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A Smart Lab from LJ Create combines innovative hardware with an online LMS and lesson libraries.
We create a collegiate-style open science laboratory, driven by the use of technology, in which students can be assigned a number of practical experiments to be completed each term and then left with the responsibility to visit the lab, log in to the system, collect the matching kit or kits and conduct their experiment.
This methodology really brings GCSE and A Level Science instruction into the 21st Century.
Each workstation includes an integrated PC and touch-screen monitor (complete with articulated monitor arm)
Ergonomic, mobile science workstation that can be configured in a variety of ways to support high-tech learning
Includes a range of data logging activities | <urn:uuid:50bcb447-cf1b-4175-9073-27b6b5a39aca> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.ljcreate.com/uk/labs/science-lab | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747369.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121072501-20181121094501-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.915824 | 151 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The U.S. intelligence community is working to understand how the vast array of changes being brought on by climbing global temperatures will affect American
interests at home and abroad. The physical climate changes nearly all scientists predict — melting glaciers, longer droughts, stronger storms — are happening in the context of existing problems. Intelligence analysts predict environmental impacts and human reactions will cascade on one another, creating both challenges and opportunities. Explore the connections:
About: These 32 terms were distilled from National Intelligence Council studies, including Global Trends: 2025 and 12 NIC-commissioned reports on the regional impacts of climate change. All of the environmental impacts are drawn from the latest report by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Additional reporting came from dozens of interviews with senior intelligence and military officials, academics, security experts and the world’s top climate scientists. | <urn:uuid:55ff8b20-d39c-4956-81cb-766da6f4480c> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://global-warning.org/main/explore-connections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463378.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00296-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920769 | 172 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Educare tips: Giving children opportunities for nature play
November 07, 2016
Every day offers young children an opportunity to explore the natural world. Nature play helps young children develop critical thinking and social-emotional skills.
How can you incorporate nature play into your early childhood program?
Debrah Jacobson, mentor coach, curriculum and instruction at Educare Denver, and Nicole Little, early childhood programs coordinator at the Denver Zoo, share their top nature play tips.
Top 5 Nature Play Tips
- Go outside every day. Children need daily time outside with nature to increase self-regulation, explore and develop gross motor skills.
- Practice getting messy with children and families. This will help them slowly increase their level of comfort with incorporating nature play into their lives outside of school.
- Create different ways for children to engage with nature. Go on class walks, investigate natural materials, have experts visit the classroom and expose children to new outdoor experiences.
- Look for insects on the playground. Use see-through bug catchers and have children observe and engage with roly-poly bugs, spiders and beetles.
- Educate families about the importance of nature play. Involve families in the experiences you facilitate for your program.
Nature Play Activity: Loose Parts
Loose parts are just what they sound like: materials that children can manipulate (handle, carry, move, stack, count and arrange) and explore however they want. Even on a day where you’re stuck indoors or waiting for lunch to be served, you can create an opportunity for children to explore and play with the natural world.
- Some things you might consider letting children collect as loose parts include rocks, sticks, leaves, acorns, pinecones, seedpods and shells.
- Loose parts do not come with any instructions. Children decide how and when they are going to use these objects, encouraging their own creativity, decision-making and problem solving.
- You can use loose parts from nature to let children take charge of their own learning and play, and to help them feel comfortable with natural materials.
- Encourage your child to explore loose parts and observe how they use things a differently than you may expect.
- Children enjoy collecting their own loose parts and you may want to start them off with a collection of your own.
Want to learn more about nature play? Check out how Educare Denver and the Denver zoo work together to provide nature play to preschoolers. | <urn:uuid:147a945f-ab72-4c2a-920e-02a7f414b253> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.educareschools.org/educare-tips-giving-children-opportunities-nature-play/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500273.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205161658-20230205191658-00773.warc.gz | en | 0.925849 | 504 | 3.8125 | 4 |
A point charge moves from point
in the field of an opposite electric charge. You can modify the path taken by dragging the locators. At each point of the path, the charge experiences a force
that can be represented by a vector (orange) that makes an angle
with the differential displacement
(blue). Summing the dot product of vectors along the curve (summarized on the right side) gives the total work
performed by the charge. The total work does not depend on the shape of the curve, only on the initial and final points. In this case, work is done only by the radial displacement, the dot product with the tangential component being zero. Work is independent of path only for a conservative field, which includes electrostatic and gravitational fields. | <urn:uuid:e73ec4c8-ef46-4d36-8d0b-166974326485> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/WorkIsIndependentOfPathInAConservativeField/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541950.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00364-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940208 | 158 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The successful planting of an English Colony at Jamestown in 1607; had the meaning that England had become the world power in the place of Spain.
One hundred years previous, Spain became the head of the dominant religious influence and military power of Europe. She had the monopoly of America, and her treasury was filled with the gold and silver of Mexico and Peru. Her title to the whole of the new continent was based upon the great discovery of Columbus in 1492. The conscious rivalry of England with this colossal power did not begin till Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558. Then it was the rising of a nation instinct with enthusiasm, daring, and activity. For the negation of the exclusive right of Spain to the American continent, the almost forgotten voyage to North America of John Cabot in 1497, under the auspices of Henry VII., an English King, was revived by Richard Hakluyt. The next fifty years were replete with deeds of splendor and glory. Eirst. Sir John Hawkins threw down the barriers which for so long had withheld English ships from the Western continent by sailing to the West Indies and selling negroes to the Spanish planters. Then Drake and Cavendish hurled themselves upon the Spanish settlements on the west coast of South America and plundered them of their gold and circumnavigated the globe. Next, in their eager desire to outdo even Columbus in search for the East Indies, Frobisher and Davis performed their glorious voyages to the Northwest and wrote their names upon the icy waters of Labrador and British America. The grand Armada was overthrown in 1588, and the maritime power of Spain was utterly crushed by another great naval victory won by the English eight years later in the harbor of Cadiz.
Among the schemes to cut into the power of Spain was one contemplating the establishment of an English colony in North America. This noble design was conceived by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and promoted by his half brother Sir Walter Raleigh, and they are the glorious twin spirits that stand on the threshold of American history. Newfoundland and Roanoke are dedicated to their memories. Though the times were not yet ripe for success, their faith soared above all reverses. "We are as near Heaven by sea as by land," said the one as he yielded up his life in the stormy waters. "I shall yet live to see Virginia an English nation," said the other, as he went to confinement in the Tower of London, and eventually also to his death. In 1605, Spain, humbled and shorn of power. made peace with England; and now in the place of private enterprise like Gilbert's and Raleigh's, organized capital, under influences of noble spirits, like Sir Thomas Smythe. Richard Hakluyt. Sir | <urn:uuid:374ae02b-8cf4-414b-9493-f6fb84e81c8d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Encyclopedia_of_Virginia_Biography_volume_1.djvu/13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814833.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223194145-20180223214145-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.979202 | 559 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Ecological Society of America
It has become clear that plants can create soils that affect subsequent plant growth. However, because plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are typically measured in monoculture experiments, it remains unclear to what extent PSFs affect plant growth in communities. Here we used data from a factorial PSF experiment to predict the biomass of 12 species grown in 162 plant community combinations. Five different plant growth models were parameterized with either monoculture biomass data (Null) or with PSF data (PSF) and model predictions were compared to plant growth observed in communities. For each of the five models, PSF model predictions were closer to observed species biomass in communities than Null model predictions. PSFs, which were associated with a 28% difference in plant biomass across soil types, explained 10% more variance than Null models. Results provided strong support for a small role for PSFs in predicting plant growth in communities and suggest several reasons that PSFs, as traditionally measured in monoculture experiments, may overestimate PSF effects in communities. First, monoculture data used in Null models inherently includes “self ” PSF effects. Second, PSFs must be large relative to differences in intrinsic growth rates among species to change competitive outcomes. Third, PSFs must vary among species to change species relative abundances.
Kulmatiski, Andrew; Beard, Karen H.; Grenzer, Josephine; Forero, Leslie; and Heavilin, Justin, "Using plant-soil feedbacks to predict plant biomass in diverse communities" (2016). Wildland Resources Faculty Publications. Paper 2439. | <urn:uuid:5b19d603-d965-4342-b27b-12619d584c73> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/wild_facpub/2439/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358685.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129014336-20211129044336-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.933059 | 402 | 2.625 | 3 |
Botswana—widely considered a safe haven for elephants in Africa—appears to be suffering from its own surge in poaching, according to aerial survey work published today in the journal Current Biology.
“We have a significant poaching problem—let’s deal with it,” says Mike Chase, who, as the director of the Botswana-based nonprofit Elephants Without Borders, led the latest aerial survey study as well as earlier elephant counts, including the 18-country Great Elephant Census. “We were warned by conservationists in other countries that the poachers would eventually come down to Botswana, and now they’re here,” he says.
Botswana is estimated to be home to more than 130,000 savanna elephants—about a third of Africa’s remaining population. Until recently, the southern African country had largely escaped the scourge of elephant killings for ivory, still in high demand in China and elsewhere. (Read about how elephants fleeing poaching hotspots went to Botswana.)
In Chase’s 2014 survey work, his team saw no incidents of suspected elephant poaching in Botswana. But in 2018, across five areas, they counted 156 fresh or recent carcasses whose skulls had been cut open and the tusks removed. Many of the carcasses were hidden under bushes, suggesting, Chase says, that those animals were victims of the illegal ivory trade.
Elephants Without Borders estimates that country-wide at least 385 elephants were poached from 2017 through early October 2018—a spike that may portend future population declines. This, Chase says, should be seen as a call to action.
The African Wildlife Foundation, an international conservation nonprofit, estimates that as many as 35,000 elephants are killed each year in Africa. Zambia’s Sioma Ngwezi National Park, for example, had about 900 elephants in 2004 but only an estimated 48 just over a decade later—losses likely driven by ivory poaching. And in the Ruaha-Rungwa region of south-central Tanzania, the elephant population is estimated to have fallen from more than 34,000 in 2009 to 8,000 by 2014.
The Botswana count in Current Biology appears on the heels of last month’s announcement by the government that it will lift its five-year-old hunting ban on all species—a controversial move that will allow renewed trophy hunts of elephants and other animals. Such hunts, the government said, are needed because dangerous encounters between people and elephants have been increasing and may threaten livelihoods, among other reasons.
The paper follows an earlier iteration of the findings in a 2018 report by Elephants Without Borders. That work—reviewed by other scientists and funded and released independently—had been dismissed by the Botswana government and some scientists as an overestimation of the poaching problem.
“Our main conclusion remains the same [as last year’s report], but we decided the best thing to do was take all of our results, make sure we had done everything correctly, and put it together in a paper that went through the journal’s formal peer-review process—which is about as good as you can get in the scientific world,” says Scott Schlossberg, an Elephants Without Borders ecologist who led the analysis. The hope, he says, is that people will now be convinced about the scale of this problem.
Botswana’s Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources Conservation and Tourism did not respond to requests for comment about elephant poaching in the country.
To conduct the counts, Chase flew in a small, single-engine plane, sitting alongside the pilot and recording carcass sightings. Two observers sat in the back doing their own counts—one of whom was almost always a Botswana government employee, according to Elephants Without Borders. They followed up with helicopter and photo inspections of some carcasses.
Whether or not Botswana’s hunting ban helped deter poachers or, as some assert, led to unchecked elephant numbers—perhaps making villagers feel justified in killing elephants that damaged their crops and then taking their tusks—remains unclear, says crime and security expert Vanda Felbab-Brown of the Brookings Institution, a think tank in Washington, D.C. Felbab-Brown considers the findings in Current Biology “credible” and “strengthened” from a year ago. “This work looks solid,” she says.
Gaseitsiwe Masunga, an ecologist at the University of Botswana’s Okavango Research Institute and a former chief wildlife officer for Botswana’s Department of Wildlife and National Parks, also accepts the findings. “I think the extrapolations here are reasonable,” he says, adding, “I think it is accurate and correct that the number of poaching incidents is increasing.” Moreover, Masunga says, earlier ground-based surveys indicated that poaching numbers were on the rise, and aerial work allows for even greater perspective.
But Goemeone Mogomotsi, a senior research fellow at the Okavango Research Institute, wrote in an email that he’s skeptical about the Elephants Without Borders methodology and numbers. Many of the de-tusked elephant carcasses, he says, may have been animals that died from natural causes and then were de-tusked by government employees—a relatively common practice. “That is done on a regular basis when elephants die, and their carcasses are identified by anti-poaching units,” he says. “To take out those tusks, a similar process of hacking the skulls is likely carried out.”
Both Chase and Masunga, however, say that anti-poaching units don’t conceal carcasses and typically indicate their removal of tusks by marking the carcasses with spray paint. It would also be unusual—too demanding logistically—for anti-poaching units to de-tusk elephants in the remote areas where these elephants were found, Chase says. He adds that it isn’t typical for anti-poaching units to de-tusk new carcasses; instead, they take tusks from old, decomposed carcasses.
Publishing the new findings in a peer-reviewed journal is also about vindication, Chase says. “To have your scientific reputation called into question is soul-destroying. I’m hoping this paper will in some way restore my reputation as a well-known elephant conservationist and, more importantly, help with the plight of elephants in our country and restore our legacy of being a safe haven for the world’s largest elephant population."
In addition to exhaustively cross-checking their earlier work, Schlossberg, Chase, and co-author Robert Sutcliffe added one new element. To test for other possible causes of elephant deaths, they studied the regions immediately surrounding the five poaching hot spots to ascertain whether they differed from the hot spots in terms of available food for elephants, drought conditions, elephant densities, and numbers of people.
What they found was that the non-poached areas generally had poorer food supplies and less water. Elephant densities were roughly comparable, and there were more people in the areas outside the poaching hot spots. They concluded that these factors don’t explain the deaths of the elephants and that poaching is the more likely cause.
Overall, the team estimated that between 2014 and 2018 the number of elephant carcasses in Botswana increased by 593 percent. Some of the increase may have been from natural causes, including a country-wide drought a few years ago, Schlossberg says. Elephant numbers stayed roughly stable from 2014 to 2018. But that in itself is problematic, he explains, because elephant populations are expected to increase a few percentage points every year, unless something keeps those numbers in check, such as drought or disease—or poaching.
“We don’t want to say poaching has caused the population to stop growing—we don’t have enough evidence to claim that—but it is worrisome when an elephant population is not growing,” he says.
The carcass evidence suggests that poachers in Botswana have concentrated on tuskers, the older bulls most likely to have the largest tusks. Once those elephants are gone, poachers turn to the matriarchs. At that point, Schlossberg says, elephant populations are especially vulnerable because the older females are the repositories of the herd’s collective wisdom. The matriarchs are the ones who know where to find water and food. (Learn more about ivory poaching trends: Under poaching pressure, elephants are evolving to lose their tusks.)
“It has become easy to believe that Botswana was always going to be safe for elephants, even if it was going really badly for elephants in other countries around Botswana,” Schlossberg says. “But now we know that it is not.”
Chase says that to protect Botswana’s elephants, “we cannot expect government to deal with these complex challenges on their own.” Some poaching hot spots are in concessions leased to large international tourism or safari companies, and they should ramp up their own anti-poaching efforts. Chase points to two concessions in the Okavango Delta that have anti-poaching patrols—in those highly monitored areas, Elephants Without Borders found no elephants that had been killed for their ivory. | <urn:uuid:3ecb1754-8b94-4f86-85c0-e632d4ff1ac8> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/elephants-poached-in-botswana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375439.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308112849-20210308142849-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.96553 | 1,963 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Finger food is the name for a number of foods that are usually eaten with the hands, as opposed to using utensils, like forks, knives or chopsticks. In some cultures, food is almost always eaten with the hands; for example, Ethiopian cuisine is eaten by rolling various dishes up in injera bread.
Examples of finger food are small beef pies, sausage rolls, sausages on sticks, cheese and olives on sticks, chicken drumsticks or wings, spring rolls, small quiches, samosas, onion bhajis, potato wedges, vol au vents, and risotto balls. Other well-known foods that are generally eaten with the hands include pizza, hot dogs, fruit and bread.
References[change | change source] | <urn:uuid:76d199f0-43f4-45e6-9383-15e79d2f5e89> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527865.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419161226-20190419183226-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.943226 | 158 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Archaeologists classify artifacts so that they can study them easier. They may assign periods or civilizations to artifacts so that they can get a better understanding about artifacts.
Example sentence - We were sad to find the artifacts were damaged by vandals.
they did to find artifacts.
they dig to find artifacts
the good ones
Indian artifacts can be found in the hills of Northern Louisiana. Other places in North Louisiana to find Indian artifacts is the Macon Ridge.
you find them
See the Web Link to the left to the 'RMS Titanic' site, and click on their 'artifacts' link.
because this artifacts were made by gold; this gave Europeans more desire to explore and find more artifacts like those.
A Quran the holly book
Archaeologists as individuals should not own the artifacts they find. The aim of archaeology is to learn from and preserve the artifacts which they recover for everyone. Objects in publicly owned museums do not belong to the archaeologists, but the public. Specific laws governing who owns recovered antiquities vary from place to place, but archaeology as a discipline is not about ownership of artifacts.
Don't be stupid
Iconic ancient artifacts from around the world.
ring of the pharoah.
Artifacts in Metroid Prime are like Keys. In the game, besides the normal Story line that you have to play, there are Artifacts hidden thruout the 5 maps which you also need to find to unlock the Crater which is the last part of the story. You need 12 Chozo Artifacts (or Keys).
The study of earths layer and the artifacts found in them is called archeology. Archeology is used to find out about past organisms.
answer Answer this question…
i dont know i'm asking you
Indian Artifacts The artifacts are arrowheads, beaded Items, pottery, rare coins, stone artifacts, rare books, contemporary artifacts,and feathered axes,
There is no specific collective noun for 'artifacts', in which case, a collective noun suitable for the situation is used; for example, a collection of artifacts, a display of artifacts, a case of artifacts, etc.
Because artifacts such as this were maked by gold, so If they explore and conquer America they can find more objects like that.
An "artifact" is something that has been made by a human. As human artifacts are left behind by humans if an archaeologist find one, it tell him/her something about the humans that made them. | <urn:uuid:988447da-0072-4bed-b97c-cf9e05b43e36> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.answers.com/Q/Where_can_you_find_artifacts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151672.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725111913-20210725141913-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.959709 | 512 | 3.203125 | 3 |
batteries in the destruction of the steamer Presto, which attempted to enter the harbor of Charleston on the night of the 1st instant:
After passing safely through the fleet, she struck on a bar on the Sullivan's Island shore, between Forts Beauregard and Moultrie. She was discovered to be aground at reveille on the morning of the 2nd, when the three 30-pounder Parrotts in Fort Putnam were immediately opened upon her. The first 3 shells (time fuse) burst over her, driving away the men who were engaged in discharging the cargo. At 8 a. m., the 300-pounder Parrott in Battery Chatfield was opened opened upon the steamer with good effect, 1 shell striking the furnaces. About this time two monitors moved up and commenced firing at long range, most of their shots passing over or falling short. Fort Strong opened soon after, firing a shell every fifteen minutes from the 200-pounder Parrott until 7 p. m. A 100-pounder Parrott at Strong was opened at noon and continued to fire until daylight the next morning. The fire of this gun, with that of the two 30-pounders in Putnam, prevented the rebels from getting any of her cargo during the night. She was set on fire about noon and burned for two hours. During the afternoon her mainmast was cut away by a shell from our batteries. On the morning of the 3rd, the 200-pounder at Fort Strong threw 15 shells at the wreck, of which 5 struck the hull. The vessel was again set on fire in the afternoon by the 30-pounder Parrotts in Putnam and burned until dark. The fire was kept up from the 30-pounders through the night of the 3rd and morning of the 4th until daylight, to prevent anything being taken from the wreck. The iron-clads kept up a fire during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, but with little accuracy. The night of the 4th, the rebels constructed a foot bridge form the shore to the wreck, and since then I have caused a shell to be fired at intervals to prevent their obtaining any of her cargo or other articles which may not have been destroyed.
While our batteries were shelling the steamer on the morning of the 2nd, the rebel batteries on Sullivan's and James Islands kept up a heavy fire. They threw 400 shells, which burst in and around our batteries, wounding 2 of the Third Rhode Island Artillery.
During the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, 768 projectiles were thrown at the steamer from our batteries, of which Chatfield threw 34 300-pounder shells: Fort Strong, 74 200-pounder shells and 86100-pounder; and Fort Putnam, 535 30-pounder shells. The distance of the steamer from the batteries is as follows: Fort Strong, 3,600 yards; from Battery Chatfield, 2,700 yards, and from Fort Putnam, 2,600. The vessel is a complete wreck; she was a side-wheel steamer.
I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
W. W. H. DAVIS,
Colonel 104th Pennsylvania Vols., Commanding Post.
Brigadier General JOHN W. TURNER,
Chief of Staff.
HEADQUARTERS DAVIS' BRIGADE, Hilton Head, S. C., July 14, 1864.
SIR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of my brigade in the late expedition to John's Island down to time I was wounded and obliged to go to the rear:
The brigade, composed of the One hundred and fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers, One hundred and fifty-seventh and One hundred | <urn:uuid:b895db21-3ccd-4da2-ab7a-ecac80e29eac> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://ehistory.osu.edu/books/official-records/065/0104 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739370.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814190500-20200814220500-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.972193 | 786 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Fertilizing Your Garden
By Joe Kennedy
How do you grow a large veggie garden, like a community garden, and get enough fertilizer to make everything thrive? Going to the store and paying higher and high prices for packaged, synthetic, petroleum-based fertilizers that’s been shipped from the mainland is not the answer. So where do we get it? Look around and try to remember the things that have high amounts of nitrogen in them.
Some easy-to-find, high-nitrogen materials include grass clippings from lawns and roadsides, the leaves, seeds, pods and twigs from the monkey pod and koa, and the dirt from under these trees. Other sources can come from the leaves and roots from high nitrogen plants like sun hemp, peas, beans , clover, glycine vine, as well as seaweed. Human and animal urine is also rich in nitrogen. The best way to use it is to add it to the mulch, then water it in with the hose profusely, about 10 times more water than urine.
There are a lot of animals and objects in a nature-garden that can make soil fertile and productive. Geckos, all kinds of insects and pollinators, earthworms, microorganisms, algae, even aquatic organisms if you have a small pond — all these life-forms can work to make your plants thrive. | <urn:uuid:2b3dd8ca-2fa4-4f9f-b0af-cf8f2e4e6976> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://themolokaidispatch.com/fertilizing-your-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997878430.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025758-00024-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940584 | 287 | 2.75 | 3 |
So, About the Ozone Layer...
Posted September 21, 2007 in Solving Global Warming
I’ve been in Montreal all week for the 20th anniversary of the world’s treaty to save the ozone layer (the Montreal Protocol). In addition to celebrating and handing out awards, diplomats from 190 countries have been negotiating furiously on timetables for phasing out ozone-destroying chemicals. Last week, I explained why we need faster action on HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) and on methyl bromide (read more here).
We won’t know the final result until very late Friday night. But as of Friday afternoon, it looks like a big breakthrough is coming on HCFCs. The picture is more discouraging on methyl bromide. Here’s what’s likely to happen:
Developed and developing countries will likely agree to significantly faster phase-out of ozone-destroying HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons).
Developed and developing countries have worked well together this week to agree on a faster legally-binding schedule for both groups to eliminate HCFCs. The deal will sharply cut HCFC emissions, especially by reducing large increases expected in next decade from China and India. The Bush administration deserves credit for working with other countries to push for faster cuts in HCFCs. The faster phase-out will help heal ozone layer and reduce skin cancer, other health effects. Reducing HCFCs also helps cut global warming.
This good result shows once again that the Montreal ozone treaty is a model for progress on global warming. It shows that a binding treaty – with industrial countries taking the lead and with real pollution limits for both developed and developing nations – can successfully cut global pollution and trigger a clean technology revolution.
But despite the lessons of Montreal, the Bush administration will push purely voluntary action on global warming at a UN summit in New York next Monday (Sept. 24th) and at a meeting of the world’s 17 largest global warming polluters in Washington next Thursday and Friday (Sept. 27th-28th)
The lesson seems so clear: You could not have protected the ozone layer with voluntary pledges and non-binding goals. That won’t work for global warming either.
U.S. is likely to receive more large exemptions for ozone-destroying methyl bromide.
In the other direction, the U.S. will get permission to keep making and using methyl bromide, a cancer-causing and ozone-destroying pesticide, in 2009 – four years after a complete ban was supposed to take effect.
The U.S. is the only country that still uses massive amounts of methyl bromide – the U.S. accounts for more than 80 percent of world exemptions. At this rate, the U.S. will keep asking for exemptions for another 5-10 years.
This is the black mark on U.S. leadership in protecting the ozone layer.
In every other developed country, farmers have drastically cut or eliminated their use of methyl bromide by adopting safer alternatives. But here, a handful of chemical producers and suppliers are making millions of dollars peddling this cancer-causing and ozone-destroying chemical to America’s fruit and vegetable growers.
I’ll have more to say on “Climate Week” as events unfold in New York and Washington next week.
Comments are closed for this post. | <urn:uuid:1a67a38a-fb2c-4c64-a3bd-5bfef73954d0> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ddoniger/so_what_about_the_ozone_layer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444209.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00074-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93139 | 717 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Abstract: Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a typical highly-toxic pollutant, and its direct photolysis and conventional photocatalysis may produce more toxic by-products such as dibenzodioxins. It is urgently needed to develop a photocatalytic process able to remove PCP without the generation of highly toxic by-products. To achieve this, enzyme-like molecular-imprinted photocatalysts were prepared by using structural analogues of PCP as pseudo templates. It was found that 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was the best template among the tested analogues. The molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) coated P25 TiO2 photocatalyst DNP-P25 prepared with DNP as the template greatly accelerated the photocatalytic degradation of PCP and depressed the generation of toxic intermediates. It was confirmed that the amino groups at the footprint cavities provided a well-defined micro reaction environment, which made the benzene ring of the adsorbed PCP be better exposed to photo-generated reactive OH radicals, leading to easier cleavage of the benzene ring. Both the intermediate analysis and toxicity evaluation confirmed that the MIP-coated TiO2 can make the photocatalytic degradation a safe and green approach of removing PCP.
Template and target information: 2,4-dinitrophenol, DNP, pentachlorochenol | <urn:uuid:3ecefb00-1cb4-4b0e-8b44-f92f54e676cf> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://mipdatabase.com/paper.php?number=5419 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371826355.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408233313-20200409023813-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.931904 | 298 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Wildlife & Environment
Protecting and restoring our environment starts right on our doorstep…
Through the restoration of the waterway, the Derby and Sandiacre Canal Trust seeks to promote green, more sustainable travel around the city and the county by enhancing existing cycle paths, supporting the use of electric boats and providing exciting new destinations for recreational activity. With time we hope to encourage motorists to use their cars for fewer journeys and inspire them to walk or cycle to their destination by introducing a much more attractive alternative to road travel. Canal restoration projects bring many environmental and public health benefits to every area the route passes through which is what makes their progressive regeneration effect so far reaching.
A Wildlife Haven
The restoration of the Derby Canal will introduce a green corridor into Derby, restoring wildlife habitats and encouraging local people to engage and be inspired by the natural environment. The UK canal and river network provides essential connections between green spaces within the UK. The Derby canal route connects multiple areas of Derby together, links existing parks and introduces a waterway link with the surrounding countryside.
The Derby canal route is a wildlife haven, from the heavily wooded stretch at Swarkestone/Chellaston through urban Derby to the open countryside from Borrowash to Breaston. There is a great variety of wildlife to be seen. Foxes, badgers, rabbits, hares, and weasels abound and in the short stretch at Borrowash which has been dug out, there have been sightings of kingfishers and herons. Other wildlife known to live here are smooth newts, frogs and fish and not too far away there are water voles. The lay of the land at Draycott lends itself to ground nesting birds such as the skylark. Lapwings are also common here. The society has planted a traditional hedge at Draycott, a great attraction for the wildlife. A large proportion of the original hawthorn hedgerow is still on the canal, providing food and shelter. The Society does its own hedge laying. A full canal restoration would see the enhancement of every one of these habitats as well as further increasing biodiversity in Derbyshire.
This video shows how canal restoration has helped those living in urban areas of London reconnect with nature and develop an interest in wildlife conservation.
To find out more about the importance of canals and rivers to UK wildlife visit the Canal and River Trust’s Wildlife webpage, below.
From February 2018 the Canal and River Trust is also running the “Wear the Green Heart” campaign which educates the boaters and local residents in how they can best protect their local waterside environment. | <urn:uuid:3d7d1da7-3238-4de0-87d4-985fed71189c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.derbycanal.org.uk/wildlife-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371665328.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407022841-20200407053341-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.939731 | 533 | 2.875 | 3 |
Spinal Fusion Surgery
Spinal fusion surgery is a technique used to combine two or more vertebrae in the spine. One example of when it is needed is where excess movement of one vertebra relative to another causes severe pain and/or neurological symptoms. In these cases, the vertebrae are ‘fused’ together to prevent them moving. There are different methods used in this surgery, a common ones being taking a metal implant or bone graft from another part of the body (pelvic bone) and using them as bridges to facilitate bone growth that will fuse the vertebrae together.
Spinal Fusion to relieve back pain
Spinal fusion surgery should be considered as a last resort for particular back pain conditions - it is not a treatment option that should be undertaken lightly! However there are occasional situations where early or urgent intervention is needed. Let me give you an example:
Some weeks ago a 35 year-old woman came to me with severe neck pain and neurological symptoms. She had 9/10 central lower neck pain (see severe neck pain), with pins and needles and numbness down her right arm. It had been present for one week.
On assessment, she had the signs and symptoms of a severe disc prolapsed at C5/6 with associated nerve and neurological findings. Though we referred her immediately through her doctor for a surgical review, it took three weeks for this lady to be assessed for by an orthopaedic surgeon. By the time she got an appointment her symptoms had worsened significantly.
Emergency surgery was then performed which involved both the C 5/6 disc being removed as well as a fusion of both the C5 and C6 vertebra. She was then put into a brace for six weeks to allow the vertebra to fuse together. The good news is that her pain, numbness and pins and needles have gone.
It turned out that However, without surgery no resolution of her condition was possible. This is a classical example of why early intervention, when indicated, is better. If this lady had been given an earlier surgical review, the surgery required may not have been so big. Her post surgery recovery includes physiotherapy and exercises to prevent long term weakness in her right arm that may potentially result from the long term nerve impingement of the nerve that was present. Thankfully, she is diligently following her post operative treatment program. I find that the patients who follow through with their spinal surgery recovery programs do better in the long term than those who are ‘less attentive’! See more about recovery from herniated disc surgery here)
This example is where of spinal fusion had to be used in the treatment of herniated disc in the neck. Other conditions commonly requiring spinal fusion involve:
- Degenerative disc disease: Where the discs are worn away and thin.
- Vertebral fracture: Where a bone in your neck is cracked and unstable.
- Scoliosis: Where there is a deviation in your spine and instability results between two or more bones (more articles on Scoliosis here).
- Scheuermanns disease: Where a degenerative process is resulting between two or more bones, and they are growing at incorrect angles to each other.
- Spondylolisthesis: Where one vertebra is slipping forward relative to another. (read more on Sponydlolisthesis here)
- Spondylosis: Where degenerative osteoarthritis results in the nerves being compressed extremely.
- Other degenerative conditions of the spine: Where severe osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis results in instability of two or more vertebrae.
Spinal Fusion Surgery - Summary
In summary - spinal fusion is a very effective treatment in many conditions involving joint instability but it should be considered as a treatment of last resort, once good physiotherapy and manual techniques have been tried.
However, never ignore neurological symptoms including pain, pins and needles, weakness and numbness. If you have these, then seek a good medical and physiotherapy opinion to advise you on the appropriate treatments required in the management of your neck and arm pain. If they think you need surgery, they will send you for an assessment with a surgeon.
If you have to go for spinal fusion surgery, then listen closely and work with the team around you. Discuss with them what you can do to prepare for surgery that will help the operation and recover. Following surgery, physiotherapy is essential in the management of this condition and if you fully complete the exercise programs you have been given, you increase your chances of a fuller and longer lasting recovery. Do not think time will resolve your problem.
While the content and materials contained in the articles on this website have been written & researched by Sally Ann Quirke, a professional, practising & fully qualified Chartered Physiotherapist (Physical Therapist) based in Ireland, they are provided for general information and educational purposes only. They do not constitute medical advice on any particular individual situation. Please see your Chartered Physiotherapist or other medical practitioner for full and individual consultation.
Please read the full disclaimer here. | <urn:uuid:81feb8bc-928f-4c3a-bcf4-9744d6e716c7> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://managebackpain.com/articles/spinal-fusion-surgery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902745.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029040021-20201029070021-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.955204 | 1,043 | 2.734375 | 3 |
LOS ANGELES, Calif. - Space fans from Russia have spotted what may be parts from a spacecraft that the Soviet Union landed on Mars in 1971.
Poring through images taken by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the citizen scientists point to what could be the Mars 3 lander along with its parachute, heat shield and other hardware.
The lander operated for only 15 seconds on the Martian surface before it suddenly stopped communicating.
NASA said in a statement Thursday that more follow-up is needed to confirm the images are actually that of the Soviet lander and not natural geologic features.
During the Curiosity rover's landing last year, the reconnaissance orbiter was able to locate its parachute, rocket stage and cables that were cast away as the car-size vehicle touched down inside an ancient crater. | <urn:uuid:3a53bd6e-d569-4665-b625-6019c746fd9e> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/nasa-spacecraft-spies-possible-hardware-from-1971-mars-lander-launched-by-soviet-union-202571491.html?story=NASA%20spacecraft%20spies%20possible%20hardware%20from%201971%20Mars%20lander%20launched%20by%20Soviet%20Union | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988598.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00198-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949458 | 163 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Am I an Emotional Eater?
Am I an emotional eater? Emotional eating is where food is no longer just fuel for your body but rather used as a coping mechanism that helps deal with your emotions. Food becomes an escape or a tool to control uncomfortable or unpleasant feelings when they become too difficult to handle.
- Do you spend your days thinking about when and what you are going to eat or not eat?
- Do you fantasize about how much better life would be if you were a different size or weight?
- Do you have persistent feelings of emptiness that you try to fill with food?
- Do you feel guilty after overeating or eating the “wrong” foods?
- Do you turn to food when you are not hungry but instead, sad, lonely, or upset?
Do you see yourself in this vicious cycle? Do you identify with the feelings and behaviors shown?
Why Do I do this to myself?
Eating is part of our daily life. We need food to survive. Most traditions and social activities revolve around the consumption of food. There is no getting away from it. However, for some people, food can represent a constant struggle of eating too much, trying to not eat, and continuous thoughts and cravings about food.
Many people who have an unhealthy relationship with food will find themselves trapped in unhealthy eating patterns. Do any of these scenarios sound familiar to you?
- You are constantly dieting, trying one type of diet after another, hoping that this will be the one to work. It’s impossible to consistently follow these diets so you begin to “cheat” or maybe give up altogether and gain back weight that you lost. You feel hopeless for a while then hear about the next best way to lose weight and try that.
