other model of the identical web page.
Listed below are some examples of what could cause duplicate pages and typically canonicalization points:
- HTTP and HTTPS variants – Examples: http://www.instance.com and https://www.instance.com.
- Non-www and www variants – Examples: http://instance.com and http://www.instance.com.
- URLs with and with out trailing slashes – Examples: https://instance.com/web page/ and https://instance.com/web page.
- URLs with and with out capital letters – Examples: https://instance.com/web page/ and https://instance.com/Web page/.
- Default variations of the web page, resembling index pages – Examples: https://www.instance.com/, https://www.instance.com/index.htm, https://www.instance.com/index.html, https://www.instance.com/index.php, https://www.instance.com/default.htm, and many others.
- Alternate variations of pages – This might embody cell variations (e.g., instance.com and m.instance.com), AMP variations (e.g., instance.com/web page and amp.instance.com/web page), print variations (e.g., instance.com/web page and instance.com/web page/print), alternate variations meant for different nations however containing the identical content material (e.g., instance.com/en-us/, instance.com/en-gb/, instance.com/en-au/), or variations in a dev or staging web site (e.g., dev.instance.com).
- URL parameters – Examples: instance.com?parameter=no matter. These might exist due to monitoring codes, faceted navigation, sorting content material, session IDs, and many others. There are some cases the place parameters might change the web page’s content material in order that it’s not a replica.
- Different pages displaying the total content material – Google might select the fallacious canonical when one other web page shows the content material in full. This may occasionally embody the primary weblog web page, paginated pages, tag pages, class pages, or feed pages.
- Scraped or syndicated content material – Content material syndication finest practices typically suggest having a canonical tag again to the unique content material or at the least a hyperlink to the unique content material. That’s as a result of the canonical chosen is usually a fully completely different area. They attempt to choose the unique supply because the canonical however, in some instances, they select the fallacious web page.
Most of those aren’t normally points. As I discussed, Google will normally select one model or one other because the canonical. There are a couple of exceptions to this.
- Typically with content material syndication, the unique supply isn’t chosen because the canonical. This can be a actual drawback. How would you are feeling if another person began rating for an article you wrote?
- Hreflang doesn’t remedy duplication on worldwide websites. Google will typically attempt to swap to point out the right model. Nevertheless it’s not assured, and this setup usually breaks. When this occurs, customers see pages from the fallacious nation. It’s finest to keep away from having the identical content material on a number of pages for worldwide web sites.
With the pages utilizing hreflang, if it decides that the pages are duplicates with out crawling them, it might not be capable of swap them correctly.
Earlier than a web page is even rendered, it might “look” like one other web page primarily based on the HTML content material. Google might select the canonical primarily based on this preliminary model and should not prioritize it for rendering as a result of it’s already deemed a replica web page. This normally resolves itself after rendering, however it will possibly take a while to clear up.
Google has a few guidelines it typically follows in relation to canonicalization of duplicates.
1. It prefers HTTPS pages over HTTP pages.
Google will typically index the HTTPS model, however there are a couple of points or conflicting indicators that will trigger it to decide on the HTTP model as a substitute, such as:
- Having an invalid safety certificates.
- HTTPS web page hyperlinks to HTTP assets on the web page (excludes pictures).
- HTTPS redirecting to HTTP.
- HTTPS web page having a rel=“canonical” hyperlink ingredient pointing to the HTTP web page.
2. It prefers shorter URLs over longer URLs.
This has been misconstrued over time by SEOs to say that each one your URLs must be shorter. However that’s not what was meant by the unique assertion. What Google stated was that when you had, as an example, a clear, quick model of a URL and an extended model with parameters connected, it will typically select the shorter model of the URL with out the parameter because the canonical model.
Canonical hyperlink ingredient
That is additionally generally known as a canonical tag. It appears like this:
<hyperlink rel=”canonical” https://www.instance.com />
The canonical tag is typically known as a touch as a result of it’s only one canonicalization sign. Google ignores it if different indicators are stronger.
If the canonical tag is revered, all indicators like hyperlinks will go. Nevertheless, if the canonical is ignored, no worth is handed. The worth isn’t misplaced; it stays with the unique web page or goes to no matter web page Google chooses because the canonical.
A canonical hyperlink ingredient could be carried out in two other ways. It may be within the <head> part or the HTTP header.
A enjoyable anecdote. Google’s search engine marketing Starter Information was a PDF. It didn’t have a canonical tag set within the HTTP header, and folks used to “steal” the itemizing with their very own duplicate model.
Typically the <head> part of a web page will finish earlier than it ought to. That is normally attributable to a tag within the <head> not closed out correctly. When that occurs, a canonical tag could also be put into the <physique> part as a substitute. If that occurs, your canonical tag received’t be revered.
The URLs you embody in your sitemap are additionally a canonicalization sign. More often than not, you solely need to embody URLs of pages that you simply need to be listed.
There are some exceptions to this as a result of sitemap URLs additionally assist with crawling. After a web site migration, you must create a sitemap that also lists the outdated pages, regardless that they aren’t canonical. It will assist the redirects be processed sooner. You’ll need to delete this sitemap after many of the redirects have been picked up and processed.
It issues the way you hyperlink to pages. Inside hyperlinks are one other canonicalization sign.
Usually, you must hyperlink to the model of a web page you need to be canonical and replace the hyperlinks to any URLs that will have modified. Nevertheless, there are exceptions to this, resembling with faceted navigation. In some instances like this, what’s finest for customers might trump what’s finest for search engine marketing.
There are a number of various kinds of redirects, they usually’re all canonicalization indicators. They go PageRank and assist decide which URL will get proven in Google’s index.
301s and 308s ship indicators ahead to the brand new URL. 302s and a few 307s ship indicators backward to the redirected URL. If a 302 is left in place lengthy sufficient or the URL it’s redirected to already exists, it might be handled as a 301 and ship indicators ahead as a substitute. It requires sufficient indicators to flip the dimensions we noticed earlier for canonicalization indicators. As hyperlinks construct up, inner hyperlinks are modified, sitemap URLs are up to date, and many others., extra indicators level to the brand new URL than the outdated URL, and the flip happens.
A 307 has two completely different instances. In instances the place it’s a short lived redirect, it will likely be handled the identical as a 302 and try and consolidate backward. When internet servers require shoppers to solely use HTTPS connections (HSTS coverage), Google received’t see the 307 as a result of it’s cached within the browser. The preliminary hit (with out cache) can have a server response code that’s probably a 301 or a 302. However your browser will present you a 307 for subsequent requests.
Your principal supply of reality for what Google selected because the canonical would be the URL Inspection device in Google Search Console. Enter the URL, and it’ll present what the declared canonical is and what Google selected because the canonical.
In the event you don’t have entry to Google Search Console, the advisable strategy to examine the model of a web page Google has listed is to stick the URL into Google. The highest result’s normally the canonical.
Equally, when you examine the cached model of a web page in Google and a unique web page is proven, then Google has chosen a unique model of the web page.
Warning: Don’t use web site: searches for checking canonicals. It exhibits what Google is aware of about, not essentially what’s listed or the chosen canonical.
Inside Ahrefs’ Website Audit, we present many points associated to canonicalization. Remember that we’re flagging finest practices generally. As a result of the canonical is a touch, Google and different serps should select which model of a web page to index.
Even when your web site has numerous points associated to canonicalization, serps might be able to determine what model must be listed and the place they need to consolidate indicators. It could not create any actual issues for them.
Enjoyable reality. When operating a web site audit, we solely rely the canonical model of pages as crawl credit. Another instruments rely each model of a web page towards the credit. On many websites, this could eat a number of credit per web page!
There’s lots that may go fallacious with canonicalization. Let’s have a look at some frequent errors.
Mistake #1. Blocking the canonicalized URL by way of robots.txt
Blocking a URL in robots.txt prevents Google from crawling it, which means that it can not see any canonical tags on that web page. That, in flip, prevents it from transferring any “hyperlink fairness” from the non-canonical to the canonical.
Except you could have a crawl price range concern, it’s in all probability higher to let all of the indicators consolidate. Even when you’re going to dam or noindex some variations, you should still need to examine for variations with hyperlinks that you must canonicalize as a substitute. Nevertheless, as Google tends to crawl non-canonical pages much less over time, it’s possible you’ll simply need to wait.
Mistake #2. Setting the canonicalized URL to “noindex”
By no means combine noindex and rel=canonical. They’re contradictory directions.
As John Mueller states, Google will normally prioritize the canonical tag over the “noindex” tag.
Mistake #3. Setting a 4XX HTTP standing code for the canonicalized URL
Setting a 4XX HTTP standing code for a canonicalized URL has the identical impact as utilizing the “noindex” tag: Google will likely be unable to see the canonical tag and switch “hyperlink fairness” to the canonical model.
Mistake #4. Canonicalizing all paginated pages to the basis web page
Paginated pages shouldn’t be canonicalized to the primary paginated web page within the collection. As an alternative, self-referencing canonicals must be used on all paginated pages.
Why? As John said on Reddit, that is improper use of the rel=canonical.
The principle factor to keep away from, since this publish is about canonicalization, is to make use of the rel=canonical on web page 2 pointing to web page 1. Web page 2 isn’t equal to web page 1, so the rel=canonical like that might be incorrect.
We now have a information on pagination for search engine marketing and finest practices when you’re .
Mistake #5. Utilizing the URL elimination device in Google Search Console for canonicalization
This will take away all variations of a URL, successfully deindexing your web page from search.
Mistake #6. Not conserving canonicalization indicators constant
As we talked about earlier, there are various completely different canonicalization indicators.
Having completely different indicators counsel completely different canonicals implies that you’ll be counting on Google to pick a canonical for you. The extra constant indicators you present Google along with your most well-liked model, the extra probably it’s that model would be the chosen canonical.
Mistake #7. Not utilizing canonical tags with hreflang
Hreflang tags specify the language and geographical focusing on of a webpage.
Google states that when utilizing hreflang, you must “specify a canonical web page in the identical language, or the very best substitute language if a canonical doesn’t exist for a similar language.”
Mistake #8. Having a number of rel=canonical tags
Having a number of rel=canonical tags will normally trigger Google to disregard them. In lots of instances, this occurs as a result of tags are inserted right into a system at completely different factors, resembling by the CMS, the theme, and plugin(s). That is why many plugins have an overwrite choice meant to make sure they’re the one supply for canonical tags.
Mistake #9. Rel=canonical within the <physique>
Rel=canonical ought to solely seem within the <head> of a doc. A canonical tag within the <physique> part of a web page will likely be ignored.
Most of the instruments SEOs had for dealing with canonicalization have been taken away, such because the URL Parameters Device and Most popular Area setting in Google Search Console. Nevertheless, there are nonetheless loads of different indicators to assist Google select a canonical.
When you’ve got questions, message me on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:088cc92f-740d-4bd2-a5cd-11c1804b086f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://geekyguruji.com/what-it-is-how-it-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104690785.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707093848-20220707123848-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.87109 | 3,835 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Climate change, Lyme disease linked
Researchers from the Public Health Agency of Canada in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec have discovered evidence that global warming could promote the spread of Lyme disease. They discovered that the spread of mild temperatures between 1971 and 2010 corresponded with the distribution of the deer tick Ixodes scapularis, which carries the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. Over the past few decades, the prevalence of Lyme disease has greatly increased. The researchers suggest that if the current climate projections for now until 2070 hold true, Lyme disease will continue to spread.
Source: Science News
U.S. and Mexico restore ecosystem
The United States and Mexico have agreed to open the floodgates of the Morelos Dam near Yuma County, Ariz. on Mar. 23 for almost two months in an attempt to restore the Colorado River Delta ecosystem.
The ecosystem has withered from lack of water since the repeated damming of the Colorado River. Researchers, who have studied the river channel to determine the optimal time for restoration, chose the date. They hope that the deluge will create sandbars that will become a habitat for new seedlings, flush salt from the soil, and replenish groundwater stores.
Source: Science Insider
Calcium to prevent alcoholism relapse
Researchers at the Central Institute of Mental Health and the University of Heidelberg in Mannheim, Germany have gathered data that suggests that the calcium ions present in acamprosate, a drug approved as treatment for alcoholism, could be the active ingredient, not the acamprosate itself. The team previously determined that abstinence from alcohol raises glutamate levels, which makes a person more likely to relapse into alcoholism. The team’s new research suggests that the calcium present in the drug reduces glutamate levels, which suggests that acamprosate itself is inactive.
Source: Science News
Brain distinguishes real vs fake laughs
Researchers from Royal Holloway, University of London have discovered that the brain is able to distinguish between sincere and fake laughter and responds differently based on its sincerity. The team monitored the brain responses of participants who listened to people produce genuine laughter from watching funny videos, as well as forced laughter. The researchers found that the participants’ brains had very different responses to genuine laughter versus forced laughter.
Source: Science Daily | <urn:uuid:e2d61a79-194b-4fba-915f-77b7318efc31> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://thetartan.org/2014/3/24/scitech/briefs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745800.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119150816-20181119172816-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.942251 | 466 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Your personal lifetime energy supply, the golf ball-sized lump of heavy metal at left represents about 780 grams of thorium or uranium. Barry Brook recently used this to illustrate the energy density and cleanliness of fast neutron fission power relative to coal. And compared to solar or wind power options, coal is extremely energy dense. But the energy density of thorium or uranium is about 2.6 million times that of coal.
Bill Gates has described the solar/wind options as “energy farming“, which neatly captures the extraordinarily diffuse nature of these energy sources. For land use-friendly and economical energy, dense is good, diffuse is bad.
Tom Blees used the above graphic to illustrate the tiny volume of waste generated by fast neutron fission power: Your lifetime energy supply = 1 golf ball, your waste = 1 soda can. For more please see the conference paper Advanced Nuclear Power Systems to Mitigate Climate Change, or IFR FaD 4 – a lifetime of energy in the palm of your hand. | <urn:uuid:523869b9-1d69-41a5-b071-49b12402d691> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://seekerblog.com/tag/energy-density/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738009849.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222009-00039-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866355 | 206 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Health education plays an important role in the community
hygiene. To prevent illness and have positive health attitude,
correct and complete knowledge of health is necessary. Health is
cleanliness and cleanliness is one of the main defenses against diseases, whether contagious or self-generated. In this lesson we will discuss the actual meaning of health and hygiene, so that the aim of good health can be achieved through sanitary habits and healthy way of living.
After reading this lesson you will be able to:
- Explain the concept of health.
- Recognise the importance of physical, mental and spiritual health.
- Appreciate the importance of hygiene.
- State the necessity of personal, environmental and food hygiene. | <urn:uuid:c032d644-54b8-4966-a386-d0fbef4d0906> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/Health_and_Hygiene | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446248.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00036-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890657 | 146 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The number of lone workers in Australia is on the rise. Whether in remote regions, healthcare, construction, or a variety of other industries, lone workers are individuals who carry out their tasks without direct supervision or assistance. While this trend provides flexibility and efficiency, it also raises concerns about personal safety.
This article delves into the growing number of lone workers in Australia and explores the indispensable role of personal safety devices in ensuring their well-being.
The Rise of Lone Workers in Australia:
Lone workers are not a new concept, but the number of Australians engaged in such professions has been gradually increasing in recent years. Several variables, including technology improvements, changing work arrangements, and economic concerns, can be ascribed to this change.
Technological Advancements: Individuals may now operate remotely and autonomously thanks to the advancement of digital communication technologies and the general availability of the Internet. This has cleared the way for an increase in the number of lone employees in many industries.
Changing Work Structures: Flexible work arrangements, such as freelancing, gig economy jobs, and remote work, have grown in popularity. These employment arrangements frequently necessitate folks working alone, either from home or in the field.
Economic Factors: Many businesses are aiming to cut expenses by hiring fewer on-site employees and outsourcing specialised activities to lone freelancers. This cost-cutting technique has contributed to an increase in the number of people working for themselves.
The Importance of Personal Safety Devices
While working alone offers various benefits, it also exposes individuals to unique safety risks. Whether it’s a medical emergency, physical threat, or accident, lone workers are vulnerable without immediate assistance. This is where personal safety devices come into play. These devices are designed to mitigate risks and provide peace of mind to both employees and employers. Here’s why they are essential for lone workers:
Emergency Communication: Personal safety devices sometimes include built-in communication features, allowing lone employees to summon assistance immediately. These technologies, whether a panic button, two-way radio, or smartphone app, guarantee immediate communication with supervisors or emergency services.
Location Tracking: GPS technology integrated into duress alarms enables employers to monitor the real-time location of their lone workers. In case of an emergency, responders can pinpoint the worker’s location accurately, facilitating a faster rescue or assistance.
Fall Detection and Health Monitoring: Some devices have sensors that can detect falls or unexpected health problems. These capabilities automatically send notifications to the appropriate persons, ensuring that medical situations are handled as soon as possible.
Deterrent Effect: Personal safety devices can act as a deterrent to potential threats. Knowing that they have a means of calling for help can discourage would-be aggressors, enhancing the worker’s overall safety.
Compliance with Regulations: Many sectors have regulatory requirements and laws requiring lone employees to utilise personal safety gear. Compliance not only assures employees’ well-being, but it also protects companies from any liability.
Peace of Mind: While working alone, lone employees frequently experience tension and concern for their safety. Personal safety systems provide individuals a sense of security since they know aid is only a button press away, which can increase their general well-being and job happiness.
As the number of lone workers in Australia grows, it is critical that their safety and well-being be prioritised. Personal safety equipment are critical in protecting lone employees in the case of an emergency or threat.
Employers should invest in these devices not merely to comply with rules, but also to demonstrate their dedication to their employees’ safety and security.
By doing so, we can make sure that the benefits of working alone are not overshadowed by the potential risks, and that lone workers can carry out their tasks with confidence and peace of mind.
SafeTCard lone worker protection solution is the number one choice for protection of isolated workers, remote workers, individuals working alone, high risk workers, and individuals, including high risk domestic violence clients, thanks to our monitored personal duress alarm systems, also known as PDA.
Please contact us today to learn more about how our systems can improve the safety of your isolated workers. | <urn:uuid:bb5880ae-4615-4cb1-bd1f-41daf51549dc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.safetcard.com.au/the-rise-of-lone-workers-in-australia-and-the-vital-role-of-personal-safety-devices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100276.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201053039-20231201083039-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.946106 | 846 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is the Netbot?
The NetBot is a generic open robot platform designed to be simple to modify to do whatever you want it to do. The goal of the robot is to be a cost efficient way for you to play with bigger robots. The main feature of the robot is the processor, which can be pretty much any kind of netbook or laptop you happen to have laying around the house.
Wait… a laptop for the main processor, why?
Most robotics platforms today, either use a low cost controller like the Arduino or similar processor which is capable of handling basic small sensory inputs but cannot handle more intensive processes such as image processing, or they use an ARM processor, which can cost an enormous amount and still not get you the kind of processing power you need for some tasks. Robots that do provide the processing power you need can cost several thousand dollars. What most of us forget though is that if you are reading this through a laptop, you’re using a device with more than enough power to control a simple robot. Not only that, but your laptop costs a fraction of what it would cost to buy a robotics platform with similarly powerful embedded processor.
What’s with that crazy Omni-Directional Drive system?
To be honest, we thought it looked awesome. But apart from that, it is also a practical drive system, when designing the robot we set ourselves a criteria, and in that criteria was also maneuverability. If there’s one thing this robot is, it’s maneuverable. The diameter of the frame is 2ft allowing it to drive through doorways with moderate ease, and the center laptop holder can extend to at least 4ft allowing you to use the robot as a telepresence robot if you wish.
Ok, i still don’t get it, what’s the robot do?
Whatever the heck you want it to do!
Can I modify the Aluminum frame to fit x in?
Sure, in fact, we’d love to see what you come up with. Send us pictures and videos if you wish and we will post it. The idea is to make the robot, your own robot. There are no special modular devices you have to buy, you can just take it apart and cut up the frame to fit whatever you want into it. the robot is yours, do what you want with it!
Cool, where can i get one?
Currently nowhere. In fact, no robot exists yet. Only an extensive amount of CAD designs and a little bit of software. The prototype is in development now, and videos will be posted once it is finished. Even then it will probably be a while until the robot is available to the public, but keep an eye on the blog for updates.
What’s the cost?
The goal is to make this robot available for under $1000, but the prototype is being developed for under $500. The prototype is pretty much the bare minimum cost we could come up with. The final robot will be around a thousand dollars because we want the robot to be the most affordable, best quality robot possible.
Will it be open source?
We are probably going to release the software open source, but we do not know whether we will release the hardware open source at this time.
How do you program the robot?
Wait… Arduino? i thought the main processor was a laptop?
Although the main processor is a laptop, we still needed something to actually control the motors, and while there are many choices, the most practical seemed to be to connect all of our motor controllers to an Arduino, and then connect the Arduino to the laptop or netbook via USB. It means that we can handle the math for the 3-wheeled omni-drive on the processor that directly controls it, possibly making it respond faster. This also adds another layer of flexibility if you have other ideas for a robot and don’t want to strap your laptop to a robot. | <urn:uuid:10e968b8-673e-4ab9-9b40-d028e117f5cc> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://networkbot.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246644200.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045724-00100-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934125 | 818 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is the Difference between NameSpace and Assembly ?
- Forms the logical boundary for a Group of classes.
- It is a Collection of names where each name is Unique.
- The namespace must be specified in Project Properties.
- Assemblies are Self-Describing
- It is an Output Unit. It is a unit of deployment and is used for versioning. Assemblies contain MSIL code. | <urn:uuid:a334e080-9e5f-4ac6-a857-eba23c5a8c95> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://quizbucket.org/what-is-the-difference-between-namespace-and-assembly-147 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811830.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218100444-20180218120444-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.81284 | 86 | 2.53125 | 3 |
How to care for a Weeping Fig (Ficus Benjamina)
The Ficus Benjamina, more commonly called the weeping fig, is an incredible and low-maintenance houseplant. This tree-like houseplant can reach up to 2.5m (8 ft) in height and has two varieties: variegated leaves and (regular) green leaves. The weeping fig's leaves are slender with a glossy finish, and its small white flowers bloom year-long, although they lack any sort of aroma or scent. The Ficus Benjamina is a great choice for adding a touch of nature and texture to your living spaces and providing natural air filtration throughout your house.
So how do you take care of this amazing-looking plant? That's what we're going to explore in this plant care guide! Disclaimer: I absolutely love this indoor tree, so you won't find me saying a single negative thing about this fantastic houseplant.
These are the topics we're going to cover in this plant care guide:
Let's start learning how to take care of a Ficus Benjamina and keep it healthy in your house throughout the year!
How do you water a Ficus Benjamina?
Watering a houseplant is the most important part of taking care of plants. It can help your plant thrive when you do it perfectly, but it can also kill your plant if you keep it dry for too long or water it too often. Luckily, it's quite easy to water your Ficus Benjamina. Here's how you do it!
The Ficus Benjamina is native to Southeast Asia, where it lives in a tropical environment, so it loves moisture! This lets us know how we can keep your weeping fig happy: it's important to make sure the soil is always moist, but not soggy!
You can do this by planting your Ficus Benjamina in a pot with drainage holes. When you water your Weeping fig, water it deeply until you see water coming out of the pot's drainage holes. When you see the water come out of the drainage holes, let it drain for about 5 minutes. Any excess moisture should now have drained from the pot and you've watered your plant perfectly.
How often do you water a Ficus Benjamina?
Take a break between each watering session and let the top 2-5 cm (1-2 inches) of soil dry out. You can check if the soil is dry by sticking your finger a little into the soil. You'll know the top soil is dry when it doesn't stick to your finger very easily. When you regularly check the soil and only water it when the top soil is dry, you'll keep your plant happy, because this will help avoid root rot and overwatering.
So you should water your Ficus Benjamina when the soil is dry, but how often is this? On average, you should water your plant once per week in the spring and summer and once every 14 days in the fall and winter. Be sure to always check if the plant should be watered before you water it, otherwise, you risk overwatering it, which will kill the plant.
Can you use tap water for a Ficus Benjamina?
Not sure if tap water is good for your weeping fig? It depends, but itâs best to use filtered or distilled water! Filtering and distilling the water removes harmful elements so your plant gets the purest hydration. This type of water has a neutral pH level which helps promote growth.
If you're concerned about the cost of filtered or distilled water for your plants, I've got you! There are plenty of affordable ways to filter or cleanse the water without breaking the bank - try a Brita filter or a countertop distiller designed for plants.
Are you all done with watering your weeping fig? Awesome! Now let's learn more about what it takes to keep this plant healthy and happy.
What is the best type of sunlight for a Ficus Benjamina?
The second most important part of keeping your Ficus Benjamina happy and healthy is giving it the right type of sunlight. A weeping fig needs bright, indirect light to thrive. Place your weeping fig near a window that gets some sun but not too much full sun. This will ensure your weeping fig gets the perfect amount of light and won't get scorched by direct sunlight.
If you don't have access to natural light, you can also use artificial lighting like LED grow lights or fluorescent bulbs to give your plant the right type of light it needs.
Does a weeping fig do well in direct sunlight?
Weeping figs are plants that love to live in warm, tropical environments with indirect light, so they don't like to be exposed to direct sunlight. You'll know if your plant is getting too much direct sunlight because its leaves may start to turn yellow or brown and they will become dried out.
However, a weeping fig does need to get some sunlight so that it can do photosynthesis and stay healthy. To keep your weeping fig flourishing, try finding a spot with bright but indirect light - like near a window that has sheer curtains or blinds.
How much sunlight does a weeping fig need per day?
Your Ficus Benjamina needs 4-6 hours of bright, indirect sunlight per day to thrive. Placing your weeping fig near a south-facing window (if you live in the northern hemisphere) or a north-facing window (if you live in the southern hemisphere) will give it the perfect amount of light.
To keep your weeping fig looking its best and growing healthy, you should rotate it every 3-4 weeks. That way, all sides will get an even amount of sunlight. This will help ensure that the plant doesn't grow lopsided or in an uneven pattern. Doing this regularly will also encourage strong growth for your weeping fig!
By following these simple tips, you can ensure that your weeping fig is getting just the right amount of sunlight each day!
What type of potting soil is best for a weeping fig?
In the section about watering your Ficus Benjamina, we've discovered that the plant loves to be in moist, not wet soil. When you're repotting your Ficus Benjamina, it's important to use soil that helps create the perfect growing environment for your Weeping fig.
You should use a light, well-draining soil mix to help the plant's roots get enough oxygen and prevent them from standing in water for too long. A great mix includes loam, peat moss, perlite or vermiculite, compost or aged manure, and fertilizer for essential nutrients. Make sure the pH levels of your soil are between 6-7 so that the plant can absorb all nutrients!
How often should you repot a weeping fig?
The Ficus Benjamina is quite a fast-growing houseplant, so it'll need to be repotted regularly to have enough space to grow and spread its roots. Ideally, Weeping figs should be repotted once every two years.
Itâs best to check the root ball once per year to make sure it still has space to grow in its current pot. That is the best way to find out if you should repot your plant. However, there are a few other great signs your Ficus Benjamina gives you to show that it should be moved to a larger pot!
A clear sign that your Ficus is rootbound is when the soil starts to dry out quickly. If you find yourself watering your weeping fig more often than usual but not seeing any signs of growth, then the roots of your Ficus have likely taken over the entire pot and they absorb the moisture from the soil more quickly.
By keeping an eye on your weeping fig and making sure it has enough space to grow, you'll ensure that it stays happy and healthy!
Should I fertilize my Ficus Benjamina?
Your Ficus Benjamina loves plenty of indirect sunlight and warmth, but they don't necessarily need a lot of fertilizer or extra nutrients. But sometimes fertilizing your houseplant is a good idea. Especially if your plant is growing slowly or the leaves look dull, yellowish, or wilted, you might need to fertilize your Ficus.
The easiest fertilizer to use for your houseplant is a liquid fertilizer, as you can control how concentrated the fertilizer is by adding more or less to the water you use to water your plant.
How often should I fertilize a Ficus Benjamina?
When you fertilize your Ficus, it's important not to over-fertilize as this can cause harm to the plant. On average, you should fertilize once per month during spring and summer when the plant is actively growing. During autumn and winter, you shouldn't fertilize your Ficus at all, as it won't grow as quickly and won't use the fertilizer.
When you fertilize your Ficus Benjamina, use a fertilizer made just for houseplants. This will make sure that the plant gets all the nutrients it needs and wonât have too much salt in the soil, which can hurt or kill its roots. It's always a good idea to check the specific instructions of your fertilizer, to help you to keep your plant well-fed.
When you fertilize your Weeping fig throughout the growing season, you'll probably see a lot of growth. So much so that you might be wondering if you should or have to prune your plant. Let's find out!
Can I prune my weeping fig?
There are many benefits of pruning a weeping fig (or any houseplant). By pruning your plant, you help to encourage healthy growth by removing dead or diseased branches and leaves. Prune also has an aesthetic benefit: it keeps your plants in shape, making them look better.
When your Ficus starts to grow more quickly during the growing season, you might want to prune your houseplant to help it not only look great but also stay healthy. When you prune your plant, you should use clean, sharp scissors. The best time to prune your Weeping fig is in the late spring or early summer when the weeping fig is actively growing.
After you've pruned a few stems with leaves, you could throw the cuttings away, or you could propagate them and grow new plants! Let's find out how you can propagate the cuttings!
How do I propagate a Ficus Benjamina?
If you want to make your home even more beautiful, try propagating a Ficus Benjamina. This just means cutting off some stems from the existing plant and making sure that they have the right environment and care to grow strong. The best time of the year to propagate your Ficus is during the summer when the plant is actively growing.
The best way to get new Weeping figs is by taking stem cuttings. Look for stems with at least two sets of leaves, then use sharp scissors or pruning shears to make a clean cut below the bottom set of leaves. Place your cuttings in a pot of moist soil and wait for them to root and get used to their new home before planting them in a bigger pot.
After you've planted the cutting in the moist soil, you should make the environment perfect for the cutting to grow more quickly. You should keep your newly planted stem cuttings under bright indirect light and water only when the soil feels dry to the touch but not dried out completely.
Temperature is also very important during the propagation process. You should keep a consistent temperature level between 18-24℃ (65-75℉) while waiting for your new plants to root. The higher temperature and humidity help your plants to grow roots more quickly.
What are common pests that affect a Ficus Benjamina?
Like many other houseplants, a Ficus Benjamina also suffers from a few common pests every once in a while. Pests like spider mites, mealybugs, scale insects, and aphids can damage the leaves of a Ficus Benjamina and even stop it from growing properly.
There are a few things you can do to prevent these pests from getting to your plant, like spraying it with an insecticidal soap solution or neem oil. If the pest is already on your plant, you can use insecticidal soap or neem oil to fight the pest. Another great way to fight pests is to get some friendly bugs like ladybugs. These ladybugs love to snack on the pests on your plant and leave your plant itself alone.
Taking care of a weeping fig is easy, but there are some important things to keep in mind. Water the Weeping fig when the top 2-5 cm (1-2 inches) is dry and place your Ficus in a bright spot, without any direct sunlight.
To help your weeping fig stay healthy and grow strong, make sure to fertilize it during the growing season, prune it when necessary using clean scissors or shears, and propagate new plants by taking stem cuttings from an existing plant. If you notice any pests on your weeping fig, you can use insecticidal soap solution or neem oil to fight them off.
With these simple tips for beginners in mind, anyone can take great care of their weeping fig! Share this plant care guide with your friends and family to help them take care of their houseplants as well!
Thank you for reading this post! I hope it helps you to keep your plants healthy and beautiful! If you're looking for more guides on specific plants, you can always request a plant guide to get a guide for the plant you have trouble with.Posted on: Dec 31, 2022 | <urn:uuid:4a5ad5b9-a872-4752-b9f0-24e91f006460> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://plantcareforbeginners.com/articles/how-to-care-for-a-weeping-fig-ficus-benjamina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499919.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201081311-20230201111311-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.944146 | 2,846 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Enter our superheros … Prefix and Suffix. What is their mission in life? To boldly build families of words from a single base! In this, our latest video, this dynamic duo help out a bystander who is curious about building a word family with <like> as its base.
Thinking that we had that video (and the information therein) tied up into a neat little package, we received a delightfully thoughtful email response from our Canadian friend Skot Caldwell.
He raised a great question: ” The Affix Squad’s wise advice to never blindly follow the rules has me wondering about <likeable>. Would the existing patterns not suffice to explain the dropping of silent <e> when forming <likable>? We are not troubled by the spelling of <liking> or <liked> and do not confuse these with <licking> or <licked>?”
Immediately I was drawn in. It’s true. I don’t need the <e> in <liking> to know it’s not <licking>, so why need it here? I took this rather intriguing point to my students today. They weren’t sure what to say at first. Falling into past practices for a moment, they were waiting for me to tell them which was right and which was wrong. Instead I said, “What do you think? Are we right? Are we wrong? Are both spellings right? What should we do next as we ponder this?”
Danica offered to look at Etymonline. Cooper looked in the Collins and Gage Canadian Dictionary. Hannah looked in the Webster’s Dictionary. While they looked I read more from Skot’s email:
“Perhaps this is a case of a spelling convention that needs to be solidified or altered. Am I correct in guessing that this is a regional difference like <centre> and <center>? As with <centre> and <center> the spelling <likable> and <likeable> are both attested and in use, as are <sizable> and <sizeable>. The Word Searcher includes versions of many similar pairs. But as with <centre + al> and <center + al>, only one spelling seems to satisfy suffixing conventions. I am searching for a word that always drops its silent <e> when adding <-able>, but haven’t found one as yet.”
Hmmmmm. This seemed very logical. When returning to the group, Danica, Cooper, and Hannah all reported the same thing. Both spellings were listed in each source. No matter which was listed first, the other was listed as an alternate spelling. I also shared what I had found at Word Searcher: both loveable and lovable, both liveable and livable. This definitely supports what Skot said. It seems very sensible that the <e> would be dropped when adding the <able> suffix. Austin said so in the video, and he was right. Why then did it look so wrong?
Then I asked the question, ” Before we knew to look at a word’s structure when considering its spelling, how many of you judged whether a word was spelled right by whether or not it looked right?” All hands went up, including mine. What did the word that we had worked so hard to memorize look like? What was the order of the letters? We wrote down the word and compared it to the picture in our head. Growing up, I had been taught to keep the <e> in <likeable>. Because I had written it so many times, it looked right to me and <likable> did not.
More from Skot: “I expect that the conventions that are not as sensible–whether British or American–are far too commonly used to combat in the countries where they are solidly accepted.” Boom! I agree with Skot on this one. The convention that is the most sensible is to drop the <e> when adding <able> (vowel suffix). The problem is that it has become common practice to keep the <e>, and since a dictionary is really only a reflection of the people who use it, both spellings are listed and considered alternate spellings.
So! We decided that <likable> is more sensible when considering the spelling conventions, but that both are considered acceptable spellings by dictionary resources. We also decided to keep the search on for a word that always drops the silent <e> when adding the suffix <able>. Who knows if we’ll find one. We’re still looking for that word in which <tion> is a definite suffix! We’re also interested in finding out more about the words <mileage> and <acreage> that keep the <e>. Are there more like that?
See? What a remarkable day it has been. And seeing as our school was celebrating the birthday of Dr. Suess today, all we could say was, “Oh! The Thinks You Can Think!” | <urn:uuid:c6884483-eb48-49d5-ae8e-7d1bf4f42f4d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://mbsteven.edublogs.org/2014/03/01/move-over-superman-here-comes-the-affix-squad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541309137.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215173718-20191215201718-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.974899 | 1,061 | 2.65625 | 3 |
“There’s not an American in this country free until every one of us is free” -Jackie Robinson
In a time of turmoil, fear, segregation, and hate births a story of hope, enlightenment, courage, and faith. As I write this article my body chills and my eyes water because Jackie Robinson’s story is one that has stolen all of our hearts. What this man had to go through is unimaginable to myself. To fight a war against the human spirit and mind is probably one of the most intense battles that any person has to go through. Jackie’s strong conviction and superb athletic ability broke the color barrier when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers back in 1947.
Perhaps it was his mother, Mallie Robinson who raised Jackie and four other children, that instilled in this man the fire to work hard and take what you deserve. After Jackie’s father left his mother, they moved to Pasadena, California. In 1941 at UCLA, Jackie became the first athlete to earn Varsity letters in all 4 sports: Baseball, Football, Basketball, and Track. Hurdles on the track wasn’t the only obstacle that Jackie faced. Due to financial reasons he had to drop out of being a Bruin and was later drafted into the U.S. Army. Unfortunately for Jackie the Army wasn’t as supportive as most would think. Refusing to sit in the back of a segregated military bus Jackie was court-martialed, acquitted and was honorably discharged from the Army. I wonder how it feels to be the human that refused to let people sit together because of the color of their skin? How does that person feel today? Are they sorrowful? Embarrassed? To discount someones worth by the way they look is disgusting. It is sad to say but even though we have overcome some of those road blocks there is still discrimination in todays world. For those people I pray they learn and change.
After playing in the Negro Baseball league for the Kansas City Monarchs, and then with Minor Leagues Montreal Royals, the greatest event took place. Branch Rickey, the president of the Brooklyn Dodgers at the time, took what most would see as the biggest leap of faith and asked Jackie to join the team. What’s interesting is that Rickey saw Jackie for being a great player and knew that he and Jackie would be facing challenges. Rickey still took the risk because he believed in Jackie. Since 1889 when Moses Fleetwood Walker was in the Major leagues catching for the Toledo Blue Stockings, there had not been an African American player in Major League Baseball. On April 15th 1947, Jackie put on Dodger blue and took the field. Later this year he won the coveted Rookie of the Year Award leading the league in 29 steals and .297 average. Then in 1949, Jackie impressed the league once again with being crowned the NL’s MVP of the year with a batting average of .342 and 37 stolen bases. These feats are not easy to make, but Jackie proved that he had the talent to outperform these other players. And he did that fighting civil rights battles on the field and off. Imagine coming off a great game and not being able to celebrate completely because people are spitting at you or calling you the most outrageous slurs you have never wanted to hear? It was not easy for Jackie but he paved the road for many to enjoy in the same success he did.
With Robinson on the team the Dodgers won 6 pennants in his 10 seasons. In 1956 Jackie was traded to the New York Giants for $30,000. But in the Spring training the following year Jackie announced his retirement at the age of 37. Started as a Dodger and ended as one. I am so glad he declined that offer for he closes his career in what could be called the greatest close in the history of baseball. In a quote by Robinson he says, “Baseball is like a poker game. Nobody wants to quit when he’s losing; nobody wants you to quit when you’re ahead.” For once, someone that took his own advice.
I was inspired to write this article because on July 23rd of 1962, Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, and 51 years later he continues to instill emotion in all of us. In an interview with Larry Upton, Jackie talks about his role in Major League Baseball. He says, “He hopes that his 1947 is seen as the year that he saved baseball”. When asked by Upton if he would be interested to see an All-black team, Robinson rebuttals that he doesn’t wish to see that. Stating that he doesn’t want to see baseball go backwards. I agree with Jackie. The fight for desegregation isn’t so that African Americans, Hispanics, Chinese, Japanese, and so on to have their own team, its a fight to come together as one. We are all the same. We are human. Six days after that radio interview Jackie Robinson died on October 24th, 1972.
Through tears, anger, sadness, and joy I write about a man that has done things that most people could even stomach. Many Dodgers from his time like Pee Wee and Snider said that they couldn’t have done what Jackie did. May he always be the man that we look to when we talk about bravery, courage, and the will to never give up. The number 42 will always been in our hearts. Let the story of Robinson be an example of how the human heart can overcome any adversity. | <urn:uuid:e2f3b689-933a-46e1-991b-8dcc84010fe5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.laurenpacheco.com/remembering-jackie-robinson-mr-42/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512501.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020013721-20181020035221-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.983574 | 1,153 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Beyond Requesting: Let’s Chat with Peers
As we wrap up the February Strategy of the Month, we need to add strategies for helping AAC users talk/chat with peers. For some learners, it is more about providing access and opportunity while for others, it is more about providing a platform for the social awareness and exchange. However, for all learners who need assistance in ‘chatting’, there are many goals and strategies that will help.
Setting the Foundation for Social Exchanges with Peers
- Provide frequent opportunities for peers to communicate with each other- Build in many opportunities within all (or almost all) activities for generic small talk, gossiping, & chatting.
- Create activities that have’ built in’ communication with peers- develop activities that require communication with peers to make the activity work. Instead of having all communication directed at the adults/facilitators in the room, have the learners talk to peers to take steps in the activity. Set up joint action routines that require learners to take a role that is dependent on what a peer says or does.
- Use activities that have predictable structure- By developing activities with predictable and familiar structure, learners will know when and what to do when it is their turn. When peer-to-peer communication is part of the structure, all learners can be successful over time.
- Provide access to appropriate core word and small talk vocabulary– Make sure learners have quick access to appropriate vocabulary that allows for initiation and continuation of small talk.
Strategies for Teaching
This is where some of the strategies remain the same as with any language teaching, as well as some new strategies help specifically with social exchanges for peers.
- Aided Language Input
- Think Aloud Strategy
- Wait & Signal
- Visual Supports- use visual supports to delineate turns, roles, jobs, and times (gossip time, chat time, etc.). Make the social exchanges clear through visual supports if appropriate.
- Gestural Prompting- use a gesture directed at AAC display or learner to show it is their turn as this is often enough of a prompt and does not put the adult in the exchange the way a verbal prompt might.
- Peer Modeling/Teaching- Check out Come Play with Me by Howard Goldstein & Kathy Thiemann-Bourque (January 2012) for research support and ideas for teaching peers to facilitate social exchanges.
- Metalinguistic Feedback & Vocabulary- talk about small talk, gossiping, chatting. Give feedback specific to seeing and hearing these types of communication exchanges. The more we point out when we see ourselves and others engage in the ‘target behaviors’, the more we make the goals transparent in a meaningful way to learners.
|Activity||Possible Goals||Setting Foundation||Specific Targets|
|Show & Tell||To share information with peers
To ask questions from peers
To comment to peers
Daily opportunity (may even have 2 show & tell’s per day)
Peers do the commenting and questioning
|“cool”, “wow”, “tell us more”, “what else about it”, “where did you get it”, etc|
|Group Art Project||To comment to peers||Frequent opportunities to comment within the activity||“pretty”, “that’s beautiful”, ‘my favorite”, “what do you think”, “awesome”|
|To share information with peers (on steps of recipe)
To comment to peers
Frequent daily opportunities
|“delicious”, “not good”, “oh no”,|
|To participate small talk with peers
To complete ___ social communication exchanges with peers
|Frequent opportunities especially if at each transition between classroom/session activities calls for a ‘chat’ or ‘gossip’ time’
Adult facilitator could release ‘gossip’ right before activity ends.
|“hey”, “oh no”, “look”,”funny”, “again”, “I know”|
|To ask questions of peers
Built in peer communication
|“what do you think”, “hi”, “no way”,|
|Class Jobs (i.e., attendance, news, plant watering, class commenter/
|To provide information to peers
To comment to peers
|“hey”, “cool”, “love it”, “goes there”, “really”, “that’s all”|
Social communication makes up more than 50% of our communication. For AAC learners, we need to provide opportunities, access, and specific teaching to facilitate range and complexity of social interaction and communication skills.
Filed under: Strategy of the Month
Tagged With: Social Language
This post was written by Robin Parker | <urn:uuid:f4c333b9-4c65-4c70-b97a-161df7b7e6d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://praacticalaac.org/strategy/beyond-requesting-lets-chat-with-peers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255536.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520021654-20190520043654-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.894156 | 1,059 | 3.234375 | 3 |
3D Depth Sensing Camera: Introduction
- 3D depth sensing is the ability to create an image which has full depth information of the object at each location in the image.
- 3D depth sensing is a depth sensing technology that uses camera capabilities for facial and object recognition. It is the process of capturing a real-world object’s length, width, and height with more clarity and in-depth detail, achieved by using different technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT).
- 3D depth sensing cameras that can scan and capture objects in 3D are now a standard feature in many smartphones, drones, robots, and automobiles. When these 3D depth sensing cameras are paired with the right software, they can even sense the light levels, movements, and textures in more places and at a lower cost.
Growth of the Global 3D Depth Sensing Camera Market
- 3D depth sensing cameras are popular in smartphone photography in which lighting filters and effects such as Bokeh effect can be added, or avatars and animated emoji’s created by using someone’s facial features. A 3D depth sensing camera can take much better photos or add lighting effects to photos. It can also change the focal depth and the angles of different light sources.
- 3D depth sensing camera technology is becoming popular in the automotive sector, which is used for self-driving cars to detect objects around the vehicle and map their distance. It can monitor the driver of a car and coordinate between driver and vehicle, determine occupants’ posture, and detect objects around the car.
- A 3D depth sensing camera provides high quality and high precision 3D vision which is helpful in automation systems and collaborative robots. The cameras are used in robotics applications including inspection, tracking, palletizing, and loading, making the system reliable.
To gauge the scope of customization in our reports, Ask for a Sample
Asia Pacific to Lead the 3D Depth Sensing Camera Market
- Asia Pacific leads the 3D depth sensing camera market due to increased demand in the gaming and entertainment industry. Increased usage of smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and 3D movies is directly driving the demand for 3D depth sensing cameras in Asia Pacific.
- Major players (Google, Microsoft, and Apple), are investing to identify the depth and distance of objects. Accurate depth and distance recognition is required in technologies such as augmented reality, robotics, and automated cars, which thus increases the demand for 3D depth sensing cameras.
- Rising demand for 3D films is expected to increase the use of 3D depth sensing cameras to shoot live actions films. Stereoscopic cameras are widely used for shooting 3D films, which ultimately propels the 3D depth sensing camera market.
- Increasing usage of 3D depth sensing cameras in home automation, virtual reality, robotics, and video surveillance is fueling their demand. It is used to generate 3D models of an object and surrounding due to its accuracy. Growing applications of surveillance in home security, military, and industrial sectors is driving the adoption of 3D depth sensing cameras, thereby increasing its market in Asia Pacific.
Get More Press Releases by TMR: https://techbullion.com/personalization-captures-new-consumer-value-in-smart-home-digital-assistant-voice-market/
Key Players of the Global 3D Depth Sensing Camera Market
- Sharp Corporation
- Toshiba Corporation
- Samsung Electronics Corp.
- Faro Technologies
- Fujifilm Corp.
- Intel Corporation
- LG Electronics Corp.
Global 3D Depth Sensing Camera Market: Research Scope
Global 3D Depth Sensing Camera Market, by Sensor Type
- Structured Light
- Stereo Vision
- Time of Flight
Transparency Market Research
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Tel: +1-518-618-1030 Site: https://todaysmarkettrends.wordpress.com | <urn:uuid:e53f9f96-a6ff-42da-8d93-8080c47d1da5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://knnit.com/3d-depth-sensing-camera-forecast-with-top-companies-growth-factors-classification-2031/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.892076 | 840 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A range of mini-nuclear power plants could help solve Britain's looming power crunch, rather than the $24 billion Hinkley project snarled up in delays, companies developing the technology say.
