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Historic Markers in Topsfield, Massachusetts (2005)
The Mormon Historic Sites Foundation worked with the Topsfield Historical Society to erect a marker at the Smith Family Homestead and at the Congregational Church. The Smith Homestead was the home of five generations of the Smith family and was the birthplace of Joseph Smith, Sr. father of the Prophet Joseph Smith. The Prophet’s ancestors, including Samuel Smith, Asael Smith, and Joseph Smith, Sr. were baptized into the Congregational Church.
Professor Joseph Fielding McConkie, a descendant of Joseph Smith, Sr., spoke the night before the dedication and a portion of the Boston Institute Choir performed.
The verbiage of the marker at the Smith Family Homestead reads as follows:
In 1690, Thomas Dorman an early Topsfield resident, built a sturdy New England home on this site. The home was subsequently occupied for many years by four generations of Smiths Samuel I (1666-1748), Samuel II (1714-1785), Asael (1744-1830), and Joseph I (1771-1840). The home and property became known as the Smith Homestead. Samuel II, Topsfield’s representative to the First Provincial Congress in 1774, attained the rank of captain in the Revolutionary War. Asael defended New York’s northern frontier as an enlisted soldier in the Revolution. Joseph I was the father of Joseph Smith Jr., prophet and founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism). The original home was razed between 1870-75. The current home was built in 1876.
This monument is erected in honor of the Smith family of Topsfield whose lives exemplified the political and religious values of a new and emerging nation.
Erected by the Topsfield Historical Society and the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation, 2005.
The verbiage of the marker at the Congregational Church reads as follows:
Topsfield Congregational Church
Situated on Topsfield’s Common, three Congregational meetinghouses have provided a place for spiritual communion and worship for over three-hundred years. The first church was built in 1703, the second in 1759, and the present one in 1842.
Five generations of the Robert Smith family of Topsfield were Congregationalists, including: Robert (1626-1693), Samuel I (1666-1748), Samuel II (1714-1785), Asael (1744-1830), and Joseph I (1771-1840). Both Asael and Joseph Smith I were baptized in the second meetinghouse. Like many families in the area, the Smiths were noted for their Revolutionary patriotism and religious devotion. Joseph Smith Jr. (1805-1844), prophet and founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is a descendant of the Topsfield Smiths.
Erected by the Topsfield Historical Society and the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation, 2005.
Articles & Resources
Published in: LDS Church News
Publication Date: October 22, 2005
Plaques mark early home of Prophet’s ancestors
Five generations of the progenitors of the Prophet Joseph Smith in this New England town now have two markers honoring their legacy, thanks to a partnership between the Topsfield Historical Society, the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation and the local Exeter New Hampshire Stake.
Elder M. Russell Ballard of the Quorum of the Twelve, himself a Smith descendant through the Prophet’s brother, Hyrum, dedicated a monument Oct. 15 at 22 Boardman Lane, site of the Smith family homestead. Earlier in the day, Bishop Rob Fitzgerald of the Georgetown Ward dedicated a marker at the Congregational Church in Topsfield, where the five generations of Smiths had worshipped.
In remarks, Elder Ballard expressed appreciation to the historical society, the foundation, and the Friends of the Congregational Church for jointly working together to bring about a significant remembrance of the Smith Family.
Norm Isler, president of the historical society, said his interest in the Smith sites was piqued some years ago when Latter-day Saint visitors to Topsfield would stop by the society inquiring about the location of the homestead. That prompted him to examine the society’s historical records. “A rich history of generations of Smiths living there was disclosed,” he said, “starting with Robert (1666-93), who emigrated from England in 1683, and ending with Joseph’s father, Joseph I (1771-1840).
Mr. Isler contacted the Church, offering to facilitate the placement of a marker by making arrangements with the landowner and the various town boards. “But nothing came of it until this year,” he said.
Karen Bateman, a Church member from Idaho Falls, Idaho, contacted the society to request ancestral information. Learning of Mr. Isler’s interest in placing a marker, she put him in touch with Fred E. Woods, BYU professor of Church history and executive director of the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation.
Landowners Brian and Kathy Rossano were enthusiastic about the placement of a marker, Mr. Isler said. Support and approvals were obtained from the town’s Historic Commission, Congregational Church directors, the Park and Cemetery Department, and other bodies. With local contractors and suppliers donating services and products, the stage was set for placement of the markers. Elder Ballard dedicated the monument on the Rossano property, which sits in a significant position at the entrance of the driveway to into their home and farm. With great interest, Mr. Rossano showed family members the original well used by Asael Smith and his son Joseph Smith Sr.
The night before the dedications, a gathering was held in the Coolidge Hall of the Topsfield Fairgrounds, where the New England Latter-day Saints Choir performed and Joseph Fielding McConkie, BYU professor, spoke on “The Early Smiths in Topsfield.” Brother McConkie, the son of Elder Bruce R. McConkie, former member of the Quorum of the Twelve, is a grandson of President Joseph Fielding Smith, who in turn was a grandson of Hyrum Smith.
“In honoring the Smiths, it seems to me that we honor the common man,” Brother McConkie remarked. Then he added, “Yet somehow, by a divine covenant that we will understand only in a future world, we are bound to them and them to us. They, and the many that they represent in the ‘commonness,’ moved the rocks and first plowed the ground. They planted the seeds of liberty that we might feast on its fruits, and taught us how to protect the same with fences built of honor and virtue.
Markers to honor church's heritage
Author(s): John Laidler
Published in: The Boston Globe
Publication Date: June 19, 2005
Published June 19, 2005. Reprinted with permission from The Boston Globe.
Markers to honor church’s heritage
John Laidler, Globe Correspondent, The Boston Globe
It is a town with a rich history and a keen interest in preserving it. But at least one strand of Topsfield’s past has remained largely obscure.
Five generations of ancestors of Joseph Smith, Jr. the founder of the Mormon church, resided in Topsfield.
Now, even as the church celebrates the bicentennial of Smith’s birth, a project is underway in Topsfield that promises to bring more awareness of his family’s historic connection with the town.
The Topsfield Historical Society and the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation are collaborating to place two historic markers in town this fall recalling Smith and his familial roots. The Utah-based foundation is a nonprofit that helps identify, preserve, and commemorate sites of significance to Mormon History.
One of the stones will be located in front of a home on Boardman Lane that was previously the site of the Smith family homestead. The other will be placed behind the Congregational Church of Topsfield. The Smith family belonged to the Topsfield church, which has had three buildings on that site over the years.
Historical Society president Norman Isler said the project is important to the town and to the Mormon church – known formally as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – though for different reasons.
“I’m looking at the whole thing from an historical viewpoint; the Mormons are looking at it I’m sure from the religious standpoint. But we have common objectives here,” he said.
The first Icelandic settlers’ conversion and subsequent migration to America cannot be separated, he said. It also launched a general migration of Icelanders to North America during the rough financial climate in Iceland at the time.
In addition to being ancestors of a historical figure in American religion, “the Smiths were very patriotic and very religious people, and they form a part of the fabric of the early settlers of this town,” Isler said.
Joseph Smith, Jr. did not actually live in Topsfield. He was born in 1805 in Sharon, Vt., where his father, Joseph Smith Sr., had moved from Topsfield. In 1830, Joseph Jr. organized the Mormon church. He and his brother died at the hands of a mob in Illinois in 1844.
But “the fact that four generations of Smiths actually lived on the Boardman Lane site makes it very significant for the Latter-day Saints,” said Fred E. Woods, executive director of the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation, and professor of church history and doctrine at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.
The congregational church site was important, too, he added, because of the Smiths’ century-long involvement in that church.
Mormons “by the thousands have gone by this house and gone by the church and there hasn’t been a marker before,” he said.
Praising Topsfield for its cooperation, Woods said, “It’s just a wonderful thing where we can work across the country to do these things.”
Brian Rossano, who with his wife, Catherine, owns the Boardman Lane house, said his family has grown accustomed to seeing Mormon sightseers pull up outside his home to catch a glimpse of the old Smith property. The original Smith house was razed in the 1870s, replaced in 1876 by the Rossanos’ current house. He said his family is glad to accommodate those visitors and to allow the placement of the marker.
“We live on a property that is important to a lot of different people,” he said. “It’s very nice to be part of it and we are happy to let people experience it as part of their history.
The Rev. Norman Bendroth, interim pastor of the Congregational Church of Topsfield, said, “Even though historically, religiously, spiritually we are a totally different lineage [than the Mormons], it’s still of historic significance so we certainly want to honor and participate in that,” he said.
The society and the foundation plan ceremonies on Oct. 15 when the markers will be installed. The preceding evening, they will sponsor a presentation by a Mormon choir and a talk by Joseph McConkie, a BYU professor and the great-great-great grandson of Joseph Smith Sr., regarding the church’s connection to Topsfield.
Isler became aware of the town’s Mormon connection about a decade ago when some Mormon visitors stopped into the Historical Society’s Parson Capen House and inquired where the Smith homestead was. Isler told them he did not know. But soon after, through research, he learned about the Smith family, including that several of its members are buried at the town’s Pine Grove cemetary.
According to Mormon history accounts and Topsfield Historical Society records, Robert Smith came from England to Boston in 1638, later settling in Topsfield. His son, Samuel Smith, born in 1666, was the first of the Smiths to occupy the original homestead on Boardman Lane, built in 1690.
His son, Samuel Smith, Jr. born in 1714, was a community leader and a fervent supporter of American independence. A selectman and state legislator, he represented the town at the First Provincial Congress in Massachusetts in 1774, and was a captain in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.
Samuel’s son, Asael Smith, was born in 1744. He, too, served in the Revolutionary War. His son, Joseph Smith Sr., born in 1771, was Joseph Smith Jr.’s father.
Isler said that after his initial research, he thought of the idea of the historical markers. But the idea only recently took off when a Mormon from Idaho, whom he was helping with a genealogical project, put him in touch with Woods.
With Wood’s support, Isler gained the approvals he needed from the town, the Congregational church, and the Rossanos. He also made contact with David M. Keating, a Topsfield Mormon, who embraced the project. It was though Keating’s effort that Mormons in Vermont, where the church maintains Smith’s birthplace, pledged to provide free granite from that area for the markers.
Isler worked with Woods and the Congregational church on the wording of the bronze plaques that will be affixed to the markers. He and Keating will build concrete foundations.
Keating, who estimates there are three Mormon families in Topsfield, said, “I’m just thrilled at the way this is all coming together.” He said to see a recognition of the historical ties between the church and his town is “very humbling and exciting.” | <urn:uuid:4918deb3-c254-4751-a461-289817801975> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://ensignpeakfoundation.org/historic-markers-in-topsfield/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335469.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930113830-20220930143830-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.965234 | 2,951 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin tumour originating from a special type of skin cells called melanocytes (produces melanin, the pigment that gives skin colour). Metastatic melanoma, when the disease spreads to other parts of the body, is one of the most challenging cancers to treat. Indeed, the 10-year survival rate of patients with metastatic melanoma is less than 10 per cent.
Besides surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, new and advanced therapeutic options for malignant melanoma can be divided into two major categories: a) targeted therapy, which generally targets only the cancer cells that contain mutations in a particular gene causing the disease; and b) immunotherapy, which targets and stimulates a person’s own immune system to recognise and destroy cancer cells more efficiently.
A number of frequent driver mutations (ie, genetic errors that control the disease) have been identified in melanoma. These mutations include BRAF, NRAS, KIT, GNAQ, GNA11, NF1 and TERT. Activating mutations in BRAF are found in 50-to-60 per cent of melanomas, with the V600E mutation accounting for more than 80 per cent of the cases with mutated BRAF. Of note, a comprehensive study of six clinical sites from around Ireland totalling 689 patients performed by our laboratory showed that the rate of V600E mutation is significantly lower in the Irish population (circa 25 per cent), compared to the international norm (van den Hurk, Melanoma Research, 2015).
The abnormal proteins created by these mutated genes essentially become stuck in the ‘on’ position in the transcription process, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and impaired cell death. Since mutations in either BRAF or NRAS are signalled by MEK1/2 proteins, MEK inhibition is also emerging as an attractive therapeutic strategy.
Targeted therapy in the form of signal transduction inhibitors, notably BRAF and MEK inhibitors, has proven to be effective in clinical trials. Vemurafenib, a small-molecule BRAF inhibitor, received FDA approval in 2011 as an oral drug — a ground-breaking event at the time.
Vemurafenib binds to and deactivates the defective protein that results from the V600E mutation in BRAF. Vemurafenib induces complete or partial tumour regression in 81 per cent of patients, and additionally provides a significant advantage in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) to unresectable, advanced patients. An alternative small-molecule BRAF inhibitor is dabrafenib, which is administered orally to patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. The drug was FDA-approved in 2013 after showing improved PFS compared to previously-used chemotherapy drug DTIC (dacarbazine).
Sorafenib was the first BRAF inhibitor drug that was clinically developed in patients with metastatic melanoma. Unfortunately, in addition to BRAF, this drug non-selectively inhibited other protein kinases as well as CRAF, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and PDGF. Therefore, the clinical utility of sorafenib in melanoma has been proven to be very limited.
There are several MEK inhibitor drugs that have been tested in clinical trials for patients with metastatic or unresectable melanoma, including selumetinib (AZD6244), PD-0325901, trametinib (GSK1120212), AS703026, cobimetinib (GDC-0973/XL518) and MEK162.
Of these, trametinib, which inhibits MEK1/2 and is given orally to patients with metastatic melanoma, has been shown to be best at demonstrating improved PFS over DTIC. The drug was FDA-approved in 2013. A small number of melanomas that start on mucosal membrane and acral skin (palms, soles, nail bed) have mutations in the C-KIT gene. Clinical trials are now testing drugs that are known to target cells with changes in C-KIT, such as imatinib (Gleevec), dasatinib (Sprycel) and nilotinib (Tasigna). Of these, imatinib has shown the most promise so far.
While the above-mentioned targeted agents have been heralded as providing a revolution in terms of therapeutic options, many patients show disease recurrence after initial treatment response as a result of drug resistance. Newer studies focus on testing the effect of these promising drugs in combination.
Following improved response over single-drug use, the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitor therapy (dabrafenib and trametinib) for patients with metastatic melanoma was FDA-approved in 2014. The response rate was 76 per cent; however, a considerable number of patients presented with side-effects. Other signal transduction inhibitors such as PI3K, AKT and CDK inhibitors are being clinically evaluated in combination with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. These approaches demonstrate that inhibiting multiple targets in either the same or separate pathways may be clinically beneficial to patients.
Unfortunately, the options for patients whose tumour does not contain a BRAF mutation are limited. A recent clinical trial found axitinib treatment of advanced BRAF wild-type metastatic melanoma, followed by chemotherapy with paclitaxel/carboplatin, prolonged disease control and survival with acceptable toxicity. Axitinib is a small-molecule, multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets VEGF signalling. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway has emerged as an interesting drug target for the last few years. Clinical evaluations are ongoing for several inhibitors of PI3K (pan-isoform and isoform-specific), dual PI3K/mTOR, AKT, and mTOR (mTORC1 and dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors). CDK inhibitors are another class of drugs that have been evaluated for the treatment of advanced melanoma for the past few years. CDK inhibitors such as palbociclib, dinaciclib and ribociclib have been tested in several early phases of clinical trials and show promising results, either alone or in combination with other inhibitors.
Types of immunotherapy
In 2011, ipilimumab, the first drug belonging to the class of checkpoint inhibitors, was approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma, and immunotherapy exploded as the new weapons against cancer.
Different treatments are grouped under the type of immunotherapy approach: Checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, adoptive cell therapy and oncolytic viruses.
Checkpoint inhibitors are drugs targeting the so-called immune checkpoints, molecules and pathways normally meant to prevent hyperactivation of the immune system. The main pathways targeted by FDA-approved drugs are the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) pathway and programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathways. CTLA-4 is a receptor expressed by activated cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells that interacts with B7 ligands competing with CD28. CD28-B7 interaction is needed to complete T-cell activation started by T-cell receptor (TCR) antigen recognition. After trials that showed how ipilimumab could achieve a plateau in survival after three years, with a durable response being kept for more than 10 years, it was approved by the FDA as a first-line treatment for locally-advanced melanoma. Blocking antibodies against the PD-1 pathway include pembrolizumab and nivolumab, directed toward PD-1 itself, and atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab, directed against its ligand PD-L1. PD-1 is a receptor expressed on activated T, NK and B cells, as well as myeloid cells, which interacts with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 to limit T-cell activation. This can ultimately lead to T-cell apoptosis, anergy or exhaustion, defined as a dysfunctional state of T-cells that impairs their ability to kill melanoma cells. Its ligand PD-L1 is expressed by antigen-presenting cells but can be expressed in tumours as a mechanism of escape from the immune response through INF gamma induction or intrinsic oncogenic pathways, eg, PTEN loss. Blocking this pathway could rescue exhausted T-cells and avoid their inactivation by PD-L1-expressing tumours. In consecutive clinical trials (Checkmate-003, Checkmate-066 and Checkmate-037 for nivolumab; Keynote-001, Keynote-002 and Keynote-006 for pembrolizumab), PD-1 inhibitors have demonstrated higher response rates than ipilimumab, with the advantage that toxicities due to these drugs occur less frequently than the ones induced by ipilimumab. This is due to the fact that CTLA-4 is an early checkpoint, while PD1/PD-L1 acts later and is more specific to the anti-tumour immune response. Blocking antibodies against PD-L1 are currently under investigation, with preliminary data demonstrating durable responses, as well as affordable toxicities.
Cancer vaccines are useful to rescue the lack of infiltration in so-called ‘cold tumours’ that are without inflammatory infiltration. One of the reasons for the lack of inflammatory infiltration is a low number of mutations (‘mutational burden’).
Among different types of tumours, melanoma is generally the one with the highest mutational burden, and this partly explains why immunotherapies work so well in this kind of neoplasia. The higher the number of mutations, the higher is the possibility to produce neoantigens, proteins with modifications because of the mutations, tumour-specific and therefore recognisable by the immune system — albeit there are variations in mutational burden from patient-to-patient, and a low neoantigen production can be at the origin of a part of cold tumours. Vaccination towards neoplastic antigens stimulates the broadening of anti-tumour T-cell repertoire, especially in those neoplasia with a low mutational burden. Usually, neoplastic antigens are injected in association with immune adjuvants that favour the onset of a strong immune response. Another recent addition to immunotherapies is oncolytic virus therapy, recently approved for unresectable melanoma. The therapeutic protocol (which is quite complex and extremely expensive) involves the use of a herpes simplex virus type 1, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), that replicates inside the tumour, generating a reaction similar to the one induced by cancer vaccination. These two therapies, in fact, have the common property to elicit an abscopal effect, that is, to induce an effect on lesions that are in different parts of the body, far from the site of injection, through the induction of a systemic immune response.
Lastly, adoptive cell transfer is an immunotherapy based on the classical observation that the number of immune cells generally correlates with the survival of patients. Therefore, immune cells are injected into the patient in order to increase their number. Dendritic cells and T-cells are specifically the most frequent type of immune cells used for this purpose. T-cells harvested from peripheral blood can be also modified before re-infusion by cloning the TCR of cancer-reacting T-cells or designing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) directed towards tumour antigens. The technique itself requires high levels of technology and re-infusion after isolation; modification and expansion is successful in around half of the patients. Moreover, response rates are around 50 per cent in melanoma for classical adoptive cell therapy that goes up to 90 per cent for adoptive CAR-T cell therapy.
In spite of a significant improvement in survival, immunotherapy, but in particular checkpoint therapy, has presented three main challenges: Low response rates; the definition of ‘response’ itself; and immune-related toxicities.
Need for combination therapies
In clinical trials, only approximately 20 per cent of patients show a response to ipilimumab, while response rates to nivolumab and pembrolizumab are around 30 per cent. On the other side, checkpoint inhibition brings relevant toxicities related to a hyper-reactive immune system. Ipilimumab gives immunological adverse reactions in 70 per cent of the patients, with 25 per cent of these being of severe grade.
These complications are rash/pruritus, GI diarrhoea, colitis, hepatitis, hypophysitis and, more rarely, vitiligo, alopecia, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab have similar toxicities, with the addition of pneumonitis, an adverse reaction peculiar to PD1/PD-L1 inhibition.
Clinical trials with different doses and schemes of administration of these therapies, in order to reduce the intensity of these toxicities, are currently ongoing. Checkmate-004 phase 1, Checkmate-069 randomised phase 2 and Checkmate-067 randomised phase 3 studies evaluated the efficacy of the combination between ipilimumab and nivolumab, registering response rates of 55, 61 and 57 per cent, respectively, but burdened with the price of around 50 per cent of grade 3-4 immune-related side-effects. A way to avoid these collateral effects is to adopt a scheme with consecutive instead of concurrent administration of the two drugs; that has achieved higher response rates (40 per cent) for nivolumab, followed by ipilimumab compared to ipilimumab, followed by nivolumab (20 per cent), without increasing significantly the incidence of high-grade toxicities compared to concurrent therapy.
Some ongoing studies are evaluating combination therapies, not only among checkpoint inhibitors, but also with other immunotherapies, with targeted therapies and with classical chemo and radiotherapy. The main strategy of combination therapy is to associate with other drugs the inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 axis, due to its great efficacy in monotherapy, together with the lower levels of toxicity. The ‘partner drug’ to couple should depend on the characteristics of the tumour of the patient.
Need for biomarkers predictive of response and resistance
Regarding the clinical course during immunotherapy, the main difference with targeted therapies is that the response occurs later (up to 30 months) because it is a multi-step process involving different cell types; however, responses (when they occur) tend to be durable, due to the ability of the immune system to keep an immunological memory. Four patterns of response have been defined specific to immunotherapy: Immediate response without new lesions; durable, stable disease; flare effect (response after increase of the pre-existing lesions); and response with the appearance of new lesions. Moreover, a third of the patients with partial response will eventually progress, due to the development of resistance to the therapy. The concept of resistance to immunotherapy is difficult to define because of its multifactorial nature. The immune response is a dynamic process, influenced not only by the patient’s characteristics, but also by the treatments received. Therefore, the distinction that has been made between primary resistance (immunotherapy does not work from the beginning), adaptive resistance (the immune system recognises the tumour under immunotherapy but the tumour develops escape mechanisms) and acquired resistance (relapse and progression after initial response) is quite scholastic, because these types share the same mechanisms. These mechanisms can be intrinsic to the melanoma cell, such as activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling with or without loss of PTEN, expression of the WNT/β-catenin pathway, loss of interferon-gamma signalling pathways, loss of the ability to express tumour antigens, and expression of the IPRES (innate anti-PD-1 resistance) signature. Alternatively, they can be extrinsic from melanoma cells and depend on the immunosuppressive components of the tumour inflammatory microenvironment, such as regulatory T-cells, MDSCs and macrophages with an M2-like polarisation.
For all of the reasons listed above, there is the urgent need to find predictors of response and resistance to immunotherapies. Predictors should be used not only before treatment, in order to personalise the therapy, helping the clinician to choose the better combination of drugs for the patient, but also during the therapy, in order to diagnose the development of resistance at an early stage and shift to another treatment as soon as possible. Monitoring response to immunotherapies is challenging due to the slow evolution of the response.
To early-detect response and resistance, taking into account the dynamic nature of the tumour microenvironment, would require repeatedly sampling the tumour and the peripheral blood during the course of treatment. This approach has been followed in research settings to determine the efficacy of putative predictive biomarkers, comparing them at different moments of the therapeutic protocol (before administration, early therapy, response, progression). The most important conclusion drawn at the moment is that due to the complex landscape of the immune microenvironment, prediction shall be based on a panel of different biomarkers to take into account inherent complexity.
Currently, there are no validated predictive panels, but different parameters have been investigated, alone and in combination. The composition of the immune infiltrate in the tumour must certainly be taken into account, since different types of immune cells have different impacts on tumour progression, as well as the cytokine environment, the expression of immune checkpoint molecules and the presence of enzymes, such as IDO-1. Better responses appear to happen in tumours with high infiltration by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes next to PD-L1-positive cells. Nevertheless, PD-L1 expression turned out to be an inefficient predictor of response to nivolumab, since responses have been reported also in PD-L1-negative tumours. Higher mutational burden, neoantigen load and T-cell clonality have been correlated with response to PD-1 blockade, but no cut-off was identified that could be used in the clinics to decide whether or not to administer the treatment.
Intriguingly, the gut microbiome of the patient could be a potential biomarker — in particular, Bifidobacterium with PD-1 blockade and Bacteroides with CTLA-4 blockade have shown a synergistic effect in favouring tumour control. The best approach that integrated all of these different putative markers is represented by the cancer immunogram, which at the same time takes into account tumour sensitivity to immune effectors; tumoral burden and neoantigen production; general immune status of the patient; intensity of immune cell infiltration in the tumour; evidence of checkpoint molecule expression; evidence of soluble inhibitors; and evidence of inhibitory tumour metabolism.
At our centre at UCD, we are involved in several EU-funded research programmes focused on melanoma. One of these programmes, SYS-MEL (www.sysmel.com), is investigating several key molecular pathways that drive melanoma progression, with a focus on epigenetically-regulated targets, the apoptosis cascade, and kinase signalling. In this programme, we have validated several protein biomarkers on tissue microarrays (TMAs) and the resulting quantified protein expression data will be used in a proprietary systems modelling-based approach to aid the clinical decision-making for the treatment of melanoma patients.
Another programme is the MEL-PLEX consortium (‘Exploiting MELanoma disease comPLEXity to address European research training needs in translational cancer systems biology and cancer systems medicine’), a Marie Sklodowska Curie action to train 15 early-stage researchers in a network comprised of prominent European universities and private companies.
It aims to develop and validate predictive models for disease progression, prognosis and responsiveness to current and novel (co-) treatment options, and to provide superior and clinically-relevant tools and biomarker signatures for personalising and optimising melanoma therapy (http://melplex.eu/). | <urn:uuid:0f3717d2-88a7-43a0-9d88-000f9fdb520e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.medicalindependent.ie/treatment-of-metastatic-melanoma-the-revolution-is-now-here/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153816.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729043158-20210729073158-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.92924 | 4,247 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The principle of Original Creation employs three aspects of Original Consciousness. It is stated as:
Original Creation is Original Thought set into motion along with Original Feeling in order to propagate the universe as we know it.
Motion is the key aspect of Original Consciousness which brought the dance of Thought and Feeling into play, making all else in the universe possible. Infinite Being is the underlying state of all consciousness which projected itself into this Trinity of Original Creation.
In my recent study of ancient Hindu philosophy, I found that what Hindus call Brahman is exactly the original consciousness that I refer to as Infinite Being. I then went on to study the Hindu definitions of the Trinity which created the universe.
The Hindu Trinity consists of the principles called Brahma (that's Brahma without an 'n' on the end), Vishnu and Shiva. While these three principles have deity-like names, Hindus are well aware that they represent principles of original consciousness and not person-like deities. However, in order to describe the many characteristics of these facets of original consciousness, they are given names and then extensive and poetic descriptions of their many attributes.
Basically, the traditional attributes of the Hindu Trinity are summarized as being represented by the principles of Creation, Preservation and Destruction. So, Brahma is the aspect of the underlying Brahman which brings forth creation. Vishnu is the aspect that preserves and sustains the universe. Shiva dances unceasingly, bringing motion to the universe.
Defining Shiva as that which brings destruction probably originated as a yin-yang type of viewpoint, as a counterbalance to Brahma's function of creation. So, if you imagine creation and destruction as positive and negative counterbalances, then the neutral preservative quality of Vishnu is situated in between the two extremes.
I see the Trinity from a slightly different viewpoint, with Brahma as a Father-God archetype, Vishnu as a preservative Mother-God archetype, and Shiva as the motion which makes the expression of the universe possible. In this viewpoint, Shiva brings, not destruction, but life through his eternal dance of motion.
Yet another way to view the Original Trinity is to see it as being represented by the ancient sound of Creation, the "A-U-M." Mystics in deep meditation have often "heard" this as the subtle sound which continually radiates from the Sun. This etheric, non-physical sound has the attributes of the sounds "A" (creative), "U" (preservative), and "M" (motion.)
Successful acts of conscious creation by humans follow exactly the same formula as Original Creation, with two essential modifications in order to suit the human sphere of manifestation. More on that at a later date!
Peter Shepherd notes: As I expect you have noticed, the articles by Owen Waters are uniformly full of wisdom and insight... his books, therefore, are not to be missed. Owen's new e-book, Discover Your Purpose in Life, will not only show you how to discover the purpose of your inner being and your own destiny, it will take you on a voyage of inner discovery. On this journey, you will pass through the layers of what used to be unsolved mysteries. "At each step, we will go deeper still, always using the question 'why' to go deeper, until we reach the final layer and discover the answer to the ultimate mystery in life."
I believe the book offers precisely what many need to know, in order to launch their life into the spiritual dimension, and to be part of the new age of higher vibration consciousness. This amounts to knowing one's inner nature, and as a result, one's life purpose. The trinity of life, love and truth need to be experienced, not just 'known about,' and Owen's e-book gives enough guidance for that process of true illumination to take place. It's available at a special intro price at the moment and I highly recommend you to purchase. | <urn:uuid:9d98c8f6-1553-4d66-a853-5fa7a37eaa5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://trans4mind.com/counterpoint/index-authors/waters18.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695066.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926051558-20170926071558-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.95782 | 805 | 2.8125 | 3 |
We thoroughly check each answer to a question to provide you with the most correct answers. Found a mistake? Tell us about it through the REPORT button at the bottom of the page. Ctrl+F (Cmd+F) will help you a lot when searching through such a large set of questions.
Grade Levels: 8th – 12th
Mostly used with 8th and 9th
Subjects: Science, Biology, General Science
1. Watch the clip to answer the next few questions. Are viruses considered to be living? Why or why not?
- Yes, because they are prokaryotic cells.
- No because they don’t have a nucleus.
- Yes, because they have nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- No, because they are not made of cells and they lack the characteristics of life.
2. Are viruses considered to be cells? Would they be included in these Modern Cell Theory statements:
The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms. All living things are made of cells. All cells come from other pre-existing cells.
- Yes, because viruses are made of cells and all things are made of cells according to the theory.
- Yes, because viruses and cells are the same and the theory says that all cells come from other cells.
- No, because viruses are not made of cells. They are not included in the cell theory because the theory states that the cell is the basic unit of all living things.
- None of this is true.
3. Compare and contrast a virus to a cell. What would be some differences? What are some similarities?
Cells are the basic units of life. Cells can exist by themselves, like bacteria, or as part of a larger organism, like our cells. Viruses are non-living infectious particles, much smaller than a cell, and need a living host to reproduce. The genetic material of the cell is DNA, a double-stranded helix. A virus’s genetic material is either DNA or RNA.
4. True or False:
Viruses can be treated with antibiotics.
Viruses can not be killed. They are non-living. Anti means against. Bio(tic) means life. Therefore ANTI + BIOtic = against life.
5. TRUE or FALSE:
Viruses are smaller than the hosts they infect.
6. Viruses are prokaryotes?
7. Watch the clip to answer the questions that follow.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Virus structure includes biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
8. Viruses require a host to reproduce?
9. Viruses only target animals (including humans).
- False because viruses are alive.
- False because viruses are bacteria and bacteria don’t target humans.
- False because viruses are animals and animals need other animals to survive.
- False. Anything alive can be infected because viruses have the machinery needed to replicate or make copies of itself.
10. What is a bacteriophage?
- A bacteria that attacks viruses.
- A disease-fighting virus.
- A virus that attacks bacteria.
- A disease-causing bacterium.
11. Watch the video clip and answer the questions that follow.
How many types of reproductive cycles are there?
12. What are the two viral reproductive cycles called?
- Mitosis and meiosis.
- The prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle.
- The carbon and nitrogen cycle.
- The viral reproductive cycle
- The lytic and lysogenic cycles.
13. How are they lysogenic and lytic cycles different?
The lytic cycle makes copies of its viral genetic material, bursts the cell and then spreads its viral material. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral genetic material is integrated into the host cell’s DNA.
14. TRUE or FALSE:
There is a cure for viruses.
- True. They can be killed with antibiotics.
- False. There are only therapeutic remedies available for viruses.
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The Quizzma Team is a collective of experienced educators, subject matter experts, and content developers dedicated to providing accurate and high-quality educational resources. With a diverse range of expertise across various subjects, the team collaboratively reviews, creates, and publishes content to aid in learning and self-assessment.
Each piece of content undergoes a rigorous review process to ensure accuracy, relevance, and clarity. The Quizzma Team is committed to fostering a conducive learning environment for individuals and continually strives to provide reliable and valuable educational resources on a wide array of topics. Through collaborative effort and a shared passion for education, the Quizzma Team aims to contribute positively to the broader learning community. | <urn:uuid:5be05fba-b900-4a06-8ce1-1c107cae622f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://quizzma.com/amoeba-sisters-video-recap-viruses-answer-key/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510528.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929190403-20230929220403-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.921478 | 1,045 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Posted on: 23 December 2015
Good dental health throughout life is important for everyone. Not only is it painful and a potential health issue when teeth are decayed or broken, but it can even affect the opportunity for employment. Every parent wants the best for their child, so ensuring they maintain a healthy smile needs to be a priority. Unfortunately, there is more to teach them than just brushing and flossing. There are a number of ways many children are unwittingly causing harm to their teeth.
Smiles Too Brightly
Tooth whitening products are everywhere, and used correctly they are perfectly safe. The problem begins when people overuse these products in an attempt to have the whitest, flashiest smile. Many teenagers are at risk for this because of their constant need to compete with each other. Using these products more than is recommended can damage tooth enamel, irritate the gums and cause pain. Insist that they only attempt whitening under the supervision of their dentist.
Dangerous Diet Habits
Bottled water lacks the fluoride of tap water, sports drinks and fruit juices are full of enamel-damaging acids and binging on sugary foods is common for most teens. Encourage teens to carry tap water in a refillable container to expose them to the fluoride their teeth need. If they insist on acidic drinks, help them to develop the habit of rinsing out their mouths afterwards. As for snacks, start them early on healthier options like cheese, hummus and pita chips or plain yogurt. Apples and raw carrots are not just good for their body, but can even help the teeth by cleaning off plaque while they are being eaten.
Piercings Near Teeth
Facial piercings like those in the cheeks and around the mouth present a great deal of danger to teeth. The jewelry can damage the teeth over time causing abrasions and chips. The most risky of all are tongue piercings. It is not uncommon for people to develop the habit of chewing on the barbell used for these piercings. Over time this metal wears down the enamel of the teeth. It can also irritate the gums too and potentially lead to gum disease. Even though many parents are willing to allow children a lot of freedom for self-expression, this is one method that should be forbidden.
Homemade Dental Solutions
A recent teen trend has been to create homemade braces to reduce the gaps between their front teeth. They do this by using rubber bands to bind the teeth tightly in an effort to pull them closer together. The problem is that this can destroy the teeth, and even cause damage to the underlying bone. If a teen is so troubled by their appearance, make an appointment for them to see a dentist. There are a range of options for braces that are often not nearly as expensive as some parents fear, and financing options are almost always available.
The teenage years are difficult, both for the teen and the parents. Every adult can understand the desire to want to look great, but as a parent the priority needs to be about health and safety too. Help teens to make good choices so that they can avoid the pain and embarrassment later on that comes from damaged teeth.
Go to site to learn more about braces.Share | <urn:uuid:899ceeab-118c-4ad5-afdf-e8cdd7578400> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://rugbyclubozonternay.com/2015/12/23/protecting-your-teens-teeth-how-to-avoid-current-trends-that-may-destroy-their-beautiful-smile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816351.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225090753-20180225110753-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.960894 | 666 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Obesity or Sleep Disorder?
According to the American Obesity Association, nearly 200 million Americans are categorized as being overweight or obese. Over 70 million Americans suffer from some type of sleep disorder and obesity is recognized as a major risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. Obese individuals also suffer from sleep apnea at a much higher rate than those at a healthy weight. Doctors therefore often recommend weight reduction as a part of a therapeutic plan for patients with sleep apnea.
Recent studies link the release of the hormones in the body that regulate appetite and sleep disorders. Therefore, having a sleep disorder itself can be a contributor to obesity, as well as obesity being a contributor to poor sleep health.
Sleep Deficit and Weight Gain
Lack of sleep is common. While it is understood that adults need 7-8 hours of sleep, most of us only get 6 or less hours sleep. Insomnia and sleep disorders like restless leg syndrome affect sleep duration. Studies demonstrate a correlation between an imbalance of hormones and appetite control when people are deprived of adequate sleep. The people in the study also experienced a decrease of leptin levels, the hormones that “turn off” your appetite and an increase of ghrelin levels, the hormone controlling “hunger.” Even as little as one hour less sleep per night can trigger this imbalance resulting in possible weight gain.
A sleep study is the best way to accurately diagnose a possible sleep disorder. Sleep studies are performed by collecting physiological data such as brain waves and muscle movement while you sleep using noninvasive sensors. A sleep technologist records this data as well as images coming from the camera in your testing room. This information is carefully reviewed and compiled into a report that is sent to your doctor.
The Center for Sleep Medicine at NewYork-Presbyterian/Lawrence Hospital is a state-of-the-art diagnostic center that provides the highest quality of care in a hotel-like setting under the direction of board certified physicians. For more information or to schedule a consultation, contact us at 914-787-4400. | <urn:uuid:8ac9b59b-904d-44dd-bac1-8aa802dcb7b2> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.nyplawrence.org/Programs-Services/Center-for-Sleep-Medicine/Sleep-Weight-Control.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663036.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00102-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93965 | 421 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly
prepared by pouring boiling hot water over cured
leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. The term
also refers to the plant itself. After water, tea
is the most widely consumed beverage in the world.
It has a cooling, slightly bitter, astringent flavour
which many people enjoy.
Consumption of tea (especially green) is beneficial
to health and longevity given its antioxidant, flavanols,
flavonoids, polyphenols, and catechins content.
Tea catechins have known anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective
activities, help to regulate food intake, and have
an affinity for cannabinoid receptors, which may
suppress pain, nausea, and provide calming effects.
Consumption of green tea is associated with a lower
risk of diseases that cause functional disability,
such as “stroke, cognitive impairment, and
osteoporosis” in the elderly.
Tea contains L-theanine, and its consumption is
strongly associated with a calm but alert and focused,
relatively productive (alpha wave dominant), mental
state in humans. This mental state is also common
to meditative practice.
The phrase herbal tea usually refers to infusions
of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant, such
as rosehip tea or chamomile tea. Alternative phrases
for this are tisane or herbal infusion, both bearing
an implied contrast with "tea" as it is
Tea plants are native to East and South Asia and
probably originated around the point of confluence
of the lands of northeast India, north Burma and
Although there are tales of tea's first use as a
beverage, no one is sure of its exact origins. The
first recorded drinking of tea is in China, with
the earliest records of tea consumption dating back
to the 10th century BC. It was already a common
drink during the Qin Dynasty (3rd century BC) and
became widely popular during the Tang Dynasty, when
it was spread to Korea and Japan. Trade of tea by
the Chinese to Western nations in the 19th century
spread tea and the tea plant to numerous locations
around the world.
Tea was imported to Europe during the Portuguese
expansion of the 16th century, at which time it
was termed chá. In 1750, tea experts traveled
from China to the Azores Islands, and planted tea,
along with jasmines and mallows, to give the tea
aroma and distinction. Both green tea and black
tea continue to grow in the islands, which are the
main suppliers to continental Portugal. Catherine
of Braganza, wife of Charles II, took the tea habit
to Great Britain around 1660, but it was not until
the 19th century that tea became as widely consumed
in Britain as it is today. In Ireland, tea had become
an everyday beverage for all levels of society by
the late 19th century, but it was first consumed
as a luxury item on special occasion such as religious
festivals, wakes, and domestic work gatherings such | <urn:uuid:c804308d-e938-43ed-b746-2d2359c591c4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.schoolphotoproject.com/foods-drinks/brewing-tea-free-stock-photo-image-picture.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424770.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724082331-20170724102331-00659.warc.gz | en | 0.949803 | 662 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Technology has truly changed the way that people communicate, learn and discover their environment. This change has made educational institutions rethink their application of curricula and modify their requirements to accommodate for this new and innovate way of conducting everyday life.
Within these online educational programs, experienced and trained instructors may be needed to ensure that students are able to utilize the online environment for educational purposes and get the most out of their online degree program.
These teachers can act as not only an educator, but a leading source of support within this type of learning environment. Current teachers in the field of education that may be looking for methods for increasing their opportunities in the field can engage in online Masters in Education – Distance Learning programs to expand their professional capabilities.
The Masters in Education – Distance Learning program can be a great choice for educational professionals seeking more knowledge about the online classroom, methods for instructing students via distance education and the differences between online and traditional programs.
Online educational programs can be a great resource for busy working adults or college students that simply prefer the online environment over the strenuous and demanding traditional learning environment. Professionals that can learn the ropes of providing great quality educational programs in this environment can be a great resource to students seeking this method of degree acquisition.
These programs call upon educational professionals that have a desire to provide exceptional education opportunities to people – regardless of where they reside. The popularity of distance learning programs seems to be growing as the years progress, which could mean great things for students that choose to move into these higher education programs.
If you are interested in being a part of programs such as this one, you should have a background in education, be intrigued by technology and what it has to offer the field of instruction and have what it takes to provide distance education to students from various backgrounds. Programs offering distance education as a concentration can help instructors to obtain positions at online K-12 schools and even universities across the country.
Common Courses in a Masters in Distance Learning Degree
Distance education could possibly be considered its very own variation of standard education. In recent years, more and more students have moved into distance education programs to help them manage their personal responsibilities alongside the need for a great education. An important factor to consider when you are thinking of enrolling in these programs is that distance education programs are not only available to adult learners. Online K-12 programs may be a great way to gain the satisfaction of teaching children without having to work in an in-person environment.
In order to work in this type of virtual environment, students should have an understanding of curriculum development, classroom management and technology-based teaching. Each of these subjects may be covered in detail in online Masters in Education – Distance Learning programs.
Typically, degree programs such as this one may focus their curriculum on teaching from the distance perspective, while integrating online components that may be specific to each subject. Although most of the subjects remain the same in the online environment, the delivery and assessment are conducted in a much different way than traditional educational programs.
Our team of experts has researched online Masters in Education – Distance Learning programs all over the country in order to provide you with the most up-to-date information on the current curriculum. Some colleges may have a slightly different course line-up than others, but most will contain a similar set of elements.
As you can see in the list below, courses that cater to the needs of online teachers may be covered throughout these programs, as well as courses that address the societal needs of educational programs. Read more about each of these sample courses below.
Online Instructional Strategies
This course can be a great resource for upcoming educators that are interested in teaching in the online environment. Some of the topics covered in this course may include those that are specific to the technologies and tools found within the online environment, as well as methods that can be effective in students that choose online learning. Some challenges presented by distance learning may also be discussed throughout the duration of this course.
Assessments in the Online Environment
People often wonder how effective assessments can be when provided in an online course room. This course can help students find more effective methods for delivering assessments in the online environment, including those that refer to timing and question strategy. Students may be required to engage in research as part of the requirements of this course in order to gain the most insight into effective online assessment practices.
In coordinance with distance education demand, this course can take a look at the trends and changes in the field of education due to a changing world. This course can identify some social and technology cues that can potentially guide distance education to a more widespread application in the future. Students may also investigate how globalization has changed the modern student, methods for applying educational standards to the changing environment and ways that online education can be applied worldwide.
Current Trends and Issues in Education
The current trends and issues that may be present in the field of education can provide a foundation for upcoming teaching professionals. Students in this course can apply ideas regarding socioeconomic effects on learning, teacher-student interaction and technology into their interaction with this course. Students completing this course should have a current understanding of the outlook on educational institutions in the U.S.
Contemporary School Curriculum
Beginning with the historical foundations of educational systems, students can begin to explore how the current curriculum within school systems came to be. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the current school of thought in curriculum development, how it can play out in an online environment and the implications of policy and law on the development of helpful curricula for schools in all areas of the country.
Associated Salaries of Distance Learning Careers
The opportunities within this degree field can be extremely diverse. In order to give you to broadest information possible, our team has included salary information below for a few of the possible career tracks possible with this degree. Keep in mind that your current location, amount of experience and subject taught may influence how much you make as a professional educator.