- You eat when you are unhappy then feel unhappy because you ate. You feel comforted while eating, then comes the feelings of regret, shame and guilt for overeating, again. You are trapped in a vicious cycle!
- You use food to help you calm down when you feel stressed or angry. Arguing with a loved one or conflicts with coworkers leads you to Ice Cream therapy. You know you shouldn’t, but you just can’t help it, it provides immediate relief.
- The pounds keep piling on. You are constantly eating “all the wrong” things. You know this isn’t healthy, but you can’t seem to stop yourself.
- You have an unhealthy relationship with food. Once you start eating, you cannot stop until you are overly full and uncomfortable. Do you prefer not to let others see what you are eating and try to hide your snacks from others? Maybe you were given unhealthy messages about food when you were growing up. Clean up your plate even if you were full or was food a substitute for love?
If you can relate to any of these scenarios, please read on. You’re in the right place. Together we can change your relationship with food so it can become a source of pleasure rather than a source of pain. Are you ready to make peace and break free from your relationship with food?
THERE IS NO NEED TO JUDGE, SHAME OR PUNISH YOURSELF ANY LONGER!
Compulsive eating is eating when you’re not hungry and not stopping when you have had enough. Do you turn to food when you are not hungry but emotional? You are trying to comfort yourself but instead of leading to comfort it turns into shame and self-loathing. Do you constantly ask yourself, why do I keep doing this? Learn what is underneath you turning to food. It’s time to forgive yourself and to let go of the self-hatred. It begins with learning how to be kind to yourself. You’ve asked the question, why do I keep doing it? Together we can learn what is underneath your issues with food. Together we can break this vicious cycle. Treatment that just focuses on healthy eating is too narrow and misses why a person is self “medicating” with food in the first place. Whether you have always battled with these issues or they are newly developed problems, I can help you understand how your own emotional and situational factors contribute to how you are eating now. If you are no longer willing to tolerate the vicious cycle of overeating and the negative emotions that go with it, I am here to help. Together we can begin to uncover and deal the problems that lead to you eating emotionally. To begin, we will identify your emotional triggers to overeating, and any other causes that have not been properly identified or addressed before such as co-occurrence of mood disorders, perfectionism, relationship difficulties and self-esteem.
We will look at the thoughts you have that are not helpful to you and trigger feelings of distress and of things being out of your control. We will then develop your own personal toolkit of coping strategies so that you begin responding to negative emotions such as stress, anxiety, anger and sadness in a healthy way without guilt and shame.
I will help you gain confidence in your ability to make healthy choices in a reasonable way without being overly harsh on yourself. We will change how you think and feel about food, eating and body image. We will increase your self-confidence in yourself, your body and learn how to cope with the thoughts that leads to overeating, over-exercising or just general feelings of helplessness.
Do not be afraid to ask for help. Many people feel a sense of failure because they believe they should be able to control their eating themselves. It is okay to reach out for help. It takes courage to acknowledge you can’t do it on your own and asking for and accepting support is a sign of strength.
I want to be that support for you. Please reach out, you don’t have to do it alone. | <urn:uuid:b638ae59-5438-44d9-95e7-dfa33b904fe8> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://laurenrothsteinlcsw.com/category/emotional-eating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948900.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328232645-20230329022645-00641.warc.gz | en | 0.968061 | 1,215 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The events of the Holocaust scarred humanity and today our world continues to confront their legacy. The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) identifies the most pressing post-Holocaust issues across the globe, casting a spotlight upon them for the benefit of experts and policymakers, and it promotes practicable actions to address them.
We solicit input from a range of disciplines and geographical regions and ensure that our recommendations are backed by research, informed by best practice and communicated effectively.
In the period 2018 – 2022 the IHRA’s experts and political representatives are focusing their efforts on countering Holocaust distortion and safeguarding the historical record. We do this by building an engaged network, by sharing practices and by making those practices visible and accessible to decision-makers. In this way we ensure accurate and sensitive remembrance of history with a view to informing the policymaking of today.
Read more about our special focus on countering distortion and safeguarding the historical record.
“We pledge to strengthen our efforts to promote education, remembrance and research about the Holocaust, both in those of our countries that have already done much and those that choose to join this effort.”
– Article 4 of the Stockholm Declaration
Each country’s relationship with its past is distinct, yet there are many common challenges that states face in their efforts to advance Holocaust education, research and remembrance. The IHRA provides a critical forum for its Member Countries to communicate about their specific national experiences and to work together with counterparts to develop international best practices which are sensitive to national contexts.
These practices, relating to commemorative events, preservation of sites, teaching, archival access and other key topics, enable each country to benefit from the experiences of others. Once practices are implemented, member countries continue to report to their IHRA peers as part each country’s ongoing obligation to meet the commitments enshrined in the Stockholm Declaration.
We must strengthen the moral commitment of our peoples, and the political commitment of our governments, to ensure that future generations can understand the causes of the Holocaust and reflect upon its consequences.
- Article 3 of the Stockholm Declaration
Delegates to the IHRA include many of the world’s leading scholars in the history of the Holocaust, the events that led to it and its legacy. Heading each of IHRA's national delegations is a senior governmental representative, often from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Education or the Ministry of Culture.
Twice a year, more than 300 experts and policymakers from over 40 countries come together to discuss and advance Holocaust-related issues of contemporary political importance. This unique format creates the opportunity for multiple types of valuable exchange: experts and governmental representatives have the opportunity to develop working relationships with their counterparts from their own country, and the opportunity to network with colleagues who hold similar roles around the world.
This interface between the expert and political levels means that IHRA is uniquely positioned to take the lead of issues related to the Holocaust in the political arena. We aim to make knowledge from the past visible and accessible to governments today through our working definitions and charters.
Through regular meetings of IHRA’s expert and political levels and with an internal communication framework that enables practitioners spread across the globe to easily connect with one another, the IHRA serves as a model of how international and intergovernmental cooperation can work on a practical level.
Paying heed to its own practices and procedures enables the IHRA to operate efficiently and professionally despite the logistical challenges of being a decentralized global body. As a result, when an issue emerges that requires a coordinated response, the IHRA’s network is well equipped to take action. | <urn:uuid:93e0b0a2-8e2b-4c65-b2d6-65379343ec93> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://holocaustremembrance.com/nb/node/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347385193.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200524210325-20200525000325-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.93952 | 747 | 2.875 | 3 |
Ice Age words stand the test of time
Persistent pronouns "Ye old mother, hand I this black worm". It's a sentence that might startle your work colleagues, but if someone from 15,000 years ago was around the chances are they would understand you.
The sentence is made from some of the 23 words researchers believe have remained unchanged through the millennia and are part of a "super language" Ice Age people used to communicate.
The claim is published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal.
In the study Professor of Evolutionary Biology Mark Pagel and his team use statistical methods to show that certain words have changed so slowly over long periods of time as to retain traces of their ancestry for up to 10,000 or more years.
These words, they say, point to the existence of a linguistic super-family tree from which the seven major language families of Eurasia (Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Kartvelian, Dravidian, Chuckchee-Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut) have evolved.
The 23 "ultra-conserved words" uncovered by the study are: thou, I, not, that, we, to give, who, this, what, man/male, ye, old, mother, to hear, hand, fire, to pull, black, to flow, bark, ashes, to spit, worm.
Pagel, from the University of Reading in Britain, says certain very commonly used words, like pronouns, are more likely to stay the same over the millennia.
"We discovered numerals, pronouns and special adverbs are replaced far more slowly, with linguistic half-lives of once every 10,000 or even more years," Pagel says.
In other words, everyday words like "I, you, we, man and bark" have, in certain languages, the same meaning and nearly the same sound as they did thousands of years ago.
"As a rule of thumb, words used more than about once per 1000 in everyday speech were seven to 10 times more likely to show deep ancestry in the Eurasian super-family," Pagel says.
This equates roughly to their being used 16 times a day per speaker, the researchers say.
Focusing on these common lexical items helped the researchers avoid a common pitfall of historical linguistics - that it is difficult to distinguish between words that sound alike because of common ancestry and words that sound alike because of simple coincidence.
For instance, "team" and "cream" in English are unrelated, but sound quite similar.
But the everyday words were statistically likely to be related, and so when the researchers found ones that sounded alike, they were able to conclude with fair confidence that it was not simply by chance.
Pagel's previous research has looked into the evolution of more than 7000 Indo-European languages, looking for shared patterns in how language is used and why some words stay in use while others disappear over time.
"Our results suggest a remarkable fidelity in the transmission of some words and give theoretical justification to the search for features of language that might be preserved across wide spans of time and geography," Pagel and his team write. | <urn:uuid:6bde168a-fb15-4006-97c2-615108758977> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/05/08/3754494.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922193630-20210922223630-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.961552 | 663 | 3.265625 | 3 |
As well all know, our teeth are good indicators of our health. Our teeth are responsible for aiding digestion as they chew, crush, grind, and cut our food to let our body easily digest the nutrients contained within. The food we eat is important in keeping every part of our body healthy.
Of course, not all the food that we consume can be healthy. In fact, a lot of food such as junk food, processed goods, and other items deemed as “food” can have detrimental effects on the human body. Excess consumption of fast food can lead to obesity, diabetes, and other morbid health conditions.
It only makes sense that we take care of every part of our body, including our teeth. Without our teeth, we’d have to eat every food as a thick, unsavory, unappealing, paste. It’s only important that we take care of our teeth through the food we eat. Here are seven foods that will guarantee you a healthy and strong set of teeth.
Cheese is good for the teeth because it has protein and is also a rich source of calcium. Although teeth aren’t made from bone, our teeth contain a relatively good amount of calcium in them. The teeth contain tissue called dentine which calcifies and is covered in enamel.
Cheese also has properties that turn the inside of our mouths more acidic which is strong enough to kill off any bacteria inside, yet weak enough not to cause any damage to our teeth. Since cheese is mostly made from milk, it’s also a good source of Vitamin D which helps our body absorb all that calcium.
Meats are good for your health, including your teeth. Pork, Beef, Poultry, Seafood, and other meat products coming animals are good sources of protein. Protein helps your body repair damaged tissues including your gums.
More specifically, black and green tea contain a lot of Polyphenols. Polyphenols are organic chemicals which are known to kill off bacteria and other microorganisms in your mouth that can cause tooth decay.
Not only does tea smell good, but it can also do the same for your mouth! This reason is why people who have healthy and strong teeth prefer tea over carbonated drinks.
Never mind the mess that broccoli leaves behind in your mouth, but this leafy vegetable is rich in folic acid which increases your immune functions. Folate or folic acid also improves the integrity of your mucosa and connective tissues.
Other green leafy vegetables such cabbage, cauliflower, celery, spinach, kale, etc. all have rich sources of folic acid.
Cranberries and other berries such as blueberries contain anthocyanins which prevent bacteria and other pathogens from multiplying in your mouth. Not only do they taste great, but who knew that these small, humble fruits could give you fresh breath and a set of healthy teeth!
Water keeps our body hydrated. Water is also vital in our body producing saliva which prevents bad breath and tooth decay. Not only that, purified and treated water is packed full of minerals which is essential for everyone’s oral health.
One of these minerals is Fluoride. Sound familiar? It’s also found in mouthwash and toothpaste. Fluoride is a chemical compound which prevents decalcification of your teeth, therefore making it stronger. There is also evidence showing that the fluoride in our saliva aids remineralization of our teeth.
Fruits Rich in Vitamin C
Oranges, in particular, have a lot of vitamin c in them. Vitamin C is acidic which means that an acidic environment in your mouth prevents bacterial growth which is responsible for tooth decay and gum disease. However, make sure that you brush your teeth after eating a lot of fruits.
Although the vitamin c is bad for the bacteria in your mouth, too much of it is bad as well because it tends to dissolve the enamel in your teeth. Another purpose that vitamin c has is that it raises your immune level which is necessary for preventing harmful conditions such as gingivitis and halitosis.
Although it’s essential that we take care of our whole body, we also need to focus on the small, key parts such as our teeth. The teeth are critical for the body’s overall function as it’s needed to aid us in digestion. Thoroughly cleaning it after eating is just one of taking care of our teeth.
Eating the right food can also improve the health of our teeth. Just by eating fresh fruits, leafy vegetables, cheese, milk, and even drinking purified water can have a lot of benefits for our teeth. So eat away, enjoy your meals, and don’t forget to brush and floss afterward. | <urn:uuid:2cf1e300-7846-46c5-a560-191d560b3847> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.dentalx.ca/2018/04/20/food-for-teeth-7-foods-that-will-keep-your-teeth-healthy-and-strong/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176864.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124140942-20201124170942-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.963945 | 981 | 3.375 | 3 |
In the heat of the 2015 federal election campaign, the Trudeau Liberals promised to appoint a much-needed advocate for children. But like many of their promises, it remains on the backburner.
It shouldn’t. A children’s commissioner could help ensure that government policies improve the lives of young people and advocate for new legislation and programs to protect and help them.
You don’t have to look far to see why Canada needs a children’s advocate.
First, while Canada is a wealthy nation, according to UNICEF our children are falling behind those in other affluent countries in four key areas: income, health, education and life satisfaction.
And it’s getting worse. In 2013 UNICEF ranked Canada 17th out of 29 affluent countries. In 2016 it ranked this country 26th out of 35.
“The growing gaps suggest that life is becoming more difficult for the most excluded children as social inequality has widened, and it is showing up in their physical and mental health,” the report noted.
Second, in 1989 the House of Commons voted unanimously to end child poverty by the year 2000. But in its latest report, Campaign 2000, which measures child poverty annually, found it had actually gone up to 18.3 per cent in 2016 from the level of 15.8 per cent it was at back in 1989.
Disturbingly, the study found 1.3 million children in Canada live in poverty.
Third, Canada does not have a national child care program, something that could reduce inequalities that result from poverty, decrease the number of children in special education classes by identifying problems and intervening earlier, and help women get back into the work force so they can better provide for their children.
Indeed, Canada was tied for last place out of 25 states ranked by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 2014 in the quality and accessibility of its child-care programs.
Fourth, the Liberal government has yet to act on its promise to repeal Section 43 of the Criminal Code, which protects parents who spank their children, a move that would bring Canada in line with its responsibilities under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
It doesn’t have to be this way. The Trudeau government has shown it can introduce policies that make an enormous difference in the lives of children.
The Canada Child Benefit that began being issued last July 1, for example, is expected to raise 300,000 children out of poverty.
Still, there’s much work to be done by this Liberal government to protect and provide for children. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau should name a children’s advocate to help his government do so. | <urn:uuid:d4a2fac0-8db3-4e43-b4d5-f96b08fce80b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2017/02/23/ottawa-should-name-a-childrens-advocate-editorial.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319902.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622201826-20170622221826-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.962824 | 549 | 2.75 | 3 |
Alfred Music 2000 Classroom Theory Lessons for Secondary Students Vol. I Workbook
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In two volumes, Music 2000 gives students a strong background to enhance their participation in music. The books are set in a textbook/workbook format, and present music fundamentals in a clear, concise, well-sequenced manner. Each volume is designed to fit a nine-week period, and the two volumes equal one semester of work. A review worksheet is presented after every fourth lesson, perfect for assessing the students' progress. The Teacher's Edition contains teaching suggestions and the answers to each lesson and review. | <urn:uuid:0533da04-b552-46a1-950d-47c2b39d7b58> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.music123.com/books-sheet-music-media/alfred-music-2000-classroom-theory-lessons-for-secondary-students-vol.-i-workbook | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701152097.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193912-00207-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.847684 | 157 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Kaji Sherpa remembers two key parts about his childhood in Nepal: being responsible for looking after a herd of cows and having an excellent view of the highest mountain in the world.
He would stare up at Mount Everest’s breathtaking expanse and the golden crown that was rumored to be sitting at its peak. “I used to think that one day, I will look at that golden crown,” Sherpa said in his native tongue of Sherpa, an unwritten language spoken by a community of only about 50,000 people.
Years later, “Mr. Speed,” as he is fondly called these days, did just that. Well, not the illusive golden crown part, but he made it to the top of the mountain and now is known to hold the speed record for climbing Everest.
His story is one of almost a dozen personal narratives recorded for the Endangered Language Alliance’s (ELA) Voices of the Himalayas project in an attempt to document endangered dialects and “deeply meaningful human experiences,” said project coordinator Nawang Tsering Gurung.
But the project is only one example of the work that the language alliance has done over the last six years in an effort to help revitalize and meticulously document languages before all fluent speakers are gone.
The world’s languages are disappearing at an unparalleled rate. Hundreds of them have shriveled down to only a few fluent speakers, and within a century, many of the world’s 7,000 languages are expected to have disappeared altogether, according to the Endangered Language Alliance’s website.
With each language lost, piles of extremely valuable information—from migration patterns to food recipes—vanishes along with it.
Six years ago, linguist Daniel Kaufman launched the ELA to help rewrite that dismal linguistic forecast.
Today, the organization has worked with at least 60 languages, hailing from the Caribbean to the Middle East and everywhere in between. In some cases, that work means supporting active revitalization efforts within the community, such as hosting classes on the Mayan language K’iche’, but many times it means initiating a last-ditch effort to document as much of the language as possible before all of its fluent speakers are gone.
The ELA is based in New York, a hotbed of language diversity that touts some 800 dialects. Last week, the organization released an in-depth map detailing the nearly 200 languages spoken in Queens, New York.
It includes the more obvious language communities, such as placing Greek in Astoria and Spanish in Corona.
It also pinpoints the lesser-known language communities, such as Sarnami Hindustani (a dialect combining elements of Dutch, the Indian language Bhojpuri, and the Creole language Sranan) in Richmond Hill, and Bukharian in Forest Hills (one of the biggest communities of the Central Asian language in the world).
And then there are the more historical linguistic phenomena, such as the languages created by gangs on Rikers Island so the jail’s guards couldn’t understand what they were saying.
The map was part of a Queens Museum exhibit and published in Nonstop Metropolis: A New York City Atlas.
The ELA is now working on maps of the rest of the boroughs, said Ross Perlin, the organization’s assistant director. “Together it will form a kind of unprecedented language map of New York,” he said.
But the organization has much more work to do if it’s going to have a sizable impact on the world’s many disappearing languages.
“It’s pretty challenging work, and the trend lines are not great,” said Perlin. In fact, just last month the last fluent speaker of the Native American language Wichita died in Oklahoma.
So what is actually lost when a language ceases to exist? Language activist Ken Hale, who died in 2001, described that loss the best: “It’s like dropping a bomb on a museum, the Louvre.”
Languages can reveal everything from cultural and botanical information, to major historical events and human migrations. For example, linguists believe that a tribe on the island of St. Vincent had a strong influence on the Garifuna language because a group of escaped West African slaves intermarried with members of the island’s locals.
Languages can also reveal telling details on what life was like for early migrants. In a recent recording for the Voices of the Himalayas project, Tsering Paljor described his journey almost 20 years ago from Tibet to New York.
In his native language of Tibetan, he explained what it was like never going to school and then landing at the JFK airport without knowing any English, and making a living doing construction work.
Today, he works as a very popular cook for those in the Himalayan community of New York. “These are stories that really have lived in people’s languages; in their mother tongue,” said Perlin.
In 2012, the ELA launched a sister organization in Toronto, another highly linguistically diverse city that has some 200 languages. Other organizations, linguists, and policymakers throughout the world have also been doing endangered language documentation work.
But most only got started within the last two decades, which means that—like the ELA—they are working up a very steep incline to salvage those dialects that still exist. “Some of this is really kind of last-minute work,” said Perlin.
The prospects are not all bleak. The ELA now has hundreds of hours of video and audio recordings of dozens of languages, many of which you wouldn’t be able to even find online.
Some of that footage is actually the first time the dialect has ever been recorded. Their classes have also helped revitalization efforts of languages, such as Hawaiian, which had less than 100 fluent speakers in the 1970s, and has grown to thousands of speakers, said Perlin.
They are surely making some important progress. But in an area in which each language lost means valuable information about a community’s history and culture disappears too, some progress might not be quite good enough. | <urn:uuid:2b71fa8d-561f-410c-9441-8e7695c8211e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-the-fight-to-save-the-worlds-dying-languages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371624083.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406102322-20200406132822-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.964062 | 1,294 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The split piston ring commonly used today was first invented by John Ramsbottom in the late 1800s. His invention immediately replaced the hemp style rings that were used in steam engines, and represent a quantum leap in performance capability. The advantages using this type of ring in the steam engine were overwhelming in terms of power, efficiency, and maintenance.
When you think of piston rings, have you ever considered that they are the smallest component of the internal combustion engine, yet have the largest responsibility? When you assemble an engine, you never really grasp what the piston ring is going to do during its lifespan, making the performance of this diminutive component even larger in reality.
The piston rings have three major tasks to ensure the engine makes consistent power efficiently. First of all, the ring must seal each cylinder effectively, without fail, for thousands–and sometimes hundreds of thousands–of miles before replacement. When the air and fuel mixture ignite in each cylinder, the ring must seal to the cylinder wall so the explosion can drive the piston down the bore. The piston ring–in reality a formed piece of wire–must also keep blow-by gases from entering the crankcase while containing the combustion explosion.
Secondly, the ring helps to transfer the heat from the piston induced by the explosion to the cylinder’s walls. The rings are the only contact between the cylinder bore and the piston, and this is the only way heat can be transferred into the cooling system from the combustion process.
Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, the piston ring must control engine oil from entering the combustion chamber. Each cylinder bore is made to be much like an engine bearing. The hone scratches in the bore provide a pocket for oil to be trapped so the rings will have lubrication as they rotate and travel up and down in the cylinder. But all of the oil that gets splattered on the cylinder walls from the rotating assembly has to be scraped away to prevent oil from entering the combustion chamber, as oil that enters the combustion chamber can be detrimental to the combustion process by effectively lowering vehicle octane, potentially causing harmful repercussions.
Through the magic of research and development–and the trickle-down effect from OE manufacturing efforts–it seems as though every year piston rings become dimensionally thinner, yet engine performance improves. This applies to all applications, from custom racing pistons to off-the-shelf replacement pistons. If the piston rings have such an enormous job to do, then why are they becoming smaller? Are there any adverse effects that may arise in the future?
Extensive testing has shown that smaller ring widths have proven to be just as effective–and maybe a touch more so–than previous thicker versions. This is mainly due to the difference in the contemporary material being used for the piston ring compared to older, less efficient materials. In addition, differences in design and shape along with finish and coatings applied to the surface of the piston rings help to improve performance and reduce drag. These changes have proven to be more efficient, provide more power with less blow-by, and extend longevity. The best way to understand what is occurring in the piston ring world is to take a look back and understand where we came from. Thanks to input from Total Seal‘s Keith Jones, who also assisted us with the photography and diagrams for this article.
A popular material used for piston rings is cast iron, often referred to as grey iron. The biggest advantage in using cast iron to manufacture pistons rings is that it will not gall or scuff the cylinder bore. And as long as the cast iron ring is sufficient in size, it will provide adequate seal. If the operating loads are increased or the size is decreased for the application, then ring seal can become an issue. When cast iron is used for the top ring, it is usually coated with molybdenum or chrome to prevent bore wear. If cast iron is used for the second ring, no coating is applied. Cast iron material is very brittle; under a microscope, the grain structure of cast iron is rectangular and sharp. This is why if you were to try to twist a cast iron ring it will break because the grain structure is easily fractured. Cast iron is popular because it is somewhat cost-effective to manufacture. The drawback to its use is that several manufacturing steps are required for completion–and it’s not ideal for high-performance engines.
There are two primary methods in which a cast iron ring is made. The most common way is to take the desired outside diameter of the piston ring and form a mold. Then once the cast iron has been formed inside this cylindrical mold, the center of the mold is cut out to the inside piston ring dimension. To give an example, once the process is completed, you would have something similar to a gun barrel. Then each individual ring is cut from the mold sort of like slicing a loaf of bread.
The other way cast iron rings are formed is similar to the way a model car or truck is manufactured. When you open up a model car box, you find several sheets of plastic that have pieces formed that you break from the mold to extract the parts. Cast iron is poured into a mold much like the model car pieces, only in the shape of piston rings. When the process is complete the rings are snapped from the mold and final-machined for use. While cast iron rings may be affordable due to the cost of the material, they do require a lot of hands-on machining in order to be processed and finalized. Also, there is a lot of waste that has to be recycled once the finished product is achieved.
Ductile iron is another material used in the manufacture of piston rings; it has been around for quite a few years and is still common today. The forming process for ductile iron piston rings is extremely similar to that used to manufacture a cast iron ring. The composition of the material is taken from cast iron by extracting the carbon flakes–which is mostly graphite–and forming that material into a cylindrical mold to set the outside dimension. Then the inside dimension can be cut out. The rings can then be sliced from the “gun barrel” and heat-treated. Under a microscope, ductile iron has round nodular shaped grains that are very strong, unlike the grain structure for cast iron. If you were to take the ductile iron ring and try to break it you would find that it will only bend and twist into a pretzel shape. Ductile iron is twice as strong as cast iron and is used in high-output applications. Since most diesel engines are turbocharged, ductile iron rings were commonly used for their resistance to failure in high compression situations with high operating cylinder pressures.
The up and down motion of the piston keeps the keystone ring loaded in the ring groove of the piston and as a byproduct, also keeps the ring groove clean from the soot of the diesel fuel. The uniquely-shaped ductile iron keystone ring is not commonly used today, however. Because the use of Exhaust Gas Recirculation has become standard on nearly all internal combustion engines, when this shape is used, carbon packing tends to stick the ring in the piston groove, causing failure.
If you are not sure of what material your rings are made of, don’t try to bend them. An easy way to test them is to drop them on a table in your shop. If the ring makes a ringing sound it is ductile iron, and if it simply thuds onto the table, it is manufactured from cast iron.
Steel’s The Deal
Today–especially in high-performance and severe-duty applications–steel is used to construct piston rings. The advantages of steel rings are many: they are easier to manufacture, stronger and harder than ductile iron, and resist breakage especially in those demanding power-adder applications. The disadvantage? The materials are more expensive.
The manufacturing process for steel piston rings is simple; wire is cut from a spool of material measuring the desired proportions. There is no waste, and there are less steps from cutting to final product. Perhaps the best thing about using steel rings is that it can endure more heat stress from harsh environments and still hold its form without failure. And in high-RPM, low-tension, high-vacuum applications like NHRA Pro Stock and other naturally-aspirated racing classes, steel rings offer far better ring seal. The inside top surface will usually have a bevel which will help induce twist when the cylinder fires. The thin top ring is pushed down against the bottom of the top piston groove and gas pressure pushes the ring against the bore. Because the face of the ring is barrel shaped, as the piston travels down the bore the ring is in constant contact with the cylinder wall.
Steel Ring Details
In order for a steel ring to be compatible with cast iron cylinder bores, it must be coated with moly, chrome, PVD (Particle Vapor Deposition), or gas nitriding. Moly coatings are applied to the face of the ring. Moly offers a high resistance to scuffing, but also is porous which provides some oil retention.
Chrome is a very hard coating used in high load applications and is found often in dirt racing engines. The chrome coating can resist dirt impregnation and send the debris out the exhaust port. If you were to use moly coated rings in these applications, the dirt ingestion would be caught in the face of the ring because of porosity, and damage to the bore would result.
As a piston ring face application, PVD has become more popular in the last several years. PVD is a thin coating that is deposited on the ring using titanium or chromium evaporated by heat with a reactive nitrogen gas. This process will make the ring very hard, smooth, and temperature resistant.
Lastly, gas nitriding is a heat process that impregnates the ring with nitrogen which will cause the ring to case harden. This process hardens the surface somewhere around .001-inch deep; the cylinder bore will show signs of wear before the ring when gas nitriding is used.
Second rings are transitioning from cast iron to ductile iron and steel. Because the second ring scrapes most of the oil from the cylinder walls, steel rings for the second position are beveled on the underside to induce twist. As the piston goes down the bore the twist of the ring allows the tapered face to scrape the oil from the cylinder wall.
Napier rings–which use a hook-faced design–are also common for the second position. The hook pockets the oil as it is being scraped which allows the use of low tension oil rings in these situations. Second rings that are steel or ductile iron are not coated, as research has shown that coated second rings offer no advantages compared to an uncoated ring because the scraping action used to remove oil keeps them well lubricated.
Quick Assembly Tips
If you are assembling an engine and using steel rings, make sure to measure the free gap of the piston ring. Free gap is measured when you take the rings out of the box and lay them on a table. As an example, the gap in the piston ring laying on the table would be .600-inch. You install the piston ring in the engine and now the gap is .020-inch for your application. At freshen-up, the free gap now measures .500-inch which would be considered normal after the engine has been heat-cycled in competition. But, if the free gap measured .100-inch, then something is wrong with the air/fuel ratio or ignition timing because the ring is losing tensile strength and distorting due to too much heat.
Another tip is to debur and chamfer as little as possible when file-fitting piston rings. In addition, leave the edges as square as you can to offer better ring seal. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the proper honing technique. Proper cylinder bore finish will offer the correct amount of oil retention for lubricating the ring material being used.
Using a piston ring set which is thinner than you ever thought possible is an easy way to free up horsepower in your performance engine. The trickle-down impact from current OEM technologies have proven to be a winner in this particular instance. These ring designs are not detrimental to performance; with proper break-in procedures they can be expected to last many thousands of miles in a street application with no harmful side effects, although we can’t promise the same if you’re hitting them with a couple of kits of nitrous oxide every week on your Saturday night trips into Mexico. | <urn:uuid:f2976915-fde0-4727-90cc-d75ecbbac9a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.streetmusclemag.com/tech-stories/engine/the-material-details-evolution-of-piston-ring-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710237.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127105736-20221127135736-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.955561 | 2,603 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Honeybee colour vision can be tuned to relatively small spectral differences
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) Learn Color Discriminations via Differential Conditioning Independent of Long Wavelength (Green) Photoreceptor Modulation
We tested honeybee vision using light emitting diodes centered on 414 and 424 nm wavelengths, which limit activation to the short-wavelength-sensitive (‘UV’) and medium-wavelength-sensitive (‘blue’) photoreceptors. Honeybee colour vision can be tuned to relatively small spectral differences, independent of ‘green’ photoreceptor contrast and brightness cues.
Tags for this Thread | <urn:uuid:997b4e07-21a8-4bef-b380-455043d3cdeb> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.beesource.com/forums/showthread.php?275987-Honeybee-colour-vision-can-be-tuned-to-relatively-small-spectral-differences&p=868099&mode=threaded | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121453.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00380-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.743613 | 137 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Hamlet Research Paper
One of the most wide-spread academic assignments, Hamlet research paper is based on the Shakespearean play Hamlet regarded as one of the most controversial works of all times. Such task is comparatively difficult to complete, yet you may take advantage of the following tips to make it easier.
Start by writing down general things related to the play moving gradually to more specific information. It is strongly recommended use a technique which employs free writing. This generally means reading the first free write and choosing a fascinating topics, phrases, and ideas; picking one of these in pursuing further; free writing on the chosen topic. Once you do this, you have specific information about a topic that may well provide you with the basis for a thesis statement for your writing.
While working on your Hamlet research paper keep in mind that one of the key features of free writing is to write without stopping paying no attention to style, grammar, and spelling. This way you can develop your ideas more clearly. The general goal of your writing is to bring together different points of view, facts, and evidence regarding a chosen topic from articles and books, and interpret this information into your paper. In other words, it is about relations between you, the author, and your readers.
Writing can be much easier and more delightful with our professional writers who are able to create any type of written assignment regardless of topic and academic specifications. We can manage your topic efficiently and at the appointed time so that you can enjoy things you like! | <urn:uuid:2da338c8-3662-42e4-947b-9d99b10a49a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.masterpapers.com/Hamlet_research_paper.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541220.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00383-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950328 | 305 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Apology Objects/Places
Marketplace: This is where the people of the towns used to meet and do their shopping. It is significant because it is where Socrates used to address people and converse, and criticize them. It is in the language used in the marketplaces that Socrates addresses the court, as opposed to courthouse language.
Critics: These are the people that accused Socrates and took him to court. They fall into two categories: those who directly accused him, and those who influenced others to have a negative opinion of him.
Prytaneum: Free dining at the Prytaneum is provided for Olympic winners, and members of certain eminent families. It is a place of honor. Socrates is suggesting that he deserves to be rewarded by saying that free dinner at the Prytaneum would be a just punishment.
Human wisdom: This is the kind of wisdom that Socrates claimed he had. He said that other philosophers had some other type of wisdom that he did not have. The Delphi also claimed that he was the wisest person. He said that he has more human wisdom than anyone because he knows that he does not know everything.
Sophist: A teacher of human virtues, who charges fees to teach youngsters, and is claimed to inquire about the heavens and things below the earth, disbelieve in gods, and make the weaker argument stronger.
Death: Socrates says that people should not make their decisions on whether they will be harmful towards life or death; but instead on how just they are. Also, he says that death is not something to be feared just because we know nothing of it.
En bloc: Trying people in groups. The Antiochis wanted to do this in Athens to the men who failed in rescuing people in a naval engagement. Socrates opposed this, and later they found out that it was illegal.
Thirty Commissioners: The oligarchy that came to power and tried as many people as possible for as many crimes as possible. Socrates did not feel that this was just, and so regardless of punishment, he did not collect men from their houses for execution. The oligarchy would have killed him had they not fallen soon after.
Fine: Socrates offered to pay a fine as a punishment, and offered 100 Drachmae, which was all he could afford considering he had paid no attention to money throughout his life. His friends offered to pay a fine of 3000 Drachmae.
Prophetic voice: A voice that came to Socrates whenever he made a wrong decision. This voice did not come to him throughout the trial, which meant that he was not making any wrong decisions, and that he was meant to die at this time and in this manner. | <urn:uuid:37f9ca06-15c6-4f9a-a93a-e1ccf9150d43> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.bookrags.com/notes/apo/obj.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119652530.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030052-00164-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988612 | 551 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Original language of petition: English
We, the undersigned, students from Notre Dame High school, draw the attention of the House to the following:
THAT the lack of clean water and the issues of inadequate housing on reserves is a serious problem for First Nations Canadians.
THAT Canada strives to treat all Canadians equally, while such a basic right it being violated for First Nation Canadians at the same time.
THAT these ongoing problems to be taking place today in Canada is unacceptable, and must be looked at more seriously to help resolve these issues.
THEREFORE, your petitioners request that Parliament lend more funding and spend more time tending to these issues facing First Nations Canadians on reserves.
The Minister of Indigenous Services would like to thank the petitioners for expressing their concerns regarding access to clean water and housing.
All Canadians should have access to safe, clean, and reliable drinking water. In Budget 2016, Canada committed to strengthen water and wastewater infrastructure in First Nations communities, improve drinking water monitoring on reserve, and end long-term drinking water advisories on public systems on reserve by March 2021.
