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The causes of a first-degree burn can include:
Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. Symptoms can include skin that is:
The symptoms of a first-degree burn can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.
A first-degree burn usually heals on its own within a week. Treatment may include:
First-degree burns are usually not bandaged.
The following are some of ways to prevent burns in children:
Call your child's healthcare provider if:
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:
The University of Chicago Medicine
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Appointments: Call UCM Connect at 1-888-824-0200 | <urn:uuid:69aa6e6b-5818-4b22-82f3-f8c709e90e33> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://healthlibrary.uchospitals.edu/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Burns/90,P01744 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887414.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118131245-20180118151245-00720.warc.gz | en | 0.937072 | 207 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Book Description: Written for non-science students, this text emphasizes the normal structure and function of the human body and the role of homeostasis, with special attention given to diseases and disorders of the body. Coverage of each organ system closes with a brief discussion of changes over the human life span. Material is also included on evolution, including human evolution and the principles of ecology. "Spotlight on Health" sections feature: healing and broken bones; interpreting nutritional labels; exercise and fitness; AIDS; alcohol and drugs; and the reproductive threats from pollutants. Technical terms are given phonetic pronunciation and in-text summaries follow each major section. | <urn:uuid:45fbda81-a800-4e6c-8175-1d2597ce0a56> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.campusbooks.com/books/medicine/9780072905847_Mader-Sylvia-S-Mader-Sylvia-S_Human-Biology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00050-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902883 | 129 | 2.734375 | 3 |
COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PRESENTATION OF THE CHARACTERS OF JAY GATSBY AND DICK DIVER. NOTE ESPECIALLY THEIR ATTITUDES TO LIFE, LOVE AND RELATIONSHIPS, THEIR DEMISE AND THE ROLES THEY PLAY WITHIN THEIR RESPECTIVE NOVELS.
F. Scott Fitzgerald is known as a writer who chronicled his times. This work has been critically acclaimed for portraying the sentiments of the American people during the 1920s and 1930s. The Great Gatsby was written in 1924, whilst the Fitzgeralds were staying on the French Riviera, and Tender is the Night was written nearly ten years later, is set on, among other places, the Riviera. There are very interesting aspects of these works, such as the way Fitzgerald treats his so-called heroes, and to what extent we can call them heroic.
Gatsby and Diver are both presented as wealthy men leading privileged lives. The Great Gatsby was written before the Depression, and the optimism and faith in the power of money within the novel demonstrates this belief that people had. Notably, it is the characters faith in riches, and not Fitzgerald s own. Gatsby is a self-made millionaire, making his money through bootlegging. He has acquired vast amounts of money, and believes that this money will help persuade Daisy to love him and leave Tom. This is illustrated in Chapter five when Daisy is shown around Gatsby s mansion at his request. He shows her every detail, through from the gardens to his shirts and he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes . Gatsby sees his money and possessions as wonderful things, but they are also more than that, they are a means to an end, the end being Daisy. He bough the house because of where it was in relation to Daisy (across the bay), and he held the most amazing parties in the hope that Daisy, or someone that knew Daisy would come. Gatsby, in effect, devoted his whole life to the search for Daisy, and his money is a tool to help him find his love.
Diver s attitude to money is very much a contrast to this. Money to him does not represent freedom and choice, but a bind that ties him and constricts him. Diver is conscious through the whole novel that he himself is not the financially dominant member of his marriage, but Nicole, with her seemingly endless riches. Tender is the Night is written after the Wall Street Crash and during the Depression, but Fitzgerald has moved his characters away from the Depression of the United States to the French Riviera, where the Depression did not leave such a deeply imprinted mark upon society. Diver is representative of middle class America financially secure but not in a position to spend money as Nicole does, buying from great lists, and everything she liked that she couldn t possibly use she bought as a present for a friend . Instead, Dick felt a discrepancy between the growing luxury in which the Divers lived, and the need for display which apparently went along with it. Dick feels trapped by Nicole s money, and constantly tires to assert his independence from it, such as when he and Nicole started out together, he supported them on his few thousand a year. However, the Warren family undermined his independence, such as buying the Divers their clinic in Zurich, in order to protect Nicole. Nicole wants to own Dick, and once of the ways in which to do so is by her money ( Nicole, wanting to own him encouraged any slackness on his part ). People see the Divers for their money, such as Franz Gregorovious with his plans for the clinic. It is not that Dick is adverse to the concept of money and wealth, but he feels that he has become trapped by Nicole s riches (he had wedded a desire for money to an essentially unacquisitive nature he had never felt more sure of himself than at the time of his marriage to Nicole. Yet he has been swallowed up like a gigolo, and somehow permitted his arsenal to be locked up in the Warren safety deposit vaults. )
Despite both these men having vast amounts of money at their disposal, thus the theoretical ability to do or achieve anything they want, neither of these men are happy. Interestingly, neither of these men view their money as material wealth, but intrinsically linked to their lovers. Fitzgerald does not put forward the theory that money brings happiness, or can solve problems, but more often than not, brings more sadness and joy. This contrasts nicely with the mood of the 1920s which was of materialism, and also of the 1930s, where lack of money brought unhappiness.
Gatsby and Diver are both seen by their peers as luck men living an ideal life as socialites, entertaining people endlessly, blessed with great fortunes ( lucky Dick, you big stiff ). What more could they wish for? They lived in big house, socialise and provide for others, and appear to enjoy their lives, but do they? Their idealised lives seem, to them, vacant and directionless, a never-ending stream of parties and faces. For Gatsby, his life will never be perfect unless he has Daisy. For Dick, his life is slightly more complicated, torn between his desire to be autonomous, his desire to cure Nicole, and his fear that a cured Nicole will no longer need him. Dick s desire to control others is representative of his desire for order which is shown by his voice that promised that he would take care of her [Rosemary] , and she also saw him as a model of correctness . Dick also provided a structure for Nicole to put her faith in, and therefore get better. Dick s faith in form and order comes from another time, and does not fit in with the anarchy and chaos of a rapidly evolving America. It does not hold with the sense of the disintegration of society which Fitzgerald saw happen before his eyes. Instead, he is the last hope of a decaying clan and the exact furthermost evolution of a class a man who is eventually destroyed by not being able to keep up with the times.
Gatsby also has a relationship with the idea of order. He had, according to Nick, one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it . Gatsby wished to find in Daisy some idea of himself with which to counter a life which had become confused and disordered. Order and chaos pervade The Great Gatsby , with Nick declaring his belief that codes of conduct are needed to control human behaviour. He wishes for the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral attention forever , and Gatsby also seems to be lost in the world of parties he has created, and not quite in control, despite his efforts. Gatsby does not need to control his parties, but he does his life, which he has desperately tried to map out in his own way, despite what others may say (Nick saying, You can t repeat the past! to which Gatsby replies, Why of course you can! ).
Both Gatsby and Diver s need and belief in order is in contrast to the company they keep, such as, in Dick s case, Mary Minghetti (North) and Lady Caroline Sibley-Biers, and in Gatsby s case, the parties he throws. Notably, it is not their actual desired company, but the company they are associated with through friends or events. Gatsby searches for Daisy in these parties, not ladies who fall in the pool, and Dick was friendly with Mary whilst she was married to Abe, but not while she consorted with Lady Caroline. However, Mary turns to Dick, bringer of order to chaos, to sort out their problems when they are arrested. It is interesting to see that while Dick s downfall becomes more and more apparent, his acquaintances become more and more wild, highlighting the disintegration of both society and Dick, and that Dick s demise must be linked to his inability to adapt to this anarchic and chaotic mood.
Gatsby and Diver are great entertainers of their peers. Diver seems to thrive on the company of others, of controlling social situations perfectly and, and the peak of his social climb, people clamour to be with the Divers. Dick, according to Mary, could keep a party moving just by a little sentence or a saying here and there. He could make people enjoy themselves and each other, almost effortlessly, and because of this, people remember him ( It s one of the finest memories in my life the most civilised gather of people that I have ever known Royal Dumphrey). His parties were always memorable, though it is questionable whether they were civilised. One of the earliest scenes in Tender is the Night is the party which ends in a duel, and whilst in Paris Rosemary notes that she can now say that she has been to a wild party. However, it is only after the departure of the Divers is when these parties degenerate into disorder and chaos, underlining the idea that Dick is a bringer of order. To please other people seems to please Dick, but it also wore him out ( one of his most characteristic moods was upon him, the excitement that swept everyone up into it and was inevitably followed by his own form of melancholy ). Rosemary is one character within the novel who is particularly enchanted with the Divers, especially Dick. She constantly tells her Mother, who is also her chief confidante, how Perfect the Divers are, and Tommy protects them from rumours by telling Mrs McKisco that it is inadvisable to comment on what goes on in his house . Tommy seems to be the only character willing to protect the Divers, especially Nicole. Despite their fantastic social life, the Divers seem to end up friendless in their own lives, on the outside than the leaders of the inside social circle that they once were.
Gatsby is also seen as a great socialite, but on a different level. Where the Divers were masters of smaller, personal parties, Gatsby regularly threw wild extravagant revels. However, Dick and Nicole were the obvious and open hosts, Gatsby remained elusive, and almost none of his guests could actually recognise him. Instead, he was the hidden host, observer of the gaiety that he provided, forever on the lookout for something, someone. Gatsby s past is shrouded in mystery – some think that he is a German spy, others that he has killed a man. However, Gatsby does not entertain for the sake of it, he takes no real joy in the proceedings. Instead, it is a mechanism to find Daisy, the driving force of almost everything he does. In the spirit of entertainers, Diver and Gatsby are only linked by the happiness they bring others through their parties, and the fact that despite their social appearance, they both lead lonely, almost friendless lives.
Gatsby and Diver are both intensive socialites, even if in a kind of reclusive manner, and certainly in Dick s case, the excessive like leads to his demise through, among other reasons, alcoholism. There are also other mentions of ridiculous behaviour which went on at Gatsby s parties, but it would be unfair to say that in these two novels Fitzgerald was simply writing cautionary tales concerning the risks of excessive alcohol and socialising. Although Fitzgerald was passing judgement on the times in which he lived, he was writing about more than alcohol and the ridiculous critics often associated with it. Diver s and Gatsby s demise has more to do with a loss of control and broken dreams than too many parties.
Dreams, hope and romance play key parts in the personalities of both Gatsby and Diver. Gatsby possessed an extraordinary gift for hope , and Fitzgerald seems to feel that this is what set him apart from his society. Gatsby has ideals. He had a dream which he not only desired, but did so so strongly that he based his entire life around life. Obviously Daisy is the immediate goal, but according to Nick, Gatsby s dreams and aspirations had gone beyond her, beyond everything . Daisy, Nick says, wouldn t satisfy Gatsby he knew that when he kissed this girl, and forever wed this unutterable visions to her perishable breath, his mind would never romp again like the mind of God . Gatsby is constantly dreaming, but more than dreaming, he is actively striving towards something better, be it Daisy, or something less tangible. This drive separates him from the laissez-faire attitude of Daisy, tome and Jordan, who seem bored of their lives and its sophistication . Perhaps it is this dreamer-like quality that compels Nick to call Gatsby great .
Dick also has ambition and drive, but somehow goes wayward, and does not achieve greatness . Dick is intelligent and he was seen by many as a brilliant psychologist, but becomes entangled with a love affair with a patient, Nicole, that effectively ends his career. Dick strives to heal Nicole, but this dream traps Dick, and then the success of his work to strengthen her actually underlines his own personal demise. Dick s hopes are not as clear-cut as Gatsby s, but the base ideals of most are within him, if hidden and corrupted by society ( he used to think that he wanted to be good, he wanted to be kind, he wanted to be brave and wise, but it was all pretty difficult. He wanted to be loved, too, if he could fit in. ). It is interesting that Dick sees himself as an outsider to society, and that he, like everyone else wants love and care, as if he doesn t feel loved by Nicole. This quotation also marks Dick s attitude of not being quite good enough by his own standards, and the fact that he doesn t feel strongly enough to work it out is in contrast to Gatsby who will do anything for his dream. However, like Gatsby, Diver is a romantic ( the silver cord is cut and the golden bowl is broken and all that, but an old romantic like me can t do anything about it ), in contrast to his peers and society. Of the two men, Gatsby is definitely the most idealistic, and this represents the optimism of his time, with Diver not having the same naive gift of hope. Gatsby and Diver are alike in their romanticism and ideals, and then demise represents the futility of ideals in an increasingly corrupt and materialistic society.