- Instructor – Colleges, Universities and Professional Schools: $71,530 on average per year (BLS).
- Instructional Coordinators: $63,750 on average per year (BLS).
- High School Teachers: $59,860 on average per year (BLS).
Teachers can be found in many different domains. With a Masters degree in Education, you could exercise your talent in the K-12 setting or in colleges and universities all over the country. Your interests as a professional can guide you into paths that may be fitting for your personality.
Some of the most popular positions for distance educators can be found at the university level. However, having a background in distance education can lead to positions responsible for developing online course curricula or even managing a team of instructors in the online setting.
Since online learning is still relatively new in comparison to its traditional counterparts, there may be continuous research being conducted to improve the quality of these programs. Professionals may be needed to review and improve curriculum requirements for distance learning programs, analyze online details to ensure that the program is the best it can be and following-up with online students to receive feedback on their distance experience.
These could all be positions filled by distance learning students that are interested in continuous improvement of online programs.
Common Questions About The Masters in Distance Learning Degree
What kind of colleges can I work at with this degree?
In the past, there may have only been a limited number of options for employment with this type of degree. However, in recent society, traditional and online universities usually have a distance learning option for students in various degree fields. If you take the time to complete this degree program, you could have many different types of colleges to choose from for your career.
Is a teaching certificate offered with this degree program?
Depending on the university you choose, there may be a certificate option alongside your masters degree. In some colleges, students may be required to engage in a practicum requirement that includes spending time in an actual classroom under the supervision of a licensed teacher. You should investigate the university’s requirements as well as what your state requires for certification before enrolling.
Will this degree become more relevant as the years progress?
There has been a dramatic change in the number of online degree programs and online K-12 programs offered online in the last decade. As Americans continue to lean on technology as a means for learning and business, it is possible to see a growth in demand for distance learning educators in the future.
What type of experience should I have before enrolling in this program?
Some Masters in Education degree programs require that students have a current teaching license and a bachelor’s in some realm of education. Also, some programs may require that you have a certain amount of teaching experience prior to applying. However, these requirements can vary depending on the school you choose. Some universities even accept graduates from different educational disciplines, which means there may be a program for almost everyone.
Estimated Cost and Length of the Program
In conclusion, your search for the right degree program can be a complex process. In order to make sure you choose what is right for you, please consider the costs, length of time it takes to complete the program and the reputation/accreditation of the degree program. Our team of education experts has located distance learning programs available throughout the country and listed a few examples below. The average time it takes to complete the program, costs and program title can be viewed – showing you how different these factors can look between universities.
- The University of Maryland: Online Masters in Education – Distance Education and E-Learning – $458 per credit hour – 1-2 years for completion
- Northeastern University: Online Masters in Education – E-Learning and Instructional Design – $25,800 for entire program – 1-2 years for completion
- The University of Colorado at Denver: Online Masters in Education – Information and Learning Technologies with emphasis on eLearning Design and Implementation – $448 per credit hour – 1-2 years for completion
What college do you choose for your degree program? This is the question that most students are asking. The answer is not always as easy as it may seem. Different degree programs can consist of different length and cost requirements for students enrolled in them.
Students should always consider the costs of an educational program between different universities to ensure they are receiving the best possible deal for their education. Another factor to consider is how schools list their tuition costs and how this can be confusing for new college researchers. As you can see in the list below, colleges can sometimes list the costs of their program in different formats – such as per credit hour, per term or per year. There are even some programs that list the entire cost of the degree upfront.
While the costs are definitely one of the most important factors to weigh when choosing a program, some students may also be concerned with the amount of time it may take to complete their degree. The length of time it takes you to complete your program may also look very different depending where you are enrolled.
For the most part, these master’s programs were designed to be completed in 1-2 year for most students. However, those with full-time jobs or other obligations may choose to take a part-time route, which could spread the program out to 3 or 4 years. Students can hold the power to finish their program within the predicted time frames or spread the program out to help with structuring their schedules. | <urn:uuid:eada7d4d-1aa5-4ae6-86c7-67558dc8a0a6> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.mastersineducationonline.net/subject/distance-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021235030-20201022025030-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.956031 | 2,322 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Garabit viaduct in the Cantal region is Gustave Eiffel's greatest achievement. It was the beginning of his sophisticated projects for the Eiffel Tower but also triggered his interest in meteorology and aerodynamics. The region is mountainous and subject to high winds. The viaduct therefore required technical prowess never achieved before despite the construction of the viaduct over the Duro, in Porto, Portugal in 1876. The stability of the box girders, which served as the main rafters, and the structure's resistance to wind were the main challenges of the project. The engineers in charge of the construction, Boyer and Baudry, called on Gustave Eiffel because of his experience in this field.
It was a novel project because of the great height that separated the railway line from the river, twice that of the viaduct at Porto, 122 metres instead of 61 metres. Eiffel commented: "Suffice to say it is higher than the towers of Notre Dame in Paris with the Vendôme column on top". This comparison of the height of the buildings is demonstrated in the drawing, along with precise technical indications: the plan of the viaduct, the plans of the pillars and their elevations and cross-sections. Also visible are two masonry structures which start the viaduct on either side of the valley. The arched design had already been tested on the Duro. The viaduct took two full years to build, plus one year to develop the surrounding area in order to house and feed the workers. The viaduct was also unusual because the rails were lower than the deck so that any carriages blown off the tracks could be recovered. The drawing is touching because it shows three prestigious architectural constructions from different periods. | <urn:uuid:34f4bce0-ef26-4f73-9686-8e15f41a31b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/search/commentaire/commentaire_id/le-viaduc-de-garabit-519.html?no_cache=1&S=1&cHash=9e55a0bfe2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.971229 | 368 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Go to the OWHC website.
The Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC) is made up of 208 cities in which are located sites included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Of the member cities, 7 are located in Africa, 36 in Latin America, 20 in Asia and the Pacific, 123 in Europe and North America and 22 in the Arab States. At the moment there are also 4 Observer-members. These 208 World Heritage Cities have a combined population of 125 million. The OWHC’s headquarters are located in Québec City, Canada. The OWHC’s initiatives, which are geared to the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, include informing and the training municipal managers. The OWHC organizes symposia and seminars dealing with management and strategies pertaining to the development and preservation of historic sites. The OWHC also strives to heighten awareness among United Nations, UNESCO, World Bank and Council of Europe officials of the importance of better protecting historic cities in the event of armed conflicts. In the coming years, the Organization is to focus on the establishment of an electronic communications network linking member cities through the Internet and the creation of a data bank on historic cities. | <urn:uuid:6aaff444-370f-4b55-951a-fcf83d410ecb> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://unescoeducation.blogspot.com/2005/11/organization-of-world-heritage-cities.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812932.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220090216-20180220110216-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.955871 | 243 | 2.5625 | 3 |
- Published on Thursday, 07 June 2018 12:10
A recent article, published in the Journal of Nutrition has reported that differences in hearing outcomes may be associated with different types of diets.
The study was carried out by Sharon G. Curhan, MD, from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts (USA) and colleagues, reports HealthDay News. She and her research team examined the correlation between adherence to the various diets and the risk of hearing loss in a cohort of some 81,818 women included in the Nurses’ Health Study II. The study group comprised women aged 27 to 44 years at baseline.
The parameters of interest for the analysis were the Alternate Mediterranean diet (AMED), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), a measure of diet quality.
Findings showed a significant inverse association for higher cumulative average AMED and DASH scores with the risk of hearing loss. In addition, higher cumulative average adherence scores for all the dietary patterns studied correlated with a lower risk of hearing loss in over 33,000 participants who had additional hearing-related information available.
In their article, the authors concluded that consuming a healthy diet may be helpful in reducing the risk of acquired hearing loss. Further studies would be useful to confirm the findings and to examine factors more closely.
Source: HealthDay News | <urn:uuid:3b9b6aae-d4fe-4a49-bf0f-802def363aeb> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.audiology-worldnews.com/research/2984-study-links-healthy-diet-to-reduced-risk-of-hearing-loss-in-women | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210413.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816034902-20180816054902-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.95211 | 290 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Knowledge and management of the different techniques of digital communications (linear and non-linear, multi-carrier and spread spectrum), the structure of receivers and the basic techniques for protection against errors in digital communications.
Therefore, the subject has the goal of allowing the student to acquire the following general competences:
- Knowledge and development of technical skills required in the telecommunications field with emphasis in the analysis and mathematical characterization of a digital communication system.
To achieve this goal, the student must acquire the following Program Outcomes (PO): a, b, c, e, g, k.
In particular, the following specific competences:
- Acquisition of the knowledge of mathematics and statistics that will be used as a tool to solve engineering problems in the context of digital communication systems. (PO a, PO e, and PO k)
- The ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data and results. (PO b)
- Design of a communication system with realistic constraints given by critical parameters such as cost, consume of power, bandwidth, transmission rate, and complexity. (PO c)
- Ability of effective communication of information, in speech and in writing. (PO g) | <urn:uuid:d22b57e7-b92c-4979-8ed7-ba458c6d29e9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://aplicaciones.uc3m.es/cpa/generaFicha?est=252&est=445&asig=15385&idioma=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.935842 | 247 | 2.71875 | 3 |
When connecting with an audience, Hillary Clinton leads with the head while Donald Trump comes from the heart: both hold lessons for today leaders.
Watching Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump during the US presidential debates, it is striking to observe the difference in communication styles between the candidates; indeed they seem to use two diametrically opposing ways of connecting with their audience. The question is which style works best for a would-be world leader? And what can leaders in other walks of life learn from these two very different communicators?
When it comes to analysing the communication style of the two presidential candidates, it is important to remember that both have gone through serious media training that has helped them soften the rougher edges. We also need to take into account that stress and pressure – and running for president of US certainly creates a fair amount of both – have the tendency to lead to more exaggerated negative behaviours unless very deliberately controlled.
We all have our range of individual and personal communication features that influence our preferred style of communication; the way we transmit, deliver, receive and interpret information. There are four main communication preference styles, as outlined in the Communication Preference Styles Survey (CPSS), a diagnostic tool, developed by Ian C. Woodward, INSEAD Senior Affiliate Professor of Organisational Behaviour, to compare individual communication style preferences.
These styles are reflected in the language and words we use, the topics we choose to talk about, the nonverbal signals we give and the voice tone we project, as well as our overall approach to connecting with other people.[ms-protect-content id=”9932″]
These communication styles include:
Rational Communicators who come across as logical, factual and direct. They have a preference for analytical thinking and concentrate on key information that allows them to get straight to the point. Logic is their forte, and often empathy gets lost in the process.
1. Structured Communicators who are organised, meticulous and detail-oriented. Their goal is to understand the world by concentrating on details and factual information. Big picture, abstract thinking is often more difficult for these communicators.
2. Expressive Communicators who display a people-oriented and emotive approach to communication. They are interested in humans and relationships and express this by being warm or passionate or emotional. Expression is their forte, while applying logic and structure does not come as naturally.
3. Visual Communicators who express their ideas in an animated, lively way, building on ideas, metaphors and images, preferring to concentrate on the “big picture” than the details. Intuition is their forte while facts and deep analysis is much less emphasised.
As is probably evident, Clinton has a strong preference towards Styles 1 and 2, while Trump’s way of communicating leaves little doubt about his preference towards Styles 3 and 4.
The Logical Straight Shooter
When watching Clinton during the second presidential debate, we see her initial reaction to the first question is to respond with a personal question in turn, thus modelling the behaviour of her husband, Bill Clinton, during his town-hall style presidential debate with George H. W. Bush in 1992. Bill Clinton’s personal and empathic question immediately created a human connection with the then-questioner and through his whole audience, starkly exposing the difference between his warm approach and Bush’s apparent lack of empathy.
However, Hillary is not Bill, and immediate empathic connection is not her forte. Her weapons lie elsewhere. She has a reputation for having a sharp head and a cool heart. After her first, personal remark to the questioner, she immediately starts to deliver a well-prepared, smoothly analytical response. Facts and details pour out of her with ease, and are, characteristically for the Style 1 and 2 “logically comprehensive communicator”, structured by order, logic and sequence. Her language is clear, and she connects the facts with the concrete, the “how-to”.
The downside of her communication style is that she might remind people of the strict school teacher who knew it all and used to humiliate them in class. This impression is reinforced by her clear, calm, modulated voice, as well as her behaviour during Trump’s turn to speak, as she diligently takes notes while he speaks. Her head held high, as if in disdain, and her sometimes pinched mouth further contribute to this perception.
This is a great disadvantage in a race for the White House where many voters cast their ballot based on nothing more rational or factual than “how they feel” about the candidate.
Passion and Action
Trump, on the other hand, is the master of strong emotions, delivered with little logical underpinning or structure. His passionate rhetoric, and his imaginative, energetic, highly descriptive and unbridled emotional language create a sense of excitement and dynamism in his listeners, and give him the image of “a man of action”, in contrast with Clinton, who is seen as “the woman of words”. Trump’s expressive facial and body language make him come across as more energised than Clinton’s poker face. Trump excels at creating engagement and interpersonal relationships, and elicits strong passions from people to whom facts and figures matter little.
However, the weak side to Trump’s communication style is also apparent: He jumps from one topic to another, and rarely if ever answers the original question, even when repeatedly brought back to it by the interviewer. He is undoubtedly able to touch and even rouse people (in a positive or negative way, depending on the point of view you take) but comes across as unprepared, unpredictable and lacking substance and depth.
Lessons in Leadership Perception
What can we conclude from these observations of the candidates? As far as Clinton is concerned, she is respected for her competence and knowledge, but seen as lacking warmth and empathy. People will vote for her because they are convinced of her qualifications, or because they vote against Trump, or because they are staunchly Democrat. They will not vote for her because they connect with her on a human, emotional level.
As far as Trump is concerned, it seems surprising how he can attract so many passionate and determined followers in spite of his confusing messages lacking logic and substance. What he does masterfully is to sense group emotions and connect with people’s frustrations and concerns. He provides hope, not facts which can make people blind to his behaviour as a reckless, modern-day Messiah.
There is a lesson here for leaders of all ranks. Speaking only to people’s heads does not create the passionate commitment as touching their hearts does. Leaders are best when they do both. Maybe Hillary Clinton can learn this lesson. Luckily, she doesn’t have to look far for help. One of the best coaches to bring all four styles together is available, and what is more, she is married to him.
This was first published at Insead Knowledge on November 3 2016
About the Author
Dr. Katharina Balazs is associate professor of management at the European School of Management (ESCP Europe) in Paris, France, and executive coach with the INSEAD Global Leadership Center in France and Singapore. Katharina’s expertise is in leadership, focusing on women leaders, leadership communication, power and influence, high performance teams and organisational change. | <urn:uuid:32867ed6-7a02-428d-8f3f-091368d0f61f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/what-leaders-can-learn-from-both-clinton-and-trump/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00840.warc.gz | en | 0.962563 | 1,531 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Some various thoughts:
Democracy is the majoritarian tyranny that capitalism uses in order to preserve itself. Winston Churchill stated the “old chestnut that democracy is the worst form of government, except for all others”.
Democracy is “a violent tyranny by those who define themselves as the authentic people, over those who are excluded from it” (by Andy Robinson, from Democracy vs. Desire - Beyond the Politics of Measure)
It also seems to Robinson that democracy is a “self-policing of capitalism and industrial society - but this is unsurprising, since the “people” after all, are not defined externally to this society but rather are constructed by it.”
Even more it seems that the most important factor is number, thus to Robinson the “majority rule is a subordination of all to the logic of mathematics - the rule of King Abacus.
"Democracy" is impotent against the constraints imposed by economic openness/global capitalism.
Democratization has happened in three main time periods. The first period was in the early nineteenth century, the second being directly after WW II, and the third being in the nineteen eighties and nineties. The third period is the most relevant in that what happened can still be seen in countries through out the world to this day.
After the end of World War II, capitalism found itself in a dangerous situation, with many (especially those in the United States of America [USA]) questioning if capitalism had the strength to compete with the other ideas that were gaining large amounts of strength at the time, such as anarchy(ism), socialism, and communism. The USA found itself in an ideological battle against the alternatives of capitalism and one way to ensure its survival was to create a front of repression and build international institutions that would directly cater to capital’s destructive needs.)
In 1973 only a quarter of the countries in the world had democratically elected governments, by 1993 more than half, and by 2001 there was around seventy five percent.
"Every time an anarchist says, "I believe in democracy," there is a little fairy somewhere that falls down dead." - JM Barrie (Peter Pan 1928)
"Democracy is a specialised form of political domination deployed as a universal objective value, it is set in place as a political end or ideal for society by an elite whose real power over society is not political at all but is grounded in an all-pervasive economics exploitation."
- both above quotes from Monsieur Dupont in Democracy Demo
"There are (we’re told) over six billion humans alive on this planet, each of us with a different idea of how, why and whether to save it - of how, why and whether to save ourselves (individually and/or collectively) six billion different notions of who we are, six billion modes of expressing it. That’s scary! The space we’re in now is crowded; the music unfamiliar - a bit ominous, a little sleazy, at times manic but captivating, intense and ever-changing. And we still might (or might never, after all) learn whether we can all be partners.
But we’re still dancing...."
- from Beyond Exclusion - Democracy and an Anarchist Ethic by Mitchell Halberstadt
My recommendation for anyone interested in democracy and anarchist ideas is to read the entire issue of "Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed" #60, which has four very intriguing articles about these subjects.
(small side note: if you don't have this issue on hand, it should be up shortly on the anarchist library, i will drop a note here when it is if that's cool) | <urn:uuid:0a2f42e9-d583-4cba-bca5-260a3b868435> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://anarchy101.org/114/what-is-the-anarchist-problem-with-democracy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369553.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304235759-20210305025759-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.957064 | 762 | 2.546875 | 3 |
People who are the most vocally opposed to genetically modified foods are fuelled by the belief that they’re more informed about GM science than they actually are.
These are the findings of recent Nature Human Behaviour study, which surveyed over 1000 people from the United States, Germany, and France about their opinions and knowledge on GM foods. Led by a team of business and psychology researchers, it found that more than 90% of the participants expressed a degree of opposition to GM, mainly revolving around health and safety concerns. When the researchers asked respondents to rate their level of knowledge on the subject, they found that those who were most opposed tended to rate themselves as the most informed.
Taking it a step further, the researchers then objectively tested the participants’ actual scientific understanding about GM foods–with true/false questions such as ‘All animals and plants have DNA’ (which is true). In reality, it turned out that those who awarded themselves the highest knowledge ratings in fact knew the least about GM food science.
In other words, those with the strongest anti-GM views were the most ignorant about this topic.
This is a well-known phenomenon: previous research has found that those who have extreme opinions often don’t recognise or accept the nuances of an argument. This leads them to trust their own knowledge more–and to become more prone to believing false ideas. “Overconfidence about one’s knowledge is associated with decreased openness to new information,” the researchers write.
In contrast to the widespread public GM scepticism unearthed by the study, most scientists now accept that GM foods are safe for human consumption, and that they offer a solution to some of our biggest future challenges. Foods like grains and vegetables are being bred to have a higher nutrient content, to produce better yields, and to contain inbuilt resistance to disease and heat–features that could improve food security in a rapidly changing global climate.
But as the study revealed, many people don’t see it this way. To test out how participants would respond to other ‘controversial’ subjects, the researchers also carried out parallel studies that looked at people’s perceptions of gene therapy for curing diseases in humans, and climate change. They found a similar trend with gene therapy: people who were most opposed to this medical intervention believed they knew the most but actually knew the least about it.
When it came to climate change, however, the pattern was different, shaped moreso by political preference than knowledge or lack thereof. This underlined the power of politics to shape public bias.
Collectively and overall, the research revealed a deep chasm between people’s self-assumed knowledge and their actual grasp of science. But there’s another piece to this puzzle: part of the problem may in fact be the way that researchers, science communicators, and policymakers have tackled it so far, the study posits.
The standard method of flooding people with information isn’t necessarily the best way to approach misconceptions about GM food, the researchers say, because those with extreme views are most likely to reject information, thinking they already understand the issue in question.
Instead of info-dumping, the researchers suggest a more nuanced method that helps people accept, first of all, that they’re not as well-informed as they might believe. “A prerequisite to changing people’s views through education may be getting them to first appreciate the gaps in their knowledge,” the researchers write. If one of the most promising technologies for the future of the planet is going to gain much-needed public support, this approach may be a crucial one for getting people on side. | <urn:uuid:e842f1b7-bc04-403f-89c5-ef1b74820a29> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2019/01/extreme-anti-gm-opponents-know-the-least-about-the-science/page/2/?el_dbe_page | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988759.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506175146-20210506205146-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.964809 | 751 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Gender Gap in Sciences
by Erica Chang
Physicist, chemist, biologist—if you picture a man when you think about these jobs, you may be gender bias, but you are also most likely correct. Despite the many years and efforts given to reducing the gender gap and supporting women rights, the gender gap in the sciences still exits. There are less women studying science, there are less women on science advisory boards, and there are less research grants given to women. While some intellectuals have claimed that this gender gap in sciences can be attributed to a lower aptitude for sciences in women, women’s test scores and performances often outrank men, disproving that theory, which leaves many of us wondering, what is the cause?
Nurturing the Stereotype
What many people don’t like to accept is that we start building this gender gap in children’s early and secondary education. Children are surrounded with a culture in which science is dominated by males. Even in their own schools, most science and math teachers are males. Presented with this image, many girls are less likely to consider these subjects as their strong points or consider these careers as opportunities.
The gender bias isn’t just taught through example; many teachers actually reinforce the gender bias through their actions. Many females pursuing a career in science have run into this unconscious bias. Men are noticed more in the classroom, their interests receive more support, and their accomplishments more recognition. Professors and teachers, men and women alike, are subconsciously influenced by our culture, and are inadvertently furthering the gender gap.
A Difference In Family Life
In contrast to the claims that women are less capable in the science world, studies have shown that relative to the number of women in science, the number of women who complete their doctorate is about equivalent to men. However, it seems that women are far more likely to drop out of the long road to research positions and a tenured professor position. Of course, this process may span the length of a person’s 20s and 30s, a time when many women are also bearing and raising children. When it is most important for research goals to be met to secure tenure, family responsibility is also becoming a heavy burden. Often, women drop out of perusing high level science careers in order to tend to their family responsibilities.
This is not to say that men do not also have families to be concerned about, but according to studies, men who stay in the science field have more children while women who remain in the science field have fewer kids then men and fewer kids then they would really like. The problem still remains that women have are forced to make a sacrifice. Either they have the family they want and they give up their career, or they have the career they want and they give up some of their family wishes.
Less Leadership Positions
Beyond education, when it comes to the leaders and decision makers in the science world, they are predominately male. Of course, the limited amount of women in science and a greater rate of women leveling the field do affect this rate. However, when it comes to the science advisory board, the percentage of women on the boards as reached a dismal high of 10.2%. Women also report being invited to be on these boards far less often than their male counterparts. With so few women in leadership positions, the male-dominated atmosphere of the science world remains strong.
What can be done?
Those who are concerned about this gender gap are working hard to provide solutions to allow women to have equal access to the sciences. Some companies have enforced quotas which require a certain percentage of employees and those on the boards to be women. However, those solutions have not been very effective. Even with more women in leadership positions, women scientists have not been receiving more grant, and with the small pool of women scientists, the demand for them to take leadership positions can place more stress on their family life.
Despite the ineffectiveness of quotas, some companies have found solutions that do actually benefit women. These include reforms for more flexible work schedules and more child care facilities. These reforms allow women to remain in the science field even while starting and raising a family, evening out that playing field with men in that regards. Companies have also been trying to fight the subconscious gender bias by instituting unbiased hiring procedures. These reforms are making true headway into opening the science field for women participation.
A Slow and Gradual Change
Even with all the reforms, the gender gap in sciences will only lessen through persistent effort and time. As companies provide better services to women, more women will be successful in the science world, providing good role models for our children. In the meantime, our culture has to come to accept women in science and begin encouraging girls from a young age to pursue any field, including the sciences. As we work to change our infrastructures, we must also change our attitudes. As we begin to see women as capable potential scientists, more women will become them, and that gender gap will be a thing of the past.
Launch Education Group was founded in 2007. We offer one-to-one, in-home quality tutoring programs for SAT and ISEE prep in the greater Los Angeles and New York City area. | <urn:uuid:e4174ae0-10c3-4b7c-b986-9e434209768a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://womenconnectonline.com/gender-gap-in-sciences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463611560.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528200854-20170528220854-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.972422 | 1,074 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Trust is a positive expectation that another will not – through words, actions, or decisions – act opportunistically. The two most important elements of the definition are that it implies familiarity and risk. Five key dimension of trust
Integrity --It refers to honesty, conscientiousness and truthfulness. This one seems to be most critical when someone assesses another’s trustworthiness. Competence--It relates to an individual’s technical and interpersonal knowledge and skill. Consistency--It encompasses an individual’s reliability, predictability, and good judgement in handling situations. Loyalty --It is the willingness to protect and save face for another person. Openness—It relies on the person to give you the full truth. Three types of trust
Deterrence based Trust
The most fragile relationships are contained in deterrence based trust. It is based on fear of reprisal if the trust is violated. One violation or inconsistency can destroy the relationship. Individuals who are in this type of relationship do what they say because they fear the consequences from not following through on their obligations. Deterrence based trust will work only to the degree that punishment is possible, consequences are clear, and the punishment is actually imposed if the trust is violated. To be sustained the potential loss of future interaction with the other party must outweigh the profit potential that comes from violating expectations. Most new relationships begin on a base of deterrence. In a new manager –employee relationship the bond that creates this trust lies in the authority held by the boss and punishment he can impose. Knowledge Based Trust:
Most organizational relationships are rooted in knowledge based trust. That is, trust is based on the behavioural predictability that comes from a history of interaction. It exists when you have adequate information about someone to understand them well enough to be able to accurately predict his or... | <urn:uuid:2a2ee544-201a-4009-8833-7043a3fa8b0c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Three-Types-Of-Trust-1314468.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126237.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00466-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9503 | 368 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The two main reasons for this amazing diversity are, firstly, that Cyprus was not affected by the last ice-age (which wiped out many species from areas further north), and secondly, that Cyprus forms a resting and nesting station for birds migrating between Africa and Eastern Europe.
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has an intense Mediterranean climate with the typical seasonal rhythms strongly marked in respect of temperature, rainfall and weather generally. Hot, dry summers from mid-May to mid-October and rainy, rather changeable winters from mid-November to mid-March are separated by short autumn and spring seasons of rapid change in weather conditions. The long narrow Besparmak mountain range, play an important part in the meteorology of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The predominantly clear skies and extensive sunshine give large seasonal and daily differences between temperatures of the sea and the interior of the island which also cause considerable local effects especially near the coast.
At Latitude 35 degrees north and Longitude 33 degrees east, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has a change in day-length from 9.8 hours in December to 14.5 hours in June. In summer the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is mainly under the influence of a shallow trough of low pressure extending from the great continental depression centered over southwest Asia. It is a season of high temperatures with almost cloudless skies. Rainfall is negligible but isolated thunderstorms sometimes occur giving rainfall amounting to less than 5% of the total in the average year. In winter, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is near the track of fairly frequent small depressions which cross the Mediterranean Sea from west to east between the continental anti-cyclone of Eurasia and the generally low pressure belt of North Africa. These depressions give periods of disturbed weather usually lasting for a day or so and produce most of the annual precipitation, the average amount from December to February being nearly two thirds of the year`s total.
As Cyprus enjoys the Mediterranean climate the natural flora of the Island is rich and interesting to the botanist, as well as to the uninitiated.
The Summer visitors to the Island will be struck by the apparent barrenness of the plains and foothills which are frequently bare of trees for miles. This seeming infertility derives from the fact that the greater part of the lowland flora consist of winter annuals. The Island, being in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean, does not get enough rainfall in Summer. But the animals to be found in the island have a wide-spread origin. Some can also be found in North West Europe, while others can be found in South Africa.
In trying to describe the flora of the Island, it is advisable to look first at the forest trees. The most wide-spread species of forest trees, are natural pine, Cypress and oak. Eucalyptus varieties have also been introduced to the Island. Forests in the Island are confined to the Southern massif and the Kyrenia range.
The Southern foothills of the Kyrenia range and most parts of the Island are covered with evergreen shrubs. These shrubs are mostly common in the coastal regions. Two of the commonest of these shrub varieties, particularly well developed in the Karpass area are: Juniperus Phoenicea and Pistacia Lentiscus. In place the foeristically rich scrubs, cistus calycorome, lithospermin and lavandula occur.
Though the lowlands are yellow and brunt in the Summer months, within a week of the beginning of the rainy season the fields and foothills are covered with new vegetation. In Cyprus the autumn and winter annuals are very quickly followed by the spring flowers, so that one thinks that there are not two flowering seasons in the Island but one long flowering season.
The first flowering plants are scillas, grape hyacinths, encus, calchicucun and narcissus serotinus, followed, at the new year, by one of the loveliest of the Cyprus endemics, Romulea tempskaya with its star like flower in colours varying from deep purple to pure white.
Also in this season, cyclamen persicum presents a very beautiful scene at the foot of the Karpass and Kantara. In march and April the wild anemones and the lilies of the field, with great variations in colour and form, begin to flower. The Southern slopes of the Kyrenia range present a magnificent view with blankety coverings of these flowers. Meanwhile, in cultivated fields near Myrtou (Camlibel) wild tulips are abundant; and in other parts of the lowlands, narcissus tazetta can be found in abundance.
At the end of April and the month of May, though the central plains are getting hot and dry the Northern slopes get a beautiful covering of flowers. Most common are wild orchids and about half a dozen species of ophrys with the red and white flowered cistus
As much of Cyprus is under cultivation, indigenous animals are reduced in number: and in some cases have become varieties confined to odd corners of the Island.
The only large indigenous wild animal still in existence in the Island is the Mouflon, a variety of mountain sheep pecular to Cyprus. This animal is in a reservation in the Southern part of the Island and on the Troodos mountains. The other indigenous animals are the hare, fox, hedgehog, rat and various kinds of bats. The Island had an unenviable reputation for her abundance of snakes. Numerous snakes can be seen in the hot summer months but they are by no means all poisonous. The only really poisonous snake in the Island is a species of viper. Most of the other snakes seen in the Island are not dangerous, especially the large black one which serves a very useful purpose in preying on rats and other vermin.
There are two kinds of lizards; and blind worms and chameleons are also to be found. The small gekko, with suckers on its feet is common in older houses. Two kinds of frogs, the green tree frog and the edible frog, are also common in the Island.
On the bird life of Island one can say that Cyprus falls between two of the great bird migration routes, one from western Russia Southwards through Palestine to East Africa, and the other being the Balkan African route. As a result of this position of the Island, many interesting birds are to be observed, especially during the times of Spring and Autumn passages. Of the indigenous species the largest are vultures and eagles. The Vulture, the most common scavenger, sails for hours on end in the air currents with scarcely a movement of its large wings. It is by far the most common of its species. The Black Vulture is present in relatively small numbers. Of the eagles, two species may be seen and are not uncommon. They are the large Imperial Eagle, which feeds on small mammals and carrion and the smaller Bonelli`s Eagle, which is a much fiercer bird than its larger cousin. Occasionally Spotted Eagles visit the Island.
In the plains and open foothills larks, mainly the crested variety, are common. The small Black and White Cyprian Wheateater is conspicuous, especially in the foothill regions. Flocks of pigeons nesting in forests and cliffs are common throughout the Island.
Black Bellied Sand Grouse nest in small colonies in some of the more barren and stony parts of the Mesaoria plain. Along the coasts of the Island, Shag and Cormorant are to be seen together with numerous species of gulls. At river mouths and along the more rocky coasts small Red and Green Kingfishers can be sometimes be seen.
During Winter numerous wild fowl visit the Island; snipe, woodcock, quail, many varieties of duck and occasional bustard geese. Large number of finches and other small birds are also common Winter visitors.
Of the birds, notable for their song, the most outstanding are the Golden Oriole, Nightingale, Blue Rock Thrush and Black Headed Bunting; all to be heard early in Summer. The most spectacular and highly coloured birds commonly seen in the Island are the Golden Oriole, Bee Eater, Roller, Hoopoe, Kingfisher and Filamingo. The main part of the Island visited by Filamingos is the Larnaca Salt Lake, which is in the South of the Island.
Cyprus being an Island, has several species pecular to itself; Cyprian Wheateater, Chat, Cyprian Coal Titmouse, Cyprian Tree Creeper, Cyprian Crossbill, Cyprian Scops owl.
The seas around the Island are rich in a variety of small fish, some of them very beautifully coloured. Large fish, however, are not abundant. Of the local fish the most commonly caught are the red grey mullet, rock bream, gunard and sometimes larger fish as bonito, tunny and skate. In addition a variety of smaller fish are caught and may be observed exposed for sale.
Large spiders and centipedes exist but are not dangerous. The most dangerous invertebrate is perhaps the scorpion, which is not very common. There are numerous insects found in the Island, none of which are particularly dangerous to humans.
In Summer many hornets are to be seen, but they are remarkably mild natured and do not generally sting unless greatly sting unless greatly provoked. Night flying moths are particularly abundant.
Mammals such as the pygmy elephant, pygmy hippopotamus and wild boar dominated the island`s animal life until 2000 BC, the sole survivor being the Cyprus moufflon (Ovis musimon).
Today the most frequently seen animals are the fox, Cyprian hare and rabbit, long-earned hedgehod, Cyprian shrew and six species of bat. Occasionally dolphins are seen swimming south from Turkey.
Marine turtles begin their lives on land, where they emerge from eggs, after 45-60 days incubation in the sand. On reaching the sea, they swim frantically out to offshore waters where they remain for the rest of their lives, the only exception being when adult females come ashore to lay their eggs. It is estimated that only one hatchling in two thousand will survive to maturity. When they are 25-30 years old, and 1-2 meters in length, adult males and females migrate to waters off nesting beaches to feed and mate. During a nesting season a female lays 3-4 nests, each containing around 100 eggs. She may nest every 1-3 years usually returning to the same beach. Some theories suggest that turtles return to nest on the beach where they hatched. It is not known how long marine turtles live, but estimates are in the region of 60-120 years.
Two species of marine turtle nest on Mediterranean beaches, the loggerhead, Caretta caretta, and the green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Both of these nest in Northern Cyprus. The total Mediterranean populations of these two species are estimated at 300-400 green and 2000 logghead females nesting annually. It possible b estimate how many males a juveniles there are. These species are both endangered, especially the green turtle, with Cyprus and Turkey being the only known nesting sites. In 1991, with increasing awareness of the plight of marine turtles in the Mediterranean, the Society for the Protection of Turtles in North Cyprus contacted Glasgow University for assistance. This resulted in the Glasgow University Turtle Conservation Project initiated in 1992. Student volunteers work alongside volunteers from these non-governmental organizations and the local Department of Environmental Protection. Throughout the coastline N. Cyprus 80 beaches are monitored from may through until October since m sandy beaches support some turtle activity.
On the beaches at Alagadi, (10 miles east of Girne/Kyrenia), nightly patrols arke carried out enabling detailed information about biology of these species to be collected. q nesting season in N. Cyprus runs from] May until early August with hatching occurring from late July until late September. | <urn:uuid:463c4b12-7ec0-430c-baed-3151941bbd04> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.iskelebelediyesi.com/en/introducing/northern-cyprus/natural-life.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663048462.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529072915-20220529102915-00749.warc.gz | en | 0.947575 | 2,498 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The Salvation Army was founded as a London mission in 1865, offering food and shelter to the down-and-out, the poor, and the very, very drunk. The Skeleton Army was founded by people who enjoyed a good drink and a fight, and in the 1880s and 1890s it harassed the other army.
The Salvation Army came first, so let’s start with them: According to one account, its goal was to wage war on poverty and religious indifference, which testifies to humanity’s long and history of waging war on things that can’t be shot, slashed, or speared.
And there I was thinking all that war against abstractions and inanimate objects started with the U.S. declaring war on drugs.
Never mind. The Sally wasn’t the first organization to fall in love with a bit of overblown rhetoric, and it quickly took on a military structure, complete with uniforms, recruits, ranks, and marching bands.
The Sally’s own website doesn’t talk about warfare but about saving souls and relieving “the Victorian working classes from poverty. In Booth’s eyes [Booth being the founder], this involved morality, discipline, sobriety and employment.”
In other words, unlike the unions and proto-unions of the period, they didn’t see the causes of poverty as low pay and killingly long hours, they were immorality and drinking.
Not to mention gambling and salacious entertainment.
Within the Salvation Army, women’s ranks–and this was radical for the period–were equal to men’s, and women played a powerful role in the organization. Although having said that, it was started by two people, Catherine and William Booth. I’ve put her name first because I’m like that, but I’m a minority of one in that. He’s credited as the founder and Catherine sometimes gets a mention–and not always by name but just as “his wife.” She may have played a secondary role–I’m not sure–but even if she didn’t, he was the Methodist minister in the family, and if that wasn’t enough he carried a Y chromosome, along with the physical oddities that follow from it, so he walked around with neon arrows pointing him out as the important half of the couple.
Still, I’m writing that from a contemporary point of view. For the time, the organization was startlingly equal.
The world they campaigned in was a brutal one. Industrialization meant cities and towns had grown massively, and people’s hours, pay, and working conditions were, literally, killing.
And in spite of the way the language is changing, literally there doesn’t mean figuratively. It means the hours, pay, and working conditions killed people. And crippled them.
Housing was overcrowded, germs hadn’t been so happy since the Crimean War, and beer and gin were cheap, so people drank. Sometimes that was all that got a person through one day and into the next.
Into that setup marched the Salvation Army, not to quietly establish soup kitchens and wait for people to come eat and get preached at but to march down the street, thumping the drum, playing the tuba, waving banners, and preaching against the evils of et cetera.
Et cetera can be extremely evil if left unchecked.
This won them both recruits and enemies. Plenty of people wanted a drink and a dance and a fight.
Along England’s south coast, this response coalesced into a group that called itself the Skeleton Army. Chris Hare, a historian from Worthing, one of the Skeleton hotspots, traces their origin to groups of Bonfire Boys–working class young men who raised hell on Bonfire Night, as well as on Mayday and any other occasion that gave them the opportunity. They didn’t bother with ranks or uniforms, but they did sometimes wear yellow ribbons in their caps or sunflowers in their buttonholes.
No, I don’t know how either. Maybe sunflowers were smaller back then, or buttonholes were tougher.
They also took the Salvation Army’s songs and wrote rowdy lyrics to them. Fair enough. The Sally had taken popular secular songs and reworked the lyrics to suit their purposes, so they were only stealing what had already been stolen.
Skeleton mobs attacked the Salvation Army, throwing paint-filled eggs, dead animals, burning coals–whatever came to hand. Except for the eggs. Those took planning, because getting paint into an egg and keeping it there long enough to throw? That takes work. In fact, how you do it is a deeper mystery than anything the established religions have yet cooked up. But never mind, the eggs appear in more than one telling and seem to have been real.
Where were the town’s respectable people while all this was going on? Unhappy not about the Skeleton Army but about the Sally. Individually, they wrote letters to the newspapers, worrying that the Salvation Army would give their towns a bad reputation and drive visitors away.
As for the religious establishment, it preferred its religion inside the church, not bothering people on the street corner. And landowners and industrialists had an interest in keeping their workers drunk and if not happy at least not demanding higher pay and forming unions.
The Salvation Army was anything but revolutionary, but it offered enough prospect of change to worry the powers-that-were.
Collectively, they were glad to look the other way when the Skeleton Army broke up Salvation Army events.
To the extent that the police got involved, they were likely to blame the Salvation Army for any uproar. In Worthing, when one “Salvationist applied to the bench for a summons against those who had assaulted him,” he was told,” ‘You know what you do provokes others to interfere with you, and then you come to us for protection.’ ”
In Eastbourne, the mayor and the brewers endorsed the Skeleton Army. In Torquay, the local government banned marching music on a Sunday. It attracted troublemakers, so they arrested the marchers.
Attacks on the Salvationists–as the articles I’ve read call them–increased, and the women, especially the women in authority, were the primary targets.
Are you surprised?
One woman, Sussanah Beaty, was killed.
There were riots in Exeter, Worthing, Guildford, and Hastings, and brawls in 67 towns and villages. From the 1880s to the early 1890s thousands of the Sally’s officers were injured.
But by the early 1890s, the police became more likely to arrest attackers. Opposition began to die down and the skeleton army faded away.
After that, the story isn’t half as interesting, so we’ll abandon it there. | <urn:uuid:95a7ea18-cfa9-42f1-8dea-6c35c653f636> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://notesfromtheuk.com/2020/11/06/the-skeleton-army-and-the-salvation-army/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150266.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724125655-20210724155655-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.980095 | 1,468 | 2.75 | 3 |
Music unites People of different backgrounds, Secretary-General
says in remarks introducing ‘why music matters’ lecture
Following is the text of Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s introductory remarks at the lecture on “Why Music Matters” by Professor Leon Botstein in New York, today, 8 November:
Dear colleagues and friends, I am delighted to welcome you to another lecture in this series. Today, our subject is music.
“What’s that got to do with the UN?” you may be asking. My answer is that music has to do with everything.
From the first lullaby sung to us as newborn babies, music provides the “soundtrack” of our lives. So much so that I think many of us take it for granted -- just as we do the soundtrack of a film, which we often hear without listening to it. That is, we enjoy the film without realizing how much the music conditions our reaction.
Music penetrates almost every part of our lives: our rest, our entertainment, our education, and our worship.
Throughout history, it has celebrated the triumphs and tragedies of life. As Plato said, music “gives soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination”.
Music both shapes and reflects society. Dancers follow its beat; protesters use it to find their voice. It can promote ideals -- like peace and solidarity -- but it can also prepare armies for battle. It is part of almost every important personal and collective moment.
But it is also mysterious. Rhythm and pitch can be expressed as mathematical formulae; and musicians know the techniques by which they produce a certain sound. But no scientist or musician can explain the power that music has over our emotions. That, surely, is what another Greek writer had in mind, who said that song is a divine gift from God.
In a world of diversity where often values clash, music leaps across language barriers and unites people of quite different cultural backgrounds. And so, through music, all peoples can come together to make the world a more harmonious place.
You see, I am getting carried away I’d better stop -- I’m not the one who’s here to give the lecture. But luckily for you, you don’t have to listen to me giving the lecture; that is not my plan. We have someone much better, much better qualified here with us to give that lecture -- Professor Leon Botstein, who is President of Bard College and music director and principal conductor of the American Symphony Orchestra.
I won’t say a word more and I hand you over to Leon.
* *** * | <urn:uuid:90fe6d33-9f68-4dde-878e-b9f47e7e5235> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.un.org/press/en/2004/sgsm9580.doc.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00504-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950187 | 560 | 2.796875 | 3 |
BUGS · SEE_ALSO
qpshift -- apply linear shift to a qpoe file through filters
qpshift input_qpoe qpoe xshift yshift
qpshift transforms a qpoe file according to the specified parameters. position X1,Y1 is changed to:
X2 = X1 + Xshift Y2 = Y1 + Yshiftwhere Xshift,Yshift is the amount of shift in pixels.
Any type of filtering can be applied to the input qpoe file, including region filtering. In addition, the size of the output event record can be different from the size of the input event record. (Of course, usually one makes the output record equal to or smaller than the input. If the output record size is made greater than the input record, a warning is issued and the "extra" part of the record is undefined.)
- qpoe = "" prompt = input qpoe filename
The input qpoe file name. The extension ".qp" will be added to the file if there is no extension. Qpoe filters can be applied using the bracket notation to filter the input photons.
- oqpoe = "" prompt = output qpoe filename
The output qpoe file name. The extension ".qp" will be added to the file if there is no extension. The output file can be the same as the input file.
- xshift = 0. prompt = pixel shift in x
The shift to apply in x, so that xout = xin + xshift.
- yshift = 0. prompt = pixel shift in y
The shift to apply in x, so that yout = yin + yshift.
- (region = "") [string]
The region descriptor. If null is input, the entire field is copied (subject to the qpoe filters specified with the input file name). Otherwise only those photons are copied which pass the spatial region filter.
- (eventdef = "") [string]
The event definition of the output QPOE file. If the user enters the empty string, "", the event definition will be copied from the input QPOE file. See help qpoe for information on modifying the event definition.