So-called small modular reactors (SMRs) use existing or new nuclear technology scaled down to a fraction of the size of larger plants and would be able to produce around a tenth of the electricity created by large-scale projects, such as Hinkley.
The mini plants, still under development, would be made in factories, with parts small enough to be transported on trucks and barges to sites where they could be assembled in around six to 12 months, up to a tenth of the time it takes to build some larger plants.
"The real promise of SMRs is their modularization. You can assemble them in a factory with an explicable design meaning consistent standards and predicable costs and delivery timescale," said Anurag Gupta, director and global lead for power infrastructure at consultancy KPMG.
In a nuclear power plant, heat is created when uranium atoms split. Different reactor designs use this heat in different ways to raise the temperature of water and create steam, which then powers turbines to produce electricity.
Manufacturing advancements mean SMR developers are only a few years from being able to replicate this technology on a smaller scale, and plants could be ready for deployment by the mid-2020s.
"From a technical perspective there is no reason why you wouldn't be able to make a smaller version of an already commercially viable nuclear technology such as PWR (pressurized water reactor)," Mike Tynan, director of Britain's Nuclear Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (NAMRC), said.
There are already more than 100 nuclear plants using PWR technology in operation across the globe.
NuScale, majority owned by U.S. Fluor Corp, is developing 50 megawatt (MW) SMRs using PWRs which could be deployed at a site hosting up to 12 units generating a total of 600 MW. The 50 MW units would be 20 meters (65 feet) tall, roughly the length of two busses, and 2.7 meters (9 feet) in diameter.
Rolls-Royce, which already makes components for PWR nuclear submarines, is part of a consortium developing a 220 MW SMR unit which could be doubled for a larger-scale project.
Rolls-Royce Chief Scientific Officer Paul Stein said the first 440 MW power plant would cost around 1.75 billion pounds ($2.3 billion) but costs would likely fall once production is ramped up.
"One of the advantages of the SMRs is that they cost a lot less (than large nuclear plants), and it is an easier case to present to private investors," Stein said.
Costs, viability questioned
Critics, however, say there is no guarantee that SMR developers will be able to cut costs enough to make the plants viable.
"SMR vendors say factory production will save a lot of money, but it will take a long time and a lot of units to achieve what they are calling economies of mass production," said Edwin Lyman, nuclear expert at the U.S.-based Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS).
"Factory manufacture is not a panacea. Just because you are manufacturing in a factory, it doesn't mean you are certain to solve problems of cost overruns," he said.
Costs are a sensitive issue and could have played a part in Britain's decision to review the $24 billion project to build the two new Hinkley Point nuclear reactors led by French utility EDF and Chinese partner China General Nuclear.
Almost half of Britain's electricity capacity is expected to close by 2030, as older, large nuclear plants come to the end of their operational lives and coal plants shut as part of the country's efforts to meet its climate goals.
The two new reactors at Hinkley Point are supposed to provide around 7 percent of Britain's electricity, helping to fill that supply gap. Nuclear developers are confident SMRs could be up and running by the late 2020s, in time to help bridge the looming electricity supply shortfall.
A study carried out by the National Nuclear Laboratory, a government owned and operated advisory body, said Britain could host up to 7 gigawatts (GW) of SMR capacity by 2035, more than double the capacity of Hinkley.
But anti-nuclear green groups such as Greenpeace argue that with advances in renewable technology, such as offshore wind, Britain may not need any new nuclear plants.
This week Britain approved Dong Energy's plans to expand an offshore wind farm project that could ultimately span an area of the North Sea more than twice the size of London and produce up to 4 GW of electricity, more than Hinkley Point.
Nuclear power defenders say the intermittent nature of renewable electricity production and lack of grid-scale storage mean nuclear plants are needed to ensure continuous supply of power if the country is to meet its emission reduction targets.
"Working alongside renewables, nuclear provides the reliable low carbon energy required to balance variable wind and solar generation," said Tom Greatrex, chief executive of the Nuclear Industry Association.
NuScale's UK and Europe Managing Director Tom Mundy said providing NuScale gets the necessary regulator approvals and partners its first SMRs could be running in Britain by 2026.
All nuclear power projects need approval from Britain's Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR), and its Generic Design Assessment (GDA), which tests the safety and design of new reactors and can take around two years to complete.
The GDA is seen as the "gold standard around the world", KPMG's Gupta said.
Nuclear power plants in Britain can also only be built on sites licensed by the government, and the first SMRs could be set up at existing nuclear plant sites or at licensed sites where older plants are being decommissioned.
Britain said this year SMRs could play an important part in the country's energy future, and committed 250 million pounds to research, including a competition to identify the best-value SMR design for the country.
NuScale, Rolls Royce and Toshiba Corp's Westinghouse were among 33 companies the government has identified as eligible for the competition. The Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy has given no further details and had no further comment on SMRs. | <urn:uuid:7c1552db-e8de-425a-b3c4-f04945a3ded2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.voanews.com/a/britain-nuclear-power/3470331.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814801.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223154626-20180223174626-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.957944 | 1,306 | 3.421875 | 3 |
I have a doubt in (packages) concept, i.e after we create our own package how to work with that package.Means how to import package, and make the classes in it work in some other class outside the package.
Some of the rules or look will depend on your environment. Essentially, each package exists in a folder bearing the package name. These packages can be nested, and as they are, their folders will show the same leveling. The source code for each file will reside in its folder.
For the most part, the packages that you create should have their source folders in the "src" folder of your Java environment. When compiled, their class files will be set up in the Java "classes" folder using the same folder structure.
You can import classes from package to package using the "import" command and the folder structure (from the "classes" level) followed by the class name. Normal rules of accessability apply. You can only access public methods from outside the package. | <urn:uuid:0a5c8194-3aba-4138-bf07-689e5f9fdfc6> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.coderanch.com/t/380413/java/java/Packages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010824553/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091344-00001-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926545 | 206 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Junot Díaz’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007), explores the porousness of many borders: national, linguistic, stylistic, and generic. The book tells the story of how a Dominican-American teenager, Oscar de León, learns to cope with being more at home in science fiction and fantasy worlds than he is in his own skin. To give this personal drama more reach, the book also looks backward to chronicle the tragic events that forced the de León family to flee the Dominican Republic and the bloody Trujillo Regime. Surprisingly, Díaz refers to locations from over thirty countries on six continents to craft his multi-generational immigrant narrative. The book also alludes to dozens of imaginary places from alternate universes well loved by Oscar. By any measure, Oscar Wao is novel of epic proportions.The global ambitions of this book can be off-putting, though. I worried about this issue after deciding to assign the book in a 200-level literature class which I titled “American Migrations.” This course, which I taught during the Spring 2016 semester, explored narratives of immigration to the United States and people’s movement once there. To help make sense of Díaz’s geographical references, I asked my students to map them (see Figure 1, Live Map and Appendix). The course’s midterm assignment required students to plot Díaz’s 200-plus named locations using the ZeeMaps application, which allows users to create custom maps with data provided by Google Maps.
In this essay, I will argue that this process of creating a collaborative map encouraged my students to construct pathways into the lifeworld of the novel’s characters and also out to the real world in which they all live. Incorporating a relatively small-scale, non-software-intensive digital humanities project into this lower division undergraduate literature course allowed students from many different majors to approach novels and their digital lives differently. Ultimately, re-reading the novel with the aid of this map ultimately permitted these students to transcend the inescapable frontier of reading literature: the gap between the author and the reader.
Essential Studies Requirements: Diversity and Information Literacy
Promoting diversity is an integral concern of contemporary university education. Many citizens, faculty, administrators, and even students themselves demand university populations that more accurately and fairly represent people from all backgrounds. Moreover, scholars and activists have concentrated on using required courses, particularly in the humanities, to introduce students to the stories, struggles, and perspectives of these groups. In the past fifty years, the concept “diversity” has evolved into a required learning outcome of many general education curricula (Chang 2002). In English departments, this means changing what books are taught, how they are taught, and who gets to teach them. That said, diversity is just one of many popular general education requirements. My university also expects students to complete classes that meet advanced communication and information literacy requirements, and rightly so. I responded by attempting to design an assignment that would help prepare students for the demands of information work in the global economy.
I chose to explore racial, national, and geographic diversity by teaching a novel about immigration written by a person of color, and then framing our interpretation of it using questions of distance, distance that can be easily mapped using digital applications. Google Maps tells me that the classroom in Grand Forks, North Dakota where I taught this novel is 1,498 miles from Oscar’s (and Díaz’s) hometown of Paterson, New Jersey; their birthplace, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, is 2,543 miles as the plane flies (see Figure 2). Suffice it to say, the majority of my students grew up in a very different world than Díaz and his characters. Few of my students came from urban centers, or even large towns, and the only immigrant of the group moved from Manitoba in Central Canada when he was very young. More importantly, none were born in Grand Forks.
I know all of this because the first assignment in the class was a short, written reflection on each student’s idea of home. I came up with this task as a way to encourage my students to take their own identity seriously within larger national and international contexts. Because all of them had moved to Grand Forks, they too had migrated, albeit under different circumstances. I suspected that the drama of leaving home in the course’s narratives of immigration would resonate more clearly after students were allowed to describe how they visualize and construct their own sense of their origin. Their work over the course of the semester confirmed this suspicion. It is worth noting here that the racial make-up of the class was relatively homogenous. Most students appeared white with the exception of three students that appeared to be of Asian descent. There were about as many male-identified as female-identified students.
The class was particularly diverse in disciplinary backgrounds. Its twenty-four students came from eleven different majors, unified chiefly by their desire to fulfill one of the two diversity requirements that they need to graduate. My course covered the “U” requirement, which is explained in the course catalog as a special emphasis in United States diversity. The class roster included more aviation majors than English majors. This disciplinary diversity added a level of complication in designing and implementing a digital humanities project in the course. Not only could I not presume these students would be confident interpreting literature and writing about it in the ways I would require them to, but I could also not expect them to have any experience with any software packages besides ones that are freely accessible and widely used. 56.4% of smartphone users rely on Google Maps to navigate through space (Statistica 2017). Anecdotal evidence suggests that my students’ usage was even higher. By filtering our reading of the novel through an interface that most of my students use regularly, I hoped that Díaz’s characters and their exploits could become more real and realistic to them. As this argument progresses, I hope to show how my understanding of how to best teach literature about diversity evolved alongside my strategies for implementing digital humanities assignments.
The Assignment and Student Work Process
Now, let me provide an overview of the goals and proposed learning outcomes of the assignment. In the most basic sense, maps help us make sense of the meaning of borders. Digital maps add functionality by modifying and filtering the data presented to individual users based on their specific needs and queries. A real-world example of this would be how Google Maps includes customer reviews and hours for restaurants as well as the time it takes to travel by car, foot, bike, or public transit from the user’s present location. For the purposes of this lower-level literature class, I wanted my students to seek out details that would flesh out the daily lives of characters living in the world of the novel. I asked pairs of students to research a set of locations, plot and describe each location, note which character was most important to this reference, explain the location’s relevance to the overall plot, and then check each other’s work. I provided a step-by-step guide (see Appendix) to filling in the fields that I created using the ZeeMaps application. Nevertheless, a few students struggled to make the software work in ways they wanted it to, and thus I had to provide some training in fundamental digital literacy skills. This kind of support falls outside the purview of my explicit course and project objectives, but I consider it time well-spent nonetheless.
After looking through the various mapping application options, I chose ZeeMaps because it offers a straightforward, easy-to-use interface, and because it creates maps that look similar to Google Maps with which my students were already familiar. I decided against more complex applications (such as MapBox) for two central reasons: their steep learning curves threatened to intimidate students, and, more importantly, their flashy, fiddly maps might distract from a main goal of the assignment, to bridge “foreign” world of the novel to the “ordinary” digital lives of my students. As you can see in the assignment sheet (see Appendix), I structured the steps in straightforward as possible ways for students coming from many different educational backgrounds with varying degrees of digital literacy with software tools. Put another way, I tried to refocus the quotidian practice of on-the-fly smartphone research as a means to learn about the world of the novel’s characters, not the world of the students themselves.
The above entry (Figure 3) is representative of my students’ work. First, I will discuss some positive aspects of this example. When this student failed to find an obvious match for the diner mentioned by in the novel among his assigned locations, he returned to the text and used an interpretation of the character’s motivations to come up with a suitable substitute, reasoning that the diner should be “known to be a local hangout.” This phrasing demonstrates a clear identification with Oscar as college student like himself. In having to extrapolate in this way, it seems to me that student was compelled to compare his own motivations and experiences to the character’s. What’s more, this student returned to the text of the novel to ascertain the necessary context to address his hermeneutic challenge. Re-reading is a foundational analytical technique of all college English courses from Freshman composition onward but considering that most of my students were not English majors, I was heartened to see this student revisiting this passage to meet the expectations explained to him on the assignment sheet. Here, this student used his interpretation of a minor choice by Díaz to better explain Oscar’s decision-making.
Next, I will address what could be have been improved. I was disappointed to see that students’ writing in the project often came across as casual, even sloppy. This example highlights the class’ wider writing issues. Rutgers is misspelled, for instance. This particular student begins to analyze the choice of setting this scene in a local diner but fails to use the connection he makes to advance any claim about Oscar’s place in the narrative or directly connect it to his own experience. Overall, my students’ analysis was not nearly as rigorous as I had hoped given the complexity of the novel. Some locations are of more interest and import than others, of course, but I had anticipated that requiring them to investigate important and minor places alike, students could get a richer sense of the writer’s craft. Our class discussions afterward suggested that some students understood this idea better than their entries demonstrated, but I had wanted to see this more explicitly in their writing. As I will discuss below, I think that asking my students to write a bit more “around” the mapping assignment may have enriched their analysis and their textual engagement with the novel.
What often sets English department classes apart from other college courses is the attention paid to writing itself. This assignment (indeed, all assignments of this nature) threaten to distract students and instructors from attending to prose. At risk of oversimplifying an important debate for the benefit of a quick summary—more time spent with software means less time writing (Bosquet 2014; Schuman 2013). This is a valid concern, but one that I think this assignment and assignments like these can overcome through careful planning. That said, literature classes offer something more than writing and argumentation alone; they offer stories as compelling examples of lived experience. Getting students from a variety of majors to recognize this and develop a working understanding of the point of literature, if not a whole-hearted appreciation of it, must be an implicit goal of literature classes’ reading lists and assignment design. I planned this mapping assignment with that in mind, and I think, for the most part, it succeeded.
Student research methods suggested another possible shortcoming. Perhaps not surprisingly, many of my students conducted their research for their location entries with Google and Wikipedia even though I warned them that exclusively using these sources would undermine the accuracy of their work and, thus, my assessment of its quality. I accepted this trade-off because I predicted that this assignment would remind my students that these places mentioned by Díaz are inhabited by real people in the real the world. ZeeMaps’s close emulation of Google Maps directions interface likely pushed students towards repeating their regular “research” strategies. Rather than force them to behave like scholars, I tried to twist this possible danger into a moment of identification with the characters.
Literary scholars know better than to confuse quantity for quality, but students may not. With the completed map in front of us during our classroom discussion, students could begin to see how things mentioned only once, or even not at all, can impact the meaning of a text far more than things often repeated. Interpreting the motivations of characters, just like the motivations of real people, requires reading also what is not there. The hermeneutic method required to complete this mapping assignment therefore offers different ways to frame lessons that we already want to impart to our students. This project also reminds us of a lesson so obvious that it is too often forgotten: diversity comes in many different forms. The student-readers start off as distant from the lives and experiences of these characters, but once they have started to transcend that distance, they are able to be more receptive to the many other lessons about the difficulties of immigration, race, and authoritarian governments that Díaz builds his narrative upon.
By the time a contemporary student reaches university, she has undoubtedly been told about the importance of diversity; she may even be sick of the hearing versions of the same platitudes. I’d argue that the humanities are uniquely suited to succeed at overcoming this danger. Combining diversity education and technological literacy in many lower-level classes could offer ways to help students feel more connected, both in geographical and mediated terms. I do not claim to have produced a heightened sense of literary appreciation in all of my students, but I am confident that seeing these characters and places in this new way helped them develop a more cosmopolitan ethical outlook, putting them on the path toward what Viet Thanh Nguyen calls a “citizen of the imagination” (286). Reading literature alone does not make you into a good person, but it does force you to imagine the lives of others living on the other side of spatial, psychological, and cultural borders. Applying common digital applications to the study of any human problem offers more students the possibility of participating in this kind of community in ways they are already comfortable doing, namely navigating space with digital maps and looking up unknown references on the internet.
Supplementing Traditional Humanities Pedagogy
No matter how you decide to approach it, there is a lot going on in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. Indeed, readers such as Kim Flournoy have created digital supplements like “The Annotated Oscar Wao” to help readers deal with the many untranslated Spanish words and the abundant geeky references. Rather than address this interpretative difficulty, the mapping assignment required students to come up with their own explanation for narrative details such as why Díaz might have his character apply to NYU knowing full-well that it was a “one-in-a-million shot” before choosing to attend Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey (33). Providing a rationale for the minor elements of the story seemed to help them grapple with central ones. Through this type of inquiry, Díaz’s characters stopped being just symbolic representations of something larger than themselves; they could start to become humans who the students could identify and sympathize with despite their clear biographical and geographical differences.
After we completed our group map, I asked the students to consult the artifact and compose a written reflection on how it affected their understanding of the novel they had already “finished” reading. One perceptive student concluded that the class was “forced to kind of abandon the stereotypes of where we pictured these locations or what we pictured them as, because we were searching for more information about these places.” By engaging Díaz’s fictional world using the same digital protocols they normally use for things as trivial as finding where to get a cup of coffee or some late-night Mexican food, my students could more easily identify with his characters, and, perhaps, start to see them as peers.
From reading student responses like this one, I came to appreciate a crucial oversight in my assignment design. By asking students to write a reflection about the novel only after completing the map, I may have neglected an opportunity to trace how their feelings about the novel changed in the process. Next time, I would try assigning an additional response to the novel before introducing the mapping project. Even a piece of writing as short and straightforward as a review modelled on a Goodreads post or Amazon customer review would have given students the chance to articulate their feelings of the novel at that point so they could later revise them. Indeed, perhaps this missing link is one reason why this student above hedges, using the phrase “to kind of abandon” stereotypes rather than critical thinking vocabulary such as “revise” or “complicate.” Of course, many of our classroom discussions gave students a preliminary chance to voice their responses to the novel, but a more comprehensive and formal opportunity may have made the discoveries and arguments explored in the final reflection that much more helpful.
Many college courses designed to meet diversity general education requirements surely state goals that sound similar to my student’s description above—particularly the part about challenging stereotypes. What this mapping project offers above and beyond that, however, is the process. The characters and the locations students explored with their map became situated in reality, thereby reinforcing the overall goal of asking students the recognize the shared aspects of the human experience. This humanizing of unfamiliar characters was additionally useful since Díaz’s style veers so widely from the traditional methods of literary realism. Mapping offers a supplementary reading strategy which fuses the power of Díaz’s linguistic experimentalism with realism’s concern for the motivations of living, breathing people, not too different from those who really do exist, in identifiable settings. There is great potential for incorporating digital tools, methods, and assignments to help accomplish the traditional goals of undergraduate literature classes that include non-majors and non-experts. Here I want to elaborate how digital humanities teaching methods can advance the goals of traditional pedagogy in the humanities and the liberal arts, and, what’s more, can help students better see the purposes of writing for digital environments.
For his part, Ryan Cordell stresses the creative and imaginative promise of skill-building as encouraging broader humanistic engagement. It “is one thing to be able to use a particular piece of hardware or software,” Cordell suggests, “and another thing altogether to imagine what it might do or mean if pushed beyond its typical use, or even more again to imagine what might be created in its stead.” I read Cordell’s argument as pushing instructors to think about innovation in the creative economy more broadly. We must remember that knowledge work, especially in the creative industries, is already software-based. Digital tools and software evolve rapidly, far more rapidly than any departmental curricula could, but this does not mean that English instructors should throw up their hands.
It is important to recall that undergraduates, even so-called digital natives, are primarily users of technology, not designers or programmers; there are thus technological and psychological barriers to the kind of “imagining” Cordell describes above. Employing these skillsets with tasks that students already have some fluency in, such as digital maps, may help erode some of their anxiety concerning digital assignments and computer-based knowledge work while also introducing them to stories and perspectives of people different than themselves. To my mind, moving digital humanities projects into lower-level literature classes offers students productive ways to develop their ethical and pragmatic digital selves at the same time.
Digital interpretation techniques have become increasingly powerful and popular in recent years. It should come as no surprise, then, that scholars have experimented with using this kind of method on Díaz’s important novel. Ed Finn, for one, scoured and compiled Amazon reviews of Oscar Wao to try and make sense of Díaz’s complex set of influences and references in order to better understand his place in the literary field. To that end, Finn used Amazon’s subsequent algorithmic recommendations to explain how Díaz’s network of authors and texts affect real reading habits of customers and fans. Finn contends that the novel is “ultimately a story about reconfiguring reading.” This claim makes good sense, given the vast array of literary and genre references within the text, but, I would add that mapping Díaz in the ways my class did permit us to take Finn’s argument one step further. Finn explains his method in spatial terms: “Like Díaz,” he seeks “to redefine reading by expanding the contested territory.” Here Finn speaks of territory only as a metaphor. He employs what we might call a “distant reading” of literary texts that, following Franco Moretti, allows him to “focus on units that are much smaller or much larger than the text: devices, themes, tropes––or genres and systems” (48–9). My mapping assignment, on the other hand, asked students to read distance, and thus, find ways to overcome the feeling that they share little with the characters in this novel.
At this moment, it is important to consider Lauren Klein’s revaluation of the technique after Moretti’s public accusation of sexual assault. She concludes that “it’s not a coincidence that distant reading does not deal well with gender, or with sexuality, or with race.” Here Klein reminds us that literary value is never neutral, and thus demands that digital humanities scholars continue to question the literary canon that is (re)produced by newly available research methods. Projects which examine the particular challenges that persons of color face in the contemporary literary marketplace such as Finn’s are a start, but digital humanities research needs to keep improving on this score. Incorporating mapping projects in classes “about” diversity could be a productive point of departure.
Finn’s claim that both his method and Díaz’s novel force us to read differently is obviously an exciting one for literary scholars; we read professionally. Students and other lay readers (many of the critics that Finn taps in his analysis of Amazon reviews for that matter) do not necessarily share the same imperatives for reading literature. Many students are familiar with digital product reviews; many have even tapped them for recommendations about all kinds of goods. However, extrapolating Amazon’s sense of the literary marketplace onto, say, Pierre Bourdieu’s conception of the literary field that Finn relies upon requires theoretical background that many undergraduate students, including English majors, lack.
This is a way of saying that many of the goals and objectives of humanities research, especially digital humanities research, remain opaque to even advanced humanities undergraduates. Furthermore, they surely remain hopelessly abstract to undergraduates outside the humanities who struggle to grasp the learning objectives of humanities education. The success of my students’ work in this context reinforces the argument that instructors can offer our students the benefits of the digital humanities research methods without having to explain them as such. Consider Mark Sample’s definition of creative analysis: “I don’t want my students to become miniature scholars. I want them to be aspiring Rauschenbergs, assembling mixed media combines” (405). In projects like this mapping assignment, instructors can offer techniques that offer new lines of creative inquiry for students interested in literature, art, and creative practice without alienating students from other disciplines who have enrolled in the course for the chance to read some good books. Put another way, digital assignments like this offer students from a wide variety of majors the chances to actively participate in the information economy as creators and designers, not just as passive users. At the same time, assignments like this reinforce the idea that creativity requires careful observation, research, and analysis, not just ego. Writing papers have long modelled this strategy for future workers and citizens within the safe confines of a classroom and with a receptive audience of one teacher. Mapping projects, on the other hand, enable students’ products to circulate and serve others in ways that real-world writing and maps already do. This is not to say that mapping should replace writing, but it does seem to offer an exciting supplement to students who may not have as much experience or interest in artistic products and process as humanities or arts majors.
Conclusion: New Avenues for Reading and Teaching
Undergraduates, especially non-English majors, will only read so many novels during their academic careers. Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao addresses many of the objectives of English department curricula and will hopefully continue to be a mainstay. The accusations of sexual assault and misogyny made against Díaz surely complicate this wish. To my mind, interpretive methods that prioritize culture, context, and the reader rather than the author, are designed to expose sexual, economic, racial, and imperial violence in ways that may foster the kinds of difficult discussions that will help eradicate these kinds of violence; Díaz’s text was already problematic, and these disturbing allegations reinforce just how important discussions of difference should be moving forward. What the creation of this mapping assignment taught me is that the novel’s planetary ambitions are as important as supplementing of the reader’s “mandatory two seconds of Dominican history,” which Díaz lampoons in the novel’s first footnote (2). Indeed, Oscar Wao would not be as canonical, that is, it would not appear on as many undergraduate syllabi, if its concern with space were not so robust. Mapping this novel by digital or cognitive methods reinforces a central takeaway of Díaz’s fiction—people and their cultures do not travel on one-way trips or in straight lines. My students got the chance to discover where the undergraduate reader, where each of them, fits into this landscape.
As productive as I found this assignment to be for my students, I think that in my desire to make it straightforward for a varied group of students may have undercut some of the project’s efficacy. For instance, I may have erred by creating the spreadsheet of locations for the students, so that they could simply plug in the locations using the ZeeMaps interface. I did this to make sure that students would not miss any locations, and to make sure that they would all get an even amount of work, but I fear that it may have been too easy for students to simply search for locations out of context. On a related note, if one wanted to adapt this assignment onto a different novel in a similar class, I would suggest having students map their own migrations from home as a way to cement the connections between their own lives and the lives of the characters. ZeeMaps makes it easy to group locations, so these locations could be easily unchecked, and thus made invisible, for the sake of class discussion about the novel itself. Since this assignment was designed around fostering student identification, reinforcing how far they had travelled (in terms of psychic and physical distance) may help expand the lessons of the class, the project, and the novel.
At their best, humanities courses help students see things in new ways. The digital humanities should share the same imperative. With assignments like the one I detail here, humanities instructors may defamiliarize the common and familiarize difference. By eclipsing the frontier between the singular experience of reading and the real-world novels attempt to represent, readers can begin to create a higher relief image of the things that should be all but borderless: our imagination and our empathy. | <urn:uuid:3dc1f036-5e8b-4fe2-9aeb-a9a23f4523db> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/beyond-the-borders-of-the-page-mapping-the-brief-wondrous-life-of-oscar-wao/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735881.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804161521-20200804191521-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.961299 | 5,787 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It sounds like a scene from a horror movie.
A 21-year-old woman is admitted to a hospital with an extremely rare condition that causes her to sweat blood from her face and the palms of her hands.
But, this isn’t a Hollywood storyline.
This is real life, and it stems from a disease that affects just 1 in 10 million people.
Florence, Italy based doctors were puzzled by their young patient who reported experiencing stress-induced BLOOD “sweats” lasting one to five minutes for the past three years, usually occurring whilst exercising, sleeping, or in times of heightened anxiety.
Medics couldn’t pinpoint an obvious trigger for the spontaneous bleeding, though the instances were so intense when she felt stressed that it was reported in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ).
Though online speculation surrounding similar cases drew criticism for being fraudulent, doctors confirmed the legitimacy of the case, but couldn’t pinpoint a cause as tests revealed her blood count and blood-clotting functions were normal.
After a series of tests, she was eventually diagnosed with hematohidrosis, an extremely rare condition characterized by blood oozing from intact skin and mucosa.
While doctors have successfully reduced the patient’s symptoms with a beta-blocking medication, propranolol, they’ve not been able to stop them completely.
Aside from the obvious physical toll that the condition has taken on her life, she’s reportedly become depressed and socially isolated because of the condition.
Hematohidrosis is a very rare condition of sweating blood, rarely (but poignantly) documented in the historical literature.
Leonardo Da Vinci described a soldier who sweated blood before battle. Jesus Christ experienced hematohidrosis while praying in the garden of Gethsemane before his crucifixion as mentioned in the Defenders Bible by Physician Luke as “and being in anguish he prayed more earnestly and his sweat was like drops of blood falling to the ground.”
The causes of the disease have been divided into nonreligious and religious. The nonreligious causes are as a component of the systemic disease, vicarious menstruation or bleeding from a place where it shouldn’t normally exist, excessive exertion, psychogenic, and unknown factors.
The religious cause is a stigma, which formerly referred to a spot, a sign, a wound, or a mark branded on a slave. From the time of Christ’s crucifixion, this term took on the special meaning as the reproduction of the wounds on palms, soles, and crown that Christ suffered on the cross and it was believed to be supernaturally imposed by God.
The disease is so rare that even the most seasoned medical professionals will never encounter it firsthand in their lifetime.
Canadian medical historian and hematologist Jacalyn Duffin wrote commentary accompanying the article and revealed her initial suspicions that Italian doctors had been duped.
But, after exhaustively examining the medical literature she changed her view.
While it’s unknown what causes the disease, it’s thought to be a result of extreme stress or fear.
This hypothesis is supported by a study published in the Indian Journal of Dermatology that suggests blood vessels which surround the sweat gland constrict, or narrow, under the pressure of stress. As the anxiety increases, the blood vessels dilate to the point of rupture, pushing it into the sweat glands and toward the skin’s surface. Thus presenting as droplets of blood mixed with sweat.
This case is rare, though the second widely reported instance of BLOOD “sweats” this year.
In May, UK outlet MailOnline reported on another case of a 7-year-old girl who bleeds from her eyes, nose, ears, and skin every time she gets a headache.
The child’s mother says that she’s getting treatment and remaining positive that they’ll find a cure stating: “’My daughter has always been a very happy child and still continues to smile when she can, she is a very brave girl.”
If you found this article interesting, please share with friends and family by clicking the button below! | <urn:uuid:43d9e36c-0d3a-466d-ae07-dea31c1d5646> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.healthspiritbody.com/woman-bleeds-hands-face/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00834.warc.gz | en | 0.96432 | 885 | 2.890625 | 3 |
There are two dimensions of the particular challenges that top leaders face in building engagement among staff, stakeholders and customers to which narrative and storytelling techniques can make a significant contribution: inclusion (a sense of belonging) and inspiration (a sense of common purpose). Both are required and they call for different and complementary approaches.
Stories are the primary way we make sense of our experience and find significance and meaning in the world. The stories we tell and the stories we listen to are fateful. The power of stories lies in their ability to touch the imagination and feelings of listeners. Good written communication is essential but it is no substitute for face-to-face contact.
The way storytelling and narrative techniques make a positive difference is founded on some underlying principles and beliefs:
- Building lasting engagement can only be done through an engaging process. It cannot be finessed by sleight of hand or foisted on people.
- It requires a continuing two-way process in which people have open dialogue, telling their own and listening to each other’s stories.
- At its best, it both calls for and develops courageous and authentic leadership at all levels of the organisation – not just at the top.
- Good engagement is built upon collaborative and supportive partnerships across the organisations – not by solitary heroic ‘stand-ups’.
- The aim is to create and foster a healthy ecology of stories that continually develops and evolves rather than a single grand vision statement.
- We need to tell down-to-earth stories that both acknowledge the difficulties and bring out the best in us – not sanitised ‘victory narratives’
Inclusion: developing a sense of belonging
Paradoxically, developing a shared sense of belonging to the NHS community (in its widest sense) can only happen when people believe that they are allowed to bring what is most precious to them from their existing communities and cultures. People need to have the opportunity to share their stories with each other across hierarchies, groups and cultures and to have them valued. Only then will they be open to inspiring visions of the future.
One way of sharing such stories is a facilitated technique called Story Circles. They enable people to share their stories face-to-face with each other in a way that rapidly develops a strong sense of acceptance and builds community. This process is very time efficient and can be done with many small groups at the same time. Here is a real life example of one such deceptively simple intervention.
The Story Circle technique was used with members of a fast-track management training scheme in a large aerospace company. They told stories of mentors in the company who had helped them, of inspired school teachers who had encouraged them to become engineers, of following in the footsteps of parents and grandparents, of breaking the mould to become the first person in their families to go to university, of being one of relatively few women engineers in the company, stories of their hopes, doubts, fears and gratitude for the opportunities they had been given.
Some were ‘natural’ storytellers, some artful, others artless but all had a story to tell and all were heard by their colleagues with rapt attention. Afterwards, one of them said in tones that suggested a sense of wonder; “We really opened up to each other didn’t we? We all work in the same business and we have been together on this training scheme for two years but I look round the room now and for the first time I feel that I actually know these people and that they know me.”
Inspiration: developing a sense of common purpose
The idea that leaders need to be able to tell a good story to inspire staff and create a sense of common purpose has become fashionable. However the wrong story – or even the right story at the wrong time – can backfire. It is crucial not just to be able to tell a story well but also to know what story is appropriate for the teller, the audience and the organisational context.
At Narrative Leadership Associates, we have vast experience of coaching individual leaders and leadership teams in the inspirational use of story and narrative. We have also (in conjunction with Ashridge Consulting) developed Strategic Storytelling – a framework drawing on the principles of complexity theory to guide the selection and use of stories appropriate for the systemic context in which an organisation is working.
Different circumstances call for different characters and stories: the charismatic Hero(ine) inspiring people with clarity of purpose; the wily Explorer exuding confidence in unknown territory; the bold and influential Politician framing the debate; the creative Visionary dreaming the future into being; the expert Navigator able to show that they know what needs doing and how to do it.
How can you find and tell authentic stories coming from personal experience that carry weight and the ‘ring of truth’; stories that will help you claim your personal authority; stories that will inspire and engage people in service of worthwhile ends?
Copyright Geoff Mead 2011 | <urn:uuid:664e4182-13ff-4263-b917-7aded8de3a5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://narrativeleadershiplimited.wordpress.com/reading/engagement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186895.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00204-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963786 | 1,014 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A traveling exhibit at the Riley County Historical Museum is helping shed light on the role and lives of African American soldiers at Fort Riley in the late 1800s to early 1900s.
The Buffalo Soldiers exhibit, compiled by the Historical and Archaeological Society of Fort Riley’s Caroline Sibley, is a collection of photographs from the Joseph Pennell Photography Collection at the University of Kansas. From the 1890s to 1920s, Pennell photographed life around Junction City and Fort Riley, capturing the photos on display.
Most African American soldiers at Fort Riley were part of the 9th and 10th Cavalry units, two of the original six peacetime, all-black regiments created under the Army Reorganization Act of 1866.
They mainly served as frontier soldiers, protecting settlers and building roads and infrastructure during U.S. westward expansion. They also went on to serve in every major U.S. operation until their dismantlement in 1944.
These cavalrymen became known as “Buffalo Soldiers,” a term coined by the Native Americans they encountered.
There is no exact known reason behind the name, but historians say it could be linked to the soldiers’ hair texture, their clothing made from buffalo hides or even the soldiers’ fierceness in battle. Barrie Tompkins, a co-founder of the Nicodemus Buffalo Soldiers Association who spoke Thursday during a screening of “Buffalo Soldiers (1997)” at the Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art, said buffalo were sacred to Native Americans so the term is of likewise regard.
“They called them Buffalo Soldiers not to make fun of them but out of respect for them,” Tompkins said.
The 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments were stationed at Fort Riley multiple times during their operation. Shortly after its formation, the 9th Cavalry passed through Fort Riley on their way to stations in the southwest.
They came back in the early 1880s and in the early 1900s before being permanently assigned as troop cadre for Fort Riley’s cavalry school in the 1920s and 1930s. The 10th Cavalry was stationed there in 1868 and 1913.
Just before World War II began, the 9th and 10th Cavalry became absorbed into the 2nd Cavalry Division, which was briefly stationed at Fort Riley.
The cavalry school became well known for their skill and training around the world, and the school’s reputation ranked alongside French and Italian cavalry schools.
Most black soldiers lived in segregated military housing in Junction City, and their jobs ranged from stable hands to leadership positions.
Though they didn’t get all the benefits their white counterparts did, black soldiers received the same stable pay and food. They also experienced racism and discrimination from white commanders who refused to lead them and civilians inciting violence.
“Even though dealing with all the prejudice and such, most of these men wanted to be in the military,” Tompkins said. “It wasn’t like someone was making them do this. (Buffalo soldiers units) received 23 Congressional Medals of Honor, and that is the highest number in military history out of any cavalry regiment.”
Tompkins added the desertion and court martial rates for black soldiers were much lower than white soldiers, and after getting out of the military, many went on to join law enforcement out west.
“There are things that African Americans do that go unnoticed, and I always say people think black people disappeared at the end of slavery and reappeared during the civil rights (era). But what happened during that period of time (in between)?”
The photographs in the Buffalo Soldiers exhibit attempt to show a part of this time period, depicting soldiers not just in uniform but with family members and in varying roles.
“I just think the photos are really interesting,” said Cheryl Collins, director of the Riley County Historical Museum. “When (Caroline and I) were talking about this, she was talking about how committed to the military the Buffalo Soldiers were … and how she wanted people to be able to look at the pictures and imagine what life was like with the clues that are in the pictures. I think Pennell lets you do that, giving you a window into the past that you wouldn’t have otherwise.”
The Buffalo Soldiers exhibit will be on display at the Riley County Historical Museum at 2309 Claflin Road until April, and it will then move to the Geary County Historical Museum in Junction City. The exhibit will return to Manhattan this summer at the Flint Hills Discovery Center.
© 2020 The Manhattan Mercury
Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC. | <urn:uuid:6f8aef4f-d724-4eba-8608-d18692a361b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://americanmilitarynews.com/2020/02/exhibit-shows-life-history-of-black-soldiers-at-fort-riley/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143963.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219000604-20200219030604-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.978264 | 969 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Radioactive water leaks at Fukushima power station
Radioactive water has been leaking from storage tanks at a damaged nuclear power station in Japan, say officials.
The Fukushima power station was badly damaged by an earthquake and tsunami in 2011 and has been shut down.
Water was pumped into the damaged reactors to cool them down - but some of this radioactive water has now escaped from storage containers.
Experts believe that as much as three hundred tonnes of radioactive water has leaked.
Newsround explains: How dangerous is radiation? | <urn:uuid:9f00de8f-fce3-4beb-9ee3-e5253bea70f1> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/23777616 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133485.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00083-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978202 | 103 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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Civil disobedience covers mostly the unpleasing disagreements that exist in a society. In the society, if someone acts contrary to what the society wants, he/she is perceived as being disobedient. However, most people resolve into violence as a way of fighting disobedience because it is regarded as a vice. Eventualities like wife beating, corporal punishment in schools among others are examples of violent measures taken against civil offenders. On this account, the essay discusses the different manners in which a completely obedient society can be initiated without engaging in violence. It stresses the dangers associated with using force to solve social problems. It is also believed that violence can result to retaliation. Therefore, the right procedure to social problems should be dialogue.
Nonviolence and Civil Disobedience
In every society there exists a minority group which is perceived as vulnerable because of its race, gender, language, or even physical stature. Members of minority group often feel left out of most issues affecting the society at large. They may face segregation and discrimination in various sectors that constitute the society, for example social, health, political, or even economic sectors. It often happens that concerned authorities ignore the needs of minority groups or are unaware of their needs and rights. The authorities may assume that the situation is fine even if this is not the case. This may lead to civil rights movements prompted by the courage of some brave individuals in the society in their attempt address such issues. As they seek to address such issues, it becomes important for them to determine which means to use: violent or non-violent. As much as violence may give some people a sense of physical prowess, it is a very risky venture which could lead to short term solutions but long term problems. Non violence, however, is more civil and often prompts the relevant authorities to be vigil when dealing with the minority groups.
Non-violent means of addressing a conflict are usually very powerful, because in most cases authorities are ambushed. At first they may not know how to handle the situation. They get cornered and are more likely to give in to the minority’s demands or at least listen to them.
Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) in his letter from Birmingham city jail wrote: “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored.”
Having been deeply rooted in Christian morals, his fight for the rights of black people was purely based on common sense. He knew the power that lied within non violent action and embraced it as his ultimate tool for defending the rights of the blacks. He knew such power could be found nowhere else but in non-violent action. With the non violent action in place the authorities are compelled to listen to the needs of the minorities, whether they like it or not.
It is moral to fight for minority rights in a non-violent way because no one is offended. Instead, the authorities are confronted and have to try their best to meet the needs of minorities. Addressing minority rights non-violently sends a very strong message to the watching public and in turn it gives moral credibility to people fighting for such rights.
The masses then feel obliged to offer support to the people fighting to achieve social justice. The state has no option but to find amicable solutions to solve the problem at stake. When no one is offended in the process, the number of people supporting the cause may rise surprisingly. Such support may even come from people who do not constitute the minority. Having been in the forefront to champion for the rights of the blacks in the United States of America, Martin Luther King at some point in his letter from Birmingham City jail finds it necessary to thank the few whites who were supporting he black’s movements, stating that though few in number, the quality of support they offered was unquantifiable. He wrote: “I am thankful, however, that some of our white brothers in the South have grasped the meaning of this social revolution and committed themselves to it. They are still all too few in quantity, but they are big in quality” (Luther 1963).
Luther was able to achieve such support even from the white population because he made the supporters understand the exact reason why he was fighting and for what purposes. The white population and the government had to come to the realization that truly, the rights of the black American citizens had then been adversely violated.
Non-violence means no loss of life and no spilling of blood. This means no one among the demonstrating masses is left to live with a feeling of guilt for having killed or injured anybody. It then gives clarity of conscience to the people involved and they can continue engaging in their daily activities successfully without fear of being followed by the police or anyone else intending to seek revenge. The society then becomes peaceful to live in and there is no hatred sown between the minority and the majority. The state must avert the tension within and ensure a peaceful co-existence between different groups of people without the minority groups feeling subjugated, less valued, or underrated.
Luther continued to state in his letter that “If this philosophy had not emerged, by now many streets of the South would, I am convinced, be flowing with blood. And I am further convinced that if our white brothers dismiss as "rabble rousers" and "outside agitators" those of us who employ nonviolent direct action, and if they refuse to support our nonviolent efforts, millions of Negroes will, out of frustration and despair, seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies--a development that would inevitably lead to a frightening racial nightmare” (Luther 1963).
In his work “Civil Disobedience” Henry David Thoreau, who have greatly influenced Martin Luther King claimed that the only obligation he had to assume at any time was to do what he thought was right. Though he did not like the way the state was always unfair to its citizens, he did not call for violence. He instead encouraged humans to realize they have a conscience which should tell them what is right and what is wrong and, as a result, to guide their actions.
Few points, however, have to be taken into consideration for those intending to fight for the oppressed in society. These points are discussed further in the paper.
To start the fight for the rights of the minority groups, the minority should come out and speak together regarding the issue they want to be addressed. Having a spokesperson who will then communicate their views to the relevant authority is mandatory since the masses cannot all engage in dialogue with the relevant authorities.
The use of mass media to advocate for the rights of minorities helps minorities to gain sympathy from other members of a society. As a result they may even get support from the majority who are not being oppressed. With such support minorities can achieve more in advocating for their rights (Thoreau 1969).
Further, there must be justifiable evidence on the oppression of the minority. Such evidence is what will prompt convincing the masses without using violence but using logic and reason to fight for people’s rights. The goal must be very clear and be well communicated to the people.
If the relevant authorities are keen, they can always detect when violence may rupture, especially when the environment appears tense with regard to the issue at stake. When these signs are detected early enough, the situation can be changed by trying to address the minority’s concerns.
When people choose violent means to resolve a conflict, however, more harm is created than good. Violence results in deaths and injuries. This in turn means that additional expenses will be incurred by the affected. In most societies the minority groups are usually the poor. When they lose their loved ones in wars or in violent ruptures, theey are forced to dig deeper into their pockets to ensure a descent funeral. Alternatively they may spend more money seeking treatment for their injured relatives. Violence is, therefore, economically unviable.
Violence disrupts peace within a society. People may feel inhibited from their daily businesses. This is because violence is in most cases accompanied by unethical behaviors such as looting of business premises, raping women and torturing young children. Business people suffer great losses of profit in violent situations and are unable to efficiently carry out their daily business activities. It is therefore important for the society to be in harmony at all times and those who intend to fight for the rights of minorities must make sure they take this into consideration.
Violence leads to feelings of hatred between people. The oppressed minority and the majority may never get along due to historical injustices that they had to experience previously. When people living in the same neighborhood hate each other, it becomes difficult to seek help from a neighbor in case of any emergency. Peaceful harmony and co-existence is important in a community which aspires to reach greater heights in terms of overall development. Hatred may lead to more and more oppression of the smaller minority (Skrentny 2002)
Violence is chaotic and in most cases the state cannot address the needs of a chaotic group. Many governments do embrace non-violent means of resolving conflicts. The United States government is not an exception. To ensure that the rights of minorities are addressed, there must be an organized way of presenting the prevailing facts to the relevant authorities. The authorities cannot negotiate with the whole population championing for their rights. They instead need to talk to the representatives of the minority groups, who in their turn present their problems in a logically flowing manner. If this notion is not taken into consideration, the communication will be impossible because a chaotic community can never find amicable solutions to their problems.
Violent eruptions have occurred historically. Their consequences have been nothing to boast of. Such violent eruptions occured because they were not prevented on time. Prevention is definitely better than cure. This proves the importance of governments to be vigil all the time and to take into account any kind of scenarios that may herald tension within the society. When such tensions are noticed in time and adequately addressed, the society inevitably lives in peace and harmony (Dudziac 2002).
In his book “The Minority Rights Revolution” (2002) Skrentny recounts the fact that it is not the issue of who the minorities are but which legal systems are put in place to ensure that minority issues are addressed. This means the relevant authorities should not spend time and energy focusing on who the minority or the rebels are, but to put in appropriate measures to curb any form of violence.
Clearly stating, violence has no place in the modern world. Violence leads to a distortion of order within the society, it leads to deaths and generally causes disturbance of peace since people cannot continue their daily errands. Most governments are also never willing to deal with people who do not respect the local authority. In such chaotic situations there cannot be mutual understanding between the involved parties. Non-violent way of resolving conflicts is, therefore, very important because it is very ethical. It gives the oppressed sympathy from the general public. It is also an effective way of communicating a message to the relevant authorities. Any group defending minority rights must know that dialogue is the only way to ensure that the needs of the masses are adequately addressed.
Non violence, therefore, triumphs over violence. It is civil, moral, and powerful. It makes the government authorities aware of the issue making them act swiftly to find amicable solutions to the problem. Non-violence also ensures that no hatred is inculcated amongst various conflicting groups within the state, no damages occur to the society members, and that business premises and the general economy of a country are not interfered with. Non-violence ensures the prevalence of peace and harmony (Salomon 1998). | <urn:uuid:100b6bc3-0b57-402a-a7b6-f0b63145f59e> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://primewritings.com/essays/sociology-essays/civil-disobedience.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827992.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216191351-20181216213351-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.970719 | 2,417 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This document is a text, and it is an extract from a biography of Gandhi, written by Roberta Strauss in 1965. Gandhi was India's most famous leader, he really helped India to get itsIndependence from the British, thanks to his non-violent ways of fighting for people's rights. This document deals with Gandhi's first awerness to the problems of discrimination towards coloured people in SouthAfrica
Because of his job, Gandhi had to leave Durban, to go to Pretoria, by train. He had a first class ticket, and he travelled in the first class compartment until Maritzburg, he was asked to moveto a lower class compartment
Because a white passenger protested to railroad officials, that he didn't want a coloured person in the same compartment that he was. As gandhi stand firm againstmoving, he was kicked off the train, and he had to spend the night in a dark and cold train station. That night, he decided that "he woud fight for his rights and the rights of people".