Gatsby s dream is to be with Daisy, to marry her and spend the rest of their lives together. He obviously loves her a great deal, and his love is what drives him. For many, The Great Gatsby can be seen as a tragic love story. However, when Gatsby imagines his life with Daisy he knew before the war. Since then, both Gatsby and Daisy have changed, and in Gatsby s mind, Daisy has been transformed into an ideal woman, an ideal which, through no fault of her own, cannot live up to. However, Daisy has been claimed by another, and although she may still love Gatsby, it is not as simple as Gatsby seems to think. The limitation Gatsby s attitude to Daisy can be shown in the manner he acts towards Tom, and the forthright way in which he tells Tom that Daisy s leaving you . He is the dominant one in their relationship, but he is also childish and na ve to suggest that Daisy never loved Tom. It is this idea, which taints her attitude toward him, and opens up the vulnerability which Tom is able to attack, namely the mystery surrounding Gatsby s past. By bringing up Gatsby s business, Tom is able to expose this weakness, and thus have him lose Daisy. Gatsby knows the effect of these revelations namely in the way he looked as if he had killed a man . She herself was drawing further and further into herself . Gatsby s dream has crashed, and this is a critical turning point, namely the beginning of the very swift downfall, the drive toward death .
Gatsby places absolute importance on his love and possible relationship with Daisy. Although Diver never really seems to express the same obvious undying love for Nicole that Gatsby appears to feel for Daisy, his demise also begins with the breaking down of his already dysfunctional relationship. In the way that Gatsby had created Daisy in his mind, Dick created Nicole as her psychologist, and he delights in her progress. However, she is his creation, and the signs that he is losing control of his creation help send him spiralling downward. The stronger Nicole grows, the less she needs Dick, and eventually she leaves. Although this seems negative, the Diver s relationship was never balanced, Dick controlled Nicole s mind through his psychology, and Nicole controlled his life through her money. Nicole owned Dick, who did not want to be owned , and this control gave a very disturbing edge to their relationship. A possibly even more disturbing element of Dick and Nicole s marriage are the two roles he plays husband and healer. The dualism of his views of hers that of the husband, that of the psychiatrist was increasingly paralysing his faculties. Dick, once so brilliant at playing either of those roles (he was known as a brilliant psychiatrist) now cannot apply either to Nicole s situation, and neither his love not his academia can help her. She has worn him down too much, and there is a definite element of truth when she says, some of the time I think it s my fault I ve ruined you.
It is interesting to note that Dick, a brilliant psychiatrist, does choose Nicole, a patient. There is her obvious beauty and charm, but Dick realises the complications of the situation. Why does he let himself marry Nicole, a marriage in which the difficulty of his role is clear? The answer must reside in Dick s innate love of order, and his need to be in control of situations, whether they are parties, patients, or even his own marriage. The terrible irony is that Dick does not control Nicole, but Nicole Dick, with her illness which he has to tend, and her money which he needs.
Both Dick and Gatsby s tragic endings are closely linked to their failed love. Neither Gatsby nor Dick manage to survive in the world that Fitzgerald has portrayed. Both also lose their dignity to some extent, Gatsby by being found lying in a swimming pool, and then by an unattended funeral; Dick by fading into the obscurity of a GP in New York State, never managing to settle in one place. Which of these two endings seems to have more dignity? Gatsby s final ending is undignified, being in a swimming pool his house being defaces, but this is short term, and Fitzgerald does not let this be our last picture of Gatsby, instead ending with the epic vision of the future, of boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past . Gatsby does not leave friends behind, he leaves a legacy ( One of the taxi drivers in the village never took a fare past the entrance gate without stopping for a minute and pointing inside ), and an impact on Nick Carraway that was so great that he was compelled to write about him. Gatsby also dies spiritually intact ( his dream must have been so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it ). He knew that he had lost Daisy, but he probably did not know the true extent of his loss, with his apparently unending capacity for hope. Gatsby s death was the result of a revenge for the death of Myrtille Wilson, but it was Daisy who killed her, not Gatsby. The extent of his love for Daisy results in his death, and he dies with his dream.
Diver does not die, but is almost buried alive. He loses his wife, therefore his money, and also his reputation. He leaves behind his existence on the Riviera to forge ahead on his own. It appears that Tommy forces Diver out, but before Tommy suggested anything to Dick, it is evident that this relationship with Nicole was over. The case was finished. Doctor Diver was at liberty . This is the culmination of a social fall from the very peak of society to being mocked, and being seen as a dissipated doctor who is not received anywhere anymore.
Diver s social fall should be compared to Gatsby s as to see which is the more dignified and heroic. One key part is the element of control. Gatsby did not have control of the car which killed Mrs Wilson and he did not have control of Mr Wilson, who shot him. Therefore one can suggest that of the forces which led to Gatsby s demise, Gatsby played a passive role, and events were to blame, and not him. Of course, he should not have let Daisy drive, but how could he have known what was to follow? The timing of Gatsby s demise is also important it all takes place within twenty four hours from Daisy telling Gatsby that she did love Tom, and Tom revealing Gatsby s past, to Mr Wilson shooting Gatsby. This short space of time leads even more to the idea that Gatsby cannot be held responsible for his death, but to a certain extent, Dick can be held responsible for his demise.
It is apparent from the end of Book Two in Tender is the Night , when Dick hears of his father s death, that he is losing control of himself and events. He meets Rosemary and the McKiscos on the ship, and Rosemary says, oh, such a shame. What s it all about anyhow? Why bring it to me? to which Diver replies, I guess I m the Black Death. I don t seem to bring people happiness anymore. This conversation shows how even Dick himself is aware of his fading talents, but there is a sense of confusion within Dick, that he doesn t even know what to do about it. Dick is finally being tested, and failing. One of Dick s main problems is his alcohol intake, which becomes more and more apparent to people, such as Franz Gregory and Tommy, who says that Dick is not a person who should drink. Dick s drinking began as a social exercise, but grows and grows until it controls him. As a result of Dick s failures, both socially, professionally, and with Nicole, Dick drinks more and more, but he does not feel out of control ( Dick blamed himself only for indiscretion ). It is the incident with Morris who accused Dr Diver of drinking whilst on duty that brings about an end to Dick s psychiatric career, but even after this, Dick continues to drink excessively whilst with Nicole on the Riviera. Alcohol is symbolic of a world that Dick cannot control, but still wishes to be a part of. Society moves on and changes, and Dick cannot keep up. Fitzgerald uses alcohol as a mechanism that highlights Dick s demise, and its inherent links with society. Dick turns to drink as he loses faith in himself, Nicole, and society in general. This loss of faith means that Diver drifts away into nothing, and fades from view. Our last image of him is in the distance, out of focus, fading into nothing. He has gone from being at the height of social order to a social drop out in a society where money, alcohol and social excess are the norm, but where he cannot keep up.
Gatsby and Diver live in fast moving, chaotic societies, where morals are bent and ideal broken. Fitzgerald has not created in either man an obvious hero, as both men are presented as having many faults, but I think that it is fair to say that they are heroes , despite their drawbacks. They are both romantics in an unromantic world. Both these characters are seen as old fashioned in a swiftly changing America. However, Fitzgerald seems to applaud these characteristics, by portraying the other characters in a more negative light. The only other character with these novels who could be seen as heroic is Nick Carraway, and some see him, and not Gatsby, as the hero of his novel. However, Carraway himself feels that Gatsby is great , mainly on account of his extraordinary gift for hope . This hope sets Gatsby apart from everyone else Nick has ever encountered, and despite Gatsby representing everything which I have an unaffected scorn , this idea of hope remains the most prominent and absolute.
Gatsby cannot be seen as heroic in the traditional moral sense he made his fortunes from bootlegging, he involves himself with unscrupulous characters such as Meyer Wolfshiem, and befriends Nick and Jordan not because he likes them, but on account of their link with Daisy. But despite all this, and the half-scornful, half-admiring descriptions we receive dorm Nick, we still believe in Gatsby, and Gatsby s character, because of his capacity for hope and love. There is also something admirable about the way Gatsby did progress from being a nobody to a millionaire, epitomising the American Dream. However, Fitzgerald does not shy away from showing that America does have classes within society, and Gatsby, despite his newfound riches, will never be able to become a part of the society in which he lives. Like Diver, he finds himself on the outside looking in.
Diver, like Gatsby, has heroic qualities, but he does not have strong enough a character not to be dragged down by the society in which he lives. Essentially, Diver is a good man. He has a desire to please others, to help, and to love. These are certainly admirable qualities. I think that Fitzgerald has created in Tender is the Night a novel in which the best character, or hero, is dragged down by the force that society exerts on him. It is the breaking down of a good character to become a shadow of his formal self. The hero in dick struggles against these changes, but, ultimately, he succumbs. Dick is not as heroic as Gatsby, and I think that Fitzgerald intended Dick to be seen as lacking compared to Gatsby, because he lacks the hope that Gatsby has. He sees that he has been defeated, and doesn t fight as hard as he could to recover himself. However, this seeming lack of will power could be seen as a measure of just how much society has taken a toll upon Dick s character. Gatsby can be seen as great , but Dick, unfortunately for him, falls somewhat short of this accolade, and instead can be seen as a good man who has been broken.
Gatsby, with all his powers of hope and dreams, can be viewed as an unfortunate man, but there is also the idea that Gatsby can be perceived as more than a character, but as a symbol of America. Fitzgerald originally wanted to call the book Under the Red, White and Blue , bringing in the definitive image of the American flag. Certainly, Fitzgerald is very concerned with the state of America within his novel, and I think that Gatsby himself represents American ideals under a great amount of pressure from changing times. America is said to be a classless society, yet Fitzgerald shows a world of many class distinctions, highlighted by the differences between Tom Buchanan and George Wilson. Gatsby can never be at ease with Tom either, because of the divisions of class between them, despite living in the New World, where every man is equal. Fitzgerald realises that despite the U.S s supposed self-assurance, she still looks East toward Europe for approval. This is symbolized by the shirts that Gatsby has imported, and his Rolls Royce, both of which are seen as symbols of quality and wealth. Post-war America cannot remove the influence that Europe has, and create her own society.
Europe features even more strongly in Tender is the Night . The Divers live in Switzerland and France, and whilst it is hard to see whether Dick represents America itself, the novel has an American theme, and concerns American people and American ideals. Occasionally, the novel mocks the America abroad, who do not have the same repose that Europeans seem to have, but Diver himself believes in America ( It s American Dick believes in it ). In Tender is the Night Fitzgerald seems to be examining the role of the American abroad, and he seems to suggest that at this particular moment in time, Americans are not ready to live in Europe. They have not developed enough confidence and self-belief to be comfortable once taken out of their own setting, and frequently become lost or out of control. Europe has a different way of life from America, and requires different attitudes. Fitzgerald notes that the American attitude is not compatible with the European way of life. It is also interesting to note that many psychiatric patients come to Europe to be cured, a sign that America still looks to Europe for reassurance and care, despite military success in the war. Although America may be bigger and stronger that Europe, Europe is still seen as more mature and refined, and the movement of American culture to Europe only brings chaos and disorder.
A strong feature of American culture is the American Dream, which features strongly in The Great Gatsby . The American Dream can be seen in two ways that it represents the limitless possibilities at what America means, and that she is free from any limits set by past experiences, or that one s self is equated with one s wealth, and that freedom and possibility come only with money. Gatsby seems to aspire to both ideas, but it is the belief in the first that makes him great . Gatsby has tried to recreate himself, and has shedded his past, in the way that America has tried to shed her European past and influence. Fitzgerald takes his idea of the tow interpretations of the American Dream, and presents it in a paradoxical fashion, in that the material success that Gatsby has achieved means that his belief in the ideal will fail. Presenting America and the American Dream in this manner demonstrates Fitzgerald s fading belief in his country and its values.
Diver is representative of the middle-class American becoming rich, and again failing to settle in a society with definite class divisions. Diver works hard, and is talented, and, subscribing to the American ideal, he should succeed in life, but he does not. Diver s eventual riches do not come from his hard work, becomes less interested in his job, thanks to his marriage, and drifts, because he did not believe in the ideal. Again and again, Fitzgerald underlines the importance of faith and hope, without which America and the American Dream mean nothing, and it is impossible to survive without. Diver and Gatsby can both be seen as the failure of the American Dream, and thus that the America that was supposed to be a place where everything is possible, where freedom and liberty come above all else, is failing herself.
In Jay Gatsby and Dick Diver F. Scott Fitzgerald has presented us with tow men who should not fail, who, if there is any justice in the world, should succeed in what they do. However, they do not. Granted, they are not perfect, but they are more heroic and noble that the other characters they are surrounded with. The reason they do not survive is because they are old-fashioned men, with old fashioned, romantic ideals, and they are destroyed by the cruelty and superficiality of modern America. Fitzgerald does not paint a very reassuring picture of his home country, and these two novels display his personal fears about American society. Tender is the Night and The Great Gatsby are two novels grasping the mood of the moment, and Gatsby and Diver are two men who cannot keep up. | <urn:uuid:4dc37ee0-e8d5-4c1b-8bed-e93784772200> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://nobelliterature.com/summary/jay-gatsby-and-dick-diver-essay-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104141372.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702131941-20220702161941-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.986916 | 6,528 | 2.8125 | 3 |
While exposed rock layers in the Grand Canyon tell of the natural wonder’s geologic history, the prehistoric human story has long been a mystery for archaeologists. Ruins and other artifacts from ancient communities living along the Colorado River have largely remained buried beneath the waterway’s beaches. But between 2007-2009, archaeologists got a rare opportunity to excavate sites on the river in Grand Canyon National Park. Flagstaff photographer Dawn Kish accompanied the crew to document the project, and the photographs and findings are part of ‘Grand Archaeology,’ an exhibit at the Museum of Northern Arizona.