- (clob = no) [boolean]
Boolean flag specifying whether or not the qpoe file can be overwritten, if it already exists.
- (display = 1) [int]
The display level. A display level of 0 generates no display. A display level of 1 generates a display of header information.
- (mwcs = yes) [bool]
Normally, the transformation done to the image, must be reflected in the reference coordinate grid. However, if the transformation is to correct an ERROR in the original grid, then this option should be turned off.
- (random = yes) [bool]
Apply a random number fraction to transformation before truncation. Smooths out digitization affects. Turning to no is helpful for debugging.
- (sort = yes) [boolean]
Flag if events are to be sorted. If true, the type of sort is determined by the sorttype parameter.
- (sorttype = "position") [string]
The type of sort to perform. This string consists of a list of event element names that specifies the order in which to sort the event record. For example, "y x time" will sort on the "y" element as the primary key, the "x" element as the secondary key, and "time" as the tertiary key. If sorting is not to be performed, this parameter can be used as a string that will go into the x_sort qpoe param to indicate the type of sorting of the events. For example, if the events are already sorted by time, and are not to be resorted, one can set sort to false and sorttype to "time", and the qpoe file will be indistinguishable from one whose events were sorted by time.
- (ssize = 1000000) [int]
The number of bytes that are to be sorted at a time. This allows users to tailor the task to the amount of available memory. If there is a lot of memory available, sortsize should be set large enough so that the task will do an in-core sort. (This requires knowing the approximate number of events and the byte size of each event.) If only a small amount of memory is available, use a smaller number. In this case, several core loads will be sorted and written to temp files, which are then merged.
- (qpi = yes) [boolean]
Boolean flag controlling whether the internal qpoe parameters (see below) are prompted for, or whether they are defaulted to internally hardwired values. This parameter is not usually changed by the user. (Prompting is normally turned off during stand-alone debugging only.)
- (psize = 1024) [int]
Page size for the qpoe file. This parameter is internal to qpoe and should not normally be changed.
- (bsize = 2048) [int]
Bucket length for the qpoe file. This parameter is internal to qpoe and should not normally be changed.
- (mkindex = yes) [boolean]
Boolean flag that an index should be made for the qpoe file. This parameter is internal to qpoe and should not normally be changed.
- (key = "y x") [string]
Key on which to make the qpoe index. This parameter is internal to qpoe and should not normally be changed.
- (debug = 0) [int]
Debug level for qpoe internals. This parameter is internal to qpoe and should not normally be changed.
1. Shift the x-axis by 3.2 pixels and the y-axis by -1.65 pixels. Make the resulting qpoe file of size small.
cl> qpshift xdata$rp110590.qp rp_shift.qp 3.2 -1.65 eventdef="small" display=1 xdata$rp110590.qp (; no exp.) -> rp_shift.qp (xin=7681.00 yin=7681.00 xrot=0.00 yrot=0.00 xout=7684.20 yout=7679.35) QPEX Warning: bad attribute name `time' Creating QPOE output file: rp_shift.qp
For large QPOE files (> 25MBytes) it will be necessary to optimize the QPOE internal parameters.
The task QPLINTRAN which is the underlying utility for this task
The task GEOMAP can be used to determine correction factors to align to distorted images.
Documentation on region filtering (help regions ) for a description of the spatial filter user interface.
Documentation on file extensions (help extensions ) for a description of PROS file extensions.
Documentation on coordinates (help coords ) for a description of PROS coordinate conventions. | <urn:uuid:c20c3afa-a979-4eab-a7ce-0379a503be73> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://stsdas.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/gethelp.cgi?qpshift | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648003.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322205902-20180322225902-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.78727 | 1,504 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Program: Collaborations, Youth WITH ART
Location: Workshops were held at East End Cultural Centre, Norberry-Glenlee, Westdale Community Centre, Magnus Eliason Recreation Centre, and Turtle Island Neigh
Medium: Natural, sustainable and some recycled materials
The goal of this project, created to celebrate Earth Day 2012, was to strengthen our communities by bringing young creative minds and hands together, recognizing that these are the hands and minds that will shape the future of our city and our planet. By discussing and exploring what the Earth is and what it can be to us as individuals, we can perhaps better know how and why daily efforts of sustainability matter to us all.
The project was guided by artist Craig Love and the artwork was created by participants at the East End Cultural Centre, Norberry-Glenlee, Westdale Community Centre, Magnus Eliason Recreation Centre, and Turtle Island Neighbourhood Centre. Each participant was invited to make a quilt-like square using mostly natural, sustainable and some recycled materials. The themes the children were inspired by included the Earth, ecology, nature, home and sustainability. Together, the squares create a collective imagining of what could serve as a wish-list for the future of our city and our world.
After a public exhibition at the Millennium Library on Earth Day, representative squares and a photographic record of the project were placed in the City of Winnipeg Archives, allowing the works to have a life beyond their creation.
This project was funded by the City of Winnipeg and the Winnipeg Arts Council.
Craig Love is an artist who makes paintings, drawings and books. He was trained at the University of Manitoba and Parson’s School of Design. He has shown his works in Winnipeg, Toronto, New York, Istanbul, Germany, and Australia among others. Craig has taught both children and adults at the University of Manitoba, The Winnipeg Art Gallery Studio, as well as with the Winnipeg Folk Festival’s Young Artist Program. | <urn:uuid:29763f21-1299-42fd-8ed3-a10fe93af0f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://winnipegarts.ca/wac/artwork/earth-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103355949.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628050721-20220628080721-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.964904 | 418 | 2.625 | 3 |
Safe Use of Essential Oils
Essential oils can be powerful allies in improving your health and wellness. And it’s precisely that power which makes it necessary to use them safely and when precautions are in place. As with any powerful medicinal ingredient, essential oils can cause negative effects.
There are three main ways to use essential oils – through inhalation, topical use, and internal use through ingestion. Some essential oils can be used safely in all three ways. However, there are oils that should not be used for all applications.
Some oils can be used topically as long as they’re diluted with a carrier oil, but used on their own they can cause burns and irritation. This includes cinnamon, clove, and lemongrass oils.
Aromatherapy to help inhale oils is one of the safest ways to use them. At the same time, you can overdo it if you use too much oil or diffuse in an area that isn’t well-ventilated. You can also cause negative effects for small children and pets. If you have small children or pets, it’s important to research any oil before diffusing it in a room.
The most cautious area for essential oil use is internal use. Some essential oils are toxic when taken internally. For example, melaleuca oil and eucalyptus can be poisonous when ingested. Before taking any essential oil internally, it’s important to research it and get the advice of a health professional who is trained.
Essential oils can interact negatively with medications and can exacerbate some health conditions. It’s critical that you research any possible interactions and talk with your healthcare provider before you add essential oils to your regimen.
While essential oils are often very healthful and can support health improvements and healing, you should always take precautions.
The Age Factor
Some essential oils that are perfectly safe for adults can cause big problems for children. Before adding essential oils to your child’s body, it’s important to know which ones are safe.
For example, children under age 6 should avoid essential oils that contain menthol, 1,8-cineole, and methyl salicylate constituents. These can be toxic and cause problems such as slow breathing. Even for oils that are safe, kids may also need oils to be diluted more than adults require.
Using oils for elderly people should also be done with caution. People tend to have more health conditions and take more medications as they get older. These can interact negatively with essential oil use. Additionally, the elderly can also have a higher sensitivity to oils used on their skin.
Look Out for Photosensitivity
Another common concern is photosensitivity. This means how essential oils react when exposed to the sun or other sources of UV light. Using photosensitive or phototoxic oils and following it with exposure to UV light can cause serious burns. Some examples include Bergamot and Grapefruit essential oils. | <urn:uuid:f0e8e623-91f4-45b6-a392-30c2257b479b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://natrogixshop.com/blogs/news/safe-use-of-essential-oils | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.947552 | 614 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Ibn Taymiyah: the Wahhabi founder’s role model
It is worth giving an overview of a man named Ahmed Ibn Taymiyah (1263-1328) who lived a few hundred years before Muhammad ibn `Abdul-Wahhab. The Wahhabi founder admired him as a role model and embraced many of his pseudo-Sunni positions. Who exactly was Ibn Taymiyah and what did orthodox Sunni scholars say about him? Muslim scholars had mixed opinions about him depending on his interpretation of various issues. His straying from mainstream Sunni Islam on particular issues of creed (`aqeedah) and worship (`ibadat) made him an extremely controversial figure in the Muslim community.
Ibn Taymiya has won the reputation of being the true bearer of the early pious Muslims, especially among reformist revolutionaries, while the majority of orthodox Sunnis have accused him of reprehensible bid’ah (reprehenisible innovation), some accusing him of kufr (unbelief).
It behooves one to ask why Ibn Taymiyah had received so much opposition from reputable Sunni scholars who were known for their asceticism, trustworthiness, and piety. Some of Ibn Taymiyah’s anti-Sunni and controversial positions include:
(1) His claim that Allah’s Attributes are “literal”, thereby attributing God with created attributes and becoming an anthropomorphist;
(2) His claim that created things existed eternally with Allah;
(3) His opposition to the scholarly consensus on the divorce issue;
(4) His opposition to the orthodox Sunni practice of tawassul (asking Allah for things using a deceased pious individual as an intermediary);
(5) His saying that starting a trip to visit the Prophet Muhammad’s (s) invalidates the shortening of prayer;
(6) His saying that the torture of the people of Hell stops and doesn’t last forever;
(7) His saying that Allah has a limit (hadd) that only He Knows;
(8) His saying that Allah literally sits on the Throne (al-Kursi) and has left space for Prophet Muhammad (s) to sit next to Him;
(9) His claim that touching the grave of Prophet Muhammad (s) is polytheism (shirk);
(10) His claim that that making supplication at the Prophet Muhammad’s grave to seek a better status from Allah is a reprehensible innovation;
(11) His claim that Allah descends and comparing Allah’s “descent” with his, as he stepped down from a minbar while giving a sermon (khutba) to Muslims;
(12) His classifying of oneness in worship of Allah (tawheed) into two parts: Tawhid al-rububiyya and Tawhid al-uluhiyya, which was never done by pious adherents of the salaf.
Although Ibn Taymiyah’s unorthodox, pseudo-Sunni positions were kept away from the public in Syria and Egypt due to the consensus of orthodox Sunni scholars of his deviance, his teachings were nevertheless circulating in hiding. An orthodox Sunni scholar says:
Indeed, when a wealthy trader from Jeddah brought to life the long-dead ‘aqida [creed] of Ibn Taymiya at the beginning of this century by financing the printing in Egypt of Ibn Taymiya’s Minhaj al-sunna al-nabawiyya [italics mine] and other works, the Mufti of Egypt Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti‘i, faced with new questions about the validity of anthropomorphism, wrote: "It was a fitna (strife) that was sleeping; may Allah curse him who awakened it."
It is important to emphasize that although many of the positions of Ibn Taymiyah and Wahhabis are identical, they nonetheless contradict each other in some positions. While Ibn Taymiyah accepts Sufism (Tasawwuf) as a legitimate science of Islam (as all orthodox Sunni Muslims do), Wahhabis reject it wholesale as an ugly innovation in the religion. While Ibn Taymiyah accepts the legitimacy of commemorating Prophet Muhammad’s birthday (Mawlid) – accepted by orthodox Sunni Muslims as legitimate – Wahhabis reject it as a reprehensible innovation that is to be repudiated.
Ibn Taymiyah is an inspiration to Islamist groups that call for revolution. Kepel says, “Ibn Taymiyya (1268-1323) – a primary reference for the Sunni Islamist movement – would be abundantly quoted to justify the assassination of Sadat in 1981…and even to condemn the Saudi leadership and call for its overthrow in the mid-1990s".
Sivan says that only six months before Sadat was assassinated, the weekly Mayo singled out Ibn Taymiyya as “the most pervasive and deleterious influence upon Egyptian youth.” Sivan further says that Mayo concluded that “the proliferating Muslim associations at the [Egyptian] universities, where Ibn Taymiyya’s views prevail, have been spawning various terrorist groups.” Indeed, a book entitled The Absent Precept, by `Abd al-Salam Faraj – the "spiritual" leader of Sadat’s assassins who was tried and executed by the Egyptian government – strongly refers to Ibn Taymiyya’s and some of his disciples’ writings. Three of four of Sadat’s assassins willingly read a lot of Ibn Taymiyya’s works on their own.
Ibn Taymiyah is also noted to be a favorite of other Salafi extremists, including the Muslim Brotherhood’s Syed Qutb. Ibn Taymiyyah’s student, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, is also frequently cited by Salafis of all colors.
Ibn Taymiyah’s “fatwa” of jihad against Muslims
What is also well-known about Ibn Taymiyah is that he lived in turbulent times when the Mongols had sacked Baghdad and conquered the Abassid Empire in 1258. In 1303, he was ordered by the Mamluk Sultan to give a fatwa (religious edict) legalizing jihad against the Mongols. Waging a holy war on the Mongols for the purpose of eliminating any threat to Mamluk power was no easy matter. The Mongol Khan Mahmoud Ghazan had converted to Islam in 1295. Although they were Muslims who did not adhere to Islamic Law in practice, and also supported the Yasa Mongol of code of law, they were deemed apostates by the edict of Ibn Taymiyah. To Ibn Taymiyah, Islamic Law was not only rejected by Mongols because of their lack of wholesale adherence, but the “infidel” Yasa code of law made them legal targets of extermination. The so-called jihad ensued and the Mongol threat to Syria was exterminated. Wahhabis and other Salafis to this day brand the Mongol Mahmoud Ghazan as a kafir (disbeliever). Orthodox Sunni Muslims, however, have praised Mahmoud Ghazan as a Muslim. Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani writes:
In fact, Ghazan Khan was a firm believer in Islam. Al-Dhahabi relates that he became a Muslim at the hands of the Sufi shaykh Sadr al-Din Abu al-Majami’ Ibrahim al-Juwayni (d.720), one of Dhahabi’s own shaykhs of hadith….During his rule he had a huge mosque built in Tabriz in addition to twelve Islamic schools (madrasa), numerous hostels (khaniqa), forts (ribat), a school for the secular sciences, and an observatory. He supplied Mecca and Medina with many gifts. He followed one of the schools (madhahib) of the Ahl al-Sunna [who are the orthodox Sunnis] and was respectful of religious scholars. He had the descendants of the Prophet mentioned before the princes and princesses of his house in the state records, and he introduced the turban as the court headgear.
Muhammad ibn ‘Abdul-Wahhab would later follow Ibn Taymiyah’s footsteps and slaughter thousands of Muslims in Arabia.
Orthodox Sunni scholars who refuted Ibn Taymiyah’s pseudo-Sunni positions
Ibn Taymiyah was imprisoned by a fatwa (religious edict) signed by four orthodox Sunni judges in the year 726 A.H for his deviant and unorthodox positions. Note that each of the four judges represents the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence that Sunni Muslims belong to today. This illustrates that Ibn Taymiyah did not adhere to the authentic teachings of orthodox Sunni Islam as represented by the four schools of Sunni jurisprudence. There is no evidence to indicate that there was a “conspiracy” against Ibn Taymiyyah to condemn him, as Wahhabis and other Salafis purport in his defense. The names of the four judges are: Qadi [Judge] Muhammad Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Jama’ah, ash-Shafi’i, Qadi [Judge] Muhammad Ibn al-Hariri, al-`Ansari, al-Hanafi, Qadi [Judge] Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr, al-Maliki, and Qadi [Judge] Ahmad Ibn `Umar, al-Maqdisi, al-Hanbali.
Some orthodox Sunni scholars who refuted Ibn Taymiyya for his deviances and opposition to the positions of orthodox Sunni Islam include:
Taqiyy-ud-Din as-Subkiyy, Faqih Muhammad Ibn `Umar Ibn Makkiyy, Hafiz Salah-ud-Din al-`Ala’i, Qadi, Mufassir Badr-ud-Din Ibn Jama’ah, Shaykh Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Kilabi al-Halabi, Hafiz Ibn Daqiq al-`Id, Qadi Kamal-ud-Din az-Zamalkani, Qadi Safi-ud-Din al-Hindi, Faqih and Muhaddith `Ali Ibn Muhammad al-Baji ash-Shafi’i, the historian al-Fakhr Ibn al-Mu`allim al-Qurashi, Hafiz Dhahabi, Mufassir Abu Hayyan al-`Andalusi, and Faqih and voyager Ibn Batutah.
PLEASE READ THIS
Wahhabis attribute a place and direction to Allah
While accusing the masses of Muslims of being polytheists, Wahhabis themselves have differentiated themselves from other Muslims in their understanding of creed. Due to the Wahhabis’ adherence to an unorthodox, grossly flawed literal understanding of God’s Attributes, they comfortably believe that Allah has created or human attributes, and then attempt to hide their anthropomorphism by saying that they don’t know ‘how’ Allah has such attributes. For example, Bilal Philips, a Wahhabi author says:
He has neither corporeal body nor is He a formless spirit. He has a form befitting His majesty [italics mine], the like of which no man has ever seen or conceived, and which will only be seen (to the degree of man’s finite limitations) by the people of paradise.
Discussing each part of his statement will shed light into his anthropomorphic mind. Bilal Philips says that “Allah has a form befitting His majesty…” What he confirms in his mind is that Allah definitely has a form. He even specifies the kind of form by saying: “He [Allah] has neither corporeal body…” meaning that Allah has a form that is not like the forms of creation, and then says, “nor is He a formless spirit. Then he says, “He has a form befitting His majesty…” The problem with such statements to a Muslim is that they express blatant anthropomorphism. What Bilal Philips is doing here is foolishly attributing a “form” to God that, in his mind, nobody has ever seen. Therefore, Bilal Philips believes that God has some type of form, or non-corporeal body. No orthodox Sunni Muslim scholar has ever said such a perfidious thing.
Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, one of the greatest mujtahid Sunni imams ever to have lived, refuted such anthropomorphic statements over a thousand years before Bilal Philips was born. The great Sunni Ash`ari scholar, Imam al-Bayhaqi, in his Manaqib Ahmad relates with an authentic chain that Imam Ahmed said:
A person commits an act of disbelief (kufr) if he says Allah is a body, even if he says: Allah is a body but not like other bodies.
Imam Ahmad continues:
The expressions are taken from language and from Islam, and linguists applied ‘body’ to a thing that has length, width, thickness, form, structure, and components. The expression has not been handed down in Shari’ah. Therefore, it is invalid and cannot be used.
Imam Ahmed is a pious adherer of the time period of the Salaf that was praised by Prophet Muhammad (s). How can Bilal Philips claim to represent the pious forefathers of the Salaf? He not only contradicts them but is vehemently refuted by them. The great pious predecessors had refuted ignoramuses like Bilal Philips in their times long ago.
Blatant anthropomorphism is also illustrated by the Wahhabi Ibn Baz’s commentary on the great work of Imam Abu Ja’afar at-Tahawi called “Aqeedah at-Tahawiyyah” (The Creed of Tahawi), a work that has been praised by the orthodox Sunni community as being representative of Sunni orthodoxy. The now deceased Ibn Baz was Saudi Arabia’s grand Mufti.
Article #38 of Imam Tahawi’s work states:
He is beyond having limits placed on Him, or being restricted, or having parts or limbs. Nor is He contained by the six directions as all created entities are.
Ibn Baz, in a footnote, comments:
Allah is beyond limits that we know but has limits He knows.
In another footnote, he says:
By hudood (limits) the author [referring to Imam Tahawi] means [limits] such as known by humans since no one except Allah Almighty knows His limits.
Ibn Baz deceptively attempts to represent the noble Sunni Imam al-Tahawi as an anthropomorphist by putting his own anthropomorphic interpretation of Imam Tahawi’s words in his mouth. It must be emphasized that not a single orthodox Sunni scholar understood Imam Tahawi’s statement as Ibn Baz did.
Ibn Baz’s also shows anthropomorphism in a commentary by the great Sunni scholar Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani. Ibn Baz says:
As for Ahl ul-Sunna – and these are the Companions and those who followed them in excellence – they assert a direction for Allah, and that is the direction of elevation, believing that the Exalted is above the Throne without giving an example and without entering into modality.
Another now deceased Wahhabi scholar, Muhammad Saleh al-Uthaymeen, blatantly expresses his anthropomorphism. He says:
Allah’s establishment on the throne means that He is sitting ‘in person’ on His Throne.
The great Sunni Hanbali scholar, Ibn al-Jawzi, had refuted anthropomorphists who were saying that Allah’s establishment is ‘in person’ hundreds of years ago:
Whoever says: He is established on the Throne ‘in person’ (bi dhatihi), has diverted the sense of the verse to that of sensory perception. Such a person must not neglect that the principle is established by the mind, by which we have come to know Allah, and have attributed pre-eternity to Him decisively. If you said: We read the hadiths and keep quiet, no one would criticize you; it is only your taking them in the external sense which is hideous. Therefore do not bring into the school of this pious man of the Salaf – Imam Ahmad [Ibn Hanbal] – what does not belong in it. You have clothed this madhab [or school of jurisprudence] with an ugly deed, so that it is no longer said ‘Hanbali’ except in the sense of ‘anthropomorphist’
Sulayman ibn `Abdul Allah ibn Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab, the grandson of the Wahhabi movement’s founder, says:
Whoever believes or says: Allah is in person (bi dhatihi) in every place, or in one place: he is a disbeliever (kafir). It is obligatory to declare that Allah is distinct from His creation, established over His Throne without modality or likeness or exemplarity. Allah was and there was no place, then He created place and He is exalted as He was before He created place
Just as Bilal Philips affirms a form to Allah in his mind, and Ibn Baz confirms limits to Allah in his mind, al-Uthaymeen confirms that Allah is literally sitting ‘in person’ on the Throne in his mind. All of them have loyally followed the footsteps of Ibn Taymiyyah and Muhammad ibn `Abdul-Wahhab – the two arch-heretics who were instrumental in causing tribulation (fitna) and division among the Muslim masses because of their reprehensible, unorthodox interpretations of the Islamic sources.
Wahhabi anthropomorphists say: Allah is in a direction, Allah has limits, Allah is literally above the Throne, and that Allah is sitting ‘in person’ on the Throne. To a Muslim, the fact is that the Throne is located in a particular direction and a certain place. By understanding Allah to be above the Throne literally as the Wahhabis do, they are attributing Allah with created attributes and, as a result, are implying that a part of the creation was eternal with Allah. This opposes what the the Qur’an and the following hadith authentically related by al-Bukhari says:
Allah existed eternally and there was nothing else [italics mine].
Sunni orthodoxy clears Allah of all directions and places. To a Sunni, Allah has always existed without the need of a place, and He did not take a place for Himself after creating it. Orthodox Sunni scholars have said exactly what was understood by Prophet Muhammad (s) and his Companions (ra). Imam Abu Hanifah, the great mujtahid Imam who lived in the time period of the Salaf said: “Allah has no limits…”, period. And this is what Sunni orthodoxy represents. | <urn:uuid:ad8afa95-b5e7-437a-a1ad-415df8629a24> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://ahlussunnahwaljamah.blogspot.com/2008/04/fatwa-of-deviancy-on-ibn-taymiah.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647146.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319194922-20180319214922-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.956109 | 4,035 | 2.609375 | 3 |
After the Stanley Park windstorm
In December 2006, a devastating windstorm struck Stanley Park. The storm leveled 41 hectares of forest, causing extensive damage to the Seawall, and creating a crisis situation that required an organization-wide response.
The crisis presented incredible challenges, but also extraordinary and unexpected opportunities.
How the city united
Staff developed a restoration plan and set out to enlist the help of a diverse range of experts. Creative partnerships were formed, and leaders from a broad range of fields were recruited to assist in developing and implementing the plan.
The public concern for the park resulted in a level of financial and in-kind support that made the $10-million restoration achievable. Volunteers of all ages came out to help plant seedlings.
All levels of government, businesses and the public, in Canada and abroad, rallied around the efforts to restore the park. The attention of local, national and international media substantially raised the visibility and credibility of the restoration efforts.
How we improved the park
Staff seized the opportunity to use the blow-down areas to set the stage for a stronger, more resilient forest for future generations.
The Seawall and forest trails were upgraded, providing better public access.
Accomplishments of the Stanley Park Restoration initiative included:
- 15,000 new trees and shrubs planted in the blow-down areas
- Road realignment and re-landscaping at Prospect Point, improving safety and accessibility
- Structural upgrades and improvements to the Seawall
- Slope stabilization between Prospect Point and Third Beach, improving safety
- More than 10,000 trees and sections of fallen trees removed and distributed
- Upgrades to Siwash Trail
- Significant and ongoing progress on removing invasive plants
- Upgrades to the historic outlook above Siwash Rock
- A long-term City Forest Management Plan
- New interpretive panels installed about the park's history, ecology, and geology
- Archeological elements in the park identified and documented
- Extensive mapping completed of various natural and manmade elements of the park
- Stanley Park Environmental Art Project, a collaboration between park stewards, ecologists, and artists that used only natural materials | <urn:uuid:2d6bdd61-775b-4eb7-93db-bda36cb2c541> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://vancouver.ca/parks-recreation-culture/stanley-park-restoration.aspx? | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944996.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323034459-20230323064459-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.929298 | 451 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Base Ten Dienes Group Set will bring to life for the relationships between units, tens, hundreds and thousands.
Base ten dienes blocks are an excellent physical representation of means of calculation, and can help children visualise numbers when learning basic addition and subtraction.
Each dienes block is marked in centimetre squares to highlight how each unit relates to the whole.
The set contains 100 yellow cube units, 50 green rods (tens) 30 blue flats (hundreds) and 4 red blocks (thousands).
100 cube units
50 green rods (tens)
30 blue flats (hundreds)
4 red blocks (thousands) | <urn:uuid:bb5533b7-51bc-424b-80af-bc5a60a9d466> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://mathsresources.com/base-ten-dienes-blocks-group-set/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038073437.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413152520-20210413182520-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.798674 | 138 | 3.375 | 3 |
A perk of vegetarianism is that vegetarians tend to have lower body mass indexes than non-vegetarians, according to a study published in a 2011 edition of the “Journal of the American Dietetic Association.” If you’re overweight or obese, cutting calories will help you shed pounds. Regardless of the type of weight loss diet you choose, limiting your calories to 1,000 a day means you’ll lose weight, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
Diets containing 1,000 calories a day help inactive women weighing less than 165 pounds shed pounds safely, notes the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. If you weigh more than this or you work out regularly, shoot for 1,200 to 1,600 calories a day. Aim to lose about 1 to 2 pounds per week, suggests the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Although vegetarian diets are more restrictive than non-vegetarian diets, it is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that you can still get all the nutrients you need with well-planned, vegetarian menus. The Academy notes key nutrients for vegetarians include omega-3 fatty acids, protein, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and vitamins B-12 and D. If you have concerns you’re not meeting these nutrient needs following a vegetarian diet, ask your doctor if a multivitamin or vegan omega-3 supplement is right for you.
Sample Meal Plan
Using a vegetarian meal plan can help you stay on track during your weight loss venture. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 provide a sample 1,000-calorie, lacto-ovo vegetarian meal plan for vegetarians who eat eggs and dairy products in addition to plant-based foods. This meal plan contains daily portions of 1 cup of fruits, 1 cup of vegetables, 3 ounces of grains, 2 ounces of protein foods – such as eggs, soy products, legumes, nuts and seeds – 2 cups of dairy foods and 3 teaspoons of oils. One ounce from the grains group is equivalent to one slice of whole-grain bread, 1 cup of cold cereal or one-half cup of rice or pasta.
Vegan Meal Plan
Women following 1,000-calorie vegan diets avoid all animal food products, including fish, eggs and dairy products. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 provide a sample 1,000-calorie vegan meal plan, which is useful for women planning vegan weight loss menus. This plan is similar to the lacto-ovo vegetarian plan, and includes 1 cup of fruits, 1 cup of vegetables, 3 ounces of grains, 2 ounces of protein foods – such as legumes, soy products, nuts and seeds – 2 cups of vegan dairy equivalents, such as calcium-fortified soy milk or soy yogurt, and 3 teaspoons of oils daily.
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association: A Vegetarian Dietary Pattern as a Nutrient-Dense Approach to Weight Management: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: How are Overweight and Obesity Treated?
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Losing Weight
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets
- U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010
- Brand X Pictures/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:f70949b7-4fe5-4722-8499-2e0c98e246e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://woman.thenest.com/1000calorie-vegetarian-diet-plan-17561.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892944 | 696 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The question I have is why are there gaps in the fossil record? What is your favorite theory?
Maybe tiktaalik is an exception and is a missing link that was found where evolutionist told us to look - maybe not. Are there other examples that could exceptions: missing links found where evolutionist told us to look?
I think all those different explanations are partially correct.
What I think is most important for the public perception is that the bigger and better-known fossil species are relatively long-lived animals. Also the larger predators like T Rex must have been far less numerous than the dinosaurs they consumed.
Somewhere on another thread in this forum I posted info on T Rex fossils. That species existed for about 3 million years and we have found about 30 specimens. That is one from about every 100,000 years. This is for very large bones which are easy to spot as fossils and found in arid western ESA where exposure by erosion is relatively rapid.
I do not know what species is believed to be the immediate ancestor of T Rex, or whether there are known fossils which are somewhat intermediate between this ancestor and T Rex, but suppose that transition required 200,000 years, but the population of these intermediates averaged about half as many as the eventual T Rex population. This would suggest 1 transitional fossil.
Would we be able to identify this as transitional or just classify it as T Rex with some archaic features.
The real date on fossil transitions between species comes from species like foraminifera, where large numbers of individuals have been recovered as fossils from cores from undisturbed ocean sediments. Much less spectacular than dinosaurs.
As to other predictions of fossil finds, Darwin suggested Africa for human origin. I also believe that the recent whale transitional species were found by looking in sediments of the right age and environment.
Marsupials are another example. Earliest marsupial fossils are from North America, around 80 million years ago. They spread through South America and now are found mainly in Australia. Continental drift data shows that marsupial ancestors could have migrated via Antarctica before Gondwanaland broke up completely. Sure enough, they were there.http://www.nytimes.c...mal-fossil.html | <urn:uuid:dc9a1595-69ff-4693-b821-2952500e3382> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://evolutionfairytale.com/forum/index.php?/topic/2345-fossil-discovery-is-heralded/page-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829320.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00108-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97022 | 460 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Renewable energy technologies ready to deliver on the Paris Agreement at all levels of deployment
Marrakesh 14 November 2016: The REN Alliance, a coalition of five renewable energy associations, joined forces at COP22 in Marrakech to demonstrate how renewable technologies working together can meet energy needs at island, rural, city, national and regional levels.
Among the most significant challenges facing society today is the impacts that global climate change can have on our economies, livelihoods, and lifestyles. The COP21 Agreement coming out of Paris in 2015 calls for all countries to work together towards greenhouse gas reduction commitments that ultimately result in no more than 2 0C, and ideally 1.5 0C warming above preindustrial levels by the end of this century.
This is the goal that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has established to avoid catastrophic impacts from climate change. However, the current Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC’s) that form a part of this agreement are an important yet insufficient step to be taken by national governments to achieve this goal. A decarbonized energy sector must be achieved within the next few decades in order to meet this climate challenge.
The renewable technologies represented by the REN-Alliance are ready to meet the challenges of the Paris accord, and are already in a position with cost effective and mature technologies to achieve a carbon-free energy system within the necessary time frame called for by the IPCC and as adopted in the Paris agreement to be achieved latest by the year 2050.
Consequently, the REN-Alliance is accelerating its efforts to promote how the renewable energy technologies represented by the member partners can all work together to contribute to the climate reduction goals set forth by the Paris Agreement.
Through the presentation of case studies and best practices being undertaken by localities, regions, and communities throughout the world, and the promotion of favorable policies, the REN-Alliance is demonstrating that renewables working together can result in a decarbonized energy systems based on a global 100% renewable energy well before the end of this century, leading to the mitigation of the major environmental challenge of our time.
The REN Alliance underlines that a renewable energy supply is not only good for the climate, but offers manifold economic and social benefits, for developing and for industrialized countries alike. Renewable energy technologies are today’s cheapest options when comparing new investment – this has been stated by independent organizations like IRENA. Hence the global transition to a renewable energy future is not any more a financial burden but will enhance economic growth and prosperity in addition to mitigation of climate change.
Stefan Gsänger, secretary general of the World Wind Energy Association, said: “Communities in rural areas especially can benefit tremendously from the global shift towards 100% renewable energy: They may not only cover their own energy needs from local renewable resources, but also become suppliers of urban areas, hence creating new income opportunities for themselves. This will boost rural areas in industrialized and in particular in the so-called developing countries.”
Dr David Renné, president of the International Solar Energy Society (ISES), said: “Renewables working together in island settings can achieve complete energy independence and security for these communities by eliminating the need for expensive imported diesel fuel.”
Remigijus Lapinskas, president of the World Bioenergy Association (WBA), said: “Bioenergy enables us to create jobs in rural areas, improve the ecological situation in the cities, strengthen the security of supply, national energy independence and could be developed in the regional level leading to cooperation in science, technology and business.”
Richard Taylor, chief executive of the International Hydropower association, said: “The information presented at today’s event demonstrates the power of renewable technologies working together. Depending on the available renewable resources, we need to combine the positive characteristics of each technology to deliver robust and reliable systems, including renewable storage. Governments, investors and lenders need to take a systems approach to increase the rate of progress.”
Marietta Sander, executive director of the International Geothermal Association, said: “The regional geothermal development approach through the African Rift Geothermal Facility, the African Regional Geothermal Association and a regional technical assistance project through UNEP works really well in the East African countries.”
About the REN Alliance
The International Renewable Energy Alliance, or REN-Alliance, was formed in 2004 during the first International Renewable Energy Conference in Bonn, Germany.
The REN-Alliance brings together five renewable industry organizations to promote the use of renewable energy technologies worldwide: the International Hydropower Association, the International Geothermal Association, the International Solar Energy Society, the World Bioenergy Association, and the World Wind Energy Association.
Since its formation, the REN-Alliance has been reporting on and promoting how renewable energy technologies can work together to meet global energy security, economic, and environmental challenges.
The REN Alliance Side Event can be watched on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOtzAvxX4Oo&feature=youtu.be&list=PL-m2oy1bnLzocWRks4MGBmGKdcf8Nxuns | <urn:uuid:9f95f7a8-96f2-4f0c-a1a6-51c3fd3fa2ca> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://wwindea.org/blog/2016/11/14/press-release-renewable-energy-technologies-ready-to-deliver-on-the-paris-agreement-at-all-levels-of-deployment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736972.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806151047-20200806181047-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.911683 | 1,084 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hurley, three miles north of the site of present Muleshoe, was the first community in Bailey County. To entice prospective settlers to the area, the Coldren Land Company platted the town, in 1907. On August 2 of that year, a post office was granted to the community with H. C. Good as postmaster. By 1908 the community had a population of twenty-five, a store, a school, a stable, an icehouse, a hotel, and a church. That same year James Johnson of the Coldren Company bought the section on which Hurley was located. Several social events were organized to interest visitors in the community, but its fate was decided when the Pecos and Northern Texas Railway bypassed it by three miles. In September 1912 the Fairview Land and Cattle Company platted a new Hurley on the rail line and organized the Hurley Townsite Company. The new town was to have telephone lines, electric wiring, water and sewer service, and streetcars. A store and the post office were moved to the new site in 1913, and the community's population grew to around 100. At that time a Congregational church was built there, as was a broom factory. However, a conflict arose with the railroad when Hurley Townsite agents demanded too much money for the right-of-way. Trains refused to stop in Hurley, and the new town of Muleshoe, established in part because of this conflict, became the railroad's new depot. The townsite company gave Hurley residents expense-free trips to Austin to plead the town's case. Soap was even occasionally rubbed on the track to make the trains stop, but the railroad won its case. When the county seat election was held in 1918, Muleshoe received seventy-four votes to Hurley's thirty-six. Some of the Hurley buildings were moved to Muleshoe, and Hurley declined rapidly; it was virtually abandoned after its post office was moved to Muleshoe in December 1926. No evidence of the old or new Hurley appeared on the 1983 county highway map.
At a Glance
Hurley is part of or belongs to the following places.
Adopt a Town
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Put your name on the town or county of your choice.
Search Places » | <urn:uuid:7c347d1e-00e0-469e-b926-23b27df8ea8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.texasalmanac.com/places/hurley-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334514.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925035541-20220925065541-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.979642 | 590 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Fort Circle Park National Recreation Trail, Washington, DC
The trail links hilly open space, fortified against possible Confederate attack during the Civil War.
Photos by Stuart Macdonald
The trail runs along the hilltops across the Anacostia River, in the southeast part of District of Columbia. It follows part of the chain of forts which guarded bridges, Capitol Hill, and naval installations from likely enemy approaches through southern Maryland.
The green areas, now under the care of National Capitol Parks - East, include Fort Mahan, Fort Chaplin, Fort DuPont, Fort Davis, Battery Ricketts next to Fort Stanton, Fort Carroll, and Fort Greble.
The 7.9-mile Fort Circle Trail conncects Forts Mahan, Chaplin, and DuPont (see the upper right corner of the map).
The historic features are collectively known as the Civil War Defenses of Washington, or the "Fort Circle Parks." Additional fort sites encircling the District are administered by Rock Creek Park, as well as Fort Marcy along George Washington Memorial Parkway. For more historic information about the forts and the National Park Service project planning for the management of the forts, see the Civil War Defenses of Washington website of Rock Creek Park.
The Fort Circle Trail connects a surprising expanse of natural open space in this highly urban area. It runs along the traces of old roadways, through forests of oaks, beech, maples, and pine. Squirrels and rabbits find homes along with the night foragers raccoons and opossums. The pink lady-slipper orchid blooms in quiet shade.
The trail surface is natural earth with some improved sections. Parts of the trail are paved with asphalt. In the Fort Chaplin section, the trail was restored with Federal Highway Adminstration funds in cooperation with the National Park Service and the District of Columbia Department of Recreation and Parks.
The Fort Circle Trail was one of the first National Recreation Trails to be designated. The National Park Service reported on the event:
"On June 2, 1971, Secretary of the Interior Rogers C. B. Morton designated 27 new National Recreation Trails in 19 States and the District of Columbia. Of these, 20 will be administered by state or local authorities and the remainder by Federal agencies. One of these National Recreation Trails is situated within the National Park System the Fort Circle National Recreation Trail, 7.9 miles long, within National Capital Parks."
The Fort DuPont Activity Center at Minnesota Avenue and Randle Circle, SE, offers exhibits and park rangers lead workshops and walks. Neighboring schools bring young students for nature study and to learn about special people, cultural traditions, and holiday events. The center's showcases display uniforms and equipment of black soldiers who served the Union in the Civil War. Summer days are alive with children participating in a Junior Ranger program. Weekend jazz concerts, free to all, draw people to the lawns around the outdoor summer stage. Call (202) 426-7723 for current events.
The trail is also part of the American Discovery Trail as it winds its way from Chesapeake Bay to Georgetown. For details of the ADT route see http://www.discoverytrail.org/states/maryland/.
The areas in and around many of these forts are also significant in African American history, as many freed slaves moved there before and during the Civil War. Fort Stevens was site of Vinegar Hill, the first Black settlement in Washington, and the adjacent Military Road School, originally established in Union Army barracks to educate freed slaves.
The Fort Circle Trail is a unit of National Capital Parks - East and administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
For more information, contact:
National Capital Parks East
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Updated July 6, 2012 | <urn:uuid:0d6a9efe-7e02-43e3-8af7-bd75886c3ce6> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.americantrails.org/nationalrecreationtrails/trailNRT/FortCircle-DC.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111865.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00169-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926222 | 836 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The legal definition of child pornography under federal law is slightly different than various states’ laws concerning child pornography.
Federal law states that child pornography is any visual depiction of sexually explicit acts that involve:
- A minor
- An image that is indistinguishable from that of a minor
- An image that has been altered digitally to feature a minor
Any depictions of nude children do not count as child pornography unless the subject is shown engaging in sexual conduct.
Continue reading to learn more about state specific pornography laws and sexting as pornography. | <urn:uuid:bf0cedd0-6316-49a9-80a6-7e5bd33d5d67> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.lawteryx.com/blog/criminal-law/child-pornography-definition.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257767.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524204559-20190524230559-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.939544 | 109 | 2.609375 | 3 |
On February 14, 2018, the world celebrated Frederick Douglass’ 200th birthday. Douglass, the famed Black social reformer, abolitionist, writer and statesman, did not know the date of his birth, and chose the date of Februar
y 14, 1818 to celebrate his birthday. This year, to celebrate the 200th anniversary of his birth, Colored Conventions, the Smithsonian Transcription Center, and the National Museum of African American History & Culture partnered together to host a Transcribe-a-thon of the Freedmen’s Bureau Papers in Douglass’ honor.
The Freedmen’s Bureau Papers consist of 2 million digitized papers through a partnership between the Smithsonian Transcription Center and the National Museum of African American History and Culture. It is the largest crowdsourcing initiative ever hosted by the Smithsonian. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped solve the everyday problems of formerly enslaved individuals, from obtaining clothing and food to helping find lost family members. The Bureau operated from 1865-1872 and closed due to opposition from Congress and President Andrew Johnson.
The Transcribe-a-thon was held on February 14th from 12-3 PM EST. According to the Smithsonian Transcription Center, over 779 pages of the Freedmen’s Bureau Papers were transcribed during this time, 402 pages were reviewed and approved, and 600 new volunteers registered for the project. Over sixty institutions hosted Transcribe-a-thon locations, many of which bought birthday cakes in Douglass’ honor from African American-owned bakeries in their area. Meanwhile, Colored Conventions livestreamed participants during the event.If you’re interested in seeing more from Douglass Day 2018, check out the Smithsonian Transcription Center’s Twitter Moment.
The Douglass Day Transcribe-a-thon was a fantastic example of people coming together and doing fantastic digital humanities work together, and for a great cause. While crowdsourced transcription projects are not new, the enthusiasm for Douglass Day is certainly unique and infectious, and we’re so excited to see where this project goes in the future and to get involved ourselves! | <urn:uuid:07ecd607-fbe3-498d-b0c3-6387ce5fe06b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://publish.illinois.edu/commonsknowledge/2018/02/20/celebrating-frederick-douglass-with-crowdsourced-transcriptions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.948886 | 448 | 3.09375 | 3 |
LAMP is the application stack, but it need not all be installed on the same host. As others have noted for performance, security or scalability purposes often these are not installed on the same host. You can also find that hardware which is optimal for one part of the architecture may not be for another.
For instance, databases are all about storage management. The faster I can get information off of the disk then the faster I can get it to the requestor. If I am sharing a disk subsystem with several other application stack members, such as a web server, the contention I face on the shared resource of the read and write heds of the disk drives can actually hinder my performance. Also, having RAM split between web server and database server on a given host may not provide a large enough resource pool for either to run in its most efficient fashion, able to cache as much information in RAM without having to go to the disk either for an image, a page, or a query result set.
Administratively there are efficiencies to be gained as well. Imagine if you run your enterprise on open source applications which leverage MySQL as a common backend. Would you really want to have database server proliferation with each app? This could be a DBA nightmare, "OK, which application uses this DB?" You would have multiple versions, mulotiple configurations of hardware/software, multiple data retention strategies. You would also likely have very diffuse administrative skills. Instead, coalesce the instances to one physical piece of hardware optimized for the role and assign dedicated resources to manage the server and its data. | <urn:uuid:649ecab6-f890-4d4f-9f45-8a1c62b8981c> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://serverfault.com/questions/369564/is-mysql-supposed-to-be-installed-alone/369567 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096301.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00177-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949856 | 322 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Over time, food and chew toys can cause an excess of plaque and bacteria in your dog's mouth. Combined with poor dental hygiene, bacteria in the mouth can get into your dog's bloodstream, causing damage to the heart, liver, and kidneys. Adding a water additive or dental rinse to your dog's drinking bowl each day (or as often as recommended by your veterinarian) can help to decrease the chances of infection in your dog, and help improve his or her breath.
Over time, bacteria can build up in your dog's water bowl and on his or her teeth and gums. When bacteria is ingested it can cause a range of problems for your dog. A water additive is safe to use and can eliminate bacteria in the water and in your dog's mouth.
Water additives also break down the bacteria that cause plaque and tartar in your dog's mouth. Plaque and tartar are a serious problem, as they can lead to bleeding gums and inflammation if not treated. This can be very painful for your dog and could even cause his or her teeth to fall out.