Since Budget 2016, the Government has committed more than $2 billion towards water and wastewater infrastructure. Budget 2019 committed an additional $739 million over five years, with $184.9 million per year ongoing, to support urgent repairs to vulnerable water and wastewater systems and the operations and maintenance of water and wastewater infrastructure in First Nations communities.
To date, more than $1.44 billion of targeted funding has been invested to support 602 water and wastewater projects, including 276 that are now completed. These projects will serve approximately 464,000 people in 586 First Nations communities.
While there is still much to do, good progress is being made. Since November 2015, in partnership with First Nations communities and other partners, 88 long-term drinking water advisories have been lifted from public water systems on reserves. Resolving short-term advisories before they become long-term is also an important part of the overall work to eliminate long-term drinking water advisories. Since November 2015, 153 short-term drinking water advisories (lasting between two and 12 months) have been lifted, preventing them from becoming long-term.
In regards to access to housing, the Government of Canada recognizes that access to safe and affordable housing is essential to developing healthier, more sustainable Indigenous communities, and improving their social well-being. As part of the National Housing Strategy, the Government committed to co-develop distinctions-based Indigenous housing strategies for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. These strategies are grounded in the principles of self-determination, reconciliation, respect, cooperation, and partnership, with an aim to further enable greater progress.
One role of the Government is to provide funding to support First Nation care, control, and management of safe, healthy, and affordable housing on reserve. Since April 2016, federal investments totaling $1.02 billion have been provided for First Nations housing on reserve, through Indigenous Services Canada and Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. These investments have supported the completion of 2,098 housing projects, resulting in 18,744 new or renovated housing units and lots serviced, benefitting more than 591 First Nations communities.
The Government has been engaging in a renewed, respectful process to work in collaboration with Indigenous partners to improve housing outcomes. However, the Government accepts that there is much more to do and will continue to work in partnership with Indigenous peoples to implement community-led solutions.
Across the country, Indigenous peoples, non-Indigenous Canadians, and the Government are working hard to improve the quality of life of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. Together, we are making steady progress – advancing reconciliation and forging a new relationship based on recognition of rights, respect, cooperation, and partnership.
For further information on specific projects, the petitioners are invited to consult the section “Interactive Map: Investing in First Nations Community Infrastructure” at https://geo.sac-isc.gc.ca/ciir-riim/ciir_riim_en.html. This map shows ongoing and completed infrastructure projects supported by Indigenous Services Canada in First Nations communities across Canada, and includes specific information on clean water or wastewater and housing projects.
Only validated signatures are counted towards the total number of signatures. | <urn:uuid:b83c543f-51a7-4112-a056-9878e06ac415> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://petitions.ourcommons.ca/en/Petition/Details?Petition=431-00134 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347426801.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602193431-20200602223431-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.951643 | 887 | 2.625 | 3 |
We have various incentives (‘carrots’!) that help to keep our children motivated:
Computers: Educational software (literacy/numeracy games) has been downloaded onto the computers which are used during the educational hour as a means of enhancing and facilitating learning.
Bicycles: Bikes are stationed at a number of projects for use at the end of an afternoon. Children know that they won’t get to ride if they do not finish their academic work, have poor behaviour or a bad attitude. ‘No Read, No Ride!’
At one of our Boland projects we even have a pump track which has been built (with the help of the children) by a local, expert trail-builder and downhill mountain biker! The children at this project receive coaching every Friday afternoon, and learn about bike mechanics and other valuable life skills through the use of the bikes.
Fun Runs: The children participate in a number of fun runs during the year. In order to take part, a child needs to have a good attendance record, be actively involved in the 3 R’s programme and show right behaviour. Fun runs give the children an opportunity to interact in society, practice good manners and show off their running talent. Our children are easy to spot in their yellow Anna Foundation running kit and at most of the events, they go home with a medal of their own. These achievements play a valuable part in building self-esteem. | <urn:uuid:99cfd132-68d8-43ca-b263-08cf9a51c1cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://annafoundation.com/incentive-programmes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988774.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507025943-20210507055943-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.96841 | 299 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Marijuana also known as Cannabis is a drug derived from the hemp plant. It has been used as an illegal recreational drug around the world for many years. The drug has been studied to determine if there are any medical uses and it has shown some medicinal uses.
Legalized Medical Marijuana
Many countries have made it legal to use marijuana for certain medical conditions. These include Canada, Italy, Spain, Germany, Austria, Finland, Israel, Portugal, the Netherlands and 13 of the United States of America.
In the United States laws have been enacted with certain restrictions and guidelines in Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington.
Medical Marijuana can be taken in different forms. It can be smoked, eaten, the vapors can be inhaled by spray application or it can be taken in the THC pill or liquid form.
Medical Marijuana and Aneurysms
There have been no studies suggesting the benefits or adverse effects of medical marijuana and aneurysms. There have been reports by patients that suggest benefits occurring following repair of aneurysms of the effects caused by the surgery. Research also suggests that people who use marijuana are at higher risk for developing aneurysms and other health issues than those who do not.
Marijuana use increases the heart rate and lowers the blood pressure in the body. The effects of these two processes can adversely affect an existing aneurysm increasing the chance of rupture.
Conditions that Benefit from Medical Marijuana
Studies in various parts of the world have discovered medical benefits for people who suffer from arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, glaucoma, epilepsy, stroke and brain injury, migraine headaches, eating disorders and relief of nausea associated with chemotherapy treatment.
It has also been effective in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and those with long term debilitating conditions and for pain management. Other conditions treated with medical marijuana are insomnia, cancer, chronic back pain, post traumatic stress disorder, gastritis, and sinusitis and neck pain.
The use of marijuana to treat medical conditions requires documentation by a licensed physician in the United States. The medical benefits continue to be studied throughout the world. The chemical ingredient THC is being studied to determine whether the benefits outweigh the adverse effects. There is much debate over legalizing the drug and the areas that have legalized it for medical purposes have strict guidelines regarding its use and the amounts of the drug you may possess. | <urn:uuid:83b7df01-a234-43f9-8500-991215891c6b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.wellsphere.com/complementary-alternative-medicine-article/medical-marijuana-and-aneurysms/1052967 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709805610/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131005-00099-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955638 | 501 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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- Applying Meta Tags
- Applying Meta Data in Photoshop
- Creating a Poster in Photoshop
Analyse Information and Assign Meta Tags is a unit that focusses on:
- Identify the purpose of the meta-tags
What will they need to communicate?
- Analyse the material that needs to be stored as meta data
What information needs to be stored as meta data?
- Create meta tags
- Test and monitor meta tags
Attached is the unit of competency: ICAWEB510A Analyse Data and Assign Meta Tags
Please read the text word by word and … no actually, let us move to greener pastures:
Applying Meta Tags
It would help to actually know what meta tag means:
A meta tag is basically a tag in HTML that describes the contents of a Web page.
We will look at different ways to apply meta data to files:
- Applying meta data with Photoshop
- Applying meta data with Adobe Bridge
- Applying meta data with meta tags in HTML
Applying Meta Data in Photoshop
Question to the class: why do you think it is important to apply meta data in the first place?
Do not read any further…
We will apply meta data in Photoshop with File>File Info… or with the shortcut: Alt+Shift+Ctrl+I.
This opens a window and you will be able to enter information in there. Let us focus on a title, the name of the creator (you) a copyright statement, a description and keywords.
Creating a Poster in Photoshop
Before you can apply any data to a Photoshop document though, you need to have a Photoshop document. So, let us begin with some fun:
In 1:20h create a poster that is inspired by either Swiss International Style, Constructivism or the Vietnamese Propaganda Poster.
Feel free to use some of your own art work or appropriate imagery found online.
Make sure to apply the meta data to the final product before saving it as a JPEG and PSD.
E-mail the JPEG to me! 🙂
Inspirations for today’s task:
Swiss International Style – an iconic style of graphic design from the 1950s, strongly influenced by the ideals of the German Bauhaus – Click the image for a Google search on Swiss Style:
Swiss International Style
Constructivism – The immensely graphic art and propaganda style of Communist Russia, or to be more precise, of the Soviet Union. Early 1920s – 1940s. Click the image for a Google search on Constructivism:
Vietnamese Propaganda Posters – this is a particular style popular in Communist Vietnam. Visually very flat with the use of rich patterns and stunning in colour scheme. I feel very attracted to this style. Vietnam particularly in 1960s and 1970s. Click the image for a Google search on Vietnamese Propaganda Poster:
Vietnamese Propaganda Poster
Please leave your feedback in form of a comment. Your feedback and suggestions will help me to make this blog more user friendly. Thanks!
Below are examples by students: | <urn:uuid:c6c59ed5-2a0c-4c64-9218-ba27c2c6b82b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://classoffederico.com/2013/10/18/analyse-information-assign-meta-tags/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891884.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707080206-20200707110206-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.858589 | 657 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Americans with Disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a broad federal law that requires places of public accommodation to comply with numerous regulations relating to access by persons having disabilities. The Act encourages lawsuits against restaurants, schools, retail stores, hospitals and other small businesses by providing for the recovery of attorneys fees by successful plaintiffs.
If the defendant also accepts federal funding, as most schools and health care providers do, then an additional claim under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is typically added. That statute has a broad nondiscrimination provision.
The first President Bush signed this bill into law amid much publicity. | <urn:uuid:b0eb7f12-894e-4698-bed1-3b9432ad901b> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663372.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00178-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95776 | 125 | 3.09375 | 3 |
What is cupping?
What is cupping?
Curious about those round bruises all over Olympian Michael Phelps' back? It's cupping!
Recently, many athletes, including yogis, have been seen sporting the telltale circular bruises that cupping leaves. Cupping is an ancient Chinese medicine technique that uses suction to remove toxins and tension from the body. Specially designed glass cups are heated by burning a small piece of cotton soaked in alcohol on the inside of the cup. The fire inside the cup consumes all the available oxygen so that when the flame is removed and the cup is placed on on the skin, it creates suction. This suction pulls the skin upward and into the glass cup.
Cupping therapy draws blood into the area being treated, which usually reddens in response. Cupping is thought to flush out inflammation and stagnant qi (energy). It improves circulation and relieves muscular tension and soreness. Different than a massage, which presses down into the skin and muscles, cupping lifts muscles and tissues up, providing a much deeper release. This lifting allows for muscular adhesions to break apart, especially if the practitioner glides the cups back and forth over the area being treated. A medicated massage oil is often used to enhance the benefits of this practice as well as to provide lubrication so that the cup can easily glide over the skin. (Learn more about Unlocking the Stress in Your Body.)
Cups are typically left in place anywhere from five to 15 minutes. Specific locations along the body’s meridians are the usual sites for cupping therapy. In Chinese medicine and acupuncture, meridians are energy channels that move qi through the body. Qi is the body’s vital energy, similar to prana in the yogic tradition. Traditionally, cupping therapy was used to treat respiratory problems such as asthma and congestion, as well digestive disorders. Bony parts of the body, such as the spine, should be avoided. There are many different types of cupping therapies, all with their own particular benefits.
DIY cupping sets are affordable and readily available for purchase online and make a great addition to any self-care arsenal. Cups come in a range of materials, from glass to bamboo. There are also plastic cupping sets that come with an air pump that creates the suction inside the cup without the need for a flame. (Read on about Chinese health and philosophy in Balancing Yin and Yang.)
Have a question? Ask us here.
Written by Alina Prax
Alina has been an avid yogi for over 20 years. After completing her Sanskrit studies at the University of Texas-Austin, she traveled to northern India on a pilgrimage to various holy sites to celebrate. She holds a 300-hour yoga teacher certificate from Dharma Yoga, a Buddhist-based asana practice. Over the years, she has had the honor of studying with some inspiring teachers such as Richard Freeman, Shannon Gannon and the late Sri K. Pattabhi Jois. She is thrilled to be part of the Yogapedia editorial team, helping to craft beautiful and meaningful articles about yoga and the spiritual path.Full Bio | <urn:uuid:91657d6f-d8aa-4dbe-a323-c3589f235e1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.yogapedia.com/7/9637/self/what-is-cupping | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813818.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221222354-20180222002354-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.953162 | 651 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Life Cycles are brilliant things to study scientifically. Plants, humans and other animals reproduce in all sorts of ways but all with the purpose of continuing their species. In Life Cycles you’ll delve into the science behind these marvels of the natural world by conducting ten investigations or experiments using the ATOM method – Ask, Test, Observe and Measure – to ensure you’re working just like a professional scientist. Find out about seeds and the crafty ways they move around to reproduce and about the life cycles of bacteria. Discover why some animals lay eggs and try out some maths to understand all about generations and how animals use them to avoid competition for food! At the end of the book, scientific guidelines explain why scientists do things a certain way and the things they look out for or try to avoid.
Science Skills Sorted are six topic books for children aged 8+ studying KS2 science. The ATOM method is designed to help readers work scientifically as they are taught to in the classroom, and each of the investigations is accompanied by explanatory text to uncover facts about the topic. A range of experiments in each book means that while some may need a little more equipment than others, there are plenty experiments that are cheap and accessible, using objects easily found in the classroom or at home. | <urn:uuid:bff2d1a0-3ccc-4ecb-a22e-f30f25ef0bf1> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.hachettechildrens.co.uk/titles/anna-claybourne/science-skills-sorted-life-cycles/9781445151496/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525699.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718170249-20190718192249-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.948408 | 261 | 4.1875 | 4 |
A Sketch of a Journey from Zhe-Hol in Tartary by land to Pekinand from thence by Water to Hang-Tschoo-Foo in China.
London, Published April 12, 1796, by George Nicol.
Engraved map. 670 x 490mm, 26½ x 19¼. Creased and folded as normal.
Map of a journey made by the Macartney Embassy to China, the first British embassy to that country, 1792–94, published in Sir George Staunton's account of the mission. Macartney had gone to the summer palace at Jehol (Chengde) to meet the Qianlong emperor, with little success. He returned to Beijing overland, before travelling south to Hangzhou on the Yangtze River delta via the 1000-mile Imperial Canal.
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Are you thinking about getting orthodontic treatment? Read these 10 curious facts about braces and aligners to find out more about the weird and wonderful world of orthodontics.
The first orthodontic braces were developed by French dentist Pierre Fauchard in 1728. Hailed as “the father of modern dentistry,” Fauchard’s braces used gold wire and thread.
However, archaeological evidence could suggest that basic orthodontic appliances were used thousands of years earlier. Some Ancient Egyptian mummies have been found with bands on their teeth made from animal organs, which may have been used to straighten their teeth.
Braces were still usually made of gold into the mid-20th century, until the nickel titanium alloy was discovered in 1959. Originally developed by NASA when searching for a strong, heat-resistant metal for space shuttle hulls, this alloy made braces much more affordable and led to their widespread use.
One property of nickel titanium that makes it ideal for braces is its superelasticity. This means that the brace wires are activated by heat (in this case, body heat), which makes them want to straighten. This puts constant, gentle pressure on your teeth, helping to move them into their desired positions over time.
Some people can be put off braces by myths and misconceptions. The metal used in braces isn’t magnetic, won’t set off metal detectors at the airport, doesn’t attract lightning and doesn’t pick up radio signals. It’s also extremely rare for two people wearing braces to get tangled when kissing, but still be careful.
Invisalign treatment is a popular alternative to braces that uses clear plastic aligners instead of metal brackets and wires. Align Technology was founded by Zia Chishti and Kelsey Wirth while studying at Stanford University in 1997. They had help from fellow students Apostolos Lerios and Brian Freyburger, who handled the computer modelling side of things.
Your teeth move throughout your life, even when you’re not having orthodontic treatment. They gradually shift towards the front of the mouth as we age, and if you don’t wear a retainer after your braces are removed, your teeth may shift back to their original crooked or misaligned position.
Most people get orthodontic treatment in their teens, as this is when their permanent teeth have all come through but are still developing, making them easier to move. However, a growing number of adults are now choosing to correct a crooked or misaligned smile with braces or aligners, especially since more discreet options such as Invisalign have become available.
If you’ve ever wondered how to get a perfect Hollywood smile, orthodontics has played its part in many cases. Angelina Jolie, Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez and Emma Watson are just some of the celebrities who wore braces in their youth. Some stars even proudly display their orthodontic treatments as adults, from actors such as Tom Cruise and Faye Dunaway to singers like Estelle and Gwen Stefani.
Straightening your smile and closing gaps isn’t only important for aesthetic reasons. Well-aligned teeth can be easier to clean and less easy to damage, as well as preventing problems with eating, speech and jaw disorders. There are lots of good reasons to choose orthodontics.
If you’d like to know more about braces or Invisalign treatments, contact Swish Dental to make an appointment at our Brisbane clinics. Our experienced Dentists can answer your questions and give you all the information you need to make an informed choice.
Call us in Everton Park on (07) 3485 0895 or Mitchelton on (07) 3485 0875, or get in touch online. | <urn:uuid:abf26006-5d03-4f33-bdc7-2d6bd7f6d7d5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.swishdental.com.au/10-fun-facts-you-might-not-know-about-orthodontics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072366.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413122252-20210413152252-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.957532 | 789 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Lightning may be the most frequently encountered severe storm hazard endangering physically active people each year. Millions of lightning flashes strike the ground annually in the United States, causing nearly 100 deaths and 400 injuries. Three quarters of all lightning casualties occur between May and September, and nearly four fifths occur between 10:00 am and 7:00 pm, which coincides with the hours for most athletic events.
Postpone or suspend activity if a thunderstorm appears imminent before or during an activity or contest (irrespective of whether lightning is seen or thunder heard) until the hazard has passed. Signs of imminent thunderstorm activity are darkening clouds, high winds, and thunder or lightning activity
Recommendations for Lightning Safety
- Establish a chain of command that identifies who is to make the call to remove individuals from the field.
- Name a designated weather watcher (A person who actively looks for the signs of threatening weather and notifies the chain of command if severe weather becomes dangerous).
- Have a means of monitoring local weather forecasts and warnings.
- Designate a safe shelter for each venue. See examples below.
- Use the Flash-to-Bang count to determine when to go to safety. By the time the flash-to-bang count approaches thirty seconds all individuals should be already inside a safe structure. See method of determining Flash-to-Bang count below.
- Once activities have been suspended, wait at least thirty minutes following the last sound of thunder or lightning flash prior to resuming an activity or returning outdoors.
- Avoid being the highest point in an open field, in contact with, or proximity to the highest point, as well as being on the open water. Do not take shelter under or near trees, flagpoles, or light poles.
- Assume that lightning safe position (crouched on the ground weight on the balls of the feet, feet together, head lowered, and ears covered) for individuals who feel their hair stand on end, skin tingle, or hear "crackling" noises. Do not lie flat on the ground.
Observe the following basic first aid procedures in managing victims of a lightning strike:
- Activate local EMS
- Lightning victims do not "carry a charge" and are safe to touch.
- If necessary, move the victim with care to a safer location.
- Evaluate airway, breathing, and circulation, and begin CPR if necessary.
- Evaluate and treat for hypothermia, shock, fractures, and/or burns.
- All individuals have the right to leave an athletic site in order to seek a safe structure if the person feels in danger of impending lightning activity, without fear of repercussions or penalty from anyone.
- A safe location is any substantial, frequently inhabited building. The building should have four solid walls (not a dug out), electrical and telephone wiring, as well as plumbing, all of which aid in grounding a structure.
- The secondary choice for a safer location from the lightning hazard is a fully enclosed vehicle with a metal roof and the windows completely closed. It is important to not touch any part of the metal framework of the vehicle while inside it during ongoing thunderstorms.
- It is not safe to shower, bathe, or talk on landline phones while inside of a safe shelter during thunderstorms (cell phones are ok).
To use the flash-to-bang method, begin counting when sighting a lightning flash. Counting is stopped when the associated bang (thunder) is heard. Divide this count by five to determine the distance to the lightning flash (in miles). For example, a flash-to-bang count of thirty seconds equates to a distance of six miles. Lightning has struck from as far away as 10 miles from the storm center. | <urn:uuid:01c1f980-813f-4534-9578-7cb0eb31715c> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.uiltexas.org/health/info/lightning-safety | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00067-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905486 | 772 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Teeth Whitening – A Popular Trend
Teeth darken for several reasons, including food and drink staining, aging, fluorosis, smoking or as a result of certain dental treatments or medicines and several other reasons.
Tooth Whitening is safe and it must be done through a trained dentist to ensure teeth are healthy enough to be whitened.
How is Tooth Whitening Carried Out?
There are three ways of doing it. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. The dentist will go through the procedure in details.
- In house through using zoom activation light. This is an hour long procedure in which a lightening gel applied to your teeth and cured by special light.
- At Home bleaching, in which the dentist provide you with the right whitening together with a custom made gum shield and the patient carry out the whitening at home over six weeks’ time.
- A combination of both.
What Are the Benefits of Teeth Whitening? Brighter Teeth Younger looking More confidence smile Also conservative to tooth tissue when compared with veneers and crowns. To help you make an educated decision regarding teeth whitening, here are some of the pros and cons of this procedure:
HYGIENESTS AND THEIR ROLES IN MAINTAINING GUM HEALTH
What is a Hygienist?
Dental hygienists are dental care professionals who are uniquely prepared to watch out for signs of gum disease and manage these ailments with the dental specialist. Hygienest are trained to provide oral health education, dietary advice, apply fluoride coatings to teeth, deep scaling of roots and taking x-rays and many others.
Why Seeing a Hygienist is Significant
Gum disease will get worse if it is not treated. Because it is painless, it can become very bad without noticing. When there is not enough supporting bone left, teeth become loose and eventually have to be taken out. Root planning can stop gum disease becoming worse and prevent tooth loss.
Like scaling and polishing, root planning helps you to keep your teeth and gums clean at home. Dentists and hygienists cannot keep your mouth healthy by themselves. Your own cleaning is just as important.
For healthy gums and teeth, we strongly advocate a prevention program in the first place. Simple prevention measures consist of:
- Brush teeth twice daily with fluoride tooth paste 2 minutes each time with medium strength brush.
- Limit processed sugary food and sweets to meal times or brush your teeth after eating sweets.
- Refrain from smoking.
- Floss between teeth.
- Limit alcohol consumption and eat more fruits and vegetables for the health of soft tissue.
- Visit a dentist and a hygienist regularly to get them cleaned professionally and apply fluoride varnish.
- Chewing sugar free chewing-gum neutralize the acids in the sweets and help to flush around teeth and thus reduce caries risk.
Request a Consultation
WHAT CAN MY DENTIST DO?
Make sure, before you see your dentist, that you have not done anything to hide the normal smell of your breath. Do not smoke, chew gum or use a mouth rinse, and avoid any sort of perfume. This will make it easier for your dentist to tell where any problem is coming from.
Your dentist might use a plastic spoon to gently scrape the back of your tongue and test the smell. There are also instruments that measure sulphur compounds in the mouth or swelling around the gums.
Good oral hygiene will usually be the answer to the bad breath problem. A scale and polish from your dentist or hygienist makes it easier for you to keep your mouth clean at home.
WHAT CAN I DO MYSELF?
- Brush your teeth thoroughly twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
- Use floss or other hygiene aids, such as mouthwash, if your dentist or hygienist recommends them.
- Gently brush your tongue if it is heavily coated.
You can check bad breath by smelling the floss after you have used it. If there is a smell in a particular part of the mouth, clean that area with special care.
A mouth will smell less if it is moist. Chewing sugar-free gum can help with bad breath by increasing the flow of saliva. You might have a dry mouth because you breathe with your mouth open or because you are taking certain medicines. Your mouth gets dryer as you get older too.
If you smoke, try to give up. You should do this not just to make your breath smell better but to keep your mouth and gums healthy and to protect your general health as well. | <urn:uuid:34abdad0-a034-4c5b-ba89-83851ca14dcd> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://brandondentalcare.co.uk/our-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643380.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619020602-20210619050602-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.936654 | 964 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Lesson 8: Dementors & Azkaban
If you have grown up in the wizarding world you know there is once place under no circumstances that you want to go to at any given time in your life and that place is Azkaban, the wizarding prison. Now, most people are good honest folk who will never need to see the inside of this place, some are wrongly accused of a crime and have had to endure Azkaban for a brief stay, and some, well, let’s just say they deserve their stay in Azkaban.
Azkaban is currently located on an island in the middle of the North Sea. This alone makes it near impossible to escape, because if you do, realistically where are you going to go? Azkaban is not the only wizarding prison to serve the magical population. In fact there are several others, but Azkaban is the prison that serves the magical area of Great Britain. What might come across as obvious, the prison is hidden from the muggle world and is unplottable to the magical world. This is to minimize break outs. It is said that more people who were set to Azkaban would go insane or die before they are released from the prison.
As mentioned above the prison is located in the middle of the ocean and is also surrounded with iron walls to protect it. There is said to be graveyard on the island where the dead prisoners were buried after they were removed from the prison. Most prisoners went insane after a few short months of their stay and others would stop eating, rather to starve themselves and wait for death then to endure the prison any longer. One might ask what caused all this depression and mayhem in the prison? Dementors of course.
Dementors are dark and foul creatures. They feed off human happiness and in turn caused depression and despair to all that are near them. The Dementors can and will perform what is known as “The Dementor’s Kiss” on someone, which in reality sucks out a person’s soul. Once the soul is gone the person is left in a vegetative state, unresponsive until their body dies.
The Dementors guarded Azkaban until they joined forces with Lord Voldemort, after he (we think) promised them they could wreak havoc on the magical world. Since Dementors hold no true loyalty towards any one side, they belong to the side which best benefits themselves. Once the war ended and a new Ministry of Magic was appointed, Kingsley Shacklebolt decided it was best to not return the Dementors to the prison as they could never be full trusted after their betrayal.There is no real way to kill a Dementor, but one can protect themselves from one by using the Patronus Charm. It is an advance spell, so we will not be practicing here in this class, but you are welcome to read up on it and learn more on your own. If you are attacked, and you survive, by a Dementor you can eat some chocolate to bring yourself out of the daze you are left with. Chocolate is said to warm the soul, so it only makes sense it would help you feel better from a “soul sucker” attack. | <urn:uuid:158fc6de-7354-451a-a93f-19359f9c5d3c> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.padfootsportkey.us/dada/lesson8.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00222-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977339 | 670 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Mental health and well-being of Somalis in the United Kingdom
Literature review: somalis are a large minority within the UK. The majority of whom are refugees following recent violent conflict in Somalia. Somali migrants are subject to a range of pre- and post-migration stressors that are implicated in poor psychological outcome. Coping strategies may include support from family, the Muslim faith, and use of the drug khat. A significant number of the Somali community may be suffering psychological distress, however, acculturation has reduced the reliance on traditional methods of healing and support. Existing services are not adequately meeting their needs, and a more culturally sensitive service provision is required. Research Report The study investigates psychological and other factors related to khat use and mental health within a community sample of 220 Somalis in a UK city. The study employed a cross-sectional design. Older age, living alone, moving to England as an asylum seeker, separation from family, and loss of occupational status were related to increased levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. Levels of exposure to trauma among the sample were high. Khat use was widespread amongst male respondents, and was associated with a number of negative life events. Trauma, social exclusion, social support, and use of khat were all independently related to increased levels of anxiety and depression and PTSD scores. Economic exclusion was also related to anxiety and depression scores. Clinical implications of the study are discussed. Critical Appraisal: the process of conducting the research is commented upon, in a reflective and critical manner. | <urn:uuid:4fabbccf-fb27-42c4-aeaf-76b1480f75ae> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412251 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719463.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00087-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960762 | 312 | 2.625 | 3 |
Levers in My WorldBook - 2006
This helpful volume explains what levers are and how to use them. Readers will learn to identify the different parts of a lever-fulcrum, load and effort. The book also explains the differences between first-, second- and third-class levers and explains why a seesaw is a first-class lever, but a fishing rod is a third-class lever.
Publisher: New York : PowerKids Press, 2006.
Edition: 1st ed.
Characteristics: 24 p. :,col. ill.,;19 cm. | <urn:uuid:f04ca7e0-9c1f-4625-abdd-ae3772702d8e> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://taber.bibliocommons.com/item/show/243792040 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814801.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223154626-20180223174626-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.828518 | 119 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What Is Genetic Testing? Essay
Genetic testing is a scientific and medical testing where scientists (change scientists to something else) identify for changes in a person’s genes, chromosomes or protein. It is considered when someone wants to identify health risks, allowing the doctor to make recommendations to their health and decrease their chance in developing the certain disease, or to test to see if the person has other genetic conditions, which would impact their chance of passing on or developing a genetic disorder.
Though many positives may outweigh the negatives of genetic testing, does not mean the drawbacks of it should not be considered. When your results are concluded, it may emotionally affect you and your family. Depending on the type of testing, the financial cost may be quite expensive although health insurance companies may assist in covering part of the fee. For a typical genetic testing, the cost is usually ranges around $99 to $5000, however, costs will be higher if it’s more complex.
Two different situations where genetic testing is used.
Genetic testing may be carried out for different purposes. A few available types of tests include:
Diagnostic testing – A type of genetic testing that is used to rule out or whether a human is diagnosed with a specific disease affecting their genes or chromosomes. If an individual is suspected of displaying physical signs and symptoms of a disease or condition, a genetic test could confirm it. While some family members… | <urn:uuid:4482ac14-2c0d-4756-b8df-6490c35425c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.cram.com/essay/What-Is-Genetic-Testing/P3H594P2BXYW | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.949666 | 288 | 3.0625 | 3 |
World Conservation Union Says Bangkok Talks Boost Nature Protection Efforts
BANGKOK, Thailand − Scientists and officials strengthened efforts to forestall the extinction of thousands of species and protect the world's habitats in talks in Bangkok, but governments need to work harder to promote conservation, an international environment agency said Thursday.
The World Conservation Union warned at the start of the conference earlier this month that wildlife populations were dwindling at unprecedented rates and that more than 15,500 plant and animal species faced extinction, largely because of exploitation and habitat destruction by people.
The meeting, which ended Thursday, brought together nearly 5,000 scientists, government officials, business representatives and conservationists to discuss environmental research and nature protection plans.
"The international community has committed itself to reverse the rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010," Achim Steiner, the group's director general, told reporters at the close of the talks.
"We need to hold governments accountable for the commitments they made at the Johannesburg World Summit," he said, referring to a 2002 meeting in South Africa at which officials outlined plans to conserve natural resources in the face of human population growth.
Steiner said the scientific data presented at the Bangkok meeting was "nothing short of dramatic in terms of the need to act." He said hundreds of agreements to boost conservation were struck during the conference, which started Nov. 17.
Under one of the deals, the U.S. space agency NASA agreed to donate satellite images and data to help the environmental body build a global database of maps to help protect wildlife species.
The Bangkok talks focused on ecosystems, species loss, human poverty and livelihoods and the role of business and markets for natural resources, Achim said.
On Wednesday, the World Conservation Union elected former South African Environmental Affairs and Tourism Minister Valli Moosa to be its president for the next four years. He began his term immediately.
The World Conservation Union, created in 1948 as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, is an umbrella organization that consists of 82 member countries as well as organizations and scientists from 181 nations.
Source: Associated Press | <urn:uuid:59103e96-4c9e-4b60-8786-d91bc335e7ee> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/444 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765616.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00081-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950212 | 425 | 2.96875 | 3 |
• In 1948, the first public debate among presidential candidates was held, between Thomas E. Dewey and Harold Stassen, a radio broadcast in connection with the Oregon Republican presidential primary.
• 1948 and 1956 were the only public debates among presidential candidates prior to 1960.
• The first nationally televised presidential debate among general election contenders was held in 1960, and since 1976, these events have become a regular fixture of presidential elections.
The 1960 Debates:
• In 1960, proposals were advanced for a series of televised debates between the major party nominees in the general election.
• However, an obstacle to such debates lay in the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) interpretation of the Federal Communications Act’s “equal time” provision as it applied to political broadcast debates.
— Under this interpretation, TV networks would be required to give equal time to presidential candidates of the numerous minor parties if they broadcast the Kennedy-Nixon debates.
• In Public Law 86-677, Congress temporarily suspended the equal time rule for presidential candidates for the duration of the 1960 campaign, paving the way for four debates between John F. Kennedy (search) and Richard M. Nixon (search), sponsored by the three commercial networks.
• Following the 1960 campaign, the FCC returned to strict enforcement of the equal time rule.
— Furthermore, at least one of the major party candidates in the next three elections (Lyndon Johnson (search) in 1964 and Nixon in 1968 and 1972) expressed reluctance or unwillingness to participate in televised debates.
— There were no presidential debates between 1960 and 1976.
Presidential Debates Since 1976:
• Since 1976, televised debates have become a regular, expected feature of presidential campaigns, both in the primary and general elections.
• In 1975, the FCC reversed its longstanding interpretation of the equal time rule [Aspen Institute, 55 F.C.C.2d 697 (1975)] when it established an exemption for debates by qualified major party candidates as long as they were conducted as bona fide news events, sponsored by non-broadcast entities, and covered in their entirety.
• The following year, the League of Women Voters Education Fund (search), a non-partisan public interest group, sponsored a series of three presidential debates between nominees Jimmy Carter (search) and Gerald Ford (search), and one vice-presidential debate between their respective running mates, Walter Mondale (search) and Robert Dole (search).
• In 1980, President Carter declined to participate in any debate that included Independent John Anderson, whom the League invited based on his public opinion poll standing.
— The Fund ultimately sponsored two debates, one in which only Anderson and Republican Ronald Reagan (search) participated, and the second with only Carter and Reagan (Anderson no longer met the Fund’s criteria by that point).
• In 1983, the FCC modified its earlier ruling when it allowed broadcasters, principally the commercial networks, to sponsor debates.
• Through 1992, debates generally followed a familiar format: candidates appeared before a panel of journalists, made an opening statement, took questions from the panel, heard rebuttal by the opponent, and generally ended with closing statements.
• In 1984, President Ronald Reagan met Democrat Mondale in two debates sponsored by the Fund, while their running mates — George Bush (search) and Geraldine Ferraro (search)—debated in a single meeting.
• In 1985, in an effort to assert party control over the debates, the Chairs of the Democratic and Republican National Committees collaborated to establish a non-partisan Commission on Presidential Debates.
— The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) was officially established in 1987.
— The CPD is the non-partisan, non-profit, tax-exempt, (501)(c)(3) organization.
• After protracted negotiations, a 1988 agreement called for commission sponsorship of the first of two presidential debates, with the Fund sponsoring the second.
• Eventually, the Fund withdrew altogether, and the Commission sponsored both presidential events and the single vice presidential debate held in 1988.
— The Commission on Presidential Debates sponsored all the presidential debates in 1988, 1992, 1996 and 2000.
— Previous debates were sponsored by the League of Women Voters (1976, 1980, and 1984) and the networks (1960).
• Debates in 1992 were agreed to after an even longer struggle between Democrats and Republicans, with the plan featuring three presidential and one vice presidential Commission-sponsored debates and including Independents Ross Perot (search) and James Stockdale (search).
— The Commission experimented with different formats for each debate, including: moderator and panel of journalists (the traditional format); single moderator and audience questions; moderator and panel of journalists, each responsible for half the time; and single moderator and free-form discussion among participants.