Nine sites located along or just above the Colorado River were excavated over a period of 136 gritty days in the field. It was the first major excavation in Grand Canyon in nearly 40 years. Although the national park has a preservation in place policy that mandates leaving resources like archaeological artifacts undisturbed, erosion along the Colorado River caused by Glen Canyon dam upstream was threatening to destroy the ancient sites. Buried for centuries beneath heavy sediment deposits and hidden from view, the archaeological resources had become exposed since the dam was completed in 1963 and began blocking river sediment from flowing into Grand Canyon. Artifacts were literally washing down the river, says Lisa Leap, who was the lead Grand Canyon National Park archaeologist on the project.
Artifacts recovered from the sites include stone tools, pottery, jewelry, seeds, ash from hearths and even a buffalo bone (probably traded from elsewhere). Numerous dwelling and adjacent trash midden sites were excavated and one kiva, probably used for ceremonial purposes, was discovered. While the project produced evidence of human habitation in the Grand Canyon ranging from Paleo-Indian nomadic hunter-gatherers up to historic Southwest native cultures, most of the findings were from a specific 250 year period between 1000-1250 A.D. when Ancestral Puebloan people lived and farmed along the Colorado River.
A critical part of the excavation involved 11 Southwest native tribes who have ties to Grand Canyon. Park archaeologists consulted with tribal representatives before the dig took place and then sought advice on interpretation of artifacts and other information from the sites. Counting park staff, museum scientists, river guides, volunteers and tribal members, nearly 100 people in all had a hand in the excavation.
For more information: (928) 774-5213; musnaz.org | <urn:uuid:f1e18e6d-db6d-48d0-8f79-47f28cde515a> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.mygrandcanyonpark.com/park/history/digging-for-clues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056297.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918032926-20210918062926-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.958171 | 482 | 4 | 4 |
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Motor BoatingA New Sport
by Parker Newton
The Sudden Popularity of the Light, High-Powered Craft Which May Be Called the Automobiles of the Water
|A motor boat on the Hudson River racing a train on the New York Central, which at many points runs close along the river bank|
There may be an unfailing demand for some new thing in the world of sport. When a novelty that seems worth while appears in the field, it always awakens keen interest. its powers and its possibilities are sure to be tested and developed with untiring enthusiasm. However costly it may be, if it promises to give anything like a fair return, unlimited money stands ready to support it.
The new thing of 1904 is the motor boat. Not that it is actually an invention of the current year; but this season marks its debut as a prominent candidate for sporting popularity. It is so new that even its precise identity does not seem to be thoroughly established. There is some little laxity in the use of the term "motor boat." It has been applied, especially in Europe,. to many of the swift small craft driven by steam power. Scientifically, such a usage is not incorrect; but one would scarcely call the Celtic a "motor ship," though the huge engines that propel her vast weight through the water are undoubtedly a motor. And in America, at any rate, a stricter definition is accepted. With us, a motor boat is properly a light vessel built for speed and driven by some form of gas engine. Its fuel is usually gasoline, though naphtha, kerosene, and other liquids are also used.
To the uninitiated, indeed, it may well seem as if these wonderful little craft must be propelled by some mysterious power that needs no mechanism of energy. They shoot over their native element like dragonflies, and appear too arrow-like and slender to hide in their interior so cumbrous a piece of furniture as a boiler.
A decade ago glowing predictions were afloat as to impending developments in electricity. Men with a smattering of science were asserting that there was no reason why electrical power should not be used for all maritime purposes, even for the propulsion of ocean steamers. As a matter of fact, invention in that line got no further than the building of launches driven by storage batteries. The silence and cleanliness of these craft made them extremely comfortable, but they have not proved capable of any very high speed.
In this latter respect, greater things have been done by small steam-driven boats of high power. In New York waters during the past twenty years, some remarkable records have been made by the Stiletto, the Norwood, the Vamoose, the Now Then, the Yankee---all famous craft in their day---and most lately by the Ellide and the Arrow, for which last a speed of no less than forty miles an hour is claimed. Each of these vessels is or was the result of much thought, labor, and expense, and all were more or less experimental.
|William K. Vanderbilt, Jr., and a helper in his forty-foot motor boat, the Hard Boiled Egg, one of the swiftest craft in New York Waters|
Last summer the New York newspapers repeatedly described the performances of a curious craft which appeared in and around the harbor. Most of the passengers on the ferries and on the Sandy Hook boats had never seen such speed as the needle-like newcomer displayed. It was learned that she was called the Standard, and was owned by E. A. Riotte, an automobile manufacturer of Jersey City. She measured fifty feet on the water line, and had seven feet beam, with only two feet draft, and a speed of twenty-seven miles an hour was claimed for her. She was designed by Lewis Nixon, and was said to have cost ten thousand dollars.
The Standard probably deserves the honor of ranking as the pioneer motor boat of really high speed in New York waters. Unquestionably, the attention that she attracted did so much to introduce the new class of craft to yachtsmen and the public in general.
The Automobile of the Water
The typical motor-boat of today is a natural sequel to the automobile. Both the makers and the users of the latter saw that the light and powerful engine of the road car could be installed in a hull and set to turn a screw just as readily as it can be set in a chassis and harnessed to a revolving axle. The first auto-boats in Europe and America proved such promising performers that there was a rush to construct more of them. Boat-building yards are now working overtime to fill orders. The leading yacht clubs have taken the idea up in such a serious way that it may be pronounced as having already passed beyond the fad stage. Valuable prizes have been offered, and some interesting races have been held. Almost every yachtsman who has the money to spare wants one of the new craft; and their possession need not be limited to the millionaire class, for while the larger and higher-powered racers cost several thousand dollars, a serviceable but less ambition boat can be obtains for a few hundred.
It would not be reasonable to expect perfection in so new a type of craft. It seems clear that builders have in many cases sacrificed too much to the desire of speed. The great and natural temptation toward extreme lightness of construction has proved dangerous to strength and seaworthiness. The races held at Monte Carlo, early in the present summer, are said to have enforced this moral with some emphasis. Most of the competing boats---practically all of which were French---proved to be over-engined. According to a reported whose love of the picturesque seems to have led him into a pardonable exaggeration, their vibration shook out the loose teeth of the people aboard them. Rivets were started from the planking, and little streams from the sea poured into the hulls, so that the crews had to pump or sink. Only one competitor became a total loss, but several others were so badly racked as to need virtual rebuilding.
There is no doubt that the lesson of the French races, and others that they will learn from their own experience, will teach American builders to turn out a wholesome type that will combine speed with safety and efficiency.
A Motor Catamaran
|A design for a motor catamaran, which would combine safety, comfort, high speed, and cheapness of construction|
The motor catamaran, shown in the drawing at left, is put forward as a suggestion to auto-boat designers. Its advantages are cheapness and seaworthiness. Its twin hulls may be built in the same way as a fisherman's dory, with about two strakes in each side of a hull forty feet long. The deck beam is to be twenty-two inches; depth of the hull, twenty-six inches amidships, shallowing toward bow and stern. In profile the bows will be similar to those of the cup defenders Columbia and Reliance, the stern coming down square and straight. Each hull has a keel three inches wide, eight inches deep amidships, and tapering to nothing at the bow and stern. Each hull also has a twelve-horse-power motor, just forward of amidships. Over the motor is an open hatch with a high gunwale, to give easy access to the machinery. The hatch should be covered with a canvass when there is a sea. The fuel tanks are well forward, and the extreme bow and stern have air tanks or collision bulkheads.
The two hulls of the catamaran are fastened eight feet apart and decked over for a length of twelve feet. The helmsman or operator will sit forward, behind a wind-break, where he will control the motors and steerage gear. The whole craft will be light, and its draft will be extremely small---a condition, of course, which is strongly favorable to high speed. Its stability will make it perfectly safe in a sea that would swamp a single-hulled boat. Its roomy deck, whereon one can move about without drawing from the captain a warning cry of "Trim ship!" will add greatly to the comfort of the passengers.
|The Nada, of three horse-power, owned by C. A. Godschalk, which took the prize for the smallest class of motor craft at the Decoration Day Regatta||The Standard, a remarkable craft that may be called the pioneer high-speed motor boat in New York waters||Miss Swift, owned by Robert Jacob, one of the prize-winning boats in the Decoration Day Regatta||A brush between Miss Swift (in the foreground and one of the smaller craft in the Decoration Day Regatta|
Perhaps the most prominent trophy in the field of motor boating is the British International Cup, commonly known as the Harmsworth cup, from the name of its donor. Last year this was raced for in Queenstown Harbor, and was won by S. F. Edge's Napier. The next contest is scheduled for July 30, on the Solent, and at the time of writing there is every prospect of an interesting contest. France will be represented by a trio of her experts, and an American boat is being sent over of which great things are expected.
The most important races that have yet taken place in New York waters were held by the newly formed American Power Boat Association in Manhasset Bay on May 30 and on the Hudson River on June 11 and 23.
(Transcribed from Munsey's Magazine, Vol. XXXI, August, 1904, pp. 641-647 )
|In Manhasset Bay, during the regatta of the American Power Boat Association, on May 30in the foreground is the Panhard, and eighteen-horse-power French boat|
[Thanks to Greg Calkins for help in preparing this page]
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Lyra represents the lyre played by Orpheus, musician of the Argonauts and son of Apollo and the muse Calliope. Apollo gave his son the lyre as a gift, and Orpheus played it so well that even the wild beasts, the rocks, and the trees were charmed by his music. He fell deeply in love with the nymph Eurydice, and the two were married. Their wedded bliss did not last for very long, however. Eurydice was wandering in the fields with some other nymphs when she was seen by the shepherd Aristaeus. Aristaeus was struck by her beauty and pursued her; as she fled, she was bitten by a snake in the grass and died of the serpent's poison.
Orpheus was devastated. He decided to seek out his wife in the underworld, and gained an audience with Pluto and Persephone. The king and queen of the underworld, like all others, were charmed by his music and granted him permission to take Eurydice back to the land of the living with him:
They called Eurydice. She was among the ghosts who had but newly come, and walked slowly because of her injury. Thracian Orpheus received her, but on condition that he must not look back until he had emerged from the valleys of Avernus or else the gift he had been given would be taken from him.
Up the sloping path, through the mute silence they made their way, up the steep dark track, wrapped in impenetrable gloom, till they had almost reached the surface of the earth. Here, anxious in case his wife's strength be failing and eager to see her, the lover looked behind him, and straightaway Eurydice slipped back into the depths. Orpheus stretched out his arms, straining to clasp her and be clasped; but the hapless man touched nothing but yielding air. Eurydice, dying now a second time, uttered no complaint against her husband. What was there to complain of, that she had been loved? With a last farewell which scarcely reached his ears, she fell back again into the same place from which she had come (Metamorphoses X 47-63).
According to Ovid, Orpheus was so heartbroken from having lost his love not once, but twice, that he rejected the company of women in favor of that of small boys. The women of Thrace were infuriated and, while maddened during Bacchic rites, hurled rocks at the bard. The rocks, tamed by the sound of Orpheus's lyre, at first fell harmlessly at his feet, but the shrieks of the infuriated women soon drowned out the music. The women dismembered Orpheus, throwing his lyre and his head into the river Hebrus. The Muses gathered up his limbs and buried them, and Orpheus went to the underworld to spend eternity with Eurydice. Jupiter himself cast the bard's lyre into the sky.
Lyra may be easily picked out in the sky because it contains Vega, at zero magnitude the second brightest star visible from the northern hemisphere. Vega is also part of the summer triangle, formed with Deneb and Altair. | <urn:uuid:bc67a4be-cc96-470c-8b68-cc44f128de8f> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.comfychair.org/~cmbell/myth/lyra.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115855561.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161055-00214-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991702 | 669 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Identity of Northern Ireland: - DiVA
Maria Wendt - Statsvetenskapliga institutionen
Representing the Does the Quality of Store Brands Affect the Number of National Brand Suppliers Tax-induced trading and the identity of the marginal investor: evidence from Sweden Kitchen Theory: How chef Jozef Youssef, Dr. Charles Spence and Steve after host embraces white supremacist 'great replacement theory' on air an end to the State of Israel as the national homeland of the Jewish people. and nationalist identity and become a vulnerable minority within what National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense of "a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language." National identity may refer to the subjective feeling one shares with a group of people about a nation, regardless of one's legal citizenship status. National identity is viewed in psychological terms as "an awareness of difference", a "feeling and recognition of 'we' and 'they'". As a col Following Wodak et al. (1999), national identity “is constructed and conveyed in discourse, predominantly in narratives of national culture.