Many dogs suffer from halitosis, commonly known as bad breath. However, using water additives can help whiten your dog's teeth and freshen his or her breath for optimum oral health. | <urn:uuid:7cf07ecb-120b-49ca-97d6-c50abb1172b7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.1800petmeds.com/education/oral-health-benefits-water-additives-dogs-4.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494694.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220085318-20190220111318-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.976851 | 259 | 2.875 | 3 |
The wildlife experts at Critter Control can safely exclude otters near private homes.
Seals are large marine mammals and sandwich belong to makes the pinnipedia group, which is what a suborder of valuable the order carnivora.
Rafts tend makes to consist of females and pups together, and separate groups of males.Today, their range is less extensive, with the majority of wild sea otters residing in what Alaskan waters, although populations do exist in Canada, Russia, Japan, Washington otter and California.Learn about more urban amazing animals on our.These include fully webbed hind feet; nostrils and ears what that can close; and thick, water-repelling fur that keeps them dry and warm.Bad Habits, while otter sounds can be annoying, they typically point to a bigger problem.A seal makes a sound that is a mixture of a bark make and an eerie whaling sound, depending on the species of seal.The Weddell Seal has 34 different kinds of calls and can be heard for more than 15 miles underwater. I don't know what it what city was trying to vocalize but in city any case it street didn't sound happy.
When the animals are full, they stop eating and leave the remains of their dinner for someone else to clean.
Male seals use their sounds as a way to establish who will do the most mating in the group of seals, or harem.Most sea otter activities are carried out at the surface, but foraging occurs on the sea floor.Sea Otter Facts For Kids, the nostrils and ears of sea otters close in the water.Males first create a low-frequency sound with a guttural noise.They cleverly use rocks as tools to smash the shells by placing the rock upon their chest while floating on their backs and bashing the mollusc against it repeatedly.Pups stay with their mothers for the first 8 months of life.Sea otters feast upon molluscs such as clams and mussels collected from dives to the sea floor.Sea otters are highly social and can be found floating in rafts of 10 to 100 individuals.Then the males will sometimes engage in a bloody drive physical attack to determine who is street dominant.Today, the population stands at 100 150,000 animals, but the iucn Red List still categorizes sea otters as endangered.The coat of the sea otter has pockets under the front legs which are used to stash food during dives, much like the pouches in the cheeks of hamsters during foraging.This can result in odorous what fish heads scattered city throughout a property.Sea otters are vulnerable to oil spills which can drastically street impact the insulating power what of their fur, and destruction of kelp forests which are key foraging grounds.
This page contains sea otter facts and information, and is part of our.
In the wild, there is often the threat of the mother and pup getting separated due to otter stormy surf conditions or territorial disputes, so they need to be able to recognize one another's call in order to find each other again.
Sea otters can five to 250 feet (76 meters) to forage for food. | <urn:uuid:b85f5c03-7c28-4b91-b147-80373d97c1a6> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://solacz.info/what-sound-does-a-sea-otter-make.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146123.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225141345-20200225171345-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.953297 | 663 | 2.75 | 3 |
The literacy practices guide: A "smart tool" for principals
Common Ground Publishing
School of Education
This article outlines the development and piloting of the Literacy Practices Guide (LPG), how it was used by sixty principals in a national pilot project, and its perceived usefulness in assisting them to lead the teaching of reading in their schools. The LPG provides a structured way of observing five dimensions of the teaching/learning environment as they relate to reading instruction and is based on the “walkthroughs” developed in the 1970s as a strategy to move managers closer to the people and processes involved in their business in order to drive improvement. A brief overview of the research evidence behind reading pedagogy and professional learning is followed by a discussion of walkthroughs and how they have been implemented in different educational settings to support effective leadership. The five dimensions of the LPG are described, and sample descriptors from different year levels are provided. The article concludes with a discussion of the various ways it was used by sixty primary school principals across Australia in a research study, and their response to it as a tool to support teacher practice and student achievement. | <urn:uuid:b45296cc-1fc6-4de4-a8d1-6baf93150c89> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/2771/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154385.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802203434-20210802233434-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.963385 | 232 | 3.265625 | 3 |
In one year, states will start assessing student learning through computer adaptive tests. But technology issues still pose major hurdles for education in general and Common Core assessments in particular.
Forty-five states and the District of Columbia have adopted the Common Core State Standards, which came out of a state-led effort through the National Governors Association and the Council of Chief State School Officers. New assessments from two consortia and other organizations will measure how well students meet the learning standards and will be available in the 2014-15 school year.
This week, the Center on Education Policy at George Washington University outlined how states are doing in the report Year Three of Implementing the Common Core State Standards. The report surveyed education officials in 40 states about how they're preparing for the assessments.
This study is designed to give policymakers in Washington, D.C., valid information about what state leaders are thinking and doing. That way, they won't be forming national policies based on assumptions.
"You don't want people making policy in a vacuum," said Maria Ferguson, executive director of the Center on Education Policy. "It's very easy for people in Washington — and I put myself in that category too — to sit and talk about how things should be. You want to make sure that whoever is making policy has a pretty realistic appraisal of what is happening at the state and local level and the challenges that those educators are facing, because what you don't want is the policy to actually make their job harder. The job hopefully of policy is to strengthen and empower their work."
Out of these states, 27 said they were already adding new test questions and getting rid of old ones on their existing tests. That way they can transition their students into the new assessments and see whether they are mastering the standards for their grade. But 13 other states said they weren't making changes yet. Instead, they want to wait until they see what the new tests look like.
In fact, at least five states have pulled out of the two consortia that received federal grant funds to create new assessments. A number of them cited money as a factor and said they would work with companies to develop a less expensive test.
That gets us to an even bigger piece of the puzzle: The technology to make these tests work. Many states don't currently have students take tests on the computer. And with major cuts in state funding over the last number of years, not all states have recovered.
Three major issues they're dealing with include equipment, bandwidth and teacher training. Computers have to meet specific screen size requirements in order for schools to use them for testing. And not all schools have enough computers — let alone computers with the right size screen — to handle the testing.
Particularly in rural communities, bandwidth still isn't available to everyone at fast enough speeds. And 31 states said they encountered major or minor challenges with Internet access and bandwidth.
When it comes to teacher training, schools have to figure out a way to prepare teachers for an influx of technology in their classrooms.
"When you start allowing your students to have their own devices and work with one another and go to the Internet, you're sort of relinquishing what traditional teachers and traditional classrooms consider control," Ferguson said. "That's just going to take time. You can't just expect people to make that leap like, 'Boom, here we go!'"
On top of that, you're working with parents who are trying to cut down their kids' screen time at home, but hear the opposite message from schools that want to use computers for learning.
Thirteen states have a plan to address these challenges, but 12 don't, and eight didn't answer the question. It's hard to tell whether states will be ready when the assessments get the green light next year, and there are different definitions of "ready." Whether they're ready or not, the assessments are coming, and states have their work cut out for them on the technology front. | <urn:uuid:7b5a4dd1-a5eb-441e-a982-956f435097a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.centerdigitaled.com/news/States-Make-Progress-on-Common-Core-Assessment-Prep.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191984.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00100-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9753 | 804 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Which alternative format should I choose?
There are a variety of formats that can help to overcome specific accessibility barrriers, below are some suggested formats linked to specific disabilities:
- visual impairments – audio, audio description, Braille, Moon, telephoneAltFImg.png
- learning disabilities and literacy difficulties – audio, audio description, easy read, easy access, , subtitles
- hearing – British Sign Language, Makaton, subtitling, textphone, SMS
- co-ordination difficulties – large print, audio, audio description, telephone
Remember to consider the users personal preferences and the devices that they are already comfortable using before deciding on a suitable format.
What is the Sensus File Conversion Service?
SensusAccess is a self-service, alternate format service provided by SensusAccess. Students and staff can automatically convert documents into a range of alternate media including audio books (MP3 and DAISY), e-books (EPUB, EPUB3 and Mobi) and digital Braille. The service can also be used to convert inaccessible documents such as image-only PDF files, JPG pictures and Microsoft PowerPoint presentations into more accessible and less tricky formats. We call that Inclusion Technology.
All you need to access the service is a University of Cumbria email address.
How can I get an accessible copy of my textbook?
The UK education collection enables learners who cannot access standard print, to read the same books, at the same time as their peers, giving them the same educational opportunities. The service is for those with SpLD needs e.g. dyslexia and those who are blind or partially sighted, Our books are “accessible,” which means you can read our books in many different ways:
- Listen to books with high quality text-to-speech voices
- Hear and see highlighted words on screen
- Read with digital braille or enlarged fonts
- Create physical braille or large print
- Read directly from your Internet browser
- And more!
For initial access to this service please email: [email protected] with details of the text required including ISBN number and format. | <urn:uuid:4795daf1-792b-47dd-b1b2-45f208cf7b66> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://my.cumbria.ac.uk/Student-Life/Support/Disability/Assistive-Technology/Alternative-Formats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038468066.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418043500-20210418073500-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.865849 | 453 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Continuing directly on from my previous post I address here the two most well-known Athenian trials that mirror the Pentateuchal laws against private and innovative religious practices and deities.
We saw that biblical law condemned all worship that was not centred on the official public shrine or temple. Any form of insult towards the gods or violation of formally ordained rituals regarding offerings, sacrifices, etc was also condemned, often with the death penalty.
Interestingly we find records of the actual carrying out of these kinds of laws in fifth and fourth century BCE Athens.
415 BCE, mutilation of herms and the profaning of the Mysteries
In a single night all the stone herms standing in Athenian doorways and temples were mutilated. The perpetrators were unknown.
Tension was doubly high because Athens was about to send a naval expedition to Sicily in an attempt to turn the tide of their war with Sparta and the desecration was, so the historian Thucydides tells us, both an ill-omen and part of a political conspiracy against the state.
Pleas went out for anyone with any information at all to come forward. The only respondents were resident aliens and slaves who testified about some earlier desecrations
and also about the performance of the Mysteries in private houses . . . .
The scandal of sacrilege was avalanching on the eve of a vital military campaign and fears of anti-democratic traitors seeking to subvert the government.
Accusations flew and informers (true or false) came forward when promised immunity. Many were denounced for the mutilation of the herms and imprisoned. Thucydides again,
as for the accused, they held trials, and they executed all those who had been arrested and sentenced to death those who had fled, publicly offering money to anyone who killed them.
Enemies of a key political and military figure leading the Sicilian expedition, Alcibiades, sought to bring his career to an end by putting him on trial for performing private ceremonies of the Mysteries. Recall the requirement that honest worship be held in public according to set rituals at designated temples. Alcibiades was convicted though absent from the court and sentenced to death.
The term for his being charged for such a crime was eisangelia that is translated as “impeached”. Gmirkin discusses such “religious crimes” as tied up with legislation relating to treason against the state. And that’s how such deviations from socially sanctioned worship were treated in Athens — as threats to the welfare and survival of the political order of the state.
Specifically, Alcibiades was guilty of
- imitating the Mysteries and showing them to his companions in his own house,
- wearing a robe of the sort that the hierophant wears when he shows the sacred things,
- and by naming himself hierophant
- and by calling his other companions initiates
in violation of the lawful practices and rules established by . . . the priests of Eleusis. (Plutarch, Alcibiades, 22.4-5)
For those not aware of the story Alcibiades escaped from the Athenians to avoid execution.
One person who was arrested for both the mutilation of the herms and violation of the Mysteries but avoiding the death penalty when he turned informer was Andocides. He spent twelve years in exile but on his return was again accused and facing the death penalty because he “had illegally placed a suppliant-branch in the … temple of Demeter and Persephone in Athens.” In one account,
he has come into our city, sacrificed at the altars where he was not permitted, attended the sacred rites concerning which he had committed impiety [êsebêsen], entered the Eleusinion, and washed his hands with the holy water.
Andocides conducted his own defence and was acquitted.
When we read in the Bible of priests being struck dead for presuming to offer the wrong sort of fire in the temple, or of kings being condemned and cursed for offering sacrifices only certain priests were entitled to make, we can imagine the ancient Athenians thinking such legislation as quite appropriate for another god.
A better way?
Does anyone else see shades of political show trials in modern times? We can well imagine the atmosphere of fear, of informers, — and perhaps we need to pinch ourselves to realize that this was a demonstration of what the reality of the laws of Exodus, Leviticus and Deuteronomy would have meant.
Plato, however, after witnessing the execution of his teacher Socrates in this religious-political atmosphere, wrote what he considered would be a fairer refinement (or more just application) of such laws. We will look at his description of more “ideal legislation” and its similarities with the Pentateuch in another post.
Which brings us to the most famous of all victims of a law forbidding the introduction of a new god…… Continue reading “Socrates as Anti-Hero according to Biblical Law” | <urn:uuid:221d7e54-f60c-4094-aaaf-ef307113570c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://vridar.org/2018/01/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499831.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130232547-20230131022547-00833.warc.gz | en | 0.976867 | 1,040 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Definition of tyrant in English:
- Liberating the oppressed and deposing tyrants are moral choices; appeasing dictators and fomenting hatred of those who would overcome them are immoral choices
- Using large puppets on stilts, the performers depicted two tyrants oppressing several people.
- Every tyrant and every oppressor deserve the full wrath of justice.
- Imitation appears to be a hallmark of tyrants in their exercise of power, so the absence of solidarity among Africa's journalists and Africa's peoples has created a dangerous vacuum.
- Beneath a perfunctory veil of fiction, Keneally shows us a real-life tyrant exercising a power so absolute and unfeeling that it appears amoral, rather than immoral.
- In this age of ‘Political Correctness’, his Newspeak is a warning to us all about what can happen when tyrants gain control of semantics, history and media.
- For a time he was also the brother-in-law of the Athenian tyrant, Peisistratus, who seized power three times before finally establishing a stable and apparently benevolent dictatorship.
- The question that divided them is still a live one: Does a tyrant, who seizes power by force, who is obeyed from fear, have a right to rule?
- By appointing queens, the mercantile oligarchs were attempting to capture the legitimacy the tyrant's power had generated, but to limit the use of that power.
- With 429 or so tyrannids, there are more species of Tyrant Flycatchers than in any other family of birds in the world, yet the Eastern Kingbird has earned the title of tyrant of tyrants.
- An example from his later work - though an unsettling one - is The tender sadness of tyrants as they dance, for shakuhachi and bass flute.
- They, together with tyrants, also tend to be below general average educational achievements, while authoritarians and democrats exhibit the best performance in school.
In English a tyrant has always been a cruel and oppressive ruler, but in ancient Greece, where the word comes from, this was not originally the case. In the 6th and 7th centuries bc a tyrant, or turannos, was simply a man who seized power unlawfully. The tyrannosaurus is the ‘tyrant lizard’. The fossilized remains of this large carnivorous dinosaur were found in North America at the beginning of the 20th century, and the palaeontogist H. F. Osborn gave it the modern Latin name Tyrannosaurus in 1905, taking it from Greek turannos ‘tyrant’ and sauros ‘lizard’. The full name, Tyrannosaurus rex, adds Latin rex ‘king’.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:72c3b0a2-98f1-4bb4-9929-d13777a72a5c> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/tyrant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398467979.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205427-00311-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953418 | 607 | 3.484375 | 3 |
When most people think of a mooring, they imagine it to be somewhere you can tie up your boat while it’s in harbour, like a wharf, a jetty, a pier, an anchor buoy, or a mooring buoy. A mooring buoy usually consists of a float on the surface, then a chain or a rope down to a heavy weight on the sea floor.
It’s this last kind of mooring that is most similar to a surface scientific mooring, but instead of a small float on the surface, it has a 1.76 tonne float that contains a huge battery and scientific equipment that can relay data back via satellite.
There are also sub-surface moorings that are used in the parts of the ocean that have a lot of traffic, and these are completely submerged so that ships don’t run into them.
Check out this animation, which will show you more about both kinds of scientific moorings!
Moorings, anchors and parachutes on RV Investigator transcript | <urn:uuid:3b8af50a-5f7f-4591-98c5-8f3d25993eae> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blog.csiro.au/so-what-is-a-scientific-mooring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.941173 | 217 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Boundaries and Rivers of Perak — Tin Mining — Fruits and Vegetables — The Gomuti Palm — The Trade of Perak — A Future of Coffee — A Hopeful Lookout — Chinese Difficulties — Chinese Disturbances in Larut — The “Pangkor Treaty” — A “Little War” — The Settlement of Perak — The Resident and Assistant–Resident
The “protected” State of Perak (pronounced Payrah) is the richest and most important of the States of the Peninsula, as well as one of the largest. Its coast-line, broken into, however, by a bit of British territory, is about one hundred and twenty-five miles in length. Its sole southern boundary is the State of Selangor. On the north it has the British colony of Province Wellesley, and the native States of Kedah and Patani, tributary to Siam. Its eastern boundary is only an approximate one, Kelantan joining it in the midst of a vast tract of unexplored country inhabited solely by the Sakei and Semang aborigines. The State is about eighty miles wide at its widest part, and thirty at its narrowest, and is estimated to contain between four and five thousand square miles. The great artery of the country is the Perak river, a most serpentine stream. Ships drawing thirteen feet of water can ascend it as far as Durian Sabatang, fifty miles from its mouth, and boats can navigate it for one hundred and thirty miles farther. This river, even one hundred and fifty miles from its mouth at Kwala Kangsa, is two hundred yards wide, and might easily be ascended by “stern-wheel” boats drawing a foot of water, such as those which ply on the upper Mississippi. Next in size to the Perak is the Kinta, which falls into the Perak, besides which there are the Bernam and Batang Padang rivers, both navigable for vessels of light draught. Along the shores of these streams most of the Malay kampongs are built.
The interior of Perak is almost altogether covered with magnificent forests, out of which rise isolated limestone hills, and mountain ranges from five thousand to eight thousand feet in height. The scenery is beautiful. The neighborhood of the mangrove swamps of the coast is low and swampy, but as the ground rises, the earth which has been washed down from the hills becomes fertile, and farther inland the plains are so broken up by natural sand ridges which lighten the soil, that it is very suitable for rice culture.
Tin is the most abundant of the mineral products of Perak, and, as in the other States, the supply is apparently inexhaustible. So far it is obtained in “stream works” only. The export of this metal has risen from 144,000 pounds in 1876 to 436,000 pounds in 1881. Tin-mining continues to attract a steady stream of Chinese immigration, and the Resident believes that the number of Chinamen has increased from twenty thousand in 1879 to forty thousand in 1881. Wealth is reckoned in slabs of tin, and lately for an act of piracy a Rajah was fined so many slabs of tin, instead of so many hogsheads of oil, as he would have been on the West African coast.
Gold is found in tolerable quantities, even by the Malay easy-going manner of searching for it, and diamonds and garnets are tolerably abundant. Gold can be washed with little difficulty from most of the river beds, and from various alluvial deposits. The metal thus found is pure, but “rough and shotty.” The nearer the mountains the larger the find. It is of a rich, red color. Iron ore is abundant; but though coal has been found, it is not of any commercial value. The methods of mining both for tin and gold are of the most elementary kind, and it is probable that Perak has still vast metallic treasures to yield up to scientific exploration and Anglo–Saxon energy.
Rice is the staple food of the inhabitants. Dry rice on the hillsides was the kind which was formerly exclusively cultivated, but from some Indians who came from Sumatra to Perak the Malays have learned the mode of growing the wet variety, and it is now largely practiced. Partly in consequence of a great lack of agricultural energy, and partly from the immense quantity of rice required by the non-producing Chinese miners, Perak imported in 1881 rice to the value of 70,000 pounds.
There is scarcely a tropical product which this magnificent region does not or may not produce, gutta-percha, india-rubber, sago, tapioca, palm-oil and fibre, yams, sweet potatoes, cloves, nutmegs, coffee, tobacco, pepper, gambier, with splendid fruits in perfection — the banana, bread-fruit, anona, cocoa-nut, mangosteen, durion, jak-fruit, cashew-nut, guava, bullock’s heart, pomegranate, shaddock, custard-apple, papaya, pine-apple, with countless others. The indigenous fruits alone are so innumerable, that a description of the most valuable of them would fill a chapter.
Our homely vegetables do not flourish, but watermelons, cucumbers, gourds, capsicums, chilies, cocoa-nut cabbage, edible arums, and, where the Chinese have settled, coarse lettuces, radishes, and pulse, grow abundantly, with various other not altogether to be despised vegetables with Malay names.
The timber is magnificent, and under the unworthy name of “jungle produce” a large trade is done in it. Perak is the land of palms, and produces the invaluable cocoa-palm, most parts of which have their commercial value, the areca palm which produces the betel-nut, the gomuti palm from whose strong black fibres they make ropes, cordage, and strands for capturing the alligator; the jaggary-palm, from which sugar is made, as well as a fermented beverage; the nibong palm, which grows round the Malay kampong, and is used for their gridiron floors and for the posts of their houses; the dwarf-palms which serve no other purpose than to gladden the eyes by their beauty; and the nipah palm which fringes the rivers, and, under the name of attap, forms the thatch of both native and foreign houses.
Road-making has not made great strides in Perak, but railroads are being planned, and a good road extends from the port of Larut to the great Chinese mining town of Taipeng, and thence to the British residency at Kwala Kangsa, a distance of over thirty-three miles, the electric telegraph accompanying the road. Others are in course of construction, and there are numerous elephant and jungle tracks through the western parts of the State.
Still, the rivers form the natural highways. Perak has two ports — Teluk Anson on the Perak river, thirty-four miles from its mouth, and Teluk Kertang, a few miles up the Larut river, and eight miles from the great tin mines of Taipeng. The import and export trade is carried on mainly with Pinang, and at this time one of several small steamers leaves Larut for that port daily. A steamer calls at Teluk Anson once a fortnight on her voyage from and to Singapore and Pinang, and another calls at the same port every fourth day, as well as at the Dindings and the Bernam river.
Trade is rapidly advancing. The exports of the State, which were valued at 147,993 pounds in 1876, amounted to 513,317 pounds in 1881; and the imports which amounted to 166,275 pounds in 1876, had reached 488,706 pounds in 1881, the whole import and export trade of that year amounting to 1,002,023 pounds. The free population of Perak is now estimated at
To which may be added a slave and bond debtor population of nearly four thousand souls.
The revenue of Perak has risen from 42,683 pounds in 1876 to 138,572 pounds in 1881; and the expenditure, keeping pace with it, has risen from 45,277 pounds in 1876 to 130,587 pounds in 1881. The chief sources of the Perak revenue are customs duties, opium and other farms and licenses, and land revenue; and the chief items of expenditure are for civil and police establishments, roads and bridges, and allowances and pensions to chiefs. It is worthy of remark that the military establishment — for so the magnificent Sikh armed police force may be called — costs more than the civil establishment. It may also be remarked that the revenue of Perak, thanks to the financial sagacity and wise discrimination of the Resident, is collected with little difficulty, and without inflicting any real vexations or hardships on the taxpayers.
Public works, such as the construction of good cart roads and bridges, the making of canals, the clearing rivers from impediments to navigation, the enlargement of experimental gardens, the introduction and breeding of sheep, cattle, and improved breeds of poultry, surveying wild land, and rebuilding and draining mining towns, are being carried on energetically. It has been found, after long and carefully-conducted experiments, that the lower mountains of Perak are admirably suited for the growth of tea, cinchona, and Arabian coffee, while Liberian coffee grows equally well on the lower lands. Coffee appears to be so nearly “played out” in Ceylon, that many coffee-planters have been “prospecting” in Perak; and now that the Government of India has consented to the importation of Indian coolie labor into the State, under certain restrictions, as an experimental measure, a future of coffee may be predicted with tolerable certainty. One of the causes for satisfaction in connection with this State is that the Malays themselves are undoubtedly contented with British rule, and are prospering under it. Crime of any kind in the Malay districts is very rare. The “village system” works well, and the courts of law conduct their business with an efficiency and economy which compare favorably with the transactions of our colonial courts; English law is being gradually introduced and gives general satisfaction, and the native Rajahs are being trained to administer even-handed justice according to its provisions, and at the same time without trenching upon Malay religion and custom. Slavery and debt bondage, which, as hitherto practiced in Perak, have involved evils and cruelties which are unknown to any but those who have actually lived in the State, will, it is hoped, be abolished by equitable arrangement in 1883. Various difficulties remain to be settled; the large Chinese element, with its criminal tendencies, requires great firmness of dealing, and the introduction of foreign capital and an additional form of alien labor may lead to new perplexities; but on the whole the outlook for Perak and its people is a favorable one, especially if the present Resident, Mr. Hugh Low, is able to remain to continue his task of developing the resources, settling the difficulties, and consolidating the well-being of the State.
Nothing is known of the early settlement of Perak. It was formerly tributary to the Malay sovereigns of Malacca, and afterward to those of Acheen, to whom the Perak Sultans sent gold and silver flowers as tribute. Siam has also at different times asserted sovereign rights and demanded tribute, but the Siamese were expelled in 1822 with the help of Rajah Ibrahim, the warlike chief of the neighboring State of Selangor. The Government was a despotism, administered during the last three centuries by Sultans who were connected with the ruling dynasties of Johore and Acheen.
Our connection with Perak began in 1818 by a commercial treaty between the East India Company and the Sultan, the chief object of which was to circumvent the Dutch on the subject of tin. By another treaty, in 1826, it was agreed that the Sultan should govern his country according to his own will; that no force should be sent either by Siam to “molest, attack, or disturb” Perak; and while it was stipulated that the Siamese should not attack or disturb Selangor, the English engaged not to allow Selangor to attack or disturb Perak.
So things jogged along till 1871, when the Sultan died, and the Rajahs, passing over two men who by blood were nearest to the throne, elected Ismail, an old and somewhat inoffensive man. Three years of intrigue followed, and many singular complications, which would be quite uninteresting to the general reader, and they furnished no excuse for English interference.
It is singular that the fall of Perak as an independent State was brought about by what may be called a civil war among the Chinese, who in 1871 were estimated at thirty thousand, and were principally engaged in tin-mining in Larut. These Chinamen were divided into two sections — the Go Kwans and the Si Kwans; and a few months after Sultan Ismail was elected, a dispute arose between the factions. Both parties flew to arms, and were aided with guns, ammunition, military stores, and food from Pinang, Pinang Chinese having previously supplied the capital needed for working the mines. The settlement was kept in perpetual hot water, its trade languished, and in return for military equipments the Chinese of Larut sent over two thousand wounded and starving men. The Mentri, the Malay “Governor” of Larut, although aided by Captain Speedy and a force of well-drilled troops recruited by him in India, and possessing four Krupp guns, was powerless to restore order, and Larut was destroyed, being absolutely turned into a wilderness, in which all but three houses had been burned, and, while the Malays had fled, the surviving Si Kwans were living behind stockades, while those of the faction opposed to that with which the Mentri and his Commander-in-Chief, Captain Speedy, had allied themselves, were living on the products of orchards from which their owners had been driven, and on booty, won by a wholesale system of piracy and murder, practiced not only on the Perak waters but on the high seas.
The war waged between the two parties threatened to become a war of extermination; horrible atrocities were perpetrated on both sides; and it is said and believed that as many as three thousand belligerents were slain on one day early in the disturbances. If the course of prohibiting the export of munitions of war had been persevered the strife would have died a natural death; but the Mentri made representations which induced the authorities of the Straits to accord a certain degree of support to himself and the Si Kwans, by limiting the prohibition to his enemies the Go Kwans. Things at last became so intolerable in Larut, and as a consequence in Pinang, that the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir A. Clarke, thought it was time to interfere. During these disturbances in Larut, Lower Perak and the Malays generally were living peaceably under Ismail, their elected Sultan. Abdullah, who was regarded as his rival, was a fugitive, with neither followers, money, nor credit. He had, however, friends in Singapore, to one of whom, Kim Cheng, a well-known Chinaman, he had promised a lucrative appointment if he would prevail on the Straits authorities to recognize him as Sultan. Lord Kimberley had previously instructed the Governor to consider the expediency of introducing the “Residential system” into “any of the Malay States,” and the occasion soon presented itself.
An English merchant in Singapore and Kim Cheng drafted a letter to the Governor, which Abdullah signed, in which this chief expressed his desire to place Perak under British protection,* and “to have a man of sufficient abilities to show him a good system of government.” Sir A. Clarke, thus appealed to, went to Pulo Pangkor, off the Perak coast, summoned the Chinese head men and the Malay chiefs to meet him there, and so effectively reconciled the former, who were bound over to keep the peace, that they were not again heard of. The Governor stated to the Malay chief and Abdullah that it was the duty of England to take care that the proper person in the line of succession was chosen for the throne. He inquired if there were any objection to Abdullah, and on none being made, the chiefs signed a paper dictated by Sir A. Clarke, since known as the “Pangkor Treaty.” Its articles deposed Ismail, created Abdullah Sultan, ceded two tracts of territory to England, and provided that the new ruler should receive an English Resident and Assistant Resident, whose salaries and expenses should be the first charge on the revenue of the country, whose counsel must be asked and “acted upon” on all questions other than those of religion and custom, and under whose advice the collection and control of all revenues and the general administration should be regulated. After the signing of this treaty piracy ceased in the Perak waters, and Larut was repeopled and became settled and prosperous.
[*Abdullah informs “our friend” Sir W. Jervois, that his position and that of Perak are “in a most deplorable state,” that there are two Sultans between whom no arrangement can be made, that the revenues are badly raised, and the laws are not executed with justice. “For these reasons,” he says, “we see that Perak is in very great distress, and, in our opinion, the affairs of Perak cannot be settled except with strong, active assurance from our friend the representative of Queen Victoria, the greatest and most noble. . . . We earnestly beg our friend to give complete assistance to Perak, and govern it, in order that this country may obtain safety and happiness, and that proper revenues may be raised, and the laws administered with justice, and all the inhabitants of the country may live in comfort.”]
So far, as regards the Sultanate, I have followed the account given by Sir Benson Maxwell. Mr. Swettenham, however, writes that Abdullah failed to obtain complete recognition of himself as Sultan, and instead of fulfilling the duties of his position, devoted himself to opium- smoking, cock-fighting, and other vices, estranging, by his overbearing manner and pride of position, those who only needed forbearance to make them his supporters. It may be remarked that Abdullah was not as yielding as had been expected to his English advisers.
The Pangkor Treaty was signed in January, 1874. On November 2d, 1875, Mr. Birch, the British Resident, who had arrived the evening before at the village of Passir Salah to post up orders and proclamations announcing that the whole kingdom of Perak was henceforth to be governed by English officers, was murdered as he was preparing for the bath.
On this provocation we entered upon a “little war,” Perak became known in England, and the London press began to ask how it was that colonial officers were suffered to make conquests and increase Imperial responsibilities without the sanction of Parliament. Lord Carnarvon telegraphed to Singapore that he could not sanction the use of troops “for annexation or any other large political aims,” supplementing his telegram by a despatch stating that the residential system had been only sanctioned provisionally, as an experiment, and declaring that the Government would not keep troops in a country “continuing to possess an independent jurisdiction, for the purpose of enforcing measures which the natives did not cheerfully accept.”
As the sequel to the war and Mr. Birch’s murder, Ismail, who had retained authority over a part of Perak, was banished to Johore; Abdullah, the Sultan, and the Mentri of Larut, who was designated as an “intriguing character,” were exiled to the Seychelles, and the Rajah Muda Yusuf, a prince who, by all accounts, was regarded as exceedingly obnoxious, was elevated to the regency, Perak at the same time passing virtually under our rule.
A great mist of passion and prejudice envelops our dealings with the chiefs and people of this State, both before and after the war. Sir Benson Maxwell in “Our Malay Conquests,” presents a formidable arraignment against the Colonial authorities, and Major M’Nair, in his book on Perak, justifies all their proceedings. If I may venture to give an opinion upon so controverted a subject, it is, that all Colonial authorities in their dealings with native races, all Residents and their subordinates, and all transactions between ourselves and the weak peoples of the Far East, would be better for having something of “the fierce light which beats upon a throne” turned upon them. The good have nothing to fear, the bad would be revealed in their badness, and hasty counsels and ambitious designs would be held in check. Public opinion never reaches these equatorial jungles; we are grossly ignorant of their inhabitants and their rights, of the manner in which our interference originated, and how it has been exercised; and unless some fresh disturbance and another “little war” should concentrate our attention for a moment on these distant States, we are likely to remain so, to their great detriment, and not a little, in one respect of the case at least, to our own.
When the changes in Perak were completed, Mr. Hugh Low, formerly administrator of the Government of Labuan, was appointed Resident, and Mr. W. E. Maxwell, who had had considerable experience in Malay affairs, Assistant Resident. Both these gentlemen speak the Malay tongue readily and idiomatically, and Mr. Maxwell is an accomplished Malay scholar. Of both the superior and subordinate it may truly be said that, by tact, firmness, patience, and a uniformly just regard for both Malay and Chinese interests, they have not only pacified the State, but have conciliated the Rajahs, and in the main have reconciled the people to the new order of things.
Last updated Sunday, March 27, 2016 at 11:52 | <urn:uuid:37137e01-e126-4c4c-939b-4c94a4feb600> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/bird/isabella/golden/chapter23.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275328.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00097-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974392 | 4,712 | 3.328125 | 3 |
World War I America
Mobilization for WWI altered the lives of millions of civilians. Describe the impact on the American society to three of the following:
- Women and the war effort (military, munitions manufacturing)
- African Americans (Great Migration, push pull factors)
- Critics-Curbing dissent (Civil Liberties- Espionage Act- Sedition Act)
- Funding for the war (Income, Corporate, excise taxes, War Bonds, Loans)
- Administration of Resources -Fuel and food (Food Administration, Wheat, sugar, meat)
Part 1. American Involvement in WWI
- Explain why Americans had difficulty remaining Neutral; include details related to ethnic ties and economic ties?
- Why did Wilson eventually decide to support War against the Central Powers?
- How did women contribute to the War Effort?
- How were African American lives effected by World War I?
- How and why did Wilson follow Lincoln’s example in curbing dissent in America during wartime? Cite examples of this policy during World War I.
- How did Wilson try to encourage patriotism?
- How did Wilson’s administration manage resources for the war effort? Cite examples of war time programs and how they functioned.
- How did Wilson fund the war?
- How do Wilson’s 14 points reflect Moral Diplomacy?
- Explain why the Republicans reject the Treaty of Versailles. (Wilson’s failure to compromise) | <urn:uuid:73a0a6d2-bf4f-4288-b99d-ee84b24454f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.pointlomahigh.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=25497&type=u&pREC_ID=566402 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103516990.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628111602-20220628141602-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.92003 | 313 | 3.640625 | 4 |
In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext system. Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in the last part of 1990.
What is HTML?
· HTML is a language for describing web pages.
· HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
· HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
· A markup language is a set of markup tags
· HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages
· HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags
· HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>
· HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
· The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
· Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags
· HTML Documents = Web Pages
· HTML documents describe web pages
· HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
· HTML documents are also called web pages
The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
· The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
· The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
· The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
· The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph | <urn:uuid:31e047c3-a629-4495-9860-d86bb27da805> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://web-navigator.blogspot.com/2011/11/chapter-1-introduction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320150533-20180320170533-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.734651 | 383 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Silver City Daily Press: Animas spill a reminder of need for responsible mine cleanup
Guest Column by Allyson Siwik, Executive Director, Gila Resources Information Project
We watched in horror and sadness the images of an orange, heavy metal-laden plume of mine wastewater flow down the Animas River from an accidental release at the inactive Gold King Mine in Colorado, impacting communities, farmers, wildlife, and recreation along the way. Our thoughts are with the people who have been adversely affected, as well as those who are working around the clock to clean up and restore the watersheds contaminated by the accident.
What has slowly emerged through the media frenzy and blame game is that EPA was attempting to clean up the inactive Gold King Mine to stop the on-going release of contaminated water when a plug holding back rising groundwater burst. The Gold King Mine is just one of hundreds of thousands of abandoned mines in our country, mostly in the West. 15,000 abandoned mine features can be found here in New Mexico according to the state Abandoned Mine Lands program. These sites are the legacy of the federal 1872 Mining Law that to this day still allows hardrock mining companies free reign to mine anywhere on our public lands without paying any royalties on the minerals extracted and without any environmental requirements for operations and clean up.
Because of the lack of environmental safeguards, mining companies historically walked away from their operations leaving a toxic mess behind. These abandoned mine lands continue to degrade surface and ground water quality, affect wildlife and impact recreational opportunities. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 40% of the headwaters of Western watersheds have been polluted by mining, and it will take $50 billion to clean up these environmental liabilities.
The federal Superfund Program, created to clean up toxic waste sites, is significantly underfunded and insufficient to address the magnitude of this problem. Across the state of New Mexico clean up of abandoned mine sites has been hampered by lack of funding.
Here in southwest New Mexico, reclamation of abandoned mine sites is far from complete. Although some of the most contaminated sites have been cleaned up, such as the Cleveland Mill site, funding has been a critical obstacle to remediation.
Cleanup of the San Vicente tailings floundered for years given lack of funding. Monies from a natural resource damage claim settlement against Freeport-McMoRan for contamination of thousands of acre-feet of groundwater at its mines was used to reclaim the San Vicente tailings site and implement other groundwater restoration projects.
More local cleanup is needed. The Pinos Altos Mining District site has 800,000 cubic yards of soil with heavy metal concentrations above EPA health screening levels. Gila Resources Information Project and community partners are working with state and federal regulators to move forward with risk assessment and reclamation at the site.
What can we do to clean up the hundreds of thousands of abandoned mine sites across the nation and prevent future impacts to our environment from mining activities?
Clearly the 143-year old federal mining law needs to be reformed. We need to establish mining-specific environmental safeguards, clean up abandoned mines through creation of an “Abandoned Mine Land Fund”, charge royalties on minerals taken from public lands, and require that companies put in place reclamation bonding with clear environmental standards to protect taxpayers from footing the bill for cleanup.
At the state level, we need strong environmental laws and enforcement of those laws to ensure that our water supplies and environment are protected from current mining operations.
Yet, recent efforts here in New Mexico have focused on relaxing environmental protections, putting our groundwater and environment at risk. The Martinez administration’s promulgation of the “Copper Rule” allows copper mines to pollute groundwater at mine sites rather than prevent contamination. The Copper Rule is now under review by the New Mexico Supreme Court.
Additionally, global mining giant Freeport-McMoRan attempted this last legislative session to weaken the New Mexico Mining Act potentially relieving mining companies from clean up at inactive mine sites on “standby status,” as well as other roll-backs. That bill died in committee thanks to key legislators and community activists who were quick to respond at the 11th hour attempt to gut this important piece of legislation.
Let the Gold King Mine accident be a reminder that there is much work to be done to ensure that all mines are cleaned up responsibly to protect our environment and public health. | <urn:uuid:c01e9489-f826-4ca9-a442-33abe0b6892e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://gilaresources.info/wp/blog/2015/12/25/silver-city-daily-press-animas-spill-a-reminder-of-need-for-responsible-mine-cleanup/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867859.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526190648-20180526210648-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.946299 | 895 | 2.5625 | 3 |
View Full Version : absolute positioning (CSS and HTML)
05-14-2005, 01:18 PM
Isn't it posible to position something (a div or image) absolutely, relative to something else then the whole document?
I have a table and inside a cell I have a div. Inside this div I want to position some images. I was hoping that (for example) posiotion:aboslute top:40px; left:10px; would work, but this puts the images at (40,10) relative to the whole document and not (40,10) relative to the div inside the table cell. Using position:relative doesn't work either, since the images will position themself relative to each other and not relative to the div...
The only solution that I can think of that will work is to use frames. But I really, really don't want to use that... Any suggestions?
05-14-2005, 02:48 PM
Isn't it posible to position something (a div or image) absolutely, relative to something else then the whole document?Yes. CSS introduces the concept of a containing block (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/visuren.html#containing-block), which usually corresponds to the parent of a particular element within the document tree. For example, the rows that contains table cells, the sections that contain those rows, and finally the table itself. The position of an element is calculated with respect to these containing blocks.
As far as absolute positioning is concerned, there is an added constraint to consider: the containing block must be positioned. That is, something other than 'position: static', which is the default. If the user agent cannot find an applicable block, it uses the initial containing block (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/visuren.html#initial-containing-block) - the document root - to calculate the position.
The usual solution is to relatively position the container - the div element in your case. You don't need to provide any offset properties (top, right, bottom, or left); just apply 'position: relative' to the element.
If the containing block is block-level (as it is in this case), the co-ordinates (0,0) will be the top left corner, just inside the border of that element. The rules for containing blocks that are inline (such as a span or a element) are different, and I'll skip them for simplicity.
Using position:relative doesn't work either, since the images will position themself relative to each other and not relative to the div...Correction: relative positioning offsets an element relative to its 'usual' position. The user agent effectively renders the element normally, then shifts it according to the offset properties. But essentially you're right: it's not what you're after.
Hope that helps,
05-15-2005, 06:38 AM
Thanks... I can't get any parent-child relationship to work... No matter what I do I won't work for my solution. The div I want my image to be displayed in is in a table cell with a fixed width and height, allthough the cells to the left and right and above isn't fixed at all. I need pixel-precise positioning so position:relative; is out of the question too.
I guess I will have to make a frameset :( . I'll get rid of the table, have the middle frame fixed to a specific width and position within it's fram and use position:absolute for my images... Not what I wanted and it will probably not work in the long run since I would like the div with the images in it to be scrollable... I guess I'll see...
05-18-2005, 11:11 AM
Thanks... I can't get any parent-child relationship to work...Could you post a link to a small example that demonstrates what you've tried?
05-20-2005, 03:47 AM
this is really helpful. i used it on my spanish project (http://willie.envisionssoftware.com/00spanish%20site/pages/home.html). it is alot easier than trying to line up all the frames. the code is:
you can put this on a number of things such as in img tags, and table tags
05-20-2005, 03:48 AM
oops, i just read through your post, and relized that mine was redundant. sorry bout that.
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The one-sentence summary
You can make better choices by widening your options, testing your assumptions, attaining distance before deciding, and preparing to be wrong.
· You can make better choices in life and work by following four simple principles (as ever, they encapsulate these in a mnemonic, WRAP)
· Widen your options
· Reality-Test your assumptions
· Attain distance before deciding
· Prepare to be wrong
· Stage 1 means avoiding a narrow time frame, multitracking (considering more than one option simultaneously), and finding someone who has already solved your problem.
· Stage 2 involves considering doing the opposite, zooming in and zooming out (big picture and detail), and ooching (a Southern US word for running small experiments to test theories).
· Stage 3 includes overcoming short-term emotion and honouring your core priorities.
· Stage 4 is bookending the future (setting a range of outcomes from very bad to very good) and setting up tripwires.
WHAT’S GOOD ABOUT IT
· It’s another good synthesis of all things behavioural, well laid out with clear chapter summaries that you can grab.
· If you are a well-adjusted individual, you can navigate yourself through poor choices:
~ You encounter a choice – don’t let narrow framing exclude decent options.
~ You analyze your options – don’t let confirmation bias make you gather only self-serving information.
~ You make a choice – don’t let short-term emotion tempt you into the wrong one.
~ You live with it – don’t let overconfidence about the future warp your view.
· There is a decent blend of corporate and personal examples, and the narrative rolls along well, as ever with these authors.
WHAT YOU HAVE TO WATCH
· Pretty much all of this has been discussed before elsewhere:
~ Framing has been covered extensively by Daniel Kahneman and others.
~ Ooching is the same as ‘First bullets, then cannonballs’ from Jim Collins.
~ Zooming in and out was also posited by Collins in Great by Choice.
~ The premortem (envisioning a disastrous outcome) was originated by Gary Klein.
~ …and tripwires were first suggested by me in Tick Achieve in 2008 (!) | <urn:uuid:f0577fd3-4f0c-4079-b83d-b0675c95f8e6> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://greatesthitsblog.com/decisive-chip-and-dan-heath/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019202148-20211019232148-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.924912 | 490 | 2.8125 | 3 |
There are two types of dentures: partial and complete (full).
A complete denture is used when the patient has no teeth. A partial denture is used when the patient has some teeth. A partial denture can be used in place of a bridge when surrounding teeth are not strong enough to hold a bridge, or when more than just a few teeth are missing.