• In 1996, Bill Clinton (search) (D) and Dole (R) debated once with a single moderator questioning them and then in a town hall meeting in which citizens posed questions. In the vice presidential debate, a single moderator questioned Democrat Al Gore (search) and Republican Jack Kemp (search). | <urn:uuid:47a7eb2c-5904-4f23-9509-a61bff58d15c> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.foxnews.com/story/2004/09/29/presidential-debate-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010469.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00205-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952207 | 1,051 | 3.234375 | 3 |
- Rationale & Significance
- Key Principles
- A Unique Global Partnership
- How the Catalogue is Used
The key features that define the structure and the success of the Catalogue of Life are the:
- Species Checklist which identifies those names which are accepted by authoritative specialists in the groups concerned.
- Management Classification providing an integrated, hierarchical view of relationships between taxa. Users of the Catalogue can navigate the checklist using the management classification in the form of a taxonomic tree.
- Integration of Global Species Databases employing a radical architecture of federating global taxonomic expert knowledge, which is embodied by a growing array of supplier databases, and integrating these into a single catalogue.
The Catalogue of Life provides critical species information on:
- Synonymy enabling the effective referral of alternative species names to an accepted name.
- Higher taxa within which a species is clustered.
- Distribution identifying the global regions from which a species is known
The carefully controlled dataset provides a powerful index of the world's species, where rigorous validation and completeness of data provide unmatched authority to the Catalogue of Life.
Rationale & Significance
The aim is to collate the names of all species set in the context of a taxonomic hierarchy and of their distribution. It is estimated that less than a fifth of the world's biota has been identified, and a single checklist is an important step in effectively coordinating efforts to document biodiversity.
Degradation and loss of global biodiversity is a key issue for our time. The Catalogue of Life supports the major biodiversity and conservation information services such as GBIF (the Global Biodiversity Information Facility), the Encylopedia of Life and the IUCN Red List of threatened species. The Catalogue is recognised by the Convention on Biological Diversity as a significant component of the Global Taxonomy Initiative and as a contributor to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. The Catalogue of Life does not directly contribute to the conservation of global biodiversity, but it is becoming a key enabler of the programmes that do.
Major bioscience programmes depend upon the integration of complex data if they are to progress effectively. Cross-mapping species that provide the substance of that research is fundamental to data integration. The Catalogue of Life provides an essential taxonomic backbone to support the escalating pace of scientific endeavour worldwide.
- Comprehensive - Aiming to cover all known organisms: terrestrial, freshwater and marine.
- Global - Covering the world's biota, engaging the world's experts and informing its policy makers.
- Validated - Responsible, modern and professional.
- Accurate - Reviewed by experts, not merely aggregated by computers.
- Accessible - Clearly presented; multi-lingual.
- Available - Widely and freely distributed; on and offline.
- Dynamic - Reflecting change in our understanding of biodiversity.
A Unique Global Partnership
The Catalogue of Life is a remarkable global partnership. The content is contributed by an array of some 200+ expert taxonomic databases world-wide, involving over 3,000 taxonomic specialists: the Global Species Databases.
Expert teams peer review the databases and integrate them into a single coherent catalogue, and have established a single hierarchical classification.
The Catalogue of Life is developing as a key partner to the major programmes that inform our understanding of global biodiversity. By providing a platform for the validation and sharing of species names, the Catalogue strengthens these programmes individually and collectively.
How the Catalogue is Used
The Catalogue of Life has a diverse community of users:
- Research scientists in academia, institutes, industry and government
- Policy and decision-makers in governments and international organisations
- Citizen scientists exploring biodiversity and the education community
It is widely used by organisations and individuals around the world, for a range of purposes.
- Species look-up
- Sizing higher taxa
- Synonymic indexing
- Synonymic amplification
- Compiling checklists
- Establishing a taxonomic backbone
- Global standardisation
- Biodiversity analyses
Vast numbers of people use the Web to look up species of organisms, i) to verify the name they have (check the scientifically accepted name, spelling, alternative names), ii) to place a taxon in the taxonomic hierarchy, and iii) to see other basic data, such as distribution, for that species.
The Catalogue is a powerful tool to get an estimate of the size of a taxonomic group. Typically they know one member species, but have no idea whether the group is extensive or small on a world basis. The Catalogue of Life sets species in the context of a consistent and integrated taxonomic hierarchy.
Synonymic indexing is automated in the Catalogue so that users in different countries who might search for broad bean, or fava bean, or faba bean, or Vicia faba, or Faba vulgaris will all arrive at the same species page. The page states clearly that the one species, Vicia faba has a synonym, Faba vulgaris, and common names, broad bean, fava bean, faba bean, all referring to the same species. The ‘unification’ or globalisation provided by accurate synonymic indexing contributes significantly to enabling international discussion and data exchange.
Given that one species may be referred to by many names, a person or machine searching the Internet, or a data set such as GBIF, will receive only a subset of data if they search on just one name. It is more effective to amplify the search with all synonyms of that species. There are many examples where this amplification of search strings yields sharply improved results, particularly spanning continents.
Compiling checklists of species in a particular area or taxonomic group using downloads.
Downloading an electronic list for use in systems and portals.
GBIF has used the Catalogue as a backbone structure on which to make its own additions. It uses associative techniques to link additional species that are not presently in the Catalogue to the positions they are likely to belong. The ‘taxonomically intelligent’ tool provided by uBio to the BHL project using our hierarchy has broadly similar features.
Organisations are starting to use the Catalogue to achieve compatibility with others that already use it, for instance GBIF nodes and some national portals. The possibility of a quantum increase in the coherence of the world’s biodiversity data and analyses is beginning to emerge, simply by the process of many organisations opting to use the same Catalogue. Given the extent of society’s dependence on biodiversity, this alone is a significant goal.
A coherent and synonymised checklist of names enables the integration of studies from disparate sources, further enriching our understanding of the world's biodiversity. | <urn:uuid:663e01c5-f606-48bc-a95e-12e919d3b4e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://catalogueoflife.org/content/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189031.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00473-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878927 | 1,409 | 3.578125 | 4 |
This Guide to Healthy Eating for Kids will help you to teach your child to love nutritous eating!
A Guide to Healthy Eating for Kids
How do you encourage Healthy Eating for Kids?
As parents, we all know that forcing kids to do what you want never ends well and battling them to eat healthy food is no different. Of course, we all want our children to eat the best, most nutritious food that we can offer them so they can have healthy bodies and minds. But kids are kids and they may not always understand this.
Fortunately, they are many ways we can promote healthy eating for kids that will relieve your mealtime anxieties!
Involve the Kids in Cooking
One great way to get the kids eating healthy is to involve them in preparing it. Letting them help in the kitchen will help them to feel more connected to the food they are eating. Even better, let them help you pick out a recipe, shop for the ingredients, and prepare the meal!
Grow Your Own Food
You can even start a garden! If they have worked hard for their food and learn about where it comes from, they will be more likely to eat it. There’s just something magical about eating something that you’ve taken the time to grow and prepare. They won’t want to waste a single bite!
You don’t even need a huge yard to start a garden. There are plenty of containers you can use to plant your own garden at home. Read all about starting your own container garden.
Taste the Rainbow!
Teach kids to eat a rainbow each day. This was advice that I received from my pediatrician and I thought it was great. He told me that he wasn’t even stressed if my kids weren’t eating a ton of vegetables, as long as they were eating one color from the rainbow each day. Foods with different colors each contain different nutrients that are vital to our children’s health. To eliminate battles, let the kids pick their own rainbow for the day.
Contains: Lycopene, ellagic acid, Quercetin, and Hesperidin, to name a few.
These nutrients reduce the risk of prostate cancer, lower blood pressure, reduce tumor growth and LDL cholesterol levels, scavenge harmful free-radicals, and support join tissue in arthritis cases.
- Red Apples
- Sweet Peppers
Orange and Yellow Contain: Beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, flavonoids, lycopene, potassium, and vitamin C.
These nutrients reduce age-related macula degeneration and the risk of prostate cancer, lower LDL cholesterol and blood pressure, promote collagen formation and healthy joints, fight harmful free radicals, encourage alkaline balance, and work with magnesium and calcium to build healthy bones.
- Butternut Squash
- Sweet Potatoes
- Summer Squash
Contain: Chlorophyll, fiber, lutein, zeaxanthin, calcium, folate, vitamin C, calcium, and Beta-carotene.
The nutrients found in these vegetables reduce cancer risks, lower blood pressure and LDL cholesterol levels, normalize digestion time, support retinal health and vision, fight harmful free-radicals, and boost immune system activity.
- Sugar Snap Peas
- Brussel Sprouts
Blue and Purple Contain: Lutein, zeaxanthin, resveratrol, vitamin C, fiber, flavonoids, ellagic acid, and quercetin.
Support retinal health, lower LDL cholesterol, boost immune system activity, support healthy digestion, improve calcium and other mineral absorption, fight inflammation, reduce tumor growth, act as an anticarcinogens in the digestive tract, and limit the activity of cancer cells.
Same as Blue
- Purple Cabbage
- Purple Brussel Sprouts
- Purple Asparagus
- Purple Carrots
- Purple Potatoes
Beta-glucans, EGCG, SDG, and lignans that provide powerful immune boosting activity. These nutrients also activate natural killer B and T cells, reduce the risk of colon, breast, and prostate cancers, and balance hormone levels, reducing the risk of hormone-related cancers.
- White Corn
- White Peaches and Nectarines
Use our handy and free download to help your kids pick their rainbow each day!
Make Healthy Eating for Kids Accessible
One thing we’ve instituted in our home is an open fridge policy. This doesn’t mean they can grab any old junk they want, but they are allowed to eat any fruits or vegetables without even asking. I’ve cleared out the two eye-level shelves in my fridge and keep open containers of carrot sticks, mini cucumbers, celery, peppers, sugar snap peas, blueberries, grapes, strawberries, apples, oranges, etc. all available any time they want them.
This has really helped reduce their snacking on other junk around the house. The first thing they see when opening the fridge are fruits and vegetables.
Make it Tasty
My kids tend to eat as many vegetables as their bellies can fill when they have something to dip them in. Offer some healthy hummus or greek yogurt ranch to dip their veggies in. Or offer healthy peanut or almond butter on celery or apples.
Try our healthy rainbow rice paper rolls.
Leave the Drama Behind at Mealtime
Whatever you do, do not make mealtimes a time for battles or emotional or mental drama. This can give children a bad association with healthy food and eating in general and can lead to eating disorders in the future. Encourage healthy eating for kids and offer nutritious options each mealtime. Don’t stress if your kids aren’t eating much either. Appetites in children fluctuate even more than they do in adults depending on growth spurts and activity levels, so don’t sweat it if they skip a meal or only take a few bites. When they are hungry they will eat.
Don’t Ban Treats
Healthy eating for kids is so important, but it doesn’t mean that kids can’t have an occasional treat here and there. If they are forbidden from having any treats, they may likely binge when they are on their own or at a friend’s house.
Help them to Recognize How Food Makes Them Feel
Help kids to recognize how healthy eating makes them feel and even more important, help them to recognize how unhealthy eating makes them feel. Talk about the energy and vitality you feel when you drink enough water and eat vegetables and how sluggish and sick you feel when you’ve had too much sugar. Sometimes kids won’t make these correlations on their own and they may need to be pointed out so that they can make their own decisions on healthy eating.
Make Healthy Eating for Kids Fun
Most importantly, don’t make healthy eating for kids a burden. It can be fun, colorful and tasty!
PIN THIS FOR LATER | <urn:uuid:9e7f24e8-6ce6-4226-a3c3-455de5aac552> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://merakimother.com/healthy-eating-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.930951 | 1,458 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Alpha Particles and Nucleus MCQs Quiz Online PDF Download
Learn alpha particles and nucleus MCQs, A level physics test for online courses learning and test prep to practice. Radioactivity quiz has multiple choice questions (MCQ), alpha particles and nucleus quiz questions and answers to learn for ACT test prep online.
GCE physics practice test MCQ on most of space in an atom is with options filled with positive charge, empty, filled with negative charge and filled with neutrons problem solving skills for viva, competitive exam prep, interview questions with answer key. Free study guide is for online learning alpha particles and nucleus quiz with MCQs to practice test questions with answers.
MCQs on Alpha Particles and Nucleus Quiz PDF Download
MCQ. Most of space in an atom is
- filled with positive charge
- filled with negative charge
- filled with neutrons
MCQ. Alpha particles have relatively
- low kinetic energies
- high potential energy
- high mechanical energy
- high kinetic energy
MCQ. Type of rays that affect nucleus are | <urn:uuid:633776bb-39e2-4741-870c-f956afbc70ad> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.mcqslearn.com/a-level/physics/alpha-particles-and-nucleus.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212768.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817182657-20180817202657-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.855665 | 224 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Global Economic Engine
Recently, two independent sources looked at the economic contribution of the liner shipping industry and concluded that it is indeed a global economic engine for two reasons: the significant amount the industry contributes directly to the global economy, and the role of the industry as a facilitator of economic growth for other industries.
IHS Global Insight - Economic Contribution of Liner Shipping Industry
In November 2009, IHS Global Insight, a recognized global leader in economic and financial analysis and forecasting, completed an evaluation of the economic contribution of the liner shipping industry using 2007 as a base year. Key findings include:
The annual economic contribution of the liner shipping industry was:
- Direct gross output or GDP Contribution -- US$ 183.3 Billion
- Direct capital expenditure -- US$ 29.4 Billion
- Direct jobs -- 4.2 million
- Compensation to those employees US$ 27.2 Billion
Full annual economic impact, including indirect and induced effects:
- US$ 436.6 Billion
- 13.5 million jobs
Cargo transported by the liner shipping industry represents about two-thirds of the value of total global trade, equating each year to more than US$ 4 trillion worth of goods.
Workers at ports world-wide loaded and unloaded cargo for more than 10,000 liner vessel-stops per week, with the average ship making 2.1 port calls per week.
Liner shipping companies deployed more than 400 services providing regularly scheduled service, usually weekly, connecting all countries of the world.
In mid-2008, there were more than 17.8 million containers in the world fleet, which cost the industry US$ 80.1 billion to purchase.
In the United States alone, the industry spends US$ 869 million per year to operate the fleet of chassis used to move containers over land.
The liner shipping industry has spent over US$ 236 billion in more than a dozen countries on the purchase of new vessels.
The Box - How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger
In 2006, former finance and economics editor for the Economist, Marc Levinson released this book, which makes the case that the modern global economy would not exist were it not for introduction of the container and the liner shipping industry that moves them. Some of his notable observations:
The container made shipping cheap and changed the shape of the world economy.
Consumers enjoy infinitely more choices thanks to the global trade the container has stimulated.
- The U.S. imported four times as any varieties of goods in 2002 as in 1972, generating a consumer benefit - not counted in official statistics - equal to nearly 3 percent of the entire economy.
The ready availability of inexpensive imported consumer goods has boosted living standards around the world.
The emergence of the logistics industry ... has led to the creation of new and often better-paying jobs in warehousing and transportation.
The container not only lowered freight bills but saved time.
Marc Levinson summarized the content of "The Box" in an article published by the Transportation Research Board entitled: Container Shipping and the Economy - Stimulating Trade and Transformations Worldwide. | <urn:uuid:ddd06042-1bc2-48dd-8114-ef3c3e7dc70c> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.worldshipping.org/benefits-of-liner-shipping/global-economic-engine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006064.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00100-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926153 | 639 | 2.984375 | 3 |
By Josephine Hellberg MRSB, DPhil Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics student at the University of Oxford and science policy intern at the Royal Society of Biology.
Take part in a tweetchat on AMR from 15:00 – 16:00 GMT on Friday 18th November by following and tweeting with #AntibioticFuture
This week is World Antibiotic Awareness Week 2016; which has been highlighted with the intention of increasing global awareness of the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the importance of interventions to reduce antimicrobial use.
Antimicrobials are drugs that target infectious micro-organisms (microbes), such as bacteria and fungi, but also organisms such as the malaria parasite. The discovery of antimicrobials was one of the most important medical breakthroughs of the 20th century: reducing the incidence of infectious disease and revolutionising medical science; allowing procedures such as invasive surgery and cancer therapy to become commonplace.
Antimicrobials can be natural or synthetic. They are called ‘antibiotics’ when they are produced by other micro-organisms, making antibiotics a natural part of ecosystem microbe-microbe interactions. However, this also means that AMR is a natural, biological phenomenon that is hard to avoid. As a result, increased antimicrobial use goes hand in hand with increased AMR. Indeed, AMR is now so common that doctors, scientists and governments warn that it represents one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century.
In September, the UN held a high-level meeting on AMR and produced a draft political declaration where they commit to develop ‘national action plans, programmes and policy initiatives’ to target the problem. Similarly, the UK Government has plans in place to tackle AMR. Their commissioned report (chaired by Lord Jim O’Neill): Tackling drug-resistant infections globally, was recently published. Together, the O’Neill report and the UN declaration both highlight that AMR is a worldwide problem that requires global recognition and action. Both also make recommendations to strengthen regulation and to promote innovation.
Improving regulation is important, because inappropriate antimicrobial use has contributed to the problem. For example, intensive farming practices can utilise large volumes of antibiotics to promote growth in animals produced for meat. However, some European Union countries have banned excessive use of antimicrobials in agriculture whilst retaining productivity – showing that such large scale antimicrobial use may not always be imperative for the production of commercially competitive meat.
In addition to improved regulation, there is a need for increased global public awareness and education. A recent report published in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases describes a strong relationship between the poverty level of a country and its levels of AMR and says there is an ‘urgent need for the implementation of policies to […] curb inappropriate antibiotic use’.
Conversely, many related discussions focus on the exciting prospect of targeting antimicrobial resistance by increasing and incentivising innovation. Globally, there is a newly-formed partnership on antibiotic research and development that aims to develop new treatments and to promote their responsible use. The UK and Chinese governments have also started a global fund to tackle AMR, hoping to attract in excess of £1 billion to invest in research. Within the EU, the Innovative Medicines Initiative is funding several projects focusing on AMR.
The UK hosts a number of other initiatives focusing on AMR, such as the Nesta Longitude Prize challenge, which is crowdsourcing innovative diagnostics to combat infectious disease – as a method to reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use. Additionally, Antibiotic Research UK is a charity that tries to re-purpose certain antimicrobials, by identifying ‘antibiotic resistance breaker’ (ARB) compounds. These compounds act in partnership with the antimicrobials, improving their effectiveness.
To conclude, there is no shortage of ideas on how to solve the problem of AMR. A combination of innovation, regulation, and education may provide a realistic solution. There is also increased international recognition of the problem, but further collaboration is needed to make a global, lasting impact. | <urn:uuid:e2c75078-b7de-44e4-b30b-5447502d58ea> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://blog.rsb.org.uk/targeting-antimicrobial-resistance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738573.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809192123-20200809222123-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.943662 | 843 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Are primate folivores ecologically constrained? : a comparative analysis of behavioral indicators of within-group feeding competition
MetadataShow full item record
Folivores do not exhibit a direct relationship between group size and daily path length and are consequently believed to experience little feeding competition. However, previous studies lacked sufficient control for ecological variation and did not account for the underlying hierarchical structure inherent in closely related taxa (phylogeny). The present analysis examined daily path length and relative ranging cost in 37 primate species, including 18 folivores, while controlling for ecological variation and phylogeny. Group size effects on group spread, changes in activity budget, and infant to female ratios were similarly investigated as these have been found to indicate feeding competition in folivorous primates. Although relative ranging cost was a not a significant predictor of folivore group size, large groups traveled significantly farther per day, increased group spread per individual, and had lower infant to female ratios than small groups. Large groups spent more time feeding and less time resting than small groups; however, these trends were not significant. A strong phylogenetic signal was detected among species’ mean values for average group size (λ = 0.827). Because primate group size and behavior represent the combination of adapting to present-day environments and phylogenetic inertia, future comparative analyses of feeding competition should account for both current ecological conditions and the phylogenetic signals inherent in the taxa being compared. As suggested by the current study, folivorous primates may utilize a number of foraging strategies, other than increasing daily path length, to alleviate feeding competition. To better assess feeding competition, future research should include alternative correlates of feeding competition such as increased group spread, changes in activity budgets, and decreased female fecundity. The information gained from such research may improve our current interpretations of the ‘folivore paradox’ and redefine the competitive regime of leaf eating primates. | <urn:uuid:4b0d666c-e9a3-4069-a408-e608f94b18f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2012-05-5756 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823802.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00230-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934786 | 390 | 3.046875 | 3 |
- Money does not determine happiness: once a person is making a minimum that provides for food, clothing and shelter, more money does not equate with more happiness.
- The more meaningful connections you have and the more you work at these personal connections, the more happy you are. In other words, strong links to friends and families directly and positively link with the likelihood that you will be happy.
- Serving others, volunteering and helping others is positively linked to happiness.
- Countries that support infrastructures that build these connections such as Norway, report happier communities.
|Meaningful connections - Happiness! Photo by J. Philipchuk|
There are no surprises here. Being loved and giving love trumps a fancy car and the latest fashion and gadgets. Spending time and serving others brings more happiness than spending money and collecting things. Yet, somehow, we still behave as though the opposite is true, "If only I lose 10 pounds and fit into this outfit, I'll get a man, and then I will be happy" "Once I get my own car and my own place, I won't need to depend on anyone and then I will be happier," "You get paid the big bucks, must be nice to have an easy life".
Historically, economic growth and the amount of cash circulating our global economies, is unprecedented, yet we are in the midst of a global "unhappy and anxious" epidemic in First World countries. We are firmly attached to the idea that things bring us happiness, despite the mounting evidence to the contrary.
"It is easier to change ideas and doctrines in other's minds than it is to change their myths and symbols," writes Madonna Kohlbenschlag. All of this "Happiness Research" clearly points to a doable action plan that all of us in some way, can begin to implement.
The most compelling part of the documentary for me, is the claim that we can teach happiness, practice happiness and train ourselves to be happy. It is a muscle, that through practice, repetition, and support, can grow and develop and become strong.
The ball is in our court. We can choose to work on developing our happiness muscle. No special equipment is required. All that is needed is a willingness to put down the burden of belief that says things and this illusion of independence matter more than people, service, love and belonging. | <urn:uuid:3e6fc180-713f-421c-ae80-9d29c03a1242> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://creativeedgebodyworks.blogspot.ca/2014_03_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189884.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00101-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958872 | 485 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Please Click On Names For Information
is one of the main deities of Hindus. He is known as the third element in the Hindu Trinity and the other two Gods are Lord Brahma - the creator and Lord Vishnu - the protector.Shiva is often shown with many faces, as creator, destroyer and preserver in total command of the cosmos.Shiva is the destructive form of the Almighty. As the cycle of destruction and recreation is always in a circle, Shiva’s primary responsibility is maintaining the life cycle.
Lord Shiva has a Snake coiled around his neck, a Trident (Trishul) in one of his hands and ashes all over his body.He appears in a meditating but ever-happy posture.He holds a Moon on his head and it is beleived that the sacred river Ganges originates from his hair.
The Lord's attributes represent his victory over the demonic activity, and calmness of human nature. He is known as the "Giver" god. His vehicle is a bull ,called Nandi which represents happiness and strength.
As Mahakaal, Shiva destroys everything into a zero but as Shiv Shankar, he reproduces which has been destroyed. His symbol of Lingam or the phallus represents this reproductive power.
Lord Shiva is also considered to be the most unique of all Hindu gods and also the God of all. A great ascetic.
Shiva is the only godhead who is forever in deep meditation, totally absorbed in contemplation in his abode, Kailaasa Himalayan range. Lord Shiva is also said to be inseparable from goddess Shakti and the two are the absolute state of being.
He contains both good and evil.
Shiva is easy to please, thus, Lord Shiva is known as the God of mercy and kindness. He protects his devotees from all evil that are always around . He blesses his followers with grace, knowledge and peace.
Attributes of Lord Shiva
Shiva as Ardhanareeswara
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Lord Shiva is said to be half man and half woman. In the full figure of Siva the male and female principles are united. Shiva Linga - the symbol of Lord Shiva which consists of both Lingam (phallus) and yoni (the female organ) represent the totality of his nature and the totality of all created existence.
Lord Shiva in the form of a Dancer is God Nataraj.Shiva is said to be performing "Tandav Nritya" by swallowing "Somrasa".
In sculptures,Shiva is shown with many hands. One pair of hands, represents the balance between life and death.Shiva is three eyed, and is 'Neela Kantha' - blue-neck since he had consumed poison to save the world from destruction.
Unclad body covered with ashes
According to some experts, Shiva’s body smeared with cemetery ash points to the philosophy of the life and death and the fact that death is the ultimate reality of the life.
Jata (Matted Hair)
The flow of his matted hair represents Shiva as the Lord of Wind or Vayu, who is the subtle form of breath present in all living beings.
The holiest river, Ganga flows from the "Jata",matted hair of Shiva. Shiva allowed an outlet to this divine river to reach the earth and give sacred water to human being. Ganga denotes fertility.
Lord Shiva is known as the three eyed Lord or Tryambaka Deva. The sun is his right eye, the moon left while the third eye of Shiva on his forehead is the eye of wisdom. It is the eye that looks beyond the obvious. The third eye can search evil from anywhere and destroys it completely.
The half-open eyes show that the universes cycle is in process.When it is completely open a new cycle of Life begins.When the eyes are completely closed it signifies the end of the universe.
It is a symbol of Lord Shiva, which is worshipped by the devotees Shiva temples have Shiva-Linga as the main deity.
Mahashivaratri Festival,‘The Night of Shiva’ is celebrated in honor of Lord Shiva. Shivaratri falls on the moonless 14th night of the new moon in the hindu month,Phalgun ie February - March in English Calendar. Devotees observe day and night fast and perform ritual worship of Shiva Linga to appease Lord Shiva.
Legends of Mahashivratri
There are various interesting legends related to the festival of Maha Shivaratri.The most popular legends says, Shivaratri marks the wedding day of Lord Shiva and Parvati. Some believe that Lord Shiva performed the ‘Tandava’( the dance of the primal creation, preservation and destruction),on the day of Shivaratri.
As per the Linga Purana,it was on Shivaratri that Lord Shiva manifested himself in the form of a Linga. Hence the day is considered to be extremely auspicious by Shiva devotees and they celebrate it as Mahashivaratri - the grand night of Shiva. | <urn:uuid:9877f171-1dc1-4319-9dad-12ab33e4dbbd> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://shreedarshan.com/god-shankar.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209980.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815063517-20180815083517-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.961252 | 1,067 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Sox gene family consists of a large number of embryonically expressed genes related via the possession of a 79-amino-acid DNA-binding domain known as the HMG box. Partial clones for the first three Sox genes (al-a3) were isolated by homology to the HMG box of the testis-determining gene Sry and are now termed Sox-1, Sox-2 and Sox-3, Sox-3 is highly conserved amongst mammalian species and is located on the X chromosome. This has led to the proposal that Sry evolved from Sox-3. We present the cloning and sequencing of Sox-1, Sox-2 and Sox-3 from the mouse and show that Sox-3 is most closely relate to Sry. We also confirm that mouse Sox-3 is located on the X chromosome between Hprt and Dmd. Analysis of the distribution of Sox-3 RNA shows that its main site of expression is in the developing central nervous system, suggesting a role for Sox-3 in neural development. Moreover, we demonstrate that Sox-3, as well as Sox-1 and Sox-2, are expressed in the urogenital ridge and that their protein products are able to bind the same DNA sequence motif as Sry in vitro, but with different affinities. These observations prompt discussion of an evolutionary link between the genes and support the model that Sry has evolved from Sox-3. However our findings imply that if this is true, then Sry has undergone concomitant changes resulting in loss of CNS expression and altered DNA-binding properties. | <urn:uuid:44a2a900-410b-4338-9777-36e6f0920b09> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://dev.biologists.org/content/122/2/509.long | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172649.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00231-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971437 | 326 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The theoretical understanding of the phenomena of superconductivity is extremely involved. It is far beyond the scope of this guide to attempt to delve into that subject. However, in this short section, we have emphasized some of the fundamental terms and phenomena that will make it possible for you to conduct the experiments suggested with our Kits.
Superconductors have the ability to carry an electrical current without loss of energy. Unlike normal conductors of electricity in which the current is carried by individual electrons, in superconductors the current is carried by pairs of electrons called Cooper Pairs, in honor of one of the formulators of the famous `BCS' theory of superconductivity. When the electrons move through a solid in Cooper Pairs, they are impervious to the energy absorbing interactions that normal electrons suffer. To form Cooper Pairs, a superconductor must operate below a certain temperature called the Critical Temperature, or Tc. Superconductors made from different materials have different values of Tc. For the new ceramic superconductors in these Kits, Tc is about 90 Kelvin for YBa2Cu3O7, and up to 110 Kelvin for Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10. The Critical Temperature Kit, Complete Exploration Kit, Super Exploration Kit, and the new Magnetic Susceptibility Kit are designed to allow you to measure Tc in a simple and elegant manner.
It is not yet clear that these ceramic superconductors indeed do conduct electricity by means of Cooper Pairs as described by the `BCS' theory. In fact another theory called the `Resonant Valence Bond' theory has been advanced as being more effective. This theory may explain the gradual onset of superconductivity at a temperature around Tc in the ceramic materials.
Since there is no loss in electrical energy when superconductors carry an electrical current, relatively narrow wires made of superconducting material can be used to carry huge currents. However, there is a certain maximum current that these materials can be made to carry, above which they stop being superconductors. This maximum current flux is referred to as the Critical Current Density, or Jc. There has been a great deal of effort to increase the value of Jc in the new ceramic superconductors. For routine electrical measurements on the samples provided in these Kits, you must remember to use electrical currents that result in current densities that are smaller than Jc.
It has long been known that an electrical current in a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire. The strength of the magnetic field increases as the current in the wire is increased. Thus, on account of their ability to carry large electrical currents without loss of energy, superconductors are especially suited for making powerful electromagnets. Furthermore, if the electrical current travels only through a superconductor without having to pass through a normal conductor, then it will persist forever resulting in the formation of a powerful permanent electromagnet (see the Superconducting Energy Storage Kit). These permanent currents in a superconductor are referred to as persistent currents. The magnetic field generated by the superconductor in turn however, affects the ability of the superconductor to carry electrical currents. In fact, as the magnetic field increases, the values of both Tc and Jc decrease. When the magnetic field is greater than a certain amount, the superconductor is quenched, and can carry no superconducting current. This maximum magnetic field is called the maximum Critical Field, or Hc. Again, this is a large field, and even the powerful rare earth alloy magnets we will be using in our experiments will not significantly affect our superconductors. The Complete Exploration and Super Exploration Kits can be used to determine both Hc and Jc.
The experiments in these Kits delve into some of the basic physics of superconductivity. These phenomena are explained in greater detail in the Experiment Guide. | <urn:uuid:b62553db-3e5b-471b-b398-b073f11cca95> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.users.qwest.net/~csconductor/Experiment_Guide/The%20Language%20of%20Superconductors.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00206-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933908 | 793 | 4.1875 | 4 |
How quickly could climate change worsen hunger? According to a new report by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), expected changes in temperature, rainfall and storms could put an additional 49 million people in Asia at risk of hunger by 2020. That's just 10 years away.
By 2020, the report says, crop yields in some areas of Asia will be down by 10 percent, even as population growth continues to rise. Demand for meat and milk - products that will take an increasing share of agricultural crop production - is also expected to grow.
"This should set off warning alarms across the region," Hiroyuki Konuma, the FAO's assistant director-general for Asia and the Pacific, told listeners at a regional FAO conference in South Korea this week.
While some temperate areas of Asia may see production increase as conditions warm, tropical and sub-tropical areas will see crop declines, he warned, with farmers facing everything from attacks by new pest varieties to worsening droughts or floods.
South and Southeast Asia and small Pacific Island nations are expected to be the hardest hit, he said.
The longer term trajectory of crop production in the region is even more worrying. By 2050, crop production in some parts of Asia is expected to fall by 30 percent, leaving 132 million more people at risk of hunger.
What can be done? Adaptive farming - including shifts to more tolerant crop varieties - can help, as well as better use of water resources. Protecting forests, coastal areas and fragile arid and mountain ecosystems, including grazing land, could help stem weather variability and loss of water resources, and protect crop and animal production. And making sure disaster risk management is part of other planning efforts will be key, the FAO report says. | <urn:uuid:41aac6fa-ffea-4a69-baa7-ba1735beb236> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.trust.org/item/20100930124000-6beg0/?source=hptop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645208021.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031328-00183-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957715 | 360 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Have you ever experienced a shooting pain in your mouth, only to find out that you’ve developed a hole in your tooth? Generally, a buildup of plaque begins to “eat” away at a tooth, causing a cavity. Once your tooth begins to decay, your dentist needs to clean out and fill the affected area. This prevents the cavity from getting bigger and eventually exposing a nerve. Luckily, a filling will do the trick, helping to restore a tooth after damage has occurred. Although this is beneficial, the materials used to fill your tooth could potentially affect more than your oral health.
Fillings can be a great way to address tooth decay. However, the use of mercury in fillings is controversial. The dangers associated with mercury are well known, so how is it that so many people are walking around with mercury fillings? Are you at risk?
“Mercury Undercover” exposes the cause and effect of the well-hidden evidence of mercury contamination as seen through the eyes of doctors, scientists, environmental experts and mercury-poisoned survivors.
The dangers of mercury fillings — fact or fiction?
Amalgam or silver fillings have been used for over 150 years and are still being used today based on their low cost and high durability. This would be great if it weren’t for one key issue: the concern of mercury toxicity. Made from an alloy of silver, tin, copper and zinc, combined with 50 percent mercury, the use of amalgam fillings has sparked plenty of debate.
As stated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), mercury vapor from fillings is carried by the blood, killing cells and damaging the blood brain barrier. In turn, it is believed that mercury levels accumulate in the brain, damaging both nerve and brain cells. That doesn’t sound very safe, does it?
Based on autopsy studies, it has been reported that chronic exposure to amalgam fillings causes mercury to bioaccumulate not only in the brain, but also in the kidneys, liver and heart. One study, published in The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, stated that amalgam fillings account for approximately two-thirds of the human body’s burden of mercury.
While studying cadavers, researchers found that individuals with more than 12 amalgam fillings had mercury levels that were up to 10 times higher in the brain, thyroid and kidneys than those who had less than three fillings. Cadavers with more than 12 fillings also had significantly higher mercury levels in the brain in comparison to other tissue.
This has led to concerns regarding the development of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. One recent study, published in Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy, found that women who were exposed to amalgam fillings were slightly more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease, in comparison to their non-exposed counterparts.
The removal of amalgam fillings
Overall, it’s been reported that the level of mercury in the body is two to 12 times higher in the body tissues of individuals with dental amalgam fillings. Can this be corrected? Can the removal of amalgam fillings reduce the likelihood of developing these health issues?
In a recent study published in the Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, researchers were interested in whether the removal of all amalgam fillings would result in long-term changes to oral health, as well as the overall health of participants. Within the treatment group, all fillings were removed and replaced with alternative materials; the control group did not receive any intervention.