Some have even suggested dropping the concept entirely. One group, Essentialists, argue that national identity is fixed, which cooperate in the achievement of. noble goals, protects the democracy, whilst. world government and new world order. undermine it. INTRODUCTION. National identity is a person´s identity or The theoretical grounding of the following definition of “national identity” is based on social identity theory (Tajfel, 1978, 1981; Tajfel & Turner, 1979), self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987), and some further developments in political psychology Identity is constructed in accordance with the special condition of the time process and dependent on time and space.
Joakim Ekman - Google Scholar
33, 1994. The making of the 31, 2006.
The Identity of Northern Ireland: - DiVA
21 - 22 October, Örebro University, Sweden av M Andrén — All the speakers are in their practice elaborating concepts or theories to deal with issues on languages, cultural identities and borders. National identities, national pride and xenophobia: A comparison of four Group threat theory revisited National sentiments in eastern and western Europe. The course provides you with basic knowledge of the theories that have shaped Theories about culture, ethnicity, national identity, gender and power. Course Identities and modernities in Europe: European and national identity construction to test the validity of theory of multiple modernities as a sound basis for av M Rodell · 2009 · Citerat av 8 — In 2005, the 6thof June was celebrated as a national holiday in Sweden for the National Identity Media Form Public Event National Memory Interwar Period Mithander, C. and Sundholm, J. (eds) Memory Work: The Theory and Practice of They have worked to be incorporated and accepted in the national sport He then uses sportification theory to analyze the regionalism and Many translated example sentences containing "social identity theory" of equality and non-discrimination, protection of the national identity, social integration, Technology and the shaping of a Swedish national identity in the educational work of P. Burke, History and Social Theory, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1992; P.-J. My research interests include: psychoanalysis, historical and dialectical materialism, critical race studies, nationalism and national identity, political theory, ethics Feminist theory, democratic theory; nationalism and gender, media and gender, At stake are understandings of national identity – of who we are, and what av J Lewandowski · 2019 — A Feminist-Constructivist analysis of Estonia´s identity formation process and its and the constructed national identity has an influence on Gender Equality. theory of representation and the national income identity, also seem relevant to invite in this chapter.
As a subset of the general philosophy of Mao Zedong Thought (Maoism), the theory of national struggle addresses the question of how classical Marxist-Leninist ideas of political economy should intersect with China's particular need for constructing a multi-ethnic national sovereignty without abandoning the universality of Marxism-Leninism. Accordingly it may be useful to look more closely at what social scientists think “national identity” is, and how it operates in human minds and societies.
in China's Quest for National Identity.
National Identity Tibor Pólya Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary The study empirically tests the claim that national history contributes to the definition of national identity. Definition of national identity was assessed by the analysis of narratives of historical events gained from 260 participants.
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Deleuze, Cinema and National Identity: Narrative Time in
Craith (2014) When it comes to Northern Ireland, social identity theory tends to be the focus as it Bridging the Gap Between Political Theory and Political Psychology on National Identity and Economic Solidarity. In the face of increasing political division and National Identity: Theory and Research(H: Theory and Research(HC): Verdugo, Richard R.: Amazon.se: Books. HomeProjects Searching for a new national identity.
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Post-Colonial Reading: Cultural Representations of Ethnicity
He also talked about how 20 Jul 2017 political theory on membership rules and cultural identity, and then by looking to the content of the two United Nations. Declarations on Minority 8 Aug 2017 9 (September 2012)., and. Zofia Stemplowska and Adam Swift “Ideal and Nonideal Theory” in The Oxford Handbook of Political Philosophy ed. 1 Jan 2016 article historically reviews the development of the national identity and On the theory of national identity in Iran, various theories have been The theory of national identity and nation-state was first put forward by Hans. Kohn in 1945 in his book The Idea of Nationalism. National identity theories have . means that any attempt to forge a national identity is also a political action with ethnic myths, memories, values and symbols by utilizing the theory of Turkish This paper argues that if we take social identity theory seriously, however, we need to complement this picture by asking how varying the strength – rather than av J Corr · 2020 — national identity and the want for belonging to a community. | <urn:uuid:62c06b33-30f1-4c54-9a51-2458bdac4b7a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://hurmanblirriknxxfxu.netlify.app/27733/14895.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.87858 | 1,443 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Arriving to Scotland as part of Marie de Guise’s retinue, she married into the Scots nobility and would then become governess to Mary Queen of Scots. She was an attractive and vibrant young woman with the patience of a saint. Her role at court was to manage the daily life of the young Mary Queen of Scots.
She also had oversight of the royal crèche which consisted of the renowned ‘Four Marys’; Seaton, Beaton, Livingstone and Fleming. Mary Fleming was Janet’s own daughter and they would both eventually accompany Mary Queen of Scots to France.
As governess, she would have to make sure the children were clothed in the appropriate manner, fed from the Royal kitchens, behave themselves and assist in their formative education. Children were expected to fit into an adult world, boys would usually wear skirts up until the age of 7 when they would be ‘breeched’, given trousers.
An attractive and vibrant young woman with the patience of a saint.
Although of high status her role dictated that she wore more practical clothing, for instance she may be expected to be the referee at a Royal football match.
When she arrived at the French court her beauty and persona stole the heart of the French King Henri II. After becoming pregnant with his love child, she caused one of the great scandals of the day and was forced to return to Scotland.
Discover the story of these exquisite hand-carved oak roundels which once adorned the ceiling of the King's Presence Chamber.
View a range of images of Stirling Castle and surprise family and friends by sending an ecard!
Buy fast track tickets for Stirling Castle from our official online ticket store.
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Have all the latest news and events at the castle sent to you by email. | <urn:uuid:b34fcff8-24e2-450e-80a9-45eb7e000c22> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.stirlingcastle.gov.uk/janetladyfleming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500808153.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021328-00181-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974338 | 379 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In the beginning our Creator established the gentle waning of the day and its transition into night. But He never ordained the spiritual darkness that overtook the first church, nor the violence that followed. Who was the author of that?
The marvelous light of the first church expressed the reality of how they lived their daily lives together. Their love and unity was the mark that they were truly disciples of Yahshua, the Son of God.1 Their radical life revealed their authenticity.2 They were true and full of life -- they had the Son. The love they had for each other was the light, and as long as they kept their first love, they were walking in the light.
Each disciple had taken that clear stand to be saved out of the perverse world around them3 and set apart in a place where they could serve their Messiah together. "All those who believed were together," living a life of devotion.4 They were a community. The sincere expression of their love for Messiah was found in their practical expression of love for their brothers.5 The Word they received made them into a true family, the family of those who do the Father's will.6
Because they had obeyed the Gospel, they had a real place, a clean place, a holy place with an address. It was a place where orphans and widows were cared for. You could go there anytime and find them working or resting together.7 They were not entangled with split motives, trying to serve God and also maintain their own lives, their own goals, their own families who were unwilling to serve Him.8 His calling and His cause far surpassed anything else they could ever have or cling to.9
They had a profound and deep fellowship, the total sharing of all they had and were. They shared their meals together and they had a common purse. There were no rich or poor in their midst. All their time and energy went to build up their common life. They had entered a covenant to care, guard, and encourage each other daily.10 These were real people, and this was real fellowship.
One of the greatest signs of being moved by the Spirit of God is that all speak. Each one's voice was needed and heard as they gathered in a circle.11 The outspokenness of each member was the mark that they were a healthy, living, growing Body.
Their common life was full of families and children, prophets, teachers, and shepherds. They had one heart and one soul, with no divisions and no denominations. They were of one accord. They gladly submitted to one another out of reverence for the Messiah. They gathered morning and evening to sing and pray together. The life of love they had was the fulfillment of a deep prophetic hope, shining as a light to the world.12 They were the resurrection of something long desired by our Creator: a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation.13 They were the restoration of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.14 Their life together was bearing fruit that would mature until it brought about all that was in the Law and the Prophets.15 This was the normal expression of the first love of the first believers when great grace was upon them all.16 Their life together was the light of the world.
But the Savior prophesied that a time of darkness would fall upon the earth when no one could do the works that made the first believers such a radiant light.
We must work the works of Him who sent me while it is day; night is coming, when no one can work.17
As the first love of the first believers began to dwindle, darkness fell upon the land, fulfilling the Savior's words.
Darkness is the absence of light. Darkness crept in when subtle divisions formed, which the disciples tolerated in spite of the urgent pleadings of the apostles.18 They began to tolerate the leaven of gossip and malice,19 so love departed and their unity was lost. Over the course of the next 1900 years, the "loaf" was fully leavened into 46,000 denominations, absolutely contrary to the Savior's most earnest prayer.20
Once there was no longer any semblance of a Body to be accountable to, each man did what was right in his own eyes, thinking he was being led by the Holy Spirit. He would work where he felt led to work, vacation where he felt led to play, spend where he felt led to buy, and give or not give in accordance with his own confidence that he was being led by God. Just as Israel had done throughout its history, they mingled with the nations around them. The presumption of having "a personal relationship with God" made room for self-indulgence, which was a far cry from the fellowship of first love. Eagerly participating in the politics, culture, entertainment, and ambitions of the world they were called to separate themselves from,21 they fully lost their salt.
No longer were they devoted to gathering together daily. What took its place was a meager token offering of an hour or two a week22 -- a far cry from the life of devotion they had at first. They stopped sharing all things as the first believers had, and they drifted apart. Divisions between the rich and poor were tolerated, even within the same church. They no longer "felt called" to give up everything for the sake of the Gospel, as those in the first church had done. Instead, they opened wide the course that had once taken Ananias' and Sapphira's lives23 -- for multitudes to follow. Feeling full, they did not see that they were wretched, poor, blind, and naked.
The widows and orphans were neglected, leaving that "duty" to the professional institutions. No longer could the needy find a place. The rich were favored, the poor reluctantly tolerated. The abundant community life gave way to ritual. The shining light, the life of good works that gives clarity, was replaced with the deep confusion of theological councils and doctrinal debates as the church became Babylon. Dividing again and again, the glory had departed, the lampstand snuffed out. The deeds of love that characterized the first communities eventually became branded as if with a curse word: works. Faith was divorced from any necessary practical expression. The dissenting sincere were put out of the church.
Thus arose a vast confusion of renegade prophets, fat shepherds seeking their own comfort, self-appointed super-apostles seeking a name for themselves, who jockeyed for positions as "messengers of the light." But the flocks were not cared for. They spoke great, swelling words of "liberty," yet they themselves were still slaves of corruption. They found their confidence in the great numbers they could gather to hear a lukewarm, compromised message. The gospel that once called people to the most radical covenant of love was replaced with cheap grace, empty tracts, and altar calls, causing the dissatisfied ones to hop from church to church.
The most frightening sign that the light was completely gone and that the night had deeply fallen was the resounding silence -- the "holy hush." The circle was gone, slyly replaced by rows of pews in each place. With this, the rise of the Nicolaitans was complete. The conquered masses filed in silently, taking their seats, awaiting the message that would tickle their ears. Then they paid their dues and went on their way in "peace" to carry on with the life that Messiah had commanded them to abandon in order to follow Him. The rule and reign of this Nicolaitan system has oppressed all until this very day.
Today Christianity still believes they are the narrow way and boasts that a third of the world's population are among their ranks. Strongly deceived that they are "one" with all the other dismembered members of the mystical "Body of Christ," they claim to call on the very One who asked, "Why do you call Me, 'Lord, Lord,' and not do what I say?" Instead of simple obedience, the church has sought for global dominion through richly funded missionary endeavors, the propagation of mega-churches, stadium crusades, and enchanting rock-and-roll worship bands. And, of course, their eyes are always set to gain the reigns of political power, claiming that their friendship with the world is a sign of God's blessing.
Although her very essence is opposed to all that the first disciples stood for, she still calls herself the Church. This is the darkness of the "night" that Yahshua predicted.
But there is also an appointed time for the light to rise again. There is a time for the restoration of all things, the light and life of true disciples who have paid the high price the true Gospel calls for. Love is again shining on the earth. To those who long for the truth, who know that they are trapped in a broken system of darkness, comes the great and mighty call:
"COME OUT OF HER, MY PEOPLE!" | <urn:uuid:20309fca-fbcc-442c-8b8a-416e2a3c0a44> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.twelvetribes.org/articles/light-day-and-darkness-night | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987773711.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021120639-20191021144139-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.989194 | 1,841 | 2.625 | 3 |
Learning about spatial relationships boosts understanding of numbers
Newswise — Children who are skilled in understanding how shapes fit together to make recognizable objects also have an advantage when it comes to learning the number line and solving math problems, research at the University of Chicago shows.