After this night,Gandhi sent letters to railroad officials and to his employer, and there he's allowed to take the train until the end of the line, in the first class compartment. Still, after his he had to write onemore letter of protest. Because after he left the train, he had to go by stagecoach, and Gandhi's was forbidden to sit inside the stagecoach with the white passengers. In order to fight for his rights,Gandhi wrote another telegram to railroad officials, where he insisted that the following day he'd be seating inside the stagecoach, with the other white passengers, "he was".
After inviting theresidents Indians in south Africa, to a meeting, where he made a speech showing his indgntation towards discrimination. this same indians threw Gandhi a farewell party where they asked him to stay inSouth Africa to help them fighting against discrimination This demand of help was because, a bill that would "deprive indians of the right to vote for members of the legislative assembly" was about... | <urn:uuid:29c741d6-4beb-4fc6-8c1b-0a27ee1ef989> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.etudier.com/dissertations/Gandhi's-Narration/200837.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189242.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00575-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985207 | 428 | 3.625 | 4 |
Jakarta, 21st of July 2019. The current condition of waste in Indonesia is very tense. Of the 60 million tons of waste produced, 15 percent is plastic waste which not only floods the landfill, but also the ocean of Indonesia. Based on World Bank data in 2018, 87 coastal cities in Indonesia contribute 2 million tons of plastic waste into the ocean.
The amount and magnitude of the threat from plastic waste is illustrated through a monster figure, a great power that is ready to destroy the earth. The figure of a plastic monster in the form of a 4-meter sea creature emerged from the Jakarta sea and moved towards the heart of the capital city of Jakarta at the Hotel Indonesia roundabout (Bundaran HI).
The plastic monster march was the largest action on refusing single-use plastics in Indonesia, a joint movement of 48 civil society organisations in collaboration with the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, followed by more than 1500 people. The march moved from the Hotel Indonesia roundabout (Bundaran HI) to the Taman Aspirasi Monas. The march would be chaired directly by Ms. Susi Pudjiastuti as the Minister of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia and the Advisor of Pandu Laut Nusantara.
The march aimed to invite public to declare the commitments they will carry out in their daily lives, such as refusing the use of single-use plastics, refusing plastic straws, choosing bulk rather than sachets, sorting out garbage at home, and cleaning up recyclable plastic waste before throwing them away.
The 49 civil society organisations in the march also aimed to unite the voices of the people in urging three things.
Firstly, Government to ban single-use plastics (namely plastic bags, plastic straws, Styrofoam, sachet and microbeads) to be applicable nationally.
Secondly, Government to improve waste management system such as (a) enforcing waste separation system from the source to end process, (b) supporting production of local packaging which are pro-environment, pro-local wisdom, and plastic-free.
Thirdly, Producers and corporations to be responsible of their waste by (a) taking back their packaging waste that they produce, (b) innovating in redesigning plastic packaging to be reusable and recyclable, (c) innovating in product delivery system so not being dependable on single-use plastics anymore.
“Environmental pollution, especially water pollution by plastic waste, is very worrying. Indonesia has had the title of the second largest waste contributor in the world, a very embarrassing predicate. To overcome this, President Joko Widodo has even issued Presidential Regulation No. 83 of 2018 on Marine Waste Management, this plastic waste is very dangerous because it will only degrade in tens or even hundreds of years. If Indonesians do not make efforts to reduce the consumption of single-use plastics, it is predicted that in 2030 there will be more plastic than fish in Indonesian waters. It’s time to switch from plastic bags to ganepo or cloth bags, stop using plastic straws or switch to using stainless straws or paper, and avoid using other plastic packaging. Let’s go towards a better Indonesia by reducing the use of single-use plastic, starting from ourselves.” – Susi Pudjiastuti, the Minister of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia.
“Plastic Monster is a figure born of millions of tons of accumulated plastic waste in the Indonesian ocean due to irresponsible hands. This figure is a frightening spectre for the survival of nature and humanity on Earth. The threat of Plastic Monster is a real threat that we are currently facing, Changing Indonesians’ behaviour to stop using single-use plastics is the main key to reduce the volume of waste in Indonesia. There is no other word than stopping single-use plastics.” – Bustar Maitar, Advisor of the Econusa Foundation.
“People need to be made aware that our daily lifestyle that produces a lot of garbage is actually building a terrifying giant monster that will ruin our own lives. This plastic monster is a common enemy that threatens our lives together, that’s why we also have to defeat them together. Each of us has their own weapons to defeat it, if the government is a weapon of policy, we as a weapon are changing lifestyles that do not use single-use plastics.” – Prita Laura, Chairperson of the Pandu Laut Nusantara.
“Single-use plastics are extra-evil monsters. Although it only accounts for less than 10% of national plastic production, single-use plastics contribute to the majority of pollution in the sea. Ironically plastic is a strong material that lasts hundreds of years, but is actually designed to be used for only 30 minutes and then discarded. This doesn’t make sense, and this should be ended.” – Tiza Mafira, Founder of the Gerakan Diet Kantong Plastik.
“In the Greenpeace report titled Sebuah Krisis Kenyamanan (A Comfort Crisis) launched last year, the business of fast-moving consumer goods, including food products, grew by 1-6 percent per year. This means that the volume of plastic packaging waste will continue to grow. Given the very low recycling rate, then there must be concrete action from producers and the government to control the supply of single-use plastics by implementing a circular economy specifically through the concept of reuse.” – Atha, Greenpeace Indonesia Campaigner.
“When collecting garbage in the waters of the Jakarta bay, Divers Clean Action found that 63% of non-organic waste is single-use plastics. Waste of shampoo, food, drinks, medicine packs, from decades ago are still often found in good condition in the ocean. When the production of this waste continues to increase and is not recycled, it is very likely that these single-use plastics into the ocean and end up being microplastics. In Bali we found 1 microplastic particle in 300 to 3000 litres of seawater and a pile of single-use plastic packaging on the coast reaching 30.50% to 74.89% of the total waste found, the high amount of plastic waste in Bali has the potential to damage Indonesian marine tourism.” – Swietenia Founder & Executive Director Divers Clean Action.
While specifically for the condition of Jakarta, “The state of Jakarta’s garbage-emergency is caused by the absence of enforcement on waste rules and policies both in national and local levels. More than 10 years ago, namely since the issuance of Law Number 18 of 2008 acknowledged that waste management was not in accordance with the methods and techniques of environmentally-friendly waste management which caused negative impacts on public health and the environment. Furthermore, even though nationally we have Government Regulation No. 81 of 2012 which requires producers to use production raw materials that can be reused and to take back waste from products and product packaging for reuse, also not yet running or implemented because the Ministry of Environment and Forestry has not issued a technical policy in accordance with the Government Regulation’s order. The same situation also occurs in Jakarta, where the Local Government is not maximally implementing Perda Number 3 of 2013 concerning Waste Management.” – Tubagus Soleh Ahmadi, WALHI Jakarta.
“Before it’s too late we have to determine whether or not we want to be part of the problem or part of the solution. Through the involvement of Indorelawan in the movement of plastic monsters we want to be able to accommodate the voices of those who want to be part of the solution. Let’s make a change together.” – Maritta Rastuti, Executive Director of Indorelawan. | <urn:uuid:09bfa89a-f233-4cf3-81f8-e939b78585b3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/2019/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573465.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919081032-20190919103032-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.933167 | 1,607 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|SOCIAL STUDIES LESSON PLAN: MAHATMA GANDHI |
By Max Millard
|Adjust Background: Darker / Lighter|
Date: Thursday 3-1-07
Grade Level: 6
School: Presidio Middle School
Teacher: Irene Collier
Supervisor: Gayle Leyton
Ia. Learning objectives and outcomes
- Students will learn about Mahatma Gandhi and his place in history.
- Students will learn about how Gandhi's work was related to the principles of Buddha (ca. 563-483 B.C.) and the Emperor Asoka (reigned 273-232 B.C.).
- Students will see how Gandhi put his teachings into practice by risking his and his followers' lives by practicing ahimsa (nonviolence)
Ib. Language objectives
- Students will learn the following terms: ahimsa, karma, Buddha dharma, vegetarianism
This lesson came on the heels of almost three weeks of study about ancient India, including the Harappan Empire, the Aryan invasion, Buddha, Asoka, and the Hinduism. The class had already completed their billboard project, in which they made billboards using Asoka's edicts about fairness and good citizenship.
A. Into: The teacher introduced Gandhi by showing a film clip from the 1982 movie "Gandhi." The clip showed Gandhi at the beginning of his career as a civil rights leader, at a nonviolent protest in South Africa in which he urged his fellow Indians to burn their passbooks, which represented second-class citizenship for South Africans of Indian origin. In the clip, Gandhi put his body on the line by continuing to throw the passbooks into the fire, even though he was beaten senseless by British police. It was a moving and historically significant scene because it kicked off the nonviolent movement that eventually freed all of India from British rule.
B. Through: The teacher led a discussion about what the students thought of nonviolent resistance, and asked who would have been willing to join Gandhi in the face of police brutality. The teacher also led a discussion about vegetarianism -- why Gandhi followed it, and why it is practiced by Buddhists and Hindus. The teacher then shared with the class these anecdotes about Gandhi:
We should all look for moments when we can perform an act of kindness for strangers. I think of a story I heard about Gandhi, the Indian who led his country to freedom. Once he was trying to catch a train. He ran after it, and just managed to grab the rail and pull himself on board. but in the process, he lost one of his sandals. The men with him told him to come into the car, and they were astonished when they saw him take off his other sandal and throw it after the first one. They said, "Why did you do that?" Gandhi said, "Because now some poor man will come along and say, `Here's a pair of sandals that I can use.'"
A woman in Mahatma Gandhi's village was worried about her young son's liking for sweets. She thought it was not good for her child's health to eat so many sweets. She asked Gandhi to speak to the boy about it, to suggest to him that he should give up sweets. Gandhi thought about the woman's request for a moment, and then told her to bring her son to him in two weeks' time, and he would talk to him. Two weeks later, the woman took her son to see Gandhi, and Gandhi did as he had promised. The boy agreed to do as he was advised, and the mother was happy. But she was puzzled. Why did Gandhi wait two weeks before talking to her son? Gandhi told her: he could hardly ask the boy to give up sweets until he himself had done so, and he knew it would take him at least two weeks to learn to do without them. (told by Al Gore in "Earth in Balance")
Next, the teacher then showed a chart of the most influential persons in history, as described in Michael H. Hart's book "The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History." In the list, Buddha is listed fourth, after Muhammad, Sir Isaac Newton and Jesus Christ. The teacher led a discussion about why Buddha is on the list but Gandhi is not in the top 100 (because he lived so recently).
C. Beyond: The teacher distributed information sheets about Gandhi, shared information about the "Gandhi" movie, and asked the students to write one page about Gandhi for their homework. They could write either facts, opinions, or commentaries about Gandhi. They were encouraged to use the Internet as a resource, and particularly Wikipedia.
video of "Gandhi" film from 1982
Gandhi anecdotes and information (handout)
Michael H. Hart's "The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History"
poster of the top 15 names on Hart's list
flyer about vegetarianism | <urn:uuid:c7db188b-ddb6-46a3-9e87-2104d19beb0b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://maxmillard.com/lessonplans/ss/les-gand.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158429.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922123228-20180922143628-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.980819 | 1,026 | 3.78125 | 4 |
|Eckhart von Hochheim|
Near Gotha, Holy Roman Empire
|Died||1327 or 1328
|Other names||"Meister Eckhart"|
|Part of a series on|
by era or century
Eckhart von Hochheim O.P. (c. 1260 – c. 1328), commonly known as Meister Eckhart [ˈmaɪ̯stɐ ˈɛkʰaʀt], was a German theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near Gotha, in the Landgraviate of Thuringia in the Holy Roman Empire.[note 1]
Eckhart came into prominence during the Avignon Papacy, at a time of increased tensions between monastic orders, diocesan clergy, the Franciscan Order, and Eckhart's Dominican Order of Preachers. In later life, he was accused of heresy and brought up before the local Franciscan-led Inquisition, and tried as a heretic by Pope John XXII.[note 2] He seems to have died before his verdict was received.[note 3]
He was well known for his work with pious lay groups such as the Friends of God and was succeeded by his more circumspect disciples John Tauler and Henry Suso. Since the 19th century, he has received renewed attention. He has acquired a status as a great mystic within contemporary popular spirituality, as well as considerable interest by scholars situating him within the medieval scholastic and philosophical tradition.
- 1 Biography
- 2 Influence
- 3 Works
- 4 Teachings
- 5 Modern popularisation
- 5.1 Theology
- 5.2 Modern philosophy
- 5.3 Modern spirituality
- 5.4 Psychoanalysis
- 5.5 In popular culture
- 6 Eckhart as a mystic
- 7 Rehabilitation
- 8 Modern editions and translations
- 9 See also
- 10 Notes
- 11 References
- 12 Sources
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Eckhart was probably born in the village of Tambach, near Gotha, in the Landgraviate of Thuringia, perhaps between 1250 and 1260. It was previously asserted that he was born to a noble family of landowners, but this originated in a misinterpretation of the archives of the period. In reality, little is known about his family and early life. There is no authority for giving him the Christian name of Johannes which sometimes appears in biographical sketches: his Christian name was Eckhart; his surname was von Hochheim.
Eckhart joined the Dominicans at Erfurt, probably when he was about eighteen and it is assumed he studied at Cologne. He may have also studied at the University of Paris, either before or after his time in Cologne.
The first solid evidence we have for his life is when on 18 April 1294, as a baccalaureus (lecturer) on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a post to which he had presumably been appointed in 1293, he preached the Easter Sermon (the Sermo Paschalis) at the Dominican convent of St. Jacques in Paris. In late 1294, Eckhart was made Prior at Erfurt and Provincial of Thuringia. His earliest vernacular work, Reden der Unterweisung (The Talks of Instructions/Counsels on Discernment), a series of talks delivered to Dominican novices, dates from this time (c1295-1298). In 1302, he was sent to Paris to take up the external Dominican chair of theology. He remained there till 1303. The short Parisian Questions date from this time.
In late 1303 Eckhart returned to Erfurt, and was made Provincial for Saxony, a province which reached at that time from the Netherlands to Livonia. He therefore had responsibility for forty-seven convents in this region. Complaints made against him and the provincial of Teutonia[disambiguation needed] at the general chapter held in Paris in 1306, concerning irregularities among the ternaries, must have been trivial, because the general, Aymeric of Piacenza, appointed him in the following year his vicar-general for Bohemia with full power to set the demoralized monasteries there in order. Eckhart was Provincial for Saxony until 1311, during which time he founded three convents for women there.
On 14 May 1311 Eckhart was appointed by the general chapter held at Naples as teacher at Paris. To be invited back to Paris for a second stint as magister was a rare privilege, previously granted only to Thomas Aquinas. Eckhart stayed in Paris for two academic years, until the summer of 1313, living in the same house as William of Paris.
Then follows a long period of which it is known only that he spent part of the time at Strasbourg. It is unclear what specific office he held there: he seems chiefly to have been concerned with spiritual direction and with preaching in convents of Dominicans.
A passage in a chronicle of the year 1320, extant in manuscript (cf. Wilhelm Preger, i. 352–399), speaks of a prior Eckhart at Frankfurt who was suspected of heresy, and some have referred this to Meister Eckhart. It is unusual that a man under suspicion of heresy would have been appointed teacher in one of the most famous schools of the order, but Eckhart's distinctive expository style could well have already been under scrutiny by his Franciscan detractors.
Accusation of heresy
In late 1323 or early 1324 Eckhart left Strasbourg for the Dominican house at Cologne. It is not clear exactly what he did here, though part of his time may have been spent teaching at the prestigious Studium in the city. Eckhart also continued to preach, addressing his sermons during a time of disarray among the clergy and monastic orders, rapid growth of numerous pious lay groups, and the Inquisition's continuing concerns over heretical movements throughout Europe.
It appears that some of the Dominican authorities already had concerns about Eckhart's teaching. The Dominican General Chapter held in Venice in the spring of 1325 had spoken out against "friars in Teutonia who say things in their sermons that can easily lead simple and uneducated people into error". This concern (or perhaps concerns held by the archbishop of Cologne, Henry of Virneburg) may have been why Nicholas of Strasburg, to whom the pope had in 1325 given the temporary charge of the Dominican monasteries in Germany, conducted an investigation of Eckhart's orthodoxy. Nicholas presented a list of suspect passages from the Book of Consolation to Eckhart, who responded sometime between August 1325 and January 1326 with a lost treatise Requisitus, which satisfied his immediate superiors of his orthodoxy. Despite this assurance, however, the archbishop in 1326 ordered an inquisitorial process. At this point he issued a Vindicatory Document, providing chapter and verse of what he had been taught.
Throughout the difficult months of late 1326 Eckhart had the full support of the local Dominican authorities, as evident in Nicholas of Strasbourg's three official protests against the actions of the inquisitors in January 1327. On 13 February 1327, before the archbishop's inquisitors pronounced their sentence on Eckhart, Eckhart preached a sermon in the Dominican church at Cologne, and then had his secretary read out a public protestation of his innocence. He stated in his protest that he had always detested everything wrong, and should anything of the kind be found in his writings, he now retracts. Eckhart himself translated the text into German, so that his audience, the vernacular public, could understand it. The verdict then seems to have gone against Eckhart. Eckhart denied competence and authority to the inquisitors and the archbishop, and appealed to the Pope against the verdict. He then in the spring of 1327 set off for Avignon.
In Avignon, Pope John XXII seems to have set up two tribunals to inquire into the case, one of theologians and the other of cardinals. Evidence of this process is thin. However, it is known that the commissions reduced the 150 suspect articles down to 28; the document known as the Votum Avenionense gives, in scholastic fashion, the twenty-eight articles, Eckhart's defence of each, and the rebuttal of the commissioners. On 30 April 1328, the pope wrote to Bishop Henry of Virneburg that the case against Eckhart was moving ahead, but added that Eckhart had already died (modern scholarship suggests he may have died on 28 January 1328). The papal commission eventually confirmed (albeit in modified form) the decision of the Cologne commission against Eckhart.
Pope John XXII issued a bull (In agro dominico), 27 March 1329, in which a series of statements from Eckhart is characterized as heretical; another as suspected of heresy. At the close, it is stated that Eckhart recanted before his death everything which he had falsely taught, by subjecting himself and his writing to the decision of the Apostolic See. It is possible that the Pope's unusual decision to issue the bull, despite the death of Eckhart (and the fact that Eckhart was not being personally condemned as a heretic), was due to the pope's fear of the growing problem of mystical heresy, and pressure from his ally Henry II to bring the case to a definite conclusion.
Eckhart was one of the most influential 13th-century Christian Neoplatonists in his day, and remained widely read in the later Middle Ages. Some early twentieth-century writers believed that Eckhart's work was forgotten by his fellow Dominicans soon after his death. In 1960 however, a manuscript ("in agro dominico") was discovered containing six hundred excerpts from Eckhart, clearly deriving from an original made in the Cologne Dominican convent after the promulgation of the bull condemning Eckhart's writings, as notations from the bull are inserted into the manuscript. The manuscript came into the possession of the Carthusians in Basel, demonstrating that some Dominicans and Carthusians had continued to read Eckhart's work.
It is also clear that Nicholas of Cusa, Archbishop of Cologne in the 1430s and 1440s, engaged in extensive study of Eckhart. He assembled, and carefully annotated a surviving collection of Eckhart's Latin works. As Eckhart was the only medieval theologian tried before the Inquisition as a heretic, the subsequent (1329) condemnation of excerpts from his works cast a shadow over his reputation for some, but followers of Eckhart in the lay group Friends of God existed in communities across the region and carried on his ideas under the leadership of such priests as John Tauler and Henry Suso.
Johannes Tauler and Rulman Merswin
Eckhart is considered by some to have been the inspirational "layman" referred to in Johannes Tauler's and Rulman Merswin's later writings in Strasbourg where he is known to have spent time (although it is doubtful that he authored the simplistic "Book of the Nine Rocks" published by Merswin and attributed to the layman knight from the north). On the other hand most scholars consider the "layman" to be a pure fiction invented by Rulman Merswin to hide his authorship because of the intimidating tactics of the Inquisition at the time.
Theologia Germanica and the Reformation
It has been suspected that his practical communication of the mystical path is behind the influential 14th-century "anonymous" Theologia Germanica which was disseminated after his disappearance. According to the medieval introduction of the document, its author was an unnamed member of the Teutonic Order of Knights living in Frankfurt.
The lack of imprimatur from the Church and anonymity of the author of the Theologia germanica did not lessen its influence for the next two centuries — including Martin Luther at the peak of public and clerical resistance to Catholic indulgences — and was viewed by some historians of the early 20th century as pivotal in provoking Luther's actions and the subsequent Protestant Reformation.
The following quote from the Theologia Germanica depicts the conflict between worldly and ecclesiastical affairs:
The two eyes of the soul of man cannot both perform their work at once: but if the soul shall see with the right eye into eternity, then the left eye must close itself and refrain from working, and be as though it were dead. For if the left eye be fulfilling its office toward outward things, that is holding converse with time and the creatures; then must the right eye be hindered in its working; that is, in its contemplation. Therefore, whosoever will have the one must let the other go; for ‘no man can serve two masters.’"
Eckhart was largely forgotten from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, barring occasional interest from thinkers such as Angelus Silesius (1627-1677). For centuries none of Eckhart's writings were known except a number of sermons, found in the old editions of Johann Tauler's sermons, published by Kachelouen (Leipzig, 1498) and by Adam Petri (Basel, 1521 and 1522).
Interest in Eckhart’s works was revived in the early nineteenth century, especially by German Romantics and Idealist philosophers. Franz von Baader, for instance, studied Eckhart in the early 19th century. Franz Pfeiffer's publication in 1857 of Eckhart's German sermons and treatises added greatly to this interest. A second important figure in the later nineteenth-century for the recovery of Eckhart's works was Heinrich Seuse Denifle, who was the first to recover Eckhart's Latin works, from 1886 onwards.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, much Catholic interest in Eckhart was concerned with the consistency of his thought in relation to Neoscholastic thought – in others words, to see whether Eckhart's thought could be seen to be essentially in conformity with orthodoxy as represented by his fellow Dominican Thomas Aquinas.
Since the mid nineteenth century scholars have questioned which of the many pieces attributed to Eckhart should be considered genuine, and whether greater weight should be given to works written in the vernacular, or Latin. Although the vernacular works survive today in over 200 manuscripts, the Latin writings are only found in a handful of manuscripts. Denifle and others have proposed that the Latin treatises, which Eckhart prepared for publication very carefully, were essential to a full understanding of Eckhart.
In 1923, Eckhart's Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense (also known as the Rechtsfertigung, or Vindicatory Document) was re-published. The Defense recorded Eckhart's responses against two of the of Inquisitional proceedings brought against him at Cologne, and details of the circumstances of Eckhart's trial. The Defense's extracts from vernacular sermons and treatises described by Eckhart as his own, authenticated a number of the vernacular works. Although questions remain about the authenticity of some vernacular works, there is no dispute about the genuine character of the Latin texts presented in the critical edition.
The publication of the modern critical edition of Eckhart's German and Latin works began in 1936, and is nearly complete.
One difficulty with Eckhart's Latin writings is that they clearly represent only a small portion of what he planned to write. Eckhart describes his plans to write a vast Opus Tripartitum (Three-Part Work). Unfortunately, all that exists today of the first Part, the Work of Propositions, is the Prologue illustrating the first proposition (with Eckhart intending the first part alone to consist of over one thousand propositions). The second Part, called the Work of Questions, no longer exists. The third Part, the Work of Commentaries, is the major surviving Latin work by Eckhart, consisting of a Prologue, six commentaries, and fifty-six sermons. It used to be thought that this work was begun while Eckhart was in Paris between 1311 and 1313; however, recent manuscript discoveries mean that much of what survives must be dated to before 1310.
The surviving Latin works are therefore:
- The early Quaestiones Parisiensis (Parisian Questions).
- Prologus generalis in Opus tripartitium (General Prologue to the Three-Part Work).
- Prologus in Opus propositionum (Prologue to the Work of Propositions).
- Prologus in Opus expositionum (Prologue to the Work of Commentaries).
- Expositio Libri Genesis (Commentary on the Book of Genesis).
- Liber Parabolorum Genesis (Book of the Parables of Genesis).
- Expositio Libri Exodi (Commentary on the Book of Exodus).
- Expositio Libri Sapientiae (Commentary on the Book of Wisdom).
- Sermones et Lectiones super Ecclesiastici c.24:23-31 (Sermons and Lectures on the Twenty-fourth chapter of Ecclesiasticus).
- Fragments of the Commentary on the Song of Songs survive
- Expositio sancti Evangelii secundum Iohannem (Commentary on John)
- Various sermons, including some preserved in the collection Paradisus anime intelligentis (Paradise of the Intelligent Soul/Paradise of the Intellectual Soul).
- A brief treatise on the Lord's Prayer, largely an anthology culled from earlier authorities
- The Defense.
- Although not composed by Eckhart, also relevant are the Vatican archive materials relating to Eckhart's trial, the Votum theologicum (or Opinion) of the Avignon commission who investigated Eckhart, and the bull In agro dominico.
Questions concerning the authenticity of the Middle High German texts attributed to Eckhart are much greater than for the Latin texts. The problems involve not only whether a particular sermon or treatise is to be judged authentic or pseudonymous, but also, given the large number of manuscripts and the fragmentary condition of many of them, whether it is even possible to establish the text for some of the pieces accepted as genuine. Eckhart's sermons are versions written down by others from memory or from notes, meaning that the possibility for error was much greater than for the carefully written Latin treatises.
The critical edition of Eckhart's works accepts 86 sermons as genuine. Of these, Sermons 1-16b are proved authentic by direct citation in the Defense. Sermons 17-24 have such close textual affinities with Latin sermons recognised as genuine that they are accepted. Sermons 25-86 are harder to verify, and judgements have been made on the basis of style and content.
When Franz Pfeiffer published his edition of Eckhart's works in 1857, he included seventeen vernacular treatises he considered to be written by Eckhart. Modern scholarship is much more cautious, however, and the critical edition accepts only four of Eckhart's vernacular treatises as genuine:
- The longest of these, the Reden der Unterweisung (Counsels on Discernment/Discourses on Instruction/Talks of Instruction), is probably Eckhart's earliest surviving work, a set of spiritual instructions that he gave to young Dominicans in the 1290s. It was clearly a popular work, with fifty-one manuscripts known.
- A second vernacular treatise, the Liber Benedictus (Book 'Benedictus' ), in fact consists of two related treatises - firstly Daz buoch der götlîchen trœstunge(The Book of the Divine Consolation), and secondly a sermon entitled Von dem edeln menschen (Of the Nobleman).
- The final vernacular treatise accepted as genuine by the critical edition is entitled Vom Abgescheidenheit (On Detachment). However, this treatise is generally today not thought to be written by Eckhart.
Eckhart wrote on metaphysics and spiritual psychology, drawing extensively on mythic imagery, and was notable for his sermons communicating the metaphorical content of the gospels to laymen and clergy alike. His work has influenced major German philosophers.
As Eckhart said in his trial defence, his sermons were meant to inspire in listeners the desire above all to do some good. In this, he frequently used unusual language or seemed to stray from the path of orthodoxy, which made him suspect to the Church during the tension-filled years of the Avignon Papacy.
Although he was an accomplished academic theologian, Eckhart's best-remembered works are his highly unusual sermons in the vernacular. Eckhart as a preaching friar attempted to guide his flock, as well as monks and nuns under his jurisdiction with practical sermons on spiritual/psychological transformation and New Testament metaphorical content related to the creative power inherent in disinterest (dispassion or detachment).
The central theme of Eckhart's German sermons is the presence of God in the individual soul, and the dignity of the soul of the just man. Although he elaborated on this theme, he rarely departed from it. In one sermon, Eckhart gives the following summary of his message:
When I preach, I usually speak of detachment and say that a man should be empty of self and all things; and secondly, that he should be reconstructed in the simple good that God is; and thirdly, that he should consider the great aristocracy which God has set up in the soul, such that by means of it man may wonderfully attain to God; and fourthly, of the purity of the divine nature.
In Eckhart's vision, God is primarily fecund. Out of overabundance of love the fertile God gives birth to the Son, the Word in all of us. Clearly,[note 4] this is rooted in the Neoplatonic notion of "ebullience; boiling over" of the One that cannot hold back its abundance of Being. Eckhart had imagined the creation not as a "compulsory" overflowing (a metaphor based on a common hydrodynamic picture), but as the free act of will of the triune nature of Deity (refer Trinitarianism).
Another bold assertion is Eckhart's distinction between God and Godhead (Gottheit in German, meaning Godhood or Godliness, state of being God). These notions had been present in Pseudo-Dionysius's writings and John the Scot's De divisione naturae, but Eckhart, with characteristic vigor and audacity, reshaped the germinal metaphors into profound images of polarity between the Unmanifest and Manifest Absolute.
Matthew Fox (born 1940) is an American theologian. Formerly a priest and a member of the Dominican Order within the Roman Catholic Church, Fox was an early and influential exponent of a movement that came to be known as Creation Spirituality. The movement draws inspiration from the wisdom traditions of Christian scriptures, and the philosophies of such medieval Catholic visionaries as Hildegard of Bingen, Thomas Aquinas, Saint Francis of Assisi, Julian of Norwich, Dante Alighieri, Meister Eckhart and Nicholas of Cusa, and others. Fox has written a number of articles on Eckhart, and a book titled "Breakthrough: Meister Eckhart's Creation Spirituality in New Translation."
The French philosopher Jacques Derrida distingushes Eckhart's Negative Theology from his own concept of différance although John D. Caputo in his influential 'The Tears and Prayers of Jacques Derrida' emphasises the importance of that tradition for this thought.
Meister Eckhart has become one of the timeless heroes of modern spirituality, which thrives on an all-inclusive syncretism. This syncretism started with the colonisation of Asia, and the search of similarities between eastern and western religions. Western monotheism was projected onto eastern religiosity by western orientalists, trying to accommodate eastern religiosity to a western understanding, whereafter Asian intellectuals used these projections as a starting point to propose the superiority of those eastern religions. Early on, the figure of Meister Eckhart has played a role in these developments and exchanges.
Renewed academic attention to Eckhart has attracted favorable attention to his work from contemporary non-Christian mystics. Eckhart's most famous single quote, "The Eye with which I see God is the same Eye with which God sees me", is commonly cited by thinkers within neopaganism and ultimatist Buddhism as a point of contact between these traditions and Christian mysticism. The popular writer Eckhart Tolle changed his name in acknowledgement of Eckhart's influence on his philosophy.
The first translation of Upanishads appeared in two parts in 1801 and 1802. The 19th-century philosopher Schopenhauer was influenced by the early translations of the Upanishads, which he called "the consolation of my life".[note 5] Schopenhauer compared Eckhart's views to the teachings of Indian, Christian and Islamic mystics and ascetics:
If we turn from the forms, produced by external circumstances, and go to the root of things, we shall find that Sakyamuni and Meister Eckhart teach the same thing; only that the former dared to express his ideas plainly and positively, whereas Eckhart is obliged to clothe them in the garment of the Christian myth, and to adapt his expressions thereto.
Schopenhauer also stated:
Buddha, Eckhart and I all teach the same.
A major force in the mutual influence of eastern and western ideas and religiosity was the Theosophical Society., which also incorporated Eckhart in its notion of Theosophy. It searched for ancient wisdom in the east, spreading eastern religious ideas in the west. One of its salient features was the belief in "Masters of Wisdom"[note 6], "beings, human or once human, who have transcended the normal frontiers of knowledge, and who make their wisdom available to others". The Theosophical Society also spread western ideas in the east, aiding a modernisation of eastern traditions, and contributing to a growing nationalism in the Asian colonies.
The Theosophical Society had a major influence on Hindu reform movements.[note 7] A major proponent of this "neo-Hinduism", also called "neo-Vedanta", was Vivekananda (1863-1902) who popularised his modernised interpretation of Advaita Vedanta in the 19th and early 20th century in both India and the west, emphasising anubhava ("personal experience") over scriptural authority. Vivekanda's teachings have been compared to Eckhart's teachings.
In the 20th century, Eckhart's thoughts were also compared to Shankara's Advaita Vedanta by Rudolf Otto in his Mysticism East and West. According to King, the aim of this work was to redeem Eckhart's mysticism in Protestant circles, attempting "to establish the superiority of the German mysticism of Eckhart over the Indian mysticism of Sankara".
The Theosophical Society also had a major influence on Buddhist modernism, and the spread of this modernised Buddhism in the west. Along with H. S. Olcott and Anagarika Dharmapala, Helena P. Blavatsky was instrumental in the Western transmission and revival of Theravada Buddhism.
In 1891, Karl Eugen Neumann, who translated large parts of the Tripitaka, found parallels between Eckhart and Buddhism, which he published in Zwei buddhistische Suttas und ein Traktat Meister Eckharts ("Two Buddhist Suttas and a treatise of Meister Eckhart"). D.T. Suzuki, who joined the Theosophical Society Adyar and was an active Theosophist, discerned parallels between Eckhart's teachings and Zen Buddhism in his Mysticism:Christian and Buddhist, drawing similarities between Eckhart's "pure nothingness" (ein bloss niht) and sunyata. Shizuteru Ueda, a third generation Kyoto School philosopher and scholar in medieval philosophy showed similarities between Eckhart's soteriology and Zen Buddhism in an article.
Reiner Schurmann, a Professor of Philosophy, while agreeing with Daisetz T. Suzuki that there exist certain similarities between Zen Buddhism and Meister Eckhart's teaching, also disputed Suzuki's contention that the ideas expounded in Eckhart's sermons closely approach Buddhist thought, "so closely indeed, that one could stamp them almost definitely as coming out of Buddhist speculations". Schurmann's several clarifications included:
- On the question of "Time" and Eckhart's view (claimed as parallel to Buddhism in reducing awakening to instantaneity) that the birth of the Word in the ground of the mind must accomplish itself in an instant, in "the eternal now", that in fact Eckhart in this respect is rooted directly in the catechisis of the Fathers of the Church rather than merely derived from Buddhism;
- On the question of "Isness" and Suzuki's contention that the "Christian experiences are not after all different from those of the Buddhist; terminology is all that divides us", that in Eckhart "the Godhead's istigkeit [translated as "isness" by Suzuki] is a negation of all quiddities; it says that God, rather than non-being, is at the heart of all things" thereby demonstrating with Eckhart's theocentrism that "the istigkeit of the Godhead and the isness of a thing then refer to two opposite experiences in Meister Eckhart and Suzuki: in the former, to God, and in the latter, to `our ordinary state of the mind'" and Buddhism's attempts to think "pure nothingness";
- On the question of "Emptiness" and Eckhart's view (claimed as parallel to Buddhist emphasis "on the emptiness of all 'composite things'") that only a perfectly released person, devoid of all, comprehends, "seizes", God, that the Buddhist "emptiness" seems to concern man's relation to things while Eckhart's concern is with what is "at the end of the road opened by detachment [which is] the mind espouses the very movement of the divine dehiscence; it does what the Godhead does: it lets all things be; not only must God also abandon all of his own—names and attributes if he is to reach into the ground of the mind (this is already a step beyond the recognition of the emptiness of all composite things), but God's essential being - releasement - becomes the being of a released man."
The notable humanistic psychoanalyst and philosopher Erich Fromm was another scholar who brought renewed attention in the west to Eckhart's writings, drawing upon many of the latters themes in his large corpus of work. Eckhart was a significant influence in developing United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld's conception of spiritual growth through selfless service to humanity, as detailed in his book of contemplations called Vägmärken ('Markings').[note 8]
In popular culture
Rubin's Jacob's Ladder
In Jacob's Ladder, Louis, the main character's friend, attributes the following quote to Eckhart:
You know what he [Eckhart] said? The only thing that burns in Hell is the part of you that won't let go of your life; your memories, your attachments. They burn 'em all away. But they're not punishing you, he said. They're freeing your soul. [...] If you're frightened of dying and holding on, you'll see devils tearing your life away. But if you've made your peace then the devils are really angels, freeing you from the Earth.
Lyacos's Z213: Exit
[...]your own are burning and your memories and you don't want to leave them. Everything will burn to the end, you suffer, but nobody is punishing you, they are just setting your soul free. Don't be afraid because while you fear death they will rend your soul like demons. Only calm down and you will see the angels who are setting you free and then you will be free.
Davidson's The Gargoyle
[...] Meister Eckhart would not even admit that God was good [...] Eckhart's position was that anything that was good can become better, and whatever may become better may become best. God cannot be referred to as "good", "better", or best because He is above all things. If a man says that God is wise, the man is lying because anything that is wise can become wiser. Anything that a man might say about God is incorrect, even calling Him by the name of God. God is "superessential nothingness" and "transcendent Being" [...] beyond all words and beyond all understanding. The best a man can do is remain silent, because anytime he prates on about God, he is committing the sin of lying. The true master knows that if he had a God he could understand, He would never hold Him to be God.
Salinger's Franny and Zooey
I can't help thinking you'd make a damn site better-adjusted actor if Seymour and I hadn't thrown in the Upanishads and the Diamond Sutra and Eckhart and all our other old loves with the rest of your recommended reading when you were small.
The third movement of John Adams's Harmonielehre symphony (1985) is titled 'Meister Eckhart and Quackie', which imagines the mystic floating through space with the composer's daughter Emily (nicknamed Quackie) on his back whispering secrets of grace in his ear.
Eckhart as a mystic
Since the 1960s debate has been going on in Germany whether Eckhart should be called a "mystic". The philosopher Karl Albert had already argued that Eckhart had to be placed in the tradition of philosophical mysticism of Parmenides, Plato, Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus and other neo-Platonistic thinkers. Heribert Fischer argued in the 1960s that Eckhart was a mediaeval theologian.
Kurt Flasch, a member of the so-called Bochum-school of mediaeval philosophy, strongly reacted against the influence of New Age mysticism and "all kinds of emotional subjective mysticism", arguing for the need to free Eckhart from "the Mystical Flood". He sees Eckhart strictly as a philosopher. Flasch argues that the opposition between "mystic" and "scholastic" is not relevant because this mysticism (in Eckhart's context) is penetrated by the spirit of the University, in which it occurred.
According to Hackett, Eckhart is to be understood as an "original hermeneutical thinker in the Latin tradition". To understand Eckhart, he has to be properly placed within the western philosophical tradition of which he was a part.
Eckhart's status in the contemporary Catholic Church has been uncertain. The Dominican Order pressed in the last decade of the 20th century for his full rehabilitation and confirmation of his theological orthodoxy. Pope John Paul II voiced favorable opinion on this initiative, even going as far as quoting from Eckhart's writings, but the affair is still confined to the corridors of the Vatican. In the spring of 2010, it was revealed that there was finally a response from the Vatican in a letter dated 1992. Timothy Radcliffe, then Master of the Dominicans and recipient of the letter, summarized the contents as follows:
We tried to have the censure lifted on Eckhart [...] and were told that there was really no need since he had never been condemned by name, just some propositions which he was supposed to have held, and so we are perfectly free to say that he is a good and orthodox theologian.
Professor Winfried Trusen of Würzburg, a correspondent of Radcliffe, wrote in part of a defence of Eckhart to Cardinal Ratzinger, stating
Only 28 propositions were censured, but they were taken out of their context and impossible to verify, since there were no manuscripts in Avignon.
Modern editions and translations
- Meister Eckhart: Die deutschen und lateinischen Werke. Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. Stuttgart and Berlin: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 11 Vols., 1936- [This is the critical edition of Meister Eckhart's works. The Latin works comprise six volumes, of which four are complete. The Middle High German works will be in five volumes, of which four are complete]
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981. [Re-published in paperback without notes and a foreword by John O’Donohue as Meister Eckhart, Selections from His Essential Writings, (New York, 2005)]
- Meister Eckhart: Teacher and Preacher, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Frank Tobin, New York and London: Paulist Press / SPCK, 1987.
- C. de B. Evans, Meister Eckhart by Franz Pfeiffer, 2 vols., London: Watkins, 1924 and 1931.
- Meister Eckhart: A Modern Translation, trans. Raymond B. Blakney, New York: Harper and Row, 1941, ISBN 0-06-130008-X [a translation of about one-half the works including treatises, 28 sermons, Defense]
- Otto Karrer Meister Eckhart Speaks The Philosophical Library, Inc. New York, 1957.
- James M. Clark and John V. Skinner, eds. and trans., Treatises and Sermons of Meister Eckhart, New York: Octagon Books, 1983. (Reprint of Harper and Row ed., 1958 / London: Faber & Faber, 1958.)
- Armand Maurer, ed., Master Eckhart: Parisian Questions and Prologues, Toronto, Canada: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1974.
- Meister Eckhart, Sermons and Treatises, trans. by M. O'C. Walshe, 3 vols., (London: Watkins, 1979-1981; later printed at Longmead, Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1979-1990). [Now published as The Complete Mystical Works of Meister Eckhart, trans. and ed. by M. O’C. Walshe, rev. by Bernard McGinn (New York, 2009)]
- Matthew Fox, Breakthrough: Meister Eckhart's Creation Spirituality in New Translation (Garden City, New York, 1980)
- Meister Eckhart: Selected Writings, ed. and trans. by Oliver Davies, London: Penguin, 1994.
- Book of the 24 Philosophers
- Brethren of the Free Spirit
- Heresy of the Free Spirit
- Sister Catherine Treatise
- Theologia Germanica
- Meister is German for "Master", referring to the academic title Magister in theologia that he obtained in Paris.
- His "Defence" is famous for his reasoned arguments to all challenged articles of his writing, and his refutation of heretical intent.
- No record of his death or burial site has ever been discovered.
- Aside from a rather striking metaphor of "fertility"
- And called his poodle "Atman".
- See also Ascended Master Teachings
- The Theosophical Society and the Arya Samaj were united from 1878 to 1882, as the Theosophical Society of the Arya Samaj.
- Dusen: "[t]he counterpoint to this enormously exposed and public life is Eckhart and Jan van Ruysbroek. They really give me balance and-a more necessary sense of humor." Henry P van Dusen. Dag Hammarskjöld. A Biographical Interpretation of Markings. Faber and Faber. London 1967 pp49-50.
- "Meister Eckhart". stanford.edu.
- Hackett 2012.
- Bernard McGinn, The Mystical Thought of Meister Eckhart, (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 2001), p2, points out that previous scholarship which had placed Eckhart's birth in Hochheim is incorrect: Hochheim is used in the sources to indicate Eckhart's family name, not his birthplace.
- Walter Senner, ‘Meister Eckhart’s Life, Training, Career, and Trial’ in Jeremiah Hackett (ed.), A Companion to Meister Eckhart (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 7-84.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p5.
- Cairns, Earl (1996), Christianity through the Centuries, Zondervan
- Clark, James (1957), Meister Eckhart, New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., p. 11
- This supposition is founded on Eckhart’s frequent citation, with respect, of Albert the Great, who had taught at Cologne until his death in 1280, and more particularly, his statement in his 1294 Easter Sermon that ‘Albert often used to say: “This I know, as we know things, for we all know very little”.(Bernard McGinn, The Mystical Thought of Meister Eckhart, (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 2001), p2).
- The evidence for Eckhart's studies in Cologne is similarly circumstantial as recounted in Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p7.
- McGinn, Eckhart, p4
- The Parisian Questions were first discovered in 1927. They are translated with an introduction in Armand Maurer, ed., Master Eckhart: Parisian Questions and Prologues, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1974).
- On the possible dating of the works written in this period, see McGinn, Eckhart, pp5-9.
- McGinn, Eckhart, p9
- cf. Urkundenbuch der Stadt Strassburg, iii. 236.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p10.
- McGinn, Eckhart, (2001), p14
- cf. the document in Preger, i. 471; more accurately in ALKG, ii. 627 sqq.
- In the early twentieth century, the suspicion of Eckhart was often put down to tensions between Dominicans and Franciscans. This narrative, however, has been replaced by one which emphasises the broader context of fears concerning the Heresy of the Free Spirit. See Bernard McGinn, The Harvest of Mysticism, (2005), p103.
- McGinn, Eckhart, (2001), p17
- The general assumption in modern scholarship on Eckhart has been that the date of Eckhart's death is lost. McGinn, Eckhart, (2001), p17, however, trusts the argument of Walter Senner that a seventeenth-century Dominican source noted that Eckhart was remembered in German convents on 28 January - suggesting this day on 1328 was the date of his death. Some early twentieth-century writers suggested Eckhart may have not in fact died, but continued his ministry in anonymity, but there is no single medieval source that supports this suspicion.
- The bull is given complete in ALKG, ii. 636–640).
- McGinn, Eckhart, (2001), p18.
- As McGinn, Eckhart, p1, points out, about three hundred manuscripts containing Eckhart’s German sermons, both authentic and pseudonymous, survive.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p19.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p20.
- Christianity through the Centuries, Earle E. Cairns, Zondervan, 1996
- Theologia Germanica, public domain
- McGinn, Eckhart, p1
- McGinn, Eckhart, p. 1.
- Hackett 2012, p. xxvii.
- Ffytche 2011, p. 33.
- Franz von Baader (1765–1841) was a German Roman Catholic philosopher and theologian. He studied under Abraham Gottlob Werner at Freiberg, travelled through several of the mining districts in north Germany, and for four years, 1792–1796, resided in England. There he became acquainted with the ideas of David Hume, David Hartley and William Godwin, which were all distasteful to him. But he also came into contact with the mystical speculations of Meister Eckhart, Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (1743–1803), and above all those of Jakob Boehme, which were more to his liking. In 1796 he returned from England, and came into contact with Friedrich Schelling, and the works he published during this period were manifestly influenced by that philosopher.
- This was in the second volume of his Deutsche Mystiker (Stuttgart). Pfeiffer's edition included 111 sermons and 18 treatises, as well as a number of sayings and fragments - but many of these are now recognised to be later works falsely attributed to Eckhart. (Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p62)
- Mention could also be made of Franz Jostes, Meister Eckhart und seine Junger, ungedruckte Texte zur Geschichte der deutschen Mystik (Collectanea Friburgensia, iv., Freiburg, 1895).
- McGinn, Eckhart, p. 20.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p. 62.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p. 63.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p. 64.
- Meister Eckhart: Die deutschen und lateinischen Werke. Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. Stuttgart and Berlin: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 11 Vols., 1936-. The Latin works comprise 6 volumes (widely referred to as LW1-6), while the German works comprise 5 volumes (widely referred to as DW1-5).
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p64. This Prologue exists in two manuscripts discovered by Denifle - one discovered in Erfurt in 1880, and the other in Kues in 1886.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p65.
- Bernard McGinn, The Harvest of Mysticism, (2005), p98.
- LW 1:27-83. The English translation is Armand Maurer, ed., Master Eckhart: Parisian Questions and Prologues, Toronto, Canada: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1974.