While no improvement in health complaints was found in the control group, the treatment group experienced reductions in both intraoral and general health complaints. This study supported previous data showing that once the mercury fillings were removed, mercury levels decreased in the participant’s urine and serum.
The researchers concluded that although the mechanisms behind these results remain to be discovered, it’s clear that the replacement of amalgam fillings resulted in the reduction of health complaints. Although potential contributing factors need to be examined, they believe that reduced exposure, patient-centered treatment, and the elimination of worry may have all played a role.
Safe removal of amalgam fillings
At this point, you may be thinking, I have amalgam fillings — what do I do about it now? It’s comforting to know that these fillings can be removed. However, it’s typically very costly and can actually be dangerous. The removal of amalgam fillings has the potential to release more mercury vapor directly into your body.
If you would like amalgam fillings removed, it’s imperative that you meet with a dentist who has been specifically trained to perform this procedure. It’s recommended that you seek the assistance of a biological dentist, who will focus on a more holistic approach. During safe removal a dentist should:
- Place a rubber dam in your mouth so that you do not inhale or swallow toxins.
- Use a high-volume suction device, placing it near the tooth — eliminating mercury vapor.
- Utilize a cold-water spray to minimize vapors.
- Instruct you to immediately wash out your mouth and surrounding area once the filling has been removed.
- Use air purifiers throughout the room.
It’s also recommended that you prepare your health prior to this surgery, ensuring that your detoxification mechanisms are functioning at an optimal level. To prevent tooth decay in the future, it’s crucial that you focus on good oral hygiene, while consuming plenty of whole foods that naturally fight bacteria in your mouth.
Krista Hillis is passionate about nutrition, mental health, and sustainable practices. She has her Bachelors in Psychology and Neuroscience and is still active in her research. Studying both the body and mind, she focuses on natural health and balance. Krista enjoys writing based on her ability to inspire others and increase overall awareness. | <urn:uuid:ae564804-b6f8-49bc-8912-502ce9d2be66> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thealternativedaily.com/dangers-of-mercury-fillings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.944823 | 1,228 | 3.40625 | 3 |
On the other hand, like all cloud-based services, CloneCloud could create a whole new class of security vulnerabilities–the sort that arise when all of a user’s private data is stored on publicly accessible servers. “Even after you address the technical issues, how can you get users to trust the cloud?” asks Su.
Maniatis, Chun’s collaborator on CloneCloud, notes that the team is working on a number of different methods to secure CloneCloud. One approach, known as “private data disclosure detection” or “taint checking,” examines all of the variables in a program that could be affected by inputs from outside sources, in order to detect whether these inputs contain data inserted for malicious purposes. Taint checking is extremely processor intensive, which means that CloneCloud could be a unique enabler for it on mobile devices. “We’re using execution in the cloud to run e-mail applications in an environment where you can do this emulation without waiting for the heat death of the universe for your smart phone to finish,” says Maniatis.
CloneCloud could be bedeviled by another issue that prevented earlier research into offloading computation from mobile devices from being commercialized: network latency and bandwidth limitations. “When they did research on this in the late ’90s,” says Chun, “their wireless connection was a modem, 28.8 kbps. You can imagine that sending data on this connection could take quite a long time.” Smart phones now use much faster wireless technologies: Wi-Fi, 3G, Bluetooth, and, eventually, 4G and WiMax. But the speed of the phone’s connection and the power consumption required to transmit data may still limit the kinds of tasks for which CloneCloud can be used.
Chun says that network latency can be masked: the phone could guess what the outcome of a particular process might be and proceed until told otherwise, for example. But it’s clear that some applications, like games, would require connections faster than those currently available and might rapidly drain a phone’s battery.
Ultimately, Chun envisions that the research behind CloneCloud will help intelligently shuffle tasks to the fastest, or most power-efficient, processor in a data center. This application is especially relevant at Intel, which makes everything from the energy-sipping Atom processors used in netbooks to powerful (and power-hungry) Nehalem processors used in Web servers. “There will be a family of heterogeneous devices, and you would like to move the computing job to the one that makes most sense; from that standpoint, it is a great idea,” says Knies.
The same approach could someday allow a computing environment to be unshackled from any one particular device. “You could come home and sit down at a mobile Internet device and have it transfer content and calculations to your desktop PC,” says Knies. “You could imagine what that would enable in terms of sharing information between devices in the home and the mobile device you have on you all the time.” | <urn:uuid:b6331fd5-2153-47bd-93da-3108a25104de> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.technologyreview.com/news/413324/sending-cell-phones-into-the-cloud/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802778085.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075258-00062-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93737 | 651 | 2.59375 | 3 |
S - SAFE C- COOPERATIVE A-ACTIVE M-MOTIVATED P-POSITIVE
This acronym helps us to communicate desired learning behaviours simply and effectively. There is a SCAMP mascot that the younger children enjoy too.
In Friday assembly parents are invited to attend a SCAMP assembly where teachers reinforce and share the SCAMP behaviours of children in their classes. This is a powerful and popular strategy which helps to communicate our beliefs to children and parents. We encourage our children to celebrate good learning behaviour and reward it with recognition and a highly desired sticker! The assemblies help make the link between good behaviour and good learning.
The SCAMP stickers have high currency in our school
We operate a system which recognises the good and discourages the misbehaviour by highlighting as a matter of everyday routine what is going well and rewarding individual children.
Classes will set and reward their own behaviour targets throughout the year as part of Investors In Pupils.
We tailor rewards according to the needs of individuals so that children want to succeed. The children have a voice in their reward systems – at individual and class level. As such reward systems change from class to class, child to child and sometimes week to week. This constant review and reflection of child interest ensures they are engaged, motivated and wanting to achieve success.
A SCAMP sticker designed by one of the children for a School Council competition. | <urn:uuid:f117bad2-edb0-4d8a-9b0d-21ecaf7927c8> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.pudseysouthroyd.leeds.sch.uk/learning/scamp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057775.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925202717-20210925232717-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.953298 | 287 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Strand 2 Standard 1
Strand 2 Standard 2
2 class periods of 90 minutes each
Children grow at individual rates. However, the sequence of development is generally the same for all children. Many theorists have discovered a great deal concerning how children develop. Their theories add insight and information to the study of child development.
Identify the various theories of development.
Utah Curriculum Guide | <urn:uuid:bfbf4a6b-84af-4825-9fc3-9c065cb7060c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.uen.org/lessonplan/view/4411 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488269939.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621085922-20210621115922-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.872364 | 80 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Do you hike, ride, bird, camp, fish, or otherwise recreate in state parks, forests or wildlands? Lend YOUR eyes to help Maryland’s biodiversity! Did you know? Maryland has over 1200 rare, threatened or endangered native species, of the more than 15,000 species recorded in the state. Unfortunately, habitat loss and invasive species threaten our native species, even the common ones. One of the best ways to protect Maryland’s native species is to remove invasive plants and restore invaded sites. To tackle the problem quickly and efficiently, we need more information about how much of which invasive plants grow where. That’s where you can help!
An invasive species is a species that:
For more information, see our Invasive Species page.
Here is the text of current Maryland law defining invasive plants, as it was passed.
The Maryland Natural Heritage Program designed Statewide Eyes to allow volunteers and researchers alike to collect more information about invasive plants on state lands quickly. Volunteers (like you!) use a free mobile application called the Mid-Atlantic Early Detection Network (MAEDN) to identify, photograph and map the location of invasive plants, focusing on ecologically significant sites.
The data are sent to the Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System or EDDMapS, a nationwide mapping system, to be freely displayed and available for download and analysis. The information gathered allows Department of Natural Resources scientists to:
Here are the invasive plant species of greatest concern by region:
The Mid-Atlantic Early Detection Network is a vast network of land managers, field experts, community scientists, naturalists, gardeners and others interested in documenting invasive plant occurrences in the mid-Atlantic region for the purposes of early detection, improved management and better coordination. The region includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia.
Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS) is a web-based mapping system for documenting invasive species distribution. Launched in 2005 by the Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia, it was originally designed as a tool for state Exotic Pest Plant Councils to develop more complete distribution data of invasive species.
Over 2.8 million records are logged on EDDMapS. For more information, see: https://www.eddmaps.org/
Here is a sample map from EDDMapS of wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus undulatifolius) infestations outside Baltimore:
580 Taylor Ave, Annapolis MD 21401 | <urn:uuid:cb8305d9-a805-4545-95ea-acccf65321a6> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/statewide_eyes.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926002255-20180926022655-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.878786 | 535 | 3.859375 | 4 |
English 1A Tue/Thu
A Literary Criticism of The Sun Also Rises From The Perspective of Gender-Roles
In The Sun Also Rises, Earnest Hemingway tells a fascinating story in a very unusual way. The most unusual part of the story may be the way he breaks the typical mold of gender roles, or perhaps it is the way he breaks the traditional elements of plot. I think it is both. His contrarian approach to a contrarian story makes both of these issues microcosms of each other. The Sun Also Rises explores complex topics in a very minimal way. The author implies greater depth than he conveys directly, drawing at the perspective of the reader to fill in the vast spaces between the lines and to challenge their assumptions and preconceived ideas about gender, and what the characters ought to want from one another.
The story is told in the first person by “Jake,” but it would be easy to argue that it is about a woman named Brett. (Notice the traditionally masculine name.) Brett is what one might call a “New Woman,” a period motif which challenged gender role assumptions, especially relating to power (Yu). She is by far the wealthiest, most powerful, and most sexually libertine character in the book. Despite heraldic claims to various hereditary titles by many characters early on, only Brett’s is substantiated by the author’s character. When a friend asks him, “Is she really Lady something or other,” Jake replies, “Oh, yes. In the stud-book and everything.” Here we see another subtle pun intended to cast her in a masculine light. Jake is referring to her heraldic pedigree as one would to the pedigree of a male breeding animal in the form of a stud-book. (Hemingway)
Together with several other friends, they are going on an adventure to Spain from Paris to watch bull fighting. The story is chock-full of men who love and obsess over Brett, and none of them can approach her station, strength, or wealth. She talks about these men like many men talk about women. When she realizes that one of the men she is womanizing has earned a more serious and unrequited affection from her, she says to Jake, “When I think of the hell I’ve put chaps through. I’m paying for it all now.” (Hemingway)
Like most of the men in the book, Jake, the character telling the story, holds a deep love for Brett but unlike the others, he chooses not to seek out its fulfillment. They sometimes talk about it but in general, they have an unspoken understanding that it wouldn’t work between them. This is just one way in which Jake lives out a softer form of masculinity than the traditional role one might expect in an early 20th century novel.
Jake’s soft-masculinity is in stark contrast to Robert, the Princeton boxer and Brett’s obsessive former lover. He shared a brief romance with Brett, and was entirely overcome by it. He ceaselessly chases her and tries to fight to earn her affections despite the fact that she has long-since moved on to another man Mike who is along for the adventure. Mike, like Jake, reviles Robert. “I would have thought you’d loved being a steer, Robert,” Mike says… “They lead such a quiet life. They never say anything and they’re always hanging about so.” Mike is constantly insulting Robert and denigrating his traditional masculinity. (Hemingway)
When Brett asks Robert to leave her alone for a while because she needs some space, she confides in Jake that she saw him stalking the shadows, following her and unable to be apart from her. Despite this obsession, Jake and Brett manage to lose Robert for a time, and Brett convinces Jake to help her arrange a rendezvous with a handsome young bullfighter she wants to sleep with. When Jake leaves them to it and rejoins the rest of the group at a bar, Robert immediately attacks him and demands to know where she is and with whom. Jake refuses to tell him, and they get into a fight. Jake is knocked unconscious but not before he hears Robert call him a pimp, implying that Brett, the object of his affection, is a whore. Robert has gone full Fox-and-the-Grapes.
When Jake regains consciousness, he goes to confront Robert and finds him crying in bed. Robert has finally been forced to confront the fact that his expectations are unrealistic. His classic masculine archetype wanted to keep fighting and win Brett’s affection, but her interests could not be farther from him, and the more he tried, the less she liked him.
Meanwhile, Mike, Brett’s chosen primary partner, has told the story to the group of how he knows that Brett is always running off with other men. Admitting to something like that would typically be considered emasculating for a classic male gender-role, but Mike readily and enthusiastically admits Brett’s nature. He is fine with her having her own fun and then coming home to him. He accepts her very unusual role. Jake and his soft-masculinity, along with Mike and his, are able to see past Robert’s classic, yet unrealistic goals and methods.
When Brett runs off with the bullfighter, she soon sends a telegram to Jake, asking him to come and save her from the mess she has made. Jake arrives to find her fine, but embarrassed at running off with this young man who doesn’t have the maturity to understand the way she is. She has made him leave after interpreting the collapse of this unfortunate tryst as punishment for the sin of objectifying and womanizing so many male partners. Despite coming to this conclusion, you will notice she is still the one in power over the bullfighter as she has “made him go” (Yu).
She walks with Jake towards the story’s end and some next destination. She turns to him on the last page and says, “Oh, Jake, we could have had such a damned good time together.” Jake turns to her and replies, “Isn’t it pretty to think so?” This ending compels the reader to infer that Jake does not see himself as either Robert or Mike. He knows Brett will never settle down and be happy with just one man, so he refuses to attempt to be such a man, opting to be a confidant and companion, rather than chasing the futile, quixotic ideals which Robert has, in his traditional role. (Hemingway)
This story is strong in exposition and conflict, but you will notice there is no resolution. No one gets what they want, and it really doesn’t end well for anyone. Of all the characters in the story, only Jake seems to leave with a clear understanding of what has happened, and a confidence that from the beginning, he made the right choice by rejecting the traditional male role.
Hemingway, Earnest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Scribner, 1926.
Yu, Xiaoping. “English Language Teaching .” n.d. The New Woman in The Sun Also Rises. Ed. Qingdao University of Science and Technology College of Foreign Languages. No. 3 Vol. 3 and September 2010. <http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1081778.pdf>. | <urn:uuid:bc58122c-14dc-4719-9684-263cad591e5b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blog.cjtrowbridge.com/2017/04/08/a-literary-criticism-of-the-sun-also-rises-from-the-perspective-of-gender-roles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.971913 | 1,592 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The high burden of injuries in South Africa
Rosana Norman a, Richard Matzopoulos b, Pam Groenewald a, Debbie Bradshaw a
International recognition of and assistance for injury control efforts are well below the levels directed at other health problems, particularly in developing countries.1,2 A lack of reliable statistics has largely hidden the health and development impacts of injuries, but global burden of disease assessments identified their substantial role in premature mortality and disability among young adults, particularly males.3,4 It has been estimated that injuries accounted for 9% of deaths and 12% of the burden of disease worldwide in 2000.5
More than 90% of global deaths from injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries.5 Males in Africa and the low- and middle-income countries of Europe, and females in Africa and India, have the highest injury-related mortality rates worldwide. Zwi et al. highlight this neglected health problem in developing countries and argue for an immediate policy response.1
South Africa is a developing country with a unique history. Constitutional racial segregation and exploitation has given way to a non-racial democracy. This was achieved by a protracted liberation struggle, characterized by political violence and state-sponsored oppression. Political conflict has receded but high levels of interpersonal violence remain, fuelled by rapid urbanization and ongoing socioeconomic disparities.
The high proportion of deaths from injuries in South Africa had been identified as one part of a triple burden – in combination with pre-transitional causes related to poverty and development and the emerging chronic disease burden.6 The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has produced a quadruple burden.7 However, the lack of reliable health statistics has made it difficult to assess societal changes’ impact on the rate of injuries or to compare the South African situation with other settings. Furthermore, there is a need to incorporate non-fatal outcomes in the measure of the injury burden – for each death there are several survivors with permanent disabling sequelae.8 This is a challenge given the weak information base for disability for most conditions.9
The South African Burden of Disease study used multiple sources of information to derive coherent and consistent estimates for the level and causes of mortality in 2000.10 The focus was on deriving mortality estimates, given the paucity of population-based morbidity data. This paper extends the initial injury estimates by developing revised age- and sex-specific estimates of injury mortality rates, calculating age- and sex-specific disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for selected types of injuries, and comparing the burden with African and global estimates.
Global Burden of Disease methodology11,12 was used to estimate the injury burden from a range of data: population- and mortality-level estimates; causes of death and disability; and incidence, severity and duration of disabilities arising from injuries.
The new Actuarial Society of South Africa (ASSA 2002) demographic and AIDS model (calibrated to survey, census and adjusted vital registration data) was used to obtain revised estimates of population size and mortality levels in 2000.13 For the same year, vital registration data on the proportion of deaths due to external causes14 were applied to the estimated total number of deaths to estimate the total number of injury deaths, by age and sex.
The National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS) is the only recent data source available for estimating the injury cause of death distribution. This sentinel, mortuary-based study captures information on the causes of fatal injuries, mainly in urban areas.15 Within the data constraints, NIMSS 1999 and 2000 data were reclassified according to the South African Burden of Disease list’s injury classifications.10,13 These were based on the global and Australian cause lists11,16 using the International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9).17
The estimate for deaths related to mining injuries was increased to that reported by the Mine Health and Safety Inspectorate18 and deducted from the other unintentional injury category. Interpersonal violence injuries were defined as those resulting from violence of a physical or sexual nature including that between family members and intimates, and between acquaintances and strangers.19 It was not possible to distinguish between these subcategories as perpetrator/victim relationships were not recorded. Fatal interpersonal and self-inflicted injuries were referred to as homicides and suicides, respectively. No injuries were sustained in wars.
Premature mortality was estimated using the same assumptions used in the Global Burden of Disease study.11,12 Years of life lost from premature death (YLLs) were calculated using age weighting, discounting at 3% per annum and standard life expectancies based on the West model, levels 25 and 26.20
The Cape Metropole Study (CMS) is a local data source covering fatal and non-fatal injury cases first presenting at any level of public- and private-sector services in the Cape Town metropolitan area in 1990.21 This was used to estimate incidence, average duration and severity of injury disability disaggregated by age and sex to calculate the years lived with disability (YLDs), the non-fatal component of DALYs.
CMS data were reanalysed and recoded to the type of external cause of injury list within the limitations of the CMS questionnaire.22 The actual bodily harm caused by the type of injury was coded on the basis of the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) diagnosis codes23 from which an injury severity score was calculated. The AIS codes were collapsed into the 33 nature of injury categories (combining similar outcomes)11,24,25 and the injury severity profiles for each diagnosis were assessed.22 This enabled the adoption of the Global Burden of Disease assumptions for the duration and disability weights associated with each nature of injury category (including the distinction between short- and long-term disability within some categories)11 with some minor modifications used in the Australian study.16 It was found that 10% of “fractured femurs” were considered likely to lead to long-term disability;22 therefore we used local estimates rather than the 5% assumed in the global study.11 YLDs calculated for all 33 nature of injury categories by age and sex were added for each of the type of injury categories. Lifelong durations were modified using South African life expectancy in 1990 (pre-AIDS).22
Age-sex specific disability to premature mortality (or YLD/YLL) ratios calculated for the CMS sample were applied to national premature mortality estimates for each cause of injury category to estimate national injury disability. For fire-related injuries, the CMS male age-specific ratios were used for both sexes due to the inexplicably low incidence of these injuries in females over five years old.22 The mortality component for falls and other unintentional injuries was almost negligible in the CMS data. The non-fatal components were determined by applying the proportions of these two injury types within total unintentional injuries observed in the sample data to national unintentional injury YLDs (once all the other categories had been estimated). Age-standardized South African mortality and DALY rates per 100 000 for each injury category were calculated using the standard world population26 and were compared with the geographical regional estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2000 database, version 1.27,28
Of the estimated 59 935 injury deaths in 2000, 46% (27 563) were homicides. Road traffic and self-inflicted injuries accounted for 26.7% and 9.1% of the injury mortality, respectively (Table 1). Homicide was the leading cause of fatal injury in males; road traffic injuries ranked second. This order was reversed in females (Table 1).
South Africa’s homicide rates peaked in the male 15–29 age group at 184 per 100 000, nine times the global rate (Table 2). Homicide rates for women peaked in the 30–44 age group at 31.7 per 100 000. While much lower than for men, this was seven times the global rate (Table 2). Interestingly, homicide rates for children under five were equally high for girls and boys – more than double the global average. The age-standardized homicide rate per 100 000 was estimated at 113.4 for males and 21 for females separately, and 64.8 overall.
Road traffic age-specific mortality rates were about double the global rate in both sexes, peaking at 2.5 times the global rate in adult women aged 30–44 (Table 2). Even in children aged 0–4 and boys aged 5–14 the South African road traffic fatality rate was twice the global rate (Table 2). The age-standardized road traffic injury mortality rate was estimated at 39.7 per 100 000 (59.4 for males; 22.6 for females).
Suicide rates were higher than the global average in males but lower in females. The rate (26.3 per 100 000) in males aged 15–29 was particularly high, 1.7 times greater than the global average (Table 2).
Injuries were responsible for an estimated 2.3 million DALYs; the male burden was three times the female. There was a large fatal component: the YLD contribution to total injury DALYs was only 32%. Interpersonal violence (6.5%) and road traffic injuries (3.0%) were ranked as the second and fourth leading single causes of all DALYs in South Africa in 2000.13
Age-standardized DALY rates were compared with WHO regions (Fig. 1). Unintentional injury rates in South Africa were comparable with other regions although the burden from road traffic injuries was even higher than in the African and South-East Asia regions. The injury burden profile for South Africa differs from most regions of the world as intentional injuries exceed unintentional. Self-inflicted injury rates are similar to global rates but South Africa has by far the highest rates of the interpersonal violence-related burden.
Table 1. Percentage of injury deaths by cause, South Africa 2000
Table 2. Estimated South African and global self-inflicted, interpersonal violence and road traffic injury mortality rates by age and sex for 2000
The study yielded exceedingly high estimates of injury rates for South Africa in 2000. Interpersonal violence caused around 1.0 million (6.5% of all) DALYs, followed by road traffic injuries, which were responsible for almost 0.5 million (3.0% of all) DALYs. Intentional and unintentional injuries combined were the second leading cause of all DALYs after HIV/AIDS, accounting for 14.3% of the total 16.2 million DALYs.13
In contrast to other regions, South African homicide rates were greater than road traffic and suicide rates. However, the suicide rate cannot be considered low. At 14.0 per 100 000 it is comparable to the global rate (14.5 per 100 000)28 and double the rate for the African region (6.5 per 100 000).28 The high suicide rate in young males needs further investigation to understand underlying circumstances and monitor future trends.
The age-standardized homicide rate (64.8 per 100 000) places South Africa among the most violent countries in the world. An equally high homicide rate has been reported in Colombia (60 per 100 000).29 Age-specific rates were even higher in certain geographical areas. In Cape Town’s poorer townships of Khayelitsha and Nyanga, male youth violence is reflected in extremely high homicide rates (451 and 485 per 100 000, respectively) in the 15–24 age group.30 Similarly, in Antioquia Department, Colombia, the highest homicide rate (728 per 100 000) was reported in males aged 18–24 in 2001;29 in Cali the overall homicide rate was about 90 per 100 00031 with high rates for males aged 15–25.
High levels of gender-based violence are evident in excessive rates of female homicides. Family violence is beset with problems of under-reporting, and homicide data do not specify victim-perpetrator relationships. A recent study has shown that one of every two women killed by a known perpetrator in South Africa is killed by an intimate partner. This country has the highest reported intimate female homicide rate in the world at 8.8 per 100 000.32 Rates of homicides per 100 000 children under five years of age were 14.0 for boys and 11.7 for girls (Table 2). This is more than double the corresponding rates in low-income (6.1) and middle-income (5.1) countries.19
A lack of longitudinal data makes it difficult to establish how long South Africa has endured these extraordinarily high rates of interpersonal violence, although reported homicides have decreased in recent years.33,34 The underlying determinants of violence, many of which are a legacy of the apartheid past, are intertwined with the disintegration of the social fabric. Income inequality and poverty, high unemployment, rapid social change, corruption and poor rule of law, gender inequalities and family breakdown have contributed to this climate of violence. Gang violence and easy availability of firearms are leading facilitating factors – more than half (54%) of all homicides are firearm-related.30,35 Drugs and alcohol are major contributors – 52.9% of fatal,35 and up to 73.4% of non-fatal,36 patients with interpersonal violence injuries in urban areas tested positive for alcohol in 2001. The Russian Federation also has high homicide rates: fluctuations in mortality seem to correlate strongly with underlying economic and societal factors, and alcohol use is also a major factor in violence there.37
Clearly, the prevention of violence is a major public health priority in South Africa demanding an intersectoral response. This requires interventions that target the interaction between firearms and alcohol, as well as multimedia interventions to reduce the social acceptability of violence. It is hoped that the new Firearms Control Act will reduce gun numbers with a resultant reduction in firearm-related injuries. Weaknesses in the medico-legal management of murder cases, as highlighted in the study of female intimate partner homicide, should be addressed as a priority.32 Also, there is an urgent need to develop policies that nurture community cohesion and promote equity, thereby reducing the threshold for everyday violent behaviour.38 The gross inequalities in society will have to be addressed in order to make headway in building social capital and preventing crime and violence in the long term.39
Worldwide, road traffic injuries are responsible for the highest injury mortality.5 In South Africa, road traffic injuries ranked second to interpersonal violence but the road traffic fatality rate (39.7 per 100 000) was higher than for any WHO region and almost double the global average.28 Unlike the global pattern, these accounted for a higher proportion of female (32.6%) than male deaths (24.8%) as the exceedingly high number of male interpersonal violence-related injuries reduced the relative proportion of road traffic injuries.
This high burden is caused by unsafe road environments, poor enforcement of existing traffic laws, road rage and aggressive driving. Alcohol misuse appears to be a major contributor. A recent study in the United States of America showed that the incidence of alcohol-related mortality in motor vehicle crashes was lower during periods when zero tolerance and administrative licence revocation laws were in effect.40 In South Africa, legislation sets drivers’ maximum blood alcohol concentration at the internationally acceptable level of 0.05 g/100 ml, yet almost half (46.5%) of all drivers killed in motor vehicle collisions were above this legal limit.41
Pedestrians are involved in more than half (52%) of road traffic fatalities.41 Although alcohol plays a major role in pedestrian injuries, equal attention should be given to safe and convenient crossing points, good lighting and the use of reflective clothing.42 Lack of adult supervision is an important contributing factor in child pedestrian injuries, highlighting the need to include adults in road safety education and awareness campaigns.43
Strong political will is key to prevention efforts; a directorate for injury prevention could perhaps be established within the national Department of Health. However, it is important to investigate the appropriateness of injury prevention strategies, as those that are successful in high-income countries may not work in low- and middle-income countries. It is also important to develop and evaluate strategies adapted to cultural, social and economic realities.8 In South Africa, this can be achieved by building capacity in the injury prevention and control field of behavioural and social science research, as suggested by Gielen and Sleet.44
Country-level data on the injury burden in sub-Saharan Africa are limited despite the high incidence of injuries.45 Even South Africa does not yet have complete vital registration and injury statistics10,13 and it was necessary to make significant assumptions to overcome the shortcomings of available data and arrive at these estimates. The cause of death profile of the urban-based NIMSS data has been extrapolated to all areas, and the ratio of disability to premature mortality in Cape Town in 1990 has been applied to more current estimates for all South Africa without adjustment. It is assumed that the injury mortality rates are lower in rural areas but that the profile of the causes of injuries are the same on the basis of data from two demographic surveillance sites in rural settings.10 These assumptions were considered reasonable as they yield estimates consistent with data from several other sources: the national forensic audit conducted in 1997,46 the Department of Home Affairs,10 city-level analysis of the NIMSS data and cause of death statistics in some of South Africa’s main cities30,47 and the recent report by Statistics South Africa.48 The high injury burden estimated by this study reiterates the need to improve the availability of quality data to respond to this important public health problem.
This is the first study to describe the magnitude and impact of the injury-related burden in South Africa and to contrast local patterns with those of the WHO regions. The study reveals an exceptionally high burden from injuries related to violence and road traffic, and provides an important benchmark against which to compare future trends. It is encouraging that the number of injury deaths among young adults (15–49) appears to have declined in recent years.49 Nevertheless, there remains a need for research to understand the determinants of violence and road traffic injuries and to evaluate interventions to reduce these burdens. There is an urgent need to improve injury statistics because timely, accurate and reliable statistics are a cornerstone of effective law enforcement, violence prevention, informed priority setting, decision-making and public health practice. ■
- AB Zwi, S Forjuoh, S Murugusampillay, W Odero, C Watts. Injuries in developing countries: policy response needed now. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90: 593-5.
- K Hofman, A Primack, G Keusch, S Hrynkow. Addressing the growing burden of trauma and injury in low- and middle-income countries. Am J Public Health 2005; 95: 13-7.
- World development report 1993: investing in health. New York: World Bank, Oxford University Press; 1993.
- Peden M, McGee K, Krug E. Injury: a leading cause of the global burden of disease, 2000. Geneva: WHO; 2002.
- The injury chartbook: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. Geneva: WHO; 2002.
- D Bradshaw, RE Dorrington, F Sitas. The level of mortality in South Africa in 1985 – what does it tell us about health? S Afr Med J 1992; 82: 237-40.
- D Bradshaw, M Schneider, R Dorrington, D Bourne, R Laubscher. South African cause of death profile in transition – 1996 and future trends. S Afr Med J 2002; 92: 618-23.
- EG Krug, GK Sharma, R Lozano. The global burden of injuries. Am J Public Health 2000; 90: 523-6.
- Bobadilla JL. Priority setting and cost effectiveness. In: Janovsky K, ed. Health policy and systems development. An agenda for research. Geneva: WHO; 1996.
- D Bradshaw, P Groenewald, R Laubscher, N Nannan, B Nojilana, R Norman, et al., et al. Initial burden of disease estimates for South Africa, 2000. S Afr Med J 2003; 93: 682-8.
- Murray CJ, Lopez AD. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. (Global burden of disease and injury series; vol 1). Boston: Harvard School of Public Health; 1996.
- Mathers CD, Vos T, Lopez AD, Salomon J, Ezzati M, editors. National burden of disease studies: a practical guide. 2nd ed. (Global programme on evidence for health policy). Geneva: WHO; 2001. Available at http://www.who.int/healthinfo/nationalburdenofdiseasemanual.pdf.
- Norman R, Bradshaw D, Schneider M, Pieterse D, Groenewald P. Revised burden of disease estimates for the comparative risk factor assessment, South Africa 2000. Methodological notes. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2006. Available at: http://www.mrc.ac.za/bod/reports.htm.
- Mortality and causes of death in South Africa, 1997–2003: findings from death notification. (Statistical release P0309.3). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa; 2005.
- Burrows S, Bowman B, Matzopoulos R, Van Niekerk A, editors. A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa 2000: second annual report of the national injury mortality surveillance system (NIMSS) 2000. Cape Town: MRC/UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme Technical Report; 2001. Available at: http://www.sahealthinfo.org/violence/nimss.htm.
- Mathers C, Vos T, Stevenson C. The burden of disease and injury in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 1999. Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/health/bdia/bdia.pdf.
- Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. Volume 1. Geneva: WHO; 1977. ISBN: 9241540052
- Mine health and safety inspectorate annual report. Pretoria: Department of Minerals and Energy; 2000. Available at: http://www.dme.gov.za/mhs/documents.stm.
- Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi A, Lozano R. World report on violence and health. Geneva: WHO; 2002.
- Coale AJ, Demeny P. Regional model life tables and stable population. USA: Princeton University Press; 1966.
- MM Peden, S Marais, N Abrahams, JW van der Spuy. Inappropriate attendance or rational behaviour? South African Journal of Public Health 1997; 87: 668-72.
- Norman R. Estimates of injury mortality and disability based on the Cape Metropole study. (MRC Technical Report). Cape Town: Medical Research Council; 2002. Available at: http://www.mrc.ac.za/bod/bod.htm.
- Joint committee on injury scaling. The abbreviated injury scale: 1985 revision. Illinois: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 1985.
- Vos T, Timæus I, Gareeboo H, Roussety F, Huttly S, Murray C. Mauritius health sector reform. National burden of disease study. London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 1995.
- Begg S, Tomijima N. Global burden of injury in the year 2000: an overview of methods. 2003. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_injuries.pdf.
- Ahmad OB, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, Lozano R, Inoue M. Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard. (GPE discussion paper series no 31). Geneva: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/discussionpapers/en/index.html.
- Murray CJL, Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Stein C. The global burden of disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources. Geneva: WHO; 2001. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/discussionpapers/en/index.html.
- Global burden of disease 2000, Version 1 estimates. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodgbd2000v1/en/index.html.
- S Franco. A social-medical approach to violence in Colombia. Am J Public Health 2003; 93: 2032-6.
- Groenewald P, Bradshaw D, Nojilana B, Bourne D, Nixon J, Mohamed H, et al. 2003. Cape Town mortality 2001, Part 1: cause of death and premature mortality. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2003. Available at: http://www.mrc.ac.za/bod/reports.htm.
- T Harpham, S Snoxell, E Grant, C Rodriguez. Common mental disorders in a young urban population in Colombia. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 187: 161-7.
- Mathews S, Abrahams N, Martin LJ, Vetten L, van der Merwe L, Jewkes R. Every six hours a woman is killed by her intimate partner: a national study of female homicide in South Africa. Cape Town: Medical Research Council; 2004. Available at: http://www.mrc.ac.za/policybriefs/woman.pdf.
- Crime information analysis centre – crime in the RSA per police area for April to March 2001/2002 to 2004/2005. Pretoria: South African Police Service; 2005. Available at: http://www.saps.gov.za/statistics/reports/crimestats/2005/_pdf/area/rsa_total.pdf.
- Matzopoulos R, editor. A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa: 6th annual report of the national injury mortality surveillance system, 2004. Cape Town: Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, Medical Research Council/University of South Africa; 2005. Available at: http://www.sahealthinfo.org/violence/nimss.htm.
- Harris C, Van Niekerk A. Homicide. In: Matzopoulos R, ed. A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa 2001. Third annual report of the national injury mortality surveillance system (NIMSS). Cape Town: MRC/UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme; 2002. Available at: http://www.sahealthinfo.org/violence/nimss.htm.
- A Plüddemann, C Parry, H Donson, A Sukhai. Alcohol use and trauma in Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth, South Africa: 1999-2001. Inj Control Saf Promot 2004; 11: 265-7.
- T Men, P Brennan, P Boffetta, D Zaridze. Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region. BMJ 2003; 327: 964-9.
- LB Lerer. Responding to violence in South Africa – from public rhetoric to public health. S Afr Med J 1997; 87: 283-5.
- Emmett T. Addressing the underlying causes of crime and violence in South Africa. In: Emmett T, Butchart A, eds. Behind the mask. Pretoria: HSRC publishers; 2000.
- A Villaveces, P Cummings, TD Koepsell, FP Rivara, T Lumley, J Moffat. Association of alcohol-related laws with deaths due to motor vehicle and motorcycle crashes in the United States, 1980-1997. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 131-40.