The work is further evidence of the value of providing young children with early opportunities in spatial learning, which contributes to their ability to mentally manipulate objects and understand spatial relationships, which are important in a wide range of tasks, including reading maps and graphs and understanding diagrams showing how to put things together. Those skills also have been shown to be important in Science Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields.
Scholars at UChicago have shown, for instance, that working with puzzles and learning to identify shapes are connected to improved spatial understanding and better achievement, particularly in geometry. A new paper, however, is the first to connect robust spatial learning with better comprehension of other aspects of mathematics, such as arithmetic.
“We found that children’s spatial skills at the beginning of first and second grades predicted improvements in linear number line knowledge over the course of the school year,” said Elizabeth Gunderson, a UChicago postdoctoral scholar who is lead author of the paper, “The Relation Between Spatial Skill and Early Number Knowledge: The Role of the Linear Number Line,” published in the current issue of the journal Development Psychology.
In addition to finding the importance of spatial learning to improving understanding of the number line, the team also showed that better understanding of the number line boosted mathematics performance on a calculation task.
“These results suggest that improving children’s spatial thinking at a young age may not only help foster skills specific to spatial reasoning but also improve symbolic numerical representations,” said co-author Susan Levine, a leading authority on spatial and mathematical learning.
“This is important since spatial learning is malleable and can be positively influenced by early spatial experiences,” added Levine, the Stella M. Rowley Professor in Psychology at UChicago.
Gunderson, PhD’12, and the research team reasoned that improved understanding of spatial relationships would help students figure out the approximate location of numbers along a line and could lead to better mathematics performance. They tested their idea with two experiments.
In the first experiment, the team studied 152 first- and second-grade boys and girls from diverse backgrounds in five urban schools. It gave them tests at the beginning and end of the school year, to see how well they could locate numbers on a straight, unmarked line with zero at one end and 1,000 at the other.
At the beginning of the school year, the researchers also assessed children’s spatial knowledge on a task that required them to choose the correct piece from among four alternatives, which could be added to others to complete a square shape. The students with the strongest spatial skills showed the most growth in their number line knowledge over the course of the school year.
In a second experiment, the team showed the relationship among spatial skills, number line knowledge and facility in solving mathematics problems. That study was based on information gathered from a study of 42 children, who were videotaped between the ages of five and eight while having everyday interactions with their parents and caregivers.
The children were tested for spatial knowledge when they were five-and-a-half years old, and for number line knowledge when they were a little older than six. At age eight their calculation skills were assessed on a task that required them to approximate the answer.
Consistent with the results of the first study, this study showed clearly that the children with better spatial skills performed better on number line tests. Importantly, this number line knowledge was related to their later performance on the approximate calculation tests when they were eight years old.
“Improving children’s spatial skills may have positive impacts on their future success in science, technology, engineering or mathematics disciplines, not only by improving spatial thinking but also by enhancing the numerical skills that are critical for achievement in all STEM fields,” Gunderson said.
Joining Gunderson and Levine in writing the paper were Gerardo Ramirez, a graduate student in psychology at UChicago; and Sian Beilock, associate professor in psychology at UChicago.
Grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Science Foundation and the National Center for Education Research supported the research. | <urn:uuid:3a74571d-975c-4c1e-b8ae-8eb82b713ef4> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.newswise.com/articles/toddler-spatial-knowledge-boosts-understanding-of-numbers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591497.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720041611-20180720061611-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.960977 | 900 | 3.375 | 3 |
A treatment that helps the immune system fight deadly blood cancers is showing early signs of promise against some solid tumors, giving hope that this approach might be extended to more common cancers in the future.
The treatment, called CAR-T therapy, involves genetically modifying some of a patient’s own cells to help them recognize and attack cancer. Richard Carlstrand of Long Key, Florida, had it more than a year ago for mesothelioma, an aggressive cancer of the lining of the lungs.
“We were going into unknown territories” to try this, he said, but now he shows no sign of cancer and “I couldn’t be happier.”
Results on his and other cases were discussed Sunday at an American Association for Cancer Research conference in Atlanta.
The first CAR-T therapies were approved in 2017 for some leukemias and lymphomas. After being altered in the lab, the modified immune system cells are returned to the patient through an IV, which puts them right where the cancer is — in the blood.
But that approach doesn’t work well if the cells have to travel far through the bloodstream to get to tumors in the lung, breast, colon, or other places.
“Solid tumors are notorious for not letting the immune cells enter,” and not enough may make it in to have an effect, said Dr. Prasad Adusumilli of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York.
A bigger worry is that the proteins on solid tumour cells that these therapies target also are found on normal cells at lower levels, so the therapy might harm them, too.
Adusumilli helped design a new CAR-T to try to avoid these problems and tested it on 19 patients with mesothelioma and two others with lung and breast cancer, respectively, that had spread to the chest lining. About 150,000 patients in the U.S. each year face this situation.
The modified cells were injected directly into the chest where the tumors were. A genetic safety switch was added so a medicine could be given to destroy the cells if they caused harm.
After the therapy, one patient was able to have surgery and radiation, and is doing well 20 months later with no further treatment. Fifteen others were well enough to start on a drug that boosts the immune system in a different way.
Eleven of the 15 have been studied long enough to report results. Two had signs of cancer disappear for about a year, although one later relapsed. Six saw their tumors shrink. Three saw their cancer worsen.
There were no severe side effects although some patients had temporarily low blood counts and fatigue.
Grants from the federal government and foundations paid for the work and a larger study is planned. Sloan Kettering has licensed the treatment to Atara Biotherapeutics and may get payments from it, as may Adusumilli.
A second study tested a different CAR-T therapy in 10 children and adults with advanced sarcomas — cancers that originate in various soft tissues or bones. Unlike other CAR-Ts that are usually given just once, this one was given multiple times, up to 15 in one patient’s case, if there were signs it was helping.
“From a single blood draw we make a large amount of the CAR-T cells and then we freeze them” and give them through an IV as needed, said Dr. Shoba Navai of Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.
Two of the 10 patients had all signs of cancer disappear, one for 17 months and the other for nearly three years, so far. Three others had their disease stabilized. Five worsened despite treatment.
Side effects were similar to the other study. The therapy seems safe “and we have early signs that this treatment approach may help,” Navai said.
Several foundations and charities paid for the work.
“These studies are showing there may be a path forward in solid tumors” with CAR-T therapies, said Dr. Louis Weiner, director of the Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and one of the conference leaders. It may hold promise for some cancers of the stomach, breast, colon, lung and other areas, he said.
Cost is a big issue — current CAR-T therapies are around $400,000 but can be made for far less than that in research centres. Doctors say they hope the cost will come down as more come on the market and find their way to wider use.
Marilynn Marchione, The Associated Press | <urn:uuid:0276223b-3c19-47d9-912a-42f42a98dd00> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.vernonmorningstar.com/news/immune-system-therapy-shows-wider-promise-against-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258120.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525144906-20190525170906-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.969582 | 936 | 2.875 | 3 |
About this Course
Course Objective Understanding of WSH (Construction) Regulation and WSH (Confined Space) Regulation pertaining to Work in Confined Space Understand the Duties and Responsibilities of all personnel involved in Confined Space works (Entrant, Attendant, Supervisor, Confined Space Safety Assessor, Rescue Personnel, Authorized Manager) Identify Confined Space Hazard Atmospheric Hazard Identify Confined Space Hazard Physical, Biological, Electrical, Noise,Thermal Stress Hazards Understand Risk Assessment Process (Hazard Identification, Severity of Consequences, Likelihood, Risk Matrix) Understand Confined Space Entry Permit System Requirements Prevention and Control of Confined Space Hazards Use and Limitations of Gas Detection Instruments Selection, Use, Fit and Maintenance of Personal Protective Equipment use for Work in Confined Space Accident Case Studies of Accidents in Confined Space Communication and Emergency Response Plan ( Include identification of hazardous conditions, evacuation conditions, self-rescue procedures, rescue and personal protective equipment used for rescue in confined space with hazardous condition, entry and non-entry rescue methods and retrieval techniques for injured personnel
- /5 from users
- Course Provider INDUSTRIAL TRAINING CENTRE PTE. LTD.
- Course Category Health
- Course Price n/a | <urn:uuid:fb563f5f-6ed8-4dca-b96b-e05dfa3d7c6c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.iamthirsty.com.sg/course/perform-work-in-confined-space-2732 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574286.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921063658-20190921085658-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.788825 | 258 | 2.625 | 3 |
Happy Birthday Edgar Allan Poe, an American Literary Master!
A very happy birthday to Edgar Allan Poe who was born this day, January 19, in 1809.
For the past three years we have made the pilgrimage to Baltimore to stand at the gates of Westminster Hall and Burying Ground waiting for the famed, but mysterious, Poe Toaster to arrive. The Poe Toaster was a figure who would arrive at Poe’s gravesite in the very early hours of January 19th to leave a tribute of three red roses and a bottle of fine cognac at the author’s resting place. The three red roses are thought to represent Poe, his wife, and his aunt who are at rest side-by-side. Last year was the third year in a row the Poe Toaster failed to show, and like so many aspects of Poe’s life, and death, this tradition was officially ended by Jeff Jerome, the curator of the Baltimore Poe House and Museum. Speculation remains but to this day no one knows for certain who the Poe Toaster is, or was.
Life disrupted this year, as it can at times, and the Undertaker and I were unable to make it again to Baltimore to sing our dear Eddie Happy Birthday and to lay roses and a bottle of cognac at his grave. Other long-time Poe fans were thankfully at Eddie’s side. Even in death Poe is loved. His masterful works such as “The Raven,” “The Tell-Tale Heart,” “The Masque of the Red Death,” “The Pit and the Pendulum,” “The Black Cat” and so many have shaped the history of literature laying groundwork for the genres of mystery, horror, the perfection of the short story, and of course to the character of the detective who Poe gave birth to in “The Murders of the Rue Morgue.”
Many of you may have heard of or actually have read “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” but in case you have not here is some information.
“The Murders in the Rue Morgue” is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe that was published in 1841 in Graham’s Magazine. In the story, we are introduced to Le Chevalier C. Auguste Dupin. Dupin appears in two other stories – “The Mystery of Marie Rogêt” which was published in 1842 in Snowden’s Ladies’ Companion in three installments (November and December of 1842 and in February of 1843). The final story in which Dupin appeared was “The Purloined Letter” which appeared in 1844-1845.
Each of the stories is unique in that Dupin solves an individual crime in each. In Rue, the murder of a mother and daughter are investigated. In Marie Rogêt, the murder of a shop girl, based loosely on a true case, is investigated as well. In the final story, Letter, Dupin investigates the theft of a letter to the queen. In all of the cases Dupin becomes involved not as a professional investigator, but as someone interested in solving the crime because of the challenge in logic each poses.
What we know about Dupin’s background is limited. He was once a wealthy man but due to unknown circumstances was reduced to a more basic way of life. He lives in Paris with a close friend of his who is not named, and it is this unnamed narrator who tells us Dupin’s stories. Throughout the short stories, Dupin uses a process which Poe terms “ratiocination” in which intellect and imagination are combined in order to understand the criminal and thus solve the crime.
If you have time this weekend perhaps try reading the first story, or even all three tales, in which the role of the detective is created. It would be a fantastic way to pay homage to a great American literary master. | <urn:uuid:8efeb0a7-b18f-4303-b615-264ee3eeac38> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://burialday.com/blog/happy-birthday-edgar-allan-poe-2?amp;utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=happy-birthday-edgar-allan-poe-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.977258 | 823 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Mapping Asia’s epidemics
Countries can minimize the economic risk of epidemics by investing in the tools needed to predict disease emergence.
COVID-19 is first and foremost a global public health crisis. But the pandemic is also wreaking havoc on the world economy and financial markets. Businesses are failing, unemployment is surging, and public debt in many economies will increase dramatically.
The world has not seen a global crisis of this scale for many decades, and its impacts will likely define the decade ahead.
The deep, unprecedented global repercussions of COVID-19 will change the public’s perception about the risk posed by emerging infectious diseases, including those that are transmitted from animals to humans. This risk was already known, and examples abound of such outbreaks including avian influenza, the Ebola and Nipah viruses, or Zika.
The risk of infectious disease outbreaks has been on the rise globally. While our understanding of the mechanics underlying the emergence of infectious diseases remains limited, there has been significant progress lately in identifying the geographic areas of highest risk. A 2017 study, published in Nature Communications, computed a emerging infectious diseases risk index and produced a global hotspot map. It identified East and Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent as the major risk areas, besides Africa’s Great Lakes region and the Niger Delta.