- LW 1:148-165. An English translation is in Armand Maurer, ed., Master Eckhart: Parisian Questions and Prologues, Toronto, Canada: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1974, pp77-104.
- LW 1:166-182.
- LW 1:183-184.
- LW 1:185-444. The Prologue and the commentary on Genesis 3 are translated into English in Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, pp82-121.
- LW 1:447-702.
- LW 2:1-227. This is translated into English in its entirety in Meister Eckhart: Teacher and Preacher, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Frank Tobin, New York and London: Paulist Press / SPCK, 1987, pp41-146.
- LW 2:301-643.
- LW 2:29-300. The commentary on Ecclesiasticus 24.29 is translated into English in Meister Eckhart: Teacher and Preacher, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Frank Tobin, New York and London: Paulist Press / SPCK, 1987, pp174-181.
- LW 3. The commentary on John 1:1-14 is translated into English in Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, pp122-173. The commentary on John 14.8 is translated into English in Meister Eckhart: Teacher and Preacher, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Frank Tobin, New York and London: Paulist Press / SPCK, 1987, pp182-205.
- Markus, Professor (2011-04-22). "LW4. An extensive list of English translations of the sermons". Markusvinzent.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- Around half of the 64 sermons in the Paradisus were by Eckhart, with the majority contributed by Dominicans. On the origin and purpose of the Paradisus (with dates around 1330-40 generally suggested), see Bernard McGinn, The Harvest of Mysticism, (2005), p321-2 (which reverses some of the arguments of McGinn (2001).
- Selections are translated into English in Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, pp71-76.
- Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981, p66.
- Markus, Professor (2011-04-22). "An extensive list of English translations of the sermons". Markusvinzent.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- LW 5:137-376.
- Bernard McGinn, The Harvest of Mysticism, (2005), p95.
- DW 5:1-105.
- DW 5:109-119.
- DW 5:400-434. All four vernacular treatises are translated into English in Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. and ed. by Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge, New York: Paulist Press, 1981.
- Bernard McGinn, The Harvest of Mysticism, (2005), p632.
- Marcus Braybrooke, Beacons of Light: 100 People who Have Shaped The History of Humankind, pages 316-317 (O Books, 2009). ISBN 978-1-84694-185-6
- "Peterborough". Peterborough Examiner.
- Eckhart, Meister (1980). Breakthrough, Meister Eckhart's creation spirituality, in new translation. Translated by Matthew Fox. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0385170459. Retrieved September 2014.
- Derrida, J: "How to Avoid Speaking: Denials" pages 3-70, in "Languages of the Unsayable: The Play of Negativity in Literature and Literary Theory" Stanley Budick and Wolfgang Iser, eds. 1989
- Hanegraaf 1996.
- King 2002.
- Renard 2010, p. 178.
- Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, Vol. II, Ch. XLVIII
- King 2002, p. 125.
- Renard 2010, p. 185-188.
- Sinari 2000.
- Partridge 2006, p. 3, note 2.
- Lavoie 2012.
- Gilchrist 1996, p. 32.
- McMahan 2008.
- Johnson 1994, p. 107.
- King 2002, p. 93.
- Renard 2010, p. 189-193.
- Michaelson 2009, p. 79-81.
- Rambachan 1994.
- Rambachan 1994, p. 1.
- Ganapathy 2003, p. 247.
- Akhilananda Swami 2012.
- King 2002, p. 125-128.
- King 2002, p. 126.
- McMahan 2008, p. 98.
- Gombrich 1996, p. 185-188.
- Fields 1992, p. 83-118.
- Moran 2012, p. 672.
- Algeo 2005.
- Algeo 2007.
- Tweed 2005.
- Schurmann 2001, p. 217.
- King 2002, p. 156.
- Shizuteru Ueda (1989), Eckhart um zen am problem
- Schurmann 2001, p. 218.
- Schurmann 2001, p. 219.
- Rubin 1990, p. 82
- Lyacos 2010, p. 88
- Andrew Davidson, The Gargoyle, pp.140-41
- Salinger, J.D (1955). Franny and Zooey. Boston: Little Brown and Company. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-316-76949-5.
- Simon Rattle & City of Birmingham SO (1994) CD booklet
- Hackett 2012, p. xxii.
- Hackett 2012, p. xxiii.
- Hackett 2012, p. xxiv.
- "Meister Eckhart rehabilitated by the Pope". Academici.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- Akhilananda Swami (2012), Hindu Psychology: Its Meaning for the West, Routledge
- Algeo, Adele S. (July 2005), "Beatrice Lane Suzuki and Theosophy in Japan", Theosophical History XI
- Algeo, Adele S. (January–February 2007), "Beatrice Lane Suzuki: An American Theosophist in Japan", Quest 95 (1): 13–17
- Boyd-MacMillan, Eolene M (2006), Transformation: James Loder, Mystical Spirituality, and James Hillman, Peter Lang
- Herman Büttner, ed., Schriften und Predigten, vol. 1. Jena: Eugen Diederichs, 1903.
- Herman Büttner, ed., Schriften und Predigten, vol. 2. Jena: Eugen Diederichs, 1909.
- Augustine Daniels, O.S.B., ed., "Eine lateinische Rechtfertigungsschrift des Meister Eckharts", Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, 23, 5 (Münster, 1923): 1 - 4, 12 - 13, 34 - 35, 65 - 66.
- Fields, Rick (1992), How the Swans Came to the Lake. A Narrative History of Buddhism in America, Boston & London: Shambhala
- Ffytche, Matt (2011), The Foundation of the Unconscious: Schelling, Freud and the Birth of the Modern Psyche, Cambridge University Press
- Ganapathy (2003), The Way of the Siddhas. In: K. R. Sundararajan, Bithika Mukerji (2003), Hindu Spirituality, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
- Gilchrist, Cherry (1996), Theosophy. The Wisdom of the Ages, HarperSanFrancisco
- Gombrich, Richard F. (1996), Theravāda Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, London and New York: Routledge
- Hackett, Jeremiah (2012), A Companion to Meister Eckhart, Brill
- Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996), New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought, Boston, Massachusetts, US: Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-10696-3
- Johnson, K. Paul (1994), The masters revealed: Madam Blavatsky and the myth of the Great White Lodge, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-2063-9
- Franz Jostes, ed., Meister Eckhart und seine Jünger: Ungedruckte Texte zur Geschichte der deutschen Mystik. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1972 (Series: Deutsche Neudrucke Texte des Mittelalters).
- Thomas Kaepelli, O.P., "Kurze Mitteilungen über mittelalterliche Dominikanerschriftsteller", Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 10, (1940), pp. 293 – 94.
- Thomas Kaepelli, O.P., Scriptores ordinis Praedicatorum medii aevi. Vol. I (A-F). Rome, 1970.
- King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
- Gustav Landauer, ed. and trans. Meister Eckharts mystische Schriften. Berlin: Karl Schnabel, 1903.
- M.H. Laurent, "Autour du procés de Maître Eckhart. Les documents des Archives Vaticanes", Divus Thomas (Piacenza) 39 (1936), pp. 331 – 48, 430 - 47.
- Lavoie, Jeffrey D. (2012), The Theosophical Society: The History of a Spiritualist Movement, Universal-Publishers
- McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195183276
- Michaelson, Jay (2009), Everything Is God: The Radical Path of Nondual Judaism, Shambhala
- Moran, Dermot (2012), Meister Eckhart in 20th Century Philosophy. In: Jeremiah Hacket (2012), A Companion to Meister Eckhart, Brill
- Partridge, Christipher Hugh (2006), Understanding the Dark Side: Western Demonology, Satanic Panics and Alien Abduction, University of Chester
- Franz Pelster, S.J., ed., Articuli contra Fratrem Aychardum Alamannum, Vat. lat. 3899, f. 123r - 130v, in "Ein Gutachten aus dem Eckehart-Prozess in Avignon", Aus der Geistewelt des Mittelalters, Festgabe Martin Grabmann, Beiträge Supplement 3, Munster, 1935, pp. 1099–1124.
- Franz Pfeiffer, ed. Deutsche Mystiker des vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, vol. II: Meister Eckhart. 2nd ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck, 1906.
- Josef Quint, ed. and trans. Meister Eckehart: Deutsche Predigten und Traktate, Munich: Carl Hanser, 1955.
- Josef Quint, ed., Textbuch zur Mystik des deutschen Mittelalters: Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, Heinrich Seuse, Halle/Saale: M. Niemeyer, 1952.
- Rambachan, Anatanand (1994), The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas, University of Hawaii Press
- Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip
- Rubin, Bruce Joel, Jacob's Ladder. Mark Mixson, general editor, The Applause Screenplay Series, Applause Theatre Book Publishers, 1990. ISBN 1-55783-086-X.
- Schurmann, Reiner (2001), Wandering Joy: Meister Eckhart's Mystical Philosophy, Lindisfarne Books
- Sinari, Ramakant (2000), Advaita and Contemporary Indian Philosophy. In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta", Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations
- Gabriel Théry, O.P., "Édition critique des piéces relatives au procés d'Eckhart continues dans le manuscrit 33b de la Bibliothèque de Soest", Archives d'histoire littéraire et doctrinal du moyen âge, 1 (1926), pp. 129 – 268.
- Tweed, Thomas A. (2005), "American Occultism and Japanese Buddhism. Albert J. Edmunds, D. T. Suzuki, and Translocative History" (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 32 (2): 249–281
- James Midgely Clark, Meister Eckhart: An Introduction to the Study of His Works with an Anthology of His Sermons, Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1957.
- Shizuteru Ueda, Die Gottesgeburt in der Seele und der Durchbruch zur Gottheit. Die mystische Anthropologie Meister Eckharts und ihre Konfrontation mit der Mystik des Zen-Buddhismus, Gütersloh: Mohn, 1965.
- Reiner Schürmann, Meister Eckhart: Mystic and Philosopher, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.
- Matthew Fox, O.P., ed., Breakthrough: Meister Eckhart's Creation Spirituality in New Translation, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1980.
- Bernard McGinn The Mystical Thought of Meister Eckhart: The Man from whom God Hid Nothing, (New York: Herder & Herder, 2001)
- Jeanne Ancelet-Hustache, Master Eckhart and the Rhineland Mystics, New York and London: Harper and Row/ Longmans, 1957.
- Leonardo Vittorio Arena, The Shadows of the Masters, ebook, 2013.
- James M. Clark, The Great German Mystics, New York: Russell and Russell, 1970 (reprint of Basil Blackwell edition, Oxford: 1949.)
- James M. Clark, trans., Henry Suso: Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Little Book of Truth, London: Faber, 1953.
- Cesare Catà, Il Cardinale e l'Eretico. Nicola Cusano e il problema della eredità "eterodossa" di Meister Eckhart nel suo pensiero, in "Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies", UCLA University, Volume 41, No.2 (2010), pp. 269–291.
- Oliver Davies, God Within: The Mystical Tradition of Northern Europe, London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1988.
- Oliver Davies, Meister Eckhart: Mystical Theologian, London: SPCK, 1991.
- Eckardus Theutonicus, homo doctus et sanctus, Fribourg: University of Fribourg, 1993.
- Robert K. Forman, Meister Eckhart: Mystic as Theologian, Rockport, Massachusetts / Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1991.
- Gundolf Gieraths, O.P., '"Life in Abundance: Meister Eckhart and the German Dominican Mystics of the 14th Century", Spirituality Today Supplement, Autumn, 1986.
- Aldous Huxley, The Perennial Philosophy: An Interpretation of the Great Mystics, East and West, New York: HarperCollins, 1945.
- Amy Hollywood, The Soul as Virgin Wife: Mechthild of Magdeburg, Marguerite Porete, and Meister Eckhart, Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996.
- Rufus Jones, The Flowering of Mysticism in the Fourteenth Century, New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1971 (facsimile of 1939 ed.).
- Bernard McGinn, "Eckhart's Condemnation Reconsidered" in The Thomist, vol. 44, 1980.
- Bernard McGinn, ed., Meister Eckhart and the Beguine Mystics Hadewijch of Brabant, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and Marguerite Porete, New York: Continuum, 1994.
- Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, Vol. II, ISBN 0-486-21762-0
- Cyprian Smith, The Way of Paradox: Spiritual Life as Taught by Meister Eckhart, New York: Paulist Press, 1988.
- Frank Tobin, Meister Eckhart: Thought and Language, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.
- Denys Turner, The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- Winfried Trusen, Der Prozess gegen Meister Eckhart, Fribourg: University of Fribourg, 1988.
- Andrew Weeks, German Mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Literary and Intellectual History, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.
- Richard Woods, O.P., Eckhart's Way, Wilmington, Delaware: Glazier, 1986 (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1991).
- Richard Woods, O.P., Meister Eckhart: The Gospel of Peace and Justice, Tape Cassette Program, Chicago: Center for Religion & Society, 1993.
- Richard Woods, O.P., Meister Eckhart: Master of Mystics (London, Continuum, 2010).
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meister Eckhart.|
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Meister Eckhart|
|Wikisource has original works written by or about:
- The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V. Published 1909. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, 1 May 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York
- Meister Eckhart's Sermons translated into English by Claud Field, at Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
- Meister Eckhart und seine Zeit German Website, most texts in German translation, some in Latin
- Meister Eckhart Bibliography (1800-1997)
- Meister Eckhart Bibliography (1997-)
- Meister Eckhart entry by B. Mojsisch & O.F. Summerell in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Meister Eckhart (1260—1328)" article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Brown, Arthur, "The Man From Whom God Hid Nothing."
- The Eckhart Society. Research by catholic scholars
- The Meister Eckhart Site, including full text of the papal bull against Meister Eckhart.
- Works by or about Meister Eckhart at Internet Archive
- Works by Meister Eckhart at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) | <urn:uuid:36b7209b-8b1e-4ac7-8f1c-69090493b828> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meister_Eckhart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645258858.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031418-00339-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896464 | 14,659 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Civil Rights History Project: Survey of Collections and Repositories
Smith centennial study oral history project
Repository: Smith College. Sophia Smith Collection
Collection Description (CRHP): This collection includes oral histories of civil rights activists Loretta J. Ross and Vivion Lenon Brewer.
Collection Description (Extant): The Smith Centennial Study was a an oral history project for Smith College's centennial celebration. The project culminated with the publication of the book, "College: A Smith Mosaic." The purpose of the study was to provide a source of information about the importance of education in women's lives. Smith alumnae were interviewed, their observations were recorded on tape and the tapes were transcribed. The collection includes clippings, reports to the National Endowment for the Humanities, transcripts and correspondence with participants in the study, general correspondence, annotated and published copies of the book, "College: A Smith Mosaic."
Digital Status: No
Existing IDs: Collection number: RG 12
Extent: 24 boxes (12 linear ft.)
Finding Aid URL: http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/smitharchives/manosca90_main.html
Related Archival Items: Smith also has the papers of Loretta J. Ross and Vivion Lenon Brewer.
Interviewees: Loretta J. Ross, Vivion Lenon Brewer
Rights (CRHP): Contact the repository which holds the collection for information on rights
Women civil rights workers | <urn:uuid:001ad717-73c1-410b-b928-54cf2d57f4f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.loc.gov/folklife/civilrights/survey/view_collection.php?coll_id=2143 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188773.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00198-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864604 | 311 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Bystanders Step Up (EverSafe Project)
Have you ever witnessed something that made you feel uncomfortable? Did you want to say something or step up and offer help, but did not?
You’re not alone!
SU Step Up AWAREness Program
SU’s Step Up AWAREness Program is designed to help students learn how to safely step in and offer help or step out and get help for an individual in need. Together we can maintain a safer campus community!
Five Steps to Be an Active Bystander
1. Notice the event.
It is extremely easy to miss something that you’re not looking for. Students are busy people! You can be distracted by social media, friends, homework, etc. Sometimes we aren’t aware of our surroundings or just don’t want to notice something that appears to be wrong.
In order to create a safer campus community, all of us must be aware of what is going on around us.
2. Interpret the event as a problem.
We also have to fight the temptation to conform. We all are exposed to peer pressure. Sometimes we look to see what an authority is doing, like the president of your student organization. Other times we see what the people around us are doing. If no one else steps in to offer help, we assume that we shouldn’t either. This can be hard to fight, but we can create a safer campus community if we take responsibility for our SU family.
3. Assume personal responsibility.
Research shows that if you are alone you will help 80 percent of the time, but if you are in a group you will help only 20 percent of the time because of diffusion or responsibility (you think someone else will do something). You can take personal responsibility and be the first person to step up.
4. Know how to help.
Anyone can be an active bystander, and you should never put yourself in danger, but in most situations, there is something that you can do to help. Below are ways in which you can help.
- Look for exit strategies to get you and others out of the situation.
- Be clear and direct with your requests. Make safe choices.
- Understand your boundaries and limits as a helper.
- Engage other bystanders to help.
- Know campus and community resources.
5. Step Up! and offer help.
For many people, step five can be the hardest part of being an active bystander. Often times we know something is wrong, may know how to help, may want to help, but we just decide not to. In such situations, you must consider the cost of not stepping up.
When it’s time for you to step in and offer help or step out and get help, you should:
- Carefully consider the situation before taking any action.
- Step up early before the problem becomes a crisis or disaster.
- Know your limits! This means walking away when it is unsafe and calling someone else to help, maybe the police.
For more information on being an active bystander, you can schedule a meeting with a Title IX Officer.
If you or someone you know experiences violence, you’re not alone. Help is available by reviewing our list of Sexual Assault Awareness Resources and Contacts or by contacting the EverSafe Project at 530-226-4667.
SU’s Step UP! Is adapted from the University of Arizona C.A.T.S. Life Skills Program. | <urn:uuid:1f091dc1-366b-4ff1-9d76-62ec6d789bfe> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://simpsonu.edu/Pages/About/Resources/Student/Sexual-Assault-Prevention/Bystanders-Step-Up.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.931297 | 726 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Spaying and neutering are terms used to describe the process of “fixing” your dog. Spaying refers to sterilization of female dogs; neutering is the surgical sterilization of male dogs.
Fixing your dog has a number of advantages not only for the dog’s health but also because it prevents unwanted litters of puppies. Every year, millions of unwanted dogs have to be destroyed in animal shelters. Spaying and neutering prevent more unwanted puppies in a world where good homes for dogs are already limited.
Myths About Fixing Your Dog
A number of myths have developed about spaying or neutering a dog. Some owners believe that fixing a dog will lead to weight gain. Others worry that neutering a dog, especially a guard dog, will make him less aggressive.
Another popular belief holds that spaying a bitch should be done after she has her first heat and has had a litter of puppies, to “settle her down.” According to this myth, spaying her before this will cause her to “mourn” her lost fertility.
Some of these beliefs are true; others are false. Fixing your dog does not cause him or her to gain weight. Adult dogs’ metabolism naturally slows down. As dogs mature the need fewer calories and have a lower activity level, so weight gain will occur if the dog is fed too much. Because spaying and neutering are ideally done during puppyhood and the metabolic change of adulthood occurs after spaying or neutering, people have come to believe fixing a dog leads to weight gain.
Male dogs, it’s true, tend to be less aggressive towards other male dogs after neutering. However, this lowered aggression does not mean that fixing your dog impairs his ability to be a guard dog. A trained guard dog will do his job whether he has been neutered.
As for the belief involving female dogs and spaying, the rumors are simply that. Surgery is easier if the bitch has not gone into heat or produced a litter. A female does not need to have a litter to “settle” her, nor will she mourn the loss of her fertility. In fact, heat is an uncomfortable time for a female dog: hormone changes associated with heat often bring about personality changes. Spaying a bitch before her first heat cycle actually gives her a more even temperament.
Reasons for Spaying and Neutering
The advantages that come with spaying or neutering your dog abound. Although preventing litters is perhaps the most important reason, lifespan is also an issue. Fixed dogs have twice the lifespan of “intact” animals. The reasons for such differences in lifespan include:
- Intact males are more likely to roam, risking fights and car accidents.
- Older intact males commonly contract testicular cancer. Neutering makes this impossible.
- Intact females risk pregnancy complications, serious uterine infections, and cancers of the uterus.
- Fifty percent of unaltered bitches develop breast cancer.
In addition to the health advantages, fixing your dog will make him or her a more stable, the benefits of a fixing your dog include:
- eliminating crying, whining, and irritability
- eliminating the vaginal discharge that accompanies heat
- reducing territorial marking
- minimizing dominance issues with your family
- reducing sexual mounting behavior (leg-humping).
Spaying and Surgical Sterilization
When fixing your dog, the procedure to spay a female dog is more complicated than the surgery involved in neutering a male dog. Consequently, spaying is more expensive. Even though medical advances allow surgery to happen at two to four months, bitches are usually spayed at six months of age.
Veterinarians recommend spaying a bitch before her first heat because heat and pregnancy alter the uterus, making spaying more difficult. Excess abdominal fat also complicates spaying. However, any dog can benefit from spaying, regardless of her age.
While spaying often seems easy, most veterinarians consider its major surgery. Along with a mandatory fast before surgery, the bitch must have a pre-anesthetic exam, have her bladder expressed to remove urine and have the surgical site shaved.
Spaying is a complete ovariohysterectomy, meaning that the uterus, the fallopian tubes connecting the uterus to the ovaries and both ovaries are removed. Spaying usually requires thirty minutes of surgical time but can take longer if the dog has been in heat or has been pregnant in the past.
After removal, dissolvable stitches (sutures) are used to seal the incision. The dog may be uncomfortable for a day or two but usually recovers completely after a few days.
Neutering and Sterilization
Neutering is a much simpler procedure than spaying, although it still requires pre-surgical fasting and general anesthesia.
After anesthesia is administered, the dog’s groin area is shaved. An incision is made in front of the scrotum. Both the testicles and the epididymis (the sperm duct connecting the testicles to the vas deferens) are removed through the incision. After removal, the incision is sealed with dissolvable sutures.
The Cost of Fixing Your Dog
Spaying or neutering your dog is not cheap: expect to spend $150 or more. Older, larger dogs and bitches who have been in heat or had litters may cost more to spay, as the procedure takes longer and requires more anesthesia.
If cost is an issue, watch for spaying and neutering drives at your local animal shelter, or see if your veterinarian offers subsidized spaying and neutering costs.
You may also want to consider that, in the long run, medical costs for an intact dog are likely to be much higher than the cost of fixing your dog. With this in mind, it makes sense to look into spaying or neutering your pet. | <urn:uuid:58672001-8a97-4a43-b348-5068a078788d> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://dogdogs.xyz/spaying-neutering-fixing-dog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215487.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820003554-20180820023554-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.961775 | 1,235 | 2.75 | 3 |
When construction crews hit a hard spot at the San Diego Zoo, nobody could fathom what they would find in the depths of the dirt.
“It’s really a rare opportunity that an excavation is going on at the San Diego Zoo,” said San Diego Natural History Museum Field Manager Sarah Siren.
The crews were using an excavator to dig for a storm water tank. Instead, they found a well-preserved 3-million-year-old whale fossil. A paleontologist verified the find.
“This gives us a look into what was in the ocean back 3 million years ago,” Siren said. “This is certainly a unique find.”
So far they have the majority of the skeleton.
“We’re finding more as we go along. What we have is the skull and moving towards the tail, the vertebrae,” Siren said.
The Natural History Museum will be working on the fossil into next week.
“It is a sizable skeleton and it’s relatively complete so we would like to get all of it out,” Siren said.
Once they get it out, the hard part comes next.
“Transporting it back to the museum,” Siren said. | <urn:uuid:238d6f42-736a-4761-b64b-fa63dfdf4a2d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/weird/NATL-Whale-of-a-Tale-at-San-Diego-Zoo---103210019.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202003.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319163636-20190319185636-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.936137 | 265 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- Year Published: 1922
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: United States of America
- Source: Burgess T. W. (1922). Whitefoot the Woodmouse Boston: Little, Brown & Co..
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 4.5
- Word Count: 419
Burgess, T. (1922). "Whitefoot Gives Up Hope". Whitefoot the Woodmouse (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved January 18, 2022, from
Burgess, Thornton W.. ""Whitefoot Gives Up Hope"." Whitefoot the Woodmouse. Lit2Go Edition. 1922. Web. <>. January 18, 2022.
Thornton W. Burgess, ""Whitefoot Gives Up Hope"," Whitefoot the Woodmouse, Lit2Go Edition, (1922), accessed January 18, 2022,.
Whitefoot had been in many tight places. Yes, indeed, Whitefoot had been in many tight places. He had had narrow escapes of all kinds. But never had he felt so utterly hopeless as now. The moment he landed in that sap, Whitefoot began to swim frantically. He isn’t a particularly good swimmer, but he could swim well enough to keep afloat for a while. His first thought was to scramble up the side of the tin pail, but when he reached it and tried to fasten his sharp little claws into it in order to climb, he discovered that he couldn’t. Sharp as they were, his little claws just slipped, and his struggles to get up only resulted in tiring him out and in plunging him wholly beneath the sap. He came up choking and gasping. Then round and round inside that pail he paddled, stopping every two or three seconds to try to climb up that hateful, smooth, shiny wall.
The more he tried to climb out, the more frightened he became.
He was in a perfect panic of fear. He quite lost his head, did Whitefoot. The harder he struggled, the more tired he became, and the greater was his danger of drowning.
Whitefoot squeaked pitifully. He didn’t want to drown. Of course not. He wanted to live. But unless he could get out of that pail very soon, he would drown. He knew it. He knew that he couldn’t hold on much longer. He knew that just as soon as he stopped paddling, he would sink. Already he was so tired from his frantic efforts to escape that it seemed to him that he couldn’t hold out any longer. But somehow he kept his legs moving, and so kept afloat.
Just why he kept struggling, Whitefoot couldn’t have told. It wasn’t because he had any hope. He didn’t have the least bit of hope. He knew now that he couldn’t climb the sides of that pail, and there was no other way of getting out. Still he kept on paddling. It was the only way to keep from drowning, and though he felt sure that he had got to drown at last, he just wouldn’t until he actually had to. And all the time Whitefoot squeaked hopelessly, despairingly, pitifully. He did it without knowing that he did it, just as he kept paddling round and round. | <urn:uuid:82a790ff-c6f7-421b-bce2-e496d119518b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/101/whitefoot-the-woodmouse/1768/whitefoot-gives-up-hope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300810.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118092443-20220118122443-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.985134 | 708 | 2.796875 | 3 |
On this day in 1953, Soviet troops crushed an uprising by workers in East Berlin. As of June 16th, construction workers had been demonstrating for fair pay and working hours, and would be joined by thousands more dissidents over the next 24 hours. A crowd of some 50,000 striking workers made their way through the streets of East Berlin toward various parliamentary buildings. Soviet commanders, declaring martial law, oversaw military action against the crowd as the Red Army shot perhaps 100 civilians, killing many. Numerous East German citizens would subsequently migrate West. By the time of the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, approximately 20% of the population of the DDR had emigrated.
This week in history: on the 6th of June 1944, over 150,000 troops from 13 countries would land on the coast of Normandy, enacting ‘Operation Neptune’ on what has come to be known as ‘D-Day’. Airbone and amphibious landings were made, overwhelming Erwin Rommel’s forces, with 4,000 Allied troops, 1,000 German troops and 3,000 civilians killed in the first 24 hours of history’s largest coastal invasion. The foothold gained by the Allies on this day would enable them to advance toward Western Germany in the subsequent weeks.
This week in history: on the 5th of June 1947, in a speech before students of Harvard University, U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall outlined his plan for the economic recovery of Western Europe post-World War II. In March 1948, the United States Congress passed the Economic Co-Operation Act (or Marshall Plan) which would provide over $12 billion of aid to Europe during the subsequent four years. | <urn:uuid:99b5306c-ef69-4fb4-8a7c-f8cd0bd67501> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.finn-ballard-tours.com/tag/video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.976225 | 347 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The target drones were developed in the United States by company Ryan for the United States Air Force. The first flight of the drone prototype took place in early 1951.
The drone was distinguished by swept wings and plumage, as well as an air intake in the bow. The Firebee could be launched either from a carrier aircraft (the first of which was the Invader) or from the ground (using the JATO aircraft accelerator). After successful tests, the drone was put into production and entered service with the Air Force, Navy, and then the US Army. Drones simulating air targets were used to train fighter pilots and to train air defense units. | <urn:uuid:c5a07079-496b-4af6-b212-6ec8b6c2571e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://icm.com.ua/ua/aviation/kda-1q-2a-firebee-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103337962.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627164834-20220627194834-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.986695 | 133 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Seminal Cultural Competency and HIV Research & Reports
Classic articles, journals, and research papers written about HIV/AIDS.
The following resources are available from the AETC NMC Electronic Library as well as repository locations of our collaborative partners. Materials are listed with most recent items first.
- As it is. Research finding on the knowledge, attitude, practice, and access to HIV and AIDS information and services amongst persons with disabilities
Handicap International commissioned this study, conducted in Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and Thika to obtain scientific information concerning knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among persons with disabilities. The findings of this study will be used to guide the planning and implementation of HIV prevention and management programs for people with disabilities.
Source: PubMed 2012
- Patient-centered culturally sensitive health care: Model testing and refinement.
This article presents the results of an empirical test of a literature-based Patient-Centered Culturally Sensitive Health Care Model. This model was developed to explain and improve health care for ethnically diverse patients seen in community-based primary care clinics.
Source: PubMed May 2011
- Barriers to HIV/AIDS knowledge and prevention among deaf and hard of hearing people
This study investigated knowledge about HIV/AIDS and barriers to HIV/AIDS education and prevention among deaf and hard of hearing people.
Source: PubMed July 2005
- Disability and HIV at a glance
Reaching disabled individuals with HIV and AIDS messages, clinical care and reproductive health services presents unique challenges. This document provides guidance and information about resources for clinicians.
Source: PubMed November 2004
- Perceptions of HIV/AIDS by deaf gay men
Deaf gay men represent a subpopulation of the gay male community at particularly high risk for HIV/AIDS due to numerous barriers including language, stigma, and inequitable access to health services. Study participants described living at the intersection of multiple communities--the deaf, gay, and hearing--each characterized by unique communication styles, cultural expectations, and a propensity to marginalize outsiders. Health care providers were perceived as lacking compassion and largely ignorant to the needs of deaf persons, in general, and deaf gay men, in particular. Printed HIV materials were considered culturally inappropriate, incomprehensible, and ineffective. These findings suggest an extraordinary risk for adverse mental and physical health outcomes if care is not appropriately designed for this vulnerable population.
Source: PubMed July-August 2004
- Rape of individuals with disability: AIDS and the folk belief of virgin cleansing
The authors used anthropological methods to study virgin rape of people with disabilities, a variation on virgin cleansing—the belief that people who have a venereal disease can rid themselves of the condition by transferring the virus through sexual intercourse, to a virgin.
Source: PubMed May 2004
- HIV/AIDS Behind Bars: An Avenue for Culturally Sensitive Interventions 2004
The prevalence of HIV infection and the incidence of AIDS are higher among prison inmates compared to the general population
- Reducing Health Disparities Through Culturally Sensitive Treatment for HIV+ Adults in Haiti
Abstract outlining a comprehensive effort to culturally adapt a cognitive-behavioral stress management program for Haitian HIV+ individuals. The purpose of the program is to improve adherence to antiretroviral medication, reduce transmission to uninfected partners, and improve coping. Source: Pub Med: 2004
- HIV and Individuals with disability
Individuals who live with a permanent physical, sensory (deafness, blindness), intellectual, or mental health disability have been almost entirely overlooked despite the fact that they are at equal or increased risk of exposure to all known risk factors for HIV. The article presents results from the World Bank/Yale Global Survey on HIV/AIDS and Disability. The survey assessed the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on global populations.
Source: PubMed April 2003
- The Aging of HIV
As the general population ages and the generation of baby boomers moves into mid life, the percentage of older adults at risk for HIV will increase. In addition, there are currently HIV positive adults who have transitioned into older adulthood with the virus, as well as an increased number of aging partners, family members, and caregivers.
Source: NAHOF 2003
- Cultural Competency Works
As the United States grows in diversity, health care providers are increasingly challenged to understand and address the linguistic and cultural needs of a diverse clientele. The Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA] has had a long-standing and particular interest in cultural competence because so many of its grantees provide care to traditionally underserved populations that include culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Source: HRSA 2001
- Bridging language and cultural barriers between physicians and patients
This study explored a group of primary care physicians' use of various methods to bridge language and cultural barriers between themselves and their patients and the physicians' perceptions of the availability and quality of these methods.
Source: PubMed 1997
- A Model for Cultural Competency in the HIV Management of African American Patients 2003
Articles examines the challenges to provide culturally appropriate care to black patients who are infected with HIV.
- Culturally Competent Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review
This article discusses how health disparities can be alleviated, in part, by creating and maintaining culturally competent healthcare systems that can at least overcome communication barriers that may preclude appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up
Source: AJPM 2003
- Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care…2002
The Institute of Medicine report explores factors that may contribute to inequities in care; and recommend policies and practices to eliminate these inequities.
- Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
This report provided a conclusive body of evidence that racial and ethnic disparities do exist and result in deleterious consequences for these populations and that inequities are entrenched in the US health care system. The IOM described the essential role of cultural competence in addressing disparities in health care.
Source: Institute of Medicine (IOM), 2002
- The promulgation of the National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health Care
Established in 2001, these standards provided a framework for the implementation of services and organizational structures to meet the needs of diverse patient populations.
- 2001, Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity Supplement: A report of the Surgeon General
This report was issued and which documented the extensive disparities in mental health status and treatment among the four most recognized minority racial and ethnic groups in the US and which proposed a number of public health policy initiatives including culturally competent care.
- Public Law 106-525, the Minority Health and Health and Health Disparities Research Act
In 2000, this law was enacted which established the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities within the National Institutes of Health.
- Alcohol and HIV/AIDS
This Alcohol Alert briefly examines the changing patterns of HIV transmission in the United States; the role of alcohol in the transmission of HIV within, and potentially beyond, high-risk populations; the potential influence of alcohol abuse on the progression and treatment of HIV-related illness; and the benefits of making alcoholism treatment an integral part of HIV prevention programs
- HIV Care for Sexual Minority Youth: HRSA Care ACTION. HIV/AIDS Bureau
This article provides an overview of HIV disease among adolescents. It summarizes the issues that indivduals serving young people should understand and points readers in need of more in-depth information to a variety or resources available in print and on the web.
- National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS)
Resource outlining the National HIV/AIDS strategy as coordinated by the White House Office of National AIDS Policy. | <urn:uuid:8d9cf27e-af33-47e7-8acb-ce6345609e18> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.aetcnmc.org/elibrary/6_seminal_works.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584567.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.92422 | 1,582 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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|Jepson eFlora: Taxon page
Key to families | Table of families and genera
Indexes to all accepted names and synonyms:
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
Annual to tree, glandular or not. Leaf: simple to palmately or pinnately compound, generally alternate; stipules free to fused (0), persistent to deciduous. Inflorescence: cyme, raceme, panicle, cluster, or flowers 1; bractlets on pedicel ("pedicel bractlets") generally 0–3(many), subtended by bract or generally not. Flower: generally bisexual, radial; hypanthium free or fused to ovary, saucer- to funnel-shaped, subtending bractlets ("hypanthium bractlets") 0–5, alternate sepals; sepals generally 5; petals generally 5, free; stamens (0,1)5–many, anther pollen sacs generally 2; pistils (0)1–many, simple or compound, ovary superior to inferior, styles 1–5. Fruit: 1–many per flower, achene (fleshy-coated or not), follicle, drupe, or pome with generally papery core, occasionally drupe-like with 1–5 stones. Seed: generally 1–5 (per fruit, not per flower).
110 genera, ± 3000 species: worldwide, especially temperate; many cultivated for ornamental, fruit, especially Cotoneaster, Fragaria, Malus, Prunus, Pyracantha, Rosa, Rubus. [Potter et al. 2007 Plant Syst Evol 266:5–43] Number of teeth is per leaf or leaflet, not per side of leaf or leaflet, except in Drymocallis. —Scientific Editors: Daniel Potter, Thomas J. Rosatti.
Unabridged references: [Robertson 1974 J Arnold Arbor 55:303–332, 344–401, 611–662]
Key to Rosaceae
Annual to perennial herb; odor generally 0. Leaf: generally basal, odd-1-pinnately, 1-palmately, or 1-ternately compound; leaflets 1–8(13) per side, ± toothed, generally ± separated, terminal generally ± = lateral; margins generally flat. Inflorescence: generally cyme, generally ± open; pedicels generally ± straight, bractlets 0. Flower: hypanthium ± shallow, bractlets generally 5, generally < sepals, generally flat; sepals ± triangular; petals (2)4–20 mm, >= sepals, generally ± widely obcordate, generally yellow; stamens 10–25; pistils generally > 10, ovaries superior, styles slender to ± tapering, generally attached near fruit tip. Fruit: achene, generally glabrous.Key to Potentilla
± 400 species: mostly northern temperate, arctic. (Latin: diminutive of powerful, for reputed medicinal value) Other taxa in TJM (1993) moved to Comarum, Dasiphora, Drymocallis.
Plant tufted from ± branched caudex, ± glandular. Stem: ascending to erect, 8–25 cm, densely short-spreading-hairy, more sparsely long-hairy. Leaf: pinnate, petiole generally < blade; basal generally 3–13 cm, leaflets generally 3–6 per side, larger 10–25 mm, ± elliptic-oblanceolate, ± evenly 9–13-toothed ± 3/4 to midvein, densely short-hairy abaxially, sparser adaxially; margins ± rolled under. Inflorescence: ± 3–10-flowered. Flower: hypanthium 3–5 mm wide, bractlets ± = sepals, margins ± rolled up, petals 3–5 mm; filaments 0.5–2 mm, anthers 0.5–0.9 mm; styles ± 1 mm, tapered from rough-thickened base. Fruit: 1–1.5 mm, ± veined, ± brown.
2n=28. Rocky alpine barrens; 2700–3800 m. c&s High Sierra Nevada, White and Inyo Mountains; North America, Eurasia. Jul–Aug [Online Interchange]
Previous taxon: Potentilla norvegica
Next taxon: Potentilla pseudosericea
Citation for the whole project: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2013. Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html, accessed on Dec 8 2013
Citation for this treatment: [Author of taxon treatment] 2012. Potentilla, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=39770, accessed on Dec 8 2013
Copyright © 2013 Regents of the University of California
We encourage links to these pages, but the content may not be downloaded for reposting, repackaging, redistributing, or sale in any form, without written permission from The Jepson Herbarium.
|Bioregions in which Potentilla pensylvanica occurs||Markers link to CCH specimen records. If the markers are obscured, reload the page [or change window size and reload]. Yellow markers indicate records that may provide evidence for eFlora range revision or may have georeferencing or identification issues.|
Chart based on elevation range in eFlora and elevations and coordinates of CCH records.
Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria.
Note: About half of the CCH records include both elevation and coordinates.
| Data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria.
View all CCH records
CCH collections by month | <urn:uuid:aa1e6dd0-8853-4e6f-ab8b-5f08e4f5ce51> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=39770 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065002/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00055-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.771823 | 1,350 | 2.546875 | 3 |
- For the last three years I've been working in an international school in Thailand teaching ICT (Information Communication Technology), prior to this I have worked for several years in software support and also taught English as a Foreign Language. I'm particularly interested in using ICT as a tool for transforming education and in the impact of open source technologies upon learning. Twitter ID @ajduckworth
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Figure 1. Students Suggest Homework Alternatives
In This Learning Situation. . .
Instead of This
You introduced new material in class.
Assigning a question set so we will remember the material.
Ask us to think up a homework task that follows up on this material and to explain our choices.
You want us to read an article before a class discussion.
Making us answer questions that prove we read it.
Ask us to write down two or three questions we have after reading the article.
You want to see whether we understand a key concept (such as literary irony).
Making us complete a worksheet.
Ask us to demonstrate the concept for the class in small groups, using any medium.
You want us to see how a math procedure applies in various situations.
Assigning 10 word problems that involve this procedure.
Ask small groups to choose one word problem that applies this procedure in a real-world situation, solve it, and present it to the class.
You want us to memorize facts (such as dates in history).
Handing out a list that we will be tested on.
Ask each student to share with the class a memorization trick (such as a visual cue) that works with one item on this list.
You want us to remember what you taught last month.
Assigning a review sheet.
Give frequent short pop quizzes about earlier material. Go over each quiz, but don't count the grade.
Friday, October 1, 2010
Monday, September 27, 2010
Friday, September 17, 2010
Teacher Training Videos are at http://www.wix.com/aduckworth/tr2010 | <urn:uuid:0caf4e2e-b07f-4c61-b7c5-4741bc86280a> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://site4ict.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765584.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00120-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928144 | 458 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Serving as further evidence that architecture is not solely built for humans – after all, other species build architecture, respond to architecture, and colonize architecture quite readily – the Bat Spiral offers an elevated habitat for seventeen species of British bat.
From the architects:
Twenty-four different types of timber roosts are positioned within the concrete spiral as if they were the spokes of a wheel. Each roost position is determined by the orientation of the sun, shade and prevailing winds. The roosts are painted black externally to maximize heat gain from the sun…
Inside, amidst gaps, reclaimed wood beams, and concrete spans poured in-situ, are “four levels of habitation,” including feeding perches and access holes. Optional “mating roosts” can also be added as demand requires. Prefab modular animal housing.
More images of the project are available in P.E.A.R..
I’m led to wonder, however, what non-human future might await something like ArandaLasch‘s 10 Mile Spiral if it were to be constructed – and later abandoned – amidst an ecosystem for bats…
Perhaps we are inadvertently building the future infrastructure of an animal world. | <urn:uuid:4c20c25a-7a5a-4a95-a3ff-a3b9b41a5f44> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.bldgblog.com/2009/07/the-bat-spiral/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170521.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00429-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941064 | 253 | 3.609375 | 4 |
What does Sample Mean in X Y?
Does it indicate any particular one of these questions around the examination was a Practice exam? This usually means the scholar is false and is superior. The university scholar is bright.
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As a way to determine what sample way from mathematics, it’s necessary for you to understand very well what sample means in other places. As soon as we believe of an example payforessay.net/ we typically feel about something cheap, therefore the person that got it will be able to save money by using it. A example of this is the magazines because it is beneficial, which folks get at bargain prices. When we find out the clinic examinations who are prepared for assessments usually are maybe not cheating, nevertheless they truly have been instructing the pupils to increase their skills.
Furthermore, this process of teaching is very effective since it helps the student to strengthen about. This can be accomplished as a result of memorization skills and assessment procedures. Although the actual exam will just want a little section of the topic matter, how the university college scholar will be capable of going via the real https://grahamschool.uchicago.edu/academic-programs/liberal-arts/writers-studio exam permits the student to build confidence at the areas of problem solving and analysis, that will make their own comprehension much easier.
To get the most out of the sample, the student should be able to learn different aspects of the subject at the same time, because each subject will have many different topics and ways of solving the problems. This way, the student will be able to learn all aspects of the subject, without the distractions from the real exam.
Obviously, we should always consider the age of this college student. It’s recommended that they will learn the basic concepts of a subject, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, when one is younger. They should not attempt to perfect all of them. Should they do not, the college scholar will not be able to utilize all of the accessible resources and strategies at the real test, and so will be unable to to prepare for the exam.
The best thing that a student can do is to take as many practice exams as possible in order to develop the skills required for the real exam. This way, they will be able to improve their skills and become more confident about the subject, and will also be more able to work with all of the strategies that will be required for the real exam. | <urn:uuid:f2fe23d9-4d9b-4597-af5f-f620293df505> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://traduccionsimultanea.hispanaidiomas.com/exactly-what-exactly-does-sample-mean-in-l-z/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347404857.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529121120-20200529151120-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.968684 | 615 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Throughout history, arguments for and against the existence of God have been largely confined to philosophy and theology, while science has sat on the sidelines. Despite the fact that science has revolutionized every aspect of human life and greatly clarified our understanding of the world, somehow the notion has arisen that it has nothing to say about the possibility of a supreme being, which much of humanity worships as the source of all reality. This book contends that, if God exists, some evidence for this existence should be detectable by scientific means, especially considering the central role that God is alleged to play in the operation of the universe and the lives of humans.
Treating the traditional God concept, as conventionally presented in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions, like any other scientific hypothesis, physicist Stenger examines all of the claims made for God's existence. He considers the latest Intelligent Design arguments as evidence of God's influence in biology. He looks at human behavior for evidence of immaterial souls and the possible effects of prayer. He discusses the findings of physics and astronomy in weighing the suggestions that the universe is the work of a creator and that humans are God's special creation. After evaluating all the scientific evidence, Stenger concludes that beyond a reasonable doubt the universe and life appear exactly as we might expect if there were no God.
choosing a selection results in a full page refresh | <urn:uuid:e167f48e-0c3e-419b-95e1-2a260c9f3a2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://tyscheapaudiobook.com/products/copy-of-god-and-the-folly-of-faith-the-incompatibility-of-science-and-religion-audiobook-mp3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337803.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006092601-20221006122601-00727.warc.gz | en | 0.949052 | 274 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Alaska becomes a state on this day in 1959. President Eisenhower signed the official declaration which made Alaska the 49th state on this day.
New Flag Unveiled; 7 Staggered Rows Have 7 Stars Each – New York Times
On March 30, 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward signed an agreement with Baron Edouard Stoeckl, the Russian Minister to the United States. Widely referred to as “Seward’s Folly”, it ceded possession of the vast territory of Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million. Few citizens of the U. S. could fathom what possible use or interest the 586,000 square miles of land would have for their country. In a speech given at Sitka (the capital until 1906, when it was moved to Juneau) on August 12, 1868, however. | <urn:uuid:9a171ab6-72d9-4b38-be60-526a245752bb> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://historyonair.com/2014/01/alaska/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094629.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00160-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964783 | 186 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Pygmy tree shrews ( (Nowak, 1999)) are distributed on the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, Banggi, Balambangan, and the Lingga Island group.
Pygmy tree shrews are superficially squirrel-like in appearance, but they can be distinguished from squirrels by their long, pointed snouts and lack of long, black vibrissae. The genus Tupaia can be distinguished from other genera of tree shrews by several external characters. The tail is evenly covered by long hair, the upper section of the ear is larger than the lower lobe, and the hairless section on top of the nose is cut squarely across.
is characterized by golden brown pelage on the back and limbs, and the underparts vary in color from white to a light cream color. Claws on hands and feet are sharp and moderately curved, allowing for climbing. Pygmy tree shrews move in a semiplantigrade posture. This posture allows a tree shrew to keep its center of gravity close to the tree upon which it is climbing. While grasping on to branches, the pollex and hallux of become divergent from the other digits. This is an adaptation to arboreal life.
Information on the mating system of this species is not available. However, other species in the genus show either polygyny or polygynandry. In Tupaia glis, a single male rules over a group containing both males and females, although only the dominant male mates with females. Tupaia montana is reported to be slightly more social, with two mutually tolerant males in a group mating with the females. It is not known where in the spectrum of variation falls, but males of most species in the genus Tupaia form linear dominance heirarchies, which suggests that polygyny of some form may be the rule. (Nowak, 1999)
has a litter size that ranges from 1 to 3 young. Females reach sexual maturity at approximately 46 g, and males reach sexual maturity at approximately 16.3 g. Very little else is known about the reproductive behavior of . Tupaiids, in general, have a gestation period of 45 to 55 days, and give birth to young weighing from 6 to 10 g. Weaning occurs at approximately 30 days, and sexual maturity is reached at approximately 2 months. After reaching sexual maturity young are forced out of the parental territory.