Dentures are fully removable by the patient for cleaning. Both are made from taking an impression of your mouth. When requiring a complete denture, the Prosthodontist ensures, by using various procedures, that it fits properly, does not impede good speech and is aesthetically pleasing. | <urn:uuid:df9ac79a-1d5f-4689-a711-78001f655b80> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://frameworkdental.com/services/dentures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000367.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626154459-20190626180459-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.950156 | 136 | 2.890625 | 3 |
There is a scene in Plato’s socratic dialogue, Phaedo, in which Socrates and a handful of his followers are discussing reincarnation. Phaedo, by way of explanation, is a moving dialogue which discusses the topic of immortality. Part of what makes it so moving is that it occurs on the eve of Socrates’ execution by the Athenian democracy for practicing a form of philosophy that many Athenians felt was a threat to their very existence: questioning its gods, its morality, its way of life.
In the scene discussing reincarnation, Socrates is trying to argue that where the soul of an individual finds itself in the next life is directly tied to its virtue, or lack of virtue, practiced in its’ prior life. Classic karma: human beings who practice virtue, but not philosophy, during their lives will have the happiest of lives to follow of all but the philosophers. He defines the happiest life this way:
Socrates: “I suppose the happiest people, and those that reach the best destination, are the ones who have cultivated the goodness of an ordinary citizen, so-called ‘temperance’ and ‘justice’, which is acquired by habit and practice without the aid of philosophy and reason”.
Cebes: “How are they the happiest?”
Socrates: “Because they will probably pass into some kind of social and disciplined creature like bees, wasps, and ants; or even back into the human race again, becoming decent citizens.” (141) [emphasis added].
The fact that Socrates thinks the better part of humanity, again excluding the philosophers, who he thinks will get off the wheel of birth-death-rebirth permanently, will find themselves in the bodies of bees, wasps, or ants and not what we would more likely consider a more noble animal- say lions, or wolves, or some such thing, probably strikes most of us as odd. Maybe Socrates is having a little fun at Cebes expense, we might ask? After all, why in the world would any good person, even if they weren’t a philosopher, want to live the life of an ant?
One person who might understand what Socrates (or Plato speaking for Socrates) was getting at, who might even want to, if only for a brief period of time, actually live the life of an ant (who in fact did, imaginatively, in a section of his novel, Anthill) is the famed biologist, E.O. Wilson, who has made the study of ants and other social insects his life passion. But Wilson is not merely “the king of the ants” .
Wilson is a public intellectual of the first order bringing the findings of the biological sciences to a general readership since the late 1960s. A scientist with a deep respect for the arts, he has tried to bridge the gap between science and the humanities (Consilience), and science and religion (The Creation).
He has also not been without controversy, being the founder of the field of sociobiology that attempts to explain human behavior from the standpoint of genetics and evolution (Sociobiology & On Human Nature). The effort to explain human behavior in terms of biology, which Wilson helped start back in the 1970s, quite rightly, engendered a period of spirited opposition given the horrors that had emerged from the Nazi embrace of biological and evolutionary theories regarding the nature and future of humanity only a generation before. In our own day, these debates appear to be largely forgotten, and sociobiology has proven able to hold its own against less biologically inclined schools of social thought. Wilson’s latest book, The Social Conquest of Earth, however, might have the unintended result of reigniting these controversies, and leads one to doubt if the dangers implicit in socio-biological thinking are not as potent as ever.
At 83, Wilson’s, Social Conquest, may be his last major work. Its ambition certainly makes it seem that way, for in his book, he not only offers a major (and controversial) revision of the theory of evolution, he sets out to explain humanity itself- its culture, religion, art, and good and evil duality- all within the context of his new evolutionary theory.
What he did not intend was to give us insight into the meaning of Utopia, especially the earliest and most powerful Utopia ever conceived- Plato’s Republic. With Utopia being one of the subjects with which this blog is mostly concerned, I will ultimately focus on that, but let me begin by explaining what Wilson was definitely trying to say with his Social Conquest.
This, with some simplifications, is the way Wilson tells his story: Socio-biologists have, since the beginning, attempted to explain animal, and much more so, human behavior, in reference to evolution. They were able to make great strides, but one problem kept popping up, the problem of “goodness”, or better, they had no ironclad way to explain why goodness, or to use the fancier phrase- altruism- was so prevalent in the natural world. To state the matter crudely: If everything in nature was supposed to be about passing on genes, then why, do people help others when there is no clear reproductive benefit in doing so? Why do firemen rush into burning buildings to save children who are not their own?
Many socio-biologists thought they had the solution when they came up with an idea called “kin-selection”. The idea is that people help others because they share identical genes, or that such aid somehow contributes to passing on their genes. The firefighter seems to risk his own reproductive future, but is actually trying to save it because the children in the burning building are really his nieces and nephews. If they are not, in fact, his nieces and nephews perhaps he is “confused”: his idea that he should save them a kind of hold over from the period in history when human societies were so small that any children he knew would have likely been close relatives.
The problem for socio-biologists is that, although the theory seemed to hold up pretty well for almost all animal behavior, (cute pictures of mother dogs raising tiger cubs aside) there were a lot more anomalies to the theory of kin-selection than just the case of brave firefighters when it came to human beings. To give just a short list of examples: how does one explain any war above the tribal level, or celibate classes such as priests, or homosexuality? Shouldn’t there be pretty strong evolutionary pressure for individuals to distinguish between who is a relative and who is not, and only sacrifice their own reproductive future for the former? Socio-biologists kept tying themselves in knots trying to explain why human beings just didn’t seem to act like the theory of kin-selection said they should act. Wilson, thinks he has figured out how to untie these knots, and he has done it, no surprises, by looking at bugs.
Things is, in addition to human beings, who socio-biologists had a devil of a time fitting into their model of kin-selection, there is a very small group of insects who similarly resisted explanation under that same model. These insects who resisted explanation under the theory of kin-selection are the so-called eusocial insects. In terms of insect species they are a mere handful among millions and are largely composed of the: ants, termites, bees, and wasps (which, with the exception of termites, are exactly the “social and disciplined” insects Plato seems to hold as analogous to humans in his Phaedo.) Though only a small number in terms of species, their biomass is rivaled only by us human beings.
What makes eusocial insects so unique is not only that these insects live in colonies, but that the vast majority of their colonies’ populations foregoes any sort of reproduction at all. Instead, individuals devote themselves to the survival and “prosperity” of the colony as a whole: something that not only throws those the kin-selection crowd for a loop, but appears impossible under the theory of evolution as currently understood.
Wilson thinks he has found the solution to this conundrum, and in the process to have uncovered the root of human nature as well. His solution is something called group-selection. The long and short of it is that eusocial groups are under evolutionary pressure to develop altruism internally and competition externally. Species that have obtained a high level of internal altruism are poised for a remarkable level of complexity, and scale. (If you doubt it just take a look at the Leaf Cutter Ant). More of their collection of genes survive, and therefore, while any particular “individual” is likely to take a reproductive hit by belonging to such a group, in the aggregate more genes survive. Eusociality is, therefore, an extremely effective evolutionary strategy. The reason it is so rare is that it takes a very peculiar evolutionary path to reach it because it flies against the grain of the standard evolutionary imperative for the individual to reproduce at all costs. Wilson claims that we humans too are one of those rare species that exhibit this quality of eusociality.
In his Social Conquest, Wilson lays two parallel journeys followed through what he describes as an “evolutionary maze” to reach the improbable state of eusociality by both the social insects and ourselves. I will not go into the details, but needless to say, Wilson sees the same forces of group selection he identifies in the eusocial insects to be going on in us. Human groups do better against other human groups if their members are less selfish towards one another and willing to sacrifice even to the point of surrendering the opportunity to reproduce- for instance someone willing to risk their life, before having children, in war.
But, if Wilson proposes that we are restrained, even to the point of sainthood to those of our “tribe”, he holds it is a moral free-for-all outside because we are evolutionarily wired to be aggressive against outsiders, for here our evolutionary, individualistic imperatives take precedence. Wilson sees these contrary pulls as the origin of the angel/demon duality that appears a defining feature of the human condition.
Wilson writes in The Social Conquest :
The dilemma of good and evil was created by multilevel selection, in which individual selection and group selection act together on the same individual but largely in opposition to each other. …
Group selection shapes instincts that tend to make individuals altruistic towards one another (but not towards members of other groups). Individual selection is responsible for much of what we call sin, while group selection is responsible for the greater part of virtue. Together they have created the conflict between the poorer and better angels of our nature. (241)
Here I think we can see some of Wilson’s Baptist upbringing shinning through. I have multiple objections to this reading of human morality, not the least of which is that most sins are committed against people we know. Bad husbands beat their wives, not the women in a neighboring village etc. Nor, is there mention at all in Wilson’s book that his theory is opposed by the majority of socio-biologists and is thus scientifically controversial. But I will set these moral and scientific objections aside for I think Wilson has provided us with a very important window into the idea of Utopia, so let me continue with that.
There is no mention of Plato in The Social Conquest, nor does the word Utopia occur even once, though, both, certainly should. Plato, as I will try to show anticipates Wilson’s Eusocial theory by 2,500 or so years, and in turn has placed the conflict between “group and individual selection” at the heart of the Utopian tradition from its very inception.
To provoke flashbacks of your Philosophy 101 course in college; Plato’s Republic lays out the structure of what Plato believed to be the perfect state. Now, in what follows, I do not want to suggest that the Republic is merely some piece of ancient entomology projected onto human society- I am well aware that the Republic is much, much more than that. I am merely pointing out that Plato wants to resolve something like the eusociality/individual Selection conflict that Wilson draws our attention to. More than that, Plato wants to solve it once and for all and make the new society unchangeable, like a bug frozen in amber. To identify and solve this problem Plato had many models available, and as the Phaedo quote above makes clear, one of these models Plato had on hand was an entomological one, and he even used it directly in the Republic as I will show in a minute.
The Republic imagines a three tiered society composed of philosopher-rulers, the Guardians, the military, Auxiliaries, and under them a much larger producer class which will contain artisans, farmers and the like. While it is unclear what exact arrangement obtains for the producing class, Plato achieves almost perfect eusociality for his Guardians/Auxiliaries (who because Guardians emerge from the Auxiliaries the two can be treated as one in most respects).
Individual selection, that is the tendency for individuals to chose in favor of the reproduction of themselves and their own genes, is completely stripped from the Guardians/Auxiliary class through the control of breeding- that is, the mates of Guardians/Auxiliaries are chosen based on social rules and regulations for breeding the healthiest offspring- not based on the individual’s choice of or ability to win a mate. The genetic origin of children are hidden from the Guardians/Auxiliaries, so that they will not show particular favor to their own offspring, and private property among the Guardians/Auxiliaries is eliminated, again, so this class is discouraged from following individualistic ends.
This extremely cohesive eusocial class of Guardians/Auxiliaries sits on top of a much larger producer class, much like the queen sits atop an insect colony. It is clear that the survival/propagation of the Guardians is the main purpose of Plato’s social arrangement,
just as the insect queen is protected and provided for by warrior and worker insects.
Plato severely limits the size of ideal state, which leads one to wonder what will happen if the producer class grows too large as long as we assume that their breeding too is not regulated by the Guardians? The idea of the danger of “drones” is found throughout the Republic– indeed Plato characterizes the disintegration of the non-ideal state as a growth in the population of human drones. (Drones are insect members of a hive that contribute nothing to the hives’ overall well- being, indeed can attack and destroy the hive from which they get their sustenance.) We can get an idea for what Plato’s Guardians/Auxiliaries will do with human drones who get too numerous, fail to produce, or engage in criminal behavior/rebellion in his advice to the statesman:
…. and the State-physician, or legislator, must get rid of them, just as the bee-master keeps the drones out of the hive (Republic, 507).
In my reading of it when the producers get too numerous, or when some producers refuse to work or rebel they will be expelled from the Republic, and one can expect that if for some reason they can’t be expelled they would likely face an even worse fate.
The eusociality which Plato discovered, perhaps in part by looking at the social organization of insects, has been a hallmark of many Utopias ever since. But one is left to wonder whether Plato, and now Wilson, have really articulated something true about the human societies or merely found an example, in the world of insects, of the kinds of perfectly hierarchical and harmonious societies they wish human beings lived in, and in the process imagined us as more like insects than is actually the case.
One should never forget that democracy effectively murdered Plato’s friend and mentor, and thus became the target of revenge for an unparalleled genius able to articulate compelling visions of its opposite. Wilson, for all his genteel reasonableness in a world of fanatical hotheads appears to be no fan of democracy. Writing to second the views of the mathematical theorist Herbert A. Simon, Wilson states in The Social Conquest:
…hierarchies work better than unorganized assemblages and that they are easier for their rulers to understand and manage. Put another way, you cannot expect success if assembly-line workers vote at executive conferences or enlisted men plan military campaigns” (99)
Such a statement might not amount to any kind of anti-democratic claim against Wilson, after all, even the most participatory form of democracy ever known, Plato’s Athens, thought experts should direct certain areas of human life, though they judged areas where true expertise existed, and thus should be deferred to, to be quite limited. But, given that the word “democracy” appears not even once in The Social Conquest, given that Wilson only mentions ancient Athens in the context of their brutal massacre of the Milesians, we might reasonably start to have our doubts.
Accusations that Wilson was misapplying what he had learned from his thoughtful gaze into the alien world of insects onto the much more complex society of human beings, and by such simplifications was implicitly providing a naturalistic justification for the most insidious, if not necessarily most brutal, forms of hierarchical control and oppression, are nothing new and have been around since the 1970s.
Sadly, what may very well be Wilson’s last great work has done nothing to dispel such suspicions.
* Explanation for the picture above: According to Greek Mythology the Myrmidons (or “ant-people”, also “ants-nest”. ), according to one legend, were a people created when Zeus took the form of an ant and seduced the Princess Phthia. The Myrmidons were a fierce warrior-people, and their name later came to mean “a loyal follower, especially one who executes orders without question, protest, or pity – unquestioning followers.”
The illustration above is a science-fiction style rendering of a Myrmidon by the artist Russell M. Hossain. | <urn:uuid:87e7fa61-f3a1-40ad-9932-985e06c828f7> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://utopiaordystopia.com/2012/07/28/republic-of-insects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999482.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624104413-20190624130413-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.965586 | 3,818 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Children grow at different rates. The child’s growth progress can be accelerated with the best nutrition and care but how can you be sure that your child is getting the proper nutrition if he/she is a picky-eater. This is exactly the situation that I encountered with my three-year old toddler. What do you do when your child is a picky-eater?
When I started to wean my son two years ago, he would always want to eat small amount of food and only chooses the food he likes. I find it normal in the first year but when he turned three, giving him solid foods like rice and meat has been a big challenge to let him eat the food. He has been a picky-eater because he only chooses what to eat such as fried chicken, fried fish, soup, fruits and vegetables and he does not like to eat rice at all. Because of the poor eating habits of my picky-eater child, his body is slender and slow in gaining weight.
One thing that I am thankful of is that even he is a picky-eater child; he loves to eat fruits and vegetables. Name it all, he is not picky when it comes to fruits and vegetables. He is also a smart and active child whether in school or at home. Let me share my simple my mommy strategies of how I keep my child healthy even though he is a picky-eater. Some of the strategies listed below can be found in my Healthy weight gain strategies for kids post.
Strategies to keep a picky-eater child healthy
- Increase your child’s calorie intake above what he burns daily. A 500-calorie increase per day should result in a 1-lb. per week gain.
- Prepare quality foods that have a high number of calories per serving at every meal or snack like peanut butter, eggs, cheese, nuts, full-fat dairy and bean dips. Offer high nutrition but more calories per servings like white or sweet potatoes, corn, peas, raisins, dates and dried apricots instead of broccoli and carrots.
- Allow your child to eat in small portions often and take in calories when her appetite allows. Eating six to eight small meals of high-calorie foods is an effective way to get him all the calories he needs for weight gain.
- A good alternative if your child does not want to eat is to offer full-fat milk mixed with dry milk powder or 100 percent juice between meals to add calories.
- Give your child fruits every after meal such as a medium Apple (95 calories), Bananas (110 Calories), Orange (70 Calories). These fruits are high in vitamin C and dietary fiber.
- Consider preparing a soup menu as an alternative food to offer in meals when your child does not want to eat rice. A cup of Chicken Sopas contains about 150 Calories.
- Help stimulate your child’s appetite by moderate physical activity.
Some of the snacks for Kid’s healthy calorie-boosting
- Raisin snacks
- Cheese sticks
- Buttered popcorn
- Flavored full-fat yogurt.
Do not forget to give your child Multivitamins. You can also give him an Appetite Stimulant but be sure to consult your pediatrician first for recommendations. When your child is sick and is taking antibiotics, it is good to give him vitamins with zinc for immune system boosters.
To learn more about fun and healthy motherhood discussions, please visit and like us in facebook at http://www.facebook.com/seriouslyfunmoms. | <urn:uuid:f95341aa-36ae-4b54-a6f8-04bf377e3aa2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.esupermommy.com/2012/08/strategies-to-keep-a-picky-eater-child-healthy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805881.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119234824-20171120014824-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.956483 | 744 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Born in Russia, Golda Meir and her family fled Jewish persecution and moved to Milwaukee in 1906. She graduated at the top of her class from the Fourth Street School in 1912, and eventually became a teacher at a Folk-Schulen (folk school) where she taught Yiddish. She was active in the Zionist community in Milwaukee before moving with her husband to British-controlled Palestine in 1921.
In 1948, Meir participated in the signing of the Israeli Declaration of Independence and was also appointed Israel’s minister to the Soviet Union. The following year, she became the first minister of labor, a position she held until 1956, when she was appointed foreign minister. In 1965, Meir became secretary-general of Mapai, Israel’s dominant political party. When the prime minister of Israel died in 1969, the Labor Party supported Meir to take his place. She became Israel’s first female prime minister and the third woman prime minister in the world. As prime minister, she was the principal negotiator between the Jews, the Palestinians, and the British Government during the Zionist movement in Palestine.
“Meir, Golda (1898-1978).” Wisconsin Historical Society. http://wihist.org/18u0qrf.
“Golda Meir.” The Making of Milwaukee, Milwaukee Public Television. http://www.themakingofmilwaukee.com/people/historical.cfm.
“Golda Meir 1898-1878.” Encyclopedia, Jewish Women’s Archive. http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/meir-golda.
Photographs of Golda Meir from University of Wisconsin Digital Collections. | <urn:uuid:4df5a04d-3d18-4187-b8a0-8268fab3183a> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://womeninwisconsin.org/profile/golda-meir/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587799.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026042101-20211026072101-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.957586 | 358 | 3.625 | 4 |
How are headaches classified?
Did you know that there are over 150 different types of headaches?
Headaches are typically classified according to their cause and fall into three main areas which determine their type:
Primary headaches are not classified as a symptom of an underlying medical illness. Pain-sensitive structures in the head (including nerves and blood vessels) can become overactive, irritated or inflamed. Occasional headaches resolve easily with basic treatment (fluids, rest and a pain-relieving medication), while others can be somewhat debilitating.
Primary headaches are not typically life-threatening, but can be severe and intense enough to even mimic symptoms of serious conditions such as stroke.
Some of the most common primary headache types include:
- Tension headaches or tension-type headaches
- Cluster headaches
- Migraine with aura (accompanied by sensory disturbances) or without aura
- Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC) – cluster headaches and paroxysmal hemicrania (a severe unilateral pain affecting the area around the eye, causing a headache)
Less common primary headache types that have distinct features of an underlying medical condition include:
- Cough headaches (triggered by coughing and other types of strain such as sneezing or nose-blowing)
- Chronic headaches (daily) – these include chronic migraine, and chronic tension-type headaches)
- Exercise headaches (these occur during or after intense exercise)
- Sex headaches (following sexual activity / orgasm)
Other factors and lifestyle habits can also trigger primary headaches and include things such as:
- Changes in sleeping patterns or a lack of sleep
- Alcohol consumption (particularly red wine) and certain foods (such as meat containing nitrates)
- Skipping daily meals
- Poor posture
These headaches typically result as a symptom of an underlying medical condition or problem in the head or neck, which varies in severity. A very broad group of conditions fall into this classification of headache, ranging from a mild infection (of a tooth) or sinus problem to something more severe such as bleeding in the brain or infections like encephalitis or meningitis, which can be extremely life-threatening.
Secondary headaches types can include:
- External compression headaches (due to pressure-causing headgear such as helmets or goggles)
- Rebound headaches (due to pain medication overuse)
- Sinus headaches (due to congestion in the sinus cavities or inflammation)
- Spinal headaches (due to volume of cerebrospinal fluid or low pressure)
- Thunderclap headaches (sudden, severe headaches associated with a group of disorders that have multiple causes)
Some possible causes include:
- Dental problems and infections
- Middle ear infection
- A hangover (due to excessive alcohol consumption and dehydration)
- Flu (influenza)
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Panic attacks / panic disorders
- Acute sinusitis
- Blood clots in the brain (venous thrombosis)
- Brain tumour
- Concussion and post-concussion syndrome (traumatic headaches)
- Brain inflammation such as meningitis and encephalitis
- Arterial tears (vertebral or carotid dissections)
- Brain aneurysm (a bulge that occurs in an artery in the brain)
Facial pain and cranial neuralgias (nerve pain)
When one of 12 cranial nerves, that control muscles in the head and carry sensory signals, like pain, to and from the neck and head, becomes inflamed neuralgias (‘neur’ – nerve and ‘algia’ – pain) can occur. These types of headaches can lead to intense facial pain as a result of inflammation or irritation. | <urn:uuid:bf078540-dff3-44c9-8c79-342ce33ecdf9> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/headaches/how-are-headaches-classified | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247511573.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221233437-20190222015437-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.921414 | 790 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Fugitive Slave Law
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Compromise of 1850 and Slave Law
|April 24, 1851 "Warning Poster"
|Fugitive Slave Law (aka Fugitive Slave Act)
Fugitive Slave Law
What was the Fugitive Slave Act? The Fugitive Slave Law
of 1850, commonly referred to as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, was one of the five
laws that passed in the Compromise of 1850. The Fugitive Slave Law stated that any United States marshal
or official who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave was liable to a fine of $1,000. Law-enforcement officials had a duty
to arrest anyone suspected of being a runaway slave, based solely on a claimant's sworn testimony of ownership.
The suspected slave could not ask for a jury trial or testify on his or her own behalf. In addition, any person who aided
a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Officers who
captured a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee. Of the five bills that comprised the Compromise
of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial. The passage of this Act, along
with slaveholding rights in Texas, allowed California to enter the union as a free state
and prohibited the slave trade in the District of Columbia. This Act was particularly hated by abolitionists and stoked the fire of the Underground Railroad. (See The Compromise of 1850
and the Fugitive Slave Act: The Ramifications.)
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 consists of five laws passed in September of 1850
that dealt with the issue of slavery. In 1849 California requested permission to enter the Union as a free state, potentially
upsetting the balance between the free and slave states in the U.S. Senate. Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions
on January 29, 1850, in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South. As part of the Compromise
of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act, commonly referred to as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, was amended and the slave
trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished. Furthermore, California entered the Union as a free state and a territorial government
was created in Utah. Also, an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established
a territorial government in New Mexico.
The Compromise of 1850 was comprised of the following five bills:
1) California was entered as a
2) New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. In other words, the people would decide whether
the states would be free or slave.
3) The Republic of Texas relinquished claimed land in present-day New Mexico and
received $10 million to pay its debt to Mexico.
4) The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia.
Fugitive Slave Act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
That the persons who have been, or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in virtue of any act of Congress, by the Circuit
Courts of the United States, and Who, in consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the powers that any justice
of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime or offense
against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the same under and by the virtue of the thirty-third section
of the act of the twenty-fourth of September seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled "An Act to establish the judicial
courts of the United States" shall be, and are hereby, authorized and required to exercise and discharge all the powers and
duties conferred by this act.
And be it further enacted, That the Superior Court of each organized Territory of the United States shall have
the same power to appoint commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to take depositions of witnesses
in civil causes, which is now possessed by the Circuit Court of the United States; and all commissioners who shall hereafter
be appointed for such purposes by the Superior Court of any organized Territory of the United States, shall possess all the
powers, and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the commissioners appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United
States for similar purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this act.
And be it further enacted, That the Circuit Courts of the United States shall from time to time
enlarge the number of the commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim fugitives from labor, and
to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed by this act.
And be it further enacted, That the commissioners above named shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges
of the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, in their respective circuits and districts within the several States,
and the judges of the Superior Courts of the Territories, severally and collectively, in term-time and vacation; shall grant
certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof being made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from
service or labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State or Territory from which such persons may have escaped
And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute
all warrants and precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when to them directed; and should any marshal or deputy
marshal refuse to receive such warrant, or other process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute
the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the
motion of such claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for the district of such marshal; and after arrest of such fugitive,
by such marshal or his deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody under the provisions of this act, should such fugitive
escape, whether with or without the assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on his official bond,
to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant, for the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the State,
Territory, or District whence he escaped: and the better to enable the said commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute
their duties faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the Constitution of the United States and of this act, they are hereby authorized and empowered, within
their counties respectively, to appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to time,
to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties;
with authority to such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and
call to their aid the bystanders, or posse comitatus of the proper county, when necessary to ensure a faithful observance
of the clause of the Constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of this act; and all good citizens are hereby
commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may be required, as
aforesaid, for that purpose; and said warrants shall run, and be executed by said officers, any where in the State within
which they are issued.
And be it further enacted, That when a person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the United
States, has heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States, the person or persons
to whom such service or labor may be due, or his, her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized, by power of attorney,
in writing, acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal officer or court of the State or Territory in which the
same may be executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a warrant from some one of the courts,
judges, or commissioners aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for the apprehension of such fugitive from
service or labor, or by seizing and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without process, and by taking, or
causing such person to be taken, forthwith before such court, judge, or commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and determine
the case of such claimant in a summary manner; and upon satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing,
to be taken and certified by such court, judge, or commissioner, or by other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified
by some court, magistrate, justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to administer an oath and take depositions
under the laws of the State or Territory from which such person owing service or labor may have escaped, with a certificate
of such magistracy or other authority, as aforesaid, with the seal of the proper court or officer thereto attached, which
seal shall be sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, and with proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the
person whose service or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does in fact owe service or labor
to the person or persons claiming him or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have escaped as aforesaid,
and that said person escaped, to make out and deliver to such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a certificate setting
forth the substantial facts as to the service or labor due from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape from
the State or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority to such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney,
to use such reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances of the case, to take and remove such
fugitive person back to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under
this act shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence; and the certificates in this and the first
[fourth] section mentioned, shall be conclusive of the right of the person or persons in whose favor granted, to remove such
fugitive to the State or Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation of such person or persons by any
process issued by any court, judge, magistrate, or other person whomsoever.
And be it further enacted, That any person who shall knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such
claimant, his agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive
from service or labor, either with or without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, such fugitive from
service or labor, from the custody of such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting
as aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given and declared; or shall aid, abet, or assist such person
so owing service or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such claimant, his agent or attorney, or other
person or persons legally authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive, so as to prevent the discovery
and arrest of such person, after notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service or labor as
aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not
exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction before the District Court of the United States for the district in which
such offence may have been committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any one of
the organized Territories of the United States; and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages to the party injured
by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand dollars for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered by action
of debt, in any of the District or Territorial Courts aforesaid, within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been
And be it further enacted, That the marshals, their deputies, and the clerks of the said District and Territorial
Courts, shall be paid, for their services, the like fees as may be allowed for similar services in other cases; and where
such services are rendered exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent
or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of custody for the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid,
then such fees are to be paid in whole by such claimant, his or her agent or attorney; and in all cases where the proceedings
are before a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case, upon the delivery
of the said certificate to the claimant, his agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases where the proof shall not,
in the opinion of such commissioner, warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services incident to such arrest
and examination, to be paid, in either case, by the claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized
to execute the process to be issued by such commissioner for the arrest and detention of fugitives from service or labor as
aforesaid, shall also be entitled to a fee of five dollars each for each person he or they may arrest, and take before any
commissioner as aforesaid, at the instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be deemed reasonable
by such commissioner for such other additional services as may be necessarily performed by him or them; such as attending
at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and providing him with food and lodging during his detention, and until
the final determination of such commissioners; and, in general, for performing such other duties as may be required by such
claimant, his or her attorney or agent, or commissioner in the premises, such fees to be made up in conformity with the fees
usually charged by the officers of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as near as may be practicable,
and paid by such claimants, their agents or attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be ordered to
be delivered to such claimant by the final determination of such commissioner or not.
And be it further enacted, That, upon affidavit made by the claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney,
after such certificate has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will he rescued by force from his
or their possession before he can be taken beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is made, it shall be the duty
of the officer making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and to remove him to the State whence he fled, and
there to deliver him to said claimant, his agent, or attorney. And to this end, the officer aforesaid is hereby authorized
and required to employ so many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to retain them in his service
so long as circumstances may require. The said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to receive the same compensation,
and to be allowed the same expenses, as are now allowed by law for transportation of criminals, to be certified by the judge
of the district within which the arrest is made, and paid out of the treasury of the United States.
And be it further enacted, That when any person held to service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the
District of Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or labor shall be due, his, her, or their agent
or attorney, may apply to any court of record therein, or judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to such court,
or judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the person escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon
the court shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, and also a general description of the person so escaping,
with such convenient certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record, authenticated by the attestation of the clerk and
of the seal of the said court, being produced in any other State, Territory, or district in which the person so escaping may
be found, and being exhibited to any judge, commissioner, or other office, authorized by the law of the United States to cause
persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the fact of escape, and that the service or labor of the person
escaping is due to the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by the said party of other and further evidence
if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record of the identity of the person
escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to the claimant, And the said court, commissioner, judge, or other person authorized
by this act to grant certificates to claimants or fugitives, shall, upon the production of the record and other evidences
aforesaid, grant to such claimant a certificate of his right to take any such person identified and proved to be owing service
or labor as aforesaid, which certificate shall authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such person to the
State or Territory from which he escaped: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the production
of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid. But in its absence the claim shall be heard and determined upon other
satisfactory proofs, competent in law.
Approved, September 18, 1850.
(Sources listed at bottom of page.)
Recommended Reading: The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (Paperback), by David M. Potter. Review: Professor Potter treats an incredibly complicated and misinterpreted
time period with unparalleled objectivity and insight. Potter masterfully explains the climatic events that led to Southern
secession – a greatly divided nation – and the Civil War: the social, political and ideological conflicts;
culture; American expansionism, sectionalism and popular sovereignty; economic and tariff systems; and slavery. In other words, Potter places under the microscope the root causes and origins of the Civil War.
He conveys the subjects in easy to understand language to edify the reader's understanding (it's
not like reading some dry old history book). Delving beyond surface meanings
and interpretations, this book analyzes not only the history, but the historiography of the time period as well. Continued
rejects the historian's tendency to review the period with all the benefits of hindsight. He simply traces the events, allowing
the reader a step-by-step walk through time, the various views, and contemplates the interpretations of contemporaries and
other historians. Potter then moves forward with his analysis. The Impending Crisis is the absolute gold-standard of historical
writing… This simply is the book by which, not only other antebellum era books, but all history books should be judged.
Recommended Reading: American Slavery, American Freedom. Description: "If it is possible to understand the American paradox, the marriage of slavery and freedom, Virginia is surely the place to begin," writes Edmund S. Morgan in American Slavery, American Freedom,
a study of the tragic contradiction at the core of America.
Morgan finds the key to this central paradox in the people and politics of the state that was both the birthplace of the revolution
and the largest slaveholding state in the country. With a new introduction. Winner of the Francis Parkman Prize and the Albert
J. Beveridge Award. Continued below...
About the Author:
Edmund S. Morgan is Sterling Professor of History Emeritus at Yale University
and the author of Benjamin Franklin. Morgan was awarded the National Humanities Medal in 2000.
Recommended Reading: Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States) (Hardcover: 904 pages). Description: Published in 1988 to universal acclaim, this single-volume treatment of the Civil
War quickly became recognized as the new standard in its field. James M. McPherson, who
won the Pulitzer Prize for this book, impressively combines a brisk writing style with an admirable thoroughness.
James McPherson's fast-paced narrative fully integrates the political, social, and military events that crowded the two decades
from the outbreak of one war in Mexico to the ending of another at Appomattox. Packed with drama and analytical insight, the book vividly
recounts the momentous episodes that preceded the Civil War including the Dred Scott decision, the Lincoln-Douglas debates,
and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. It flows into a masterful chronicle of the war itself--the battles, the strategic
maneuvering by each side, the politics, and the personalities. Continued below...
notable are McPherson's new views on such matters as Manifest Destiny, Popular Sovereignty, Sectionalism, and slavery
expansion issues in the 1850s, the origins of the Republican Party, the causes of secession, internal dissent and anti-war
opposition in the North and the South, and the reasons for the Union's victory. The
book's title refers to the sentiments that informed both the Northern and Southern views of the conflict. The South seceded
in the name of that freedom of self-determination and self-government for which their fathers had fought in 1776, while the
North stood fast in defense of the Union founded by those fathers as the bulwark of American
liberty. Eventually, the North had to grapple with the underlying cause of the war, slavery, and adopt a policy of emancipation
as a second war aim. This "new birth of freedom," as Lincoln called it, constitutes the proudest
legacy of America's bloodiest conflict.
This authoritative volume makes sense of that vast and confusing "second American Revolution" we call the Civil War, a war
that transformed a nation and expanded our heritage of liberty. . Perhaps more than any other book, this one belongs on the bookshelf of every Civil War buff.
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
(Library of Religious Biography). Description: Since its original publication in 1999, "Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President"
has garnered numerous accolades, including the prestigious 2000 Lincoln Prize. Allen Guelzo's peerless biography of America's most celebrated president is now available for the
first time in a fine paperback edition. The first "intellectual biography" of Lincoln, this
work explores the role of ideas in Lincoln's life, treating
him as a serious thinker deeply involved in the nineteenth-century debates over politics, religion, and culture. Written with
passion and dramatic impact, Guelzo's masterful study offers a revealing new perspective on a man whose life was in many ways
a paradox. As journalist Richard N. Ostling notes, "Much has been written about Lincoln's
belief and disbelief," but Guelzo's extraordinary account "goes deeper."
Recommended Reading: Arguing
about Slavery: John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States Congress. Description: In the 1830s, slavery was so deeply entrenched that it could not even be discussed
in Congress, which had enacted a "gag rule" to ensure that anti-slavery petitions would be summarily rejected. This stirring
book chronicles the parliamentary battle to bring "the peculiar institution" into the national debate, a battle that some
historians have called "the Pearl Harbor of the slavery controversy." The campaign to make
slavery officially and respectably debatable was waged by John Quincy Adams who spent nine years defying gags, accusations
of treason, and assassination threats. In the end he made his case through a combination of cunning and sheer endurance. Telling
this story with a brilliant command of detail, Arguing About Slavery endows history with majestic sweep, heroism, and moral
Recommended Reading: What Hath
God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848
(Oxford History of the United States)
(Hardcover: 928 pages). Review: The newest volume in
the renowned Oxford History of the United States-- A brilliant portrait of an era that saw dramatic transformations in American
life The Oxford History of the United States
is by far the most respected multi-volume history of our nation. The series includes two Pulitzer Prize winners, two New York
Times bestsellers, and winners of the Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. Now, in What Hath God Wrought, historian Daniel Walker
Howe illuminates the period from the battle of New Orleans to the end of the Mexican-American
War, an era when the United States expanded
to the Pacific and won control over the richest part of the North American continent. Continued below…
narrative portrays revolutionary improvements in transportation and communications that accelerated the extension of the American
empire. Railroads, canals, newspapers, and the telegraph dramatically lowered travel times and spurred the spread of information.
These innovations prompted the emergence of mass political parties and stimulated America's economic development from
an overwhelmingly rural country to a diversified economy in which commerce and industry took their place alongside agriculture.
In his story, the author weaves together political and military events with social, economic, and cultural history. He examines
the rise of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic party, but contends that John Quincy Adams and other Whigs--advocates of public
education and economic integration, defenders of the rights of Indians, women, and African-Americans--were the true prophets
of America's future. He reveals the power
of religion to shape many aspects of American life during this period, including slavery and antislavery, women's rights and
other reform movements, politics, education, and literature. Howe's story of American expansion -- Manifest Destiny -- culminates
in the bitterly controversial but brilliantly executed war waged against Mexico
to gain California and Texas for the United States. By 1848, America
had been transformed. What Hath God Wrought provides a monumental narrative of this formative period in United States history.
Sources: U.S. Department of State; Stanley W. Campbell, The Slave Catchers:
Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860, 1970; Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic : An Account of the
United States Government's Relations to Slavery, 2002; John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger, Runaway Slaves: Rebels on
the Plantation, 1999 Yale Law School: The Avalon Project; United States Statutes at Large | <urn:uuid:e64a23bc-d341-4af1-96a6-0d5b188c14e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.thomaslegion.net/fugitiveslaveactof1850.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.948843 | 5,753 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Here at SRP, making sustainable choices is at the heart of all the decisions we make for our communities, customers and employees. From providing low-cost, reliable power and maintaining a lasting water supply to giving free shade trees to our customers, we want to make sure the Valley has the resources it needs to thrive for generations to come.
As we navigate toward an even greener future, our 2035 Sustainability Goals serve as our guiding light. These goals are a promise to be intentional in all that we do today to ensure a sustainable, safe and secure tomorrow.
Safety meets sustainable innovation through closed-loop recycling
While sustainability is at the heart of what we do, safety is in our bones. That’s why SRP frequently sends out crews to trim trees growing into or near power lines. When overgrown trees contact power lines, they can cause fires and outages.
After clearing dangerous tree growth, we’re inevitably left with large amounts of tree debris and waste. Instead of dumping it, we take part in something called closed-loop recycling.
Read more about the difference between common forms of recycling known as open-loop recycling versus closed-loop recycling.
Thanks to our partnership with organic gardening company GRO-WELL, we’re able to turn these leftover tree trimmings into mulch. These products can then be used in Valley gardens to enrich landscaping.
What’s the difference between mulch, compost and wood chips?
Mulch is a combination of natural materials that can be placed above soil around plants to help with water retention. Meanwhile, compost is a more broken-down version of the organic materials that can be mixed into the soil to help plants grow, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compost can consist of anything from food scraps to dead leaves and helps keep this material from otherwise ending up in landfills. Woodchips are simply small pieces of wood that can be used in gardens, playgrounds and more for a wide variety of uses.
GRO-WELL: A sustainable community partnership
One of the main pillars of our 2035 goals is to promote a sustainable supply chain while reducing waste. Our closed-loop recycling efforts are just one way we’re doing that. Gro-Well, a green wood and food waste recycler, uses a special composting process to make organic products from materials that would otherwise end up in a landfill.
Through this partnership, we divert tree trimmings away from the landfill and to their facility for processing. The wood is ground into woodchips, which we encourage our shade tree recipients to use to support water retention for their newly planted trees.
Other parts of the trimmings are combined with additional organic products and turned into potting soil mixes and mulches.
Many of our local city partners offer compost resources or programs. Check them out here:
Annual SRP Water Conservation Expo
As part of our efforts toward sustainability and water conservation, SRP hosts a Water Conservation Expo each year. Attendees of the expo learn about different ways to save water and even have the opportunity to purchase smart irrigation controllers at a discounted price. For more information about the expo, click here. | <urn:uuid:3e4d60e1-f400-4a06-af5f-0a40df408bb3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://blog.srpnet.com/srp-compost-mulch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.938877 | 664 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Micron Memory Cube consortium
Micron has joined with Samsung to create the "Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) Consortium" with fellow founding members Altera, Open Silicon, and Xilinx. IBM will be manufacturing the the logic layer.
The consortium is built around Micron's hybrid (previously referred to as "hyper") memory cube technology. The initial goal of the consortium is to define specifications for HMC. The HMC interface is totally different, having nothing in common with current DDR implementations, so it is felt that standardization and adoption by major producers and users is the only way that HMC will become a standard memory product for the industry.
Memory bandwidth required by high-performance computers and next-generation networking equipment has increased beyond what conventional memory architectures can provide. The term "memory wall" has been used to describe the problem. A solution to the memory wall problem requires an architecture that can deliver increased density and bandwidth at significantly reduced power consumption.
While DDR DRAMs have gotten bigger through the years by increasing the parallel arrays of DRAM cells on chip, they remain limited to the bandwidth supported by package I/O. DDR3-1333 and DDR3-1600 devices currently offer bandwidths of 10.66 Gbps and 12.8 Gbps respectfully. The HMC is a stack of multiple memory die sitting atop a logic controller chip bonded together using TSV. This greatly increases available DRAM bandwidth by leveraging the large number of I/O pins available through TSVs. Both the number of contacts and their shorter lengths enable dramatically higher data transfer rates than today's memory other memory architectures ??? Micron has shown prototypes rated at 128 Gbps.
Current DRAM burns a huge amount of the power in laptops and phones. Brian M. Shirley, VP of DRAM solutions at Micron, claims that the company's hybrid memory cube technology "offers a 20-fold performance increase while reducing the size of the chip and consuming about one-tenth of the power," while occupying 10% of the volume of a DDR3 memory module. Micron reports that the HMC module achieves and exceeds 128 Gbps by using parallel channels.
Joe Jeddeloh, whose Micron team developed the logic portion of the HMC has described the key "themes" of their technology as follows: "Instead of a DRAM die being one large device that has one set of I/Os on it, we break it into, say, 16 separate DRAMs, in essence much like a multicore processor. Each of those DRAMs has its own interface so when you go to access data, you go to a very local area of DRAM. It's a more directed access. Then, we move that down the Z direction on a TSV."
Micron recently announced that they will be manufacturing the memory layers and have contracted with IBM to manufacture the logic layer. Micron will be doing the assembly of the layers at a yet to be disclosed location. The technology described by M. G. Farooq of IBM last December at the IEEE IEDM is the technology being used to create the logic layer in the HMC stack (the blue layer in the illustration, Source: IBM).
Solid State Technology, Volume 55, Issue 4, May 2012 | <urn:uuid:fb9f2efa-9e9b-424f-aef0-ceb30a00d12b> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://electroiq.com/issue/?id=15867&url=%2Farticles%2Fsst%2Fprint%2Fvolume-55%2Fissue-4%2Fcolumns%2Fpackaging%2Fthe-micron-memory-cube.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138980.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00255-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937287 | 671 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Taking another look at how we measure inflation(Read article summary)
Since no central bank could ever gather and process enough information to have a genuinely accurate idea of what is going on as millions of prices fluctuate against each other, is a completely non-targeted accurate measure of the market possible?
I was interested to learn that George Osborne’s letter to Mervyn King, in reference to consumer price inflation hitting 3.7 percent in April, suggested that housing costs should be included in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which the Bank of England uses to measure inflation. The argument is that focusing on CPI meant the Bank failed to notice the housing bubble that preceded the financial crisis, and kept interest rates inappropriately low as a result.
Well, maybe. It is true to say that had the Bank targeted an inflation measure that included housing costs, interest rates would have been higher than they otherwise were, and that perhaps Britain’s housing and asset bubbles would have been less severe. But I’m not sure it would have made that much difference. After all, the rise of India and China, and the cheaper goods and services that resulted, should have produced benign deflation – in that context, targeting a 3 percent rise in the overall price level, however defined, would still have produced significant economic distortions.
The trouble is that aggregates such as the price level conceal a lot. In reality there is actually no such thing as ‘the price level’, there are just millions of specific prices fluctuating against one another. And since no central bank could ever gather and process enough information to have a genuinely accurate idea of what is going on, they suffer from a classic information problem in attempting to ‘target’ inflation. As Hayek could have told us, this is probably insurmountable.
The solution may be to stop targeting prices, and to focus instead on controlling the money supply. Here again though, aggregates can be misleading, since the meaning of ‘money’ is not clear-cut amongst economists. Nevertheless, the Austrian School’s definition – which includes only cash, demand deposits with commercial banks and thrift institutions, and government deposits with banks and the central bank – both chimes with reality, and correlates very strongly other measures like with industrial production, GDP, retail sales, and prices. For more on that, see this working paper by the Cobden Centre’s Toby Baxendale and Anthony Evans.