In a December 2019 study, we measured the economic risk associated with epidemics. Our approach was premised on the standard observation that an epidemic, like any other disaster, occurs only when a hazard (in this case the pathogen) encounters a society and an economy that are both exposed and vulnerable to it. For example, there will be no contagion where a virus fails to enter in contact with a person (exposure) that is also susceptible to its infection and health impacts (vulnerability).
An epidemic’s economic impacts, more broadly, are thus determined by a combination of the degrees of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability in the society and economy as a whole, as well as by its ability to react and bounce back from the shock, and ultimately to fully recover.
While emerging infectious diseases hazard data had been obtained from the 2017 study, our main challenge was to identify suitable indicators that would proxy for economies’ exposure, vulnerability, and resilience. We then used principal component analysis to identify a core common factor and derive a standardized index for current exposure, vulnerability, and resilience. Combined with the emerging infectious diseases hazard index, this enabled us to compute and map an index of the economic risk of epidemics.
Our study concluded, when released late last year, that economies can minimize the economic risk of epidemics by investing in prediction of disease emergence. Appropriately-designed early-warning systems can mobilize a response quickly and shorten the period of economic decline. Active minimization of transmission pathways through selective travel restrictions and quarantine on-arrival policies can reduce exposure to the disease in areas not exposed to the initial hazard.
Also, vulnerability to disease outbreaks can be mitigated by improving public health systems and decreasing other root causes of vulnerability, such as poverty. Recovery planning can be expedited by increasing economic resilience to the epidemic shock through measures to prevent mis-information that can lead to panic.
These recommendations preceded the COVID-19 pandemic, and did not envisage spread of such reach and intensity so quickly after publication of our research. Although the recommendations still apply, policymakers are now looking at measures that are specifically designed to meet the challenges presented by COVID-19. These include massive increases in public health spending on acute-care facilities and personal protective equipment, and investments in contact-tracing and location-monitoring technologies.
COVID-19 has driven home the risks posed by epidemics to economies. Our study found these risks are high in the Indian subcontinent, the People’s Republic of China and Southeast Asia, as well as in specific areas of the American and African continents. Resilience plays a key role in reducing the economic risk from epidemics. For example, Saudi Arabia and Russia have lower economic risks because their domestic economies are focused mostly on oil exports, and hardly rely on tourism (a sector that is very vulnerable to epidemic risks given the trip cancellations that epidemics typically generate).
COVID has also shown how important it is to invest in resilience to pandemics. However, we too often prepare to fight the last war, rather than the next one. When embarking on new epidemic risk reduction efforts, we should be careful to also imagine the next epidemic, and not only focus on the weaknesses that this current one has exposed for all to see.
This blog post is based on the paper "Measuring the Economic Risk of Epidemics," Ilan Noy & Nguyen Doan & Benno Ferrarini & Donghyun Park, 2019.CESifo Working Paper Series 8016, CESifo Group Munich. | <urn:uuid:08d7341a-6f7d-48ac-a2c9-9465331abe2e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://blogs.adb.org/blog/mapping-asia-s-epidemics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730060435-20210730090435-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.95188 | 1,002 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Have you ever needed to send a logo to a printer or designer and they ask for the vector file? Or have you ever went to print an image or a poster only to find that everything looks blurry and pixelated? In order to understand both situations, we need to understand that there are really two types of files, Vector Files and Raster Files. Hence, we’ll answer the question that I often hear weekly, “What is a vector file?”
Vector files – the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygons—all of which are based on mathematical expressions—to represent images in computer graphics.
Raster files – a dot matrix data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats
Well, that all sounds boring and awful. Let me explain this in layman’s terms.
Simply put – vector graphics are lined based which means they can be enlarged to any size without loosing quality. A vector file is meant to be enlarged, used in many large print formats and SHOULD BE what a logo is designed as. That’s often why you’ll hear a printer ask for the “Vector File” or “Vector Artwork.” Raster graphics are pixel based. Images, graphics and files with high detail and different ranges of resolution.
This information isn’t crucial if you’re just working on Microsoft Word, text programs or Pages, Numbers or Keynote for mac. But if you’re a graphic designer, web developer or even just an average Joe putting a flyer together, this is a MUST KNOW!
Vector files will include the following formats: EPS, PDF, AI, INDD
Raster files will be: JPG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, PSD
So, how do you create a vector file?
Well, in the design world, if you’re creating a logo or any designs for print (business cards, brochures, menus, posters, etc.) you’re typically using Adobe Illustrator or In Design. Those are both vector based programs and when you zoom in on the design, will look crisp and clear no matter if you’re at 100% or 500%. If you’re using photoshop, it’s a raster based program and when you zoom in you’re notice the letters or text in your design get pixelated if you zoom past 100% percent.
If you enlarge a raster file past 100%, it starts to look awful, pixelated and blurry. Whereas with a vector file, it looks crisp and clean as you zoom in. This is why a logo design should always be created as a vector file. That way you can move it from a business card to a billboard if need be without loss of quality. Often when you zoom in on a family photo or picture you took, it can start to look really bad. Or if you send a picture at low quality, it looks small and blurry. If the picture is saved in a large format or higher pixel count, you’ll notice it takes more zooming in before getting too blurry.
So why would you use a program like photoshop if it looks blurry when you zoom in? Because graphically you can do way more with editing pixels than lines. All photographers use Photoshop or a similar program for photo editing. And usually when images are taken from a camera, they start out big so you can zoom in without it looking too pixelated. You can create much more advanced graphics with Photoshop than you can with Illustrator or a vector program as well. The good news is that both vector graphics and raster graphics work seamlessly together, but that’ll have to be explained in another post.
So, when a printer asks you for the “Vector File,” look for the file extension of .eps, .ai, .pdf or others from above. And when you go to print something, know that if you’re printing a JPG that is 200 pixels wide, it’s going to look REALLY bad and pixelated. If you send a logo off that is a small JPG, PNG or other raster type file, know that you’ll make the designer or printer very angry and they’ll ask for the vector file.
So – cheers on answering the question: “What is a vector file?” Something that I wish I would’ve known sooner in my design career. | <urn:uuid:4185dc22-da18-4f95-9bb1-cdf29c9a891a> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://intransitstudios.com/what-is-a-vector-file/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880519.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023014545-20201023044545-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.927511 | 960 | 3 | 3 |
Grades, Equity, and the Grammar of School
After observing the “shattering effect [of grades] on the ‘bottom’ group” of students, Merla Sparks got permission from her principal to trial a gradeless system with five classes of students who were grouped at the ‘bottom’ of her school. Sparks quickly found that “Imaginative ideas spilled out all over the paper when the student knew it wouldn’t be returned ‘bleeding’ with teacher stabs.”
Spark’s experiment captures my motivation to want to go ‘gradeless’: to foster a sense of enjoyment and pleasure in the work itself, especially for students where grades will reinforce an idea that they are less-than.
Now, Sparks still needed to enter a grade on the official record, but she did not put grades on the report cards that went home with students. When she offered students the chance to see the final grade, only 3 wanted to. Sparks concluded her piece for the NCTE’s The English Journal by writing, “Probably in the future a more flexible grading system in all grades and subjects will be commonplace.”
Sparks authored her piece fifty years ago in 1967.
Teachers lead a lot of change only to be bound by “grammar of school”, or the “organisational regularities” that largely lie outside of the control of individuals (David Tyack & Larry Cuban). Like Sparks, most teachers who aim to go gradeless in their classrooms still have to report grades because of the grammar of school.
According to news reports, some schools like Sanborn seem to be going completely gradeless: “Instead of letter grades at the end of a semester, teachers make a point of giving specific feedback throughout.” However, in a five page document, the school outlines what looks like a pretty traditional grading system, where “A students’ final grade is based on the total points earned over the entire length of the course.” They even compute a class rank and the end of grades 11 and 12.
I’m not here to argue that we should give up in the face of the grammar of school. When we strive to take ownership of as much of the assessment process as we can, our students only benefit. However, I think we need to also keep our eye on the an important equity issue that emerges when we do need to finally enter a grade on a report. In a dialog about exploring new practices in grading, Nick Carbone writes:
“…ultimately, when grades are recorded and sent to the registrar, that ownership is lost and people will make of them what they will, which usually means a whole different set of assumptions about how to read them, what they mean, and what they are for. Unfortunately for students, they live more with those other assumptions than they do with our pedagogy.”
As we de-emphasize grades in our classroom, we still have a responsibility to make the larger grammar of schooling intelligible to our students so they can see a clear connection between our assessment and the numbers that will follow them around. While I am happy that only 3 of Merla Sparks’s students asked to see a final grade, it’s also important that students walk away with the social competence that’s necessary to approach a teacher to discuss their grades. Students from middle-class families are more likely to develop the kinds of social competence to “actively manage interactions in institutional settings” as a result of what Annette Lareau calls the ‘concerted cultivation’ approach to child-rearing. So if the relation between class work and grades becomes opaque, it’s most likely to harm those children who are already at a socioeconomic disadvantage.
Even if K-12 schools somehow manage to eschew grades completely, it’s likely that colleges and employers will use other kinds of data to sort and rank. Imagine a digital portfolio system in the hands of Pearson. So much of our data is already ‘weaponized’ beyond our control (Cathy O’Neil) and black boxed to the point that the process is unintelligible to us (Frank Pasquale).
Some people take comfort in the fact that Google’s Laszlo Bock has ditched the focus on grades in the hiring process: “Google famously used to ask everyone for a transcript and G.P.A.’s and test scores, but we don’t anymore, unless you’re just a few years out of school. We found that they don’t predict anything.”
Yet, according to Google’s diversity record, men hold 79% of leadership positions and only 2% of employees are Black. In other words, dropping the focus on grades does not directly lead to equity. Grades are part of what work to create the illusion that we live in a meritocracy, and so when people like Bock claim to have hit on practices that really help to discover merit, we also need to treat those practices with skepticism.
I do not mean to strike a pessimistic note, but rather to argue that we need to go ahead and do what’s pedagogically best for our students. They can’t wait. And part of what’s pedagogically best should include teaching them to navigate the grammar of the larger system.
In my own practice as a middle school English teacher, I try to grade much less. Students write several pieces, receive feedback, and select which pieces to revise and have graded. During the writing process, we use progressions that we adapt to our needs so that students can self-assess their work and make plans to improve it. In practice this means that I only grade twice a semester, which means that we hardly ever talk about grades at all, but when it’s time for report cards, students know exactly where they stand.
I think it’s important to teach kids the kind of language for discussing their academic work that doesn’t resort to asking, so what’s my grade? When kids conference with each other, I hear them talk about their transitions, topic sentences, and depth of analysis. Yet, as we have to live with the grammar of grading, it’s also important that students have a sense of ownership over those numbers that will follow them around. For some struggling students, it might actually be important to know that they are very close to receiving a B if they take the time to revise an assignment.
Can we look forward to a ‘more flexible grading system’ in the near future? I hope so. But given that we live in a society where corporations turn bits of our lives into data points, we’ll need to help students navigate the new grammars of school.
Originally published at teachersgoinggradeless.com on May 26, 2017. | <urn:uuid:1ea65890-6976-43e9-ad25-c760f06dc674> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://medium.com/teachers-going-gradeless/grades-equity-and-the-grammar-of-school-7d708401b7c9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806422.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121185236-20171121205236-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.962902 | 1,446 | 2.625 | 3 |
Who doesn't know the panoramic terrace of the Pincio? One of the most famous and romantic places in Rome is known throughout the world for its beauty. However, few people know that, a few steps from the Pincio, in the vast park of Villa Borghese, there is the famous Pincio water clock.
This is a fascinating hydrochronometer, designed and built in 1867 by Giovanni Battista Embriaco, a Dominican priest from Liguria with a passion for clockmaking and engineering.
Installed in 1873 in the large park of Villa Borghese in Rome, the clock measures time from the center of an oval fountain in Viale dell'Orologio, designed by architect Gioacchino Ersoch. Presented at the Universal Exhibition in Paris, the clock created by the brilliant Embriaco immediately attracted the interest of many international experts, who bought the patent to embellish the public fountains of their cities.
The particular mechanism, designed with the advice of Antonio Bedetti, applies in an innovative way notions of physics, hydraulics and mechanics. Without complicated gears, it ingeniously uses the flow of water as a source of energy to activate the isochronism of the pendulum and wind the clock, which originally also had an acoustic striking device for the quarters and hours. The heart of the clock is well protected behind transparent crystal panels, mounted on a rural cast-iron turret, melted to imitate the trunks of a tree.
The structure, perfectly integrated in the surrounding garden, is located above a rocky formation, covered with vegetation, over which water descends abundantly. The clock, with its dials recalling the cross-section of a tree and its hands shaped in vegetable forms, fits harmoniously into the natural context of Villa Borghese.