To date, all life span knowledge for (Holst, 1990)is limited to data from captive subjects. In captivity they tend to live a maximum of 9 to 10 years.
Like most tupaiids,is diurnal, but it is one of the only predominantly arboreal species. It spends the majority of its time within the canopy, but it is known to forage in all forest strata, from the understory to the canopy. is highly active, and alternates its time between feeding, running, playing, and resting.
Captive studies show that both sexes maintain dominance hierarchies based on aggressive interactions with conspecifics. Males and females maintain pair bonds and live within the same territory together. The mechanisms behind the formation of this bond are not known. When random pairs of individuals were put together in captivity, 20% of the interactions resulted in violence. In 60% of the cases the pairing was amicable. Although the pair did not mate, they also did not fight. Mating only occurred in the remaining 20% of cases. (Emmons, 1991; Holst, 1990; Nowak, 1999; Sargis, 2001)
Home range data for Tupaia hold territories that range in size from 500 to 8,000 m^2. Mated pairs and their offspring, which have not yet reached sexual maturity, hold these territories. Either urine or secretions from neck glands are used to designate territorial boundaries. probably is similar in these regards. (Holst, 1990)is sparse within the literature, but members of the genus
Communication in these mammals has not been extensively documented. Members of the genus Tupaia are known to scent mark their territories with secretions from glands as well as with urine. Because they are diurnal, visual cues are likely to be important in communication. Most mammals also use vocal and tactile communication, especially when mating. (Holst, 1990; Nowak, 1999)
The digestive tract ofis comprised of a small, simplified stomach, a long, narrow small intestine, a narrow pouch-like cecum, and a smooth large intestine. The gut of lacks the plant fermentation microorganisms needed to digest plant cell walls. The through time for digested materials ranges from 20 minutes to 45 minutes.
is omnivorous. Its diet is comprised of a wide variety of invertebrates (including insects and worms) and fruit.
The method of processing fruit for ingestion is dependent on the size and rigidity of the item. Captive observations showed that small fruit is placed into the mouth and chewed. The skin and seeds are ejected from the mouth, and juice and soft pulp are ingested. Ejection of inedible items is accomplished with the help of a forepaw or the tongue. Observations of (Emmons, 1991; Holst, 1990; Nowak, 1999; Shanahan and Compton, 2000)in the wild differ slightly. Wild individuals very rarely eject seeds. Fruit that is firm and larger than the gape is often problematic. The weak jaw and procumbent incisors of these animals inhibit their ability to bite off whole chunks from tough fruits. Thus, large or tough fruit is either chewed in the side of the mouth, or licked vigorously. Wild tupaiids tend to concentrate their frugivory on soft fruits that they can handle efficiently.
Predation on members of the genus Tupaia undoubtedly occurs, although details on predatory interactions are lacking in the literature. These smallish mammals are likely prey for snakes, larger mammals, and raptors.
These forest animals are not known to have any positive economic importance on humans.
These tree shrews are not known to have a negative effect on human economies.
All species of Tupaiidae, including , are listed on Appendix II of CITES. It is thought that this designation was a result of the entire order Primates being added to the appendix in 1975. At that time the order still included Tupaiidae.
The largest problem facing these animals is human encroachment into tropical forests. This encroachment may take many forms, including logging, cultivation, and human habitation. In each case, the result is ultimately the same: habitat destruction and fragmentation.
In 1995, the IUCN published the Eurasian Insectivores and Tree Shrews: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. This plan outlines the status and conservation needs of tree shrews in Southeast Asia. A digital version of this plan can be obtained at: http://members.vienna.at/shrew/itsesAP95-cover.html. (Nowak, 1999; Stone, 1995)
Michael Lelevier (author), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Link E. Olson (editor, instructor), University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
uses sound to communicate
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
union of egg and spermatozoan
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals
found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.
rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them
remains in the same area
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
uses touch to communicate
Living on the ground.
defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
uses sight to communicate
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
breeding takes place throughout the year
Emmons, L. 1991. Frugivory in Treeshrews (Tupaia). The American Naturalist, 138/3: 642-649.
Han, K., F. Sheldon, R. Stuebing. 2000. Interspecific relationships and biogeography of some Bornean tree shrews (Tupaiidae: Tupaia), based on DNA hybridization and morphometric comparisons. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70/1: 1-14.
Hayssen, V., A. Tienhoven, A. TienHoven. 1993. Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates.
Holst, D. 1990. Grzimek's Encyclopedia Of Mammals Volume 2. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol 1, Sixth Edition. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sargis, E. 2001. The grasping behaviour, locomotion and substrate use of the tree shrews Tupaia minor and T. tana (Mammalia, Scandentia). Journal of Zoology, 253: 485-490.
Shanahan, M., S. Compton. 2000. Fig-Eating by Bornean Tree Shrews (Tupaia spp.): Evidence for a Role as Seed Dispersers. Biotropica, 32/4a: 759-764.
Stone, D. 1995. "Eurasian Insectivores and Tree Shrews: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan" (On-line). Accessed November 15, 2004 at http://members.vienna.at/shrew/itsesAP95-cover.html.
Wells, K., M. Pfeiffer, M. Lakim, K. Linsenmair. 2004. Use of arboreal and terrestrial space by a small mammal community in a tropical rain forest in Borneo, Malaysia. Journal of Biogeography, 31/4: 641-652. | <urn:uuid:378f0399-bde0-4a28-871d-8f3add76bc60> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Tupaia_minor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527839.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419141228-20190419163228-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.922032 | 2,527 | 3.375 | 3 |
VANCOUVER, CANADA—In many parts of Latin America and Asia, large swaths of coastal mangrove forests have been cut down and turned into shrimp farms. Not only does this deforestation destroy habitat for birds and cause other ecological problems, but it also releases a large amount of the carbon stored in mangrove soil—so much, in fact, that the shrimp end up having a sizable carbon footprint, according to calculations presented here today at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (which publishes ScienceNOW).
To get a handle on how much carbon dioxide is represented by shrimp, ecologist Boone Kauffman of Oregon State University in Corvallis made some estimates based on typical shrimp farms in southeast Asia. He looked at farms that are relatively large and not particularly productive, with harvests yielding 50 to 500 kilograms of shrimp per hectare. These farms, which make up about half of those in the world, only last for 5 years or so before the buildup of sludge in the ponds and the acid sulfate soil renders them unfit for shrimp. “It's the equivalent of slash-and-burn agriculture,” Kauffman said. (Other types of shrimp farms are more efficient and not located in mangrove forests.)
Drawing on other studies, Kauffman estimated that 401 metric tons of carbon are emitted to the atmosphere when a hectare of mangrove is converted to a shrimp farm, which is equivalent to 1472 tons of carbon dioxide. Over the average 5-year life span of a farm, a farmer will typically harvest about 1659 kilograms of shrimp. So a 100-gram shrimp cocktail represents an “astonishing” 198 kilograms of carbon dioxide from the loss of the mangrove, Kauffman said, the equivalent of burning 90 liters of gasoline. The carbon intensity of shrimp from deforested mangroves is 10 times greater than that of beef grown in deforested Amazonian rain forest, according to other unpublished calculations Kauffman has made. The calculations don't include the energy involved in feeding, processing, and transporting the shrimp.
“The shrimp cocktail is a good example of how carbon cost associated with mangrove degradation way outweighs the actual product that is produced,” Emily Pidgeon of Conservation International told the audience at a session entitled “Blue Carbon, Green Opportunities: Innovative Solutions To Protect Coastal Ecosystems.” So, how much would it cost to prevent mangroves from being turned into shrimp farms? Based on his calculations, Kauffman says that compensating farmers for not growing shrimp would mean that each ton of carbon kept intact in mangrove soil would cost about $4.50. “That's well within the range of carbon markets,” Kauffman said.
At the moment, these carbon markets only trade in credits for terrestrial ecosystems; for example, keeping a certain amount of forest intact in order to offset a ton of carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels. At the session, Carolyn Ching of the VCS Association—a firm that creates accounting standards for carbon credits—described progress in devising the first carbon credit program for mangroves and other wetlands, which could provide funds for their conservation and restoration. Ching suggested the system could be finalized and running as early as September: “We see carbon finance as one of the potential mechanisms for addressing wetlands conservation.” | <urn:uuid:0cf488b5-a2fd-499d-b297-2a7a06e0e3e9> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2012/02/carbon-footprint-shrimp-cocktail?ref=hp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927245.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00330-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945838 | 707 | 3.546875 | 4 |
How your breasts make and give milk
- The skin covering the nipple contains many nerves that are triggered by the baby’s sucking. This causes hormones to be released into the mother’s bloodstream.
- One of these hormones (prolactin) acts on the milk-making tissue, building up the milk supply.
- The other hormone (oxytocin) causes the breast to push out or release the milk already there.
- This release of milk is known as the let-down reflex (sometimes called the milk ejection reflex).
- The more often your baby’s sucking causes a let-down and the more milk that is removed from your breasts, the more milk will be made.
- Respond to your baby’s feeding cues. Crying is a late sign of hunger.
- Breastfeed your baby often.
- Don’t limit time at the breast or delay the time between feeds. A well drained breast ensures more milk is made quickly.
- The breasts are never completely empty.
- Babies stop feeding when they have had enough, while at the same time, your breasts are already at work making more milk.
- Whatever your baby drinks is automatically replaced, producing a constant supply, perfectly matched to her need, whenever she needs it.
How often will baby need feeding?
- You may be surprised at how often your baby needs a feed.
- Breastmilk is easily and quickly digested because your baby’s system is designed to have human milk.
- A baby’s stomach is about the size of her clenched fist.
- Babies feed often — it is common for a young baby to need 8–12 breastfeeds or more in a 24-hour period.
- Some of these feeds will be at night.
- Your supply meets your baby’s needs if you breastfeed your baby whenever she seems hungry or fussy. Sometimes she may only need to suck for a few minutes, while at other times she may need to suck for longer.
Breastmilk changes throughout the feed
- Early in the feed, the milk has a lower fat content. This helps to quench the baby’s thirst.
- As the feed goes on, the fat content of the milk rises which satisfies the baby's hunger.
- A baby who is allowed to finish the first breast, so that he feeds until he comes off by himself before being offered the second breast, receives the higher fat milk.
- At times your baby may be satisfied with just one breast, at others he may also want the second side, or even a third.
- By switching which breast you feed from first, you will ensure each breast keeps making a good amount of milk.
Breastfeeding: an introduction booklet
Breastfeeding: an Introduction provides a basic outline of the key aspects of breastfeeding.
© Australian Breastfeeding Association Reviewed October 2012 | <urn:uuid:c66c1495-de11-454b-9b5d-6ca4be466c40> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bf-info/early-days/how-breastmilk-made | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162563.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925222545-20180926002945-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.946923 | 609 | 3.375 | 3 |
Around July of 1927, Roger served as the delineator for the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial in Belleau, France, a memorial for American soldiers who fought in the area during World War I. He also designed a seal for the Historical Society of Cheshire County and developed architectural plans for a new library in the town of Surry, New Hampshire. Roger himself was a direct descendant of Surry’s first pioneer settler, Peter Hayward, and the town of Surry, about one hundered miles northwest of Boston, was the home of several generations of Roger’s ancestors. Plans for the library were drawn up and donated by Roger in 1929, and the Reed Free Library of Surry was opened to the public on January 21, 1933. Though Roger’s plans were scaled back slightly by the library’s building committee, the facility itself bears Roger’s original footprint and several of his planned features.
“Roger Hayward’s library is a symmetrical, three-bay building of one-and-a-half stories, built of red brick with a hipped roof of slate. The elevated central entrance is pierced by a Federal-style doorway with elliptical fanlight and three-quarter side lights. A red brick ell extends rearward toward Surry Mountain, with clerestory windows to accommodate bookshelves on the interior walls.” (The Civic Life of Surry, p. 135)
By the end of the 1920s, Roger’s exposure in the press had become more frequent and his acclaim more dramatic. In a Boston Traveler article titled “Young Boston Architect Jumps into Fame over Night as Painter,” his method of developing scenes from past remembrance and his own idealizations of the outdoors was noted favorably, and his exhibition was said to “Startle Critics.” However, though his fame was on the rise, at the urging of Sam Lunden, an old MIT classmate, Roger moved to California in the spring of 1929. Lunden, serving as a representative for the interests of the firm Cram & Ferguson on the West Coast, was awarded a $1,050,000 contract to design the Los Angeles Stock Exchange. Roger accepted the position of Chief Designer, Betty closed up her book shop, and the couple moved into a house at 365 South Wilson St. in Pasadena, California. | <urn:uuid:3238128a-45ec-4f3f-9f52-1c742a7d71ce> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/hayward/career/success | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010359804/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090559-00002-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978413 | 489 | 2.75 | 3 |
How Languages Build Brains:
- Second-language learning in a school context has a positive impact on the development of general cognitive skills of learners.
- Learning a second language is helpful to learners’ language development, which, in turn may help learners to learn other languages more quickly.
- Speaking more than one language might enhance bilinguals’ focus and ability to ignore irrelevant information.
- Bilinguals outperform monolinguals on many cognitive tasks including solving problems, multitasking, remembering longer lists of information and switching between tasks.
- Speaking more than one language helps to compensate for cognitive disadvantages that result from aging, epilepsy and low socioeconomic status.
The above statements come from the Literature on the Impact of Second-Language Learning (2017).
Read Why Learn Languages? Languages Build Brains – a short summary of the benefits of learning a second language.
Read research-based articles on how language learning builds better brains:
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research: The bilingual advantage: A lifetime of cognitive benefits revealed
- Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development: Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism at an Early Age and the Impact on Early Cognitive Development
- World Economic Forum: The best time to learn a new language? You've missed your chance
- World Economic Forum: Being bilingual alters your brain. Here's how
- York University: Study finds all bilingualism gives kids an advantage
- Mosaic: Why being bilingual helps keep your brain fit | <urn:uuid:30b16a97-0a12-458e-beb8-71cf4ed81bf7> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.caslt.org/en/why-learn-languages/what-the-research-shows/specific-areas-of-impact/cognitive-impact | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946688.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424115900-20180424135900-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.868145 | 299 | 3.875 | 4 |
The researchers describe for the first time a new bunch of leptin-responsive (LepRb) neurons in the brain's lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Those LHA neurons feed directly into the mesolimbic dopamine system seated in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain, which controls the rewarding properties we assign to things.
"Dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and their downstream targets represent the site of action for drugs of abuse, and also control motivation for food, sex or a fancy car," explained Martin Myers, Jr., of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Put simply, "they control our wanting of stuff."
The study therefore adds to growing evidence that leptin doesn't turn the appetite on and off just by controlling satiety - for instance, whether we feel hungry or full.
"Most who have studied leptin in the brain have focused on an important circuit in the ARC," and the leptin-responsive neurons there, Myers said. ARC stands for arcuate nucleus and is an area in the brain's hypothalamus that controls energy balance by controlling satiety. "It has been assumed that leptin action in the ARC - if not the be all and end all - was responsible for the vast majority of leptin's effect on appetite."
But in fact, neurons bearing leptin receptors exist in many other parts of the brain too. Earlier studies revealed the role of leptin action on the VTA and its influence on dopamine. The new findings show that leptin also has direct effects on the LHA, which in turn exerts greater influence on the dopamine system of the VTA.
The new study shows that leptin injected in the LHAs of rats causes the animals to eat less and lose weight. Leptin action in the LHA also raises dopamine content in the brains of otherwise leptin-deficient animals.
While in general higher dopamine release tends to be associated with wanting things - food or something else - Myers said he suspects the higher dopamine at baseline may in fact dampen the response to food temptations, making them easier to resist.
"Some people may over-eat rewarding food because of a perceived 'reward deficit,'" Myers suggested. "When leptin is turned up, it might fix that deficit and make us feel better about a lot of things."
It's not yet clear how the leptin-responsive neurons in the LHA and VTA work together to control dopamine and with it our motivations, according to the researchers.
"The unique roles played by these subpopulations of LHA LepRb neurons, as well as those played by VTA LepRb neurons, remain unclear, but could include the requirement for leptin to differentially regulate specific populations of midbrain dopamine neurons and/or to distinctly modulate the incentive for feeding relative to other behaviors. Going forward, it will be important to determine how these various populations of mesolimbic dopamine system-interacting LepRb neurons differ in terms of their wiring and the control of different aspects of mesolimbic dopamine signaling."
The new findings do highlight the LHA neurons as a major link between leptin's anorectic action and the mesolimbic dopamine system, they conclude. "These findings reveal important mechanisms that underlie the regulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system by a crucial signal of energy stores. In the future, it will be crucial to address the potential dysregulation of these neurons in states of obesity." | <urn:uuid:a7c2cffb-c513-4694-b1e3-4865c73a7e1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Our-Motivation-to-Eat-is-Influenced-by-Fat-Hormone-55909-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00549-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924415 | 701 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade
The best way to start addressing climate change is to yank subsidies from fossil fuels and put a price on carbon dioxide emissions from them. Of the two methods widely discussed for pricing carbon -- cap and trade, and a carbon tax, which is better? Economist Gilbert Metcalf argues his case for a tax.
December 31, 2008
The January-February 2008 issue of Technology Review has two interesting articles about renewable energy and smart grids. Sandwiched between them is a Q&A with Tufts University economist Gilbert Metcalf about how best to price carbon emissions.
Metcalf argues in favor of a carbon tax over a cap-and-trade system. A tax would be levied on the production of fossil fuels -- coal at the mine, and petroleum at the refinery. An initial tax of $15 per ton of carbon should be used to create a tax credit for individuals, he says, to offset the higher prices they'll pay for goods and services as a result of the tax.
Metcalf admits that a direct carbon tax would not be very effective at reducing transportation emissions. Motor fuel use contributes only about 20 percent of this country's carbon emissions. A tax would add 25 to 40 cents to the cost of a gallon of gas, he says. The impact would be neglibible.
The cheapest place to get initial emission reductions will be from the electric utility sector and from industry, Metcalf says. At $20 per ton, a tax would double the price of coal and add 40 percent to the cost of coal-generated electricity -- bringing renewable energy closer to cost parity.
Metcalf may be right about a tax, but his argument is weak on many points. The basis of his case is that a tax is simpler to administer than a cap-and-trade system. As long as he thinks of the United States as an isolated economy, he's right. But when energy imports (including energy embedded in products) come into the picture, it gets more complicated.
He also argues that a tax is better for utilities because "they need to know what price they are going to face to make [new] plants competitive." But utilities have never known the future prices of commodity fuels. Enron based its business on that fact. The cost of a percentage tax is no more predictable than the price of coal, natural gas, or uranium. Tradable carbon allowances, though, are a commodity -- an uncertainty that utilities know how to deal with -- and a globaly compatible, tradable instrument.
Finally, he says that a cap-and-trade system creates unfamiliar, complicated financial instruments. "I think some of the bloom is off the rose in creating these kinds of instruments," he says, referring to the recent financial and mortgage crisis. "It could make the tax that much more politically attractive."
Tradable carbon allowances can't any get less politically attractive than a new tax. Dr. Metcalf should instead examine ways to repeal tax subsidies that have been granted in perpetuity to fossil fuel industries. | <urn:uuid:2585d633-6d94-4ca2-8883-8666c10e9f88> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://energypriorities.com/entries/2008/12/carbon_tax_cap_trade.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660338.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00163-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960239 | 624 | 2.65625 | 3 |
I. Practicum Project Problem Statement
Cheha Community is located in Cheha district, in Southern Nationals and Nationalities regional state in Ethiopia. It has a total population of 133,233 (51%Female and 49%Male)( Cheha District Administration Office, 2014). The dominant culture is Gurage ethnic culture and the cultural system is so powerful and influencing the characteristics and behavior of the community in their day –to-day life. The cultural symbol is reflected in the communities traditional food preparation, clothing, music, communication and also punishing the undesirable behaviors. The Cheha community is also endowed with various types of natural resources like air, favorable climate for agricultural production, excellent soil which grows different types of food and cash crops. It has a mixed weather, meteorological, conditions in which the mid-land weather condition is more prevalent while in some of the few villages high-land and low-land weather conditions are a normal characteristics of the community.
With different agro ecology, Cheha dsirict has a total area of 44,072 hectares of land and out of which 66% is suitable for cultivation. Agriculture is the dominant means of livelihood and it is practiced by almost 85% the members of the communities (Cheha District Administration Office, 2014). The settlement patterns of the communities’ predominantly rural village structures divided by administrative structures like district …Kebele…villages (the lowest administrative structure).
The landing feature in Cheha Community is plains with small proportion of deserts and mountains. There is little number of rivers in Cheha district and the volume of water in the river is also seasonally variable with increasing the volume in rainy season. Deep well, shallow well and ponds are constructed by government and NGOs to address the pressing problem of water scarcity particularly in the dry seasons. Data from Cheha district Water and Mining and Energy Office indicated that the water coverage is standing at 55% in 2014.
The situation of infrastructures like roads, electricity, telecommunication, schools, health institutions and others are still in their infancy and their coverage is too poor and negatively affecting the socioeconomic progress of the community. Hygiene and sanitation is among the major problem in Cheha community due to poor latrine coverage and utilization and this where my practicum work focus. In the following picture, Cheha Community is represented by Rose color..
Picture 1: Map of Cheha District in Gurage Zone, SNNPR Regional State
- Practicum Central Problem
Poor hygiene and sanitation causing the major health problems in Cheha district community and posing a serious threat to the community by hindering the community effort to break the deeply rooted-chain poverty. From the community Health center in 2014 revealed that hygiene and sanitation related diseases are the main prevailing communicable diseases dominating the ten top lists in Cheha community. In order to address the problem of poor hygiene and sanitation, various approaches and strategies were tried by both government and None-governmental organizations supported by various popular international donors. But neither of the approaches tried previously succeeded in bringing the desired behavior change by the community in order to control open defecation and consistently utilize latrines.
While many of the approaches and strategies tried previously failed to achieve the desired behavior change by the community, but Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is achieving promising results in increasing the construction and utilization of latrines and bringing sustainable behavior changes in the targeted communities. CLTS is purely a bottom-up approach and led-by the community as well all the resources are generated by the community according to the principles of the CLTS approach which strongly criticizes the provision of subsidy for the construction of latrines. While many of the CLTS tools are still dynamic in activating community empowerment and generating resources and momentum for the construction and utilization of household latrines, but ensuring sustainable behavior change by the targeted communities continues to be a challenge and which is not properly addressed yet.
Therefore, for the CLTS to achieve its final objective of creating open defecation free environment and ensuring sustainable behavior change by the targeted community , strengthening three-way partnership between the community, local government and external agent is not strong enough to bring lasting behavior change . What is require is placing the three-way partnership at the center of the communities’ dominant cultural norms, rules and regulations which guide the day-to-day life and interaction of the communities by rewarding and recognizing acceptable norms and behaviors as well as punishing some odd behaviors which is not acceptable by the culture and norms of the communities.
“When three-way partnership is strengthened and guided by the communities’ valuable and culturally accepted norms and regulations, a more synergistic and culturally sensitive tool can be created which facilitate to adopt and sustain behavior change which ensures the sustainability of open defecation free environment achieved by CLTS.” This is the central issues of my practicum and I am currently working and implementing CLTS projects in 14 villages and I had learned that in some villages the pace of CLTS implementation is moving at higher speed due to the proper integration and utilization of three-way partnership strengthened by existing traditional norms and regulations. However, in other villages the pace of CLTS implementation is not moving forward as planned and expected mainly due to lack of balance between the existing traditional norms and regulations and the three-way partnership which inclines and reflects the relevance of modern government rules and regulations to achieve behavior change by the targeted communities. But experiences elsewhere in developing countries, particularly in traditional society indicated that cultural norms and regulations are more powerful tool to facilitate the adoption and sustainable maintenance of new behaviors. This is exactly what is happening in Communities I am currently coordinating the implementation of CLTS in 14 villages.
- Underlying Theory of Change
3.1 Problems or Opportunities
Open defecation is key problem in Cheha district community and creating conducive environment for the transmission of communicable diseases including diarrhea which is the main reason for the higher incidence and prevalence of under-five morbidity and mortality. Since 2000, CLTS is the approach used by the government and None-governmental organization to increase the construction and utilization of latrines. While the CLTS approach is against the previously subsidy oriented top-down approach and rely on locally existing resources and capacities and use participatory tools to activate community empowerment and create momentum for mobilizing locally existing resources and energies to construct and utilize toilets leading to open defecation free environment. However, sustainable behavior change is still a challenge in many communities which require searching more context specific and culturally suitable solution which enable to address behavior change on a sustainable basis.
There are various opportunities which can be used to search context specific and culturally suitable solutions to address behavior change on a sustainable basis. The existing government health policies, particularly related to hygiene and sanitation is supporting bottom-up, participatory approaches and strengthening partnership with government structures and other external agents working in the area. Secondly, in Cheha community, traditional norms, rules and regulations are deeply rooted in the lives of the communities and still playing a key role in searching solutions to many problems that happens in the day-to-day life of the community. For example, in times of conflicts and accidents, medical illness which need much cost that is beyond the capacities of the individual, theft, un acceptable odd behavior, wedding, death, supporting the elders, disabled, etc., in all cases the community uses its traditional norms and rules to search participatory solutions. Similarly, the communities have and use cultural norms and rules which punish odd and un acceptable behaviors as well as to recognize and acknowledge model behaviors and works. If these existing communities valuable assets is strengthened by three-way partnership, it becomes possible to create conducive environment which enable to ensure sustainable behavior change.
Therefore, if CLTS approach is adapted and implemented to fit in to these existing community norms, rules and regulations and also further mentored by three-way partnership, it becomes possible to monitor and control odd behaviors (in this case open defecation)and ensure sustainable utilization of toilets by every member of the community.
- My first entry point would be communicating to Cheha district Health and explaining the purpose of my practicum project, the targeted communities, what problem my practicum intended to address, how the communities would be participated and the types of partnership proposed with the Health office and other relevant line structure offices to achieve the objectives of the project . The key intention here is to build consensus and get official permission to work with the targeted communities.
-Go to the targeted communities and have discussion with influential community leaders, Extension workers and Kebele(the lowest government administration) leaders . The focus of the discussion would be the status of hygiene and sanitation in their village and the possible solutions to address the problems using local resources and energies…
-Agreeing with community leaders and partners on the purpose of the project, the process to be followed to address the problem, how the community to be participated as well as how the community will benefit from the results of the practicum project
-With the active participation of the community leaders and partners, selecting community volunteers who will be trained on CLTS approaches and tools. The selected volunteers will be assigned to lead community mobilization and leading the process of pre-and post-triggering at the targeted villages.
- Establishing community CLTS implementing/steering committees which would be responsible to ensure the quality and standards of implementation as well as manage conflicts when it happens.
-The CLTS Committee establishment will be purposely guided to include influential people both, M and W members. Then capacity building trainings will be facilitated for the CLTS committees which enable them to ensure the quality and standards of CLTS implementation
- Selecting and training community volunteers to lead the implementation of CLTS
- Joint Monitoring and supervision of implantation process to identify gaps and address it timely
- Joint review meeting to evaluate the progress of implantation and identify and address gaps
- Coordinating and integrating the community effort in to the broader local government and None-governmental structures to ensure sustainability
- Short term outcomes
- Raising community awareness about the negative impact of open defecation in their community;
- Strengthening community committees and building their capacities which enable them to lead implementation of community led total sanitation in their villages;
- Selecting and training community volunteers with the active participation of the community;
- Creating a conducive working environment by strengthening three-way partnership and integrating it with the existing communities’ culturally sensitive norms, rules and regulations in order to create synergies which enable to adopt and sustain behavior change to maintain open defecation free environment on a sustainable basis.
- Achieving 100% coverage of improved latrine construction and utilization by the targeted communities;
- Announcing open defecation free environment (ODF) by the targeted villages
- Long term outcomes
- Creating conducive living and working environment which is free from fecal contamination and build the confidence and dignity of the communities particularly women who were suffering more due to lack of improved latrines;
- Achieving behavior change by the targeted communities which enable to maintain open defecation free environment on a sustainable basis.
- Where I am now
Conducting participatory community analysis by using CLTS tools (transect walk, community mapping, shit calculation, Glass of water exercise) to be done in order to understand the current status of the targeted communities related to open defecation and latrine utilization;
- Where I hope to be at the end of the practicum
I am hoping to see the targeted community living in an open defecation free environment by achieve 100% latrine construction and utilization at the end of my practicum project.
- How I propose to get from where I am to where I want to be.
8.1 Implementation strategy
- Building consensuses with local government health structures and getting permission to implement my practicum project;
- Building rapport and partnership with local government structures and community Based Organizations and cultural institutions and leaders;
- Conducting participatory community situation analysis with the active involvement of targeted communities, partners and culturally influential leaders by using CLTS tools( transect walk, community mapping, shit calculation, Glass of water exercise) in order to understand the current status of the targeted communities related to open defecation and latrine utilization;
- Preparing meeting with the whole community members and partners in order to discuss on the results of communities’ current situation analysis and building consensus on the type of actions to be taken in order to achieve open defecation free(ODF) environment at the end;
- Conducting capacity building activities for community committees, volunteers and partners which enable them to lead the momentum forward to achieve ODF;
- Preparing detailed implementation plan with the active participation of all relevant partners; Community committees, volunteers with clear roles and responsibilities;
- Facilitating the preparation of culturally acceptable and inclusive bye-lows which can be used to guide the behavior of the targeted communities for creating and maintaining open defecation free environment on a sustainable basis;
- Facilitating joint supervision with all relevant partners to identify and address implementation related challenges on the spot; as well as to motivate and recognize the achievements of household heads related to latrine construction as well as to facilitate mechanism to support the poor and disabled who lack the capacity to construct latrine;
- Conducting review meeting with all the relevant partners to evaluate the progress of implementation and address challenges which may hinder implementation;
- Establishing simple understandable and participatory Monitoring, supervision, reporting mechanisms to facilitate the progress of implementation ;
- Empowering the community to achieve 100% latrine coverage according to the CLTS principle;
- Declaring Open Defecation free environment ;
- Coordinating and integrating the communities’ achievement in to the broader local government and None-governmental structures to ensure future sustainability.
Prepared and submitted by: Assefa Mulatu
Date : May 24/2016 | <urn:uuid:83e29181-1bac-47d4-932f-6af3861ddc41> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://portfolio.future.edu/view/view.php?t=6yjFUAY2Wo1TcXQCbG0f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987829458.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023043257-20191023070757-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.944572 | 2,830 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Oxyrhynchus (Greek: Ὀξύρρυγχος Oxýrrhynkhos; "sharp-nosed"; ancient Egyptian Pr-Medjed; Coptic Pemdje; modern Egyptian Arabic El Bahnasa) is a city in Middle Egypt, located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo, in the governorate of Al Minya. It is also an archaeological site, considered one of the most important ever discovered. For the past century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been continually excavated, yielding an enormous collection of papyrus texts dating from the time of the Ptolemaic and Roman periods of Egyptian history. Among the texts discovered at Oxyrhynchus are plays of Menander, fragments from the Gospel of Thomas, and fragments from Euclid's Elements.
Read more on Wikipedia
Pictures in this gallery are scans of old slides. If you have good-quality digital pictures and are willing to give them away for free, please contact us at: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:42dc8b34-89c1-41ff-8f49-50cd233d8b59> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.meretsegerbooks.com/gallery/418/bahnasa-oxyrhynchus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163704.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926061824-20180926082224-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.894183 | 233 | 3.234375 | 3 |
BOARDMAN, Ohio (WKBN) — Many of us use toners, lotions and moisturizers to keep our skin healthy from the outside in, but Dr. Shayesteh said there is a way to keep skin healthy from the inside out.
He said human skin is the largest organ in the body and every 27 days, it regenerates itself. He said it has an “amazing” impact on our health.
Dr. Shayesteh said the two major fibers in our skin are collagen and elastin. The more of these nutrients we have, the softer our skin is.
As we age, we start losing these fibers, which causes wrinkles and sagging of the skin.
Nutrition plays a key role in our skin’s appearance. He said foods that cause skin damage are foods that are high in sugar, fried foods and soft drinks. He said eating too many starches also is harmful because that produces insulin, which is an inflammatory hormone.
Dr. Shayesteh said one of the biggest contributors to sagging skin is sugar. But stress also contributes.
He said nutrients that are needed for health skin include Vitamin E, magnesium, Vitamin A, omega fatty acids and beta carotene. Some foods that have these nutrients are nuts, fruits (especially berries), vegetables, red wine and water.
He said exercise also improves skin’s appearance in multiple ways. | <urn:uuid:1b9ab447-0ffd-4967-9af1-094b405009a0> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://wkbn.com/2014/04/02/dr-shayesteh-eat-your-way-to-healthy-skin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651780.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325025050-20180325045050-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.955653 | 292 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Survey evidence suggests there is growing nostalgia toward former authoritarian regimes in a number of European countries. Diego Rubio writes that a degree of historical amnesia is now apparent in European societies, with those individuals who are too young to remember the authoritarian regimes of the past showing more openness toward the creation of authoritarian-like regimes today. He argues that strengthening historical education would help to protect European democracy against these trends.
Let’s face it: the rise of figures such as Donald Trump, Marine Le Pen, Norbert Hofer, and Gábor Vona could well be just the tip of the iceberg. Citizens’ support for strong, authoritarian-like leadership is growing in Europe, and historical amnesia is playing an important part in it.
A recent study by the University of Leipzig found that one in every ten Germans (10.6 per cent) want their country to be led by a ‘Führer to rule with an iron fist for common prosperity.’ Likewise, 61 per cent of Austrians favour supporting a ‘strong leader who does not have to worry about a parliament or elections’ and 40 per cent of the French state that their country should be put in the hands of ‘an authoritarian government’ free from democratic constraints. A similar dictatorial nostalgia is flourishing in former communist countries. The majority of Russians (52 per cent) say Stalin played a positive role in their country; 81 per cent of Serbians believe they lived best with Tito; and 66 per cent of Romanians claim that they would vote for Ceausescu in presidential elections, a number that represents a 25 per cent increase from 2011.
These data could be considered anecdotal if they did not reflect a wider trend of growing disdain for democracy and increasing desire to return to more dictatorial models of government. Over the past two decades, the share of the vote for populist authoritarian parliamentary parties in Europe has increased by 50 per cent, while the number of people considering it ‘essential’ to live in a democracy has sharply declined, today forming 32 per cent among those born after 1980 according to the World Values Survey.
Analysts have pointed out several factors to explain this trend, such as the public’s loss of trust in political institutions after the policies of austerity, and the cultural backlash against changes in social values. But the demographics and chronology of the phenomenon (it started twenty years ago, long before the financial crisis of 2008), suggest that there is at least one more structural driver involved: historical amnesia.
The majority of Russians (52 per cent) say Stalin played a positive role in their country. Photo: Bundesarchiv (CC BY 3.0).
The vast majority of the people living in Europe today were not born when the 20th century dictatorships reached their peak or were too young then to understand their numerous problems and contradictions. This recurrent amnesia is, of course, a common problem among human societies. To combat it, the ancient Greeks developed a brilliant device 2,500 years ago: history. But many leaders and voters in the 21st century think that in our technologically advanced and rapidly changing world, studying the past is not important. Once the core of humanist education, today history represents less than 4 per cent of total compulsory instruction in primary and lower secondary education and is not compulsory for students beyond the age of 16 in almost any country of the European Union.
The effects of this disregard for the past are already visible. According to a study by the Berlin Free University, half of German teenagers ‘don’t know Hitler was a dictator’, and a third believe he protected human rights. A quarter of British schoolchildren could not say what Auschwitz was. And 55 per cent of trainee teachers studying in Madrid can’t explain the significance of the bombing of Guernica.
This goes beyond trivial embarrassment. If people do not know these basic facts, it is fair to think that they know even less about the many drawbacks of these dictatorships, such as the brutal repressions, the constant violations of dignity and civil rights, the marginalisation of minorities, and the high levels of corruption and nepotism. Most of today’s young people and adults do not really know what it means to live under a dictatorship. For them, the old authoritarian regimes are just alternatives to the current situation, symbols of a different past – for some, a better one. This historical confusion is undermining support for democracy and increasing the longing for ‘strong leaders’ like Trump, Putin, Le Pen, Hofer, and Vona, who want to limit the rule of law and undermine the separation of powers in their countries.
What can democrats do to stop this worrying trend? The solution, as so often, depends on our schools. Research shows that, while there is not always a correlation between a country’s level of education and its support for democracy, there is a clear relation between education and its rejection of authoritarian regimes and values. For instance, polls in Latin America reveal that citizens with no formal schooling are about 20 percentage points more likely to vote for a left-wing authoritarian candidate than those who have gone to college and beyond.
This is mainly due to the contributions of the humanities and social science subjects, which help us to contextualise the virtues and flaws of our present institutions, thereby promoting a more balanced and favourable attitude towards democracy. For that sole reason, we should support these disciplines and make sure that new generations study them as much as coding, engineering and business. Otherwise they may end up repeating the mistake that their grandparents committed a few decades ago: that of preferring security and stability over justice and freedom.
Note: This article was originally published on EUROPP – European Politics and Policy.
Diego Rubio is an Applied Historian and a Junior Research Fellow at the University of Oxford. His research falls within the fields of history of political thought and the governance of change. His aim is to improve policy and decision-making through a better use of historical data and knowledge. | <urn:uuid:22d17927-532f-4a8e-8b75-b1ae591b9de7> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/historical-amnesia-is-undermining-european-democracy/?replytocom=432038 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371665328.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407022841-20200407053341-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.953609 | 1,232 | 2.609375 | 3 |
When you think of Bandung is only a densely populated city, congestion on city streets, shopping malls and night entertainment that is quite expensive, then you are wrong! Bandung like a “paradise” that is hidden on the island of Java. Beautiful natural panorama stretching across Parahiangan. One of them …. Kawah Putih (White Crater), Ciwidey, South Bandung.
White Crater is located in Bandung District, Ciwidey. White Crater is a crater lake of Mount Patuha with a height of 2434 meters above sea level with temperatures between 8-22 ° C. At the top Patuha Crater, there’s Kawah Saat (Saat Crater), “saat” mean low tide in Bahasa Sunda, which is in the west and beneath White Crater with a height of 2194 meters above sea level. Both craters were formed by the eruption that occurred at about X and XII centuries ago. White crater is located about 46 km from the city of Bandung or 35 km from the capital, Bandung regency, Soreang, toward Ciwidey.
White crater itself was invented by a German-born Dutch botanist researcher, Dr. Junghuhn Franz Wilhelm (1809-1864) who conducted research in this area. As a scientist, Junghuhn simply do not trust the stories the local community. As he traveled through the wilderness study Patuha, he finally found a beautiful crater lake. Like a volcanic crater, from the lake bursts out of gas and sulfur lava flow, with a pierced nose smells. From this it was revealed that a very high sulfur content that is what causes the birds are reluctant to fly across the top surface of the White Crater’s lake.
White Crater’s lake has distinctive features and unique characteristics. The water in the crater lake may change color, sometimes colored bluish green apple when the hot sun and fine weather, sometimes also the color of milk chocolate. Most often seen in white water is thick with fog over the crater surface. In addition to the crater surface is white, sand and rocks around it were dominated by white color, hence the crater is called White Crater.
To get there, visitors from Jakarta to pass through toll Cipularang continue heading toward the exit toll Kopo Soreang southwards to the town Ciwidey. Approximately 20-30 minutes from town Ciwidey visible sign of entry into the tourist entrance White crater that is to the left of the road. To get to the White crater from the entrance gate area attractions crater White suggested using the vehicle, do not walk away because the road is slightly uphill and quite a distance, that is about 5.6 km or about 10-15 minutes drive. Personal vehicles may indirectly towards the available parking area not far from the crater. While visitors with a large entourage that use bus or public transport can use a special vehicle in the parking area (ojeg or wagon) near the entrance gate to reach the crater from the entrance. Small road conditions and the uphill is not possible to pass a big bus type vehicle or medium. Along the small road, on either side of the road you will find a bunch of edelweiss flower, which is much grown in the highlands and cold.
Public transport to Ciwidey from Bandung can be found in Leuwi Panjang Terminal or Kebon Kalapa Terminal. Having arrived in Ciwidey then proceed using the rural transportation purposes Situ Patenggang. Rural transport that led to this Situ Patenggang crossed attractions in the area of strawberry plantation, White Crater, Ranca Upas, & hot water pools Cimanggu. To be able to explore and enjoy the natural beauty surrounding the area Ciwidey and it’s not enough just for one day. And do not forget to bring your warm clothes! 🙂 | <urn:uuid:a4d2e947-66b6-4d0d-9bca-0f884e46daa2> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://bandoenglover.wordpress.com/2010/12/04/white-heaven-in-tatar-sunda-white-crater-ciwidey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171933.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00244-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941059 | 817 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In this wise fell Calatin Dana (’the Bold’) at the hands of Cuchulain, together with his seven and twenty sons and his grandson Glass macDelga and the two sons of Ficce with them, two bold warriors of Ulster who had come to use their strength on the host. So that for evermore in the bed of the ford is still the rock whereabout they had their strife and struggle and their slaughtering of each other; and the mark of their sword-hilts is in it and of their knees and their elbows and their fists and the butt-ends of their spears. And their nine and twenty standing stones were set up there. Hence Fuil Iairn (’Blood of Iron’) to the west[b] of Ath Firdead (’Ferdiad’s Ford’) is the name of the ford. It is for this it is called Fuil Iairn, because of the ’blood over weapons’[c] that was there.
[1-1] YBL. 2194-2196.
[3-3] YBL. 2198.
[4-4] YBL. 2198.
[b] ‘South,’ YBL. 2184.
[c] See page 208, note a.
Thus far then this exploit on the Tain, the Combat of the Clann Calatin of his children and his grandson with Cuchulain, when they went to do battle with Cuchulain.
[5-5] YBL. 2196.
[7-7] YBL. 2196-2197.
* * * * *
THE COMBAT OF FERDIAD AND CUCHULAIN
The four grand provinces of Erin were side by side and against Cuchulain, from Monday before Samain-tide[a] to Wednesday after Spring-beginning, and without leave to work harm or vent their rage on the province of Ulster, while yet all the Ulstermen were sunk in their nine days’ ‘Pains,’ and Conall Cernach (’the Victorious’) sought out battle in strange foreign lands paying the tribute and tax of Ulster. Great was the plight and strait of Cuchulain during that time, for he was not a day or a night without fierce, fiery combat waged on him by the men of Erin, until he killed Calatin with his seven and twenty sons and Fraech son of Fiadach and performed many deeds and successes which are not enumerated here. Now this was sore and grievous for Medb and for Ailill.
[1-1] Stowe and YBL. 2200 and Eg. 106.
[2-2] Eg. 106.
[a] See note p. 182.
[W.3001.] Then the men of Erin took counsel who would be fit to send to the ford to fight and do battle with Cuchulain, to drive him off from them at the morning hour early on the morrow.
[3-3] YBL. 2203.
[4-4] YBL. 2202. | <urn:uuid:0a170c2d-5120-4301-9123-29c99184f6ec> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/16464/143.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457127.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00088-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958444 | 678 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Scientists want your help to sort through gorgeous images of Earth at night snapped by orbiting astronauts.
Studying such photographs could show how light pollution is affecting human health and reveal ways to save energy and improve public safety, researchers said. But the pictures need to be catalogued first, and that's where you come in.
"Anyone can help," Alejandro Sanchez, a graduate student at Complutense University in Spain who is working on the project, said in a statement. "In fact, without the help of citizens, it is almost impossible to use these images scientifically. Algorithms cannot distinguish between stars, cities and other objects, such as the moon. Humans are much more efficient for complex image analysis." [Earth's Cities at Night: Amazing Photos by Astronauts]
The photos are in a database called The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. The images range from those taken in the early 1960s during NASA's Mercury program all the way to present-day pictures taken from the International Space Station.
New photos are added every day. As of August, there were about 1.8 million images in the database, and about 30 percent of those were taken at night, researchers said.
The citizen-science project, which is led by a group of researchers at Complutense University, is called "Cities at Night." You can learn more about the project by visiting http://www.citiesatnight.org.
"Cities at Night" consists of three separate parts. The simplest one, called "Dark Skies," requires people to sort images into three categories: cities, stars or other objects.
The second part, called "Night Cities," asks the public to match places in the images with points on maps. Establishing the location of the photographs will help scientists create light maps of cities and could provide some insight into energy usage.
"Lost at Night" is the third and most complicated part of the project, asking citizens to identify cities in photos with a 310-mile (500 kilometers) circumference.
"We don’t know which direction the astronaut pointed the camera, only where the station was at the time the image was taken," Sanchez said. "Some images are bright cities but others are small towns. It is like a puzzle with 300,000 pieces."
Volunteers have classified almost 20,000 images so far, but scientists require multiple volunteers to classify the same image to ensure accuracy. The open catalog of data is free and available for anyone to use.
The project team hopes that scientists can examine the colors of light in each photo and determine the type of energy a city is using and evaluate its energy efficiency. The images could also reveal areas where lighting around roads is lacking and thus help improve public safety. The data can also pinpoint areas where light pollution could be influencing human health and biodiversity, researchers said.
The high resolution of some of the images comes from the European Space Agency's "NightPod," which was installed on the space station in 2012. NightPod is a motorized tripod that adjusts to match the space station's 17,500 mph (28,160 km/h) orbital speed. Before NightPod, the motion of the station and the motion of Earth below blurred images even if astronauts used high-speed film. | <urn:uuid:e6e7ad5d-8cc2-4bbc-8e5c-1da1af77d313> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.space.com/27023-nasa-astronaut-photos-earth-at-night.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731234924-20210801024924-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.958971 | 668 | 3.875 | 4 |
These delicate, short-stemmed plants opens their star-like palest blue flowers with deep blue stamens, from March to August, but they are usually at their best in April and May, and are usually found in the wild on dry, grassy slopes. In cultivation they make perfect plants for low grass in shade or on a moist rockery. The plant occurs from Portugal north through Spain, France, Great Britain and Ireland.
Sow seeds at any time, covering them very thinly with compost or grit, keeping the seed pot in a cool, well-lit spot outdoors. Artificial heat is not needed and can prevent germination so be very patient as many species will only germinate in the spring after chilling or freezing in the moist seed pot in the winter. Grow on individual seedlings in small pots until of sufficient size to be potted on or planted out into the open ground.
Common name:Spring Squill
Classification:Hardy bulb, Hardy perennial | <urn:uuid:61e51779-46a8-482b-9e85-174a25acf92d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.plant-world-seeds.com/store/view_seed_item/3581 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.926423 | 200 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Saving energy represents the most effective way for Europe to reduce climate changing emissions. There are also many other benefits to cutting energy consumption, like saving money, creating jobs, and reducing our dependency on imports and fossil fuels. The cheapest, cleanest and safest energy is the energy a country doesn't actually need.