- Sukhai A, Van Niekerk A. Transport-related deaths. In: Matzopoulos R, ed. A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa 2001: third annual report of the national injury mortality surveillance system (NIMSS). Cape Town: MRC/UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme; 2002.
- MM Peden, JD Knottenbelt, J van der Spuy, R Oodit, HJ Scholtz, JM Stokol. Injured pedestrians in Cape Town – the role of alcohol. S Afr Med J 1996; 86: 1103-5.
- D Bass, R Albertyn, J Melis. Child pedestrian injuries in the Cape metropolitan area: final results of a hospital-based study. S Afr Med J 1995; 85: 96-9.
- AC Gielen, D Sleet. Application of behaviour-change theories and methods to injury prevention. Epidemiol Rev 2003; 25: 65-76.
- Bowman B, Seedat M, Duncan N, Kobusingye O. Violence and injuries. In: Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW, Bos ER, Baingana FK, Hofman KJ, et al, eds. Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: World Bank; 2006.
- Report on the investigation into the transfer of medicolegal mortuaries from the South African Police Service to provincial Departments of Health. National Forensic Pathology Service Committee audit and recommendations. Pretoria: Department of Health; 2000.
- Sukhai A, Matzopoulos R. Appendix 1: inter-city and regional comparisons. In: Matzopoulos R, ed. A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa 2001: third annual report of the national injury mortality surveillance system (NIMSS) 2000. Cape Town: MRC/UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme Technical Report; 2002. Available at: http://www.sahealthinfo.org/violence/nimss.htm.
- Anderson BA, Phillips HE. Adult mortality (age 15-64) based on death notification data in South Africa 1997-2004. (Report no 03-09-05). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa; 2006.
- S Bah. Unnoticed decline in the number of unnatural deaths in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2004; 94: 442-3.
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa.
- Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, PO Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa. | <urn:uuid:9c7b4786-8e29-415a-a43a-aa93949b5e0e> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/9/06-037184/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372542.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00033-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901411 | 6,420 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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I’m not going to name any names, but I read a comment on someone else’s blog that medieval people were dirty and they actually thought that was a good thing.
Now, as I was a history major in college–with a specialty in medieval history–and am currently a medieval re-enactor, I feel it’s my duty to the world (and my medieval ancestors) to clear up this misconception.
Mind you, Hollywood perpetuates this myth (Monty Python wasn’t making fun of medieval people with the classic line, “How do you know he’s king?” “He hasn’t got shit all over him”–many of the Pythons are well-educated in medieval history (see Terry Jones’ documentary series, Medieval Lives); they’re actually making fun of the myth). I’ve even seen books which perpetuate this and other myths (e.g. medieval people didn’t love their children). So don’t feel bad if you’re not up on medieval bathing practices; some historians (who should know better) aren’t either.
Medieval European society was divided into four classes: non-nobles, nobles, clergy, and non-Christians. And, as the middle ages progressed–especially after the Black Plague–you can justify splitting “non-nobles” into the working class (i.e. subsistence farmers) and the middle-class (i.e wealthy farmers, merchants, and craftsmen).
The different strata of society practiced hygiene differently at different times during the middle ages. At the bottom end of the cleanliness scale–as one would expect–were the manual laborers. Because they had neither large tubs, nor sufficient fuel to heat water, bathing, for them, was generally limited to the summer months when they could wash off in a river or pond. (They enjoyed a cool, refreshing rinse after a hot day outside, the same as us.)
However, it was basic good manners, at all levels of society, to at least wash your hands before eating (since forks were a late-medieval adaptation). This was especially true in the early middle ages, when two people often shared a plate of trencher bread and a cup.
The poorer people in cities made use of public bathhouses–some leftover from the Roman period. Most condemnations issued from the pulpit against bathing were directed at public bathhouses rather than bathing in general. That’s because bathhouses had a tendency to get raunchy. Sexes were not always segregated, and prostitutes commonly went there to pick up clients (if not ply their trade outright).
Speaking of the church, they varied wildly on whether or not bathing was a good thing or not. Some monastic orders supported regular bathing and had baths in the monasteries, while other orders condemned the practice as too self-indulgent. (And an order could reverse its opinion on the issue, so, depending on the year, the monks might be more or less clean than the year before.)
In the later middle ages and into the Renaissance, the middle class was especially prone to bathing, because having a tub (and the means to heat the water to fill it) was a status symbol. There was rarely a dedicated bathing room in houses; instead, the tub was brought into the bedroom, placed before the fire, and filled there.
Bathing among non-Christians was even more prevalent. Muslim doctors seemed to be aware, very early on, that being clean was better for the health. And Jewish law requires that men and (especially) women bathe regularly. Synagogues or community buildings would have held the ritual baths, and since it’s a requirement that you be physically clean before getting into the mikvah, a separate bathing area would have been provided, or people would have bathed at home first (the Japanese also follow this custom of washing in a shower before soaking in a bath).
Bathing may have actually become less common among the wealthy as the middle ages became the Renaissance, as people began to think that bathing might unbalance the humors and lead to illness. But certainly people like Isabella of Castile–who boasted that she had only ever bathed twice: on the day she was born and the day she married–were still in the minority.
The reason why Isabella’s boast has come down through history is because, at the time, it was just that–a boast–something which was out of the ordinary. Even if some people were cutting back on their bathing, it was very unusual that anyone would bathe that infrequently. Isabella boasted of this because she saw it as an act of piety. Bathing was an indulgence of the flesh; abstaining was a pious act–just like flogging yourself or wearing a hair shirt. Medieval people liked bathing; that’s why some of them stopped doing it in a fit of religiousness.
In fact, medieval people could teach us a thing or two about bathing in style. Eating while in the bathtub appears to have been fairly common; certainly there are plenty of pictures depicting it . And the wealthy had some hot tub parties that could put college fraternity blowouts to shame.
Mind you, people didn’t bathe every day, the way most Americans do. They didn’t even bathe every other day. Let’s face it, hauling bucket after bucket of water up a few flights of stairs and heating if over a fire was not something you (or your servants) could do every day. But for people who could afford to have a tub, or had the fee to get in the bathhouse, bathing was probably done no less than once a month, and maybe as often as once a week. (Some biologists think that we’d all be better off bathing only once a week or two. There’s actually the possibility that we wouldn’t smell so much and sweat less if we weren’t constantly stripping the oil off our skin.)
I’d also like to take this opportunity to point out that medieval people washed their clothes. The Goodman of Paris admonished his young wife to see that their undergarments and sheets were washed frequently. The middle class and nobility would have had several sets of undergarments and probably wore a set no more than 1-3 days (it probably wasn’t washed quite that frequently; instead, they probably “aired it out” between wearings and actually washed it after several wearings).
Because outer-garments were made of silk or wool, and frequently lined with fur, it was impossible to do anything more than spot-clean those garments. But that’s why men and women both wore linen undergarments from head to rump: the linen, worn against the skin, kept sweat and oil off the expensive fabrics which weren’t washable.
For more on bathing and laundry in the middle ages, click on the pictures for links, and also read: A Short History of Bathing Before 1601 | <urn:uuid:191a3dcb-54c5-4b38-92d3-7e11e07e5a45> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://keripeardon.wordpress.com/2012/06/14/bathing-in-the-middle-ages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201143545-20211201173545-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.982575 | 1,478 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Definition from macmillandictionary.com
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I dropped a plate and cracked it.
She cracked several ribs and broke her arm skiing.
The ice was starting to crack at the edges.
The egg cracked open and a little chick struggled out.
They used a hammer to crack open the coconuts.
Thunder cracked overhead.
Dad fell and cracked his head against the door.
She cracked him over the head with a saucepan.
Detectives believe they are near to cracking the case.
It was a code that seemed impossible to crack.
I’ve been trying all morning to get this to work, and I’ve finally cracked it.
Heston never cracked, even when they tortured him.
She won the game because her opponent cracked under the pressure.
Residents are working together to crack crime on the estate.
My mate advised me to watch a new American movie, but when I watched, it wasn't all it's cracked up to be. | <urn:uuid:2a46cd18-1b2d-446d-8c71-3ea6f501ce50> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.macmillandictionary.com/license/amp/dictionary/british/crack_1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170613.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00586-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974236 | 215 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is the percent of the total signal that is affected by the distortion due to the presence of harmonics. It is the power sum of all the harmonics excluding the fundamental, divided by the power sum of all the harmonics, including the fundamental.
If the following Analysis step is configured with harmonics 1-5 selected:
Then the THD curve shows the distortion (%) as a result of H2 through H5 compared to the fundamental (H1).
Although HarmonicTrak analysis outputs each selected harmonic to the Memory List as a curve using dB units, it is sometimes desirable to look at each harmonic's level expressed as a percentage relative to the fundamental. To view this, simply select the single harmonic of interest in the analysis step.
This will output a discrete THD curve for that specific harmonic.
Multiple curves can then be compared to the original THD measurement to see which harmonics are producing distortion over certain frequency bands. For example, comparing these curves reveals that the distortion peak at 750Hz is caused by H3 and the peak at 5kHz is caused by H2. | <urn:uuid:5363805a-ea44-4139-a31e-45e81cae559e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://support.listeninc.com/hc/en-us/articles/209211426-How-Do-I-Measure-the-THD-of-a-Single-Harmonic- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499842.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131023947-20230131053947-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.941781 | 231 | 2.765625 | 3 |
People with elevated blood pressure that still registers within the normal range - a condition known as 'pre-hypertension' - may have an increased risk of stroke in the future, experts have warned.
Scientists at the University of California (UC), San Diego School of Medicine analysed the results of 12 previous studies which had looked at pre-hypertension.
The studies involved more than 518,000 people, some of whom were followed for up to 32 years.
Publishing their findings in Neurology journal, the study authors revealed that people with pre-hypertension were 55 per cent more likely to have a stroke in the future than those without the condition.
'This result held regardless of sex, race-ethnicity, blood pressure type (systolic or diastolic) or the type of stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic),' revealed senior author Dr Bruce Ovbiagele, professor of neurosciences at UC San Diego School of Medicine.
The risk of stroke was even higher (79 per cent) for those whose blood pressure readings fell within the higher range of pre-hypertension.
Dr Ovbiagele advised: 'Young and middle-aged persons should check their blood pressure regularly.
'If they do fall into the higher range of pre-hypertension, they should take specific steps to modify their lifestyle, such as reducing salt intake and maintaining a normal weight.'
Approximately 150,000 people have a stroke in the UK each year, according to figures from the Office for National Statistics. | <urn:uuid:9aa12c54-92f9-48cb-a8b1-7d80295caae4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/news/a21529/pre-hypertension-linked-to-increased-stroke-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320040.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623082050-20170623102050-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.960993 | 319 | 2.796875 | 3 |
By Liz Carlson, Young Adventuress
New Zealand is known worldwide for having some of the most pristine and untouched natural landscapes, from its stunning alpine views, to ancient forests to beaches of every shape and size, it’s no wonder that millions of visitors flock here each year to get a glimpse of this beauty. But those incredible environments are also home to some very unique and often endangered creatures, and of course, dominated by birds. Here are 10 native New Zealand species you might encounter on a walk here.
The pīwakawaka or fantail is one of the most common and well-known birds in New Zealand, and one you’ll likely encounter on many walks around the country. Curious and unafraid, they often fly right up to you and greet you with a chipper call that’s unmistakable and sometimes they’ll even follow you on walks in the forest.
2. Fur seals
New Zealand fur seals are now abundant and can be found along many of the rocky coastlines around both islands, though it can be hard to imagine that not that long ago they were hunted for their fur and quickly disappearing from our shores. There are plenty of coastal walks that take you to fur seal colonies, though it’s important to keep your distance. The Cape Foulwind Walkway meanders past a large fur seal colony that’s worth visiting.
Tuatara are modern-day dinosaurs, a rare and endangered reptile that can live over 100 years. Growing up to a half meter in length as an adult, they are sadly now confined only to some of the protected predator-free offshore islands around New Zealand like Matiu/Somes and Tiritiri Matangi. You can see them both on walks on these islands, many of which are open to visitors, but also in eco-sanctuaries around the country, like Orokonui and Zealandia.
4. Little blue penguins
While not completely unique to New Zealand, little blue penguins are probably the most common penguin you’ll find on a coastal walk here, though they are declining in areas. Best seen at sunset or just after dark after they return from a day at sea hunting, they are loud and noisy and fairly unmistakable. The smallest penguin in the world, you have a good chance of seeing a lot of them in places like Dunedin or Oamaru, where they have specific spots to observe them in the evenings.
The wētā is perhaps one of the most unique and weirdest species found in New Zealand, a bug that has been around since before the dinosaurs and can even survive being frozen alive. Spiky and fairly intimidating in looks, these generally gentle creatures come in 70 variations that can be found around New Zealand and can be seen on many walks here.
New Zealand’s cheeky alpine parrot, the kea is a crowd favorite and can be found loitering and causing mischief in alpine environments. Beautiful green birds that are too smart for their own good, they are threatened from various including predation, car accidents and even lead poisoning. A great treat is to see one at the top of a mountain or after a hike on the South Island, and they are very inquisitive towards people; you might see one on the Hooker Valley Walk at Mount Cook.
A local New Zealand favorite, the tūī is a stunning bird that can be found in many of New Zealand’s native forest. You often hear their distinctive calls and singsong voice before you see them, and they are easily recognisable with the white feather on their chest.
8. Hector’s dolphin
Hector’s dolphins are the world’s smallest dolphins and can be found roaming along New Zealand’s shores, if you know where to look. Recognisable with their unique curved dorsal fin, they haunt the shores of the Bank’s Peninsula, the Catlins and along the southern coast of the South Island, and are very threatened.
Rated as one of New Zealand’s best Day Hikes, the 19 kilometre return track out to the gannet colony at Cape Kidnappers is worth every step. These beautiful and unique birds call the stunning coastal cliffs in the Hawke’s Bay home for part of the year, and is the most accessible colony of gannets in the world.
A collection of New Zealand creatures would be incomplete without mentioning the iconic kiwi. Nowadays, between being nocturnal and rather rare, it’s often hard to spot them on your average hike or walk in the bush, but there are plenty of places where you might hear them at night, like in Northland, or have a higher chance of seeing them on a nighttime walk at predator-free ecosanctuary or on an offshore island, like Kapiti Island.
Short Walks and Day Hikes
Discover you next adventure in nature on one of our Short Walks or Day Hikes. These walking experiences are being promoted to encourage more New Zealanders to get out and explore some of our natural wonders.
From native bush, to glaciers, urban volcanoes, lakes and coastlines, no matter where you are, or how long you’ve got, there’s a walk for everyone: www.doc.govt.nz/walks | <urn:uuid:c9285498-3b87-4589-baa2-833fb79e726c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://blog.doc.govt.nz/2018/05/16/10-creatures-you-might-spot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521082340-20190521104340-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.951833 | 1,110 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Narrative essay involves story telling. You are actually telling a story in words. Telling a story by mouth is easy but telling it in a written form is totally a different story alltogether. In order to write a good narrative essay there are few things you need to know.So, in this post I have listed out some pointers for you on how you can write a better narrative essay for your school and public examinations.
We will use the 1+1=2 method. "1+1=2" MEANS "creative imagination + lietarary Devices = Originality". This is my own cooked up class room formula to help my weak and not so weak students to use their mind creatively. [ If by chance, anybody else out there is using the same method then please excuse me...for this is trully my own cooked up home recipe].
What You Need......
- Creative and an imaginative mind. You need to be bold to tell your story in the utmost creative and imaginative manner. Don't worry if people think that it's way too weird or it doesn't make sense. Just let your creative juice flow freely from your mind to your writing pad. Experiment and keep on experimenting until you find the right rhythm or your own style of writing.
- Literary Devices. Use literary devices to give to your story.Literary devices have the capability to give depth to your charactes and your story. It can make the readers see,feel,smell,touch and taste your story. Therefore, learning how to use them effectively in your essay will give you an added advantage.
- Story Plot. You need a plot to tell your story.So, draft your plot first before you write your essay. A plot starts with - [ Exposition - Conflict - Climax - Anti-Climax - Resolution ].
There you have it, simple and yet effective method to write a good narrative essay for your public examinations.Let me guess, your next question will be, "How to write it....?" right? I will tell you on my my next post when time permits...ALL THE BEST IN YOUR EXAMS! | <urn:uuid:4c3c1e8d-f43a-4072-bd41-dc2602340d3b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://kopitiamenglish.blogspot.com/2011/11/spm-essay-narrative-story-type-essays.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645348533.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031548-00023-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934373 | 434 | 3.15625 | 3 |
On October 16, 1882, Reverend O. C. Clark (pastor of Fargo's First Congregational Church) and Reverend H. C. Simmons (from the Home Missionary Society) called a convention of pastors and laymen to explore the idea of high education in northern Dakota Territory. The convention members unanimously decided to explore the establishment of a Christian academy. Little progress was made over the next year except to substitute the name "college" for "academy." In 1885, a special meeting was held to investigate possible locations for the college. Cleveland (Dakota Territory), Valley City, Fargo, and Jamestown made generous offers of cash and/or land.
In a meeting in September 1886, in Grand Forks, the General Congregational Association chose Fargo as the College location and Fargo's old fairgrounds were proposed as the site of the school. In July 1887, a board of trustees was elected and an incorporation charter was established that named the school "Fargo College."
Fargo College opened its doors in September 1887. On opening day, the school had no students and one professor (F. T. Waters) who sat alone in an empty classroom for three weeks. On the fourth week, Fargo College enrolled its first student: Walter F. Lorong. Will and Charles Adams followed soon after.
Because the College had no buildings of its own yet, classes were held in the Masonic Building at 9-11 8th Street South (later home to the Dakota Business College). Andrew McHench had built the building in 1884. It is reported that the college relocated three times during its first two years. Although the city of Fargo had offered $10,000 and the old Fairgrounds if chosen as the school's location, the college trustees were not satisfied with the land. In the end, the trustees chose a ten acre site just south of, and overlooking, Island Park. The trustees purchased the land for $6,000.
The next problem was providing buildings for the school. The first building, completed in 1890, was Jones Hall (pictured above). | <urn:uuid:9742641d-53e3-45f8-a7a4-0ce076e898f1> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://library.ndsu.edu/fargo-history/?q=content/early-years | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645298065.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031458-00300-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980327 | 427 | 2.75 | 3 |
The average increase in fuel economy in the auto industry is due in part to the advancements in hybrid technology, but also because auto manufacturers have made their gas-powered cars more efficient. The average fuel economy for new cars in the U.S. has risen from 24.3 mpg in 1980, to 28.0 mpg in 1990, 28.5 mpg in 2000 and most recently was calculated to be 31.2 mpg in 2008.
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© Copyright GreenAnswers.com LLC | <urn:uuid:4d2da09d-c571-4f76-b3e6-f9fe33491d91> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://greenanswers.com/question/how-much-have-hybrids-increa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127285.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00036-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954019 | 136 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The lake, located on a hill – Turgoyak
As it does not seem strange, but the Chelyabinsk region continues to amaze many travel enthusiasts with its unique places that are worthy to visit at least once or become a permanent resting place. According to many, it is precisely to these reserved places that the largest in the Chelyabinsk region is the freshwater lake Turgoyak, located not far from the city of Miass.
The lake received its name from one of the Bashkir dialects, the indigenous population of the territory. And the most probable interpretation of the word «Turgoyak» probably comes from the Bashkir phrase «Turga yak kul», which in the Russian language can be translated as «Lake on a hill». This etymology of the name of the lake is most suitable for our case, because Lake Turgayak, squeezed on all sides by the Ural Mountains, is slightly higher than the lakes located nearby.
Having a total area of a water mirror of about 26 square kilometers and an average depth of up to 19 meters, Lake Turgayak contains fairly clear, fresh water, so that to a depth of 10-15 meters the water remains transparent. This is mainly due to the fact that Lake Turgayak is mainly fed by groundwater, which is formed from abundant precipitation, which are filtered by soil.
Similarly, the general water balance is affected by the fact that the lake is fed by four small rivers Lipovka, Bobrovka, Kuleshovskaya and Pugachevka, which also have water supply from groundwater and precipitation. Taking these circumstances into account, Lake Turgoyak has become a real pilgrimage place for holidaymakers from virtually all Russia in recent years.
This is largely promoted by the rather intensive development of tourist infrastructure on the coast of the island. In particular, the construction of numerous recreation centers and boarding houses contributes to this. However, this kind of neighborhood also has a negative impact on the ecological state of the lake. So, according to some ecologists, in recent years the general state of the lake ecosystem has deteriorated significantly, both in terms of the state of water and in general the surrounding nature. | <urn:uuid:24219e48-b6d3-478d-89c9-edc10de5092b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://set-travel.com/ru/world/en_interesting-facts/10660-the-lake-located-on-a-hill-turgoyak | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141189038.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127015426-20201127045426-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.963597 | 456 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Deciduous, Edible fruit, Trees
Botanically known as Prunus dulcis, the almond is native to Asia Minor and North Africa. For flowering almonds, see Prunus glandulosa and Prunus triloba.
As a tree, the almond is nearly as hardy as peach (its close relative), but as a nut producer it is more exacting in climate adaptation. Trees bear best where summers are long, hot, and dry; nuts will not develop properly in areas with cool summers or high humidity. They need some winter chill, yet must be spared from frosts at the wrong time. Trees bloom early (winter or early spring); late frosts will destroy small nuts that are forming. To experiment in areas where frost is a hazard, choose late-blooming varieties.
Unless you choose a self-fruitful type, two varieties that bloom at the same time are needed for pollination (they can be planted in the same hole if space is tight).
Nuts are borne on spurs that are productive for about 5 years; each dormant season, remove about a fifth of the oldest fruiting wood to encourage development of new spurs.
Trees reach 20–30 ft. high, erect when young, spreading and dome shaped in age. Leaves are 3–5 in. long, pale green with gray tinge; flowers are palest pink or white. Fruit looks like a leathery, flattened, undersize green peach; in late summer or fall, the hull splits to reveal the pit, which is the almond. Harvest nuts after hulls have cracked open and are partially dry. You can knock or shake them from the tree; waiting for nuts to drop takes too long and carries risk of rotting. Peel off hulls and spread nuts in the sun for a day or two to dry. To test for adequate dryness, shake nuts—kernels should rattle.
Almonds adapt to all soils except heavy, slow-draining ones. They also need deep soil (at least 6 ft).
Trees are subject to attack by brown rot (causes fruit rot, twig dieback, cankers on trunk and branches) and mites (cause premature yellowing and falling of leaves).
Botanically known as Prunus dulcis, the almond is native to Asia Minor and North Africa. For ...
Native to the Mediterranean and Turkey. Grows to 1–2 ft. tall and wide. Oval gray-green leaves t...
From Texas, New Mexico, Northern Mexico. Reaches 15 to 25 ft. tall, 10 to 15 ft. wide; very slow growi... | <urn:uuid:a16fdf05-46a1-4c76-b0c6-54a2f2eff33a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://plantfinder.sunset.com/plant-details.jsp?id=2366 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997882928.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025802-00117-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936226 | 547 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Healthy Tip Tuesday – National Public Health Week
(Dennison, Ohio) – Across the nation this week we recognize the tiers and components of public health!
In this week’s Healthy Tip Tuesday Trinity Hosptial Twin City is bringing awareness to today’s focus of this national campaign, preventing violence.
According to the nphw.com, national data show gun-related deaths are on the rise: between 2015-2016, the U.S. was home to nearly 27,400 homicides and nearly 45,000 suicides involving guns. Those numbers are the highest documented levels in a decade. About one in four women and one in nine men experience some form of intimate partner violence, and one out of every six American women has been the victim of rape or attempted rape. In 2016, 676,000 victims of child abuse and neglect were reported to local officials.
The CDC notes that violence is a serious public health problem. From infants to the elderly, it affects people in all stages of life. Many more survive violence and suffer physical, mental, and or emotional health problems throughout the rest of their lives. CDC is committed to stopping violence before it begins. The organization has offered a detailed dissection of the tiers of violence and has created a variety of educational materials to support awareness efforts.
April is also Child Abuse Prevention Month and so these two campaigns go hand-in-hand.
CDC officials recommend that strong public health infrastructure is key to a healthy economy and a healthy nation. For the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), America’s premier public health protection agency, every week is public health week. CDC works 24/7 to save lives and prevent, protect and respond to health threats at home and abroad.
Campaign themes this year include:
MONDAY: Healthy Communities
TUESDAY: Violence Prevention
WEDNESDAY: Rural Health
THURSDAY: Technology and Public Health
FRIDAY: Climate Change
SATURDAY/SUNDAY: Global Health | <urn:uuid:4ce52452-4fbe-46cb-8ba7-92f423990f46> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://newsymom.com/2019/04/02/healthy-tip-tuesday-national-public-health-week/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605555.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423154842-20190423180004-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.945418 | 415 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A creditor is a party (e.g., person, organization, company, or government) that has a claim on the services of a second party. It is a person or institution to whom money is owed. The first party, in general, has provided some property or service to the second party under the assumption (usually enforced by contract) that the second party will return an equivalent property and service. The second party is frequently called a debtor or borrower. The first party is called the creditor, which is the lender of property, service, or money.
Creditors can be broadly divided into two categories: secured and unsecured. A secured creditor has a security or charge, which is some or all of the company’s assets, to secure the debt owed to him. This could be, for example, a mortgage, where the property represents the security. An unsecured creditor does not have a charge over the company’s assets.
The term creditor is frequently used in the financial world, especially in reference to short-term loans, long-term bonds, and mortgage loans. In law, a person who has a money judgment entered in their favor by a court is called a judgment creditor.
The term creditor derives from the notion of credit. Also, in modern America, credit refers to a rating which indicates the likelihood a borrower will pay back his or her loan. In earlier times, credit also referred to reputation or trustworthiness.
In accounting presentation, creditors are to be broken down into 'amounts falling due within one year' or 'amounts falling due after more than one year'...
The financial statements presentation is this:
Creditor's power during insolvency
In the UK, once an IVA has been applied for, and is in place through the courts, creditors are prevented from making direct contact under the terms of the IVA. All ongoing correspondence of an IVA must first go through the Insolvency Practitioner. The Insolvency Practitioner will contact you. The creditors will begin to deal with the Insolvency Practitioner and readily accept annual reports when submitted.
- O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 264. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
- "Insolvency for creditors". Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Australian Securities and Investments Commission. March 23, 2016. | <urn:uuid:ca72f2eb-8664-40b2-9956-5fd42ea74a06> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Creditor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662519037.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517162558-20220517192558-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.950653 | 535 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Researchers at the University of Liverpool have found that a well-established anti-epileptic drug could also be used as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.
Neurodegeneration involves the progressive loss of nerve structure and function and is a common characteristic of several conditions, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's. Such diseases are presently incurable.
Researchers from the University's Institute of Translational Medicine have found that the anti-epileptic drug ethosuximide has protective effects in certain neurodegenerative disease models.
Making a difference
Professor of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Alan Morgan, said: "Incidence of these diseases is on the rise due to our increasingly ageing population, yet there is a lack of effective therapies to treat them.
"Our research suggests that ethosuximide has potential for repurposing as a treatment for multiple neurodegenerative diseases and provides a platform from which new medicines could be developed.
"Indeed, we are now actively pursuing this in current research with colleagues Professor Bob Burgoyne and PhD student, Shi Quan Wong. Eventually, we hope that our work will make a difference to those suffering from these debilitating diseases."
The study was funded by grants from the BBSRC, the Wellcome Trust and Age UK.
The paper 'Ethosuximide ameliorates neurodegenerative disease phenotypes by modulating DAF-16/FOXO target gene expression' was published in the journal Molecular Neurodegeneration and can be accessed here: http://bit. | <urn:uuid:e00ab320-6d94-4ce5-8315-2d88910309df> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-10/uol-pnt101315.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124297.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00412-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945241 | 319 | 3.0625 | 3 |
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Anxiety is a person's natural response to a threat in their surroundings. It can make people feel edgy, nervous, restless, or worry about things too much. Anxiety can be good because it can help people to avoid putting themselves, or others, in dangerous situations. It is also normal to worry about our children or loved ones, but when the worry and anxiety gets out of control and affects a person's day-to-day functioning, then they may be suffering from an anxiety disorder. Anxiety can vary from a feeling of uneasiness to strong and frightening panic attacks. People can experience anxiety for a short period of time, or in more serious cases for a number of years.
If people keep experiencing high levels of anxiety over a long period of time, it can lead to depression. For some people, substance misuse (alcohol and other drugs) becomes a part of life as a way to help them manage their anxiety and relax, but this often leads to an increase in anxiety.
There are different types of anxiety disorders and people may show the signs of one or more at the same time; this is called comorbidity. The types of anxiety disorders include:
This is a reaction to a traumatic event. People with ASD may continue to experience the trauma through flashbacks or dreams, they might avoid people or places that remind them of the traumatic event, or they may experience emotional and muscular (muscle) tension which can affect sleeping and concentration. Examples of situations that can lead to ASD include seeing a serious accident or a death. Most people tend to get over the trauma of the event within a month.
PTSD is the result of a traumatic event, but it is different to ASD because the anxiety relating to the event can last for a longer period of time. It is common for people with PTSD to relive the trauma in dreams, flashbacks, or memories and they often avoid situations that remind them of the traumatic event. An example of an event that may lead to PTSD among some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people include the trauma experienced by members of the Stolen generations.
GAD may occur when people worry too much, or are fearful about situations that could happen when there is no reason for concern. The anxiety people feel is out of control and the physical (e.g., headaches, stomach aches) and emotional (e.g., edgy) symptoms, that often occur on a daily basis, can last as long as six months. People suffering GAD find it hard to go to work and live normal lives.
People suffering from PD experience panic attacks which are described as a feeling of fear or terror. They are afraid of further panic attacks and experience high levels of panic in situations that other people would not be afraid of. It is common for people experiencing a PD to believe that they are going to die or have a heart attack because many of the signs are similar to those for a heart attack (e.g., dizziness, shaking, rapid heartbeat, feeling sick).
Phobic disorders are when a person has a lasting and unreasonable fear of an object or situation that leads them to avoid these objects or situations. For example, agoraphobia is when people avoid certain situations because they fear they may have a panic attack, and it may be difficult or embarrassing for them to escape from the situation. Such situations might include public transport or crowds. This can result in people not leaving their homes because of the phobia. A social phobia means people avoid social situations because they are worried they will do something to embarrass themselves, or they will appear too anxious. Specific phobias are fears of things or situations, for example, spiders, heights, or small closed-in spaces.
This anxiety disorder involves obsessive thoughts (a need to always think about the same thing) and compulsive behaviours (having the need to act in a particular way over and over again due to the obsessive thoughts). The obsessive thoughts usually take place because of an extreme fear of contamination (e.g., germs) or harm. These thoughts lead people to repeat behaviours (e.g., washing their hands often) to help reduce the anxiety relating to those thoughts.
Anxiety has physical (the body), psychological (the mind) and behavioural (the way people act) signs and symptoms.
Physical signs may include:
Psychological signs may include:
Behavioural signs may include:
Some people are more at risk of anxiety because of:
There are also medical conditions that may put people at risk of anxiety. The use of prescription drugs for a medical condition, and non-prescription drugs (such as caffeine) or illicit (illegal) drugs, can also increase the levels of anxiety.
Survey information from 2008 reports that nearly one-in-three Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults have experienced high levels of psychological distress, more than twice the level for non-Indigenous Australians. The high levels of psychological distress, which included feelings of depression and anxiety, were reported by three out of ten Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. Levels were high among victims of violence (46%), and for those removed from their natural families (39%).
Anxiety was the third most reported condition among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who visited a medical doctor for mental health problems. Anxiety is often not recognised or reported in information gathered from hospitalisation records because these records tend to focus on more serious mental illnesses.
To deal with anxiety people often need to make changes in their life; these can include behavioural or psychological changes. Support should be given to help people make these changes and it is important to remember that the time for recovery can be different for each person. These changes could include:
Everyone can make changes when they are ready, even if it is in small steps, and in their own time.
Adermann J, Campbell MA (2009) Anxiety and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people. In: Purdie N, Dudgeon P, Walker R, eds. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing:105-116
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009) National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social survey, 2008. from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4714.0?OpenDocument
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) The health and welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Oct 2010. (ABS Catalogue no 4704.0) Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics
Central Australian Rural Practitioners Association (2010) CARPA standard treatment manual [5th ed.] . 5th ed. Alice Springs: Central Australian Rural Practitioners Association
Freeman D, Freeman B (2009) Aboriginal social and emotional wellbeing fact sheet series. Campbelltown, NSW: Campbelltown Community Mental Health Service (SSWAHS)
Haralambous B, Lin X, Dow B, Jones C, Tinney J, Bryant C (2009) Depression in older age: a scoping study. Melbourne: National Ageing Research Institute
Kanowski LG, Kitchener BA and Jorm AF (Eds) (2008) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health First Aid Manual. ORYGEN Research Centre, Melbourne.
Nagel T, Apuatimi A (2008) Anxiety. Darwin: Menzies School of Health
© Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2013
This product, excluding the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet logo, artwork, and any material owned by a third party or protected by a trademark, has been released under a Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) licence. Excluded material owned by third parties may include, for example, design and layout, images obtained under licence from third parties and signatures. | <urn:uuid:95281dbc-3efe-44d7-84b5-282cdf26e08b> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/other-health-conditions/sewbworkers/anxiety-stress/key-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00234-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93921 | 1,616 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Study backs safety of morning sickness drug
For the first time, a large study shows that pregnant women who suffer morning sickness are not risking harm to their babies if they take the anti-nausea drug metoclopramide.
The result might lead more doctors to prescribe the drug and women to feel less guilty about using it during their baby's crucial first few months of development, experts said.
Currently, no drugs are approved in the U.S. for morning sickness, which plagues most women in the first three months of pregnancy — lasting all day for some. Doctors sometimes use medicines approved for other types of nausea that are thought to be safe in pregnancy when simple strategies such as eating crackers and frequent, small meals don't help.
The study looked back at nearly 82,000 births in Israel, where metoclopramide is commonly used. It found no difference in birth defects or other problems in newborns whether or not mothers took the drug, sold under the brand name Reglan and in generic form.
"I think that women will be comforted by this," said Dr. Keith Eddleman, director of obstetrics at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York. "Most women are reluctant [to take anti-nausea medicine] just because of the stories they've heard and the perception that taking something in the first trimester can cause harm."
Results of the study, which did not look at the drug's effectiveness, were reported in Thursday's New England Journal of Medicine.
Morning sickness can be more than unpleasant. It can cause some women to lose weight or send them to the hospital. But some doctors and women are reluctant to use medicine because of scares decades ago over several drugs used for morning sickness.
Limb deformity fears
Thalidomide, used in Europe and Canada in the 1960s, caused missing or shortened limbs in newborns. The maker of another drug, Bendectin, sold in Canada as Diclectin, pulled it from the U.S. market in 1983 after widely publicized lawsuits alleged it caused limb deformities.
Multiple studies and reviews by medical authorities never found such a link, and Bendectin is being reintroduced to the U.S. market.