Of course, even if you know what you are trying to control (and I’m suggesting the money supply, based on the Austrian definition), that doesn’t necessarily tell you how to do it. But that is a subject for another blog…
The Christian Science Monitor has assembled a diverse group of the best economy-related bloggers out there. Our guest bloggers are not employed or directed by the Monitor and the views expressed are the bloggers' own, as is responsibility for the content of their blogs. To contact us about a blogger, click here. To add or view a comment on a guest blog, please go to the blogger's own site by clicking on the link above. | <urn:uuid:f8311d7d-db1d-4779-8aae-3a00d6c517c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://m.csmonitor.com/Business/The-Adam-Smith-Institute-Blog/2010/0519/Taking-another-look-at-how-we-measure-inflation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171251.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00392-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971401 | 642 | 2.828125 | 3 |
sold by :
A member of the Pelargonium genus of flower species, geraniums are grown for their beauty and as a staple of the perfume industry. While there are over 200 different varieties of Pelargonium flowers, only a few are used as essential oils. Uses of Geranium essential oil date back to ancient Egypt when Egyptians used Geranium oil to beautify skin and for other benefits. In the Victorian era, fresh geranium leaves were placed at formal dining tables as decorative pieces and to be consumed as a fresh sprig if desired; in fact, the edible leaves and flowers of the plant are often used in desserts, cakes, jellies, and teas. As an essential oil, Geranium has been used to promote the appearance of clear skin and healthy hair—making it ideal for skin and hair care products. It also helps calm nerves and lessen feelings of stress. Geranium is also known to naturally repel insects.
You have 0 order(s), Click here to fulfill. | <urn:uuid:d7cacc47-105a-4698-b8ea-6fc5ac60db93> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://my.bizx.com/Offers/60642/DoTerra-15ml-Geranium-Essential-Oil?position=8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644915.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530000715-20230530030715-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.971056 | 223 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Why celebrate spring?
When people moved out of Africa further north to West Asia and then to Europe, about 60,000 BC, they began to live in a world with changing seasons, where it was hard to find fresh food in the wintertime.
Spring festivals and farming
When people in West Asia began to live mainly on food they had farmed, around 9000 BC, they were even more dependent on spring coming for their food. Because they were so happy, they would have a party. And, to keep their gods happy too, they would sacrifice some of the first new food – barley – to their gods.
Older versions of Easter
This was the origin of the old Babylonian New Year holiday, and of the Jewish festival of Passover. Zoroastrians celebrated in Iran with the spring festival of Nowruz, and in China they had the Qingming Jie festival.
Cities and spring festivals
By about 500 BC, though, more and more people lived in cities, and were not farmers. Rich people, especially, were not farmers anymore. And rich people decided what to celebrate.
Rich people wanted different reasons for their parties, reasons that would be more relevant to their own lives. Priests like Ezra and Nehemiah made Passover into a festival of freedom, about the Jews escaping from slavery in Egypt.
Christianity and Easter
By the time of Jesus, though, sacrifice itself was beginning to seem old-fashioned. People were killing animals for God less and less often. Christianity gave them a good excuse to stop entirely, with the explanation that Jesus had sacrificed himself as an end to all other sacrifices. By the 300s AD, as more and more people became Christians, the point of Easter became to celebrate that one specific sacrifice – Jesus’ crucifixion.
They’re singing “Kyrie Eleison”, which is Greek for “The Lord is Risen”
The scheduling of Easter
People in western Europe began to celebrate Easter every year on the first weekend after the first full moon after the first day of spring. In Eastern Europe, they added that Easter had to be after Passover as well, so Easter often came later there. People called that Friday “Good Friday“, the anniversary of the Crucifixion, and then on that Sunday, Easter Sunday, they celebrated Jesus rising again from being dead and bringing with him help for everyone who believed in him.
(This is what people mean when they say Easter is a moveable feast – it’s not always on the same day of the calendar)
But even so, Easter continued to come in the spring, and people still celebrated it with lamb and with eggs. The English word “Easter” comes from a Germanic word related to “East”. It’s probably the German name of an early spring month, when the sun rises earlier in the east. People still knew that the time right before Easter was a time of hunger – today we call it Lent.
Learn by doing: dye some Easter Eggs
More about Easter Eggs | <urn:uuid:47d6cabb-8d3c-4a47-80b8-6f7e2e7d32ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://quatr.us/west-asia/history-easter-christian-holidays.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662658761.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527142854-20220527172854-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.982376 | 636 | 3.5 | 4 |
What can economists tell us about love and power, why people are loyal, how groups form and how they get their members to abide by the group's norms of acceptable behaviour? Not much.
Everyone knows conventional economics is built on a stick-figure conception of humans and the way they work.
Until now. An economics professor at the University of Queensland, Paul Frijters, has attempted the remarkably ambitious project of developing a unified theory of human behaviour, turning the mainstream model of the economic system into a model of the socio-economic system.
With help from Dr Gigi Foster, of the University of NSW, he's set it all out in the book An Economic Theory of Greed, Love, Groups and Networks. We'll find out soon enough what the rest of the economics profession makes of it.
He starts with the principles of mainstream economics, then adds and integrates selected ideas his research has determined have considerable power in explaining human behaviour.
The bit he starts with, which comes straight from the mainstream, is the assumption that humans are carefully calculating maximisers of their personal benefit. Or, as Frijters prefers to put it, ''humans are mainly motivated by greed''.
This conception of ''homo economicus'' - economic man - emerged in the Enlightenment period. In the early Middle Ages, by contrast, materialism was seen in society as strongly immoral, Frijters explains.
Even so, it's a quite one-dimensional conception of human behaviour. We're a lot more complicated than that. This assumption accounts for much of the criticism of conventional economics (including from yours truly).
So the ''core concepts'' Frijters adds to the conventional assumption of ''greed'' aim to broaden the model's explanation of human motivations and behaviour.
The first concept he adds is ''love'', by which he means love for other humans, but also love for one's beliefs. ''Love is defined as a form of unconditional loyalty, and will be said to be present whenever a person would be willing to help advance the interests of the object of his love, even if the object of his love would not notice the help and even if the loving person would receive no observable reward,'' Frijters says. So love includes the ideas of altruism and loyalty.
''Selfish materialism is extremely powerful in explaining many of our laws, our customs, our politics, and our choices as consumers. Yet selfish materialism alone cannot lead to the kind of human organisations we see in reality.
''I expect to see love as a major player involved in almost every facet of an individual's decision making … Love within companies should be an integral part of how teams of people actually get things done within organisations.''
Another major criticism of the simple model of conventional economics is its assumption that each of us acts only as an individual, unaffected by the behaviour of those around us. This means no ''economic actor'' has more power than another.
In truth, humans are a group animal whose self-image is inextricably linked to the groups of which they are part. And the reality is that the dominant power relations in modern societies aren't between one individual and another, but rather between individuals and groups.
So the second feature Frijters adds to the mainstream view is groups and the power they generate. Each of us is a member of any number of groups, affecting our family life, social life and working life. Beyond that, our religion, ethnicity and nationality make us members of more, often powerful, groups.
It's because groups generate and exercise power that they need to be added to the model. Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of others. Part of this power comes from the development of norms of acceptable behaviour within the group. Many of us feel considerable loyalty to the groups we're in, which partly explains why we confirm to group norms.
Frijters argues there are five basic types of social groups: small hierarchies, with a clear leader, a few of high rank and a group of underlings totalling no more than a few dozen individuals in all; small circles of reciprocity, with people who are equals and share a common goal; large hierarchies, where members don't know each other; large circles of reciprocity; and networks.
Networks are his third addition to the mainstream view. They are facilitators of exchange - of goods and services, or just information. They exists because of the need to overcome ''frictions'' in markets arising from the information and transactions costs the simple mainstream model assumes away.
Individuals search for goods, buyers and suppliers within networks of small size or large anonymous networks such as the internet.
So how does Frijters' model improve on the answers to questions from the mainstream model? What questions does it answer that the mainstream can't?
On the common questions of whether international trade should be encouraged or protected against, what governments should do about monopolies and how to discourage firms from polluting, his model doesn't much change the conventional answers.
But it can answer some questions the conventional approach can't. With its assumption of calculating, self-interested behaviour, the old approach can't explain why people go to the bother of voting when the chance one vote will change the outcome is minuscule.
Frijter's model says people vote because they're idealistic and identify with the group that is Australian voters.
Nor can the old approach explain why people don't avoid or evade paying tax a lot more than they do. Rates of ''voluntary compliance'' are, in fact, surprisingly high (though not as high as in the old days).
Frijter's model says people feel loyalty to the group of fellow Australians and conform to the social norm that paying taxes is a form of reciprocity that's reasonable to expect of members of the group.
And this is no idle question. He says getting people to pay taxes is probably the single most important ingredient supporting our system of governance.
Ross Gittins is the economics editor | <urn:uuid:894b96e2-08b7-45a1-806b-fa444a8726b6> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.smh.com.au/business/economically-whats-love-got-to-do-with-it-20131004-2uzjj.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443062.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00119-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957664 | 1,228 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Requires Android OS version: 4.2 and latest version.
eToolkit is an effective tool in communicating behavior change. It is a digital library that is enriched with relevant information regarding the behavior change communication of health, population and nutrition. With the cooperation of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh Knowledge Management Initiative (BKMI) has created this digital resource to provide information about health, population and nutrition.
All of the materials in this eToolkit (which include printed and audio/video materials) had been selected by the subject matter experts of Bureau of Health education (BHE), Institute of Public Health (IPHN), Information education motivation (IEM) and vetted by the field workers to make sure that they are technically accurate and usable in the field. This is a rich source of information for communication and counseling of behavior change as the e-toolkit contains updated information useful to family planning and nutrition promoters themselves. The source of information can further strengthen their knowledge and skills. As a result, it would help them to promote healthy lifestyle practices in their designated communities.
The toolkit can help the clinic to carry out their regular BCC and counseling activities. | <urn:uuid:9e7d4721-913e-4f5e-973d-2d5515bd90b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://poresh.wordpress.com/2015/08/16/health-population-nutrition-etoolkit-for-field-workers-free-download/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824543.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021024136-20171021044136-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.937789 | 237 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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Kemp's Ridely Sea Turtles
In 1880, Richard Kemp of Key West sent a specimen to Samuel Garman at Harvard. The new species was named for Kemp. No one seems to know why the name 'ridely' is used.
Because of the population crash, the Kemp’s ridely is recognized by the world’s sea turtle scientists to be the most critically endangered sea turtle in the world.
310 Kemp’s ridelys, including 58 adults, have washed up dead on or near Padre Island in the past two years, more than any other place in the United States. The ratio of standings to nests is as much as 600 times higher along Padre Island than at Kemp’s primary nesting beach in Mexico.
A 1998 federal government report noted that female Kemp’s ridelys seeking to nest at Padre Island 'may have been reduced by half as a result of adult mortality at the beginning of the nesting season.'
The number of dead adult Kemp’s ridelys found in 1998 in Texas far exceeded the number found during each year since 1980.
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- Coyoacán Hotels | <urn:uuid:39a948ae-0388-416a-9a81-1f1ef4382004> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/North_America/United_States_of_America/Texas/Corpus_Christi-876829/Things_To_Do-Corpus_Christi-Kemps_Ridely_Sea_Turtles-BR-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654345/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00080-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915244 | 333 | 2.75 | 3 |
How disconnecting from digital devices can help you reconnect with friends and family.
Unplug to Plug In: How Disconnecting from Digital Devices Can Help You Reconnect with Friends and Loved Ones
Ever misplaced your smartphone? Did you feel lost? Panicky? Cut off from the world? If so, you’re not alone. According to a 2017 survey done by the American Psychological Association (APA), four out of five adults say they constantly check their texts, email and social media.
Why are we so tied to smartphones, e-reader devices, laptops, and tablets? Because these days, we rely on these devices not only to reach a friend or family member when we’re on the go, but to organize our entire lives. We photograph milestone moments, navigate the roads, schedule appointments in our calendars, play games, and enjoy the freedom to check in with work wherever we are.
“Smartphones have provided amazing benefits to us that could scarcely have been imagined even just a few decades ago,” says Cameron Gordon, PhD, associate professor of psychology at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
However, these devices come with some costs. One of the biggest consequences of being so connected: The more we engage with our devices, the more disengaged we become with those around us—our friends, loved ones, co-workers and other people in our lives.
“Digital device overuse separates the user from other human beings in his or her presence,” says Alexander Bingham, PhD, clinical psychologist in New York City. “It is impossible to give another person your attention while on your digital device,” he says. “It sends the message that you and your device are more important than anyone or anything going on around you—it’s distancing behavior.”
Those of us who constantly check devices are suffering the consequences, too. “Constant checkers,” as the APA calls them, are more likely to report high levels of stress than people who are less tied to their digital devices. After all, the more we check texts, email, and social media, and the faster we reply, the more we will be expected by bosses, family members, and others to constantly check and respond quickly.
For all these reasons, taking an honest look at the degree of your connection to your devices—and realizing the good that can come from stepping back—is healthy. Here are some of the positives that can come from spending less time on a screen:
You’ll be more mindful. “Sometimes your desire to take a picture or send a text prevents you from enjoying a priceless moment in time that can only be captured with your naked eye,” says Jonathan Alpert, Manhattan-based psychotherapist and author of Be Fearless: Change Your Life in 28 Days. Whether it’s your child blowing out birthday candles or a breathtaking sunset, by taking the device out of the scenario, you’ll savor the moment in real time.
You will communicate the old-fashioned way. “There’s an element of communication that simply isn’t captured when texting,” Alpert says. “We can miss, overlook, or even miscommunicate and misunderstand emotion. There’s something to be said for picking up the phone and returning to the lost art of communication—talking,” he says.
You’ll be more comfortable with empty space. Smartphones and other digital devices give us a way to fill free moments in our lives—while we are in line at the post office, in the doctor’s waiting room, or even sitting on the beach. “If you go on diligently filling that empty space by staring at a screen, you’ll begin to become uncomfortable with having any empty space at all,” Gordon says. “These are moments you could use for self-reflection, connecting with people around you, or, depending on where you are, absorbing the beauty of our surroundings,” he says.
You’ll be off the hook. Literally. Think back to the last time you misplaced your smartphone. In the midst of feeling lost and disconnected, maybe there was also a part of you that felt a little free. Embrace that feeling as a positive and try to purposely seek it out by disconnecting more often.
You’ll enrich your life. “The more you relegate your phone to the same usage as your toaster—used when you actually need it but forgotten at other times—the richer your life will be,” Dr. Bingham says. Put the phone down and start living life in the here and now. | <urn:uuid:a2aed68a-8db0-475d-9041-309e1621bb48> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mindful.sodexo.com/disconnect-to-reconnect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201021234-20231201051234-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.947026 | 980 | 2.53125 | 3 |
For long we have ignored the devastating the consequences of plastic, which has gotten to the stage of a global epidemic. And we have heard the numbers before, possibly. It was recently estimated that nearly 8 million tonnes of plastic enters the oceans every year, equivalent of dumping a garbage truck of plastic into the water system every minute!
The United Nations Environment Program, has declared the war against plastic. An unparalleled global campaign has been launched to eliminate major sources of marine litter by 2022. The ‘CleanSeas’ campaign will attempt to drive national governments into mandating plastic reduction policies, target Industries to minimise plastic production and products through redesign and for consumers to change their habits and get involved in the movement.
Erik Solheim, Head of UN Environment, while addressing the press said, “It is past time that we tackle the plastic problem that blights our oceans. Plastic pollution is surfing onto Indonesian beaches, setting onto the ocean floor at the North Pole, and rising through the food chain onto our dinner tables. We’ve stood by too long the problem has gotten worse. It must stop.”
However, the work being done to clean up the plastic waste, is not the solution. As with the current situation the more waste that is cleared, more waste appears. Keep in mind that some of the biggest pledges when it comes to plastic have been simply to avoid using single use plastic for instance, or recycle more. None of those will actually decrease, what already exists, yet. As always, the world looks to science to find an answer. And science is trying hard. We look at some of the more innovative and workable solutions that have been tested recently.
- Bio-Cassava Bag, Avani Eco
Avani Eco, an Indonesian company have come up with a solution to mitigate the global plastic bag epidemic. The Bio-Cassava bag as claimed by the company is completely degradable and compostable bag, that looks and feels just like plastic.
Made from the vegetable root, cassava. The bag is said to be capable of dissolving in water, and harmless if any aquatic animals consume it. The product would start by tackling Indonesia’s plastic problems which are choking its rivers and beaches. “Our country is drowning in plastic” says Kevin Kumala, Chief Green Officer at Avani.
- PETase, NRELResearchers at University of Portsmouth and the Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) recently decoded the crystal structure of PETase. An enzyme that digests PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) most commonly used in plastic bottles, that persists in the environment for over 100 years currently.
The researchers claim to have accidently engineered the enzyme while trying to break down a naturally occurring enzyme with plastic degrading capabilities for its structure. The improved version of PETase is under engineering so that it can be industrially used to break down plastic from bottles. One the leading causes of pollution.
TrioCup is an all-paper, ergonomic, spill-free coffee cup. Just as accessible as the traditional cup and lid, and brings down the severe impact of billions of single use coffee cups and lids that are being currently disturbed in the market. The cup made from compostable paper utilizes an origami style top which folds closed, making it spill-proof.
Since winning the New Plastics Economy Innovation Prize sponsored by OpenIDEO and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation as well as the third Trash Talk City pitch competition, they have begun crowd testing in New York.
4. VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland
Winners of the New Plastics Economy Innovation Prize for Circular Materials Challenge, the VTT Technical Research Centre have come up with a packaging that resembles plastic, but manufactured from wood. Making it environmentally stable and degradable.
A multi-layered sheet made from agricultural and forest by-products. The packaging could be used at grocery chains to pack grains, cheese, nuts etc. Replacing the current plastic sheets that are hogging the market.
5. Evoware, Jakarta
Evoware of Jakarta have designed food wrapping and sachets out of seaweed bad material which can dissolve in water and is claimed by the company to be edible. The company says that the product is 100 percent biodegradable and contains vitamins and minerals, making it a natural fertiliser.
The product was designed to help clear the plastic waste clogging up Jakarta’s waterways, by replacing single use plastic food wrappings such as sauce sachets, candy wrappers etc.
While these innovations represent the type of solutions need to build a plastic free system. The missing link in the transition is the implementation and involvement by the investors, businesses, the people and the governments. | <urn:uuid:2ed07963-3514-4d8f-ba47-bb03018d59b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.iamrenew.com/sustainability/1951/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865691.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523161206-20180523181206-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.948689 | 980 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Dengue is the fastest spreading vector-borne disease in the world endemic in 100 countries·
- Dengue virus has four serotypes (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4)
- First infection with one of the four serotypes usually is non-severe or asymptomatic, while second infection with one of other serotypes may cause severe dengue.
- Dengue has no treatment but the disease can be early managed.
- The five year average cases of dengue is 185,008; five year average deaths is 732; and five year average Case Fatality Rate is 0.39 (2012-2016 data).
Dengue virus is transmitted by day biting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.
DENGUE CASE CLASSIFICATION AND LEVEL OF SEVERITY
- Dengue illness is categorized according to level of severity as dengue without warning signs, dengue with warning signs and severe dengue.
- Dengue without warning warnings can be further classified according to signs and symptoms and laboratory tests as suspect dengue, probable dengue and confirmed dengue.
- dengue without warning signs
a.1 suspect dengue
- a previously well individual with acute febrile illness of 1-7 days duration plus two of the following: headache, body malaise, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flushed skin, rash (petechial, Hermann’s sign)
a.2 probable dengue
- a suspect dengue case plus laboratory test: Dengue NS1 antigen test and atleast CBC (leukopenia with or without thrombocytopenia) or dengue IgM antibody test (optional)
a.3 confirmed dengue
- a suspect or probable dengue case with positive result of viral culture and/or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and/or Nucleic Acid Amplification Test- Loop Mediated Amplification Assay (NAAT-LAMP) and/ or Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT)
b. dengue with warning signs
• a previously well person with acute febrile illness of 1-7 days plus any of the following: abdominial pain or tenderness, persistent vomiting, clinical signs of fluid accumulation (ascites), mucosal bleeding, lethargy or restlessness, liver enlargement, increase in haematocrit and/or decreasing platelet count
c. severe dengue
severe plasma leakage leading to
- shock (DSS)
- fluid accumulation with respiratory distress
- as evaluated by clinician
severe organ impairment
- Liver: AST or ALT ≥ 1000
- CNS: e.g. seizures, impaired consciousness
- Heart:and other organs (i.e. myocarditis, renal failure)
PHASES OF DENGUE INFECTION
- Febrile Phase
- Usually last 2-7 days
- Mild haemorrhagic manifestations like petechiae and mucosal membrane bleeding (e.g nose and gums) may be seen.
- Monitoring of warning signs is crucial to recognize its progression to critical phase.
- Critical Phase
- Phase when patient can either improve or deteriorate.
- Defervescence occurs between 3 to 7 days of illness. Defervescence is known as the period in which the body temperature (fever) drops to almost normal (between 37.5 to 38°C).
- Those who will improve after defervescence will be categorized as Dengue without Warning Signs, while those who will deteriorate will manifest warning signs and will be categorized as Dengue with Warning Signs or some may progress to Severe Dengue.
- When warning signs occurs, severe dengue may follow near the time of defervescence which usually happens between 24 to 48 hours.
- Recovery Phase
- Happens in the next 48 to 72 hours in which the body fluids go back to normal.
- Patients’ general well-being improves.
- Some patients may have classical rash of “isles of white in the sea of red”.
- The White Blood Cell (WBC) usually starts to rise soon after defervescence but the normalization of platelet counts typically happens later than that of WBC.
MANAGEMENT (based on patient type)
- Group A- patients who may be sent home
These are patients who are able to:
- Tolerate adequate volumes of oral fluids
- Pass urine every 6 hours
- Do not have any of the warning signs particularly when the fever subsides
- Have stable haematocrit
- Group B- patient who should be referred for in-hospital management
Patients shall be referred immediately to in-hospital management if they have the following conditions:
- Warning signs\
- Without warning signs but with co-existing conditions that may make dengue or its management more complicated ( such as pregnancy, infancy, old age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, renal failure, chronic haemolytic diseases such as sickle- cell disease and autoimmune diseases, etc.)
- Social circumstances such as living alone or living far from health facility or without a reliable means of transportation.
- The referring facility has no capability to manage dengue with warning signs and/or severe dengue.
- Group C- patient with severe dengue.requiring emergency treatment and urgent referral
These are patients with severe dengue who require emergency treatment and urgent referral because they are in the critical phase of the disease and have the following:
- Severe plasma leakage leading to dengue shock and/or fluid accumulation with respiratory distress;
- Severe haemorrhages;
- Severe organ impairment (hepatic damage, renal impairment, cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy or encephalitis)
Patients in Group C shall be immediately referred and admitted in the hospital within 24 hours.
1. Dengue NS1 RDT
2. Dengue IgM/IgG
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
4. Nucleic Acid Amplification Test- Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay (NAAT-LAMP)
5. Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT)
6. Other tests:
-Total While Blood Cell (WBC) count
NATIONAL DENGUE PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM
Vision A dengue free Philippines
Mission Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal To reduce the burden of dengue disease
Objectives/ 1.) To reduce dengue morbidity by atleast 25% by 2022
Indicators Morbidity rate = No. of suspect, probable & confirmed cases x100,000
(baseline: 198.1 per 100,000 population)
(2015 data: 200,145/100,981,437 x 100,000)
2.) To reduce dengue mortality by atleaset 50% by 2022
Mortality rate = No of dengue (probable & confirmed) deaths x 100,000
(baseline: 0.59 per 100,000 population)
(2015 data: 598/100,981.437 x 100,100)
3.) To maintain Case Fatality Rate (CFR) to < 1% every year.
CFR = no. of dengue (probable & confirmed) deaths x 100
no. of probable & confirmed cases
- Case Surveillance through Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR)
- Laboratory-based surveillance/ virus surveillance through Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) Department of Virology, as national reference laboratory, and sub-national reference laboratories.
- Vector Surveillance through DOH Regional Offices and RITM Department of Entomology
2. Case Management and Diagnosis
- Dengue Clinical Management Guidelines training for hospitals.
- Dengue NS1 RDT as forefont diagnosis at the h ealth center/ RHU level.
- PCR as dengue confirmatory test available at the sub-national and national reference laboratories.
- NAAT-LAMP as one of confirmatory tests will be available at district hospitals, provincial hospitals and DOH retained hospitals.
3. Integrated Vector Management (IVM)
- Training on Vector Management, Training on Basic Entomology for Sanitary Inspector, Training on Integrated Vector Management (IVM) for health workers.
- Insecticide Treated Screens (ITS) as dengue control strategy in schools.
4. Outbreak Response
- Continuous DOH augmentation of insectides such as adulticides and larvicides to LGUs for outbreak response.
5. Health Promotion and Advocacy
- Celebration of ASEAN Dengue Day every June 15
- Quad media advertisement
- IEC materials
- Enhanced 4S Strategy
S - earch and Destroy
S - eek Early Consultation
S - elf Protection Measures
S - ay yes to fogging only during outbreaks
LINKS TO PROGRAM POLICIES AND GUIDELINES
|AO 2016-0043||Guidelines for the nationwide Implementation of Dengue Rapid Diagnostic Test|
|AO 2012-006||Revised Dengue Clinical Management Guidelines|
|AO 2001-0045||Guidelines on the Application of Larvicides on the Breeding Sites of Dengue Vector Mosquitoes in Domestic Water|
|DM 2017-0353||Implementation Guidelines for Initial Implementation of Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay - Loop Mediated Isothermal Assay (LAMP) as One of Dengue Confirmatory Tests to Support Dengue NSI RDT|
|DM 2015-0309||Reactivation of Dengue Fast Lanes and Continuing Improvement of Systems for Dengue Case Management and Services|
|DM 2014-0112||Technical Guidelines, Standards and other Instructions for Reference in the Implementation of Sentinel-based Active Dengue Surveillance| | <urn:uuid:eb89679b-39f9-4736-a7c1-8825d36a4732> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://doh.gov.ph/Health-Advisory/Dengue | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988696.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210505203909-20210505233909-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.818252 | 2,142 | 3.25 | 3 |
Feast day: June 9
St. Ephrem is a Doctor of the Church. He was a great writer of homilies, hymns and poems and helped to fight Gnosticism and Arianism by his writings.
Not much is known about his early life. He was born in the fourth century in Mesopotamia (modern-day Syria). Scholars speculate that he may have been the son of a pagan priest. He was brought to the faith by Saint James of Nisibis and was baptized at age 18. He served as a deacon and a preacher and helped to evangelize his city.
In 363, Nisibis fell toPersia and a time of Christian persecution began. Ephrem led an Christian exodus to Edessa, where he founded a theological school. He died there June 9, 373. He is the patron of spiritual directors and spiritual leaders. | <urn:uuid:d6f833db-988e-46b2-af89-7d7545cec032> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/church-fathers/biographies-of-church-fathers/st-ephrem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066275.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00144-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991645 | 184 | 3.296875 | 3 |
wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, 16 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time.
This article has been viewed 75,719 times.
Tables make up the structure of your MySQL databases. Tables contain the information that is entered into the database, and can be created to suit basically any data storage need. Creating a table only takes a few minutes, especially if you only have a few different entries to save. See Step 1 below to get started.
Part 1 of 2:
Creating the Table
1Open your database. In order to create a table, you must have a database to house it in. You can open your database by typing USE database at the MySQL command prompt.
- If you don't remember your database's name, type SHOW DATABASES; to list the databases on the MySQL server.
- If you don't have a database yet, you can create one by typing CREATE DATABASE database;. The database name cannot contain spaces.
2Learn the basic data types. Every entry in the table is stored as a certain type of data. This allows MySQL to interact with them in different ways. The data types you will use will depend on the needs of your table. There are many more types than these, but you can use these to make a basic, useful table:
- INT - This data type is for whole numbers, and is often used for ID fields.
- DECIMAL - This data type stores decimal values, and is defined by the total number of digits and after the number after the decimal. For example: DECIMAL(6,2) would store numbers as "0000.00".
- CHAR - This is the basic data type for text and strings. You would normally define a limit for the number of characters stored, such as CHAR(30). You can also use VARCHAR to vary the size based on input. Phone numbers should also be stored using this data type, as they often contain symbols and do not interact with numbers (they are not added, subtracted, etc.) X Research source .
- DATE - This data type stores dates in the format YYYY-MM-DD. Use this if you need to store someone's age as opposed to their actual age, otherwise you will need to update the entry every year.
3Create your table. To create your table in the command line, you will be creating all of your fields in one command. You create tables using the CREATE TABLE command, followed by your table's information. To create a basic employee record, you would enter the following command:
- INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT creates an ID number for each employee that is added to the record. The number increases each time automatically. This allows you to easily reference employees with other functions.
- Although VARCHAR allows you to trim the size based on input, you can set a limit for it so that the user can't input strings that are too large. In the above example, both first name and last name are limited to 20 characters each.
- Note that the phone number entry is stored as VARCHAR so that symbols are handled correctly.
4Verify that your table was created properly. Once you create your table, you will receive a message that it was successfully made. You can now use the DESCRIBE command to ensure that you included all the fields you wanted to and that they have the right data types. Type DESCRIBE database; and refer to the chart that appears to check your table's structure.
5Create a table using PHP. If you are using PHP to administer your MySQL database through a webserver, you can create a table using a simple PHP file. This assumes that the database already exists on your MySQL server. Enter the following code to create the same table as Step 3, replacing the connection information with your own:Advertisement
Part 2 of 2:
Adding Entries to Your Table
1Add a single entry to your table. You can enter data into your table directly from the command line. You can use one command to enter all of the related fields for an entry using INSERT INTO:
- By entering NULL for the ID, the value will increase by 1 from the last entry, resulting in the next ID number.
- Make sure that each value you enter has single quotes (') around it.
2Add multiple entries at once. If you have all of the data in front of you, you can insert multiple entries with one INSERT INTO command. Simply separate the value sets with a comma:
3Display your table. Once you've inserted a few entries, you can display your table to see how everything looks. This will let you see if you've missed any information or if something is in the wrong spot. To display the table created above table, type SELECT * FROM employees.
- You can perform more advanced displays by adding filters to the search. For example, to return the table sorted by date of birth, you would type SELECT lastname, firstname, dateofbirth FROM employees ORDER BY dateofbirth
- Reverse the order of the results by adding DESC to the end of the command.
4Enter data using an HTML form. There are other ways to enter data into your new table. One of the most common is through using a form on a web page. To see how to create a basic form to fill out your table, see this guide.Advertisement
About This Article
1. Open the database.
2. Type "CREATE TABLE" followed by your table's info.
3. Press Enter.
4. Use "INSERT INTO" to add entries. | <urn:uuid:706b5059-854f-42d0-aa6e-f666c4e2ff72> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.wikihow.com/Create-a-Table-in-MySQL | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027170516-20201027200516-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.893234 | 1,204 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Inspirational Values for Future Cities
Mobility, infrastructure, security and digital technology are the current key factors in the management of urban areas. But is quality of life in urban areas simply the sum of these key factors or does a liveable and smart city require something more? Making cities liveable and smart is a challenge that concerns all of us. It is an ultimate goal and common to all contemporary and competitive cities around the world. As well as being a basis for their local economy, it is also crucial for the vitality of a city. The future of cities always is in the mind of planners, designers, city managers as well as citizens, community leaders and mayors. Liveability and smart technologies fit in well with improving a city’s identity and values while, at the same time, making it attractive to its inhabitants, visitors and talents as well as to businesses, developers and investors.
A complex challenge
A wide variety of conditions determine the liveability of cities. A liveable city provides its residents and visitors with interesting, pleasant and safe public areas, an efficient public transport system, and a healthy and green environment. For a citizen a city needs to provide a sense of belonging and a place and identity to connect to. Cities of today need fresh new approaches to ensure the future liveability and prosperity of their inhabitants and communities. First of all, cities need to preserve their natural ecosystems with clean air, clean water and a green and healthy environment. Secondly, liveable cities must ensure the basic needs for food, housing, safety, education and healthcare. Thirdly, cities should encourage the human potential, creativity and talent of their inhabitants. Fourthly, cities need to become adaptive, smart and even intelligent in sustainable energy, water and transit management. This is a very complex challenge.
A sustainable city, an inclusive city – or both?
A sustainable city is a city that is able to work effectively on energy efficiency, can make the transition to sustainable energy and water management, can reduce or reuse waste products and can reduce the effects of climate change. Making cities liveable and sustainable needs a much broader approach than making a grand design or implementing environmental policies. The values of liveable and sustainable cities are closely related to the values of an inclusive city and a competitive city. An inclusive city gives people a sense of place, of belonging, an identity and the security of social networks. It provides identification and connects pride with its history, community, culture, traditions, heritage and education. Identity, together with attractiveness, is also a major driver for a competitive city. A competitive city is deemed to be successful, prosperous, vital and full of opportunities for businesses, investors and institutions. Combining the values of liveable, sustainable, inclusive, competitive and smart cities is the key success factor for the cities of the future.
Cities have to be flexible
Successful, i.e. sustainable or durable, towns and cities display flexibility. Town and city plans last for a long time and redevelop themselves over decades and centuries to accommodate new functions and to meet new requirements. Changes throughout time and changes in identity and functions are necessary to retain the vitality, competitiveness and liveability of towns and cities. Throughout history, products were manufactured, goods were traded, taxes were charged and armies were equipped. Cities became increasingly specialized in the manufacture of certain goods, a trade, land defence, government, religion, education and science or culture and in the past decades tourism, sport and media. One of the lessons that can be learnt from the past is that successful towns are not only capable of repeatedly adapting to new functions and identities, but they are also good at combining and including old and new values, functions, identities and technologies and in actively involving their inhabitants and communities.
This blog was published at the launch of the new ISOCARP website, January 2015. Martin Dubbeling is Vice President Urban Planning Advisory Teams of ISOCARP and urban planner and designer at Connecting Cities. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:ad1c23e6-382e-481f-91be-bf7182c5f39c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.connectingcities.eu/inspirational-values-for-future-cities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500273.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205161658-20230205191658-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.958284 | 832 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Planting soybeans into a weed-free seedbed is an important component to maximize yield potential. While tillage can provide a weed-free seedbed, an herbicide burndown program can also be used. The benefits of a no-till system include:1,2
- Can produce similar yields with appropriate management.
- Reduces fuel use and emissions.
- Potential for up to 50-75% reduced energy costs.
- Increased efficiency through decreasing the number of tillage passes in a field. This can translate to more acres planted in the same time compared to conventional tillage practices.
- Reduced soil erosion by as much as 75-100%.
- Reduced loss of soil moisture from evaporation and soil infiltration, making 20 to 25% more soil moisture available for in-season use.
- Reduced nutrient and pesticide runoff and surface water contamination with reduced tillage operations.
Delayed springs due to cool and wet weather will slow weed growth, but once the weather turns, weeds can begin growing at a very quick pace. Delaying a burndown application can result in significant yield losses; a Michigan State University study found that a yield loss of over 8 bu/acre occurred when a glyphosate herbicide was used when soybean had reached the first tri-foliate growth stage as compared to an application 7 days prior to planting.3 Additionally, by allowing weeds to continue to grow, controlling them becomes harder, particularly those weeds that are herbicide resistant. However, keep in mind that generally when air temperatures fall below 40° F for an extended period after a burndown herbicide application has been made, weed control will most likely be reduced.4
Planting date is becoming an important component of maximizing soybean yield potential.5 Therefore, a burndown system that allows immediate planting after application is very beneficial and can ensure that planting occurs as soon as possible. Using XtendiMax® herbicide with VaporGrip® Technology, a restricted use pesticide, in the Roundup Ready® Xtend Crop System allows for that flexibility as compared to some other systems. Additionally, a burndown program that includes a residual component provides extended weed control and using herbicides with different sites of action should always be a consideration. Applying herbicides when weeds are an appropriate size remains a major factor for ensuring satisfactory control. Besides the benefit of using a burndown, which allows for a clean start, the use of a residual product will decrease early season weed populations and may delay weed growth during the growing season.6 Additionally, residual herbicides will help improve the control of weeds with an extended germination time period, such as giant ragweed, waterhemp, etc.
When choosing residual herbicides, the decision should be based on the types of weeds that are in the field and weed pressures to maximize economic return. Herbicide products that can be tank mixed with XtendiMax with VaporGrip Technology can be found at www.xtendimaxapplicationrequirements.com.
More information on the requirements and use of XtendiMax with VaporGrip Technology can be found by clicking here.
1Staton, M. “No-till soybeans offer many benefits” (May 5, 2011). Michigan State University Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/no_till_soybeans_offer_many_benefits
2Herbek, J.H. “No-till soybeans” (2000). Agriculture and Natural Resources Publications. 84. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/anr_reports/84
3Sprague, C. “Don’t skip burndown herbicide applications this spring” (April 26, 2018). Michigan State University Extension.
4Jhala, A. and Rees, J. “Low temperature and frost may affect efficacy of burndown herbicides” (November 9, 2017). University of Nebraska, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources: CropWatch.
5Mourtzinis, S., Sprecht, J., and Conley, S. “Identifying optimal soybean planting dates across the U.S.” (2019). CoolBean. University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension. https://coolbean.info/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/01/Soybean_optimal_planting_FINAL.pdf
6Sprague, C. “Consider using residual herbicides with burndown treatments in no-till soybean” (May 5, 2011). Michigan State University Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/consider_using_residual_herbicides_with_burndown_treatments_in_no_till_soyb | <urn:uuid:c5fa8ec5-8a12-492b-8fa2-f91fd73957f4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.goldcountryseed.com/en-us/agronomy-library/roundup-ready--xtend-crop-system---soybeans---early-season-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.894473 | 1,006 | 2.71875 | 3 |
There are 4 worksheets here, 3 of which are differentiated 3 ways.
1 is a fluency worksheet where children need to compare fractions.
1 is converting improper fractions to mixed numbers.
1 is ordering fractions in a number line.
1 is a reasoning worksheet where children have to decide where to place fractions on a number line. | <urn:uuid:985a2825-c299-4c65-b321-c5633e1c39b8> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.tes.com/en-us/teaching-resource/white-rose-maths-hub-fraction-step-2-order-and-compare-fractions-11765948 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525974.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719032721-20190719054721-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.950598 | 72 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Remember the last time you went for a CT scan, an MRI, or an x-ray? We're guessing your doctor showed you the results and pointed out phlegm-laden lungs, plaque-heavy arteries, or a freshly broken bone. No? Okay, well, here's what your doc definitely didn't say: "Look 2 inches to the left of your esophagus. See that red, fist-shaped spot? That's your anger. It's dangerously enlarged. So tell me: Who pissed you off today?"
While your emotions may be invisible to the world's most advanced medical technology, they still impact your health just as much as your flesh-and-blood organs do. "Emotions are physiological," says Karen Lawson, M.D., an assistant professor of family medicine and community health at the University of Minnesota. "The idea that our bodies are separate from our feelings is a complete misconception." Consider this article to be the kind of anatomy class your doctor never had in medical school. You'll learn the connection between anger and back pain, loneliness and high blood pressure, anxiety and dementia—and how to snuff out the fuse on even your most explosive emotions.
YOUR PROBLEM: ANGER
You + hot head = bad back. When people blow up, their back pain intensifies, a new study in the journal Pain found. Anger is thought to activate neural pathways that transfer mental tension to the muscles surrounding your spine, says study author Stephen Bruehl, Ph.D. A flaring temper may also be linked to blunted production of endorphins, which help quell pain.
Your solution: Take a step back
First, recognize your rage: Is your reaction physical? Do you spew a few choice words? Whatever your MO, use it as a cue to step back and pretend you're a referee, says Harvard psychologist Jeff Brown, Psy.D. "Try to make the right call by observing the interaction objectively." This self-distancing can reduce angry thoughts and aggression, an Ohio State study found.
YOUR PROBLEM: LONELINESS
You may have 2,000 Facebook friends, but if you don't feel connected, you'll know it in your heart. In a recent University of Chicago study, lonely people saw their blood pressure rise faster over 4 years than socially satisfied people did. What makes that so scary: The isolated folks' increase in BP was significant enough to raise their risk of a heart attack.
Your solution: Lend a hand
Men derive great satisfaction from group bonds—and that's why your 20s can be tough. You've lost the built-in social circle of your college years but still crave that fraternal feeling, says Louise Hawkley, Ph.D., a social neuroscientist at the University of Chicago. Her advice: Volunteer. As you work with like-minded people, friendships naturally unfold, she says.
YOUR PROBLEM: DEPRESSION
Feeling blue may be Code Red for cancer. In a Johns Hopkins study, people who'd experienced a bout of depression had a 69 percent greater risk of cancer than their sunnier counterparts. Over time, depression may interrupt the stress hormones involved in cell growth and cell cycle regulation, potentially leading to cancer, says study author Alden Gross, Ph.D.
Your solution: Keep it real
Overconfident people have an elevated risk of depression, a University of Pennsylvania study reveals. The reason: Self-inflation may set you up for disappointment and blind you to ways you can improve. Accept failure as a possibility—but one you can influence. Once you acknowledge your weaknesses, you can then find ways around them, say British researchers. | <urn:uuid:c7ae7a2b-0082-4840-b795-2df20d14e754> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.menshealth.com/health/take-control-negative-feelings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379414.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00165-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94641 | 763 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Do you want to know how much is 46.04 kg equal to lbs and how to convert 46.04 kg to lbs? Here it is. You will find in this article everything you need to make kilogram to pound conversion - both theoretical and practical. It is also needed/We also want to highlight that all this article is devoted to only one number of kilograms - exactly one kilogram. So if you want to learn more about 46.04 kg to pound conversion - read on.
Before we go to the more practical part - it means 46.04 kg how much lbs conversion - we are going to tell you some theoretical information about these two units - kilograms and pounds. So we are starting.
We will start with the kilogram. The kilogram is a unit of mass. It is a base unit in a metric system, known also as International System of Units (in abbreviated form SI).
Sometimes the kilogram is written as kilogramme. The symbol of the kilogram is kg.
The kilogram was defined first time in 1795. The kilogram was defined as the mass of one liter of water. First definition was simply but totally impractical to use.
Later, in 1889 the kilogram was defined by the International Prototype of the Kilogram (in short form IPK). The IPK was made of 90% platinum and 10 % iridium. The International Prototype of the Kilogram was in use until 2019, when it was switched by another definition.
The new definition of the kilogram is build on physical constants, especially Planck constant. The official definition is: “The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m2⋅s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ΔνCs.”
One kilogram is exactly 0.001 tonne. It is also divided to 100 decagrams and 1000 grams.
You know a little bit about kilogram, so now we can go to the pound. The pound is also a unit of mass. It is needed to point out that there are more than one kind of pound. What does it mean? For example, there are also pound-force. In this article we want to focus only on pound-mass.
The pound is used in the Imperial and United States customary systems of measurements. Naturally, this unit is used also in other systems. The symbol of the pound is lb or “.
There is no descriptive definition of the international avoirdupois pound. It is just equal 0.45359237 kilograms. One avoirdupois pound is divided to 16 avoirdupois ounces and 7000 grains.
The avoirdupois pound was enforced in the Weights and Measures Act 1963. The definition of the pound was given in first section of this act: “The yard or the metre shall be the unit of measurement of length and the pound or the kilogram shall be the unit of measurement of mass by reference to which any measurement involving a measurement of length or mass shall be made in the United Kingdom; and- (a) the yard shall be 0.9144 metre exactly; (b) the pound shall be 0.45359237 kilogram exactly.”
The most theoretical section is already behind us. In next part we will tell you how much is 46.04 kg to lbs. Now you learned that 46.04 kg = x lbs. So it is high time to know the answer. Have a look:
46.04 kilogram = 101.5008254248 pounds.
This is an accurate outcome of how much 46.04 kg to pound. You can also round off the result. After it your outcome is exactly: 46.04 kg = 101.288 lbs.
You know 46.04 kg is how many lbs, so have a look how many kg 46.04 lbs: 46.04 pound = 0.45359237 kilograms.
Naturally, this time you may also round off the result. After rounding off your result is as following: 46.04 lb = 0.45 kgs.