Unfortunately policies to promote energy efficiency remain marginalised and often ineffective. Friends of the Earth Europe believes that as long as energy saving policies are optional they will not receive the priority they need.
To turn this round and deliver the benefits of energy savings, Friends of the Earth Europe is campaigning for legally binding targets for 2020. We think energy savings must be put on an equal footing with Europe's emission reduction and renewable energy targets.
Friends of the Earth groups around Europe are calling for binding EU energy saving targets, and strong social policies at the local and national level to ensure that every country contributes to saving energy.
Because four fifths of the EU's energy comes from highly emitting fossil fuels, the fastest way to counter climate change is to reduce energy use. If Europe can cut its energy use by 20 per cent by 2020 it will save 800 million tons of CO2 (equivalent to 20 per cent CO2 cuts below 2005 levels) between now and 2020.
This is not enough on its own to solve the climate crisis, but it would give us a higher chance of stopping the worst impacts of climate change. The first step must be for the EU to set a binding energy savings target.
The EU is one of the most energy dependent regions of the world. Cutting energy use means Europe can reduce its over-consumption of resources – we are already using more than our fair share.
Building new pipelines and scrambling for alternative supplies simply locks us into ongoing fossil fuel dependence. Reducing energy use is the solution to Europe's energy security problems - but we need a legally binding target if we're going to put energy savings before new pipelines.
Bringing the EU's energy consumption back down to 1990 levels would save over €1000 per year per household in reduced energy bills, according to the European Commission. Across Europe, this adds up to savings of over €200 billion every year between now and 2020.
Reducing energy use helps fix longstanding social inequalities. Millions of poorer households across Europe currently spend far too much of their income on energy, mostly for heating and transport. We need to stop spending more and more on imported energy and power plants, and use the money to pay for what people really need: better and more sustainable living standards. | <urn:uuid:e66ac5ea-f5a7-462a-80ca-29ed9670bb25> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://mail.foeeurope.org/energy-savings-in-depth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320049.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623100455-20170623120455-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.935553 | 515 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Disease assessment surveys for tomato, cowpea and pumpkin were carried out in Trinidad and Tobago, St. Vincent and Grenadines and Guyana: disease incidences were recorded and new diseases identified. For full proof identification of diseases, several classical and advanced DNA-based diagnostic methods were developed and optimised for all the pathogens observed. Integrated Disease Management (IDM) methods were then developed and demonstrated in farmer’s fields, and were found to be more economical and environmentally sustainable compared to conventional disease management methods. The disease diagnosis methods and IDM practices were transferred to agricultural officers, researchers, lead farmers and representatives of NGOs involved in sustainable agriculture in the Caribbean. The Plant-Microbe research laboratory at UWI continues to assist vegetable growers, the Ministry of Agriculture and farmer associations on diagnosing plant disease problems. Elite seed lines of tomato, cowpea and pumpkin were collected and preliminarily tested for disease resistance. | <urn:uuid:2cfb7f6a-9d76-4da8-b18f-e3e8f0ea3870> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.acp-hestr.eu/content/sustainable-disease-management-strategies-results-factsheet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370518622.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403190006-20200403220006-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.970533 | 188 | 2.78125 | 3 |
National Unity Day in India 2022 - Gondwana UniversityNational Unity Day in India 2022 - Gondwana University
National Unity Day in India 202231st November, 2022
Since 2014, India has observed Rashtriya Ekta Diwas, or National Unity Day, on October 31 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, dubbed the "Iron Man of India."
Rashtriya Ekta Diwas was first observed in India on October 31, 2014.
Sardar Patel's 147th birthday is celebrated on Rashtriya Ekta Diwas 2022.
The Union Ministry of Home Affairs declared in 2014 that National Unity Day would be observed on the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel to honour his contribution to India's independence and unity.
At a time when India was divided into princely states and British India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel vigorously promoted the idea of unity.
The goal of National Unity Day is to reaffirm Indians' shared unity.
National Unity Day serves as a reminder to Indian citizens of Sardar Patel's and other activists' struggles and sacrifices to bring India together. | <urn:uuid:520e762b-6e2d-459e-b9ac-cc4716ed7b8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://gondwana.university/web-stories/national-unity-day-in-india-2022/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711712.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210042021-20221210072021-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.919922 | 237 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Item description for One World, Many Religions: The Ways We Worship by Mary Pope Osborne...
Overview An illustrated introduction to comparative religion, discussing Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism
Publishers Description Religious understanding is as important today than any other time in history. In this highly acclaimed book, Mary Pope Osborne introduces readers to the six major religions of the world. One World, Many Religions covers the history, beliefs, and practices of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. All have had a deep effect on the laws and customs of every country. They have shaped art, literature, music, and education. They have given the world magnificent stories, songs, buildings, holy objects, ceremonies, and festivals." From the Introduction to Many Religions, One World. Best-selling children's author Mary Pope Osborne presents an accessible and elegantly crafted volume that introduces young readers to the world's seven major religions. Six short readable chapters--perfectly targeted to fourth, fifth, and sixth graders--detail the history, beliefs, and practices of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. Handsomely designed and featuring fifty oversized color photographs and a full complement of reference materials, including a map, time line, and bibliography, this book provides a thorough and thoughtful presentation of the diverse ways people worship around the world. -Outstanding introduction to world religion for young readers. -Unanimously praised when first published in 1996 -Newly updated reference materials such as a glossary, map, timeline and bibliography complete this excellent book. -Features over 50 full-color photos.
Citations And Professional Reviews One World, Many Religions: The Ways We Worship by Mary Pope Osborne has been reviewed by professional book reviewers and journalists at the following establishments -
Wilson Children's Catalog - 01/01/2010 page 50
Booklist - 10/01/1996 page 336
School Library Journal - 11/01/1996 page 116
Hornbook Guide to Children - 07/01/1996 page 88
Wilson Middle/Junior Hi Catalo - 01/01/1997 page 6
Wilson Children's Catalog 96 - 01/01/1997 page 6
Wilson Middle/Junior Hi Catalo - 01/01/2000 page 45
Wilson Children's Catalog - 01/01/2001 page 37
PW Notes and Reprints - 04/29/2002 page 64
Wilson Middle/Junior Hi Catalo - 01/01/2005 page 41
Wilson Children's Catalog - 01/01/2006 page 35
Wilson Middle/Junior Hi Catalo - 01/01/2009 page 55
Promise Angels is dedicated to bringing you great books at great prices. Whether you read for entertainment, to learn, or for literacy - you will find what you want at promiseangels.com!
Studio: Knopf Books for Young Readers
Est. Packaging Dimensions: Length: 11.28" Width: 8.81" Height: 0.53" Weight: 1.4 lbs.
Release Date Oct 1, 1996
Publisher Knopf Books for Young Readers
ISBN 0679839305 ISBN13 9780679839309
Availability 0 units.
More About Mary Pope Osborne
Mary Pope Osborne is the author of the bestselling Magic Tree House series. She has also written many acclaimed retellings of myths, folktales, and works of historical fiction.
I grew up in the military. By the time I was fifteen I had lived in Oklahoma, Austria, Florida, and four different army posts in Virginia and North Carolina. Moving was never traumatic for me, partly, I think, because I had very close and loving relationships with my parents, my twin brother, my younger brother, and my older sister.
When my dad retired to a small city in North Carolina, I still craved the adventure and changing scenery of our military life. Miraculously, one day I found these things, literally only a block away — at the local community theater. From then on, I spent nearly every waking hour after school there, either acting or working backstage. When I stepped from the sunny street into that musty-smelling, dark little theater, all things seemed possible.
From College to New York City
I went on to study drama at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In my junior year, I discovered an even greater realm of adventure and changing scenery: the world of mythology and comparative religion. So I became a religion major and learned as much as I could about other cultures.
After graduating from college in the early 1970s, I lived an intensely varied life. For a while I camped in a cave on the island of Crete. Then I joined up with a small band of European young people heading to “The East.” We traveled overland in a caravan of rickety vans through sixteen Asian countries, including Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Nepal.
We nearly lost our lives, first in an earthquake in northern Afghanistan and then a riot in Kabul. My trip came to an abrupt halt in Kathmandu when I got blood poisoning.
During the two weeks I spent in a missionary hospital there, I read all of the Tolkien trilogy. I would sleep, read, and look out the windows at the Himalayas. To this day, my journey to “The East” is tangled up in my mind with Frodo’s adventures.
After I returned home and recovered from my illness, I promptly headed back into the real world. I worked as a window dresser in Carmel, California, as a medical assistant in Monterey, California, and as a Russian travel consultant in Washington, D.C. One night in Washington I attended the opening of a musical about Jesse James. From the balcony I fell in love with Will Osborne, the actor/musician playing Jesse. I loved his boots and his white cowboy hat; I loved how he sang and strummed the guitar. A year later, in New York City, we were married.
Thereafter, when I wasn’t on the road with Will, I worked as a waitress in Greenwich Village, taught acting classes in a nursing home in the Bronx, was a bartender in Broadway theaters, and had a job as an assistant editor for a children’s magazine.
I Begin to Write
Then one day, out of the blue, I began writing a story about an eleven-year-old girl in the South. The girl was a lot like me, and many of the incidents in the story were similar to happenings in my childhood. The first draft was crudely written, but it must have communicated something to an editor, because shortly after I finished, it became a young adult novel called Run, Run as Fast as You Can. Finally I knew what I wanted to be when I grew up.
Now more than thirty years and a hundred books later, I feel I’m one of the most fortunate people on earth. I’ve written picture books, biographies, mysteries, novels, retellings of Greek
mythology, Norse mythology, medieval stories, mermaid tales, and American tall tales. I’ve written a book on the world religions and a series based on Homer’s Odyssey. But the most fun I’ve ever had in my writing life has been taking journeys through time in the Magic Tree House.
I’ve now published 45 Magic Tree House fiction books. (My husband and my sister Natalie Pope Boyce write the wonderful non-fiction companion books) I’ve recently traveled with Jack and Annie to meet Mozart in Vienna, Louis Armstrong in New Orleans, Lady Gregory in Ireland, and Charles Dickens in Victorian, England.
The latest book, #45 A Crazy Days with Cobras, involves a journey to India four hundreds years ago. Will Jack and Annie survive an encounter with a ruthless emperor, a rogue elephant, and two deadly cobras? Yes, because I wanted to write book #46, Dogs in the Dead of Night, about their journey to help St. Bernard dogs rescue people in the Alps. Will Jack and Annie survive the avalanche that buries them? Yes! Because now I want to go meet Abraham Lincoln with them!
Writing is a miracle. You can travel anywhere in the world, to any time and any place — and still be home in time to have dinner.
Mary Pope Osborne currently resides in New York New York, in the state of Connecticut.
Reviews - What do customers think about One World, Many Religions: The Ways We Worship?
A book on religions for people age 9-90+ Apr 2, 1999
Osborne presents a well illustrated book on world religions that is apparently for children but is more than adequate for most adults. Sentences are brief. Words are not overwhelming - a glossary defines new expressions. The book can be a starting point for satisfying curiosity about great world religions. It is also a great help in reminding oneself about the basics. | <urn:uuid:83cb8c9b-2d9d-475f-bd26-66756c20bff5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.promiseangels.com/mary-pope-osborne/one-world-many-religions-the-ways-we-worship/SKU/153338 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424610.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723202459-20170723222459-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.936311 | 1,895 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Vaccines Are Very Safe - National Immunization Awareness Month
As part of National Immunization Awareness Month, it's important to remember that vaccines are safe. Some parents have questions about vaccine safety. If you do, speak with your primary care physician or your local health department about your concerns.
Here are some quick facts:
• Vaccines are thoroughly tested before licensing and carefully monitored after they are licensed to ensure that they are
• Vaccines are among the safest and most cost-effective ways to prevent disease. They not only protect vaccinated
individuals but also help protect entire communities by preventing and reducing the spread of infectious diseases
• Currently the U.S. has the safest, most effective vaccine supply in its history. The U.S. longstanding vaccine safety
system ensures that vaccines are as safe as possible. As new information and science become available, this system
will continue to be updated and improved.
• All vaccines used in the United States are required to go through years of extensive safety testing before they are
licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
• FDA and CDC work with health care providers throughout the United States to monitor the safety of vaccines, including
for any adverse events, especially rare events not identified in pre-licensure study trials.
• There are three systems used to monitor the safety of vaccines after they are licensed and being used in the U.S.
These systems can monitor side effects already known to be caused by vaccines, as well as detect rare side effects
that were not identified during a vaccine’s clinical trials.
• One of the three systems used to monitor the safety of vaccines after they are licensed and used in the U.S. is called
the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). VAERS accepts reports from health professionals, vaccine
manufacturers, and the general public and receives about 30,000 U.S. reports per year, compared with millions of
doses given to adults.
• Many types of adverse events occur after vaccination. About 85 to 90 percent of the reports describe mild adverse
events such as fever, local reactions and mild irritability. The remaining reports reflect serious adverse events involving
life-threatening conditions, hospitalization, permanent disability, or death, which may or may not have been caused by | <urn:uuid:4ca4bafe-fc3d-4734-833c-875f47e03865> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.dhhr.wv.gov/oeps/news/Pages/Vaccines-are-very-safe---NIAM.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246642783.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045722-00162-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954547 | 478 | 3.9375 | 4 |
The difference between understanding and justifying
Just the other day I was trying to describe to a friend the process of someone becoming abusive. (I was trying to go into more detail on my piece on the process of abuse.)
I’d barely gotten into my attempt when my friend responded, “Oh, so they’re not to blame, that’s what you’re saying now?”
No, that’s totally not what I was saying. But I get it. We’re very sensitive to the excusing of what’s obviously wrong. And we should be: allowing excuses for wrongdoing only perpetuates it. And, if you’ve had personal experience with it, excusing the offender belittles your pain. The attempt to protect them turns out to be at your expense.
That wasn’t what I was doing, though.
It’s one thing to try to find reasons why someone’s behaviour is okay, or not so bad. It’s entirely another to try to understand it, even when it doesn’t make sense.
Especially when it doesn’t make sense.
To excuse what a person has done, we must assume their actions can be shown to be not so bad. To explain, we must assume their actions can be shown to be not so random.
Still, why bother explaining what’s obviously wrong? Because, if we know how something comes about, we have a chance at actually stopping it before it’s too late.
Or even before it starts.
So how can you try to explain behaviour you disagree with?
If you decide to focus on explaining here are a few things to keep in mind (not going to go into a lot of detail)…
- Facts first. Often people start with the interpretation, and not the event. One person slapped another: the first thing is to determine if that actually happened. Start instead with the why of the slap, though, and you’re already set up to misunderstand the explanation. You can’t find an explanation when you’ve already assumed one.
- Assume normalness. This is hard for many people. It’s easy to think, someone who has done something outrageous must not be normal. And maybe they’re not, but think about it for a minute. Once you assume someone’s behaviour is abnormal, what you’re really saying (and you may not realise this just then) is: their behavour is beyond understanding.
- Respect the environment. No, I don’t mean look outside the window. (You could, though.) What I mean is, respect how things other than simple will shape human behaviour. You might not like to hear this (many people don’t), but human behaviour isn’t as independent as we like to think. Studies have shown, for instance, that people tend to be less likely to help strangers when we think there are other people around. The common objection to this is, “But we all have the power to choose!” I don’t disagree. I’m just saying, it’s not the only power at work.
- Be sensitive. It would be beyond unfair to insist on an explanation to someone who’s been directly hurt by another’s actions. (This might seem super obvious, but it doesn’t hurt to mention it.) Explaining requires distance and a degree of neutrality. It would be mean to demand that of someone still who’s reeling. Plus explanations are little good for pain anyway. (If you doubt this, try explaining a slap to someone whose cheek is still hurting.)
- Accept your limitations. Don’t forget, not everything is explainable now. Or ever. Some explanations require more distance than you think, and you might not understand until more time has passed. Some explanations will demand more knowledge than you have at the moment. Some explanations will take someone else to help you appreciate. And some explanations may remain forever simply beyond you. And that’s okay too.
To be clear, it’s perfectly fine, after coming to an explanation (or while trying to), to go ahead and demand consequences for the action in question.
The whole point was not to excuse it, after all. | <urn:uuid:0cf54775-a040-439a-8031-d522f2fe30ac> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://docayomide.com/explanations-excuses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154085.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731074335-20210731104335-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.953645 | 909 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What is Community Education?
Community Education refers to a way people enhance their lives by learning through programs or classes that help each individual’s growth and development. A common feature is that programs and activities are developed based on the needs of each individual community and participants. The purpose of Community Education is to provide opportunities to all local members of all ages by providing programs and activities that improve their quality of life.
What are Community Schools?
Community Schools are schools that go beyond the traditional school day operations to provide academic, extracurricular, recreational, health and social services, and work force preparation programs for people of all ages. Community Schools build strong communities by meeting educational needs of individuals and families throughout their lives. Community schools have programs and services for all community members that include an array of opportunities depending on each individual’s need.
History of Community Education and Community Schools in Miami-Dade County
- In 1961, as a result of the massive Cuban influx, the first Community Education program started at Ada Merritt Junior High, under the leadership of District Coordinator Mr. Lou Tasse.
- In the 1970’s, through efforts of then Florida Representative Bob Graham and other advocates in the Florida Legislature, the Florida Community School Act was passed. This enabled the State budget to designate a categorical allocation specifically for the support of Community Education.
- In the early part of the 20th Century, immigrants from Europe took their first steps towards becoming American citizens in the “night schools” of this nation. In a sense, these night schools were the community schools of their time. In the last decade of the 20th Century, the School Board of Miami-Dade County recognized the importance of designating its network of adult-vocational-technical centers under the Community Education aegis.
- In the 21st Century, the Community Education Program is and continues to be a very important component of our School System. Despite incredibly difficult economic times and many cuts to Community Education, the existing community schools and adult education centers continue to provide meaningful programming and services to individuals of all ages.
- On a monthly basis, over 20,000 students are provided a safe learning environment at over 250 schools during the crucial before and after school hours.
- Over 23,000 students of all ages participate in enrichment classes through Community Education.
- Community Education has enriched the lives of students of all ages, and will continue to provide a safe and learning environment by offering before and after school programs and classes that will strengthen each individual’s talents. | <urn:uuid:0f32eb97-1ed2-495b-9922-20fb17a6044f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://communityed.dadeschools.net/Page/Coalition/What_is_Community_Education.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594675.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722233159-20180723013159-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.962375 | 520 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What is the origin of the last name Meza?
Countries of origin for the last name Meza
Meza is a last name with origins in the Iberian Peninsula, specifically in Spain and Portugal. It is a patronymic surname derived from the medieval given name “Mendo” or “Menendo,” which itself is believed to have Visigothic roots. The name Meza is classified as a toponymic surname, indicating that it originated from a place name or geographical feature.
The etymology of Meza suggests that it is closely related to the Spanish and Portuguese word “mesa,” meaning “table.” This connection may signify that individuals with the last name Meza were associated with or resided near a prominent table-like structure, such as a flat-topped hill, a plateau, or a tableland. It is important to note that surnames often underwent phonetic and spelling changes over time, which could explain the variation from “mesa” to “meza.”
As with many surnames originating from the Iberian Peninsula, the name Meza was likely carried to other parts of the world through Spanish and Portuguese colonization and migration. Consequently, it is not uncommon to find individuals with the last name Meza in regions influenced by Spanish and Portuguese culture, such as Latin America, the United States, and the Philippines.
Meza is a relatively common last name across regions influenced by the Iberian Peninsula. Its popularity and frequency may vary in different countries and communities, reflecting the historical patterns of migration and settlement. It is important to recognize that the distribution and prevalence of the Meza surname may differ between countries due to factors such as immigration, assimilation, and emigration.
An interesting aspect of the Meza surname is its potential for multiple origins and meanings. While the connection to the Spanish and Portuguese “mesa” is evident, it is worth considering other possibilities. For instance, Meza could also be derived from a different toponymic root altogether, which may have a distinct meaning in the local language. Further genealogical research and linguistic analysis could shed more light on the various interpretations and derivations of the name Meza.
In conclusion, the last name Meza is a patronymic surname of probable Visigothic origin, derived from the medieval given name “Mendo” or “Menendo.” It is classified as a toponymic surname, potentially originating from the Spanish and Portuguese word “mesa.” Meza is commonly found in regions influenced by the Iberian Peninsula, with varying prevalence depending on historical migration and settlement patterns. The name’s meaning may be associated with a table-like structure, but the possibility of other origins and interpretations remains intriguing.
Interesting facts about the last name Meza
- The surname Meza is of Spanish origin.
- Meza is derived from the Spanish word “mesa,” which means “table” in English.
- It is a fairly common surname in Spanish-speaking countries.
- Meza can be found in countries such as Mexico, Spain, Argentina, Colombia, and Peru.
- The surname Meza has variations in spelling, such as Mesa or De la Mesa.
- It may have originated as a topographic or locational surname, referring to someone who lived near or worked with tables or in a mesa-like geographical area.
- As a surname, Meza is also associated with several notable individuals, including politicians, athletes, and artists. | <urn:uuid:bf4934fa-5179-4767-a774-76b7b97aea5c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.last-names.net/lastname/meza/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.954723 | 745 | 3.375 | 3 |
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The following are printouts with writing prompts for short essays. For early writers, these one-page printouts should have enough writing space for a very short essay. For more advanced writers, extra pieces of lined paper will be necessary to complete an essay.
Instructions for the essay writers: For each essay, begin with a topic (focus) sentence that states the main ideas that you will be writing about. Then write at least four to five sentences that clearly explain the point of your essay. End the essay with a strong closing sentence that summarizes what you wrote. Check that your grammar, spelling, and punctuation are correct. Make sure to use complete sentences and write neatly!
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Invent an Animal: Invent a new animal -- describe what it looks like, what it sounds like, how it moves, and what it eats. Is it scary or cuddly or something else altogether? Would it be a pet or live in the wild (or in a zoo)?
Scariest Animal: Which animal frightens you the most? Describe the animal. What is it about this animal that makes it so terrifying? Is this animal actually dangerous or does it just disturb you?
Talk to an Animal: If you could talk to an animal, what animal would you talk to and what would you talk about? Why did you choose that animal? What questions would you ask that animal?
An Imaginary Pet: Draw and describe an imaginary pet that you would like (or not like) to have.
If I Turned into an Animal: If you had to turn into a different animal for a single day, what animal would you choose to become? Why did you choose that animal? What would do when you became that animal, and where would you go? How do you think you would feel when you were that animal? How would people treat you? How would other animals and people treat you?
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Copyright ©2002-2018 EnchantedLearning.com ------ How to cite a web page | <urn:uuid:351a3678-3108-43f1-9d44-2c3af32228c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.enchantedlearning.com/essay/topics/animals.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157503.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921190509-20180921210909-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.883571 | 684 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The American Pipit, formerly known as the Water Pipit, is a rather drab brown bird that is found in Tennessee only in the winter. It might be confused with a sparrow, but has a thin bill and a habit of bobbing its tail. This bird breeds in the arctic and alpine tundra across North America, and in migration and winter it uses coastal beaches and marshes, short grassy pastures, recently plowed fields, mudflats, and other sparsely vegetated habitats across the southern United States south to El Salvador.
Description: This slender songbird is brownish-gray above with faint streaking, whitish-buffy below with moderate streaking, a buffy eyebrow stripe, a mostly dark slender bill, dark legs, and a tail with white outer tail feathers. American Pipits frequently bob their tails while standing.
Length: 6.5 inches
Wingspan: 11 inches
Weight: 0.75 ounces
- No other pipits are expected in Tennessee. Other pipits are extremely rare.
- The American Pipit is distinguished from other ground-dwelling passerines in similar habitat by its white outer tail feathers, long slender bill, and habit of bobbing its tail.
Habitat: Open habitat, sparsely vegetated fields, recently plowed fields, and riverbank mud flats.
Diet: Mainly terrestrial and freshwater insects and some seeds.
Nesting and reproduction: There has never been a documented nesting attempt by an American Pipit in Tennessee.
Status in Tennessee: American Pipits are a locally common statewide winter resident, more numerous in the southern parts of the state. They are an uncommon to common migrant statewide in the spring and fall, and may be found from early October to late April. Rangewide, populations appear to be stable.
Dynamic map of American Pipit eBird observations in Tennessee
- In a population of nesting pipits in the Beartooth Mountains of Wyoming, a snowstorm buried 17 American Pipit nests for 24 hours. All of the nestlings that were 11 days old or older amazingly survived, but only a few of the younger ones did.
Obsolete English Names: water pipit, brown lark, shore lark, titlark
Best places to see in Tennessee: Open agricultural fields and large grassy areas statewide from early October to late April.
For more information:
Robinson J. C. 1990. An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Tennessee. Univ. Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Sibley, D. A. 2000. The Sibley Guide to Birds. A. A. Knopf, New York, NY.
Verbeek, N. A. and P. Hendricks. 1994. American Pipit (Anthus rubescens), The Birds of North America, No. 095 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. | <urn:uuid:4c0730c1-5d1b-4e35-885a-c332c62d9349> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tnbirdingtrail.org/birddetails.cfm?habitat=Water%20and%20Grassland&sort=aounumber&typename=TENNESSEE'S&uid=09041620012422789&commonname=American%20Pipit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.898876 | 632 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Edmonia Wildfire Lewis was an african american / native american sculptor who rose to fame during the height of the american civil war. She was born to an afro-haitain father, and a mother who was of african and ojibwe decent. Though her parents would die early in her life, they and their heritage would forever influence Lewis’s works. She entered Oberlin College aged just 15, as it was one of the few places of higher educated to admit women of color. After college she traveled to Boston, and it was here she began her career as a sculptor specializing in portrait busts. Her favorite subjects were abolitionists, most notably the commander of a African American Civil War regiment from Massachusetts, Union Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. She eventually became successful enough to send herself to Rome where she honed her neoclassical technique. Her work was met with acclaim, and upon returning to the US, she was commissioned to sculpt the portrait of President Ulysses S. Grant, who marveled at her finished work. | <urn:uuid:8b1c7ae7-320a-4c3c-a451-97658f3385be> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://herstorydaily.wordpress.com/category/civil-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947690.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425022414-20180425042414-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.990999 | 219 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Ján Nepomucký, priest, martyr
Holiday: March 20; in German-speaking countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia: 16 May
* around 1345 Pomuk near Pilsen, today Nepomuk † March 20, 1393 Prague
Attributes: on the bridge, finger on the mouth, cross
Patron of Bohemia; confessors, priests, sailors, rafters, millers; before the flood, diseases of the tongue
It is said that St. John is a martyr of the confessional secret. The king allegedly questioned him about the sins of his wife, Sophia, who was very religious. She went to John to confess. The king suspected her of infidelity because he himself had committed this vice. However, since John did not reveal anything, he tortured him and finally had him killed. This tradition is confirmed by the fact that the language of St. Ján Nepomucký remained intact. John was declared a saint in 1729. | <urn:uuid:0aa732ce-ae7a-448e-8fcf-2ab56d69f57f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://goslovakia.sk/en/points-of-interest/348478-statue-of-st-jan-nepomucky-vahovec | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00876.warc.gz | en | 0.982905 | 207 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A sub-orbital rocket is a rocket system that does not achieve the 24,000 feet/sec velocity needed to reach orbit. Sub-orbital rockets follow parabolic trajectories that intersect the surface of the Earth. While sub-orbital rockets may not reach the high velocities need for orbit, they can fly many times higher than orbital rockets. For example, the Black Brant XII rocket (depicted below) can fly to an altitude of 900 miles while the Space Shuttle orbits at 200 miles.
Anatomy of a sounding rocket
The Black Brant XII rocket stands 65 feet tall and produces about 70,000 pounds of thrust at lift off. The fourth stage does not require fins since it is ignited outside the atmosphere. The 5 Hertz spin rate keeps the rocket stabilized, much like a gyroscope.
Orbital rockets are large, more powerful, and much more expensive than sounding rockets. Currently, most orbital rockets consist of three stages. Some use strap-on rocket motors to improve performance without actually adding a "full" stage. Most orbital rockets also employ multiple rocket engines on the lower stages. The figure below depicts the Saturn V moon rocket. It stands 363 feet tall and produced 7.5 Million pounds of thrust at liftoff.
Most orbital rockets are not as big as the Saturn V, but they are substantially larger and much more powerful than sounding rockets. Fins are not used on most orbital vehicles, they rely on thrust vector control (TVC) to keep them flying in the proper direction. | <urn:uuid:66e95c47-2e54-4f61-8749-5d0d4e2ba23b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code810/edu_rockets.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646209.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00313-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912275 | 314 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Around 20 pairs of buzzards have settled in the south and southwest of Mallorca, according to ornithologist Jordi Muntaner.
The buzzard is a medium-sized bird of prey, which is 46-58 centimetres long, has a wingspan of up to 132 centimetres and weighs just under one kilo.
It was first thought to be breeding in Esporles in 2008, but that wasn’t confirmed until 2011. In 2015 a second couple was detected in Marratxí and a third pair was spotted in Llucmajor a year later.
Since then these birds have spread throughout the south and southwest quadrants of the island and last summer, the Ministry of the Environment confirmed buzzard sightings in Mondragó Natural Park.
Jordi Muntaner has confirmed that there are about 10 pairs nesting, another four are probably nesting and at least three others are possibly nesting.
"The buzzard has established itself as a new reproductive species and it will probably spread to a large part of the Island over the coming years," he said. “Mallorca offers a very suitable habitat for buzzards who feed on mice, lizards and small birds.”
The birds are usually spotted in high places, sitting on fences and electricity poles, waiting patiently for possible prey to appear.
Muntaner denies that the presence of buzzards in Mallorca could be detrimental to other species. | <urn:uuid:2825671f-34ef-47ab-a64a-1ef51ba782aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.majorcadailybulletin.com/life-style/life-style/2021/09/01/88889/mallorca-animal-welfare-buzzards-mallorca.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300658.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118002226-20220118032226-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.964982 | 300 | 2.875 | 3 |
MBA abilities are qualities, aptitudes, attitudes, and aptitudes that aid a candidate in obtaining better employment chances and pay increases. Professionals with MBA degrees often use a variety of abilities, like leadership, communication, and time management, to complete tasks, solve issues, inspire others, and increase productivity. They may motivate their team members, establish connections with businesses, and work with other managers and stakeholders to guarantee workflow effectiveness by efficiently using their abilities.
Invaluable Skills an MBA Degree Helps You Improve
The following list shows all the talents you can develop with the correct MBA programme if you’re wondering what an MBA teaches you.
Clarity in information transfer and idea communication is always essential. Chhajed explains that communication includes:
- Expressing opinions in class.
- Connecting with classmates and instructors.
- Convincing people.
- Working in teams.
“An MBA entails a lot of presents, performing case studies, and assessing current issues,” he adds.
He claims that doing so will improve your communication and decision-maker abilities.
Employers need candidates with excellent communication abilities. Regardless of the specific employment route you select, this is crucial.
Nowadays, networking is a crucial component of a comprehensive business degree and is no longer considered a soft talent. You will succeed in all areas of your professional life thanks to your network of business associates, subject matter experts, graduate peers, and financial analysts. Your networking skills will improve with an MBA, making you a more capable collaborator.
Strategic analysis and thought
You’ll start to observe this when you’re studying for your MBA. The capacity to perform a critical analysis is one of the most crucial abilities a business degree can help you acquire. A business degree teaches you how to assess information, numbers, and statistics and utilise it to address more significant problems.
You develop become a diligent taskmaster as a consequence. Strong candidates are able to foresee issues and provide answers before they occur; this is only possible with exceptional analytical skills. Your ability to see clearly will improve with an MBA, which will benefit you in management and consulting positions as well as hiring new employees. You must evaluate candidates according to their strategic thinking.
To have an impact in business, people use related skills including management, leadership, and negotiation.
A sense of obligation that comes with leadership results in value and benefits for a business. The objective of management is to encourage collaboration among people with various backgrounds and degrees of skill under demanding circumstances. The process involves working in teams and inspiring members to use negotiation to achieve both the company’s and their own goals.
People that are successful in this sector do more than merely choose management tactics. Additionally, they collaborate closely with their teams, properly allocate jobs, provide clear directions, and often offer encouragement to their employees.
Pragmatic approach to work
Being practical is one thing, but putting that practicality into practice when it matters most is quite another. When you are in a leadership position or interacting with a group of people who are also under pressure, it will assist if you approach whatever solution you come up with pragmatism.
Being realistic or reasonable is not enough; you must also be clever enough to use that sense of equilibrium and reason while managing or making decisions for a living. Since a business degree enhances your capacity for multitasking and develops your sense of rationality and agility, you can actually practise no-nonsense practicality while making crucial decisions.
The most important skill in today’s competitive business world is time management, which might help you stand out from the competitors. Due to the fact that you must handle multiple significant activities concurrently when completing a business degree, planning and setting priorities are crucial.
This knowledge will be very helpful to you whenever you have a job and are trying to strike a healthy balance between the many aspects of your trade. If you wish to work in senior management positions, poor time management might drastically impair your mental health as well as your career.
By developing the ability to handle many activities at once while still finding time for yourself, you may come to respect your strengths and limitations.
Even if you believe you are an expert decision-maker who can choose the best course of action when necessary, it might be challenging to make decisions at work. When making decisions, a business degree teaches you to critically evaluate and weigh all the pros and cons of a scenario or a person. Making choices is how you set yourself apart as a manager and a leader.
You may even discover programmes created particularly to refine and test your decision-making abilities and mental fortitude in the curriculum of some of the top business institutions. Learn more about making decisions.
Another advantage you might get from the correct MBA programme is technological know-how. Your horizons will be expanded by an MBA course , which also exposes you to some of the most cutting-edge technological advancements, like artificial intelligence and machine learning, among others. Additionally, MBA graduates are taught the intricacies of using technology tools like Microsoft Excel and Python, which can subsequently be used for carrying out certain crucial duties like analysis and reporting.
An MBA teaches you how to think critically, communicate your ideas clearly, work better in a team environment, handle high-stress circumstances, foresee impending obstacles, and delegate effectively. Considering taking an Executive MBA degree to further your career since an MBA education is highly important. Business concepts are helpful to run these organisations, regardless of whether you work for the government or a charity. And that is where having an MBA is quite helpful.
Hopefully, this has clarified your concerns about what an MBA can teach you. The correct MBA school should aid those whose job progression seems slower than others by providing their careers with the much-needed push. You’ll be able to methodically comprehend every aspect of corporate operations and satisfy growing needs, improving your job prospects.
- What are the Top Invaluable Skills MBA Degree Helps You Improve? - December 29, 2022 | <urn:uuid:6ef69a65-89c4-46cc-9996-75f3d6e29190> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.easymanagementnotes.com/blog/what-are-the-top-invaluable-skills-mba-degree-helps-you-improve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.942844 | 1,252 | 2.84375 | 3 |
An apple a day keeps the doctor away; 30 minutes of activity each day is ideal; there are so many ways to stay healthy and keep fit. But could parenting styles actually keep children skinnier? Perhaps. According to a new study, consistent parenting has been linked to lower body-mass index (BMI) levels in kids.
Researchers at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne studied over 4,000 kids and their parents for a few years. The study examined the parenting habits over the years along with the children's height and weight at the same way-points.
According to the results, researchers were able to draw a connection between the children who were healthier and the adult's parenting habits. The moms and dads who set more strict rules and kept to them had healthier children. Possible reasons for this could be anywhere from controlling and setting expectations for healthy eating habits, limiting screen time and enforcing exercise.
Considering the percentage of obesity in young children in the U.S. is in the teens, this news could be used in educational programs at school to help inform parents about how they can further help their kids stay fit. The study is published in Pediatrics. | <urn:uuid:317472e7-9f87-45d4-982a-b0183422a82e> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://mom.me/in-the-loop/10159-consistent-parenting-could-mean-healthier-kids/?icid=pets%7Chat%7Cmommelink%7C10159-consistent-parenting-could-mean-healthier-kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115857200.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161057-00255-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973323 | 236 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Over the years, the Corvette has gone through many design changes; some subtle, some not so subtle. The Corvette's symbolic crossed flags emblem has also seen its fair number of changes. If you've taken a close look at the emblem over the five generations of Corvette, you'll notice that even though the design has changed dramatically from time to time, a few design cues remain. These include some form of a checkered flag and a bow-tie emblem. From time to time, a strange, maple leaf type of insignia, called a "fleur-de-lis" also shows up from time to time in the emblem. So what does all this mean and how did it get started?
The original Corvette logo (Figure 1) was designed by Robert Bartholomew, an interior designer at Chevrolet in 1953. This emblem was destined to appear on the 1953 Corvette prototype which was introduced to the public for the first time at New York's Waldorf-Astoria hotel in January of 1953. It had crossing staffs with the checkered flag on the right hand side, and the American flag on the left hand side. However, four days before the Corvette was to go on display at the show, Chevrolet management decided that it should be redesigned. The problem with the proposed emblem was that it included the American flag which is illegal to use on a commerical product. Right before the show, redesigned emblems were attached to the front hood and steering wheel of the Corvette. The new emblem contained the checkered flag on the right side as well as the white racing flag, red Chevrolet bow-tie symbol and a fleur-de-lis (Figure 2).
Where did the fleur-de-lis come from? At the time, Chevrolet was conducting research on various emblem designs for the 1953 and 1954 passenger cars. They looked at the Louis Chevrolet family history in an attempt to discover a crest or some type of heraldry that they could utilize. Unfortunately, they came up empty, but they did realize that Chevrolet is a French name and the fleur-de-lis (flower of the lily) is a French symbol meaning peace and purity. They decided to use the fleur-de-lis along with the famous blue Chevrolet bow tie on a new flag which replaced the American flag on the Corvette. When the 1953 Corvette first appeared to the public at the Waldorf Historia Hotel, the redesigned emblems were in place.
However, this emblem was temporary and used only for press photography at the show. A new emblem was designed prior to the 1953 Corvette going into production.
If you're wondering what ever happened to the original 1953 Corvette emblem by Robert Bartholemew, it's currently on display at the National Corvette Museum! | <urn:uuid:fe8877c1-6bdd-4380-ad9b-ef014f8f440a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.corvetteactioncenter.com/history/emblem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688926.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922074554-20170922094554-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.97 | 559 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The life and adventures of a Chinese monk who made a 17-year journey to bring Buddhist teachings from India to China. Xuanzang subsequently became a main character in the great Chinese epic Journey to the West.
In 629 C.E., a Chinese Buddhist monk named Xuanzang wanted to go west to India to learn more about Buddhism, but at the time, the emperor had forbidden travel outside China. Xuanzang respected authority and he struggled with a decision on whether or not to make the journey. Xuanzang, a brilliant and devout man, in the end believed that going to India was the only way to answer questions that troubled Chinese Buddhists. He started a seventeen-year journey that year, much of it spent as a fugitive and traveling under the cover of darkness.
Xuanzang traveled along what we now know as the Silk Road. He survived the dangerous Taklamakan Desert and continued through the high and harsh mountains of Tian Shan (literally, mountains of the heavens or sky). The Silk Road took him through countries ruled by powerful leaders who sometimes wanted to keep him in their kingdom rather than allow him to travel on. His intelligence and calm devotion to Buddhism convinced these leaders to help him in this quest to reach India. He was to have many adventures as he worked his way through India, on to Nepal, the home of the Buddha, and then to Nalanda where he spent many years living with the greatest teachers and thinkers of this time. Before he returned home, Xuanzang had converted priates who meant to rob and kill him, survived deadly typhoons, and won a Great Debate in front of thousands of wise men in India.
The return trip was no less difficult and he slowly made his way back studying, teaching, and learning about the cultures of the people he met along the way. Xuanzang was still officially a fugitive in his homeland, China, because he had left without permission. Xuanzang wrote a letter to the emperor describing what he had learned and as a result, the emperor not only welcomed him back, but appointed him a court advisor.
The rest of Xuanzang's life was spent in teaching, advising and translating manuscripts that made the journey home with him. Following his journey, Buddhism became more prevalent and more widely understood in China and subsequently elsewhere in the world. The record of his pilgrimage helps us to study and understand Buddhism and the cultures along the Silk Roads. | <urn:uuid:33af4d15-dd0d-4fea-8ca1-463abee55a67> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://asiasociety.org/xuanzang-monk-who-brought-buddhism-east | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929656.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00212-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984581 | 494 | 3.375 | 3 |
Sugar, Spice and Everything Nice of Website Designing
While browsing through the internet, we all have come across several websites. Every website has a garb of its own with its unique design and hues. But, have you ever wondered why a certain website looks the way it looks? Or, how it is tailored to look a certain way? Simply put, do you have any idea aboutwebsite designing?
What is Web Designing?
So, what is website designing or web designing? It is the art of creating websites that are aesthetically pleasing and easily navigable at the sametime. The explorers or users of a website should be able to grasp the creator’s message or idea without ending up being bored. So, a website designer must blend all the available ingredients meticulously like a chef to prepare a wholesome design.
The Elements of Web Designing
The principal ingredients at the disposal of a website designer are of two categories, namely:
- Visual elements
- Functional elements
The visual elements of a website are those that can attract and retain the attention of its visitors, users or explorers. These elements are:
- Colours- Depending on the purpose or message behind a website, a designer must choose a suitable colour scheme.
- Layout- It should be such that it enhances the functionality of a website. It should neither be too simple and plain nor too complex.
- Shapes- Designers must keep the website layout in mind while choosing the shapes.
- Fonts- The choice of fonts should be in keeping with the colour scheme and layout of a website.
- Images and videos- These are some crucial elements in terms of retaining the attention of the audience.
The functional elements of a website are very important in terms of ensuring a seamless user experience. These elements include:
- Navigation- A website with good navigation will allow users to explore it easily.
- User Interface and Experience- If users can interact with a website effortlessly, the user interface can be regarded as effective.
- Site structure- An easily navigable website is the one with a good site structure.
- Browser and device compatibility- A well-designed website is one which functions smoothly on different browsers and devices.
An excellent user experience and a decent site ranking are the chief goals of an effective website design.The work of website designers is hardly different from that of fashion designers or interior designers or of artists for that matter. Website designing is essentially an art and only skilled craftsmen in this field can design visually appealing and user-centric websites. | <urn:uuid:598d245c-7a43-4428-aa07-cb08770e793d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://paypalexchanger.com/business/sugar-spice-and-everything-nice-of-website-designing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00787.warc.gz | en | 0.908829 | 529 | 2.53125 | 3 |
IN THE FIVE MINUTES it takes you to read this, powerful interests around the globe will have hoovered up large tracts of agricultural land equivalent to fifty MCGs (or ten every minute).
Land grabbing – and its other prime objective, water grabbing – is a bid to secure food, water and energy requirements by wealthy countries, corporations, investment funds and (generally) unscrupulous individuals. The "grabees" are for the large part developing countries in the sub-Sahara, Asia and Latin America.
The phenomenon of land grabs (large-scale land acquisitions) is yet to register a blip on Australia’s media radar, but the trend is highly relevant to the current controversy about mining on Australia’s prime farm land with food, now the new oil, and land, the new gold, (as detailed in this author’s investigation ‘Australia’s CSG industry – no longer such a gas’).
According to a study by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, the land grabbing phenomenon has already claimed over 80 million hectares – an area twice the size of Japan – or enough to feed 80 million families in India. In 2009, an initiative called the Land Matrix was set up to build a constantly evolving database on large-scale land acquisitions. To get any idea of the escalation of this offensive since the food price spike in 2008, a visit to this site is essential.
The deals ranged from areas between 10,000 and 200,000 hectares. According to the anti-hunger group, Oxfam International, more than sixty per cent of these "land grabs" were in poor countries. Liberia, for example, has lost thirty per cent of its land in just five years. GRAIN, an NGO supporting small farmers, is reported to have seen proposals that would allow Saudi business groups to take virtual control of the total rice production in Senegal and Mali.
The top five land grabbersThe top five land grabbers, according to a report in Mother Jones earlier this year, are UK, U.S.A., China, United Arab Emirates and Israel. Many of the purchases, according to Mother Jones, are carried out by private equity funds, university endowments, pension funds, and hedge funds looking to capitalizing on the world’s declining food, water and natural resources. And the deals are being generated at rapid speed as investors scramble to get a slice of the action. Small wonder. The land is bargain priced, minimal tax applies and investment returns of 20 per cent plus represent a return to pre-GFC days. In some cases, the new land barons simply sit on the land as savvy speculators and wait for its value to skyrocket.
The tragedy is that it’s the corrupt governments of third world countries who are easy prey. Local communities are promised jobs, schools, clinics and other social infrastructure but, as aid groups like GRAIN has shown, these rarely eventuate. As the new foreign landholder generally pays less tax than the previous tenant, little benefit flows into the public purse. With no access to the land they relied on to produce food and make a living, the economic consequences for the local community are devastating.
One of the most egregious violations of human rights was the forced eviction of 20,000 indigenous people in Uganda between 2006-2010 to make way for a British pine and eucalypt plantation carbon credit scheme. New Forests Company’s land acquisition was funded by the World Bank. Ironically, its website boasts that it is a “sustainable and socially responsible forestry company”. Last week, thanks to a campaign by Oxfam, New Forests Company agreed to fund a community-run cooperative set-up by the Mubende community. Their tragic story shown below replicates the growing number of land grabbing scandals across the globe:
Land grabs — one of the great scandals of the C21Aid agencies like Oxfam are rightly concerned. When the local farmers are kicked off the land, there’s no food produced to feed the local population. With one in eight people in the world going hungry, Oxfam argues that these land deals could feed one billion people.
Jeremy Hobbs, Oxfam’s Executive Director, recently warned that the appropriation of vital arable land will be one of the great scandals of the 21st century:
“The world is facing an unbridled land rush that is exposing poor people to hunger, violence and the threat of a life-time in poverty.”
The World Bank a key playerThe World Bank is a key player in foreign land acquisitions as funder, government adviser and regulator. At the height of the global food crisis in 2007/2008, it was hard to spin the funding of land deals as a solution to the food crisis when dispossessed peasants no longer had the means to sustain themselves and most of the food produced was exported. Even the Economist started declaring it blatant “land grabs”.
Critics, such as the director of the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation, dubbed the practice as “neo-colonialist”. Neo-colonialism, like its close relative, globalization, is about free marketeering, the catchcry of the neo-liberal movement.
The bank responded with a new set of principles: Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment. But aid agencies complained that the principles were too weak and that this was just a front to legitimise land grabs.
Oxfam’s September 2011 briefing paper, ‘Land and Power – the growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investment in land’, looked at five land grabs in Uganda, Indonesia, Guatemala, Honduras and South Sudan. It concluded that adoption of international standards on good governance was a clear imperative at a number of levels to lessen risks to local communities and improve environmental outcomes.
The resulting campaign by Oxfam and aid agencies around the world forced an agreement by the World Bank in April this year to develop new measures to tackle land grabs by unscrupulous investors. But to the disappointment of the NGOs, the bank opted not to freeze its large-scale agricultural investments until such measures were introduced.
Oxfam is now calling on the public to use the power of social media to pressure the bank into immediate action.