Despite the millions of births each year — about 4 million in the U.S. alone — there still have been no large, well-designed studies on the safety of medicines in treating morning sickness, mainly because of fears of harming the fetus and triggering lawsuits.
The Israeli study, led by researchers at Ben-Gurion University, included pregnant women enrolled in Israel's largest HMO from 1998 through 2007.
It compared the health of newborns of 3,458 women who took metoclopramide, for as little as a week to more than three weeks, with 78,245 newborns of women who had not used it. Rates of problems were low and similar in both groups.
The safety finding might reassure women, who often are more cautious than their doctors about using a drug during pregnancy, said Dr. Laura Riley, a Massachusetts General Hospital obstetrician and spokeswoman for the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine.
"For some who are on the fence, it'll allow them to take it," she said.
In the U.S., other drugs — Compazine, Phenergan and Zofran — are generally used more often than Reglan, which is made by Schwarz Pharma Inc. of Smyrna, Ga.
The new study should lead obstetricians to prescribe it more often, some experts said.
Until now, doctors have only assumed it is safe, based on a couple small studies and the lack of reports of serious problems, said Dr. Jeffrey Chapa, head of maternal fetal medicine at the Cleveland Clinic.
Metoclopramide, which works by speeding emptying of the stomach and reducing heartburn, can have side-effects, including sedation, insomnia, depression and anxiety.
Metoclopramide is approved for use in Canada, according to Health Canada's online database.
With files from The Canadian Press | <urn:uuid:d9bf1d00-7627-417e-85a9-ead211cbabdb> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/study-backs-safety-of-morning-sickness-drug-1.862572 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863206.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619212507-20180619232507-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.966368 | 842 | 2.6875 | 3 |
1 in stock
Sirius is the sky’s brightest star. Sirius is over twenty times brighter than our Sun and is twice as massive! There are many legends, myths and conspiracy theories about this mysterious star as it has aroused people’s interest in the whole world for years.
Sirius, or Dog Star, lies in the Greater Dog constellation and it is one of the highlights of the Winter Triangle comprising Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion and Procyon in the constellation of Little Dog. The only objects that outshine Sirius in heaven are the Sun, Moon, Venus, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury. Sirius is one of the nearest stars to us, at only 8.6 light years. Therefore, Sirius is perfectly visible to the naked eye on clear starry nights in winter and spring from almost every place in the world.
Many cultures have historically attached special significance to Sirius. The ancient Egyptians worshiped Sirius as god – they noted that Sirius rose just before the Sun each year immediately prior to the annual flooding of the Nile River. This moment was the beginning of the year according to the then-calendar that was used by over 3 thousand years.
As early as thousand years ago Sirius fascinated and inspired people and it was the subject of clergymen’s in-depth studies. Many Egyptian temples were placed in such direction that the star’s light was seen from the alter. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built in alignment with Sirius and is therefore shining right above the Pyramid. The light behind the All-Seeing eye on the American dollar is from Sirius. Many secret societies are named after the star and Sirius is often associated in Masonic symbolism. Enumerated coded references to this most famous star are in the popular culture. | <urn:uuid:bde69b24-5b72-41e7-b75e-9f726b703fcb> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://kingdomofuniverse.com/en/product/sirius/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247522457.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222180107-20190222202107-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.957618 | 359 | 2.8125 | 3 |
"Direct and charming."—Publishers Weekly
Cynthia Weill’s book of Mexican folk art teaches kids about opposites in Spanish and English! These whimsical little animals from Oaxaca, carved and painted by hand, make learning about opposites fun. Up and down, tall and short, left and right—all inside a beautiful book.
Cynthia Weill is an educator and art historian whose expertise is the work of indigenous artisans from all over the world. She is the co-author of the very successful ABeCedarios: Mexican Folk Art ABCs in Spanish and English, the first book of her Folk Art for Teaching Kids series, and of Ten Mice for Tet (Chronicle Books, 2003). She lives in New York City.
"This second work by one of the authors of ABeCedarios (2007) follows its predecessor's highly praised concept and design. Pages on the left side introduce children to a word in English and Spanish, as pages on the right side present its opposite: Asleep/Dormido (a spotted dog snoozes)/AwakeDespierto (the same dog, eyes wide open and tail sticking up).
"Concepts are illustrated with photographs of unique hand-painted animal carvings created individually by Oaxacan artists Quirino and Martin Santiago. The contrast between the text colors and the bright background combines with the imaginary dialogue that children can establish with the vivacious folk-art figures to make this bilingual edition another outstanding entry in the First Concepts with Mexican Folk Art series. On some pages an external element-a sun or a moon, for instance-expands on such concepts as Day/Día and Night/Noche.
"A great selection for bilingual storytimes at preschools, elementary schools and public libraries. As a work of art, its display will enhance art exhibits and cultural programs as part of Hispanic Heritage Month or Children's Day/Book Day celebrations." —Kirkus Reviews
About Cynthia WeillSee more books from this Author
This second work by one of the authors of ABeCedarios (2007) follows its predecessor’s highly praised concept and design.| Read Full Review of Opuestos: Mexican Folk Art Op...
In a nod to Aesop, an orange hare (“Fast / Rápido”) is seen across from a turtle (“Slow / Lenta”), while a spotted dog and a black wolf both sit beside chalky images of the sun and moon to demonstrate day and night.Aug 24 2009 | Read Full Review of Opuestos: Mexican Folk Art Op... | <urn:uuid:5d9987fd-8d28-4476-aa04-479a6510c152> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://idreambooks.com/Opuestos-Mexican-Folk-Art-Opposites-in-E-by-Cynthia-Weill/reviews/16482 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171078.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00474-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914149 | 551 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In electricity delivery systems, whether integrated or open to competition, solar and wind power are dispatched before conventional energies due to their low generation cost. The result is a change to the wholesale price of electricity that tends to modify the composition of the overall electricity mix.
Mix and match!
The electricity mix consists of the accumulation of power plants using varied technologies to transform primary energies into electrical power. At any given time, the only power plants used are those whose operating costs are lower than what consumers are willing to pay, meaning lower than the price where there is a competitive market. The others are kept on hold to meet any increase in demand (or a shortfall from one of the active power plants). The merit order is therefore determined solely by operating cost, essentially meaning the sum of the costs of primary energy (coal, natural gas, oil and nuclear fuel) and the price of greenhouse gas emissions permits. But for a power plant to be candidate for generation, the expected income must cover all its costs. Therefore, the difference between the market price and the operating cost must at least cover the cost of the installed capacity. Otherwise, the power plant is no longer profitable. It exits the electricity mix. An installed power plant can be forced out of the market due to an increase in its costs (for example, a substantial increase in the costs of emissions permits) and / or a decrease in the price of electricity such as that caused by large volumes of electrical power generated by renewable sources. But what happens when the wind drops and the sun sets?
The return of the duck
To understand how the electricity generated by photovoltaic panels affects the output of conventional power plants, let us turn to the Californian duck whose flight path has been already crossed in a previous post, here.
Its shape represents changes in electricity consumption net off the contribution from solar power on a typical day in California. Our web-footed friend illustrates the dual effect of the development of solar power on the generation of traditional energies: i) the duck's stomach shows that conventional power plants need to wind down every day as the sun climbs towards its zenith, before gradually increasing their output to compensate as the sun sinks in the sky and finally sets; ii) the duck's neck is there to remind us that if peak consumption occurs at the end of the day, it coincides with the decline in output of solar panels; the uptake of conventional power generation sources must therefore be achieved in a very short period of time, which requires great flexibility in the replacement power plants. The development of solar power, combined with an increase in the demand for electricity, modifies the shape of the duck: over the years, its stomach grows rounder while its neck stretches. We might therefore suspect that the consequences are not the same for all technologies.
Variability of hourly rates
How can a duck with a bigger stomach and a longer neck affect electricity prices? On average, where there is substantial generation from renewable sources, particularly solar power, we see a drop in the prevailing rates. But this average decrease hides a more complex daily effect. For California between 2012 and 2016, J. Busnell and K. Novan have demonstrated a substantial decrease in the middle of the day, preceded and followed by an increase at times without sunlight, fluctuations that are attributable to the significant investments made in the big photovoltaic installations that sell their output directly on the wholesale markets.
Average hourly price (in $/MWh) on day ahead markets in California. (Source Busnell and Novan, 2018)
What is the effect on the electricity mix?
The effect of the lower daylight hour prices on the profitability of power plants depends on their length of use and their ability to modulate their output. So-called base-load power plants are characterised by very high fixed costs and low operating costs. They generate almost continuously throughout the 8,760 hours of the year, except during periods of maintenance. This is the case for nuclear power stations in France. In California, apart from nuclear and hydro-electric power, it is gas-fired combined cycle power plants (CCPP) that supply base- load demand. Whenever it is necessary to supply power for short periods, low investment, high operating cost power plants are used. In California, these are gas turbines and steam turbines. For the same installed base, it follows that the injection of large quantities of photovoltaic electricity during the day should result in a decrease in the output of CCPPs, but leave that of gas and steam turbines unchanged. But that is where the duck's neck comes in: to respond to increased demand at times when photovoltaic supplies decline and then disappear, you must either be very flexible, meaning being able to ramp up output very rapidly, or remain active during times of off-peak demand. But, CCPPs are replaced by solar power for daytime distribution and they do not have the flexibility needed to rapidly replace it at the end of the day. Combined cycle plants are also therefore replaced at the end of the day, this time by gas and steam turbines that are more flexible but also emit more CO2 and have higher operating costs. As it is the marginal generation facilities that determine market prices, rates go up in the evening. To sum up, the development of photovoltaic solar plants has two effects on the electricity mix: a positive effect, the reduction of the expensive and polluting daytime generation by CCPPs and a negative effect, which is the increase in the even more expensive and polluting nocturnal generation from gas and steam turbines.
Due to intermittent supply, wind and solar power are both substitutes for and complementary to conventional sources of electricity generation. They compete with those conventional sources when the sun shines and the wind blows. At these times, the renewable sources have a structural advantage that ensures they are first choice in the order of priority. But when sun and wind are lacking, they are replaced by conventional sources. To do so flexible technologies are needed whose profitability can be ensured by operating over only a small part of the year. This means we must either accept that wholesale prices rise when these plants take over from renewable sources, or we have to subsidize their production capacity. The energy transition has only just begun. The penetration of subsidised intermittent renewable energies means that we must rethink how conventional energies are paid for so that they can provide a complementary source of electricity. Until the day when, perhaps, storage systems will make it possible to meet the evening demand with the energy generated during the day by renewable sources. In other words, put the duck on a diet to wring its neck!
J. Bushnell and K. Novan "Setting with the sun: the impacts of renewable energy on wholesale power markets", August 2018, Energy Institute at Haas, https://ei.haas.berkeley.edu/research/papers/WP292.pdf
Between 2012 and 2016, the average amount of solar power generated between midday and 1 pm grew from 640 MWh to more than 6400 MWh.
The CCPPs are thermal plants in which a first turbine is driven by gases produced by the combustion of gas at high temperature, then a second turbine is driven by the steam produced by the heat from the combustion of the gases.
There is a documented economic analysis in S. Ambec and C. Crampes (2017) "Decarbonizing electricity generation with intermittent sources of energy", TSE Working Paper, n° 15-603, https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/doc/wp/2015/wp_tse_603.pdf | <urn:uuid:63faea0d-16d1-4439-9684-61c42d5f818d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.tse-fr.eu/intermittence-and-flexibility-electricity-markets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257847.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525024710-20190525050710-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.946293 | 1,549 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Sometimes people who struggle with mental health are unable to find an effective treatment. They may have tried medications, group therapy, and a range of behavioral health programs, yet they may still suffer from symptoms of their mental health conditions. In such cases where patients cannot find a solution, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be an appropriate treatment option. Learn more in the article below about ECT and how patients in Arizona can access ECT programs.
How providers administer ECT
When a patient receives ECT, licensed healthcare providers pass small electrical currents through the patient’s brain. The patient is under general anesthesia during ECT and takes muscle relaxants before treatment. Accordingly, the patient does not sense the electrical currents or feel any pain. The patient receives small electrical currents for just a few minutes, and the electrical brain stimulation significantly increases the brain’s activity. In fact, the patient undergoes a brief, medically-induced seizure.
After the short treatment session, the patient moves to a recovery area and undergoes several standard tests for monitoring. The patient then repeats this process for around a month and has treatment about three times a week.
How ECT can help patients
ECT impacts the brain’s metabolism and blood flow patterns. Clinicians believe that these changes can positively impact areas of the brain responsible for the patient’s mental health conditions.
Additionally, ECT causes a large release of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, GABA, and others. Clinicians believe that this release of neurotransmitters may act as a “reset button” for the patient. Recent research also suggests that ECT can help the growth of new cells and nerve pathways.
Importantly, ECT does not cause brain damage or a loss of brain cells. ECT treatment is a proven, safe, and effective treatment that the medical community has studied for decades.
ECT effectiveness and approvals
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for mental health conditions. ECT has a success rate of over 80%, and the therapy can result in improvements to a patient’s mental health conditions quickly. Many patients experience symptom remission in just one to three weeks after treatment.
In addition to being an effective treatment option for mental health conditions, ECT is also a safe option. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) have approved ECT therapy for clinical use. Also, ECT therapy only occurs with a qualified team of psychiatrists, anesthesiologists, and ECT-trained nurses. Additionally, ECT is approved and accepted by many insurance plans, including Medicare.
What type of patient can benefit from ECT?
It is important to note that while ECT is often effective, the treatment is not for everyone. Mental healthcare providers only prescribe ECT after the patient has exhausted all other medication-based approaches, talk therapy programs, and other behavioral health therapy options. Also, providers typically only administer ECT therapy to patients who suffer from depression, bipolar disorder, and cases of schizophrenia where the patient is unresponsive to Clozapine. At Aurora Behavioral Health System, our medical professionals can help each patient and the patient’s primary care providers determine if ECT is the best treatment option.
Key benefits of ECT
A key benefit of ECT therapy is its high level of effectiveness. Studies show that ECT is 80% effective on average, and in some trials, ECT is 90% effective. Additionally, ECT is one of only three psychiatric treatments that decrease a patient’s chance of suicide.
A second significant benefit of ECT therapy is that it does not involve prescription medication. This characteristic means that clinicians do not have to worry about the interaction between treatment medication and other medications that the patient takes. Sometimes, clinicians have to worry about potential sexual health issues, weight gain, and other side effects when patients are on several medications. As a drug-free therapy, clinicians do not have to worry about drug-based side effects with ECT.
Another important benefit of ECT therapy is that most insurance companies cover ECT. Insurance coverage is important, as patients are sometimes unable to afford the mental health treatment they need. Since major insurances, including Medicare, cover ECT therapy, many patients can access this effective therapy.
What to expect at our ECT Treatment Program
At Aurora Behavioral Health System, we offer ECT therapy to treat mental health disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Patients at our Glendale and Tempe, Arizona, locations will receive the following program benefits:
- An initial consultation within 72 hours.
- Outpatient appointments within 24 to 72 hours.
- Access to the latest ECT therapy technology, including the MECTA Spectrum Ultrabrief® 5000Q® device. This device reduces short-term memory loss from ECT treatment via its new optimized dosing parameters. The MECTA device also includes Duke University EEG seizure quality measurement features.
- Access to board-certified psychiatrists and board-certified anesthesiologists. Our team members have worked together for over a decade.
- Time for family members and friends to meet with the ECT psychiatrists and anesthesiologists before each ECT treatment.
- Access to family members and friends up until the time of anesthesia.
- Time with the ECT clinicians after treatment to address any questions or concerns.
To learn more about our ECT program at Aurora Behavioral Health System, check out our educational video and treatment center tour below:
Contact Aurora Behavioral Health System
To learn more about our electroconvulsive therapy in Arizona, check out our ECT Myth vs. Fact page. If you have any questions or would like to book a consultation, reach out to us online. To contact us immediately or make a referral, call our 24/7 Admissions Line at (877) 870-7012. We are happy to answer any questions you may have regarding our ECT therapy programs.
Ready for a Consultation?
Download and fill out this ECT Patient Information Form, then submit it to [email protected]. Once received, you will receive a call from our ECT Department the following business day. | <urn:uuid:dd6f065d-25ce-46ca-a16e-3b138f6a7121> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.auroraarizona.com/programs/ect-treatment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989856.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511184216-20210511214216-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.925546 | 1,306 | 2.9375 | 3 |
When engaged with your academic writing, your first objective is to get those ideas down on paper. This is the creative phase where your main focus is on producing content that satisfies the objectives of your assignment brief or research proposal. Whether the content needs to shine at this point depends on the author. Some believe that content should be polished as you go, but most authors prefer to get the ideas down on paper first, and then later focus on enhancing the content to make it more scholarly and engaging.
Non-native academic writers at all levels, from undergraduates to researchers, often find the manner of placing and presenting in-text abbreviations of regularly used terms such as European Union (EU), radio frequency Identification (RFID), printed circuit board (PCB), etc., somewhat challenging. Consequently, several questions arise:
When citing authors in academic papers in-text citations vary, with some systems employing numbering while others state the authors’ names and dates of publication. For those employing the Harvard Referencing System the reader is able to view the names of some or all of the cited authors’ names, and the date of the publication, without needing to refer directly to the referencing section of the document. One problem which can occur in this case is the over-insertion of the same authors and dates in concurrent streams of text, particularly when no other publications have been mentioned to cloud the reader’s understanding of whose ideas or assertions are being presented.
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While proofreading an academic assignment this morning, I found the phrase a lot of used repeatedly in the discussion. Of course, when writing a discussion or essay about a challenging new theme, the last thing on any writer’s mind will be creating colourful synonyms for their favourite words or expressions.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the myelin in the brain and spinal cord is damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including double vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness, trouble with sensation, or trouble with coordination.
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1. Incorporating mitigation measures into investment projects
2. Methods for evaluating natural hazard risk
Building natural hazard mitigation measures into investment projects consumes financial and technical resources. Therefore, hazard assessments should include an estimate of the damage the project might suffer over its lifetime and a method for estimating the costs and benefits of mitigation measures. Having this information, the planner can compare the costs of mitigation with the losses that might be incurred if hazards are not taken into account.
With the right information it is theoretically possible to achieve an optimum level of risk management, balancing the cost of mitigation against the value of the elements at risk and the probability of a hazardous event. But to reach such an ideal state, changes in the current institutional environment are needed:
- Governments and development assistance agencies must have access to information on natural hazards.
- National and regional planning institutions and sectoral agencies must undertake the necessary natural hazard assessments and formulate policies for non-structural mitigation.
- These policies, in turn, must become a part of the process of identification and preparation of investment projects.
- Donors or lenders must undertake their own review of individual investments from the natural hazard perspective.
- There must be a strong private insurance sector to optimize risk management and efficiency and spread the costs of unavoidable risks across the entire society.
The priority that governments afford natural hazard mitigation is not very high, judging by the increasing losses to major investment projects from storms, earthquakes, floods, and landslides that could have been greatly reduced. There are a number of explanations for this:
- Governments believe that the risk is limited and that the potential savings from mitigation are low.
- Political and financial pressures make it unappealing to take expensive steps now to avoid losses in the future.
- If losses occur, international agencies frequently provide assistance.
- People are resigned: after repeated events, they tend to accept the inevitability of natural hazards, and they lack knowledge about non-structural mitigation.
- The burden of analysis, institution-building, and implementation discourages the effort.
- The political, financial, and social costs of hazard assessment and mitigation may not always be less than the benefits.
- There are some methodological problems in cost-benefit analysis, including the fact that not all costs or benefits related to disasters are quantifiable.
- The costs fall on public institutions that cannot recapture directly the benefit of preventing losses in the future.
For similar reasons international development assistance agencies sometimes neglect natural hazards that may affect projects for which they have provided funds or assistance.
The preparation of investment projects entails six steps: project idea, project profile, prefeasibility analysis, feasibility analysis, engineering design, and implementation. Some institutions require that hazard considerations be built into the last stages of project preparation, usually at the point of engineering design. While such an approach is preferable to not thinking about them at all, it must be emphasized that the earlier hazard considerations are introduced, the more easily they are handled.
As was said in the previous section, Phase II of the development planning process is dedicated mainly to the preparation of prefeasibility and feasibility analyses of investment projects. The following factors can be incorporated relatively easily in the course of these analyses and would improve an evaluation of the project's risk:
- The incidence of natural hazard risks in the study area.
- The incidence of natural hazard risks in the project's market areas.
- The vulnerability of the supply and cost of project inputs to natural hazards.
- The vulnerability of the project's output prices to natural hazards.
- The vulnerability of project-related physical structures and production processes to natural hazards.
- The effectiveness and cost of alternative natural hazard mitigation measures.
The principal components of a study in which natural hazard considerations should be included are listed in the box below.
Structural and non-structural measures can mitigate the effects of natural hazard events. Structural mitigation includes physical measures and standards such as building codes, materials specifications, and performance standards for the construction of new buildings; the retrofitting of existing structures to make them more a hazard-resistant; and protective devices such as dikes. Non-structural mitigation measures typically concentrate on identifying hazard-prone areas and limiting their use. Examples include land-use zoning, the selection of building sites, tax incentives, insurance programs, relocation of residents to remove them from the path of a hazard, and the establishment of warning systems. Figure 7 gives a variety of approaches for reducing the effects of natural hazards.
A strong case can be made for emphasizing non-structural measures in developing countries. All structural measures have a direct cost that must be added to the costs of the project being considered. Given the prevailing reluctance to include hazard considerations in projects, the added cost would certainly be a constraint. This does not mean that non-structural mitigation measures will have no cost, but that in an area subject to flooding, for example, the economic and social costs of measures such as zoning restrictions and crop insurance are likely to be much lower than those of a large-scale flood control system. Moreover, not every mitigation measure should be adopted, only those for which the benefits exceed the costs.
Experience in the region indicates that the activities that have been most affected by natural hazards are large-scale development projects-precisely the kind that could have been oriented differently by the use of appropriate non-structural mitigation measures.
To summarize, in the prefeasibility study, when the technical and economic viability of the project is assessed, the appraisal of mitigation measures should be included. In the feasibility study, when the final appraisal of project alternatives is made, the project options that are best with respect to mitigation measures should be selected. Final economic appraisals should incorporate risk considerations, and the final project design should include optimal structural and non-structural mitigation measures.
A number of issues are involved in deciding whether to consider natural hazard risk in development planning and project formulation, and if so, how to do it.
First, many governments and international financing agencies are unconvinced that natural hazard risk is a proper consideration for project evaluation. The merits of that viewpoint will be examined.
Second, decision-makers are always faced with competing and conflicting objectives, of which reducing the risk of natural hazards is only one. A technique called multicriteria analysis offers a way to decide on the weights to be given to the various objectives, even before projects are identified and formulated.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF A FEASIBILITY STUDY IN WHICH TO CONSIDER NATURAL HAZARD INFORMATION
a. Determination of market areas
Determination of Size and Location of the Project
a. Current and expected demand
a. Selection of production technology
a. Capital investments
a. Inputs and other materials
a. Financing sources
Figure 7 - EXAMPLES OF APPROACHES FOR REDUCING THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL HAZARDS
Preparing Development Studies and Plans
Community-facility inventories and plans
Economic development plans
Investment project evaluations
Land-use and transportation inventories and plans
Redevelopment plans (pre-disaster and post-disaster)
Utility inventories and plans
Siting, Designing, and Constructing Safe Structures
Reconstruction after disaster
Reconstruction or relocation of community facilities
Reconstruction or relocation of utilities
Repair of dams
Site-specific investigations and hazard evaluations
Strengthening or retrofitting buildings
Siting and design of critical facilities
Discouraging New or Removing Existing Development
Disclosure of hazards to real-property buyers
Financial incentives and disincentives
Lenders' and insurers' development policies
Location of infrastructure
Posted warnings of potential hazards
Public acquisitions of hazardous areas
Public information and education
Public records of hazards
Removal of unsafe structures
Building and grading ordinances
Design and construction regulations
Engineering, geologic, hydrologic, and seismologic reports
Hazard-zone investigations and regulations
Land-use zoning and setback requirements
Preparing for and Responding to Disasters
Anticipating damage to critical facilities
Damage inspection, repair, and recovery procedures
Disaster training exercises
Emergency response plans
Event prediction and response plans
Event preparedness plans
Monitoring and warning systems
Personal preparedness actions
Source: Kockelman, W.J. U.S. Geological Survey.
Third, a project may provoke the passionate support or opposition of particular interest groups. A way must be found to resolve these conflicts to the reasonable satisfaction of all parties if the mix of projects ultimately selected is to be in the best interest of society as a whole.
Finally, once these issues have been resolved, objective methods are needed for evaluating natural hazard risk as an element of overall investment project evaluation. A number of economic appraisal methods are available for this purpose.
Attitudes Toward Risks from Natural Hazards
Should risk be considered in analyzing public sector projects? The private investor tends to avoid risky propositions, but it has been argued that governments should take a risk-neutral stance. Given that the benefits and costs of public projects are spread over a large number of individuals in the society, the element of risk facing each one is negligible. Since risks are widely shared, the argument goes, governments should be indifferent between a high-risk and a low-risk project provided that the two have the same expected net present value.
Compare two multipurpose dam proposals, both with a project life of 100 years. Dam A will be built on geologically stable ground; Dam B will be built on land that has a 70 percent probability of undergoing an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 Richter by 2010. If future risk is not considered, Dam B has a much higher net present value and the country is inclined to select it. But including the correct factors of risk causes its expected net present value to plummet below that of Dam A. It is wiser for the country to select Dam A.
From the point of view of the international bank providing the financing, the government will be obligated to repay the loan whichever dam it builds. Yet the banks are trying to inculcate fiscal responsibility in the planning and execution of their loan agreements. The bank is indifferent between Dams A and B with regard to loan repayment, but should logically prefer Dam A because it is the more fiscally responsible alternative. Banking institutions, however, may place a higher priority on macroeconomic and political factors-specifically, a government's ability and/or willingness to repay loans-than on evaluating each project loan in terms of realistic cost-recovery criteria.
The OAS, through its participation in the Committee of International Development Institutions on the Environment (CIDIE) together with other organizations concerned with the impact of natural hazards on development projects, is fostering a change in this attitude.
Establishing Evaluation Criteria and Priorities
Multicriteria analysis, or multiple conflicting objectives analysis, is a technique for explicitly incorporating societal goals and priorities into the selection of projects. It has been used in environmental assessments and has been gaining increasing acceptance as a means of addressing this complex issue. The analysis entails the establishment of a set of objectives and a sub-set of attributes representing alternative social, economic, political, environmental, and other societal goals which are to be fulfilled by specific projects. The relevant societal groups (government, interest groups, community leaders, etc.) participate in establishing the objectives and attributes and placing discriminatory weights on them. Projects can then be evaluated in terms of their capacity to fulfill the stated goals. Both single-project analysis and project comparisons can be performed. Natural hazard vulnerability criteria can be introduced into the analysis along with the other goals.
It is important to remember that it is not planners but high-level decision makers who will ultimately rule on public investment options. The value of multicriteria analysis, in contrast to traditional project selection methods, is that it forces decision-makers to state their evaluation criteria explicitly. For economic or political reasons, most decision-makers can be expected to give low vulnerability a high priority in project selection.
Multicriteria analysis can be applied throughout the project cycle, from identification of a project idea to feasibility study, but since it is effective in the identification of more desirable projects or project components, its use at the beginning stages of project planning maximizes its benefits.
The construction of a dam for flood control and energy generation may be in the interest of industry and municipal governments, but may be perceived by local farmers as reducing available agricultural land. This is but one example of the many situations in which opposing factions can take perfectly defensible but intractable positions on an environmental issue. The concept of "negative environmental impact," it turns out, can be defined as a conflict between interest groups over the use of a natural good or service. Thus negative environmental impacts can be seen as activities of one sector or sub-sector that cause problems for another. Since development actions are always legitimate in the eyes of their sponsors, the result is a conflict requiring management. Obviously, the sooner a conflict is identified and made manageable, the better. Obvious also is that "sooner" means in the policy and project formulation stages instead of after funds and prestige have been invested in projects.
Sectoral agencies and their planning efforts are not organized either to identify or to manage such conflicts. Many funding institutions are also unable to do so: so much time, effort, and prestige have already been invested in the projects they receive that any attempt to change them is difficult. Furthermore, to work efficiently within their mandates, the institutions generally prefer comparatively large projects in which interest groups that lack political and economic power are seldom fully represented. A process of "environmental planning" that seeks equitable solutions to development problems and at the same time identifies and resolves the conflicts brought on by development is a requisite part of the development process.
Economic Evaluation Techniques
Occasionally a project with natural hazard risk components works its way past this formidable array of impediments. There are a number of methods available for evaluating the hazard components in the economic analysis of the project. One set of these methods can be applied when little hazard information is available; a second set is appropriate when information on probability distributions can be obtained. All the methods can be used in comparing different projects or comparing alternatives within a project.
The methods used when limited information is available can be applied at project profile, prefeasibility, or feasibility levels of analysis. Those using probabilistic information are usually applied in feasibility studies, but may also be used at the prefeasibility stage. In all cases the methods should be applied as early as possible in the project cycle.
(1) Decision Criteria with Limited Information
Four methods of risk evaluation compensate for a lack of information: cut-off period, discount rate adjustment, game theory, and sensitivity analysis.
Cut-off period. This is the crudest procedure for incorporating natural hazard risk into economic analysis. It is used primarily by private investment agencies with a primary interest in capital return. To be economically feasible under the cut-off-period method, a project must accrue benefits that exceed its cost in relatively few years. For very risky projects, such as those at high risk of flooding or landslides, the cut-off period might be set as low as two to three years. The logic of the cut-off-period rule is that, because of the uncertainty of costs and benefits beyond the cut-off date, they should be ignored in determining project feasibility. To determine the length of the cut-off period, a rough idea of the riskiness of the project should be sought during the prefeasibility analysis. The method is appropriate when three conditions are present: (1) few records concerning natural hazard risk are available; (2) the likely hazards are of fast rather than slow onset, and (3) the magnitude of potential disasters is great.
Discount rate adjustment. Adding a risk premium to the discount rate is another ad hoc way to reflect uncertainty in project analysis. A variation of this is to add a premium to the discount rate for the benefits accruing to the project as a result of mitigation, and subtract a premium for the costs, a procedure consistent with the fact that hazards decrease benefits and increase costs. Introducing these premiums into the calculations of feasibility has the effect of giving less weight to increasingly uncertain costs and benefits in the future. This is consistent with the conventional expectation that an investor will require higher rates of return for riskier investments. The analyst using this method must determine an arbitrary risk premium to add to the discount rate. The same kind of hazard information used for the cut-off method is applicable here, and the method is applicable to both slow- and rapid-onset hazards. Again, this information should be available by the prefeasibility stage of planning.
Game-theory approaches. Two strategies from game theory are applicable to the task of introducing risk assessment into the economic appraisal of projects: the "maximin-gain" and the "minimax-regret." Both can be applied at the earliest stages of project formulation, as the necessary minimum information on historical hazardous events and damage becomes available. From this information, it is possible to estimate the comparative benefits of equivalent project alternatives, given varying severities of a hazardous event. The game-theory approaches are best suited to short-term, high-impact hazards for which most/least-damage scenarios can be produced.
Given the possible net benefits accrued under different hazard conditions, the maximin-gain approach seeks the project alternative that will give the highest net return in the worst-case scenario; the selection of a particular project alternative is based entirely on security and is thus very conservative. The minimax-regret takes a different approach by considering the sum of the losses that each project alternative might incur given the probabilities of hazardous events occurring. The alternative with the smallest sum of possible losses when all scenarios are considered is the one that would be selected.
Sensitivity analysis. Using this method, an analyst tests the effect of changes in the values of key project parameters (e.g., halving the income from admission fees or doubling the maintenance cost) on net costs and benefits. To assess the impact of natural hazards, values are changed according to previous hazard information, damage reports, etc., so that the effects of a possible natural event on the economic feasibility of the project can be quantified. With this type of analysis it is possible to determine how much a key parameter can change before the project becomes economically unfeasible. The analysis can also be used to test the effect of mitigation measures.
(2) Decision Criteria with Probabilistic Information
A more rigorous analysis of risk can be made if probabilistic distributions of the key variables (such as net present value, NPV) are available. These distributions can be based on historical information or on the estimates of experts, and ideally include probabilistic information on natural events. NPV probability distributions can be estimated by holding constant a number of variables and repeatedly sampling values for other variables to calculate a large number of possible NPV values, which are then used to approximate the probability distribution of the NPV.
Once the NPV probability distributions for the proposed projects have been prepared, the mean value of the distributions can be compared. However, considering only the average NPV ignores the relative riskiness of the project. To make better use of the risk information in a probability distribution, two methods are available: mean-variance analysis and safety-first analysis.
As the name implies, mean-variance analysis considers not only the mean economic indicator (NPV) for each project, but also the degree of dispersion (or variance) around the mean. As an example, consider three agricultural development projects being evaluated for a flood-susceptible area. Projects A and C have been designed without flood mitigation measures, while Project B foresees the construction and protection of retention basins, stream channelization, and terracing. The probability distributions and expected net present values for the three projects are shown in Figure 8.
Projects A and B both have an expected NPV of US$5 million. However, Project A is vulnerable to floods, and thus could have an NPV of 0. Project B is less susceptible to flood damage, and has a NPV range of US$3 million to US$7 million. Since the mean NPV for the projects is the same but the capital costs of Project B are higher, society might choose Project A. Conversely, society may decide it cannot afford to invest in a large project that might yield no benefits at all in flood years and so choose project B. The comparison of Projects B and C is less evident. Project C has an expected NPV of US$8 million - US$3 million more than Project A - but its variance or variability of returns is also greater. The trade-off between higher expected net returns and greater risk or lower expected NPV and lower risk will have to be carefully considered by the decision-maker.
Safety-first analysis differs from mean-variance analysis in that it focuses on the lower tail of the distribution, seeking to maximize expected NPV with the proviso that it does not fall below a critical level.
Figure 8 - MEAN-VARIANCE ANALYSIS
Source: OAS. Primer on Natural Hazard Management in Integrated Development Planning. (Washington, D.C.: OAS, in Press).
For example, the criterion used to select between projects could be stated as follows: "Choose the project with the highest expected NPV, as long as the probability of its falling below US$1 million is less than 5 percent."
A more detailed explanation of each of these methods is given in the Primer on Natural Hazard Management in Integrated Development Planning. | <urn:uuid:40deb807-7eb4-40d2-b679-19dbbfeaebff> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea54e/ch10.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645261055.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031421-00009-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927678 | 4,476 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is one of eight B vitamins. B vitamins are integral to human health because they serve to help the body convert carbohydrates into energy, or glucose. The usage of protein and fat is also enhanced by B vitamins, making them a necessity for healthy skin, hair, nails, eyes and a healthy liver. They also assist with nervous system function.