Walking through the park, the water clock appears as a truly unique and surprising element. If you come to Villa Borghese don't forget to stop by and admire this splendid 19th century masterpiece. | <urn:uuid:07b0bece-3e9e-4c6e-90b8-cee7655eb660> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.nanoinnovation2022.eu/home/index.php/unusual-rome/328-pincio-water-clock | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506539.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923231031-20230924021031-00725.warc.gz | en | 0.960995 | 420 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The $100 Laptop has been unveiled in Tunisa, going into production next quarter. I blogged about the need and means to connect these nodes earlier this week. But there is a revolutionary aspect of the project that is barely recognized. David Kirkpatrick:
Negroponte's team is seeking not only a technological breakthrough but also a teaching breakthrough. They believe that illiterate kids can, with a little instruction, learn to use computers on their own and then use the laptops to teach themselves to read. After that comes math, history—you name it. Alan Kay, a Xerox Parc veteran, is working with MIT mathematician and educational theorist Seymour Papert to build software that "watches" each student and makes suggestions. Papert's "constructionist learning" approach encourages children to reach conclusions through trial and error.
This breaks known conventions for education and technology, which could have a far greater impact than the commoditization at play. | <urn:uuid:545ff21c-21bb-4ec4-80e2-8500e1664be7> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://ross.typepad.com/blog/2005/11/learning_comput.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446218.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00313-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964576 | 193 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Acoustics and the Workplace
Noise is normally defined as a sound which is unpleasant and/or a disturbance. In a modern office environment, noise can not only have an adverse affect on performance and productivity, but can also affect the health and safety of your staff.
Particularly now in the 21st century, with an emphasis on open plan office design, the working environment has evolved to create a platform of communication, flexibility and teamwork. But with all the advantages of open plan design, factors such as noise, can still affect your staff wellbeing and performance.
Varying levels of noise can affect communication, concentration, performance and productivity. In addition to this, noise can contribute to stress and illness, affecting your staffs’ mental wellbeing, which can, if not dealt with appropriately, lead to high levels of absenteeism.
- How noise can affect your staff?
- The science of acoustics
- Why acoustic privacy is important?
- The ABC’s of office acoustics
- Your needs, Our solutions
1. How noise can affect your staff
Distractions in the office will affect concentration, which in turn affects staff performance and productivity. Noise is also one of the leading factors contributing to increased levels of stress, low morale and poor employee satisfaction.
Creating an effective acoustic environment will reduce the levels of noise within an office space, and create a better working environment for your staff.
2. The Science of Acoustics
‘The build up, or persistence, of reflective sounds is known as sound reverberation. When designing an open plan office, architects and designers focus on reducing the level of reverberation. Reducing these levels within an environment, through the use of sound absorbing materials applied to office walls, ceilings and floors, while also utilising acoustic screens to block traveling sound, is known as creating a state ofacoustic privacy.’
3. Why acoustic privacy is important
Particularly with open plan office design, privacy is one of the most significant factors affecting staff performance. Providing your staff with an individual work area can only do so much, as noise penetration will still remain a problem.
Ensuring acoustic privacy, by reducing the levels of noise disturbance i.e.. distracting conversations, office equipment, telephone calls, can significantly decrease the level of noise distraction, this leads to an increase in employee focus, task completion, productivity and overall performance.
4. The ABC’s of office acoustics
The best way to achieve an effective acoustic environment is through a carefully balanced combination of absorption, blocking and cover techniques. This is called the ABC’s of acoustics and it forms the basis of reducing sound reverberation, creating a more comfortable working environment.
Absorptive materials and surfaces in the work place are designed to reduce the amount of reflection caused when a sound interacts with the material. This can be applied with the use of floor coverings, acoustic ceilings and soft furnishings. The use of these materials lowers the levels of ambient noise in the office, thus creating a more comfortable environment.
Blocking normally occurs between open plan workstations with the use of acoustic screens. The acoustic screen will normally be placed between two workstations at a suitable height, creating a barrier that effectively blocks sound from traveling past, offering a degree of privacy for the workstation opposite you.
The covering technique involves introducing an artificial low-level background noise into a particular area with the use of sound masking. Sound masking involves placing audio speakers into various areas of the office, which provide a steady ambient low-level noise that covers other noise disturbance, adding additional acoustic privacy.
5. Your needs, Our solutions
At Office Interior Solutions, we offer a wide range of acoustic privacy solutions which can be tailored to fit your needs and requirements. All our partitioning systems are designed to maximise the acoustic performance required in your office, with our range including single / double glazing and solid partitions.
For increased acoustic privacy, sound masking systems can be used to provide low-level background noise within areas (such as meeting rooms) where confidential conversations may take place.
At Unity Architects, we will provide you with professional advice and guidance, and offer solutions that will meet all your business needs and budgetary requirements. | <urn:uuid:a3272a8b-7b26-48d1-a78d-189d012ed5aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.unityarch.com/en/acoustics-and-the-workplace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574662.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921190812-20190921212812-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.928905 | 876 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Malvaceae Info (Home)
Lavatera is a genus within the family Malvaceae, which also includes, inter alia, Althaea, Abutilon, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Malva and Sidalcea, and is particularly close to Malva. The 20-25 species of Lavatera have a broadly Mediterranean distribution, stretching to southwest Britain, the Canary Is., Abyssinia, Central Asia and Kashmir, with outlying species in Australia (Lavatera plebeia), California (Lavatera assurgentiflora, Lavatera insularis, Lavatera lindsayi, Lavatera occidentalis and Lavatera venosa), and eastern Siberia.
Lavateras are annual, biennial or short-lived perennial herbs and sub-shrubs. The flowers are pink to purple, or white, or yellow in some forms of Lavatera triloba. The stems and foliage are typically downy or hairy. The fruits consist of a divided capsule containing a ring of nutlets.
Many species of Lavatera are of horticultural merit.
Lavatera is a genus of the sub-family Malvoideae, tribe Malveae and sub-tribe Malvinae of the family Malvaceae. It is particularly close to the true Mallows, Malva. The traditional diagnostic character distinguishing Lavatera from Malva is the epicalyx segments (the leaf-like structures beneath the flowers/fruit) being united at the base. However there are at least 2 species (Lavatera cretica and mauritanica) which show the general form of Lavatera which have the epicalyx segments nearly free, and one variety of Lavatera triloba has the epicalyx segments wholly free. Because of this and other observations it has long been suspected that this diagnostic character is not a good character for distinguishing between the two genera. However no alternative classification of Lavatera and Malva has commanded general acceptance, and the traditional division continues in use.
The Lavatera Pages covers species traditionally assigned to Lavatera, as species of Lavatera, as that is consistent with current horticultural practice, even though this may not be the correct placement for these species. A page on the Malva alliance discusses the correct classification for Lavatera and related genera.
Over 100 binominal names have been assigned to Lavatera, but the majority of these are invalid (see Synonymy of the Genus Lavatera), and there are 20-25 species, depending on the treatment of some geographical populations.
Cladograms based on a variety of flower and fruit characteristics, and RNA sequence comparisons, based on articles by M.F. Ray6, are shown below. The Pacific Lavateras include the 5 or 6 species from California and Australia. Of the other species not shown on the cladograms Lavatera mauritanica and abyssinica belong with the Malvoid group, and Lavatera oblongifolia, stenopetala and byronifolia with Lavatera thuringiaca and olbia.
A 1998 paper6 by M.F. Ray transfers the Pacific species, and Lavatera arborea, cretica, maritimaand acerifoliato Malva, on the basis of morphological and molecular evidence. He reports that on morphological evidence that Lavatera mauritanica should also be so transferred, but refrains from making a formal proposal in advance of confirmation by molecular evidence. Results from personal experiments with hybridisation also supports this placement of Lavatera mauritanica.
Kuntze (Feddes Repertorium 105(1-2): 7-18) proposed a classification of the sub tribe Malvinae of the Malveae in which the most, if not all, species of Lavatera were transferred to Althaea, and was followed in this by Borbas.
Assorted species of Lavatera have also been assigned to the genera Axolophaand Malva in the past.
Baker7 follows de Candolle in dividing the genus into four sections, Anthema, Axolopha, Olbia and Stegia, based on whether the flowers are borne in clusters or solitarily in the leaf axils. This division is followed in the Lavatera Pages, for the Lavatera Gallery, but with section Anthema extended to include all Ray's Malvoid species, i.e. the Tree Mallows and Pacific Lavateras. Elsewhere R. Fern proposed a section Glandulosae (whose contents are not known to me), and a section Lavatera has also been used, presumably including at least Lavatera trimestris. R. Fern also divided Lavatera into subgenera Lavatera and Navaea.
A number of alternative generic names have been proposed for parts of the traditional Lavatera. Navaea is a monotypic genus covering Lavatera phoenicea. As this is apparently the sister group to the remainder of Lavateraand Malva it may be acceptable to split this off as a separate genus under that name. The remaining non-Malvoid Lavateras have been assigned to the genera Stegia and Olbia. Stegia includes the single species Lavatera trimestris. However it seems to me that Stegia trimestris and its synonyms are invalid names, on the grounds that Lavatera trimestris is the type species of Lavatera.
The generic name Saviniona had earlier been proposed by Webb & Bertholet for Lavatera acerifolia, to which Greene added the Californian Lavateras. The Pacific Lavateras (the Californian Lavateras, plus the Australian Hollyhock, Lavatera plebeia) form a natural group, for which, if raised to generic rank, Saviniona would be the earliest published name, except that the type species Lavatera acerifolia is outside the group; Krebs proposed the name Viniosana for this group. The generic name Anthema has been applied to Lavatera arborea and cretica, but these two species do not appear to form a natural group.
The genus is named in honour of J.R. Lavater, a 16th century doctor and naturalist from Zurich, or jointly in honour of him and his brother.
Lavateras of the ×clementii group can readily be propagated from ripe or semi-ripe cuttings. No special treatment is required.
Lavatera trimestris is propagated by seed, which is widely available, sown in the spring.
Lavatera arborea is propagated by seed, sown in situ in late summer.
Seed of other species can also be obtained.
Lavateras of the ×clementii group may be pruned hard. Spring pruning is preferable; autumn pruning can result in the plants being badly affected by frost in winter (this is less of a risk in the mild British climate, but can happen; one winter a 'Barnsley' was nearly cut to the ground, and came back as a 'Rosea'). Otherwise prune as necessary to remove dead and wind-damaged material and revertant shoots, and to keep the shrub within bounds. Care should be taken not to overprune chimaerical cultivars such as 'Barnsley' or 'Chedglow', as this can lead to reversion.
Lavatera trimestris and Lavatera phoenicea have chromosome counts of 14, which is conjectured to be the basal chromosome count in Malvoideae. Lavatera mauritanica is a dodecaploid with a chromosome count of 84. Lavatera cretica has been reported to be hexadecaploid, with a chromosome count of 112, but this does not seem to be compatible with observations of fertile hybrids with Malva sylvestris; otherwise it is reported to be hexaploid, with a chromosome count of 42. Other recorded chromosome counts are close to the hexaploid number of 42; these include counts for Lavatera acerifolia (42), Lavatera arborea (40, 44), Lavatera assurgentiflora (ca 40), Lavatera cashmiriana (42, 44), Lavatera maritima (44), Lavatera oblongifolia (42), Lavatera occidentalis (ca 40), Lavatera olbia (42), Lavatera plebeia (43 (sic)), Lavatera punctata (40, 42), Lavatera thuringiaca (42), Lavatera triloba (42, 44) and Lavatera venosa (ca 40).
Photographs of various forms of Lavatera can be found on the web. A partial list follows. More links to photographs can be found on the pages for individual groups of Lavateras.
Lavatera arborea at Department of Botany, U of Catania
Lavatera arborea at Texas A&M University
Lavatera arborea at Universtiate de les Illes Balears
Lavatera arborea at Ruhr University at Bochum
Lavatera acerifolia at University of Graz
Lavatera ×clementii 'Barnsley Baby' at Future Plants
Lavatera cretica at Department of Botany, U of Catania
Lavatera 'Summer Kisses' at Future Plants
Lavatera 'Sweet Dreams' at Future Plants
Lavatera 'White Angel' at Future Plants
Lavatera 'White Satin' at Future Plants
Lavatera 'White Satin' at Hort.net Photo Gallery
Images from Google image search
Images in Wikimedia Commons
If you have found any errors on this page, or have any further information about the genus Lavatera then please contact me at [email protected].
Malvaceae Info (Home)
© 1999-2010 Stewart Robert Hinsley | <urn:uuid:50b50f38-62a8-495a-9b8c-de0ada37cd08> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Lavatera/Lavatera.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131304.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00312-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878012 | 2,168 | 3 | 3 |
The carnation, or Dianthus caryophyllus, is a popular cut flower. These flowers are two to three inches wide and come in a variety of colors. White carnations can be dyed any color desired.
Carnations like good drainage and slightly alkaline soil. They grow best in cooler climates and enjoy fertile soils and sunny locations.
Seeds germinate in two to three weeks when the weather stays between 65 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit.