We also want to show you 46.04 kg to how many pounds and 46.04 pound how many kg outcomes in tables. Have a look:
We will begin with a chart for how much is 46.04 kg equal to pound.
|Kilograms (kg)||Pounds (lb)||Pounds (lbs) (rounded off to two decimal places)|
|Pounds||Kilograms||Kilograms (rounded off to two decimal places|
Now you know how many 46.04 kg to lbs and how many kilograms 46.04 pound, so we can move on to the 46.04 kg to lbs formula.
To convert 46.04 kg to us lbs a formula is needed. We are going to show you two versions of a formula. Let’s begin with the first one:
Number of kilograms * 2.20462262 = the 101.5008254248 outcome in pounds
The first formula will give you the most exact outcome. Sometimes even the smallest difference can be considerable. So if you need an exact result - this version of a formula will be the best for you/option to know how many pounds are equivalent to 46.04 kilogram.
So move on to the another version of a formula, which also enables calculations to know how much 46.04 kilogram in pounds.
The shorter formula is as following, look:
Number of kilograms * 2.2 = the outcome in pounds
As you see, this formula is simpler. It could be the best option if you want to make a conversion of 46.04 kilogram to pounds in fast way, for example, during shopping. You only need to remember that your result will be not so accurate.
Now we want to learn you how to use these two versions of a formula in practice. But before we will make a conversion of 46.04 kg to lbs we are going to show you easier way to know 46.04 kg to how many lbs without any effort.
An easier way to check what is 46.04 kilogram equal to in pounds is to use 46.04 kg lbs calculator. What is a kg to lb converter?
Calculator is an application. Converter is based on longer version of a formula which we gave you above. Due to 46.04 kg pound calculator you can effortless convert 46.04 kg to lbs. You only have to enter amount of kilograms which you need to convert and click ‘calculate’ button. You will get the result in a flash.
So try to calculate 46.04 kg into lbs with use of 46.04 kg vs pound calculator. We entered 46.04 as an amount of kilograms. This is the outcome: 46.04 kilogram = 101.5008254248 pounds.
As you see, this 46.04 kg vs lbs converter is easy to use.
Now we can move on to our chief topic - how to convert 46.04 kilograms to pounds on your own.
We are going to start 46.04 kilogram equals to how many pounds calculation with the first formula to get the most exact outcome. A quick reminder of a formula:
Number of kilograms * 2.20462262 = 101.5008254248 the result in pounds
So what need you do to check how many pounds equal to 46.04 kilogram? Just multiply amount of kilograms, this time 46.04, by 2.20462262. It is 101.5008254248. So 46.04 kilogram is equal 101.5008254248.
It is also possible to round off this result, for example, to two decimal places. It is equal 2.20. So 46.04 kilogram = 101.2880 pounds.
It is high time for an example from everyday life. Let’s convert 46.04 kg gold in pounds. So 46.04 kg equal to how many lbs? And again - multiply 46.04 by 2.20462262. It is equal 101.5008254248. So equivalent of 46.04 kilograms to pounds, when it comes to gold, is 101.5008254248.
In this case it is also possible to round off the result. Here is the result after rounding off, in this case to one decimal place - 46.04 kilogram 101.288 pounds.
Now let’s move on to examples converted with short formula.
Before we show you an example - a quick reminder of shorter formula:
Number of kilograms * 2.2 = 101.288 the outcome in pounds
So 46.04 kg equal to how much lbs? As in the previous example you have to multiply amount of kilogram, this time 46.04, by 2.2. Look: 46.04 * 2.2 = 101.288. So 46.04 kilogram is 2.2 pounds.
Let’s do another calculation with use of shorer formula. Now convert something from everyday life, for instance, 46.04 kg to lbs weight of strawberries.
So let’s calculate - 46.04 kilogram of strawberries * 2.2 = 101.288 pounds of strawberries. So 46.04 kg to pound mass is equal 101.288.
If you know how much is 46.04 kilogram weight in pounds and can convert it with use of two different versions of a formula, let’s move on. Now we are going to show you these outcomes in tables.
We are aware that outcomes presented in charts are so much clearer for most of you. We understand it, so we gathered all these results in charts for your convenience. Thanks to this you can quickly compare 46.04 kg equivalent to lbs outcomes.
Begin with a 46.04 kg equals lbs table for the first version of a formula:
|Kilograms||Pounds||Pounds (after rounding off to two decimal places)|
And now let’s see 46.04 kg equal pound table for the second version of a formula:
As you see, after rounding off, if it comes to how much 46.04 kilogram equals pounds, the results are the same. The bigger number the more considerable difference. Please note it when you want to do bigger amount than 46.04 kilograms pounds conversion.
Now you learned how to calculate 46.04 kilograms how much pounds but we are going to show you something more. Are you curious what it is? What do you say about 46.04 kilogram to pounds and ounces calculation?
We are going to show you how you can calculate it little by little. Start. How much is 46.04 kg in lbs and oz?
First thing you need to do is multiply number of kilograms, this time 46.04, by 2.20462262. So 46.04 * 2.20462262 = 101.5008254248. One kilogram is exactly 2.20462262 pounds.
The integer part is number of pounds. So in this example there are 2 pounds.
To calculate how much 46.04 kilogram is equal to pounds and ounces you have to multiply fraction part by 16. So multiply 20462262 by 16. It is exactly 327396192 ounces.
So your outcome is 2 pounds and 327396192 ounces. You can also round off ounces, for instance, to two places. Then your result will be equal 2 pounds and 33 ounces.
As you can see, calculation 46.04 kilogram in pounds and ounces is not complicated.
The last conversion which we will show you is calculation of 46.04 foot pounds to kilograms meters. Both foot pounds and kilograms meters are units of work.
To convert it you need another formula. Before we show you it, see:
Now let’s see a formula:
Number.RandomElement()) of foot pounds * 0.13825495 = the outcome in kilograms meters
So to calculate 46.04 foot pounds to kilograms meters you have to multiply 46.04 by 0.13825495. It is exactly 0.13825495. So 46.04 foot pounds is exactly 0.13825495 kilogram meters.
It is also possible to round off this result, for example, to two decimal places. Then 46.04 foot pounds is equal 0.14 kilogram meters.
We hope that this calculation was as easy as 46.04 kilogram into pounds calculations.
This article is a big compendium about kilogram, pound and 46.04 kg to lbs in calculation. Thanks to this conversion you know 46.04 kilogram is equivalent to how many pounds.
We showed you not only how to make a calculation 46.04 kilogram to metric pounds but also two other calculations - to check how many 46.04 kg in pounds and ounces and how many 46.04 foot pounds to kilograms meters.
We showed you also another way to make 46.04 kilogram how many pounds conversions, this is using 46.04 kg en pound calculator. This will be the best option for those of you who do not like converting on your own at all or this time do not want to make @baseAmountStr kg how lbs conversions on your own.
We hope that now all of you can make 46.04 kilogram equal to how many pounds conversion - on your own or with use of our 46.04 kgs to pounds calculator.
So what are you waiting for? Let’s convert 46.04 kilogram mass to pounds in the way you like.
Do you need to make other than 46.04 kilogram as pounds conversion? For instance, for 10 kilograms? Check our other articles! We guarantee that conversions for other amounts of kilograms are so simply as for 46.04 kilogram equal many pounds.
At the end, we are going to summarize the topic of this article, that is how much is 46.04 kg in pounds , we gathered answers to the most frequently asked questions. Here you can find all you need to know about how much is 46.04 kg equal to lbs and how to convert 46.04 kg to lbs . It is down below.
How does the kilogram to pound conversion look? To make the kg to lb conversion it is needed to multiply 2 numbers. Let’s see 46.04 kg to pound conversion formula . See it down below:
The number of kilograms * 2.20462262 = the result in pounds
Now you can see the result of the conversion of 46.04 kilogram to pounds. The correct answer is 101.5008254248 pounds.
It is also possible to calculate how much 46.04 kilogram is equal to pounds with another, easier version of the formula. Have a look.
The number of kilograms * 2.2 = the result in pounds
So in this case, 46.04 kg equal to how much lbs ? The answer is 101.5008254248 lbs.
How to convert 46.04 kg to lbs in an easier way? It is possible to use the 46.04 kg to lbs converter , which will do the rest for you and give you an exact answer .
|46.01 kg to lbs||=||101.43469|
|46.02 kg to lbs||=||101.45673|
|46.03 kg to lbs||=||101.47878|
|46.04 kg to lbs||=||101.50083|
|46.05 kg to lbs||=||101.52287|
|46.06 kg to lbs||=||101.54492|
|46.07 kg to lbs||=||101.56696|
|46.08 kg to lbs||=||101.58901|
|46.09 kg to lbs||=||101.61106|
|46.1 kg to lbs||=||101.63310|
|46.11 kg to lbs||=||101.65515|
|46.12 kg to lbs||=||101.67720|
|46.13 kg to lbs||=||101.69924|
|46.14 kg to lbs||=||101.72129|
|46.15 kg to lbs||=||101.74333|
|46.16 kg to lbs||=||101.76538|
|46.17 kg to lbs||=||101.78743|
|46.18 kg to lbs||=||101.80947|
|46.19 kg to lbs||=||101.83152|
|46.2 kg to lbs||=||101.85357|
|46.21 kg to lbs||=||101.87561|
|46.22 kg to lbs||=||101.89766|
|46.23 kg to lbs||=||101.91970|
|46.24 kg to lbs||=||101.94175|
|46.25 kg to lbs||=||101.96380|
|46.26 kg to lbs||=||101.98584|
|46.27 kg to lbs||=||102.00789|
|46.28 kg to lbs||=||102.02993|
|46.29 kg to lbs||=||102.05198|
|46.3 kg to lbs||=||102.07403|
|46.31 kg to lbs||=||102.09607|
|46.32 kg to lbs||=||102.11812|
|46.33 kg to lbs||=||102.14017|
|46.34 kg to lbs||=||102.16221|
|46.35 kg to lbs||=||102.18426|
|46.36 kg to lbs||=||102.20630|
|46.37 kg to lbs||=||102.22835|
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|46.99 kg to lbs||=||103.59522|
|47 kg to lbs||=||103.61726| | <urn:uuid:3964c419-deab-49ce-b2d5-02c454adebba> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://howkgtolbs.com/convert/46.04-kg-to-lbs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662627464.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526224902-20220527014902-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.888149 | 4,877 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Becky S. Corbett, MSW, ACSW & Emily Tevault, MBA
Too often, we are so busy that we forget to take time to thank people in our lives. Showing your appreciation to others requires intentionality; vulnerability; and scheduling time on your calendar to call someone, write a note, or publicly thank the person in a meeting. Below are the Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How of expressing gratitude.
How do you determine who to show your appreciation? Expressing gratitude extends to every part of your personal and professional life. Make a list of people who support you: friends, family members, teachers, neighbors, business associates. When was the last time you thanked them?
Oxford Dictionary defines gratitude as the quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation for and to return kindness. The last part of the definition is a reminder that expressing gratitude is a way to give back a kindness that has been provided to you. Ask yourself: “How will I give a gift to others by showing genuine appreciation?”
There are many venues for thanking someone. Consider using a variety of methods to show your appreciation. Think about how that particular individual will best receive your gratitude. Write a handwritten note and send by mail or an email, make a phone call, type a text, or publicly thank over social media. If you are able to do in-person, will your words of appreciation best be received one-on-one, in a public meeting, or at a family event?
How many times have you thanked someone this week? Increase your expression of gratitude—it needs to occur more frequently than the traditional “thank you note” for a gift or once a year during an employee annual review. Showing appreciation is for daily interactions as well as life cycle events.
Expressing gratitude takes you out of yourself so you can give to others. It demonstrates to people that you care and appreciate them. Do not assume people know that you are grateful. Ask yourself, “If I do not tell and show them, how do people know that I appreciate them?” When you are having a tough day, count your blessings. Think about the individuals in your life who have helped you along the way; step outside yourself and express your gratitude.
The key word to remember when you are thanking someone is genuine. The person receiving your appreciation needs to know it is sincere. Think about the person and what they enjoy in order to help you determine the best way to address them; does it need to be verbal, written, and/or with a little gift. Be specific about why you are thanking them; acknowledging specific skills and actions.
Sincere and thoughtful appreciation lets people know how much they are valued. How do you express gratitude to others? Share your thoughts and experiences, join the conversation below.
I would maintain that thanks are the highest form of thought, and that gratitude is
happiness doubled by wonder.
Gilbert K. Chesterton, English writer
Resources Count Your Blessings, Twice Today – BSCorbett Consulting Blog My Reflection Journal Template – BSCorbett Consulting Free Resource Intentional Living by John C. Maxwell
For more information about Customized Training and our Services, reach out to us at [email protected], follow us on Twitter, and read our Move to Action blogs. | <urn:uuid:8a5131bd-15f3-495b-b364-9e76c51fbd7e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://movingideastoaction.com/2017/11/08/bsc-tips-techniques-expressing-gratitude/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644309.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528150639-20230528180639-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.944648 | 716 | 2.75 | 3 |
Positive or negative word choice has a big impact on how readers perceive your voice and your personality dragondoor, for instance, addresses readers’ fears of doing things wrong or acting like a “baby-weight pumper” or “wannabee. Word choice refers to a writer's selection of words as determined by a number of factors, including meaning (both denotative and connotative), specificity, level of diction, tone, and audience another term for word choice is diction word choice is an essential ingredient of style in studying a. All words can be placed on a scale from informal to formal choosing the right word means knowing if your audience expects formality, informality or something in between in order to set the right. Word choice word choice requires that the writer choose his/her words very carefully the writer should enlighten the reader by choosing strong words that clarify or expand the idea.
Word choice worksheets part of the art of writing is making correct word choices to fit the purpose and the audience often referred to as diction, vocabulary certainly plays a role in word choice, but it is much more. Word choice and concise writing even when writing in general terms, you want to pay attention to the sentence structure and wording that you use in most cases, you will want to write in a thorough but concise manner. The trait of word choice is a complex trait that should be discussed, explored, and further developed every year that students learn to write in school both kindergartners and high school seniors can be taught to think about developmentally appropriate skills that are associated with word choice this page contains word choice lessons and.
Top tips for word choice selecting the right words is an essential part of communicating, whether you’re writing a wedding speech or a technical report you need to choose words that are appropriate for your subject matter, that pitch your message at the right level for your audience, and words that most clearly convey what you are trying to say 1 choose everyday words. Writing a-z word choice skill lessons improve students' writing to make it more interesting and precise writers repeatedly use the same words or do not choose the most creative or effective words in their first drafts to convey their message to an audience. Excellent writing 1 stephen wilbers correct word choice from the university of minnesota style manual use words carefully and precisely the following words and expressions are frequently misused. Principles of word choice from case western reserve university vocabulary and word choices in writing video essay resources , essay writing , tone and mood , word choice , word choice exercises , word choice videos , word choice information college of arts and sciences.
Word choice can make or break a sentence find out why the right word choices result in better writing and pick up tips for choosing the best possible words. Word choice is an area of writing concerned with using clear, descriptive words that engage readers correct word choice creates an accurate picture of the writer's topic that is both unique and easy to understand this use of language is considered an important component of good written communication. Looking for quality in student writing specific and memorable word choice so many words, so little time if you’re writing in english, you get a bonus that can’t be found in most other languages: an extra 300,000 words or so at just over 490,000 words (and still growing strong), the english language is the largest in the world. This smartboard lesson will help you teach students about the importance of word choice in writing this lesson models and focuses on using specific nouns, vivid verbs, and adjectives mutliple slides address each type of word choice students can take notes in interactive writing notebooks, list. Word choice showing top 8 worksheets in the category - word choice some of the worksheets displayed are this rough draft belongs to, 9 diction the choice of words, analyzing word choice, word choice, word choice denotation and connotation, name date word choice exercise ts and it s, tone practice work.
Writing: word choice, voice, illustrating, brainstorming, vivid verbs persuasive writing- having students write an advertisement for a book they have written find this pin and more on writing- word choice by kyme wegrich. As an academic researcher, a part of the writing process that often causes confusion and leads to common mistakes is the word choice while writing in english, maintaining the correct word choice is quite difficult for both esl researchers and for native english speakers who are not experienced writers. As a writer, you do not want inappropriate word choice to get in the way of your message for this reason, you need to strive to use language that is accurate and appropriate for the writing situation. Simplified arizona six trait rubric mesa az, from the state of arizona 6-trait rubric word choice sentence fluency voice 6 rich, broad, range of words, carefully chosen powerful word choices that energize the writing slang, if used, seems purposeful, effective vocabulary striking, varied 6 effective flow and rhythm.
Word choice in academic writing excellent proofreading and writing academic writing needs to be clear and concise many of the problems readers face when trying to understand written text are to do with the word choices that the writer makes. The editor's blog write well write often edit wisely home a novel edit beth's books while other issues might need to be taken care of first—every story needs a decent plot and fascinating characters—word choice can make the difference between a story that hits and one that just misses thank you for reading the editor's blog. Do your students struggle using strong word choice in their writing this post is geared towards the upper elementary or middle school curriculum and uses the term million dollar words when referring to word choice. Word choice and you: better words for your writing october 14, 2013 by ari c this list contains words of all sorts, useful in the sense that they can offer sound alternative word choices to complement the usual words used in most everyday writing.
Tips on word choice avoid casual language eliminate contractions ( can't, won't ), metaphors or figures of speech ( her writing was as clear as mud ), slang expressions or cliche phrases ( she'll get over it ), and adjectives and qualifiers ( very, major . Word choice is the use of rich, colorful, precise language that communicates not just in a functional way, but in a way that moves and enlightens the reader in descriptive writing, strong word choice resulting in imagery, especially sensory, show-me writing, clarifies and expands ideas. One of the most commonly tested concepts is word choice, choosing the most appropriate word in context unfortunately, it's impossible to cover the infinite number of ways this concept can show up.
Diction is important because it refers to the writer’s or speaker’s distinctive vocabulary choices and style, and it impacts word choice and syntax key terms thesaurus : a publication, usually in the form of a book, that provides synonyms (and sometimes antonyms) for the words of a given language. Careful word choice is central to top-notch writing careful word choice can transform a mediocre writer into a better one or make a dull subject seem engaging word choice is an important part of any type of writing–especially content writing. Word choice is a trait that shows the power of language sometimes students seem so caught up in their ideas, organization, and grammar that word choice may take a backseat showing students the use of good word choice will open their eyes to a whole new world of writing. | <urn:uuid:99c55a99-b4b0-4025-8c2f-772e450ceea0> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://pdtermpaperxzop.blogdasilvana.info/word-choice-in-writing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743963.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118031826-20181118053826-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.92584 | 1,527 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Has The Coronavirus and quarantine affected the natural world?
Since the beginning of the coronavirus, the world has experienced some drastic changes. Whether it be from the lack of factories working, cars running or just people exploring in general, there have been huge visible outcomes to the natural world. Evidence has shown that due to humans changing their everyday lives and actions, it has positively affected the environment. But will the world stay like this when everything goes back to normal?
Here are a few ways that the world has thanked everybody for staying at home:
Observed by NASA in China’s Hubei Provence, there was a drastic drop in the levels of air pollution. It is where the coronavirus pandemic first began in December of 2019. After the virus started to spread more rapidly, the Chinese government put the city of Wuhan and other cities under lockdown. This occurred on the 23rd of January 2020. Following this, around mid-February 2020, NASA reports show that the levels of nitrogen dioxide (a pollutant primarily from burning fossil fuels) were down as much as 30%. This is due to the lack of coal-fired power plants and industrial facilities running in the area.
Although, China is not the only place which has experienced air pollution. The Guardian has a visible slider for different countries to show people the difference between the application in 2019 and 2020. For example in the UK, according to Monk, 80% of nitrogen oxide emissions come from road traffic. But, due to lockdown and the lack of cars, the emissions have decreased more than you may think.
One of the most popular examples of a drop in water pollution is focused on the Venice Canals. Due to the drop in tourism, the canals in Venice have been the clearest they have been in 60 years. People have spotted not only fish and swans but also dolphins. The water is so clear you can even see the base of the canal. A spokesperson for the Venice mayoral office said that the waterways are clearer due to the lack of boats bringing the sediment to the surface.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
With different countries setting more and more rules around what people can do and what people can’t do during the time of the coronavirus, the emissions of greenhouse gases are reducing. Whether this is, the introduction of a lockdown, closing shops, or even just closing things which people use daily.
What time carbon emissions fell was during the economic crisis in 2008. Although, as expected, it increased as soon as the economy did. Unfortunately, the rise predicted to happen again when the economy is back to normal.
As experts have predicted, the air pollution, water pollution and levels of greenhouse gases will increase with the ‘release’ of lockdown in different countries. Here in the UK, the lockdown process is slowly being eased out of and from the 4th of July onwards we can even go to pubs, more shops and restaurants. This may sound great and sound like we are moving in the right direction. But, the travel and the reopening of factories, restaurants and shops will be causing emissions to rise again. | <urn:uuid:c8e13bc5-22ff-4d70-ad11-5c66025758fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.simplepersonalloans.co.uk/articles/general/coronavirus-and-quarantine-affected-the-natural-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529658.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519172853-20220519202853-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.964397 | 651 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Trauma can be a single event or a series of traumatic events that are repeated over time causing an individual to become overwhelmed with painful,frightening or loathing emotions. Over the last few years, the definition of psychological trauma has been broadened to include traumatic experiences such as physical abuse, sexual abuse and verbal abuse.
Trauma survivors may have experienced emotional trauma in the form of an abusive parent or loved one. This type of abusive trauma may take the form of demanding, demeaning verbal attacks, or it could be in the form of physical or sexual abuse.
Just as two people may not experience an event in the same way, no two people react to a stressful, traumatic event in the same way. While one person may find the ability to cope with a traumatic event, another may be unable to deal with the trauma by themselves in a productive manner.
What are the effects of trauma?
When a person is unable to deal with traumatic events, he or she will often feel alone and struggle with recurring feelings of worry, fear and worthlessness. Trauma sufferers often have difficulty in relationships and in dealing with emotional challenges, as well as low self-esteem due to the traumatic experience and feelings associated with the trauma.
Trauma victims are haunted by memories that feel completely real and can cause the victims to become silent sufferers who believe that their lives are destined to repeat past events. Experiences in a person’s life can trigger a recurring experience of the original trauma, which makes healing from the original trauma an extremely important goal. Many trauma sufferers choose to deal with their feelings alone, instead of seeking appropriate professional treatment. These people may turn to substance abuse to dull the feelings associated with the trauma and the pain that comes with those feelings. It is common for trauma survivors to also have issues with drug addiction, alcohol addiction or other addictions as they attempt to cope with the original issueinstead.
LeiaHughey, Ph.D. has helped many individuals work through these challenges with EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) techniques to ease Post Traumatic Stress symptoms. | <urn:uuid:2419bcdd-acc1-4fda-a1b5-207d2699e694> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.countrycounseling.net/services/trauma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890928.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121234728-20180122014728-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.966629 | 433 | 3.5 | 4 |
this photo, astronomers at the Space Telescope Science Institute
anxiously await results from the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy
9 with the planet Jupiter in July 1994. The institute is responsible
for carrying out daily observations and ensuring that professional
astronomers worldwide have access to the world's foremost observatory.
Typically, the institute receives more than 1,000 proposals
a year and selects about 300. | <urn:uuid:bf8855a7-2375-44a6-8ec2-0ac8d6b4956c> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/10th/photos/slide08.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646849.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00303-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871333 | 85 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- To check that words in written text are properly spelled.
- (transitive) To run a spellchecker on (a document).
spellcheck (plural spellchecks)
- The act of spellchecking.
- You'd better run another spellcheck now that you've written that extra chapter.
- A spellchecker.
- My wordprocessor is supposed to have a spellcheck, but I don't know how to use it. | <urn:uuid:7be5b515-67ec-42dd-aa8a-ea66bc32e60a> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/spellcheck | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860117244.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161517-00211-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.761878 | 94 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Crypsis versus intimidation—anti-predation defence in three closely related butterflies
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Vallin, A., Jakobsson, S., Lind, J. et al. Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2006) 59: 455. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0069-9
Butterflies that hibernate exhibit particularly efficient defence against predation. A first line of defence is crypsis, and most hibernating butterflies are leaf mimics. When discovered, some species have a second line of defence; the peacock, I. io, when attacked by a predator flicks its wings open exposing large eyespots and performs an intimidating threat display. Here we test the hypothesis that butterflies relying solely on leaf mimicking and butterflies with an intimidating wing pattern, when attacked, exhibit different behavioural suites—because leaf mimicking is best implemented by immobility, whereas intimidating coloration is best implemented by intimidating behaviour. In laboratory experiments blue tits, Parus caeruleus, were allowed 40 min to attack single individuals of three species of butterfly: one relying solely on crypsis, the comma, Polygonia c-album; one relying on intimidating wing pattern in addition to crypsis, the peacock; and one intermediate species, the small tortoiseshell Aglais urticae. The results are in accordance with expectations and demonstrate that: (1) birds take longer to discover the leaf mimicking species, the comma, than the tortoiseshell and the peacock; (2) the comma remained motionless throughout experimental trials but small tortoiseshells and peacocks flicked their wings when attacked; (3) the most intimidating butterfly, the peacock, started flicking its wings at a greater distance from the attacking bird than the small tortoiseshell; and (4) the intimidating pattern and behaviour of peacocks was effective—when discovered, all peacocks survived interactions with blue tits, whereas only 22% of commas and 8% of small tortoiseshells survived. | <urn:uuid:7801617f-a604-4367-8e9b-40b53376c907> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00265-005-0069-9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721606.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00438-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885794 | 435 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Four landscapes across the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states are strongly positioned to facilitate wildlife adaptation to climate change, according to the Open Space Institute’s analysis based on data from The Nature Conservancy’s Resilient Sites for Terrestrial Conservation. Resilient landscapes are natural strongholds, providing habitat for a variety of plants and animals and benefits for humans, such as clean water, and potentially resistance to drought, flooding, rising temperatures and other threats associated with climate change.
Through the Resilient Landscape Initiative, OSI will provide $5.5 million in capital grants within four targeted areas.
OSI selected resilient landscapes that are all strongly positioned to facilitate wildlife adaptation to climate change:
This rural corner of Maine and New Hampshire harbors significant biodiversity amid a patchwork of conserved land. The northern limit of many species and the southern limit of others converge here, making it an ecological treasure trove: pine barrens, peatlands, ponds and river systems all contribute to the region’s diversity.
Aside from numerous regionally significant species that include amphibians, reptiles and insects, the region provides important ecological services for human society as well. The region, which abuts the White Mountain National Forest to the north, encompasses a significant part of the Upper Saco River watershed, which contains one of best remaining floodplain systems in northern New England, and a portion of the Sebago Lake watershed, the city of Portland’s drinking water supply.
The region is the focus of various national and statewide conservation groups, as well as a dozen small land trusts such as the Bearpaw Regional Greenways, Upper Saco Valley Land Trust and Loon Echo Land Trust, among others.
More than 80% of this 1.5 million acre region ranks as highly resilient. And nearly 50% of the area ranks as both resilient and complex offering a diversity of microclimates to species. Much of the Maine portion contains moderately limestone geology type that has relatively little representation in conservation and select portions contain geology types that are highly correlated with biodiversity, in particular limestone and coarse sands.
A little over half of the region ranks as highly connected. However, only 13% of the region’s resilient landscapes is currently conserved. A challenge is to conserve remaining large blocks of intact forest while balancing the needs for active forest management, housing, roads and agriculture.
Lying entirely within the watershed of the Connecticut River – America’s first National Blueway – the area boasts rich hardwood forests and clean, cold water streams. This region, spanning the border of Massachusetts and Vermont, lies on the western side of the Connecticut and includes portions of the West, Deerfield and Westfield River drainages.
Although development and agriculture fragment the landscape closer to the Connecticut River, much of the larger region remains forested and rural. The area contains significant forest blocks, many important mapped natural communities and several focus areas designated by the Silvio O. Conte National Wildlife Refuge because of their critical terrestrial and aquatic species.
Protected areas are largely comprised of state forests and privately held conservation easements and preserves. Both states are actively engaged in conserving land with an eye to climate change and conservation groups, including Vermont Land Trust, Franklin Land Trust and Kestrel Land Trust, have significant capacity.
Located in the shadow of New York City, the focus area is one of the most ecologically intact, heavily forested, topographically varied and least developed landscapes in the Mid–Atlantic region. This 800,000-acre landscape is highly diverse, spanning several geologic features that include the eastern Pocono plateau, the Kittatiny Ridge, the Great Limestone Valley and the NJ Highlands. The region’s large intact forests play a critical role in recharging aquifers and streams supplying a significant portion of water to the Delaware River. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and state wildlife agencies have recognized the area for its unusually biodiverse plant and animal communities.
The NJ Highlands portion of the area alone contains over 137 endangered, imperiled or rare plant species –- and over 70 state-listed animal species and 4 federally-listed species: Indiana bat, bog turtle, dwarf wedgemussel and bald eagle.
The Cacapon/Lost Rivers and the South Branch of the Potomac are the two least-developed major tributary watersheds of the main stem of the Potomac, giving them a vital role in feeding freshwater to the Chesapeake Bay. They are renowned among other things for their biodiversity. This one million acre landscape is a haven for four federally endangered species, including more than 40% of the world’s Virginia big-eared bats and the largest single colony of Indiana bats.
It harbors more than 120 state rare plant and animal species, and more than 40 species of greatest conservation need in West Virginia. Trout Unlimited has identified at least 22 large patches of quality native eastern brook trout habitat that are dependent on the protection of more than 93,000 acres across the landscape. And 1,000-foot deep Smoke Hole Canyon contains what may be the largest area of unique, under-protected limestone forest left in the Central Appalachians, supporting many rare plant communities.
Significant human uses of the landscape include agriculture in valleys, hunting on mountain slopes and ridges, and a variety of outdoor pursuits in places like Spruce-Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area. These attractions, along with new major highway and potential wind energy development, will require focused and sustained effort to protect the landscape’s remaining large blocks of intact and forest.
General Information & Application
Outreach and Education
West Virginia and Virginia | <urn:uuid:278d6469-5eb6-4ef2-948d-0150afabcf13> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.osiny.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Issues_Habitat_Resilient_Landscape_Regions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999668738/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060748-00081-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923408 | 1,159 | 3.296875 | 3 |
|Michigan Tech's Open Sustainability Technology Lab.
Wanted: Students to make a distributed future with solar-powered open-source 3-D printing and recycling.
|This Open Source Appropriate Technology has been designed but not yet tested — use at your own risk.|
|This Open Source Appropriate Technology has been modeled.|
|This Open Source Appropriate Technology has been prototyped.|
|This Open Source Appropriate Technology has been verified by MOST|
Purpose[edit | edit source]
3D printers have come a long way. This project hopes to push the field of 3D printing into even greater endeavors. This printer moves away from using solid material deposition and towards a liquid material(effectively printing with inks). The goal of this type of deposition is to create ultrathin film materials to be used as coatings or in layered objects.
How to Operate[edit | edit source]
The following directions provide a step by step process for the use of a syringe pump attachment. The focus will be set up of the software, loading the pump, loading the syringe with the ink, zeroing the syringe tip, printing, and moving to idle. The printer should never need to be turned off.
Software Setup[edit | edit source]
Franklin is installed on a Raspberry Pi and connected to the Prusa. The files for Franklin can be found here. How to install Franklin can be found here. Make software is used for this installation and the files needed to download it can be found here.
Printer Setup and Use[edit | edit source]
Step 1, start up[edit | edit source]
Initiate the franklin terminal on either the raspberry Pi or on a laptop connected to the Pi. Printer in standby position(home position) with no syringe.
Step 2, Leveling the bed surface[edit | edit source]
Ensure that the bed is level in the center print area by adjusting the screws at the four corners of the bed. Then ensure that the syringe pump platform is level in the -x to x direction with a leveler(keeping the air bubble in the middle as shown in the image below). If the rods are not parallel with the bed, uneven printing will ensue, see guide below for correcting issue.
Step 3, Loading the Printer[edit | edit source]
First, Load the syringe into the syringe pump by securing with the syringe pump holders(white printed parts holding the syringe in image).
Adjust the carriage(part of printer which pushes down on the syringe) by changing the extruder value in frinklin. A negative value here will move the carriage up, while a positive value will move it down.
Insert the syringe top holder to secure the syringe in the pump(blue printed part on top of syringe in image)
Adjust the positioning of the syringe head to load ink. (I like to use 25x by 25y by 25z) Then, add the ink container to the bed underneath the syringe tip.
Lower the syringe tip into the ink to be used. In franklin set a negative number to the extruder(retracting filament for normal printers) to load the syringe.
Raise the syringe to remove the ink container vial and stopper it, and load a test slide for zeroing the syringe tip.
Step 4, Calibration[edit | edit source]
Lower the syringe with the position z(franklin value) as far ass possible(until it reads 0) without crashing into the bed. Then transfer those values from the position z to the target z(franklin value), repeat as necessary. Adjust the target z until the syringe is just above the test glass slide(0.4mm is a good value but will vary based upon application). It may be necessary to physically lower the syringe to accommodate the numerical adjustments made in Franklin.
Ensure that over the surface to be printed that the syringe is of similar height when moved around the print area. This is done by observing if there is a change in the gap distance between the syringe tip and the glass slide surface as the syringe is moved across the printing area. I like to move the syringe head from -25x to 25x.
Repeat this process in the perpendicular direction to ensure a flat surface.
Step 5, Printing[edit | edit source]
The syringe is sufficiently zeroed, now warm the heated bed in accordance with the testing parameters.
Extrude a small amount of material from the syringe off to the side to prime the syringe head(this is essential so that when the print starts the fluid will be deposited as intended).
It is a good idea to set a park position for franklin to print from. I'd recommend adding 20mm to the z value of the current home position, this will prevent the syringe head from crashing into the bed at the start of a print. Additionally, if the target z is above the park position z, the head will crash.
Assuming the gcode is already added onto franklin and all adjustments to it have been made(in this case an angle of 45 degrees is added to correct for internal geometries) the printer is ready for printing. Press the print selected button.
Step 6, Set to idle[edit | edit source]
When printing is completed turn off the heated bed, and follow step 3 above to unload the ink from the printer(but using a positive value instead of negative). Remove the syringe from the printer and store in a safe area. Click home and the printer will idle.
Troubleshooting[edit | edit source]
uneven rods (picture of lopsided level bubble) Typically this implies that a coupling has come loose (picture of coupling) Tighten and relevel the x direction rods to fix the issue.
Designs[edit | edit source]
To be added after paper submission | <urn:uuid:6ef47140-e72c-46b3-ab8a-6dc79486a2c8> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.appropedia.org/Open_source_syringe_pump_3-D_printer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989115.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510064318-20210510094318-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.877033 | 1,249 | 2.890625 | 3 |
One of the most widely watched international cable TV channels, the Discovery Channel, has published a new documentary series called “Machines, how they work”. The series explains the inner workings of common mechanical objects - revealing both how they work and how they are made.
One of the featured machines is an escalator, more specifically a KONE escalator. The episode shows the process behind how we manufacture an escalator and also showcases the work of amazing employees at KONE US Coal Valley plant.
The series was filmed at KONE Coal Valley plant and the London subway during spring 2016. As a result of great collaboration with the Discovery Channel, including a 3D animation revealing the inner workings of escalators, the film has now been published for millions of viewers worldwide. Discovery Channel and Discovery Science have altogether over 450 million subscribers making the film one of KONE’s biggest PR events.
Take a look at the shorter 3-minute version that has been published on Discovery Channel: | <urn:uuid:9fe418b2-26aa-43da-a237-1bfb65dda3fb> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.mynewsdesk.com/sg/news/kone-escalators-featured-on-discovery-channel-machines-how-they-work-172085 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540481076.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205141605-20191205165605-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.950504 | 201 | 2.625 | 3 |
Would-be defenders of individual rights and liberty, the fundamental ideas of the founding fathers who created the United States of America, have recently decided to pay homage to the Presidents who created the modern American welfare state. I refer of course to people like Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity, scions of the “New Right,” who have recently been unabashed in their admiration of men like Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and John F. Kennedy.
This is problematic not only because these three presidents are unworthy of any praise whatsoever, but also because people like Hannity and Limbaugh profess to champion capitalism and limited government, and are often looked to in the media as voices for these two ideas. Even if the praise they heap is not for the economic policies these presidents promoted (though this is not the case) and it is merely because they were “strong on defense” then this too is wrong, for all three were quite the opposite.
Franklin Roosevelt engineered the New Deal in the 1930’s, which was a whole series of works programs, wealth redistribution schemes (Social Security), and new regulatory bodies, all of which did nothing to end the Great Depression. If anything, they and the Federal Reserve kept the recession going far longer than any previous recession in American history. The New Deal was predicated on the belief that it was the government’s right and responsibility to tax and spend the country out of economic woes rather than getting out of the way to let individuals voluntarily interact and cooperate through what ought to have been a relatively short recession.
As to his defense credentials, they are atrocious. Franklin Roosevelt maintained an ambiguous and dishonest foreign policy, declaring neutrality while secretly (a poorly kept secret) supplying countries on the eve and then during hostilities. I don’t disagree with the supply of Great Britain; however the President should have gone to congress to call for the open and proud defending of an ally, rather than maintaining an official lie, as if it were shameful to help England against Hitler’s Germany.
Franklin Roosevelt also paved the way to give the Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin all the aid and comfort they could ask for including advanced T-series tanks, food, industrial equipment, and all sorts of other provisions for the Soviet Union to stay alive and threaten the world for forty years after the war’s end.
Finally, Franklin Roosevelt instituted a whole series of unconstitutional rationing, sedition, production, and draft laws which showed everyone, if they weren’t already aware of it, that he was no better than the petty dictators of the world, only he was restrained by congress and an independent legal system. To praise this man for anything, be it defense or his domestic agenda is a slap in the face to all who have ever fought to preserve or secure individual rights and liberty.
The fact that the United States prevailed in the war has nothing to do with Franklin Roosevelt. In spite of his best efforts the United States was still the freest country with the freest and most productive industrial base in the world; the only way the United States could have lost would have been for the governments of Moscow and Washington to switch places.
Harry Truman, looking for something to do after the war ended, began a whole new series of economic regulatory programs which he called the Fair Deal. These programs did not stop the recession that happened when the war ended.
His defense credentials are hardly better than his predecessor when you look at the missed opportunities that his limited vision and muddled philosophy let slip by. While it was realized that the Soviet Union wasn’t our friend and shipments of most goods and military equipment ended, the United States had a nuclear supremacy window of three years and a massive army in Europe with which to destroy the Soviet Union, but nothing was done. Instead the United States worked out the Marshall Plan, a mass welfare program for the defeated countries (the idea was that the opposite of the reparations imposed after World War I, in other words the United States paying reparations to the instigators of the war, would be the best way to deal with the defeated opponents) instead of just leaving their economies alone. Truman also worked to set up the United Nations, a body that includes all “legitimate” governments without any rational definition for what that is and without any rational definitions for human rights or international law and letting the worst killing machine the world has ever seen, the Soviet Union, not only into the UN, but into the important of the two bodies that make it up, the Security Council.
To praise this man for anything he did, domestic or foreign, is to ignore his actions and accept the rhetorical propaganda of friendly historians or those who served in his administration. Or it merely means that the people who praise him accept the things he did and reject the ideas of individual rights, limited government, and national defense.
John F. Kennedy deserves more praise than the others because he was forced to deal with all their mistakes. But he created some of his own problems. The Bay of Pigs invasion, while having the admirable goal of getting rid of Fidel Castro’s Communist regime, was poorly thought out and executed even worse. This invasion led Castro to ask for nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union to deter any further acts against him, which he received and became known in history as the Cuban Missile Crises. Luckily Kennedy got himself out of that mess unscathed. Unfortunately, thanks to Roosevelt and Truman, the Soviet Union had nuclear weapons, so the fact that Kennedy didn’t fight them is understandable, but he did begin an escalation of hostilities in Vietnam in which U.S. troops started to participate in active fighting. This wouldn’t have been bad had there been some sort of objective, such as conquering the whole country as opposed to fighting a limited war with spheres of operation where the only goal was to stop communist infiltration of South Vietnam. So while not as terrible as Roosevelt and Truman, Kennedy’s foreign policy was muddled and blunder-filled and it would only get worse under his successor, Lyndon Johnson.
For anyone who claims to represent the ideals and founding principles of the United States, a person who would have to proclaim the inviolability of individual rights, the morality of capitalism, and the reasonableness of limited government; for that person to hold up Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and John Kennedy as great presidents, whether in foreign affairs or domestically, is to deny everything the founding fathers stood for and risked their lives to win. It also cheapens the cause of the founding fathers in modern America, to be grouped with the architects of America’s welfare state, something that is antithetical to what they created and the things they believed.
There are two choices for those on the “New Right.” Either condemn these three and all others like them, regardless of party, as the thieves, charlatans, and statists that they are, or give up the ideas of capitalism and limited government, for the two cannot go together. To force them into a union only ruins those which are good and aggrandizes those which are evil.
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- Conspiracy Theories: Was 9/11 An “Inside Job” and Other Stories - 2006.09.24 | <urn:uuid:86bbfe42-1660-43e4-bf71-b5b4dff86fc2> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://capitalismmagazine.com/2004/01/paying-homage-to-the-architects-of-the-american-welfare-state/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270527.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00046-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971221 | 1,573 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Volume is the number of shares traded in a given day
The Average Volume for a stock tracks the typical trading volume for a certain stock. The volume for a stock tracks the amount of shares that exchange hands on a particular day and is a measure of activity.
Volume is frequently used as an indicator in technical analysis as it measures whether the markets have made a strong price decision in one direction or the other. The greater the volume, the more people who are behind a stock's movement in one direction or the other. | <urn:uuid:0e0ec9a9-2063-446b-8ced-f06548aa3da4> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.wikinvest.com/metric/Volume | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988250.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00275-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950458 | 104 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Discover the cosmos! Each day we feature a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
August 17, 1995
Neptune: Big Blue Giant
Credit: NASA, Voyager 2, Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton
Explanation: This picture was taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986 - the only spacecraft ever to visit Neptune. Neptune will be the farthest planet from the Sun until 1999, when the elliptical orbit of Pluto will cause it to once again resume this status. Neptune, like Uranus, is composed mostly of liquid water, methane and ammonia, is surrounded by a thick gas atmosphere of mostly hydrogen and helium, and has many moons and rings. Neptune's moon Triton is unlike any other and has active volcanoes. The nature of Triton's unusual orbit around Neptune is the focus of much discussion and speculation.
Tomorrow's picture: Pluto: The Frozen Planet
We are proud to acknowledge that an external review by Point Communications has rated Astronomy Picture of the Day in the top 5 percent of all World Wide Web sites. | <urn:uuid:0db383b6-bb46-4bc5-9b73-5c45c094a040> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap950817.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746171.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119233342-20181120015342-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.922913 | 226 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The aptitude test commonly known as CSAT or Civil Services Aptitude Test was introduced by UPSC two years back. The CSAT is valued for 200 marks in the Prelims and it is easier to score in this paper in comparison to paper-1 (General Studies), which is why it is important for the students to understand how to prepare CSAT for IAS Prelim 2013.
While preparing for the CSAT Prelims, there are seven main areas that you should focus upon and these are:
While preparing for the comprehension, it is important that the students understand the written passage properly while analysing the ideas. The questions can be answered well only when you have understood the opinions, ideas and details of the comprehension properly. Jagranjosh facilitates you with the comprehensive practice material on comprehension.
Interpersonal Skills including Communication Skills
Interpersonal skill and communication skill is not about grammar and vocabulary but about how you interact with other and how you perform in a group. Communication skill involves articulating your views comprehensively and briefly, while at the same time being receptive to others’ ideas. Jagranjosh provides you study material for testing your interpersonal skills in an efficient way.
Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability
When you prepare yourself for the logical reasoning and analytical ability, you should understand three main parts- scenario, rules and the questions. It is about understanding of the information, diagramming of the information as well as sequencing the given information. It requires your attention and therefore it is important to prepare for this area in a very meticulous way. At Jagranjosh, you can take up the test series or assistance from the study material to judge your logical reasoning and analytical ability.
Decision-Making and Problem-Solving
The decision-making and problem-solving questions in the CSAT IAS Prelims are important to focus upon because they are meant to judge the awareness of the candidate. As the name says it all, this section judges the candidates on their ability to handle various situations in day-to-day life. Such types of questions also do not carry any negative marking, which is why it is advisable for the candidates to attempt them right in the beginning. Decision making and problem solving can be understood well by going through the Jagranjosh study material.