Vitamin B12 is particularly important for the maintenance of healthy nerve cells. You see, B12 helps to support proper production of RNA and DNA, both of which constitute the body’s genetic material. Both vitamin B12 and B9, or folic acid, work together to produce healthy erythrocytes — also known as red blood cells — and help iron work better in the body.
There are many signs of deficiency to be on the lookout for. Vitamin B12 is associated with several cognitive symptoms such as memory loss, impaired thinking and other general cognitive difficulties. People with B12 deficiency may have trouble walking or keeping their balance, and may also tend to stagger when in motion. Odd physical sensations such as numbness or tingling in the hands, legs and feet may also be present. Sometimes, these — or other odd sensations — may occur throughout the body, as well.
Other symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include jaundiced or yellowed skin, anemia, a swollen or inflamed tongue, and general weakness or fatigue. Shortness of breath and increased nervousness are are also potential symptoms of deficiency. Extreme vitamin B12 deficiency can also result in nerve damage.
It is relatively rare for younger individuals to become deficient in vitamin B12, but older individuals are more susceptible. Vegans or vegetarians who don’t eat eggs or dairy are also at an increased risk of B12 deficiency, since it is primarily found in animal products. People who are suffering with a condition that impairs their ability to absorb nutrients, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, pancreatic disease, H. pylori infections or other conditions are also at an increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency. People with diseases such as diabetes, HIV, or those suffering with eating disorders are also likely to become deficient in B12.
Some of the best sources of vitamin B12 include fish, shellfish, eggs, dairy products, beef and pork. Of course, it is always important to make sure that your food is organic and grass-fed or wild-caught to ensure you’re getting the best quality. | <urn:uuid:c69b515c-1016-4bf3-94be-df0c2f9ac82e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.fresh.news/2016-07-22-are-you-vitamin-b12-deficient.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187206.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00604-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961971 | 513 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Click here to listen. On this episode of ID the Future, John West shares from his new book, Darwin Day in America, about Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso and the New School of Criminal Anthropology. Lombroso and his disciples contended that criminal behavior could be explained largely as a throwback to earlier stages of Darwinian evolution. Listen in as West illustrates the consequences of applying Darwin’s theory to criminal justice.
On a special Halloween edition of ID the Future, John West shares the inspiration for Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. In his new book, Darwin Day in America, West examines the experiments of Italian scientist Giovanni Aldini, conducted on human corpses. His gruesome experiments provided the inspiration for Frankenstein and foreshadowed the rise of a virulent strain of materialism that attempted to use science to reduce human beings to mere matter in motion.
While there are many who would deny that Darwin himself had anything to do with what became known in the last century as social Darwinism, the historical record on the subject is clear and unmistakable. Available this November, Darwin Day in America by CSC Senior Fellow John West explores the cultural implications of Darwinism for our society. Ideas have consequences, and the American experience of the consequences of Darwinism and scientific materialism is well-documented in the nearly 500 pages of Darwin Day in America, representing a decade of exhaustive research by Dr. West. “This is provocative and important reading,” said Chuck Colson, Founder, Prison Fellowship. “John West has done a characteristically excellent job in analyzing social Darwinism and the insidious ideology which has Read More › | <urn:uuid:c1541d63-df8a-43e9-a2c1-63f991113939> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://darwindayinamerica.com/author/asmith/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655924908.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711064158-20200711094158-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.946492 | 331 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Fifty million children will start school this week as historic changes are under way in the U.S. public school system. As of 2011 48 percent of all public school students were poor* and this year, students of color will account for the majority of public school students for the first time in US history.
What is surprising about these shifts is that they are not leading to more diverse schools. In fact, the Civil Rights Project has shown that black students are just as segregated today as they were in in the late 1960s, when serious enforcement of desegregation plans first began following the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Despite our country’s growing diversity, our public schools provide little contact between white students and students of color. We’ve mapped data about the racial composition of US public schools to shed light on today’s patterns at the county level. These maps show that America’s public schools are highly segregated by race and income, with the declining share of white students typically concentrated in schools with other white students and the growing share of Latino students concentrated into low-income public schools with other students of color. | <urn:uuid:5442a418-b492-47bf-98d9-5bcb42a3dbdd> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.schoolinfosystem.org/2014/08/29/americas-public-schools-remain-highly-segregated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735958.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805124104-20200805154104-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.976064 | 232 | 3.65625 | 4 |
In economics, a monopsony (from Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos) "single" + ὀψωνία (opsōnía) "purchase") is a market structure in which a single buyer substantially controls the market as the major purchaser of goods and services offered by many would-be sellers. In the microeconomic theory of monopsony, a single entity is assumed to have market power over sellers as the only purchaser of a good or service, much in the same manner that a monopolist can influence the price for its buyers in a monopoly, in which only one seller faces many buyers.
Monopsony theory was developed by economist Joan Robinson in her book The Economics of Imperfect Competition (1933). Economists use the term "monopsony power" in a manner similar to "monopoly power" as a shorthand reference for a scenario in which there is one dominant power in the buying relationship, so that power is able to set prices to maximize profits not subject to competitive constraints. Monopsony power exists when one buyer faces little competition from other buyers for that labor or good, so they are able to set wages and prices for the labor or goods they are buying at a level lower than would be the case in a competitive market. A classic theoretical example is a mining town, where the company that owns the mine is able to set wages low since they face no competition from other employers in hiring workers, because they are the only employer in the town, and geographic isolation or obstacles prevent workers from seeking employment in other locations. Other more current examples may include school districts where teachers have little mobility across districts. In such cases the district faces little competition from other schools in hiring teachers, giving the district increased power when negotiating employment terms. Alternative terms are oligopsony or monopsonistic competition.
The term was first introduced by Joan Robinson in her influential book, The Economics of Imperfect Competition, published in 1933. Robinson credited classics scholar Bertrand Hallward at the University of Cambridge with coining the term.
Static monopsony in a labor marketEdit
The standard textbook monopsony model of a labor market is a static partial equilibrium model with just one employer who pays the same wage to all the workers. The employer faces an upward-sloping labor supply curve (as generally contrasted with an infinitely elastic labor supply curve), represented by the S blue curve in the diagram on the right. This curve relates the wage paid, , to the level of employment, , and is denoted as an increasing function . Total labor costs are given by . The firm has a total revenue , which increases with . The firm wants to choose to maximize profits, , which are given by:
At the maximum profit , so first-order condition for maximization is
where here is the derivative of the function implying
The left-hand side of this expression, , is the marginal revenue product of labor (roughly, the extra revenue produced by an extra worker) and is represented by the red MRP curve in the diagram. The right-hand side is the marginal cost of labor (roughly, the extra cost due to an extra worker) and is represented by the green MC curve in the diagram. Notably, the marginal cost is higher than the wage paid to the new worker by the amount
This is because the firm has to increase the wage paid to all the workers it already employs whenever it hires an extra worker. In the diagram, this leads to an MC curve that is above the labor supply curve S.
The first-order condition for maximum profit is then satisfied at point A of the diagram, where the MC and MRP curves intersect. This determines the profit-maximising employment as L on the horizontal axis. The corresponding wage w is then obtained from the supply curve, through point M.
The monopsonistic equilibrium at M can be contrasted with the equilibrium that would obtain under competitive conditions. Suppose a competitor employer entered the market and offered a wage higher than that at M. Then every employee of the first employer would choose instead to work for the competitor. Moreover, the competitor would gain all the former profits of the first employer, minus a less-than-offsetting amount from the wage increase of the first employer's employees, plus profits arising from additional employees who decided to work in the market because of the wage increase. But the first employer would respond by offering an even higher wage, poaching the new rival's employees, and so forth. As a result, a group of perfectly competitive firms would be forced, through competition, to intersection C rather than M. Just as a monopoly is thwarted by the competition to win sales, minimizing prices and maximizing output, competition for employees between the employers in this case would maximize both wages and employment.
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The lower employment and wages caused by monopsony power have two distinct effects on the economic welfare of the people involved. First, it redistributes welfare away from workers and to their employer(s). Secondly, it reduces the aggregate (or social) welfare enjoyed by both groups taken together, as the employers' net gain is smaller than the loss inflicted on workers.
The diagram on the right illustrates both effects, using the standard approach based on the notion of economic surplus. According to this notion, the workers' economic surplus (or net gain from the exchange) is given by the area between the S curve and the horizontal line corresponding to the wage, up to the employment level. Similarly, the employers' surplus is the area between the horizontal line corresponding to the wage and the MRP curve, up to the employment level. The social surplus is then the sum of these two areas.
Following such definitions, the grey rectangle, in the diagram, is the part of the competitive social surplus that has been redistributed from the workers to their employer(s) under monopsony. By contrast, the yellow triangle is the part of the competitive social surplus that has been lost by both parties, as a result of the monopsonistic restriction of employment. This is a net social loss and is called deadweight loss. It is a measure of the market failure caused by monopsony power, through a wasteful misallocation of resources.
As the diagram suggests, the size of both effects increases with the difference between the marginal revenue product MRP and the market wage determined on the supply curve S. This difference corresponds to the vertical side of the yellow triangle, and can be expressed as a proportion of the market wage, according to the formula:
The ratio has been called the rate of exploitation, and it can be easily shown that it equals the reciprocal of the elasticity of the labour supply curve faced by the firm. Thus the rate of exploitation is zero under competitive conditions, when this elasticity tends to infinity. Empirical estimates of by various means are a common feature of the applied literature devoted to the measurement of observed monopsony power.
Finally, it is important to notice that, while the gray-area redistribution effect could be reversed by fiscal policy (i.e., taxing employers and transferring the tax revenue to the workers), this is not so for the yellow-area deadweight loss. The market failure can only be addressed in one of two ways: either by breaking up the monopsony through anti-trust intervention, or by regulating the wage policy of firms. The most common kind of regulation is a binding minimum wage higher than the monopsonistic wage.
A binding minimum wage can be introduced either directly by law or through collective bargaining laws requiring union membership. While it is generally agreed that minimum wage price floors reduce employment, in the presence of monopsony power within the labor market the effect is reversed and a minimum wage could increase employment.
This effect is demonstrated in the diagram on the right.
Here the minimum wage is w'', higher than the monopsonistic w. Because of the binding effects of minimum wage and the excess supply of labor (as defined by the monopsony status), the marginal cost of labor for the firm becomes constant (the price of hiring an additional worker rather than the increasing cost as labor becomes more scarce). This means that the firm maximizes profit at the intersection of the new marginal cost line (MC' in the diagram) and Marginal Revenue Product line (the additional revenue for selling one more unit). This is the point where it becomes more expensive to produce an additional item than is earned in revenue from selling that item.
It should be noted that this condition is still inefficient compared to a competitive market. The line segment represented by A-B shows that there are still workers who would like to find a job, but cannot due to the monopsonistic nature of this industry. This would represent the unemployment rate for this industry. This illustrates the there will be deadweight loss in a monoposonistic labor environment regardless of minimum wage levels, however a minimum wage law can increase total employment within the industry.
More generally, a binding minimum wage modifies the form of the supply curve faced by the firm, which becomes:
where is the original supply curve and is the minimum wage. The new curve has thus a horizontal first branch and a kink at the point
as is shown in the diagram by the kinked black curve MC' S (the black curve to the right of point B). The resulting equilibria (the profit-maximizing choices that rational companies will make) can then fall into one of three classes according to the value taken by the minimum wage, as shown by the following table:
|Minimum Wage||Resulting Equilibrium|
|First Case||< than monopsony wage||where the monopsony wage intersects the supply curve (S)|
|Second Case||> monopsony wage
≤ than competitive wage (the intersection of S and MRP)
|at the intersection of the minimum wage and the supply curve (S)|
|Third Case||> competitive wage||at intersection where minimum wage equals MRP|
Yet, even when it is sub-optimal, a minimum wage higher than the monopsonistic rate raises the level of employment anyway. This is a highly remarkable result because it only follows under monopsony. Indeed, under competitive conditions any minimum wage higher than the market rate would actually reduce employment, according to classical economic models and the consensus of peer-reviewed work. Thus, spotting the effects on employment of newly introduced minimum wage regulations is among the indirect ways economists use to pin down monopsony power in selected labor markets. This technique was used, for example in a series of studies looking at the American labor market that found monopsonies existed only in several specialized fields such as professional sports and college professors.
Just like a monopolist, a monopsonistic employer may find that its profits are maximized if it discriminates prices. In this case this means paying different wages to different groups of workers even if their MRP is the same, with lower wages paid to the workers who have a lower elasticity of supply of their labor to the firm.
Researchers have used this fact to explain at least part of the observed wage differentials whereby women often earn less than men, even after controlling for observed productivity differentials. Robinson's original application of monopsony (1938) was developed to explain wage differentials between equally productive women and men. Ransom and Oaxaca (2004) found that women's wage elasticity is lower than that of men for employees at a grocery store chain in Missouri, controlling for other factors typically associated with wage determination. Ransom and Lambson (2011) found that female teachers are paid less than male teachers due to differences in labor market mobility constraints facing women and men.
Some authors have argued informally that, while this is so for market supply, the reverse may somehow be true of the supply to individual firms. In particular, Manning and others have shown that, in the case of the UK Equal Pay Act, implementation has led to higher employment of women. Since the Act was effectively minimum wage legislation for women, this might perhaps be interpreted as a symptom of monopsonistic discrimination.
The simpler explanation of monopsony power in labor markets is barriers to entry on the demand side. Such barriers to entry would result in a limited number of companies competing for labor (oligopsony). If the hypothesis was generally true, one would expect to find that wages decreased as firm size increased or, more accurately, as industry concentration increased. However, numerous statistical studies document significant positive correlations between firm or establishment size and wages. These results are often explained as being the result of cross-industry competition. For example, if there were only one fast food producer, that industry would be very consolidated. But that company wouldn't be able to drive down wages via monopsonistic power if it were also competing against retail stores, construction, and other jobs utilizing the same labor skill set. This finding is both intuitive (low-skilled labor can move more fluidly through different industries) and supported by the data which found that monopsony effects are limited to professional sports, and perhaps nursing, fields where skill sets limit moving to comparably paid other industries.
However, monopsony power might also be due to circumstances affecting entry of workers on the supply side (like in the referenced case above), directly reducing the elasticity of labor supply to firms. Paramount among these are industry accreditation or licensing fees, regulatory constraints, training or education requirements, and the institutional factors that limit labor mobility between firms, including job protection legislation.
An alternative that has been suggested as a source of monopsony power is worker preferences over job characteristics. Such job characteristics can include distance from work, type of work, location, the social environment at work, etc. If different workers have different preferences, employers could have local monopsony power over workers that strongly prefer working for them.
Empirical evidence of monopsony power has been relatively limited. In line with the considerations discussed above, but perhaps counter to common intuition, there is no observable monopsony power in low-skilled labor markets in the US. Though there has been at least one study finding monopsony power in Indonesia due to barriers to entry in developing countries. Several studies expanding their view for monopsony power have found economic and labor mobility in the US precludes any detectable monopsony effects with the notable exceptions of professional sports and (with some disagreement ) nursing. Both of these industries have highly specialized labor conditions and are generally not substitutable.
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- Schroeter, J.R. (1988). "Estimating the Degree of Market Power in the Beef Packing Industry". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 70 (1): 158–62. doi:10.2307/1928165. JSTOR 1928165. | <urn:uuid:35f4884b-aa42-48c8-b657-187fe7ed68eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopsony | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660139.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118131222-20190118153222-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.91215 | 4,587 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Google has released a video showing off an interesting environmentally friendly innovation in one of their newly built data centers -- namely, a seawater cooling system for its servers. Located on the southern coast of Finland, the data center takes advantage of massive quarter-mile long tunnels installed by a paper mill previously operating on the site. The latter cooled some of its paper making machinery using the tunnels -- and apparently other industries have been known to do this as well -- but up until now using seawater for data center cooling was unheard of.
According to the video, the center collects cool water through an inlet pipe and travels through granite tunnels built by the paper mill in the 1950s. The water is pumped through the data center and run into exchangers that dissipate the heat from servers. Then it's mixed back with cooler water and put back into the sea at a similar temperature it entered the system, so as to have as little impact as possible on the surrounding ecosystem.
There's no air conditioning or other cooling system. The idea is part of the company’s strategy to take advantage of local resources to develop the best environmental strategy for its facilities. Next week Google will also be detailing two other energy-efficient data centers in Europe that don't use chillers, but rather outside air and evaporative cooling.
Besides minimizing environmental impact, the initiative should also help reduce operating costs, as energy consumption and cooling in particular are known to be among the biggest expenses for data centers. Apparently, the Finland data center will also make use of wind power and at least some of this would come from a new wind park next to the facility. | <urn:uuid:36495456-4977-4095-bc1f-bfb250ba4594> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.techspot.com/news/43942-googles-new-finland-data-center-is-cooled-by-seawater.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299360.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00038-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966793 | 328 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Most readers of this site will certainly have heard of this text- the third branch, nyAya prasthAna, of the source for the teaching of advaita. (The other two branches of the so-called prasthAna traya are the Upanishads or shruti, and smRRiti, of which the most important is the bhagavadgItA.) But few have probably read it. You may have attempted to do so but been quickly put off by its seeming complexity. This is not surprising!
The basic text was written by vyAsa and otherwise known as bAdarAyaNa. And ‘text’ is not really the right word. It is actually written in short, numbered sutras whose meaning is often obscure, to say the least. The practice of the time required that writers of such works used as few words as possible – and vyAsa must have been one of the most proficient! The reader is expected to remember what has gone before and fill in the appropriate words as necessary. He is also expected to know the Upanishads and other works off by heart so that the relevant references do not have to be spelled out. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:9644b714-6c90-4663-a06c-4cf79f6f95e1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.advaita-vision.org/tag/prasthana-traya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711278.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208050236-20221208080236-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.982048 | 253 | 2.59375 | 3 |
As being the name suggests, antivirus software program is a course that fights malware. After the computer virus has been recognized or found, it begins the procedure of eradicating it through the computer. Anti-virus software program characteristics as a prophylactic so that it not just antivirus app free eliminates a virus and also guards against any future malware infections on your personal computer.
Computer virus more clean freeacts being a ray of sun in a entire world where infections are similar to darkish clouds. They supply numerous benefits, which are several.
Protection against viruses as well as their distribute
Anti-virus computer software primarily will serve a preventative function. Any potential infection is available, after which removing attempts are created. Remember that almost all of this is certainly accomplished ahead of the infection has an opportunity to result in harm to the machine. This indicates that almost all viruses are beaten before these people have a opportunity to cause harm to your methods.
Turn off adverts and junk
Just about the most common admittance factors for viruses to get into your computer and problems your documents is thru burst-up advertising and spam web sites.
Software program combats these harmful internet sites and advertising that include viruses by preventing their entry to your personal computer network directly.
defense against details criminals and hackers
Antimalware plans like Malwarebytes either set up an antihacking fasten or operate regimen scans to look for any online hackers or programs with a hacking focus on your personal computer system. For that reason, antivirus software supplies a entirely successful shield against hackers.
shields against detachable products
Following the interconnection of any friend’s Universal serial bus, your pc may have slowed down down or crashed. Ever questioned why it took place? This really is since a computer virus was distribute using a Usb 2 . 0 or easily removed product. So, given that you can never make certain which USB could be infected, should you end making use of easily-removed products
No! Basically purchase anti-virus software program that can check out all removable multimedia for potential viruses to ensure that nothing are passed on.
A computer virus assault may cause as much harm to be compelled to purchase a new computer because your aged 1 was irreparably shattered. Deficient a protection process for your personal computer is equivalent to starting the doorway for malware, providing them easy accessibility in your program. | <urn:uuid:bee63223-bb8f-4f45-af8c-e700798778f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.d2drepairservice.com/benefits-of-antivirus-software-vitality-of-online-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656869.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609233952-20230610023952-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.949546 | 488 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Village of Salters | Williamsburg County, SC | c. 1850s
This old depot was built in the 1850s when the railroad came to town and actively served the community of Salters for 100 years. The community was often referred to as Salters Depot, a predominantly agricultural town where some locals even refer to themselves as ‘Saltines.’
And while a few buildings still stand today, including the depot, it no longer serves travelers.
Many moved away and the business doors shuttered, leaving this rural hamlet as a virtual ghost town.
European settlement in the area
European settlers began coming to the Williamsburg District in the first half of the 1700s, mostly from Great Britain.
When they arrived on native lands and as they moved inland, they would’ve encountered different tribes. Some historic accounts of these interactions mention the Chickasaw, the Creek, the PeeDee, the Waccamaw, among some of the tribes who called the land the WeeNee River home, later renamed the Black River.
These immigrants represented a new era for America that brought European settlers from all classes, with different reasons for immigrating, different skills, different means, and different dreams for the future.
While most of the settlers during the 1700s were from Great Britain, some of them were poor Protestants of Scots-Irish descent looking for relief from the famine and disease in Ireland in the 1720s and 30s. While other settlers from the aristocracy arrived to cultivate the fertile lands of the inland swamp that were ideal for indigo and cotton planting.
The productive agricultural conditions, reliance on enslaved labor to cultivate the crops, and access to the Black River for shipping goods to Georgetown, made this area attractive to planters in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The William Salters Plantation
Around 1806, William Salters(1788-1833) appears for the first time in land records in the area, buying 1,150 acres that year from the Frierson Family. Salters eventually acquired the accolade of Colonel for his service in the South Carolina militia, while simultaneously acquiring thousands more acres along the Black River, where he planted cotton that was cultivated by enslaved labor.
The Railroad Comes to Town
His descendant, Capt. John Salters, saw an opportunity when the railroad came through in 1856. After tracks were laid along the eastern edge of his property, he arranged to have a depot built near his house.
The Village of Salters is Founded
First and foremost, access to the depot and rail line made it easier to ship his own crops out to bigger markets. But the arrival of this new transport line and construction of the depot also opened up for sale the property lots along the rails. Soon, homes and commercial enterprises would open to serve locals and train travelers alike. | <urn:uuid:887cd7bc-3349-4507-a6c1-f7d7afcc6125> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://theforgottensouth.com/salters-depot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710473.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128034307-20221128064307-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.974851 | 582 | 3.8125 | 4 |
PTC Thermistor Relay
are used for protection of electric motors, alternators and other equipments. The thermistor relay operates on the signal from PTC thermistors. The thermistors are fitted in the motor windings and whenever the winding achieves switching temperature of the thermistor, this signal is given to the thermistor relay. The thermistor relay then operates and switches off the motor, thus preventing the winding from burning.
Depending upon the function, the thermistor relays are available in 2 types. The standard version is used for tripping and the DUAL version is used for Alarm and Tripping.Specifications:
- Various supply voltage: 110/ 230/ 380/ 415 V AC, 24 V DC
- DIN rail & Chassis mounting type
- Upto 6 thermistors can be connected to the Thermistor Relay
- Tripping facility and ALARM & TRIP facility
- Machines with thermistor fitted motors | <urn:uuid:a1a9ba8a-4714-401f-bd0b-43704fafca91> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ghanacon.com/thermistor-relay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143695.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218120100-20200218150100-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.787158 | 197 | 2.625 | 3 |
The etymology of the word pie (in the edible sense) has been something of a mystery; the American Heritage Dictionary cautiously says “Middle English” and leaves it at that. Alison Richards, at NPR’s food blog, takes the occasion of the upcoming Thanksgiving holiday (in the U.S.) to cite the OED’s entry—and links to it in such a way that you can read it even if you’re not a subscriber, which is great. As she says, it “may well derive from the Latin word pica, meaning magpie”; here’s how the OED puts it (in the new third edition):
The dish, which originally consisted of any variety of ingredients, may have been named by association with the bird, either after the bird’s spotted appearance or after its tendency to collect miscellaneous articles. In this context, the similarity between the words haggis n. and haggess n., a name for the magpie, has been pointed out; compare also chewet n.1, a dish of mixed ingredients, and chewet n.2, a name for the chough.
For an alternative etymology < an unattested variant *pis of Anglo-Norman puz and Old French puis pit, well (Middle French puis, French puits; < classical Latin puteus: see pit n.1), and thus an assumption that sense 2 is in fact the original sense, see C. H. Livingston History and Etymology of English “Pie” (1959 ).
Compare post-classical Latin pia (1303, 1317 in British sources), which is perhaps < English. […]
Compare also post-classical Latin pica pie, pastry (c1310, 1419 in British sources; perhaps identified with classical Latin pīca magpie: see pie n.1) .
Ms. Richards expands entertainingly on those suggestions (and links to some other OED entries); she ends her essay: “So as you eat this year’s slice of pumpkin or apple pie, I hope you’ll enjoy the thought that each sweet mouthful of fruit and spice carries the memory of an ancient magpie treasure trove.” I add my own hope that everyone who celebrates the holiday Thursday gets through it without either heartburn or family drama. (Pro tip: Using a butterflied, or spatchcocked, turkey cuts down on cooking time and makes it easier to get all parts to the proper degree of doneness.) | <urn:uuid:c5c5d5eb-06bf-4abf-8789-6b3c821ead92> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://languagehat.com/magpie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825366.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00266-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933858 | 532 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What Is Cinnamon?
Cinnamon is a brown spice that is cultivated from a specific type of tree bark. Several tree species belonging to the Cinnamomum genus can produce this spice. The two most principal types are Ceylon cinnamon and cassia cinnamon.
Uses Of Cinnamon
Cinnamon has been important to humans since ancient times. Over the years, it has become useful in a variety of aspects. Cinnamon is commonly used as a condiment, an alcohol flavoring, and for traditional medicine.
In the kitchen, cinnamon is prized for its strong smell and taste. It is commonly mixed with chocolate, tea, desserts, candies, and coffee. In the Middle East, cinnamon is used both for sweet and savory dishes. It is a common condiment for lamb, chicken, and some vegetables.
As an alcohol flavoring, cinnamon is equally valuable. In ancient times, it was used to flavor Roman wine. Today, it is used to add a spicy flavor to everything from whiskey to liqueur and is added to hot wine in some countries during the cold winter months.
Cinnamon has a long history as a traditional medicine and continues to be used for this purpose today. Proponents of its medicinal use claim that it has several health benefits including high levels of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory properties, reduction in cholesterol and blood pressure, and increased sensitivity to insulin (which helps control blood sugar levels). Some research also suggests that cinnamon may help fight Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer.
Where Does Cinnamon Come From?
Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Burma, and the Malabar Coast of India. Records indicate that Egypt imported the spice as early as 2,000 BC. Through the spice trade, it was eventually introduced to Mediterranean countries, with a Greek account dating back to the 7th century BC. By the Middle Ages, Europe was buying cinnamon and traders kept its source secret. In fact, Indonesian traders brought the spice to East Africa, and from there, it was taken to Egypt. For many years, Italian traders dispersed cinnamon from Egypt, holding a monopoly over the cinnamon trade in Europe.
Today, Sri Lanka produces between 80% and 90% of the world’s C. verum cinnamon supply. Seychelles and Madagascar also cultivate this cinnamon on a much smaller scale. Cassia cinnamon, a more common variety, is mainly produced in Indonesia which provides approximately 66% of global supplies. China, India, and Vietnam also produce this cinnamon type.
How Is Cinnamon Cultivated?
As previously mentioned, cinnamon comes from a specific tree bark. Farmers grow these trees for around two years before they cut it at its base. The roots are left behind to grow new saplings. While the harvest is still wet, the tree stems are processed. To obtain the cinnamon, workers first remove the outer bark. The remaining stem is then pounded to loosen the inner bark, which is where the cinnamon is located. This inner bark is then rolled off the stem into long pieces. This rolled bark is then set out to dry for approximately 4 to 6 hours. As it drys, the cinnamon curls into something known as quills. The long quills are then either cut into 2 to 4-inch pieces or ground into powder for the market. | <urn:uuid:560060ec-4dee-4f95-a2f1-7158099c50a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-does-cinnamon-come-from.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607802.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524055048-20170524075048-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.95411 | 676 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Make a Donation
Be a part of our bridge to hope and healing…
There are more than 270,000 people in the U.S. who experience a TBI every year. More than 50 percent of these injuries are due to automotive, motorcycle, bicycle and pedestrian accidents. Approximately 20 percent are due to violence, such as firearm assaults and child abuse. Half of all injuries involve alcohol usage. Among children under 14 years of age, TBI is responsible for approximately 3,000 deaths and 37,000 hospitalizations. Most recently, our American soldiers who are returning home from Iraq present the newest challenge for serving the Traumatic Brain Injured.
The Head Injury Association offers support services to traumatic brain injury survivors and their families through clinical treatment as well as vocational, educational, cultural and recreational experiences that help survivors adapt to the daily challenges of life. In addition, the Association provides the necessary residential programs to help TBI survivors achieve four valued outcomes: Individualization, Independence, Integration and Productivity. | <urn:uuid:09a6cfd8-6994-4f68-a21a-9ebd44914c3c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.headinjuryassoc.org/make-a-donation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.955434 | 202 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Coelacanth: Oldest fish gets new research
lcolema1 at maine.rr.com
Fri Feb 22 11:14:12 EST 2002
February 18, 2002
Oldest fish gets new research
300 million years old: Ancient coelacanth 'makes us question all the science
that has gone before'
JOHANNESBURG - A team of international scientists will soon converge in
South Africa to mount a massive deep-sea study of "the living fossil"-- a
monstrous four-finned fish that has apparently avoided the pressures of
evolution for more than 300 million years.
Imagine a prehistoric beast of human-sized proportion that fertilizes eggs
the size of tennis balls, has bony scales, a prickly spine and four fins
that look like legs. Scientists believe the coelacanth (pronounced
seal-uh-cant) has looked just like that ever since dinosaurs roamed the
Earth, refusing to adapt or die.
"This is the world's slowest-evolving fish. How can a creature exist for
that long without changing?" asks biologist Tony Ribbink of the South
African Institute of Aquatic Bio-Diversity, which will lead the study.
"It makes us question all the science that has gone before. This animal
should be extinct. I want to know if the enigma can be explained."
Researchers from Germany, Singapore, the United States and at least five
African countries will be using a submersible vessel in a joint effort to
unlock the secret of the coelacanth.
This swimming beast has been the subject of scientific fascination since
1938, when a South African fishing trawler accidentally snagged one in its
net and handed it to a local museum for inspection.
It was like discovering a living dinosaur. Until then, scientists thought
the fish had been extinct for 70 million years and it was hailed in
newspaper headlines around the world as the greatest zoological find of the
Scientists offered financial rewards to anyone who found another such
creature. Divers died trying, fisherman trolled the seas and researchers
embarked on costly expeditions up the African coast.
But it was another 14 years before the next coelacanth was discovered, in
the Indian Ocean, off the Comoros islands.
Though the species has since been located in the waters off four other
countries -- Mozambique, Madagascar, Kenya and Indonesia -- it has proven
difficult to study because coelacanths usually skulk in underwater caves up
to 600 metres below the ocean's surface.
The fish is sensitive to temperature changes and can not be brought to the
Researchers received new hope, however, in October, 2000, when a 31-year-old
lawyer spotted something strange while on a recreational dive at the St.
Lucia marine reserve on South Africa's east coast.
"I saw this eye reflecting towards me and that made me curious," Pieter
Venter said in an interview yesterday. "I approached ... and underneath a
rock overhang, I saw this fish about two metres long. It was so weird, like
from another world."
After a few stunned moments, Mr. Venter realized it was a coelacanth. He and
two friends were 104 metres below the surface -- an extraordinary depth for
divers, but the shallowest at which the fish has ever been sighted.
Mr. Venter and his diving buddies were thrilled, but none of them had a
camera. "It was like seeing a UFO without being able to take a photograph,"
The group returned with a team of six others the following month, descended
to 115 metres and, with just three minutes remaining before they would have
to ascend, they spotted three more coelacanths. This time, the divers
captured the living fossil on film.
But the great find came at a terrible price.
One diver passed out and another, Dennis Harding, tried to rescue the sick
man by carrying him back up to the surface. He ascended too quickly, and
34-year-old Mr. Harding died of a cerebral embolism on board the dive boat.
Despite the tragedy, the coelacanth discovery was huge news in South Africa.
The government immediately put the area off limits to other divers while
excited researchers spent the next year trying to raise money and necessary
permissions for a study.
Several plans fell apart before the Ministry of Science and Technology
announced last week it would provide about $2-million for an international
research project led by Mr. Ribbink. The German government is supplying a
two-person submersible vessel, and other countries are lining up to get
An initial research ship is going out "any day now" to map more than a dozen
canyons on the ocean floor. Once that is done, scientists will plot a path
for the submersible vessel and use it to establish just how many coelacanths
are living in South African waters. They hope to study the fish in its
natural environment, examine its DNA and, eventually, use it to attract
"The educational aspect is very important," says Mr. Ribbink. "We can use
this fish as an icon of bio-diversity and encourage kids to get interested
"If we find a lot of them down there, that opens up the potential for
tourist submersibles. It would be like an underwater Land Rover."
cschuler at iafrica.com
More information about the Deepsea | <urn:uuid:88737e06-ac15-4efc-acfe-071f5099c81d> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/deepsea/2002-February/000524.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444047.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00215-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941554 | 1,175 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Dystonia can be described as focal, where only one area of the body is affected, segmental, two or more connected areas are affected, hemidystonia, one side of the body only is affected, multifocal where two or more unconnected body regions are affected and generalised, where most or all of the body is affected.
Focal dystonias can occur at any age but mostly occur in adults.
- cervical dystonia – dystonia of the neck causing painful spasms, postures or positions
- blepharospasm – dystonia of the eyelids causing the eyes to blink or close often
- spasmodic dysphonia – dystonia of the larynx or voice box leading to strained, whispering or shaky speech
- writer’s or musician’s cramp – causing difficulty with writing or playing a musical instrument
- oromandibular dystonia – dystonia of the face, jaw, mouth and tongue with difficulty in opening or closing the mouth affecting chewing and speech and causing movements the person cannot control
Segmental dystonias include Meige’s syndrome which is a mix of two forms of dystonia, blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia that could involve the voice, or combinations such as writer’s cramp and cervical dystonia.
Hemidystonia affects one side of the body. This type of dystonia is usually caused by a brain injury.
Multifocal dystonia is not common, where unconnected areas in the body are affected, for example, spasmodic dysphonia may be seen with writer’s cramp.
Generalised dystonia is the least common form of dystonia but the most disabling and occurs mostly in children and adolescents (13-19 year olds). In this type of dystonia the trunk (central or main part of the body) is involved and two or more other areas of the body. The following types of generalised dystonia are the most common. Please refer to our website for more information.
- Early-onset generalised dystonia. Symptoms start in childhood or adolescence (13-19 years old) and often begins with dystonia of a leg but spreads to other areas.
- Dopa-responsive dystonia is a dystonia that responds well to dopamine, an important chemical messenger in the brain.
- Myoclonus dystonia where quick, jerky movements of mostly the arms are seen in association with dystonia. | <urn:uuid:fad583a1-7bcb-4824-bd03-0690069357af> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.dystonia.org.au/what-is-dystonia/forms-of-dystonia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256724.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522022933-20190522044933-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.912068 | 539 | 3.71875 | 4 |
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