Lessons for AustraliaSo, apart from calling on our government to join Oxfam in condemning land grabs at the G20 summit in September this year, are there any lessons from the global Land Rush for Australia?
There has certainly been no let up in the pitched battle between farmers and CSG miners, especially in the high yield cropping regions of the Liverpool Plains in NSW and Cecil Plains in Queensland.
In Victoria, as a result of the LNP government overturning the former Labor government’s shelving of mining licences, eighty per cent of Gippsland – Victoria’s prime agricultural land – is now under licence. The moratorium on fracking is about to end and Victorian farmers are deeply concerned about the, as yet, unknown implications to crucial water aquifers.
Real action on food and water security is unlikely as State governments scramble to fill their treasury coffers with mining royalties. At the federal level, both the government and the opposition continue to support expansion of Australia’s fossil fuel industry, including the controversial experiment being played out by CSG miners.
A major concern is that the areas slated for CSG production are directly above the Great Artesian Basin, one of the world’s largest natural underground water reservoirs covering about 22 per cent of Australia’s land mass.
Whilst the new National Food Plan does acknowledge the impact of CSG and amendments to the EPBCA have established a new “independent scientific committee” to examine CSG and large coal mining development, Greens’ leader, Senator Christine Milne, is highly critical of the food plan:
“As long as we can get adequate cheap food, it satisfies the Government’s idea of food security. For the Greens, it’s about securing agricultural land and water to maximize food production.”The lack of real bipartisan political action on food and water security is now set to spill over into the federal election campaign. The Greens and Katter’s Australia Party are looking to capitalise. Both are fielding candidates in all 150 House of Representative seats as well as in the Senate and are vowing to take on mining interests to ward off CSG from fertile cropping land.
The take-home message from the global Land Rush is this: if the lure of agricultural riches is such that powerful interests are prepared to violate people’s rights and destroy their livelihoods in the process, why aren't we having a proper debate in this country about Australia’s future food and water security in a warming planet versus more coal and CSG exports?
(You can also join Oxfam’s campaign by sharing and tweeting its most recent action: a film clip on land grabs inspired by Coldplay and created by our supporters. For more information on land grabs, read ‘Our Land, Our Lives: Time Out on the Global Land Rush.’)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Australia License | <urn:uuid:f195f268-9fe4-4ff9-b426-c22f58011c77> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://independentaustralia.net/business/business-display/land-grabs-the-new-global-oil-and-gold-rush,5515 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.94225 | 1,899 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What exactly is Yordle?
Yordle is an exciting brain teaser that tests your League of Legends champion knowledge. In this interactive game, players must guess the champion's name in six tries. The color of the tiles changes with each estimate, providing useful feedback on how close or distant the guess is from the true champion's name. Prepare to unleash your champion prowess as you set out to conquer the Yordle League Word Puzzle!
In this intriguing word problem, Yordle, the little but formidable denizens of Runeterra in the League of Legends universe, takes center stage. Players are given a series of tiles that represent the letters in the champion's name. The goal is to identify the champion's name using educated guesses within the time limit of six attempts.
With the changing hues of the tiles, Yordle offers an intriguing touch. Each visitor is greeted with a graphic response indicating the level of accuracy in the guess:
- Correct Letter in Correct Location: When a letter is in the correct location, the tiles glow green.
- Correct Letter in the Wrong place: Tiles become yellow, signifying that a letter from the champion's name is present but in a different place.
- Incorrect Letter: The tiles stay the same color, emphasizing that the guessed letter does not appear in the champion's name.
Players can change their following guesses and get closer to discovering the champion's identity thanks to this straightforward feedback mechanism.
How to play Yordle | <urn:uuid:591384f3-8513-4930-9eaa-f1b8dd0f4ecf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://dordle.online/yordle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.905678 | 319 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Sketch Map of British Guiana
Robert Hermann Schomburgk (1804–65) was a British naturalist and surveyor known for his pioneering surveys of British Guiana (present-day Guyana). Born and educated in Germany, he traveled to the West Indies in 1830 where he completed a survey of one of the Virgin Islands that was published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1835–39, under the direction of the Royal Geographical Society, he explored the Essequibo and Berbice Rivers in northern South America and completed a survey of British Guiana. Upon returning to Europe, he convinced the British government of the need to demarcate the boundaries of British Guiana. In April 1840, he was appointed commissioner for surveying and marking out the boundaries, which he completed in 1841–43. His proposals, known as the “Schomburgk line,” figured prominently in the disputes of the late-19th century between Great Britain and Brazil and Venezuela over the borders of British Guiana. This “sketch map” by Schomburgk, published in London in 1840, shows the competing claims of Britain, Brazil, and Venezuela. At the top of the map are sketches of the port and lighthouse of Georgetown, Guyana and of New Amsterdam, Guyana (capital of the former Dutch colony of Berbice, which passed to British control in 1815).
John Arrowsmith, London
Type of Item
1 map : color ; 28 x 50 centimeters
- G. C. Boase, “Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann (1804–1865),”Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Last updated: February 12, 2016 | <urn:uuid:f4aad4ca-692f-4449-91d7-5d1179524be1> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11335/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541361.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00209-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915742 | 370 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Is Skipping Breakfast Really That Bad For You?
Breakfast literally means breaking the fast your body has experienced since last night’s dinner. It’s very important to start a new day with a healthy breakfast, which can be a quick bite or a sit-down meal. If you skip breakfast, your body thinks it’s still fasting, so your mind, body and metabolism don’t have a chance to get properly energized in the morning. And remember this: the caffeine jolt from a cup of coffee is not a healthy breakfast.
Why Skipping Breakfast is not a healthy choice!
Eating breakfast is a little bit like filling a near-empty car with gas – with a good breakfast in your “tank”, you’re fueled for the rest of the day. Without breakfast, you’ll get started but, like that near-empty car, soon you’ll be sputtering, running out of energy and looking anywhere for a re-fill – and for most people, that usually means another cup of coffee, along with an unhealthy, high-carb snack and then eating too much at lunch and dinner.
Skipping breakfast wreaks havoc on the metabolism – low blood sugar first thing in the morning translates to low energy, and a quick sugar rush helps just temporarily, leading to a just-as-quick nosedive, which can also affect mood, resulting in irritability and short temper.
The notion that breakfast is the most important meal of the day is just as true – if not more – for children as it is for adults. A number of research studies have concluded that starting each day with a good breakfast has an important, positive impact on a child’s development, both physically and mentally. One study, published in 2005 in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, found that “children who reported eating breakfast on a consistent basis tended to have superior nutritional profiles than their breakfast-skipping peers…were less likely to be overweight…[and that] breakfast consumption may improve cognitive function related to memory, test grades, and school attendance.”
Should I skip breakfast when I’m dieting?
No! People on diets often think that skipping meals is a good way to help them lose weight. In fact, the opposite is true, and skipping breakfast is almost a sure-fire way to sabotage a diet. Studies in the US and overseas have found that skipping breakfast can lower the body’s metabolism, which means that calories get burned off more slowly, which means less weight lost. Additionally, people who skip breakfast, even if they’re supposedly dieting, are more likely to overeat later in the day and snack late at night. Also, since skipping breakfast has a negative impact on overall energy levels, if you skip breakfast there’s more of a chance that you’ll skip exercising as well.
Some Fast & Healthy Breakfast Ideas
Whole Grains: Some tips from the American Heart Association include choosing whole-grain instead of white bread and cottage cheese and jam instead of butter or cream cheese.
Yogurt and Fruit: Fat-free or low-fat yogurt is a good choice, even better when you add some fresh fruit. Keep frozen berries in the freezer, and you’ll be able to whip up a healthy morning smoothie in moments.
Eat those Oats! Hot cereal is great on a cold morning, and filled with healthy fiber as well. If you’re eating packaged cereal, make sure to read the label before you buy – many cereals that claim to be good for you may be loaded with processed sugar (like many granolas, for example), so make careful choices when you’re in the cereal aisle at the supermarket.
Protein: In A healthy breakfast doesn’t require very much time or special effort. Protein and fiber are the most essential ingredients a hurry in the morning? Make a hard-boiled egg before going to bed. | <urn:uuid:30915a5c-2280-435a-9787-d1e0ac566cbf> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.justmommies.com/family-life/family-health/skipping-breakfast-really-that-bad-for-you | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997880800.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025800-00168-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946071 | 825 | 2.671875 | 3 |
What are the liturgical seasons?
The PC(USA) Directory for Worship says:
God has provided a rhythm of seasons which orders life and influences the church’s worship. God’s work of redemption in Jesus Christ offers the Church a central pattern for ordering worship in relationship to significant occasions in the life of Jesus and of the people of God. The Church has thus come to observe the following days and seasons:
- Advent, a season to recollect the hope of the coming of Christ, and to look forward to the Lord’s coming again;
- Christmas, a celebration of the birth of Christ;
- Epiphany, a day for commemorating God’s self-manifestation to all people;
- Lent, a season of spiritual discipline and preparation, beginning with Ash Wednesday, anticipating the celebration of the death and resurrection of Christ;
- Holy Week, a time of remembrance and proclamation of the atoning suffering and death of Jesus Christ;
- Easter, the day of the Lord’s resurrection and the season of rejoicing that commemorates his ministry until his Ascension, and continues through
- the Day of Pentecost, the celebration of the gift of the Holy Spirit to the Church.
The church also observes other days such as Baptism of the Lord, Transfiguration of the Lord, Trinity Sunday, All Saints Day and Christ the King.
Human life in community reflects a variety of rhythms that also affect Christian worship. Among these are the annual cycles of civic, agricultural, school and business life; special times of family remembrance and celebration; and the patterns of a variety of cultural expressions, commemorations and events. The church in carrying out its mission also creates a cycle of activities, programs and observances. While such events may be appropriately recognized in Christian worship, care should be taken that they do not obscure the proclamation of the gospel on the Lord’s Day (W-3.2002 – W-3.2003).
Why does the planning calendar call May 25, 2008, the “8th Sunday in Ordinary Time” when there are no references to Ordinary Time in the previous weeks?
The starting point in our search for the missing Sundays in Ordinary Time is that preeminent moveable feast, Easter (or the Resurrection of the Lord). For Western Christians (Catholics and Protestants) the Day of Easter is the first Sunday that comes after the first full moon that occurs on or after March 21 (the Spring Equinox) — occasionally shifted to the following Sunday, when the original date happens to coincide with the Jewish Passover. (There is actually a difference between the “Paschal full moon” and the “astronomical full moon“ that we can’t begin to explain.) This computation means that Easter always occurs sometime between March 22 and April 25, inclusive. The Eastern Churches (Greek and Russian Orthodox, e.g.) use a different set of astronomical tables based on the Julian Calendar (instead of the Gregorian), which means that Orthodox Easter generally follows the Western date by one, four or five weeks (sometimes occurring in early May).
The beginning of Lent with Ash Wednesday is calculated by counting backwards 46 days from Easter Sunday — 46 and not 40 because the forty-day fast of Lent does not include the always festive celebration of the Lord’s Day (i.e., the six Sundays in Lent, including Palm/Passion Sunday).
All this means that, depending on how early the season of Lent begins (which depends on when the Easter season begins), the fourth through eighth Sundays in Ordinary Time may be preempted. Imagine them waiting in the wings (or warming the bench) to find out when Easter is scheduled. For this first period of Ordinary Time, the Baptism of the Lord is always the first Sunday. The Transfiguration of the Lord is always the last of these Sundays after Epiphany. However, it’s better not to think of it as the “Nth Sunday in Ordinary Time,” because the Fourth through Eighth Sundays in Ordinary Time have their own identity, as they are associated with a particular set of lectionary texts. In other words, each numbered Sunday in Ordinary Time is always connected with the same set of texts.
The season of Easter begins with the Day of the Resurrection of the Lord (Easter Sunday) and extends for fifty days (covering eight Sundays). The last of these Sundays is, of course, Pentecost (from the Greek for “fiftieth day”). Following the Easter season begins the second period of Ordinary Time (perhaps better called the Sundays after Pentecost). Depending on the date of Pentecost (which depends on the date of Easter), the Ninth through Twelfth Sundays in Ordinary Time are in a similar state of limbo. Trinity Sunday is always the first Sunday in this period, but it’s better not to think of it as the “Seventh Sunday of Ordinary Time” since that name is used to designate a particular set of lectionary texts. Similarly, Christ the King/Reign of Christ Sunday is always the last Sunday in that second period of Ordinary Time.
Finally, there is another nomenclature (found in the Episcopal Book of Common Prayer, e.g.) that you may have encountered in the Sundays after Pentecost — that of “Propers.” For instance, Sunday, Sept. 2, 2007, is alternately called Proper 17 and the 22nd Sunday in Ordinary Time. The system is similar to the numbered Sundays of Ordinary Time. The later the Day of Pentecost falls, the more earlier Propers (Proper 1, 2, etc.) are displaced.
To summarize, there’s something like a buffer zone of Sundays in Ordinary Time that surrounds the Lent/Easter cycle, and some of those Sundays always get absorbed depending on when Easter takes place. Each of the Sundays in Ordinary Time is given a number as a “permanent label,” however, and that number always refers to a specific set of lectionary texts. There have been attempts over the years to standardize the calendar — from the Quartodeciman Controversy of the second century A.D. (which attempted to tie the Easter celebration to Passover), to an initiative at the Second Vatican Council, to a 1977 proposal that Easter always be celebrated on the day after the second Saturday in April. It never seems to stick.
Source: Laurence Hull Stookey, Calendar: Christ’s Time for the Church
Why is there a fifty-day season of Easter?
Your home is littered with the separated hemispheres of colorful plastic eggs. Flowery new dresses are rumpled in the laundry hamper. Foil chocolate wrappers are crumpled in the garbage. There’s half of a ham and a partially eaten container of potato salad in the refrigerator. But Easter isn’t over. Easter has just begun.
One day out of 365 is hardly sufficient to celebrate the great mystery of our faith—that Christ is risen from the dead. Accordingly, the season of Easter lasts seven weeks, spanning the fifty days from the Sunday of the Resurrection to Pentecost Sunday. The notion of Easter as a season of fifty days is patterned after the ancient Jewish festival of seven weeks that extended from the beginning of the barley harvest (on the second day after the beginning of Passover) to the end of the wheat harvest, at the Festival of Weeks (see Deuteronomy 16:9-12). The Festival of Weeks later came to be called Pentecost (“fiftieth day”) by Greek speaking Jews.
In addition to the agricultural calendar, the symbolic value of numbers plays a meaningful role in the duration of this festival. In ancient Israelite culture, the number seven implied wholeness or completion; thus there are seven days in week, the time required for the completion of creation. A period of seven weeks, each consisting of seven days, suggests fullness “squared.” The season of Easter is, therefore, a “week” of weeks. Seven weeks is roughly one seventh of a year (52 weeks); just as the seventh day of the week is holy to God, one seventh of the year is set apart as a holy season. The number fifty also has symbolic significance, since Leviticus 25 designates every fiftieth year as a time of jubilee, when captives are to be released and debts are to be forgiven. Easter, as a season of fifty days, represents the “great jubilee,” in which we are released from captivity to death and the debt of our sin is forgiven by God. Finally, in an eschatological sense, Easter stands just outside, but adjacent to, the “week” of weeks (49 days) as the great fiftieth day, just as Sunday is considered the “eighth day” of creation, since Christ rose from the dead on the first day of the week.
The five Sundays between the Sunday of the Resurrection and Pentecost Sunday, often erroneously called “First Sunday after Easter,” “Second Sunday after Easter,” etc., are properly called “Second Sunday of Easter,” “Third Sunday of Easter,” and so forth. This small change helps to demonstrate that Easter isn’t a day, but a season. Sometimes a little preposition makes a big difference.
The season of Easter is intended to be an extended time of joy and celebration in the church. In 325 CE, the Council of Nicaea decreed that fasting and kneeling were to be forbidden during the fifty days of Easter. For some contemporary congregations that do not ordinarily celebrate the Eucharist each Sunday, the seven weeks of Easter provide an opportunity to explore this practice. The liturgical colors throughout the season of Easter are white and gold, except for Pentecost, which is red. | <urn:uuid:fffea7ba-528a-49ee-8fb7-05e7897fc35e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.presbyterianmission.org/ministries/worship/faq/faq-christianyear/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738892.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812112531-20200812142531-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.950321 | 2,079 | 2.75 | 3 |
Making holes on wood has been around for ages and the various tools we humans have used to make them have significantly improved since hole cutting tools were first invented. We have tools to make holes in wood from as small and simple as a pinhole to something as large as a hole in the wall or as intricate as artistic designs on wooden panels. And in our day and age, it is so easy to find them because almost everything you now need can be bought online.
If you are looking for a tool to make holes in wood, there are different types of tools you can choose from. It all depends on how small or big the hole is, how deep or shallow, what shape, or for what purpose you are making a hole in wood.
1- Hammer and Nail
The simplest hole you can make in wood is a pinhole. You can do this using a hammer and nail. If you need to make a hole through a thin wooden panel or board to screw a hook on, a hammer and nail can get the job done, if you have no other tools available.
The awl, however, can also get the job done, of making a pinhole. It was designed to make holes. The awl is a pointed steel tool, with a grip or handle made of wood or colored translucent acetate. It can make holes in soft material including plastics, leather, and wood. It not only creates holes, but can also make existing holes bigger. Although intended originally for leather, the awl is a very useful tool to make holes in wood.
You can buy a good quality awl online for an average cost of $5.
The gimlet or twist gimlet is a long steel tool with a screw tip and a spiral blade with fluting for deeper manual boring. Its handle is made one-piece from the same length of hardened steel, twisted and shaped like an eyelet. The handle is designed for better grip and handling for pushing and twisting. The action is similar to that of a corkscrew when you begin to open a bottle of wine. The gimlet is a more effective tool in making pilot holes for screws than the awl. And it is more practical and handy to use for making small pilot holes for screws compared to an electric drill.
A set of 4 to 7 different size gimlets costs around $10, online.
The chisel can make holes of any shape and size on wood. It has a sharp flat tipped edge, and is designed to cut wood in straight lines, squares, triangles, and rectangles. However, you can also make round or circular holes with a chisel. The chisel is often used with a mallet or hammer. But it can also be used to cut holes just by pushing it down with the grip of your hand. A carving tool can do a similar job on thinner and softer wood, but you don’t usually make holes using a carving tool.
The price tag for a set of 4 chisels (1/4″, 1/2″, 3/4″, and 1″) online, is $15.
The gouge is a special kind of chisel. It has rounded, semi-circular (curved) edge blades. Gouges’ edges cut wood in a variety of curves from wide and shallow to narrow and deep using a wooden mallet. The gouge is often used in sculpting artistic designs on wood and is also a useful tool to make holes in wood. Because gouges are used especially for wood carving and sculpture, they are more expensive than regular flat-edged chisels.
You can buy a single gouge online for less than $20. A set of 12 costs (cheaper by the dozen) around $100.
The drill, whether manual or electric, makes larger and deeper holes than the awl and gimlet and is the most readily used tool to make holes in wood, especially by a handyman. Or if you don’t have elaborate woodworking machines setup at home, the hand drill is the general purpose tool. Drills have exchangeable bits, of different diameters, that are fitted inside an adjustable chuck. The tiniest drill bit you’d probably use is a 1/16″ bit, and the largest, a 1-1/2″ bit, if ever you’ll need one! You can choose from any size in between, with 1/16″ graduations. However, drills not only vary in bit diameter but also in their form and function.
6- Egg Beater/Hand Drill
The egg beater drill is called that because it looks exactly like an egg beater except for the drill bit. It functions like a typical egg beater using a rotating gear on the side connected to a single pinion that powers the drill shaft. The egg beater makes small holes on wood similar to the gimlet, usually as pilot holes for screws. It is more precise and more versatile than the gimlet because you can change the drill bit. The egg beater drill is perfect for making concave holes to fit the head of countersunk screws, using a countersunk bit. With the egg beater drill you can manually control the speed and depth of drilling.
The cheaper kind of egg beater/hand drill, with a chuck key and bits set, goes just a bit above $20, while the more expensive brand can cost you above $50.
7- Brace and Bit Drill
The brace and bit drill is a neat and dandy tool to make holes in wood. It has a crank-shaped arm with a brace (handle) that rotates 360 degree on a center axis, with a flat and round head handle on top and the drill bit at the bottom. It’s rotation is called a “sweep” and is measured by twice the distance of the brace handle from the center axis. The brace of a 12″ sweep is 6″ away from the center axis.
The brace and bit drill is used by a woodworker to make holes for mortices and peg holes for joints. It uses auger bits for ease of drilling. Auger bits have screw tips that pull the drill to the wood and wide flutes that easily dislodge wood shavings and waste from the hole.
A good quality brace and bit sells online for above $60. It is a good investment if woodworking is your hobby.
8- Twist Drill
This is the most common type of drill bit you see regularly associated with the drill. The twist drill bit. The bit is made of hardened steel with two sharpened edges with grooves that spiral around the body. The grooves are designed as a channel to remove wood chips from the hole and also as a channel for air or lubricant to prevent the drill bit from overheating. The twist drill is one of the most common and useful tool to make holes in wood. It is also the most versatile especially in making round holes with a wide range of diameters and for any purpose.
A set of twist drill bits costs from $20 to less than $50 depending on the quality of alloy the drill bit is made of, and the number of drill bits in a set. While a set of rechargeable cordless drill kit with the power driver (motor) and drill bits costs around $40.
9- Auger Drill
The auger drill bit is similar to the twist drill bit because the sharpened edge also spirals around the shaft body, and uses a rotary action when drilling. The difference lies in that the auger has wider body clearance, a very broad flute, and sometimes only one sharpened edge. This is used to make deeper holes especially on wood with harder and denser body. Another feature that makes the auger bit different from the twist bit is that the auger drill bit has a screw-type tip. This is designed to pull the drill into the wood when drilling, thus lessening the need to apply more downward pressure on the drill driver.
A good set of 6 – 7 auger drill bits can cost from $25 – $35 online.
10- Spade Drill Bit
This is also called the paddle bit because it resembles a paddle. It has a pair of wide bladed lips led by a sharp point. It is shaped wide near the tip and tapers off a bit as it moves down the body much like the shape of a paddle. The wide bladed lips of a spade bit makes rough holes and is normally used to make holes that are shallow or that will be further covered or finished, like holes on walls where you’d pass electric cables or pipes through.
You can get a set of 6 spade bits for a bit over $10, and double that amount, $20, for a dozen.
11- Stationary Drill
This is also called a drill press. In the case of a stationary drill, the drill shaft hangs on a fixed vertical axis, suspended, and a lever controls its downward and upward movement for drilling. The drill press can simply be an assembly, a stand, that you mount your hand drill on or a stationary machine that is designed specifically for drilling. The stationary drill is best used for repetitive drilling, like drilling an array of holes along a line.
A typical drill press stand for a hand drill won’t cost you more than $50. However, a stationary drill is much more expensive and costs anywhere from beyond hundreds of dollars to thousands of dollars.
A saw is a serrated steel blade with a handle, typically used for cutting wood. It cuts wood along a certain length using a backward-forward motion, in repetition. However, there are hand saws and power saws that can make holes in wood. A coping saw or a jigsaw can cut holes in wood. Unlike a regular hand saw, the coping saw has a blade so thin that can be easily maneuvered to follow the curves of a circle while cutting through wood. They are often used to cut large holes on thinner wood panels.
12- Coping Saw
The coping saw is named for its function — it copes. It copes with whatever shape you are making in the wood. It has a very thin blade (1/10″) that can weave its way following bends and curves while cutting through wood. The span of a coping saw can reach up to 6″. This is the distance of the saw blade from the frame (bow). This means you can cut a hole of any shape that is within 6″ from the edge of the wood, where the bow can move around from. The coping saw has its limitations since it can only make interior cut-out holes on wood with thinner width (2″ or 3″ is thick enough). However, it can cut shapes on edges of wood with thicker width.
A coping saw can be bought online from between $10 – $20.
The jigsaw, sometimes also called a sabre saw, is a motorized saw. It is a reciprocating saw that cuts wood by a push-pull action. The position of the saw blade can run alongside parallel to the body, similar to an electric knife or it can jut downward from the body panel. The jigsaw can make a hole in wood from the edge of the article you’re working on, that is, from the outside cutting in. Or it can begin cutting somewhere in the middle through a pilot hole large enough for the jigsaw blade to fit. The jigsaw functions like a motorized coping saw you can use to make holes of different shapes and sizes.
Jigsaws are more expensive because they’re motorized. You can get a good deal anywhere from $40 to $60.
14 – Hole Saw
A hole saw is the perfect tool to make holes in wood. It is designed precisely for that purpose. The hole saw literally cuts a hole in the wood, and not simply bores or drills through the wood. A hole saw blade looks like an inverted cup with serrated lips. The hole’s diameter follows the diameter of the serrated cup. The hole saw is also power driven by an electric hand drill, a stationary drill machine or a drill press. It can cut a hole from 3/4″ to around 6″ in diameter. And it usually leaves a circular piece of wood as its by-product, not just wood chips and shavings.
You can buy a 20-pc hole saw kit online for $20.
15- Circle Cutter
A circle cutter moves like a compass — it has a fixed center point, and a rotating outer (peripheral) point that marks the circle all around. In the case of a circle cutter, the rotating outer point is a sharp blade, or two sharp blades opposite each other on the mount. It is attached to the rotary shaft of a hand drill or stationary drill and makes a hole in the wood as the drill is pressed downward on the wood. It can make a larger hole than a hole saw.
A good single or double circle cutter bit won’t cost you more than $20. You can get one online even for $10.
How To Cut A Hole In Wood
It is helpful to know the kind of tool to make holes in wood. Because these tools were designed to cut holes according to their construction. And it is a good practice to use the appropriate tool for the hole you need to make, considering there are such tools readily available online.
One of the basic requirements on how to cut a hole in wood is a stable bench or table to work on. You cannot do without this basic article. You can buy a good working bench/table online for $140. The expense is worth it, since this will be your work station most of the time, because you’ll need a level plane to work on, and affix wood articles you’ll make holes in, which only a stable bench or table can provide.
Then, you’ll need at least a pair of wood clamps. For $20 you can invest in a set of good quality wood clamps. These tools help you keep the wood article in a fixed position while you drill it or cut a hole in it. It isn’t safe to merely hold on to the wood or press it down with your knee, especially when using power tools. And if you’re using a brace and bit drill, merely holding on to the article of wood won’t do. You need the wood firm and fixed on its position on a level plane, without moving a bit.
For example, to use a manual coping saw, your wooden piece needs to be clamped on a fixed plane, like a table or a bench. You can either start cutting from the edge going inside, or you can drill a hole on the inside and start sawing the hole from there. The line the coping saw follows is directly straight from where you hold its handle. But the wood article you are working on needs to be fixed and not moving, otherwise the wood article will swing along with the motions of your coping saw.
Lastly, for your own safety, wear protective goggles, working gloves, and safety shoes. | <urn:uuid:d891f8de-e994-4367-8235-091fa2b452b4> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://justcraftingaround.com/tools-to-make-holes-in-wood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358078.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127013935-20211127043935-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.955984 | 3,168 | 2.65625 | 3 |
At a glance - say, highway speed - this may appear to be yet another old-field meadow, biding its time before it transitions into shrubland and eventually forest. This is Hempstead Plains, one of several mature grasslands on Long Island, and the only true prairie east of the Appalachian Mountains.
Hempstead Plains on the grounds of Nassau Community College in East Garden City, Nassau County, NY. The white-flowering plants are Eupatorium hyssopifolium, Hyssop-leaf Throughwort.
On Sunday, August 25, I joined three other native plant lovers for a whirlwind tour of Hempstead Plains. We had only an hour; I could have spent several hours there. For me, this was a pilgrimage. I spent most of my childhood on Long Island.
Our guide was Betsy Gulotta, Conservation Project Manager of the Friends of Hempstead Plains, Department of Biology, Nassau Community College, on whose grounds this remnant stands. Here Betsy points out Apocynum cannabinum, Indian Hemp, at the start of our visit.
A Brief Natural History of Hempstead PlainsNew York's Long Island comprises four counties; from east to West they are Suffolk, Nassau, Queens, and Kings (aka Brooklyn). If you look down from space, and maybe squint a bit, Long Island resembles a fish: Brooklyn is the face, Queens is the head and gills, and Nassau and Suffolk are the body and tail.
The fish shape of Long Island arises from two ridges, running roughly east-west. The ridges stand out as light yellow to white in this Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map of Long Island. I've highlighted the location of Hempstead Plains in Nassau County, right about where the fish's pectoral fins would be.Map: Dr. J. Bret Pennington, Department of Geology, Hofstra University
These ridges are terminal moraines: deposits of sand, gravel and rock left behind as the Wisconsin glaciation made its last stand, then retreated, 20,000-19,000 years ago. Long Island is part of the Outer Lands, the archipelago formed by these moraines, that extends to Cape Cod.
South of the moraines are outwash plains, laced with streams and rivers leading to the bays of Long Island's southern shores. Hempstead Plains once spanned the westernmost extent of these plains, bounded on the west and north by the northern Harbor Hills Moraine, and on the east by the Ronkonkoma Moraine, where it abuts the Harbor Hills Moraine. This map, from a U.S Fish & Wildlife Service survey of grasslands habitats on Long Island, shows the estimated original extent of Hempstead Plains prior to European colonization, based on soil surveys and historical accounts.
Why Hempstead Plains is Special
Even if no more of this land were taken up in farms, the continued growth of New York City is bound to cover it all with houses sooner or later, and it behooves scientists to make an exhaustive study of the region before the opportunity is gone forever.
- The Hempstead Plains: A Natural Prairie on Long Island, Roland M. Harper, 1911
The existence and persistence of this prairie has yet to be completely explained.
There's evidence of periodic fire disturbance, whether natural or man-made, even prior to European colonization. (Today, they mow to keep invasive species in check.) But the pine barrens that once extended east of here are also adapted to fire. Why prairie, not pine barrens, here?
The soil here is nothing like the deep topsoils of midwestern prairies. Most of Long Island is a glacial deposit of sand and gravel. Perhaps that balances out the relatively high rainfall we get here. Then why wasn't there more prairie on Long Island?
Hempstead Plains shares another characteristic with arid and semi-arid lands, including prairie: biological soil crust. During our visit, there were a few places where the lichen soil crust was visible. Where it's disturbed, as in this photo, you can see the sandy, gravelly underlying soil.
With such an unusual confluence of conditions, Hempstead Plains is home to several species that are locally or globally rare and threatened. During our visit, we were privileged to see Agalinis acuta, Sandplain Gerardia, in bud.
Back to our little troupe; here we are closely examining a specimen of Baptisia tinctoria, Blue Indigo. We remarked on how different the Hempstead Plains Baptisia looks from horticultural varieties, even of the same species.
Wild areas such as Hempstead Plains provide critical reservoirs of seeds for conservation and restoration efforts. Local ecotypes of native plants are adapted to local conditions. They've co-evolved with other organisms in their environment, and support more wildlife than cultivars. Their populations exhibit diversity that disappears when we select and propagate plants for our purposes, such as "garden value."
Local ecotypes are rarely available commercially. For example: several of the plants offered at June's Long Island Native Plant Initiative Plant Sale were propagated by the Greenbelt Native Plant Center from seed collected at Hempstead Plains. Brooklyn Botanic Garden's elimination of field work threatens such regional conservation efforts.
The Hempstead Plains is the last remnant of native prairie grassland that once covered 40,000 acres of central Nassau County. Today, as a result of commercial development only a few acres remain. The site is considered highly ecologically and historically significant. The Hempstead Plains supports populations of federally endangered and globally rare plants among its 250 different kinds of vegetation as well as several plant species that are now considered rare in New York State. It represents one of the most rapidly vanishing habitats in the world, along with scores of birds, butterflies, and other animals that are vanishing with it.
- About the Plains, Friends of Hempstead Plains
PlantsHere are some of the plants we met during our visit. First, some characteristic tall-grass prairie species.
Andropogon gerardii, Big Bluestem
Panicum virgatum, Switchgrass
Sorghastrum nutans, Indian Grass
And a handful of other, smaller grasses. There are 35-40 species of grasses, native and non-native, at Hempstead Plains.
Dichanthelium clandestinum, Deer-Tongue Grass (in the center of the weeds)
Eragrostic spectabilis, Purple Lovegrass
Schizachyrium scoparium, Little Bluestem
Here are some more conventional "wildflowers."
Eupatorium hyssopifolium, Hyssop-leaf Throughwort
Euthamia caroliniana/, Slender Goldentop, Flat-top Goldenrod
Visiting Hempstead PlainsThe site is not open to the public except for scheduled guided tours. Plants aren't labelled - it's a wild area, not a botanic garden - so you'll want a knowledgable guide, anyway! Check the Activities page on the Friends of Hempstead Plains web site for their calendar. They have regularly scheduled tours on Friday afternoons, and volunteer days on Saturday mornings, into November.
Getting there is confusing. It's really easy to miss the turnoff. I circled the entire campus of Nassau Community College before I was able to get back on approach to Perimeter Road, where the parking area is located. I could have used a navigator.
They're working on a new Interpretive Center, scheduled to be open in 2014. The building site is a corner of the property that was already less than pristine. Nevertheless, they're disturbing the soil as little as possible. The composting toilet will be an above-ground model, instead of one that requires excavation. The building will have a green roof populated with plants propagated from the site.
I look forward to a return visit.
Related ContentFlickr photo set from my visit
Long Island Native Plant Initiative Plant Sale 2013
All my Native Plants blog posts
My Native Plants page
Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Slash and Burn "Campaign for the 21st Century", 2013-08-23
LinksFriends of Hempstead Plains
Hempstead Plains Grassland, New York Natural Heritage Program
Wikipedia: Hempstead Plains
Saving Bits of Nassau's Original Prairie, Barbara Delatiner, New York Times, 2003-06-22
An urban nature reserve takes shape on the Diana Center's green roof (Video), Hilary Callahan, Barnard College News, 2011-08-10 (This Project uses plants propagated by the Greenbelt Native Plant Center from Hempstead Plains seed stock)
Long Island Native Grass Initiative, Nassau County Soil & Water Conservation District
Coastal Grasslands (PDF), Long Island Sound Habitat Restoration Initiative, February 2003
Long Island Grasslands, Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New York Bight Watershed, 1996-1997, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Long Island Botanical Society
Long Island Native Plant Initiative
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Maps of Long Island, Dr. J. Bret Pennington, Department of Geology, Hofstra University
Geology of Long Island, Garvies Point Museum and Preserve
An Introduction to Biological Soil Crusts, SoilCrust.org
The Vegetation History of Hempstead Plains (PDF), Richard Stalter and Wayne Seyfert, St. John's University, Proceedings of the 11th North American Prairie Conference, 1989 (Hosted at the Digital Commons, University of Nebraska, Lincoln)
The Hempstead Plains: A Natural Prairie on Long Island, Roland M. Harper, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society , Vol. 43, No. 5 (1911), pp. 351-360 (An edited version was republished in Torreya, Volume 12, 1912)
Soil Survey of the Long Island area of New York (PDF), by Jay A. Bonsteel and Party, Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1903 (Hosted at New York Online Soil Survey Manuscripts, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA) | <urn:uuid:3ccb26b7-e7f8-4799-890a-efab3bfb46a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://flatbushgardener.blogspot.com/2013/09/hempstead-plains-long-islands-remnant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805923.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120071401-20171120091401-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.90454 | 2,125 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A diversity of technologies is increasingly being used to draw people's attention to certain kinds of information in an attempt to change what they do or think. Pop-up ads, warning messages, reminders, prompts, personalized messages, and recommendations are some of the methods that are being deployed on computer screens. Fogg (2003) has labeled this phenomenon persuasive technology; interactive computing systems are deliberately designed to change people's attitudes and behaviors. Traditionally, media such as magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, radio, and TV have been used to persuade people to join a good cause, give up a bad habit, donate money, or buy a product. For example, a picture of a starving child with bulging eyes star...
- Chapter 5: EMOTIONAL INTERACTION
- from INTERACTION DESIGN: beyond human-computer interaction, 3rd Edition
- Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
- Released: June 2011
persuasive (convincing) technology with examples
Share this highlighthttp://www.safaribooksonline.com/a/interaction-design-beyond/33805/ | <urn:uuid:a6eae3f3-0490-4533-bfe5-b1bfa47b0e5b> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.safaribooksonline.com/a/interaction-design-beyond/33805/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542323.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00402-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906803 | 229 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A system is a collection of elements which are tailored to each other and interact in such a way that they can be regarded as a unit for specific tasks, senses or purposes and are separated from their environment in this respect.
Under this definition, a distinction is made between gas systems as to their purpose and function for gas distribution and gas utilization.
Knowledge of the type of gas system concerned is of major significance for operators of these systems, planning officers and system manufacturers since different statutory requirements apply to the different types and this results in the use of different safety standards and regulations.
Gas distribution systems include energy production and storage systems as well as distribution and transport systems. These include compressor systems, measuring systems and pressure control systems within the public gas distribution networks as well as the distribution networks within industrial sites.
Gas utilization systems are part of gas-using equipment such as gas appliances and industrial thermoprocessing equipment.
The aim of these systems is to control and regulate a heating process safely.
Gas appliances are systems used for cooking, heating, producing hot water and for cooling, lighting or washing purposes.
Industrial thermoprocessing equipment subjects substances or workpieces to the effects of heat energy.
The gas distribution system of industrial thermoprocessing equipment generally consists of a main gas train with a downstream single or multiple burner system comprising the burner(s), air supply and burner control unit.
The following links provide a description of gas systems and which standards and technical regulations apply to them: | <urn:uuid:9163c70d-ec05-4fbf-b5d9-56e77e7ed69b> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.system-technik.info/index.php?id=7&L=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464053252010.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012732-00167-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949683 | 306 | 3.34375 | 3 |
For a long time, one of the biggest arguments for tying the knot and settling down was that it was good for your health—studies consistently showed that married people were healthier and lived longer than their single counterparts. Now, new research suggests that’s no longer the case.
According to the study, authored by Dmitry Tumin, a sociology researcher at the Ohio State University, marriage was only correlated with better health if couples were together ten years or longer, and even then, only among women. On top of that, Tumin noted that the effect was “completely attenuated among women in the youngest birth cohort.”
And when it came to the youngest people in the study (which included married people born between 1955 and 1984), there was no protective effect related to being married. In other words: Single people now appear to be exactly as healthy as married people.
“It seems unlikely that marriage of any kind would directly cause large improvements in health in recent birth cohorts,” Tumin wrote.
There are a lot of reasons marriage may no longer be associated with better health. Fewer people than ever are getting married and those who do tend to be older than in previous generations. Women, in particular, have more socioeconomic freedom than in the past, meaning that single women are better equipped to live healthy, fulfilled lives alone. And, more and more people are finding support and companionship outside of marriage now, living with roommates or parents to mitigate living costs.
Finally, as Tumin notes, marriage may be a bigger source of stress today than it was in the past.
“Work-family conflict has increased in the closing decades of the 20th century, and spouses’ actual time spent together has decreased over this period,” Tumin wrote. “Against a backdrop of greater demands at home and at work, and less time spent together, today’s married couples may indeed experience marriage more as a source of conflict and stress than as a resource that safeguards their health.”
Feel free to share this news with any relatives who nag you about your single status. | <urn:uuid:6231be1a-dda9-4912-b4cc-7cc1bd2b05b8> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.marieclaire.co.za/mc-recommends/married-people-no-longer-healthier-single-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870604.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528004814-20180528024814-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.984895 | 434 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Social participation is an important strategy in promoting successful aging. Although participating in volunteering has been proven to benefit older adults’ health and well-being, we often ignore its role as a process of learning while helping others. The purpose of this study was to use the self-defined successful aging concept of seniors to explore the roles of learning through volunteering in Taiwan, an Asian country with a dramatically fast growth of its older population. Using in-depth interviews of 31 older adults who fit the participation criteria, this study concluded that learning through volunteering, a form of informal learning, is a holistic approach to successful aging, including physical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions. Through the learning, volunteering benefited the volunteers’ self-defined successful aging by (a) establishing a substantial and expanding life, (b) building and improving relationships, (c) enhancing positive changes and self-evaluation, (d) promoting physical and psychological health, and (e) triggering treasures and preparations for the rest of life. The five dimensions can work alone but often interactively facilitate the seniors’ successful aging. These findings enrich the existing body of knowledge by revealing the dynamic between learning through volunteering and self-defined successful aging in Taiwan. Policy makers and practitioners might use these findings to popularize elder volunteerism and other forms of elder learning activities that will then better equip older adults to fulfill their desire for a successful old age.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Geriatrics and Gerontology | <urn:uuid:cbc8600a-c9da-44d5-a2de-ff940218d299> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://researchoutput.ncku.edu.tw/en/publications/benefits-and-dynamics-of-learning-gained-through-volunteering-a-q | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400205950.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922094539-20200922124539-00723.warc.gz | en | 0.937077 | 301 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Witnessing the birth of stars would require a telescope larger in diameter than many cities. Say hello to ALMA. Light from the setting sun dances on antennas forming part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), high in Chile’s Atacama Desert. Image ©Dave Yoder/National Geographic
On a May morning two pickup trucks passed through the quiet town of San Pedro in Chile’s Atacama Desert and headed up a mountainside on a dirt road. It was 1994, and the five men inside the trucks were on a peculiar quest: to find the highest, driest, flattest place on the planet. Read the full story at National Geographic
As the last of 25 North American antennas rolls toward a docking pad, the world’s largest—and at $1.3 billion, costliest—ground-based telescope nears readiness. The joint American, European, and Japanese project will map unseen cosmic regions with unprecedented clarity. Image © Dave Yoder/National Geographic
Image © National Geographic
The images are from the April issue of National Geographic magazine.
source National Geographic | <urn:uuid:fa482934-ab61-481f-986c-6351b39a394c> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://wordlesstech.com/cosmic-dawn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033925.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625004242-20220625034242-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.892584 | 233 | 3.625 | 4 |
By Darren Holman, L. Ac.
Chinese medicine is constantly trying to balance the body, and one tool we have for doing this is the food we eat. The foods we eat are the building blocks for who we are, and one of the most direct ways we have of affecting our own health. In Chinese medicine we strive to keep the body in balance with the proper amount of yin and yang energies. These energies affect our bodies from the season, our activity level, the foods we eat, and the way we prepare these foods. We will start be discussing the seasons.
Remember that each one of us has a different constitution, and tendency towards different types of imbalances. Your diet will need to be catered towards these factors. For example people with weak digestion will want to avoid eating too much cold food, while some one with recurrent acne, and skin rashes should avoid consumption of too much hot food.
What I am outlining in this article are simple guidelines for how the nature, and flavor of foods interact with the body, and which foods should be eaten in each season. These guidelines are for a healthy person’s body that is reasonably balanced. We are going to examine the temperature nature of foods, the flavor action of foods, the energetic movements of the seasons and what foods should be eaten to be in harmony with them.
In Chinese dietary therapy we classify the temperature nature of food by the heating or cooling effect it has on the body. Foods can be classified as Hot, Warm, Neutral, Cool, or Cold. Some examples of each category are:
Hot: Butter, chocolate, coffee, crispy rice, curry, hot chilies, lamb, mango, onions, peanut butter, sesame seeds, smoked fish, trout, and whisky.
Warm: beef, cheese, brown sugar, chestnuts, chicken, egg yolk, dates, garlic, ginger, green pepper, ham, leeks, oats, peaches, pomegranates, potato, turkey, turnips, vinegar, walnuts, wine.
Neutral: apricots, beet roots, broad beans, bread, brown rice, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, cherries, egg whites, grapes, honey, water, milk, oysters, peanuts, peas, pork, raisins, salmon, sugar, sweet potatoes, plums.
Cool: Almonds, apples, barley, broccoli, corn, fish, mushrooms, celery, wheat, turnips, tangerines, strawberries, pineapple, oranges, pears, mangos, watermelon, salt.
Cold: Bananas, bean sprouts, duck, grapefruit, green tea, cucumbers, lettuce, ice cream, mussels, peppermint, tofu, tomato, yogurt.
The temperature of the food is also affected by the preparation methods. Raw foods are the coldest, and require the body to add heat to digest them. Long term consumption of large amounts of raw food is thought to be depleting of the body’s digestive fire. Boiling and steaming are the cooking methods that add the least heat to food’s nature, while frying, grilling, and roasting add the most.
We also consider the flavor of the food and its effects on the body. The Chinese classify flavor into five types; sour, bitter, sweet, pungent, and salty. These flavors correspond to the seasons, organs, and elements. Each flavor also has its own effects on the body.
Sour corresponds to spring time, the liver, and the element of wood. The sour taste is astringent, obstructs movement, and can be used to stop sweating or diarrhea. Over indulgence in sour foods can weaken the spleen and cause damage to the muscles. This can be counteracted with pungent foods. Some examples of sour foods are; apples, apricots, grapefruit, oranges, mangoes, olives, peaches, pineapple, plums, tomatoes, strawberries, and vinegar.
Bitter corresponds to summer, the heart, and the element of fire. The bitter taste is drying and strengthening to the spleen, and reduces body heat. Bitter foods can be used to induce diarrhea to purge the body. An over indulgence in bitter foods can cause stomach energy to stagnate and wither the skin. This can be counter acted with salty foods. Some examples of bitter foods are; asparagus, celery, coffee, hops, lettuce, kohlrabi, and sea grass.
Sweet corresponds to late summer, the spleen, and the element of earth. The sweet taste is harmonizing and slows down acute symptoms, and neutralizes toxic effects of other foods. Over indulgence in sweet foods can cause bone pain, kidney problems, fullness in the chest, and hair loss. You can counteract this by eating sour foods. Some examples of sweet foods are; bamboo shoots, honey, sugar, watermelon, tofu, carrot, coconut, corn, eggplant, figs, grapes, apples, olives, peaches, wheat, and walnuts.
Pungent corresponds to fall, the lungs, and the element of metal. The pungent taste is dispersing, can induce perspiration, and promotes energy circulation. An over indulgence of pungent foods can cause muscle knots, unhealthy finger and toe nails, and damaged shen (loss spirit or vitality in the eyes, restlessness.) You can counter act this by eating bitter foods. Some examples of pungent foods are black pepper, chives, cinnamon, cloves, dill seed, fennel, garlic, ginger, green onion, green pepper, mustard greens, radishes, spearmint, rosemary, white pepper, and wine.
Salty corresponds to winter, the kidneys, and the element of water. The salty flavor is softening, and can be used to help with nodules, hard lymph nodes, and hardening of the muscles or glands. Excessive intake of salty foods can lead to deficient muscles and flesh, lack of strength in the bones, and depression. The can be balanced out by eating more sweet foods. Some examples of salty foods are; barley, chives, clams, kelp, oysters, pork, sea grass, and sea weed.
The Chinese believe that a balanced diet has some of each flavor in each meal. As you have probably noticed some foods have a combination of flavors and fall into multiple categories. There is an art to finding flavorful combinations that balance the body and promote good health.
The Chinese categorize the year into five seasons; spring, summer, late summer, fall, and winter. Each season has its own energetic disposition that matches the agricultural lifestyle. We think of these dispositions in terms of energy movement and temperature. Chinese believe you should reinforce this natural movement by eating foods that are in accordance with the season.