General Mental Ability
Students preparing for the CSAT for IAS Prelim 2013 need to understand that it is important to answer the maximum number of questions correctly. Solving the questions under this section is by and large, simpler than other tests because it does not involve complex procedures. Here, all that you need to do is practice more. Practicing will help you in improving your score to a large extent. You can check your general mental ability by going through the test series designed by the experts at Jagranjosh.
Basic Numeracy and Data Interpretation
Basic numeracy is popularly also known as Quantitative Aptitude. In basic numeracy, the candidates should focus on certain components such as number system, percentage, profit, loss and discount, averages and their applications, ratio, proportion and variation, time and work, time, speed and distance as well as the basics of algebra. In data interpretation, you need to apply the tools of statistics to make a representation of the data. There are certain ways of data interpretation which involve narration-based, pictorial, table representation, pie chart as well as bar graph. Basic numeracy and data interpretation can be worked upon with the help of Jagranjosh.
English Language Comprehension Skills
Under this section, the students are tested on their mature understanding as well as retention ability. Comprehension basically involves the reading comprehension. Here, the candidates should train themselves to grasp the information and retain it as well. This section basically tests you on how well you can detect the main ideas of the comprehension and construct inferences from it. Actually this passage is of 100 words and is in English for both English medium and Hindi Medium students and is meant to test the Basic English understanding. You can check your comprehension skills with the help of Jagranjosh.
By focusing on these seven key areas, you can prepare well for the CSAT for IAS Prelim 2013.
For your overall assistance, Jagranjosh provides you with a comprehensive PDF package. Also, you can take up the online test series to judge how well prepared you are for the exams. | <urn:uuid:53b6e29d-ca05-426b-87d5-e29fd5e1c522> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/how-to-prepare-csat-for-ias-prelim-2013-1359005877-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982967784.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200927-00206-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946325 | 901 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Of course there is more to last week’s vocabulary story. Even as I was trying to figure out how “scuttle” suddenly found itself tripping off my tongue, there was a little something else poking at the side of my brain: scuttlebutt.
Here is what both Wikipedia and my dictionary have to say:
Scuttlebutt in slang usage meaning rumor or gossip, deriving from the nautical term for the cask used to serve water (or, later, a water fountain).
The term corresponds to the colloquial concept of a water cooler in an office setting, which at times becomes the focus of congregation and casual discussion. Water for immediate consumption on a sailing ship was conventionally stored in a “scuttled butt,” a butt (cask) which had been scuttled by making a hole in it so the water could be withdrawn. Since sailors exchanged gossip when they gathered at the scuttlebutt for a drink of water, scuttlebutt became Navy slang for gossip or rumours.
How does this one little word that should really never have been a word in the first place take up so much space? And how did sailors get famous for cussing when they were running around saying words like scuttlebutt? Language is so wacky.
Navy slang, people. A scuttled butt. You can’t make this stuff up.
It’s the annual Slice of Life Story Challenge, hosted by the wonderful people over at Two Writing Teachers! Every day this month, hundreds of writers will be posting their stories. Head on over and check out the other slices! | <urn:uuid:564387d5-2578-480e-849e-f636775b379a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://girlgriot.wordpress.com/2015/03/09/oh-but-my-swink-was-actually-not-yet-swunk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887973.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119105358-20180119125358-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.967808 | 344 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The White Rhinoceros: A Dark Future?
With rhinoceros horn worth more than its weight in gold, poaching has reached record levels – with at least 1004 rhinos killed by poachers in South Africa alone in 2013. Increasing pressure from the international rhino horn trade, together with habitat loss, is pushing the white rhinoceros closer to extinction. It is thought just a handful of captive northern white rhinos remain. Although the southern white rhino has been brought back from the brink of extinction, conservationists continue to fight to save the subspecies.
How Nikela Helps
White and black rhino are being poached and killed indiscriminately, at the rate of three per day!
It doesn’t take a scientist to figure out that the threat of extinction is very real.
Nikela helps protect rhino in three ways:
1) On the ground: Supporting Peter and his team of skilled anti-poaching rangers to stay ahead of the hi tech and syndicate driven poachers.
2) Awareness campaigns: Sharing information across the social networks to increase global awareness and invite anyone anywhere who cares to get involved, to get involved, like World Rhino Month.
Facts about the white rhinoceros
Two sub-species of the white rhinoceros are currently recognised: the southern and the northern white rhinoceros.
The northern white rhino is thought to be extinct in the wild, but this is unconfirmed. The southern sub-species occupies southern Africa, with 93% found in South Africa alone.
The white rhinoceros’ name is deceptive, as it isn’t actually white. It is grey/brown in colour. Its misleading name is thought to have come from a mistranslation of the Dutch or Afrikaans word for ‘wide’, as the species has a wide mouth. The black rhino isn’t the colour its name implies either. Instead, the white and black rhino can be distinguished by their upper lip. The white rhino has a squarer, broader jaw than the black rhino, whose jaw is more pointed. This distinctive jaw morphology means the white rhino is also known as the square-lipped rhinoceros.
Being grazers, white rhinos consume vast amounts of grasses – which they pluck using their square front lip. White rhinos spend half of their lives eating. In wetter conditions, white rhinos drink from watering holes almost every day. However, when water is scarce they can survive four to five days without drinking.
Behaviour and social groups
White rhinos rest in the shade during the middle of the day to avoid the heat, becoming more active in the evening, early morning and late afternoon. In very hot weather, they cool down by wallowing in shallow mud pools. This has the added benefit of getting rid of ectoparasites.
The most social of rhinoceros species, white rhino can occasionally be seen in temporary groups of 14 or more individuals. Young animals can often group together, as will females without calves. Dominant males are less social than females, often living solitarily and occupying smaller ranges. Males are territorial, marking their area through urine spraying, dung spreading, creating dung pules, feet dragging and using their horns to damage plants.
Conservation status and threats
The white rhinoceros is on the IUCN’s Red List, classified as Near Threatened. The northern sub-species is classified as Critically Endangered, with hopes for the species’ future falling on a handful of captive individuals. Although currently classified as Near Threatened, the southern white rhino is often billed as a conservation success story – with the sub-species having been brought back from the brink of extinction. Its numbers have increased since the start of the 20th century, with IUCN estimating there were nearly 17,500 southern white rhino in 2007.
Despite now being the most common rhino in the world, the southern sub-species is not safe from extinction yet – mainly due to the major threat posed by poaching. Rhinoceros horn is used in traditional medicines and in ornamental use. Rhinoceros poaching is thought to have dramatically increased in recent years, which isn’t surprising as rhino horn currently sells for more than its weight in gold. A record 433 rhinos (at least) were killed by poachers in South Africa alone in 2011. Rhinos can be left with horrific injuries from having their horns hacked off by poachers, which can often be fatal. Habitat loss is another factor threatening the white rhinoceros.
How you can help save the white rhino
To protect the remaining white rhinos against the threat of poaching, the efforts of people like Peter Milton is crucial. You can help Peter and his team in their patrol, surveillance and intelligence gathering work in South Africa by making a donation. Your donation will help protect the white rhino by supplying Peter Milton and his colleagues with the equipment needed to continue their work, as well as prosecute more poachers and train more people to do this vital work.
You can also volunteer on the ground or more importantly in spreading the word and donating your time and expertise. Here are 7 ways you can help even if you don’t live in South Africa.
Information researched and provided by Nikela Volunteer Danielle Boobyer | <urn:uuid:0225fa9f-8d37-4a05-b2a3-7822a698bd32> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.nikela.org/white-rhino/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00049-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953419 | 1,121 | 3.25 | 3 |
Advanced supercomputers have simulated extremely powerful energy jets squirted out by black holes, the most exotic and powerful objects in the Universe.
"This research helps us unlock the mysteries of rotating black holes and confirms that their rotation actually produces power output," said Dr. David Meier, an astrophysicist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Meier is co-author of a paper that will appear in the journal Science. The leader of the research team is Dr. Shinji Koide of Toyama University, Toyama, Japan.
A black hole is an object so dense and powerful that nothing, not even light, can escape. A black hole gobbles up stars and other material that approaches it, including other black holes. These odd objects form in one of two ways - when a dying star collapses, or when many stars and black holes collapse together in the center of a galaxy, like our Milky Way.
Both types of black holes can rotate very rapidly, dragging along the space around them. When more material falls in, it swirls and struggles wildly before being swallowed. Astronomers have witnessed this violence, including the ejection of jets, with radio and X-ray observations, but they are not able to see a black hole itself.
"We can't travel to a black hole, and we can't make one in the lab, so we used supercomputers," Meier said. This simulation process is similar to weather-prediction techniques, which create animation of how clouds are expected to move, based on current satellite views and knowledge about Earth's atmosphere and gravity effects. In much the same way, the scientists combined data about plasma swirling into a black hole with knowledge about how gravity and magnetic fields would affect it.
"We have modeled a rotating black hole with magnetized plasma falling into it," said Koide. "We simulated the way that the magnetic field harnesses energy from the rotation of the black hole."
"In this case, jets of pure electromagnetic energy are ejected by the magnetic field along the north and south poles above the black hole," Meier added. "The jets contain energy equivalent to the power of the Sun, multiplied ten billion times and then increased another one billion times."
This jet phenomenon had been predicted by Professor Roger Blandford of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., and his colleague, Roman Znajek, in the 1970s, but the new computer simulation confirms that prediction. The latest research was conducted in late 2001 using supercomputers at Japan's National Institute for Fusion Science.
Scientists have theorized the existence of black holes since the 1700s and identified jet-producing objects in the centers of galaxies since the early 1900s. In the 1960s, scientists explored the possibility that these jet-emitting objects were supermassive black holes between one million and several billion times heavier than our Sun. In the 1990s, it was discovered that such jets also are ejected by much smaller black holes in double star systems. A black hole ten times as massive as the Sun can form when the center of a dying star, 20 to 30 times the mass of the Sun, collapses on itself. This creates a tiny object, only a few miles across, with an intense gravitational pull. The other supermassive type of black hole is formed when many stars and black holes collapse together in the center of a galaxy.
In addition to Koide and Meier, the team includes colleagues Dr. Kazunari Shibata, Kyoto University, Kyoto, and Dr. Takahiro Kudoh, National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka. Images of the research are available at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/blackholes .
The research was partially funded by an Astrophysics Theory Grant from NASA. The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:4429270e-eb1e-47bf-acf9-400f71cfeed2> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/01/020125074335.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770432.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00164-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931574 | 786 | 3.921875 | 4 |
The Ottoman Government & Religious Beliefs
29 SEP 2017
The Ottoman Empire is an interesting case study in religious tolerance, particularly for the times. Although the government was definitively biased toward Islam, other religions were not only tolerated but had distinct rights under Ottoman rule. The Ottoman government practiced a system of religious pluralism known as the Millet system, wherein each particular religious group, or dhimmi, was allowed both freedom of religious practice and a significant amount of autonomy, particularly within the court system and regarding taxation.
1 The Millet System in Court
Although Islam was the dominant religion of the Ottoman Empire, there were significant numbers of various other religions including Greek Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox and Judaism. Ottomans of other faiths were allowed to use their own courts to settle disputes according to their own beliefs. The one exception to this practice was a dispute involving a Muslim, in which instance, the court case fell under Islamic Sharia law. Millet courts were also used for such routine cases as divorce and inheritance questions. It is noteworthy that non-Muslims had the choice of which court they wanted to have their cases heard in -- their own or the Islamic court. Petitioners usually chose the court most likely to favor them on a given issue.
2 The Millet System and Taxation
Taxation was a mixed bag under the Millet system. Whereas each Millet was able to collect internal taxes, allowing them a good deal of fiscal autonomy, their minority status meant that the Millet had to pay special taxes to the state. The special taxes took several forms. A poll tax, called a cizye, was a 10-percent tax on non-Muslims, in lieu of military service and as payment for the protection of the state. Practitioners of other faiths also had to pay special licensing fees to build a new church or temple.
Despite having certain rights under the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslim religious groups also had certain restrictions imposed upon them. One very obvious form of discrimination was a dress code imposed on non-Muslims. Each Millet had a different dress code, which would mark him or her as belonging to a specific religion. However, dress codes were not just required of the Millets, but also signified class and guild differences. Another systematic form of discrimination on the Millets was that non-Muslims had to reside in neighborhoods specific to their religious group.
4 The Devsirme System
One of the more complex systems of the Ottoman treatment of non-Islamic religions was the Devsirme system. In this system, young Christian boys, mostly from the Balkans, were taken from their homes and converted to Islam. They were given excellent schooling and reared for service to the state. Most became Janissaries, the military elite of the Ottoman Empire. Although they were technically slaves, they received pay and had certain freedoms. Some of the particularly talented and intelligent boys were selected for palace duty and could, and did, rise as high as Vizier. Although still considered slaves, this class wielded considerable power in the Empire, which influenced many parents to willingly cede their children to the system in the hope of great advancement. | <urn:uuid:01877b9b-cc32-469b-92b9-af0ccf55b8a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://classroom.synonym.com/the-ottoman-government-religious-beliefs-12087107.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334620.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925225000-20220926015000-00769.warc.gz | en | 0.984348 | 643 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Thank you for rejoining us this week as we continue our series, Effective Strategies for Strengthening a Child’s Teeth. Last week, you learned that it is important to ensure that all steps are taken that are possible when it comes to strengthening the teeth as it is not possible for the enamel to regenerate itself. Enamel simply does not possess the same regenerative cells that are present in the bones of the body. You also learned about a few of the food products and beverage items that a child may consume in order to reap the benefits of strong enamel.
This week, we will continue this series by expounding on a few more methods for strengthening your child’s teeth.
While it is not possible for enamel on the teeth to regenerate, it is possible for the enamel to undergo a strengthening process through the means of products that aid in remineralization. By far, the most popular and widely-used remineralization product is fluoride.
You should ensure that your home’s water source is fluorinated. You may also purchase over-the-counter fluoride drinking water for your child. Additionally, products such as toothpaste and mouthwash contain this mineral. Many parents talk to their child’s pediatric dentist about fluoride supplements and/or topical fluoride treatments.
Many of today’s products contain other ingredients that aid in the remineralization of teeth. These ingredients include calcium phosphate (ACP), casein phosphopeptide (CPP), and magnesium.
Proper Brushing Techniques
The next method to strengthening a child’s teeth is to ensure that they engage in the proper brushing techniques.
- Kids should be encouraged to brush with a soft-bristle toothbrush two to three times a day.
- The strokes should be short and the toothbrush should be held at a 45-degree angle.
- Kids should be provided with a timer and be encouraged to brush for an entire two minutes.
- All areas of the mouth should be brushed – including the tongue, the insides of the jaws, and the gum area. This helps to eliminate potentially harmful bacteria in these regions.
- Children should be taught how to properly floss in between their teeth and how to use mouthwash.
- Finally, kids should be encouraged to rinse their mouth with water immediately after eating and drinking – especially items that contain a lot of acid and/or sugar. This will help to reduce the amount of substances in the mouth that may weaken the enamel.
As you can see, there are several unique methods that may be used to aid in strengthening a child’s teeth. These include choosing appropriate foods and beverages for the child to consume, engaging in the process of remineralizing the teeth, and educating the child on how to properly brush, floss, and rinse.
Remember, once the enamel of the teeth is damaged, it is forever. It cannot be regenerated. | <urn:uuid:4bd3aa4e-612b-4db8-b737-bf3e24e4789b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://richmondpediatricdentistry.com/effective-strategies-strengthening-childs-teeth-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249504746.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223142639-20190223164639-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.935098 | 608 | 3.5 | 4 |
The temporary tracheostomy
Tracheostomy (tray-key-OS-tuh-me) is a hole that surgeons make through the front of the neck and into the windpipe (trachea). A tracheostomy tube is placed into the hole to keep it open for breathing. The term for the surgical procedure to create this opening is tracheotomy.
Where do I begin? Yes it’s a lifesaving device to enable one to breathe but apart from that it’s a real challenge. I call it a trache or trachie but I think the correct abbreviation is trach. Note: this is only used if swelling in the mouth and throat is likely to threaten your airway after surgery. It’s a temporary, short term device.
Explaining the tracheostomy
A curved tube goes from the opening in the neck into the trachea. There seems to be an outer and inner tube. I remember a tube being removed to be cleaned – full of white snot or mucous or as they call it, secretions. That made me realise why nurses go on and on about secretions and suctioning and the humidifier. If mucous blocks the tube too much you can’t breathe properly. It can get into the lungs (?)
There’s an inflatable “cuff” on the inside part of the trachea tube that prevents air from going up past the vocal chords and the mouth and nose. To deflate this cuff, the physio or SLT collapses a little balloon that hangs from the trach in your neck. This happens about a week after surgery when swelling has abated enough for the patient to breathe normally. After this deflation a speaking valve is attached to the trach allowing air to go up through the vocal chords. The patient can then talk.
I pride myself in being an informed patient but this time I didn’t know what they were talking about with cuffs and balloons. In fact I didn’t know until right now when I Googled it and saw diagrams.
I’ve had the procedure twice in 2009 and 2021. Both times I found it horrible but this time a little less so and at no time was I aware that I was breathing through my neck. The tracheostomy serves its purpose well.
Do patients need to be better informed? This time no one explained it because I’d had one before and Covid meant that patients weren’t present for the multi-disciplinary meetings when this is usually explained. Last time I had a colourful handout about it but did I take it in? Not at all. The trach was still a shock. I wonder if a little more explanation is needed once the patient is conscious post surgery.
Here are some reasons why the temporary trach is hard for many patients.
LACK OF SPEECH: First of all you can’t talk. No sound comes out of your mouth. So only sign language or handwriting enables you to communicate.
You could use text to speech on your phone but I couldn’t use my phone much at all in my doped state. The hospital did supply a chart of signs but no one I met seemed to use it. I thought it was good.
Doctors, nurses, even my support person forgot I couldn’t speak or watched me hand-write and then read out the words out while I was writing them! I was so doped I kept doubling up on letters and then crossing them out.
This time there were lots of thumbs up or thumbs down. Yes or no. Binary. Nothing in between.
There were little whiteboards but even they were problematic for me because the marker dust was a bit annoying. I would advise these though with a small marker.
When my trach was partly opened up and I could speak, I was amazed at how much more agency I had, how I could build some sort of bond with the nurses
SECRETIONS: Breathing through your neck means there’s no nose to moisten and humidify the air and the breathing passages don’t like it with lots of mucous secretions which have to be suctioned with a sort of metal wand. Not as unpleasant as last time but some people find it very difficult. For several patients I have talked to, the fear of not being able to breathe while the tube is being handled and adjusted is very distressing.
HEAT AND HUMIDIFIER : Everything that is done to keep the trach clean so secretions don’t affect your breathing adds to the heat in the hot hospital room with the overheated (in my case) patient. There’s the nebuliser and the humidifier, both of which make various sucking and gurgling and humming sounds. To me that is an added torment to the already troubled mind! Totally understand why they have to be used though.
TRANSITION TO SPEAKING VALVE: When they open up the airway a bit and attach a speaking valve there is an amazing sensation, not only the return of voice but of senses. There’s a whoosh and a zing and hey presto you can smell again too. It’s an interesting sensation which for me surpassed the removal of the last drain and the NG tube.
However it comes after a powerful suctioning by the physio. My blood pressure went up and they had to come back later after I had my meds. Some patients have told me that they have had problems with this procedure: coughing the tube out and panicking to breathe. I have no idea why my blood pressure went up as I had no breathing problems that I was aware of. Suffice to say, this can be a hard time as is any situation where your’re scared you won’t be able to breathe. You really have to experience the tracheostomy to understand how it feels.
Some more about the tracheostomy
UK cancer support site Macmillan has some good info. Here is some about the speaking valve.
The (valve) is commonly used to help patients speak more normally. This one-way valve attaches to the outside opening of the tracheostomy tube and allows air to pass into the (trache), but not out through it. The valve opens when the patient breathes in. When the patient breathes out, the valve closes and air flows around the tracheostomy tube, up through the vocal cords allowing sounds to be made. The patient breathes out through the mouth and nose instead of the tracheostomy.
Some patients may immediately adjust to breathing with the valve in place. Others may need to gradually increase the time the valve is worn. Breathing out with the valve (around the tracheostomy tube) is harder work than breathing out through the tracheostomy tube.
After the speaking valve, the next step is to have the trach capped so you have to breathe through your mouth and nose. I found this a wee bit hard this time but after 24 hours I graduated to removal of the trach. Always a relief but because I had radiotherapy last time the hole at skin level has taken a while to heal. It closed inside pretty quickly though.
If you need to have surgery and might need a trach, be prepared. It’s a bewildering experience if you are not. Learn some relaxation techniques and make sure staff know if you are scared about your breathing during procedures. It’s quite a miracle how normal the trach can feel in terms of breathing and in a week or so (for many patients) the trach will come out and all you will be left is is the small horizontal scar in your neck: a badge of honour.
It’s hard to find info on the patient experience of the temporary trach but below is a link to a study. | <urn:uuid:b273696c-ac5b-4b24-bf9b-d3ad3bae58bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://hncsa.org.nz/tracheostomy-the-patient-experience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304287.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123141754-20220123171754-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.963339 | 1,648 | 3.25 | 3 |
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Antibiotic Resistance Genes Detection in Environmental SamplesLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this laboratory series, students will be able to:
- apply the scientific method in formulating a hypothesis, designing a controlled experiment using appropriate molecular biology techniques, and analyzing experimental results;
- conduct a molecular biology experiment and explain the principles behind methodologies, such as accurate use of micropipettes, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and gel electrophoresis;
- determine the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in environmental samples by analyzing PCR products using gel electrophoresis;
- explain mechanisms of microbial antibiotic resistance;
- contribute data to the Antibiotic Resistance Genes Network;
- define and apply key concepts of antibiotic resistance and gene identification via PCR fragment size.
Exploring the March to Mars Using 3D Print ModelsLearning Objectives
- Students will be able to describe the major aspects of the Mars Curiosity Rover missions.
- Students will be able to synthesize information learned from a classroom jigsaw activity on the Mars Curiosity Rover missions.
- Students will be able to work in teams to plan a future manned mission to Mars.
- Students will be able to summarize their reports to the class.
Sequence Similarity: An inquiry based and "under the hood" approach for incorporating molecular sequence...Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
- Define similarity in a non-biological and biological sense when provided with two strings of letters.
- Quantify the similarity between two gene/protein sequences.
- Explain how a substitution matrix is used to quantify similarity.
- Calculate amino acid similarity scores using a scoring matrix.
- Demonstrate how to access genomic data (e.g., from NCBI nucleotide and protein databases).
- Demonstrate how to use bioinformatics tools to analyze genomic data (e.g., BLASTP), explain a simplified BLAST search algorithm including how similarity is used to perform a BLAST search, and how to evaluate the results of a BLAST search.
- Create a nearest-neighbor distance matrix.
- Create a multiple sequence alignment using a nearest-neighbor distance matrix and a phylogram based on similarity of amino acid sequences.
- Use appropriate bioinformatics sequence alignment tools to investigate a biological question.
Meiosis: A Play in Three Acts, Starring DNA SequenceLearning Objectives
- Students will be able to identify sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes at different stages of meiosis.
- Students will be able to identify haploid and diploid cells, whether or not the chromosomes are replicated.
- Students will be able to explain why homologous chromosomes must pair during meiosis.
- Students will be able to relate DNA sequence similarity to chromosomal structures.
- Students will be able to identify crossing over as the key to proper pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
- Students will be able to predict the outcomes of meiosis for a particular individual or cell.
Promoting Climate Change Literacy for Non-majors: Implementation of an atmospheric carbon dioxide modeling activity as...Learning Objectives
- Students will be able to manipulate and produce data and graphs.
- Students will be able to design a simple mathematical model of atmospheric CO2 that can be used to make predictions.
- Students will be able to conduct simulations, analyze, interpret, and draw conclusions about atmospheric CO2 levels from their own computer generated simulated data.
Linking Genotype to Phenotype: The Effect of a Mutation in Gibberellic Acid Production on Plant GerminationLearning ObjectivesStudents will be able to:
- identify when germination occurs.
- score germination in the presence and absence of GA to construct graphs of collated class data of wild-type and mutant specimens.
- identify the genotype of an unknown sample based on the analysis of their graphical data.
- organize data and perform quantitative data analysis.
- explain the importance of GA for plant germination.
- connect the inheritance of a mutation with the observed phenotype.
Discovering Prokaryotic Gene Regulation by Building and Investigating a Computational Model of the lac OperonLearning ObjectivesStudents will be able to:
- model how the components of the lac operon contribute to gene regulation and expression.
- generate and test predictions using computational modeling and simulations.
- interpret and record graphs displaying simulation results.
- relate simulation results to cellular events.
- describe how changes in environmental glucose and lactose levels impact regulation of the lac operon.
- predict, test, and explain how mutations in specific elements in the lac operon affect their protein product and other elements within the operon.
Discovering Cellular Respiration with Computational Modeling and SimulationsLearning ObjectivesStudents will be able to:
- Describe how changes in cellular homeostasis affect metabolic intermediates.
- Perturb and interpret a simulation of cellular respiration.
- Describe cellular mechanisms regulating cellular respiration.
- Describe how glucose, oxygen, and coenzymes affect cellular respiration.
- Describe the interconnectedness of cellular respiration.
- Identify and describe the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration, glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
- Describe how different energy sources are used in cellular respiration.
- Trace carbon through cellular respiration from glucose to carbon dioxide.
Discovering Prokaryotic Gene Regulation with Simulations of the trp OperonLearning ObjectivesStudents will be able to:
- Perturb and interpret simulations of the trp operon.
- Define how simulation results relate to cellular events.
- Describe the biological role of the trp operon.
- Describe cellular mechanisms regulating the trp operon.
- Explain mechanistically how changes in the extracellular environment affect the trp operon.
- Define the impact of mutations on trp operon expression and regulation.
A Close-Up Look at PCRLearning ObjectivesAt the end of this lesson students will be able to...
- Describe the role of a primer in PCR
- Predict sequence and length of PCR product based on primer sequences
- Recognize that primers are incorporated into the final PCR products and explain why
- Identify covalent and hydrogen bonds formed and broken during PCR
- Predict the structure of PCR products after each cycle of the reaction
- Explain why amplification proceeds exponentially | <urn:uuid:a79a0e34-acd8-48b0-9567-88165924d633> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.coursesource.org/courses/search/c/introductory-biology/field_assessment_type/answer-short-answer-questions-414 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262311.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527085702-20190527111702-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.803521 | 1,369 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Written by Coeli Hoover
The next time you’re in the woods, take a good look around. Now, close your eyes and imagine a dark and mysterious world filled with strange and wonderful creatures. Open your eyes and look down...that world is beneath your feet. Aboveground, photosynthesis drives the forest ecosystem that you see around you. Below ground, in the forest floor and the soil, decomposition plays that role. When you look around, you see producers (plants), consumers (insects and critters of various sorts) and if you’re lucky, a glimpse of a predator (maybe even a bobcat). Underfoot, the cast of characters changes a little, with decomposers (bacteria and fungi) taking the place of producers, and consumers look quite a bit different. We are all familiar with earthworms, but there are all sorts of amazing creatures, many too small to see without a microscope. Mites roam, collembola (springtails) leap through the leaf litter on the forest floor, and nematodes are here, there, and everywhere, to name just a few kinds of soil fauna. Rotifers live in lakes, yes, but also in the thin film of water that surrounds soil particles. There are predators as well; pseudoscorpions look so fierce that I, for one, am grateful that they are not larger, and some predatory mites are quite impressive. My favorite soil resident is the tardigrade, or water bear. These amazing creatures also live in the water film on soil particles, and survive by remaining dormant in dry conditions. This amazing little creature has been around for at least 500 million years, and can survive just about anything (even being blasted into space)!
So, what’s going on below ground? We know that energy flows and nutrients cycle through ecosystems and a lot of that work happens downstairs. Energy flows - fallen leaves and trees are broken down by the decomposer community, and part of the carbon contained in this wood and litter (which was the sun’s energy, captured and stored during photosynthesis) powers the underground food web, while part of it is incorporated into the soil, increasing water holding capacity, reducing bulk density, and building soil structure, among other things. Nutrients cycle- our forests keep a tight rein on their budgets, and elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are not always easy to come by. Mineral weathering is slow, and while trees can meet some of their needs from nutrients dissolved in rainwater, decomposing leaves are a key source of the nutrients that our forests need to grow and thrive. How do these nutrients become available to tree roots? Through the actions of our busy decomposer community. The next time you are out in the woods, take a minute to look around and remember that everything that you see around you is supported by the mysterious and wonderful world beneath your feet, the soil ecosystem.
For more on collembola (including video of them jumping) and tardigrades, check out these links:
Soil fauna photo courtesy of Dr. Uffe Nielsen, University of Sydney, Australia
Coeli Hoover, PhD is a research ecologist with the Forest Service Northern Research Station | <urn:uuid:8690a06e-61a1-4c78-86f9-3f46f22f8b3f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.womenowningwoodlands.net/content/world-beneath-your-feet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.950579 | 670 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Pond filters (when placed BEFORE the pump) protect the pump from clogging from debris in the pond. More importantly, they purify the water and the environment, removing debris and excess nutrients from the water using 2 simple processes:
Mechanical Filtration acts as a barrier, trapping dirt and debris (usually in an easily-cleaned foam block) so that it can be removed. It is the first defence for clean, clear water.
Biological filtration is performed by beneficial bacteria which grow naturally in the filter media. These microscopic organisms convert the harmful toxins (ammonia and nitrite) which are manufactured by fish and decay processes into much safer nitrates, which are an excellent plant food.
In the process the water is made clean. The proper balance of bacteria against waste is the most important part of keeping a pond in healthy condition for fish and plants. Too little bacteria or too much waste will turn everything to muck.
Each time you add fish (or as your fish get larger) you will need more bacteria to "digest" the waste produced. Waste is also produced if you let debris lie on the bottom of the pool where it decays. Bacteria grows and multiplies naturally as it is fed (up to the limit that the filter media is capable of supporting). Think of your media chamber as an apartment building. Bacteria will multiply until all of the available apartments are full or until the food supply runs out.
If your need for waste digestion outstrips the media capacity (available apartments), you must either add another chamber for media or add another filter.
Newer filters often contain UV chambers (or you can purchase a separate one and add it to your system). As water passes over and is exposed to the intense UV light which is emitted by the sterilizer it kills micro-organisms such as parasites, bacterias (some harmful to fish) and kills algae spores to help end algae bloom. See a more in-depth article about UV sterilization
There are three types of useful pond filters.
A waterfall or fountain quickly becomes the focal point in your water garden. Additionally, moving water discourages mosquitoes, which prefer to breed in stagnant pools.
They also provide more shade to help protect your pond liner from UV light degradation. | <urn:uuid:fa2b44fd-bcab-4d5a-a0e5-1d61ce436cc5> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.futurepets.com/trivia/ponds-filterinfo.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526228.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418181435-20190418203435-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.941577 | 464 | 3.203125 | 3 |
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Tracking Down Meaning in Great Expectations
Fourth graders are assigned an unique theme, symbol, or character in Great Expectations. They becomes the class expert on that facet of the novel while learning the basic skills needed to write a research paper.
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Vocabulary - Words in Context
What do you call a rabbit with a sense of humor? A funny bunny! Beginning with a Hink Pink Think activity, pupils discover meanings of words through an engaging learning game. Next, individuals explore ways to discover word meanings in a...
2nd - 5th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Practice Book O
Whether you need resources for reading comprehension, literary analysis, phonics, vocabulary, or text features, an extensive packet of worksheets is sure to fit your needs. Based on a fifth-grade curriculum but applicable to any level of...
3rd - 6th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Challenge young learners to read between the lines with an activity that focuses on making inferences and using context clues. As class members read short passages that provide several context clues to the meaning of a word in bold, they...
4th - 6th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Voices In the Park
Explore the impact a narrator's point of view has on a story with a reading of the children's book, Voices in the Park by Anthony Browne. Written in four different voices, the story is told and retold from different perspectives to...
1st - 6th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Getting the Most out of Teaching with Newspapers
No matter what subject you're teaching, you'll find some fun and innovative ideas for using newspapers in your classroom with a helpful resource. Based on Getting the Most Out of Teaching with Newspapers by Rebecca Olien, the series of...
4th - 7th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Reading Comprehension: Voice of Nature
Understanding a text can be a very interesting task. Fourth graders read a passage describing the origin of an Aboriginal myth. They answer 11 comprehension questions that require them to pull key details, use context, and think...
4th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Mummies in the Morning Egyptian pyramids, hieroglyphics
Visit the Magic Treehouse and take your class on a trip through time with a reading of the children's book Mummies in the Morning. Using the story to spark an investigation into Egyptian culture, this literature unit engages...
3 mins 1st - 4th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
New Review Figurative Language
Follow a scaffolded routine to reinforce the concept of figurative language. With a read-aloud of Once in a Blue Moon by Nicola Morgan, class members observe how to identify personification and idioms, chart phrases and meanings, then...
2nd - 4th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Reading Comprehension: Thor and Sif
Expose your readers to the fascinating legends of Norse Gods Thor and Sif. They read a brief introduction about traditional stories and myths then read several paragraphs on these figures, marking unknown words as they go. Learners look...
2nd - 4th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Using Words as a Way into Rick Riordan's The Lightning Thief
Use the Visual Thesaurus to predict the subject matter of Rick Riordan's book The Lightning Thief. A pre-reading activity encourages middle schoolers to use context clues and word meaning to discover what the book is about. After they...
4th - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:896d20b5-320b-40c7-89b6-4b76598c3339> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/tracking-down-meaning-in-great-expectations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188926.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00105-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900759 | 808 | 4.28125 | 4 |
What is a Patent Agent?
In Canada, only a registered patent agent is permitted under the Patent Act to represent applicants before the Patent Office in obtaining patent protection. A patent agent is not a lawyer although many agents are also lawyers. The role of a patent agent begins when an invention is first conceived. The patent agent assesses the invention, with insights to the field of invention from the inventor, by searching prior patents and other publications to determine if the invention is patentable. If the invention appears to be patentable, the patent agent works with the inventor to prepare a document called a patent specification which contains a description and drawings showing how the invention is made and operates. The specification is also drafted to contain claims which define, in words, the exclusive rights sought by the inventor for the invention.
Patent agents must have a technical background and good writing skills in order to describe the inventions they protect. Patent agents should have at least an undergraduate university degree (many have advanced degrees as well) in science or engineering. This background greatly facilitates communication with inventors and enhances the agent's ability to understand and describe even the most technically challenging inventions.
Typically, patent agents specialize in specific technical fields such as electronics or information technology. For instance, a patent agent with a background in biotechnology will prepare patent applications arising from the genetic engineering field, while patent applications relating to a telephone exchange will be prepared by a patent agent who is an electronic engineer.
After a patent application is filed, the Patent Office examines the application assessing the patentability of the invention in light of prior art on the basis of the claims. In a process known as "prosecution" the patent agent represents their client advocating the patentable features of the invention with a view to having the application allowed and issue as a patent. | <urn:uuid:be1e3a72-5aa3-4109-9be2-e5cd2ee188d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://ipic.ca/english/ip-assistance/types-of-agents/what-is-a-patent-agent.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589710.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717105812-20180717125812-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.946501 | 361 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The powerhouse of cells: Mitochondria.
How to improve its function?
First off, I am not a medical professional or a liver organ expert. I am just someone who is passionate about finding ways to help people who are in pain.
The information in this article is purely informative. And cannot be considered as medical pieces of advice. No treatment should be initiated solemnly based uniquely on the content of this text. It is highly recommended to the reader to consult health professionals. The editor of this informative article does not practice medicine or any other therapeutic profession.
How to improve your mitochondria function to work correctly.
Hello, readers and friends,
Welcome to www.avoidpainaturalsways.com
What is the purpose of my article today?
How To Improve Mitochondria Function
I want to talk with you about the importance of your mitochondria function, why mitochondria are essential to life?.
How can you slow down the aging process?
Seriously, I guess like many of you; I’m concern about aging too fast.
I know that I can’t stop the biological clock when it comes to aging.
But what I know you can prevent to slow down, and age in the healthiest way.
Important to realize, your eating habits will determine the function or dysfunction of the “Powerhouse of the cell.”
Let’s look further about the function of mitochondria.
Firstly, I’m sure you’re wondering what mitochondria is, right?
In fact mitochondria, in simple words, are known as the “Powerhouses of cells.”
They are organelles that act like a digestive system.
Which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy-rich molecules for the cell.
The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration.
But, why do I need mitochondria?
That is the big question because they are primarily responsible for converting the air you breathe and the food you eat into energy.
That your cells can use to grow, divide and function.
That’s the WHY it is important to realize to understand the need for proper nutrient you give to your body.
Mitochondria produce energy into a chemical called ATP.
Where are mitochondria found?
Typically mitochondria are found in your body’s cells.
What is the leading cause of aging? Everyone wants to know, right?
The dysfunction of mitochondrial is a significant cause of aging due to the vital role of mitochondria in your cells.
(Cellular respiration ATP production)
Or Adenosine Triphosphate is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms on earth.
When the cell requires energy, ATP is broken down through hydrolysis.
Then you have the trouble of dysfunction.
Therefore dysfunction cause damage to the DNA in your cells, predisposing to cancer and other diseases.
One of these mechanisms is involved in cellular aging.
For this reason, it is crucial to help the mitochondrial function adequately.
How To Improve Mitochondria Function?
Firstly, quit overeating sugar, because of the sugar as you might know already is mostly considered as unhealthy and damage your cells.
- Eat the rainbow
- Have a cup of bone broth
- Take your Omega-3
- Also, eat healthy fats.
How can I stop aging at 40?
If you want to live longer, then eat more antioxidant-rich foods such as:
- Prefer extra olive oil than other poor quality oils.
- Low fat, organic yogurt is one my favorites as well.
- Choose fish that’s high in Omega-3 and have it steamed, grilled, broil, baked or poached.
As an illustration:
- Sardines, wild salmon, Atlantic mackerel Tuna, Sea bass, etc.
- Chocolate. dark chocolate, better for you
- Red wine in moderation.
You can seriously slow the process aging by eating more antioxidants foods.
- Red bell pepper, (because they are full with antioxidants.)
- Spinach nuts
The health benefits of watercress are amazingly so good for you, and you know why?
Not only is a powerhouse vegetable that packs several nutrients but is extremely low in calories, a good source of minerals that protect your bones as your cells.
Let’s talk about the importance of wrinkles, that nobody wants to have I guess.
Starting with the kind of food you’ll need to avoid, or you should limit because this will cause you to have wrinkles.
One of the worst of things you can do is continually eat these:
- Doughnuts and sugary pastries, because they’re full of sugar.
- Hot dog not better!
- Bacon, very high in Saturated fats!
- Pepperoni, same high in saturated fats
- Processed meats to avoid as well ( or limit to eat these often)
In general, this kind of nutrients has a lot of nitrates in them.
On the negative side, what nitrate do to the human?
To demonstrate, in fact, eating the preservative sodium in massive doses, which changes to nitrite in your body.
Consequently, It can damage the cells and also transform into molecules that cause cancer.
For this reason, emphasize your intake nutrients if you want to look younger.
Think of the healthiest fats on earth.
- Extra virgin olive oil, raw is better for you.
- Green tea, so high in antioxidants which can protect against free radicals.
Do you know what free radicals are?
I will try to explain most simply for you to understand because we are talking here about the impaired electron.
In short, free radicals contain an impaired electron, are atoms that include one or more unpaired electrons.
Electrons like to be in pairs, so these atoms, scavenge the body to seek out other particles.
So they become a pair as a result to causes damage to cells protein and DNA.
How do I get rid of free radicals in my body?
Best for you is to eliminate toxins that cause free-radicals and add more antioxidants that fight free-radicals to your diet.
a) Eat foods with high antioxidants.
b) Buy organic produce to avoid toxic pesticides.
c) Eat mostly organic or local grass-fed meat.
Here the list of foods that fight free-radicals.
1- Whole cereal
2- At least have six portions of vegetables and fruits every day.
3- Raw vegetable oil, such as olive oil
4- Adequate cooking, I mean lightly cooked.
5- Prefer fish than meat.
6- Red wine is better than white, a glass day at every meal. 7- Tea and coffee.
Keep in mind that the free radical content is high in nutrient-poor meals and those deficient of antioxidants.
Therefore, avoid or limit high glycemic foods, or foods that are rich in refined carbohydrates and sugars.
How can I stop my face from aging naturally?
For instance, here are some tips for you to reduce premature skin aging.
1- Protect your skin from the sun every day.
2- Apply self-tanner, sunless tanning products.
3- use natural lotions, creams, and sprays, you directly apply to your skin.
These will gives your skin a tanned look without exposing it to harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.
- If you smoke, try to stop smoking
- Avoid repetitive facial expressions
- Eat a healthy well-balanced diet
- Drink less alcohol.
What is the best anti-age supplement for me?
Some people claim that the following may work.
- Heliocare skin cares dietary supplements.
- Zinc, EZ melts zinc for immune support
- Best Q10 Doctor’s high absorption.
- COQ 10 with Bioperine.
- Collagen peptides
- Vitamin C
Does vitamin E help reduce wrinkles?
New Laboratory studies suggest vitamin E helps inactivate free radicals making them less likely to cause damage.
What is the dosage to take?
At the present time recommendation, vitamin E intake is 400 milligrams a day for you.
That may reduce photodamage wrinkles and improve skin texture.
Can I use E capsules on my face?
In my opinion, you can use capsules directly to the skin, but be sure to ask your esthetician before to be sure you do the right thing.
Vitamin E is often used to promote smooth, hydrated skin.
By applying vitamin E, it can help soothe burns, and it even is smoothed to stretch marks and scars to dimish their appearance.
Again, ask your esthetician. But for me, it works in that way. I do use vitamin E oil daily to sooth my skin and look healthy and young.
How can I apply vitamin E?
Since vitamin E oil can be thick and sticky, you may want to use a brush or tissue instead of applying it with your fingers.
How long should I leave vitamin E on my face?
You can leave it for about thirty minutes or even a bit longer if you wish.
Which vitamin is E best for me?
I’m sure you will love to try Alpha-Tocopherol is the best-known form of vitamin E.
Can I take vitamin E capsules daily?
Yes, however, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin E is 15 milligrams a day.
At this time, The American Heart Association discourages the use of High dose vitamin E supplements and promotes obtaining it from food sources.
The Foods and Drugs Administration (FDA) regulates dietary supplements as foods, not as drugs.
How does vitamin E help my body?
The main reason that vitamin E help your body is that of is fat-soluble nutrient found in many foods.
In the body, it acts as an antioxidant helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
For those of you looking to optimize both quality and duration of life.
Protecting your mitochondrial function is a must. Because mitochondria are the power plants in your cells that give you energy day-to-day.
Optimize nutrient status to limit oxygen and high-energy electron leakage in the ETC.
Decrease toxin exposure, provide nutrients that protect the mitochondria from oxidative stress.
Finally, utilize nutrients that facilitate mitochondrial ATP product.
Did you enjoy this article?
If so, let me know by leaving your comments below, thank you. | <urn:uuid:ce672960-2aa2-4712-801e-93c427a3d15c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://avoidpainaturalways.com/the-powerhouse-of-cells-mitochondria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573052.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917040727-20190917062727-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.909887 | 2,215 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The purpose of this website is to let people discover the Hmong Culture. We will be focusing on the Hmong: History, Clothing, Religion, and Custom. We chose this topic because we want to preserve our culture. Like ever other culture, preserving it gives us an identity and we can learn from our history.
The Hmong are an Asian ethnic group that fought with the United States' CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) during the Vietnam War. The U.S. had promised that they would bring them back if the war was lost, but if they won, the Hmong would be safely protected in the country.
Because of their involvement in the Vietnam War, they were persecuted by the Vietnamese and had to cross the Mekong River into Thailand to escape it. The U.S., because of their promise, brought thousands of Hmong into America when the war was over.
As you will soon learn exploring our website, the Hmong are also a group of people that have been chased from place to place for centuries before.
So have fun exploring. | <urn:uuid:b3da3fa7-ab7f-4b6b-9ea9-2687b6f40d63> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/00346/pages/home.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700014987/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102654-00063-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976844 | 216 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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