In the spring energy is moving upward in growth, you can support this with foods that have a neutral nature, and flavors that are pungent, sweet, or bitter. In summer energy is moving out ward in expression. You can support this with foods have hot nature, and who’s flavor are pungent and sweet. In the autumn energy is moving downward to be stored. You can support this by eating foods that have cold, cool, or warm nature, and sweet or sour flavors. In the winter energy moves inward in hibernation. You can support this with food with cold nature, and bitter or salty flavor.
Remember that good nutrition is dependent on two things; 1) eating healthy balanced foods, and 2) how well your body is able to absorb them. The Chinese believe that all meals should be eaten in a peaceful place, and while you are relaxed, and at a slow pace. Heated discussions, stress, or work should be avoided at meal times. Food should be chewed thoroughly until it is nearly liquid in consistency. This will improve digestion and assimilation of the food. Water or beverage should be used sparingly with meals, with the majority of your fluid intake between meals. This prevents the digestive juices from being diluted, and from prevents the water from carrying the food to the next stage of digestion prematurely.
If you are interested in learning more about Chinese dietary therapy there are many good books available, and numerous websites. One I recommend is “Chinese System of Food Cures: Prevention and Remedies’ by Henry C. Lu, published by Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. New York, 1986. I hope you enjoy delicious healthy eating that is balancing for your body, this summer, and throughout the year. | <urn:uuid:1cf5c91f-277f-439f-9c93-d723b7950ec4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://carolinasnaturalhealth.com/chinese-dietary-therapy-balancing-the-body-with-foods-and-seasons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426161.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726122153-20170726142153-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.932131 | 1,774 | 2.640625 | 3 |
April is prime time to get planting! It’s a good month to plant most trees, shrubs, and perennials. Planting annuals and vegetables that could tolerate a potential frost (spinach, snapdragons, lettuce, etc.) is also a great idea! April is also an ideal time to dig and divide hardy perennials and transplanting trees, shrubs, & perennials that need more room.
General garden care
Clean up garden; Remove last year’s dead plants, clean up leaves, fallen twigs and other debris on lawns and beds. Rake back winter mulches and top-dress beds with compost.
Start a compost pile if you don’t already have one. If you have one, turn it to aerate it after winter low temperatures and compaction. Add a compost starter.
Install mason bee housing.
Check irrigation systems and hoses for leakage or breaks.
Set up raised beds and install hoops and fabric to protect young seedlings from cold nights.
Watch for slugs and treat if required.
Top off raised beds with “Bumper Crop”.
Clean up your pond, pumps and filters and think about adding new features and plants.
Remove infected stems and litter of pachysandra and begin spraying every two weeks (until hot weather) with liquid copper or Fung-onil to control volutella blight.
Install hummingbird feeders.
Apply beneficial nemetodes toward the end of the month to control black vine weevils and beetle populations later in the season.
Place supports over peonies, grasses or other perennials that will need them later on in the season.
Toward the end of the month, begin mulching beds and apply Preen or corn gluten meal to prevent future weeds.
Apply a season-long fertilizer on flower beds.
Dig, divide and replant perennials, such as helenium, fall asters, shasta daisies, chrysanthemums and phlox.
Plant transplants of pansies, forget-me-nots (Mysotis spp.), foxglove (Digitalis spp.) and other cool-weather flowers.
Sow seeds of sweet peas, batchelor’s buttons (Centaurea cyanus) and Larkspur (Consolida ajacis) in flower beds.
Select new azalea and rhododendron bushes while they’re in bloom to make sure that the color complements your landscape.
Plant summer flowering bulbs and tubers indoors (Cannas, Dahlias, Caladiums, Begonias & Lillies) to be planted outdoors after May 15th.
Sow seeds in garden beds for annuals like Zinnias and Marigolds.
Fertilize spring blooming bulbs when showing 2″ to 4″ stems and leaves.
Prune roses and fertilize if not done in March. Also, begin spraying for blackspot and insect control.
Cut back all winter damaged horizontal stems and leaves on hellebores.
Begin planting perennials, along with dividing existing plants (wait until fall to do peonies).
As flower buds begin to open on mountain laurel, azaleas and rhododendrons, spray with fungicide to prevent flower blight and leaf blight.
Spray ornamentals for early deer control.
Plant an asparagus bed.
Plant seed potatoes (if soil is above 50 degrees).
Put up a trellis for tall varieties of peas.
Mulch around the base of cool-season crops to keep their roots cool and moist.
Plant peas and cool season vegetable seeds or plants (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, collards, kale, kohlrabi, lettuce, mustard greens, Pak Choi, radish, spinach, Swiss chard and watercress).
Plant onion sets.
When strawberries show new leaves, move winter mulch between rows or in pathways so plant growth is not delayed. Plant new plants if needed. Fertilize with a granular, slow release fertilizer.
Unwrap winter protection on fruit trees and shrubs before it gets too warm.
Cover garden soil rows with black plastic for two weeks to warm soil early so sweet potato slips can be planted by May 1st.
Plant cool season herb seeds or plants like chives, parsley, dill, thyme, rosemary and oregano.
Plant green manure (cover crops) if early vegetables are not being planted.
Plant horseradish roots.
Plant warm season vegetable and flower seeds indoors.
Plant berries, brambles and grapes and mulch with salt hay or shredded hay and straw.
Begin the season fruit tree spray program as buds begin to swell.
Look for snow mold on the lawn. It won’t kill the grass; lightly rake it to improve circulation and lightly fertilize lawn.
Make sure lawnmower blades are sharpened so as not to leave jagged edges on grass blades.
Test your soil.
Apply lawn treatments if soil test requires.
Plant grass seed if not done in March.
Apply crab grass control if you are not seeding.
Begin mowing grass.
Apply corn gluten meal for organic weed control and fertilizer when Forsythia is blooming.
Apply weed control to established lawns to control chickweed, clover, ground ivy, henbit and violets. | <urn:uuid:9dcddf4e-a502-47f8-b13b-ae7832b04f96> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://primexgardencenter.com/garden-to-do-list-april/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057479.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923225758-20210924015758-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.849694 | 1,160 | 2.625 | 3 |
“Any man could, if he were so inclined, be the sculptor of his own brain.” And, someone else’s brain. One could even give a brain to a brainless machine. I mean, one has already done that hence deep learning. A fellow neuro geek in 1958 created the very first neural network, the perceptron. So, what is a perceptron and how does it work?
What Is A Perceptron?
A perceptron is a single-layer neural network. It’s a linear binary classifier used in supervised learning. Psychologist Frank Rosenblatt developed it in 1958. He documented this in his research “The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain”.
Rosenblatt used it to enable a computer to distinguish between cards marked on the left and cards marked on the right.
How Does It Work?
Let’s say we want our model to recognize triangles. It would classify the data as a triangle and not a triangle. A more evolved application would classify emails as “spam” and “not spam”. But, how does a perceptron actually work?
The perceptron incorporates four parts:
- Weights (W) and bias (B)
- Weighted sum
- Activation function
So, we would feed the network data, known as inputs. Each input has a “weight” which refers to how much influence the input is gonna have on the output. The network then calculates the weighted sum which is the sum of each input multiplied by its weight.
This then is calculated through an activation function. The latter is what helps classify the input between the required values. For example, the unit step activation function where the output is zero if the input is negative, and 1 where the input is positive. Therefore, the range is between 0 and 1.
However, in order to be able to modify the curve of the activation function, we add the “bias”. The bias provides the perceptron with more flexibility in modeling complex input data. So, the weighted sum plus the bias goes through the activation function which then gives us an output.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Perceptrons
Perceptrons were definitely a revolutionary invention back in 1958. Nevertheless, they do have some drawbacks.
- Simple (simpler than multilayer neural networks)
- Performs well on problems that are linearly separable like binary classification
- Limited expressive power and generalization ability
- Cannot process non-linear data
- Prone to overfitting and noise
Perceptrons reflect the first efforts to classify data in two groups which led to the development of multilayer perceptrons which are commonly known as neural networks. Despite the drawbacks of perceptrons, they set the groundwork for deep learning algorithms.
You might like: | <urn:uuid:371b5cec-e508-4bc8-850d-f2cc27aeb5de> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://chainwitcher.com/what-is-a-perceptron/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100745.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208112926-20231208142926-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.936972 | 601 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Guru Nanak Dev coal plant
By Rady Ananda
Home to two coal power plants, a fertilizer plant, and a large oil refinery, the city of Bathinda in Punjab, India is making people sick. Forty percent of the population (nearly 90,000 people) suffers from respiratory ailments. The area also suffers from a host of other diseases including cancer, at a rate triple that of other areas, which has been linked to agrochemicals.
Posted in Energy, Environment, Food & Farming, Genetic Engineering, Healthcare, Region: India
Tagged agrochemicals, Allergies, Asthma, bathinda, biotechnology, Birth defects, bt cotton, Cancer, coal industry, dna damage, Environment, farmer suicide, fly ash, genetic engineering, Genetically Engineered Food, gmo, health hazards, huber, india, punjab, scientific studies, spontaneous abortion, surinder singh, uranium, vandana shiva, Water pollution, water rights
By Rady Ananda
Billing itself as the “world’s fair” of the heirloom industry, the National Heirloom Exposition will be held at the Sonoma County Fairgrounds in Santa Rosa, California from Sept. 13-15, 2011.
Supported by firms “passionate about heirlooms and pure foods,” the three-day event will feature over 250 vendors, plus speakers, workshops, films, tours, and, of course, FOOD – the all natural, organic, pure kind that farmers and gardeners have reared or raised for ages.
Posted in Art, Books, Music & Film, Economy Economics, Environment, Food & Farming
Tagged alice waters, biodiversity, farmers, Films & Books, food freedom, food sovereignty, gardening, Health Foods, heirloom, Land Rights, National Heirloom Exposition, Organic, Peasants, Ranchers, seed sovereignty, sonoma county fairgrounds, vandana shiva, water rights
Historic Moment in the defence of the Rights of Nature
Quito, Ecuador: On Nov. 26, a historic case was filed by an international coalition of defenders of nature’s rights at the Constitutional court of Ecuador against BP and its crimes against nature. Ecuador recognises the rights of nature in its current constitution adopted in 2008. The rights of nature are universal. This provides the fundamental basis for this legal case.
The case was brought with regard to the massive environmental disaster caused when BP’s Deepwater Horizon rig exploded on April 20, 2010. That incident exposed BP’s drive to maximise profit with total disregard of nature and its rights. The company constantly lied with regard to the scale of the disaster and toped this up by using unusually high amounts of toxic chemical dispersants to cover up the spill. This disaster was not limited to the Gulf Coast but has wider reach through the movement of water as well as atmospheric pollutions.
By Rady Ananda
Imagine our declining pollinators – bees, moths, butterflies and bats – coming upon thousands of acres of toxic trees, genetically engineered so that every cell in the tree exudes pesticide, from crown to root. Imagine a world without pollinators. Without seed dispersers. Without soil microbes.
It would be a silent forest, a killing forest, an alien forest. No wonder Vandana Shiva scoffs at the moniker, biotechnology. “This is not a life technology. It’s a death science.”
Posted in Art, Books, Music & Film, Bioweaponry, BP oil Gulf, Censorship, Environment, Exopolitics, Food & Farming, Genetic Engineering, Weather Modification
Tagged atmospheric geoengineering, biodiversity, biosphere, biotechnology, BP oil catastrophe, chemtrails, extinction level event, GE trees, genetic engineering, Genetically Engineered Trees, global justice ecology project, gulf of mexico oil disaster, hydrosphere, pollution, rady ananda, Silent Forest: The Growing Threat, vandana shiva
By Democracy Now!
Ed. Note: I love this woman; Vandana Shiva is one of the most brilliant activists fighting for the best solutions to many of our problems today. Originally a theoretical physicist, she now campaigns the world for heirloom seeds, organic farming and local food systems instead of the chemical- and oil-intensive large scale industrial farms that destroy the environment, increase global warming and wreck local economies. She also supports Hands off Mother Earth, a citizen-based organization that resists geoengineering. ~ RA (Transcript below)
Posted in Economy Economics, Environment, Food & Farming, Genetic Engineering, Human Rights Civil Liberties, Land Grab, Weather Modification
Tagged capitalism, chemtrails, genetic engineering, Genetically Engineered Food, geoengineering, globalized food system, Land Grab, Land Rights, local food systems, Organic, pollution, vandana shiva
India bans some GMO crops while biotech illegally plants others
2/23 Update: India’s Prime Minister voids GMO ban: Sets up pro-GMO committee to vote this Saturday
By Rady Ananda
India’s battles over genetically modified organisms (GMO) intensified this month as both sides maneuvered to promote or resist their proliferation. Mediating the debate, at least for now, is India’s Minister of Environment and Forests, Jairam Ramesh.
Posted in Bioweaponry, Environment, FDA, USDA, Food & Farming, Genetic Engineering
Tagged biosafety, biotech battles escalate india to sue gmo giants, biotechnology, BRAI 2009, BT Brinjal, bt cotton, cartagena protocol, food freedom, Genetical Engineering, genetically modified food, gmo, gmo india, ht cotton, mahyco, Monsanto, rady ananda, shiv chopra, vandana shiva | <urn:uuid:06ac7378-77e3-409b-ac8b-972d639c9521> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://coto2.wordpress.com/tag/vandana-shiva/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144722.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220100914-20200220130914-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.884191 | 1,232 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Born January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, Austria
Died December 5, 1791 in Vienna, Austria
Mozart wrote over 600 works during his lifetime, including 41 symphonies, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, and 27 piano concertos. Three of his most famous operas include The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute and Don Giovanni. He is also famous for his Requiem mass
Mozart was no doubt the greatest child star that ever lived. He was traveling all over Europe playing music by the time he was six. Because of his constant travels, Mozart eventually learned to speak fifteen different languages.
He wrote his first sonata for the piano when he was four and composed his first opera when he was twelve! Mozart could compose anywhere - at meals (he loved liver dumplings and sauerkraut), while talking to friends, while playing pool and even while his wife was having a baby. He composed very quickly and wrote huge amounts of music. It would take over 8 days to play all of his music, one piece after the next, without stopping. One famous piece that he wrote was Variations on "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star."
One night a mysterious stranger came to his door dressed in gray to hire Mozart to write a requiem mass (a piece of music that choirs perform at funerals). Mozart, who was very afraid of ghosts and extremely superstitious, was terrified of the stranger who kept nagging him to finish the piece. He was already ill, and in his state of mind he became convinced that he was writing music for his own funeral.
During his lifetime, Mozart was very well-known but spent money faster than he could earn it. He was poor and in debt when he died of kidney failure at the age of 35 and was buried in an unmarked grave. Mozart is considered by some to be the greatest composer who ever lived. While most composers specialize in certain kinds of pieces, Mozart created masterful works for almost every category of music - vocal music, concertos, chamber music, symphonies, sonatas, and opera. | <urn:uuid:b79c5a7d-afa1-4d81-b484-e3822909819a> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.dsokids.com/listen/by-composer/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541839.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00262-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.993361 | 445 | 3 | 3 |
Sukhothai is located on the lower edge of the northern region, 427 kilometres north of Bangkok or some 298 kilometres south of Chiang Mai. The province covers some 6,596 square kilometres and is divided into 9 Amphoes: Muang Sukhothai, Ban Dan Lan Hoi, Khiri Mat, Kong Krailat, Sawankhalok, Si Nakhon, Si Samrong, Si Satchanalai and Thung Saliam.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND : Sukhothai Thailand
Sukhothai was the first kingdom of the Thais in this peninsula. Two princes-Pho Khun Pha Muang and Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao combined their forces and fought the Khmers who commanded an extensive empire throughout this part of the world.
They drove the Khmers out of Sukhothai, a major frontier post of the Khmer Empire, and established it as their capital in 1238. Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, urged by the people to be king, was enthroned with the royal title of Pho Khun Si Indrathit.
King Si Indrathit had two sons-Pho Khun Ban Mueang and Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng. After his death, Pho Khun Ban Mueang succeeded him. His brother, Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng, ascended the throne in 1278 and reigned for forty years. He was Thailand's first great king.
One of Thailand's finest warriors, King Ramkhamhaeng made Sukhothai a powerful and extensive kingdom which included many parts of what are today neighbouring countries. A number of ancient cities paid him tribute.
King Ramkhamhaeng opened direct political relations with China and made two trips to China - the first in 1282 to visit Emperor Kublai Khan and the second in 1300 after Kublai Khans death.
From the second visit, he brought back Chinese artisans who taught the Thais the art of pottery. Today, the old Sangkhalok Potteries are eagerly sought by collectors.
A major achievement of King Ramkhamhaeng was the revision of various forms of Khmer alphabets into a system suitable for the writing of Thai words. The alphabet that he invented in 1283 was essentially the same as that in use today.
During his reign, there was prosperity and happiness. There was water in the paddy-fields and fish in the water.
A stone inscription reads in part, This Muang Sukhothai is good. In the water there are fish; in the field there is rice. The ruler does not levy a tax on the people who travel along the road together, leading their oxen on the way to trade and riding their horses on the way to sell. Whoever wants to trade in elephants, so trades. Whoever wants to trade in horses, so trades. Whoever wants to trade in silver and gold, so trades.
King Ramkhamhaeng also promoted religion and culture, and through his efforts, Buddhism progressed among the people. Inspirational faith gave birth to classic forms of Thai religious arts. Images of the Lord Buddha sculptured during the Sukhothai Era are cultural treasures which impart a feeling of peace and serenity.
A total of eight kings ruled Sukhothai. The gradual decline of Sukhothai occurred during the reigns of the last two kings. The end of this first Thai kingdom occurred in 1365 when it became a vassal state of Ayutthaya, a young and rising power to the south. Ayutthaya became the capital of Thailand before Thon Buri and Bangkok. | <urn:uuid:588e599d-4a43-4b68-bf4e-85c8d1a305f5> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://tiptourthai.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115865010.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161105-00186-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960718 | 774 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Eastern Cape overview Located in south-eastern part of South Africa Six district municipal areas and one metropolitan area, Nelson Mandela Bay More than 60% of the province is rural Urban nodes: Port Elizabeth (Nelson Mandela Bay) East London (Buffalo City Municipality) Area168,966 sq km Population 6.65 million (3 rd largest of nine provinces)
Marine Aquaculture Automotive & Automotive Components General manufacturing Agriculture & Agro-processing Business Process Outsourcing & Offshoring (BPO & O) & Information Communication Technology (ICT) Renewable Energy Main Sectors
Underexploited Swordfish Round herring Seaweeds Overexploited, threatened, endangered or collapsed Deep-water hake Southern bluefin tuna Linefish (not individually listed) Netfish Abalone West Coast rock lobster Oysters (South Coast) Optimally Exploited Shallow-water hake Anchovy Sardine Albacore Yellowfin tuna Bigeye tuna Squid South Coast rock lobster Prawns Oysters (KZN) Kelps Status uncertain Agulhas sole Cape horse mackerel Patagonian toothfish Sharks Some linefish White mussel Other invertebrates State of Marine Living Resources
South Africa Eastern Cape Western Cape Northern Cape KwaZulu-Natal Geographic Distribution of Mariculture in SA Key Finfish Farm Oyster Farm Abalone Farm Mussel Farm
Operational Farms () finfish hatchery in Gansbaai on same premises of abalone farm, therefore not counted in the totals. Number of Operational Farms per species and province Species Western Cape Eastern CapeNorthern CapeKwaZulu NatalTotal Abalone1112014 Finfish 0(1)3014(1) Mussels30003 Oysters651012 Total2093133
Overview Of Production in SA During 2010 Production per Species and Province Species Western Cape Eastern Cape Northern Cape KwaZulu NatalTotal Abalone812.56101.02 0*0913.58 Finfish020.5202.2322.75 Mussels682.40000 Oysters139.75(35)83.79(29) 0(41)0223.54(105) Prawns017.9000 Total1634.71223.2302.231860.17
Sub-sector Value of Mariculture production 2008-2010 (ZAR’millions)
43 farm closure notices issued to shellfish farms in 2010; 31 west of Cape Point and 12 east of Cape Point. Bio-toxins (Harmful Algal Blooms and Paralytic/Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison associated with upwelling), remainder due to presence of microbiological contamination (E. coli during high rainfall season). Highlight of Government Interventions
No closures due to other hazardous substances viz. heavy metals, pesticides, PCBs and radionuclides although risk is significant on shellfish. Aquaculture’s contribution to environmental change is considered to be minimal. Environmental Management and Monitoring Framework for mariculture being drafted. Sector specific strategy and incentives under consideration Highlight of Government Interventions
Who is the East London IDZ? Prime industrial park in South Africa founded in 2003 Specially developed for growth oriented manufacturer and marine aquaculture investor in search of ultimate global competitiveness. One of four IDZ’s which are a program of the national Department of Trade and Industry PFMA Schedule 3D entity Owned by ECDC & Buffalo City Metro R3.7 billion worth of investment secured (30 investors). Of these 21 are operational in the zone and in the last financial year a total of 1569 manufacturing and supporting services jobs were created.
Offering to Industries Unparalleled environment and innovative industrial solutions Access to new markets Cluster approach enabling investors to focus on core business PDF file
An Unparalleled Environment to Locate Mariculture Investments Sub-tropical climate Variety of indigenous species (seaweed, fin and shell fish) for food and ornamentation Latitude to farm exotic species following specific authorization
Leased land (eight plots vacant), purpose built aquaculture top structures & offices upon request, designed and delivered to customer specifications Affordable start up costs for land based grow out facilities: Rental holidays Agriculture vs Industry
Accessible high quality bulk sea water supply at 85 litres/second and effluent handling based on at 85% water recirculation per farmer.
Access to fully-serviced sites (regular municipal and ICT services) with proximity to key transport nodes
An Unparalleled Environment to Locate Mariculture Investments Favourable and dedicated institutional environment including policy and incentives Vibrant and world class research and technical expertise Dedicated 32 ha marine aquaculture cluster with Environmental Impact Assessment approval for indigenous marine fish farming already granted for at least 10,000 tons annually ELIDZ site plan
Access to markets Located on the south eastern sea board of South Africa Rail, road and air access to major cities in South Africa and Africa Opportunity to optimise trade agreements such as : the Africa Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA) for US market access the South Africa-European Union Free Trade Agreement for EU market access the South African Development Community Free Trade Agreements for the SADC market access.
Mariculture Investment Opportunities The establishment of fin & shell fish hatcheries/grow-out as well as sea weed facilities, fish processing & animal feed production facilities Exploration and piloting of sea based aquaculture farming Two investors are already resident going through construction/expansion & pilot production. Additional investment opportunities are available to partner with existing investors for further expansion. Research and Development under the auspices of the Science & Technology Park
Marine Aquaculture Enterprises in the East London IDZ
Pure Ocean East London (Pty) Ltd Breeding and grow-out of kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) Experimental breeding and rearing of yellow tail, bream, rock cod, etc
Oceanwise (Pty) Ltd Breeding and grow-out of kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) African Aquaculture Holdings (now Oceanwise Holdings)
Future Plans to Improve Value Offering Business plan for an Aquaculture Business Incubator (Concept and Business Case Approved) Reducing likelihood of enterprise failure Increasing sector skills Firming up investment pipeline for predictability.
Future Plans to Improve Value Offering Seawater Quality Monitoring Program Fulfill local and destination market requirements for environmental sustainability and food safety. Position fish farming in the ELIDZ to serve as a best practice for other aquaculture clusters/operations elsewhere. Identification of strategic sea water inlet/outlet monitoring points throughout supply/discharge reticulation. Motivate the significance of each of the identified monitoring points. Specify the elements/compounds to be monitored and threshold concentration for each of the elements/compounds. Specify the frequency of monitoring. Aerial Photo
Future Plans to Improve Value Offering Feasibility of leveraging the Agulhas Current for electricity generation Reducing the carbon footprint of land based mariculture with potential to extend benefits to other sectors in the regional Contributing to the energy mix Stabilizing price and supply Potential to play into the carbon trade
Future Plans to Improve Value Offering Oxygen Generation Plant Fish Feed Manufacturing Facility Fish Processing Facility Aquatic Animal Health Clinic Waste Management (Fish Farm Sludge) Feasibility of leveraging the Agulhas Current for electricity generation Cost benefit analysis - a dedicated offshore effluent outfall vs existing municipal facility
All you need for marine aquaculture business in one zone Contact Ntobeko Bacela: Sector Manager – Aquaculture [email protected] Tel: +27 43 702 8213 Cell: +27824593412 Fax: +27 43 702 8251 www. elidz.co.za | <urn:uuid:f1cabe53-a023-43e3-bfa7-d54928ec7c54> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/3501514/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436321.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728022449-20170728042449-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.839558 | 1,615 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Filling a black plastic trash bag with air or using a “Solar Tube” (an extra-long black plastic tube available from many science supply companies), gives students the opportunity to study some of the properties of gases.
In doing this activity, students will notice that gases expand when heated and that hot air is less dense than cool air. The Gas law illustrated is Charles’ Law: Volume and temperature are directly related; as one increases, the other decreases.
Black plastic trash bag or solar tube
Cellophane packing tape (for repairs of ripped plastic)
This activity works best on a cool but sunny day with no wind.
The student will:
Open the bag or tube and fill it with cool air in the shade near ground level. The best way to do this may be for a couple of students to hold open one end of the bag or tube and run with it. If there is not a good space to do this outside, fill the bag indoors using a fan, then go outside.
Quickly tie off the open end or ends with the kite string, when the bag or tube is fully expanded.
Then tie the reel of kite string to one end. When using the long tube it works well to have a reel of kite string on each end.
Move into direct sunlight. Place your hands on the bag to feel it becoming rigid as the air inside it expands from the absorbed heat of the sun.
As you feel the bag begin to rise, quickly record the temperature of the air and the temperature of the surface of the bag or tube. (If you notice that the bag is not inflating it may have a hole in it. Tactually locate where air is being released and patch the hole with the packing tape.)
Take turns holding on the bag or tube. There will be significant pull as it rises upward. (Do not release the bag, as it will continue to rise and could become a hazard to airplanes!)
Reel in the bag at the end of the class. If it has not ripped, it can be reused.
Additional information needed to solve Gas Law problems:
Remember that gas volumes are proportional to temperature only when temperature is expressed in Kelvins. The kelvin is the SI unit of temperature in which each unit is referred to as a kelvin not a degree. Absolute zero, 0 K, is minus 273 degrees Celsius (-273 degrees C.).
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy – Energy is a quantitative property of a system that depends on the motion and interactions of matter and radiation within that system. That there is a single quantity called energy is due to the fact that a system’s total energy is conserved, even as, within the system, energy is continually transferred from one object to another and between its various possible forms. (HS-PS3-1),(HS-PS3-2)
At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple ways, such as in motion, sound, light, and thermal energy. (HS-PS3-2) (HS-PS3-3)
These relationships are better understood at the microscopic scale, at which all of the different manifestations of energy can be modeled as a combination of energy associated with the motion of particles and energy associated with the configuration (relative position of the particles). In some cases the relative position energy can be thought of as stored in fields (which mediate interactions between particles). This last concept includes radiation, a phenomenon in which energy stored in fields moves across space. (HS-PS3-2)
Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Glencoe Science, 2009, pages 348-350 and 391-393. | <urn:uuid:03db9377-730c-44ab-9750-75461ec4900f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.perkins.org/resource/why-it-floating-introduction-gas-laws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00850.warc.gz | en | 0.914496 | 791 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Language, Music and Brain Plasticity in 8-year-old Children
A presentation by Dr. Mireille Besson
MIMM Workshop: Musical Connections in the Brain: Language, Dance and the Visual Arts
Saturday, November 29, 2008, McMaster University
(NOTE: this presentation was informed by the following study:
Magne, C., Schon, D., Besson, M. Musician Children Detect Pitch Violations in Both Music and Language Better than Nonmusician Children: Behavioural and Electrophysiological Approaches. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18:2, pp. 199 – 211)
Review and Response by
As a high school educator whose career has enjoyed the passions of teaching both English and music, I am fascinated by the relationship between these two phenomena in the brain. Specifically, the role music plays in the way our brains process and produce language.
Pitch discrimination in music increases with training. Pitch is significant in conveying semantic meaning in speaking and listening to a language. It is clear that the exaggerated pitch contours of infant-directed speech appeal to the music part of the brain and assist in the processing of pitch in language as it enhances semantic meaning. It’s a kind of “musical training” at a very young age that sensitizes a person to the prosody of language.
Dr. Besson set out to discover if deliberate musical training would enhance both pitch discrimination in music and language in 8-year-old children. Her participants had no musical training prior to the experiments. The children listened to a familiar melody and were asked to indicate whether the last note was the correct pitch. They heard either the correct pitch (congruous), one that was out of pitch by a fifth of a tone (weakly incongruous) and one that was out of pitch by half a tone (strongly incongruous). The participants also listened to a sentence where the final word was pitched congruously, weakly incongruous (35%) or strongly incongruous (120%). Results were recorded.
Once a base line was established, the children were divided into two groups of ten. One group received musical training while the other was engaged in painting. These classes were for a period of 8 weeks. The children were tested again after this period with the addition of identifying whether the final word of a sentence was pitched appropriately. There were no significant differences in their responses.
The same experiment was then carried out with two new groups, each with 16 eight-year-old children. This time, however, the musical training and painting was for a duration of six months. The same test was administered to determine any changes in pitch perception with respect to both the melody of a musical line or the prosody of the sentence.
The results showed that the children who experienced the six months of musical training clearly outperformed the nonmusicians in both the musical aspect of the test as well as in the language component. The researchers importantly addressed the issue of IQ, referring to findings by Schellenberg (2004) which showed that one year of musical training significantly improved IQ. “In this case, however, one would expect differences between the two groups of children in the three experimental conditions. The present results show that this is not the case: The only significant difference between the two groups was found for the weak incongruity” (p. 204).
The significance of this study is the impact of musical training, specifically pitch perception, on sensitivity to the pitch component of linguistic prosody. This aspect of speech is most importantly aligned with the speaker’s conveyance of emotion and attitude, and the listener’s ability to perceive this. Pitch, of course, is only one aspect of linguistic prosody.
While the results of Besson’s study strongly suggest that there is a common mechanism in the brain for processing pitch in both music and language, one cannot help but wonder what the greater significance of this might be with respect to linguistic communication. Another study (Songs as an aid for Language Acquisition, Besson et al., 2008) suggests that pitch perception is significant in the auditory processing of word boundaries. Research (Deutsch et al., 2004) has also suggested that speakers of tone languages such as Mandarin and Vietnamese rely heavily on pitch perception for lexical meaning.
Besson’s results indicate an enhancement of perception of the prosodic elements of spoken language. Does it follow that the musically trained person is therefore more sensitive to the emotional or attitudinal disposition of the speaker? Pitch is, after all, only one element of prosody.
One characteristic of a child with Aspergers syndrome is the weaker ability to perceive emotion in a social context. Would musical training assist such a child in their perception of emotional laden prosody? | <urn:uuid:72e40345-7b9f-4a75-ae83-62f55243ba5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://musicbrainerblogger.blogspot.com/2008/12/pitch-perception-and-prosody.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609404.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528004908-20170528024908-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.968051 | 989 | 3.359375 | 3 |
FATHER/SON RELATIONSHIP Blacky’s relationship with his father is integral in moulding the adolescent that he is. Although the relationship between the two is clearly negative, it somewhat helps him to look past the fatherly influences, and to seek positive role models to assist him through the journey to maturity. Blacky’s self-esteem levels are low due to the negative relationship and he expects no support from his father. His relationship with his mother, the relationships he develops with other men assist Blacky in developing the courage to stand up for what he believes in. During the course of the novel of ‘Deadly Unna?’ the readers are exposed to the negativity between the father and his son.
Similar beliefs and goals regarding gender roles in the context of a family are essential to develop and nurture a strong and fulfilling relationship. In the story, “To Room 19”, Matthew has a positive attitude toward family life; he wants to assume the role of a full time father and husband. He continues to have the dominant role throughout the marriage, maintaining a job that he enjoys and having a social life outside of the confines of his home. In essence, his life rem ains unchanged, so he does not understand the daily pressures that his wife faces alone. In his mind, he is providing for his family.
More than anyone, a boy needs his father to approve of him and teach him how to be a man. Well, his father did not show him the love he required growing up. In all of Paul’s efforts to please his father, he was ignored and inadequate to his father’s expectations. In fact, his father praised a young man that worked as a clerk and insisted that Paul ought to be more like that gentleman. His father refused to give Paul money and argued that he has a job, so he can pay his own expenses.
During Nettles the writer tells us that ‘the boy came seeking comfort’, this shows that the child feels as if he needs to go to his father to feel better and the father feels that it his responsibility to make sure that the boy feels safe and protected, however in The Habit if Light there is no signs that the mother is looking after the children or the children are going to her to seek comfort and better health, this could tell us that she is an independent women that doesn’t need other people around bothering her. Mid-way through the Nettles poem there is a change in the way the story is told, the father starts to get an anger for the ‘green spears’ that caused his son pain, ‘And then I took my billhook, honed the blade And went outside and slashed in fury with it’, this symbolises that the father is trying to defend his child and stop him from being hurt again however in The Habit if Light the poem only seems to get better as the things said about the mother are all positive, it is like all the writer wants to do is show how good the mother is and that she wouldn’t hurt anyone. Overall both poems show
But, it was still difficult for me. I felt at a loss because much of my time had been devoted to their needs. My husband attempted to assist me by finding activities and travel to take my mind off of it. But the feeling of loss still lingered. My husband was neutral about them leaving home and though I knew this was the natural progression of life I felt myself presenting him because he didn’t understand and share my feelings.
In spite of that, he can still see some things they have in common, and Charlie’s love for his father is not seen until his father is in a difficult situation. On the other hand Charlie has a great relationship with his mother. His mother is a person who is social, and bonds with everyone. Here Charlie finds himself comfortable and safe. It sounds like Charlie’s mother is his only family.
Kay argues that Othello is a very self-absorbed man who seeks petty and reassurance in others because of the way he was raised by his mother and the challenges he encountered growing up. Instead of Othello being raised with a close bond to his mother, ensuring high self-confidence and an easier upbringing. Kay argues that Othello didn't have a close relationship with his mother (developed as an infant), which leads to “seeking substitute emotional mirrors for the remainder of his life.” While Kay is correct and justified in stating that Othello is incredibly self-centered and is seeking merely petty by gathering an audience, she is not accurate in her attempts stating that it was caused by his upbringing and lack of a close relationship with his mother. The sources used were printed between 1932-1980 (keeping in mind that this essay was written in 1983), and are completely outdated. And to say that he is in emotional distress is a complete opinion regardless on how many doctors give the diagnosis.
The expected reaction to his father’s rare appearances would be what the child did in the story. He is too young to understand that his father is an important part of his life also. 2. Larry is not reliable as the narrator of events. He is obviously biased against his father and wants his mother’s sole attention.
Meg at first falls back on her father for guidance and security, but soon realizes he cannot provide that. She becomes upset when he does not help her achieve her ultimate goal. She soon realizes that she must do some things on her own and that it would be the only way she would grow and mature. Since my dad was the only one to take care of me, I had a different childhood. I did things on my own a little earlier than others.
Jim’s self-concept is, “I just want to go to school and do the best I can and be normal.” Such as hang out, party a little from time to time, basically living his own life not the life of his father’s. Well I totally can relate to Jims father because, we as parents work as extremely hard for our children because we only want what’s best for them, is it right No, most defiantly not it depressed Jim because he feels like he is doing the best he can do, and his father just don’t understand. That it isn’t as easy for him as it was when he was in school. Jim’s father self-concept of Jim is more positive because he sees in Jim what Jim isn’t able to see, he is motivating him to do better than what he is doing. Sections such as motives, Jim’s father motives were to get good grade and be accomplished. | <urn:uuid:69717961-ce72-44ff-a23b-a2b0b87bab13> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/It-Is-Difficult-For-The-Reader-721108.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923074537-20210923104537-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.993334 | 1,390 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Healthy cooking for 10-12 year olds
Kids enjoy spending time in the kitchen, especially when they reach this age and the worries of hot stoves and dangerous utensils are not as great as when they are littlies.
Cooking in the kitchen is also a great learning activity, which has the following benefits:
- Learning to cook teaches kids all about nutrition and healthy eating and helps instill skills to last them a lifetime.
- Cooking boosts self esteem - they are accomplishing a task, learning something important and contributing to the family.
- Creates family time and bonding. Cooking with kids creates memories that they, in turn, can pass on to their families. It may take a longer time to get the meal made, and you will have to clean up the mess, but it's worth it.
- Kids will be more apt to eat what they make. Perhaps, it is the enthusiasm of creating something themselves, but they will be more likely to eat whatever they had a hand in making.
- Kids learn real lessons in science, language, maths and creativity. Measuring quantities, watching heat change the quality of food, reading recipes are all great learning activities.
- Cooking is a great way to learn life skills. This can be especially helpful when kids are on their own and won't have to rely on fast food or packaged goods to feed themselves.
- They contribute to the family and they can feel the importance of helping.
- Kids can work together as a team, whether it is with a parent or with a sibling to get the job done.
- Cooking teaches them planning and making choices.
- Practice creativity and imagination. Kids cooking activities are a great way to express themselves and enjoy their creations.
The joy of discovering your 10-12 year old can cook
Food and food preparation need not be a mystery for kids. Children need to learn which foods and snacks are healthy for them and which are not. They need to become adept at preparing healthy foods for themselves, their siblings and their friends when parents are not available.
Kids are capable of getting dinner started before busy parents get home from work. Allow your child to get involved in choosing menus, creating shopping lists, and helping you at the supermarket with the food shopping.
There are plenty of easy, quick and healthy snacks your child can now make and enjoy all by themselves:
- Peanut butter on dry biscuits or toast
- Cheese on crackers
- Raw or dried fruit
- Carrot or celery sticks
- Cereal and milk
- Reheating leftovers from dinner the night before
- Pre-washed and cut bagged salad with dressing
- Nuts, sunflower seeds, trail mix
There is nothing so complicated about cooking that a young person who can read and follow instructions could not do. If you still worry to much about your kids being near the grill or at the stove, at least allow your child to be the meal planner, the table setter, the vegetable washer and cutter-upper, the clean up brigade.
Discover the recipes kids can make themselves:
- Fruit skewers
- Strawberry yoghurt with crunchy bits
- Honey popcorn
- Oaty raisin biscuits
- Banana damper
- Ginger star biscuits
- Yo yo biscuits
- 2-ingredient pizza dough
- Cheesey potato bake
- Impossible quiche
- Cereal balls
- Pastry cheese sticks
- Bulls eye egg
- Cheese and vegemite scrolls
- Fruit kebabs with yoghurt dips
- Choc chip cookies
- Coconut balls
- Banana cake
- Muesli cookies
- Chocolate crackles
- Chocolate mud pie
- Corn fritters | <urn:uuid:7770214d-5fbb-45d1-978f-3708a23eeebc> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.kidspot.co.nz/article+8092+35+healthy-cooking-for-10-12-year-olds.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00158-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955615 | 769 | 3.515625 | 4 |
While studying red algae in the waters off the Monterey Peninsula, Francis Haxo became hooked on photosynthesis and the study of pigments in marine plants.
He was doing postdoctoral research in the 1940s with Lawrence Blinks at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove when the two men made a scientific breakthrough in developing The Haxo-Blinks oxygen electrode, which became widely used in physiology.
Dr. Haxo joined the faculty of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1952 and was later chairman of the marine biology research division.
Dr. Haxo died of pneumonia June 10 at a San Diego hospital. He was 89.
Friends and colleagues said Dr. Haxo was a gentleman and a scholar who was meticulous in his research and generous with his students.
“He was very thorough, very careful,” said Maria Vernet, an oceanographer at Scripps. “He would not take anything for granted. He was very knowledgeable and very generous in sharing that knowledge. He was reserved and quiet but when he had something to say, people would listen.”
Anitra Thorhaug, a fellow scientist who interviewed Dr. Haxo for a paper she wrote, said he was well-known in scientific circles for his research on photosynthesis concepts. During World War II, Dr. Haxo worked on developing sunscreens to protect military personnel from ultraviolet rays in tropical theaters of war.
Dr. Haxo enjoyed going out on the Scripps research vessel Alpha Helix, Thorhaug said. Dr. Haxo was chief scientist on the vessel’s maiden voyage to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef in 1966, where a group of photo biologists and biochemists studied photosynthesis and pigments in corals and giant clams.
Amir Neori, a former postdoctoral student, said his former adviser was “the ultimate ethical and patient scientist” who took time in mulling over data before being convinced of its quality.
Francis Theodore Haxo was born March 9, 1921, in Grand Forks, N.D., to Henry Emile and Florence Haxo. His father, an emigrant from France, was a professor of French. Dr. Haxo earned a bachelor’s degree from the University of North Dakota and a doctorate from Stanford University in 1947. He married the former Nan Bolender in 1946. The couple had two children before divorcing in the mid-1950s. He married the former Judith McLaughlin in 1961 and the couple had three children.
After his time at the Hopkins Marine Station, Dr. Haxo was at Johns Hopkins University, where he discovered a new carotenoid, an organic pigment that was used as a colorant in the food industry.
Dr. Haxo was a consultant to several national programs, including the U.S. Committee for the International Biological Program and the President’s Science and Advisory Council. He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Research Council of the San Diego Zoological Society. After his retirement from Scripps Institution in 1988, Dr. Haxo started researching his lineage and found that one of his ancestors was a general under Napoleon, said longtime friend and colleague Andrew Benson.
Dr. Haxo is survived by his wife, Judith of La Jolla; three sons, Philip of San Diego, John of Atlanta and Francis Jr. of San Francisco; two daughters, Aileen of Berkeley and Barbara Haxo Phillips of Oakland; a sister, Ruth Schmoll of Houston; and eight grandchildren.
A memorial is planned for the fall.
The family suggests donations to support research at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. | <urn:uuid:9398a586-4d27-445c-927c-9b50e6b5f65f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-scripps-scientist-known-work-haxo-obituary-2010jul14-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.979393 | 781 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Life-Expectancy Gene
Once again science has proven what we’ve known all along – that by reducing stress, with meditation, yoga and relaxation, we can enjoy a longer and healthier life. New research from the University of California at San Francisco (the same team that won the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology) has identified an enzyme that plays a key role in cell function, including aging and most cancers. It’s called telomerase, and it makes small units of DNA that seal off the ends of chromosomes that contain the body’s genes. The DNA units that telomerase produce are called telomeres. Telomeres help to protect the quality of the gene, which ultimately determines the lifespan of the cells. When telomeres are lengthened they prolong cell life and also treat age-related disorders. And the big news is that the way we lengthen our telomeres is by reducing stress! With our hectic lifestyles, we have to work at reducing stress. We need to build time for relaxation and meditation into our day, every day. | <urn:uuid:0533571c-d8f6-4da6-9924-80e901f0af3e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.coffeytalk.com/life-expectancy-gene/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370515113.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403154746-20200403184746-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.962405 | 224 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Pronunciation of Agitating
On this page:
Hyphenation of Agitating
How is Agitating hyphenated?
- British usage: Agit‐at‐ing
- American usage: Agi‐tat‐ing
Examples of pronunciation in real context
Click on an item to listen a few seconds from that video:
...alone when she tries to give me the room. Sometimes it- it becomes a little agitating to her. She will, uhh, you know, try to go into the bedroom or somethin and...
...“Although traditionally sympathetic to Wall Street, Republican lawmakers in both the House and Senate not only weren’t rushing to JPMorgan’s defense, some were agitating for congressional...
...kind of like mouth wash. You know, it's doing it's duty if it's doing that, and I'm just keeping my bubbles in there, rejuvenating the solution, and I just keep agitating. It's...
...with stiff bristles is helpful in some areas. So, where we have applied the degreaser, we are going to go now and just start agitating the tight, hard to get places around the bottom...
...very critical of his pupils who in the post war period were still agitating for inflation...
Other pronunciation resources
How to Pronounce Agitating
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Go to the wordplay of Agitating for some fun with words! | <urn:uuid:25c9afc8-e3b7-4182-bff2-a8bfcc7b08fb> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.omnilexica.com/pronunciation/?q=Agitating | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540798.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00128-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948762 | 327 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Innovative ways of student engagement for active learning in science courses of nursing in the four year baccalaureate program
Active learning strategies with innovative ways are now being used in the teaching and learning for the engagement of students in the classroom settings. A number of studies talks about the benefits the students have shown through their skills while using the active learning methods in their science courses that is Biochemistry, Anatomy and Physiology, Microbiology and Pathophysiology. It has been observed that active learning helps to retain material, motivate students and most of the time develops thinking skills.In the science courses of nurse education these are very much in use for developing the critical thinking qualities in their student nurses. Simply the nurse educator’s apply the process of active learning by engaging the students with the content. By applying active learning strategies in science courses of nursing education one could clearly see how the students get engaged with the content. | <urn:uuid:64e37eb2-32da-49fc-9ca2-4da7ac1ef191> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://ojs.jpma.org.pk/index.php/public_html/article/view/930 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358033.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226234926-20210227024926-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.948377 | 186 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Belize, formerly known as British Honduras, was the UK’s last colony on the American mainland until it received independence in 1981, when Belize became an independent Commonwealth realm. Nevertheless, it still maintains strong ties with Great Britian. Belize is distinguished from its neighbouring countries in being the only country in the Central America with a British colonial heritage and English as its official language, despite Spanish being the most commonly spoken language in the country.
Belize is considered both a Central American and a Caribbean nation with strong ties to the entire Latin American and Caribbean region. Belize is a member Central American Integration System (SICA), the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). Belize is the only country to hold full membership in all three regional organisations.
- Capital: Belmopan
- Largest city: Belize City
- Major languages: English (official) ,Kriol, Spanish, Garifuna, Maya
- Independence (from the United Kingdom): September 21, 1981
- Population: 340,844 (2014 estimate)
- Population Density: 14.1/km2 (36.6/sq mile)
- Area: 22,966 km2 (8,867 sq miles)
- Major religion: Christianity
- Currency: Belize dollar (BZD or BZ$)
- Exchange rate (fixed): US$1 = BZ$2
- GDP (nominal): Total - $1.554 billion; Per capita - $4,535 (2012 estimate)
- Time zone: CST (UTC−6)
- Calling code: 501
- Government of Belize
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belize
- Belize High Commission in London
- Belize Tourism Board
- BELTRAIDE - Belize Trade and Investment Development Service
- Amandala Newspaper
- Channel 7 News Belize
- Capitol Weekly - Belmopan Weekly News
- Belize by Naturalight - Belize travel information for vacation, investment or business
- Belmopan City Online - online portal for Belmopan , the capital of Belize
- Belize.com - great source of information on Belize: travel, history, culture and more
The Keel-Billed Toucan is the national bird of Belize.
The Black Orchid (Prosthechea Cochleata) is the national flower of Belize. | <urn:uuid:f2956acb-5373-471d-8cd4-4ed317e2b382> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://belizeisrael.com/about-belize/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057083.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920161518-20210920191518-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.872491 | 513 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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