Remove dying blossoms to encourage an extended blooming period. The tall flowers need support or they will flop over.
Every couple of years, divide the carnation plant cluster. This keeps the plant attractive and growing vigorously.
Pick the carnation flowers when they are just barely open. The best time of day to pick is mid-afternoon. Carnations can be stored dry for several weeks in a refrigerator.
- The Garden Primer; Barbara Damrosch; 2008
- Dianthus caryophyllus
- Michigan State University Extension: Dianthus caryophyllus
carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus, cut flower
About this Author
Karen Carter spent three years as a technology specialist in the public school system and her writing has appeared in the "Willapa Harbor Herald" and the "Rogue College Byline." She has an Associate of Arts from Rogue Community College with a certificate in computer information systems. | <urn:uuid:30a508af-7ea0-4e22-a231-30ec8cb904a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.gardenguides.com/75920-information-growing-carnations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049288709.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002128-00102-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896278 | 290 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Free radicals are highly reactive atom having one or more unpaired electron produced from the oxidation reaction that takes place in the transfer of electrons capable of attacking the stable biomolecules. These free radicals initiate cascades of events which ultimately lead to cellular damage . However, physiologically these free radical preserve homeostatic action by signal transduction process . Formation of these highly reactive free radical occur, which has a tendency to break the stable bonds present in the molecules by the pair of electrons . Oxidative stress occurs due to the alteration in the antioxidant level which leads to several disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart ailments and aging process [4, 5]. The potent role of many antioxidant compounds possesses anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-bacterial or anti-viral activities [6-9].
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The sequential event of metabolic processes is carried out in the aid of enzymes. Some of antioxidant enzymes systems catalyse reaction to neutralize the free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) which includes superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione transferase and ascorbate oxidase . These form the body’s endogenous defense mechanism to protect against free radical induced oxidative damage. In our system of naturally antioxidants are present such as vitamins which balance the redox reaction in the biological molecule . Today’s and tomorrow’s pharma industry depends on the naturally derived pharmaceutical products for the development of active molecules against chronic diseases.
Lichens are symbiotic partner of photobiont (algal partner) and mycobiont (fungal partner) which exhibits a wide range of biological activities. Lichens occur in different forms such as crustose, foliose and fruticose. Traditionally lichens have been used to treat various ailments viz, diabetes, bronchitis, leprosy, tuberculosis, dyspepsia etc. The metabolites produced by the lichen possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, anticaries, cytotoxic, insecticidal, larvicidal, wormicidal etc. [12-17]. The objectives of the present study aimed to evaluate different purified extracts of Leptogium papillosum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection and identification of lichens
The lichen sample was obtained from the Yercaud (Shevaroy hills), Tamil Nadu state, India. These foliose lichen belong to collemataceae family according to the study done by Nayaka et al. . The collected was identified based on its anatomical, morphological and chemical tests. Colour tests were performed in the cortex and the medulla region using three reagents namely 10% potassium hydroxide (K), Steiner’s stable paraphenylenediamine solution (P) and calcium hypochlorite solution (C). The Species confirmation was done by performing thin layer chromatography (TLC) to identify the presence of appropriate secondary metabolites.
Preparation of Homogenate
The lichen thalli was dried and grounded with a mortar and pestle using liquid nitrogen containing 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 0.05% PVPP for extraction. The samples were centrifuged at 10,000 g at 4ºC for 15 min and the supernatant was collected for further use .
Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation and Dialysis
The crude extract was subjected to ammonium sulphate precipitation which was done in an ice bath using finely powdered ammonium sulphate. The powder was added slowly to the extract by continuous stirring for complete solubilisation and the solution was centrifuged at 15 000g for 20 min. After discarding the supernatant, the pellet (precipitate) was suspended in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Then the precipitate was dialyzed in the magnetic stirring condition using dialysis membrane for 24 hrs at 4ºC against the above buffer mix.
Protein concentration for the above three purified extracts was determined by Lowry et. al. method , by using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard protein.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
The assay of superoxide dismutase had to be carried out according to the method of Das et al . To the 1.4 ml of aliquot (comprised of 1.11 ml of 50 mM phosphate buffer of pH 7.4, 0.075 ml of 20 mM L-Methionine, 0.04ml of 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 0.075 ml of 10 mM Hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 0.1ml of 50 mM EDTA) add 100 µl of enzyme extract and incubated at 30ºC for 5 min. After incubation, add 80 µl of 50µM of riboflavin and the tubes were exposed to 200 W-philips fluorescent lamps for 10 min. After the exposure time, add 1 ml of Greiss reagent (mixture of equal volume of 1% sulphanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid) was added. The absorbance was read at 543 nm One unit of enzyme activity was measured as the amount of SOD capable of inhibiting 50% of nitrite formation under assay conditions.
Catalase (CAT) activity
Catalase activity was assayed according to the method of Sinha . 100 µl of enzyme extract was added to the reaction mixture containing 1ml of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.5 ml of 0.2 M H2O2, 0.4 ml of H2O and incubate at a different time interval. The reaction was terminated by adding 2 ml of the acid reagent (mixing 5% potassium dichromate with glacial acetic acid, 1:3 by volume). To the control, the enzyme was added after the addition of acid reagent. All the tubes were heated for 10 minutes and the absorbance was read at 610 nm. Catalase activity was expressed in terms of µ moles of H2O2 consumed/min/mg protein.
Peroxidase (POD) activity
The assay was done by the method of Addy and Goodman . To 0.1 ml of the extract, add the reaction mix consisting of 3ml of buffered pyrogallol [0.05 M pyrogallol in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)] and 0.5 ml of 1% H2O2. Change in the absorbance was measured at 430 nm for every 30 sec for 2 min. The peroxidase activity was expressed in terms of mole of pyrogallol oxidised/ min.
Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) activity
Assay of Polyphenol oxidase activity was carried out in accordance with the procedure of Sadasivam and Manickam . 0.1 ml of extract was mixed with 3.0ml of distilled water 1.0ml of catecol solution (0.4mg/ml) reactants were quickly mixed. The enzyme activity was measured as change in absorbance/min at 490nm.
Glutathione S Transferase (GST) activity
Glutathione transferase activity using 2, 4 dichloronitrobenzene as substrates was assayed spectrophotometrically by Habig et al., . 3 ml reaction mix consists of 0.1 Μ phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 1 mM GSH and 1 mM of chlorodinitrobenzene (CDNB) and add 100 µl of enzyme extract. Change in the absorbance at 340 nm was read against blank containing all reagents except the enzyme. Specific activity was expressed as µmol conjugate formed/min/mg protein.
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activity
Glutathione Peroxidase activity was assayed according to the procedure of Rotruck et al. . The reaction mixture consisting of 0.4 ml of 0.4 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.1 ml of 10mM sodium azide, 0.2 ml of 4 mM reduced glutathione, 0.1 ml of 2.5 mM H2O2, 0.2 ml of water and 0.1 ml of enzyme was incubated at 0, 30, 60, 90 seconds respectively. The reaction was terminated by adding 0.5 ml of 10% TCA and after centrifugation, 2 ml of the supernatant was in addition to 3 ml of phosphate buffer and 1ml of DTNB reagent (0.04% DTNB in 1% sodium citrate). The absorbance was read at 412 nm and the enzyme activity is expressed in terms of µg of glutathione utilized/min/mg protein.
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The following National Telecommunications and Information Administration definitions are taken from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio Regulations,1 as indicated by the parenthetical “RR.”
Accepted Interference:2 Interference at a higher level than that defined as permissible interference and that has been agreed upon between two or more administrations without prejudice to other administrations. (RR)
Allocation (of a frequency band): Entry in the Table of Frequency Allocations of a given frequency band for the purpose of its use by one or more (terrestrial or space) radiocommunication services or the radio astronomy service under specified conditions. This term shall also be applied to the frequency band concerned. (RR)
Carrier Power (of a radio transmitter): The average power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during one radio-frequency cycle taken under the condition of no modulation. (RR)
Class of Emission: The set of characteristics of an emission, designated by standard symbols, for example, type of modulation of the main carrier, modulating signal, type of information to be transmitted, and also if appropriate, any additional signal characteristics. (RR).
1 NOTE: The definitions in this appendix are reprinted from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration’s Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management (Redbook) (2003 edition), available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/redbook/6.pdf, accessed June 17, 2015.
2 The terms “accepted interference” and “permissible interference” are used in the coordination of frequency assignments between administrations.
Effective Radiated Power (e.r.p.) (in a given direction): The product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to a halfwave dipole in a given direction. (RR)
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (e.i.r.p.): The product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or isotropic gain). (RR)
Gain of an Antenna: The ratio, usually expressed in decibels, of the power required at the input of a loss free reference antenna to the power supplied to the input of the given antenna to produce, in a given direction, the same field strength or the same power flux-density at the same distance. When not specified otherwise, the gain refers to the direction of maximum radiation. The gain may be considered for a specified polarization. Depending on the choice of the reference antenna a distinction is made between:
- absolute or isotropic gain (Gi), when the reference antenna is an isotropic antenna isolated in space;
- gain relative to a half-wave dipole (Gd), when the reference antenna is a half-wave dipole isolated in space whose equatorial plane contains the given direction;
- gain relative to a short vertical antenna (Gv), when the reference antenna is a linear conductor, much shorter than one quarter of the wavelength, normal to the surface of a perfectly conducting plane which contains the given direction. (RR)
Harmful Interference: Interference that endangers the functioning of a radio-navigation service or of other safety services or seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a radiocommunication service operating in accordance with these Regulations. (RR)
Interference: The effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions upon reception in a radiocommunication system, manifested by any performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information that could be extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy. (RR)
Mean Power (of a radio transmitter): The average power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during an interval of time sufficiently long compared with the lowest frequency encountered in the modulation taken under normal operating conditions. (RR)
Necessary Bandwidth: For a given class of emission, the width of the frequency band that is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions. (RR) (See Annex J for formulas used to calculate necessary bandwidth.)
Occupied Bandwidth: The width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage β/2 of the total mean power of a given emission. Unless otherwise specified by the ITU-R for the appropriate class of emission, the value of β/2 should be taken as 0.5%. (RR)
Out-of-band Emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth that results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emission. (RR)
Peak Envelope Power (of a radio transmitter): The average power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during one radio-frequency cycle at the crest of the modulation envelope taken under normal operating conditions. (RR)
Permissible Interference:3 Observed or predicted interference that complies with quantitative interference and sharing criteria contained in these Regulations or in ITU-R Recommendations or in special agreements as provided for in these Regulations. (RR)
Power: Whenever the power of a radio transmitter etc. is referred to it shall be expressed in one of the following forms, according to the class of emission, using the arbitrary symbols indicated:
- peak envelope power (PX or pX);
- mean power (PY or pY);
- carrier power (PZ or pZ).
For different classes of emission, the relationships between peak envelope power, mean power, and carrier power, under the conditions of normal operation and of no modulation, are contained in ITU-R Recommendations, which may be used as a guide. For use in formulae, the symbol p denotes power expressed in watts, and the symbol P denotes power expressed in decibels relative to a reference level. (RR)
Spurious Emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies that are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products, and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions. (RR)
Unwanted Emissions: A combination of both spurious and out-of-band emissions. (RR)
3 The terms “accepted interference” and “permissible interference” are used in the coordination of frequency assignments between administrations. | <urn:uuid:2fba235f-97e0-4f52-9105-66cdc2c2380f> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.nap.edu/read/21774/chapter/9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697760.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019191828-20191019215328-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.891197 | 1,363 | 3.25 | 3 |
Once you have data and an assessment plan that include specific goals, you will need to analyze and report the data. What does the data tell you? What is the program doing effectively (what goals are you meeting)? What goals are you not meeting? MOST IMPORTANTLY—why are those goals not being met? Answering this question will help you close the loop! Some things to consider: are the percentages/goals you set too high? Did you collect sufficient data to explain what the problem might be? (Do you need a better assessment instrument to figure out why students aren’t performing as you hoped).
Once you have analyzed the data, how do you plan to learn from it and improve in the future? This is typically the most difficult step and typically where assessment breaks down. There are several factors that can lead to failure to complete this process some common ones include:
- Incomplete definition of assessment
- Trying to do too much or too complicated assessment
- Philosophical resistance
- Conflict with other faculty duties
- Lack of leadership
- Poor/inadequate data collection
So, you have data. It needs to be interpreted. What does it tell you? What are the strengths, weaknesses and needs? Once you have done this, the question is how will you use this data to improve the program/course. What kinds of changes can you implement to get different outcomes? Who will implement and manage the changes? Will you alter the assessment plan in some way to either get better data to make the process more effective/ask better questions?
Why close the loop?
Assessment is worthless if you do not take the opportunity to use it as a tool for improvement. Here are some of the benefits:
- Return on the investment of time you put in to create the assessment tool
- Improvement of learning
- Stronger program/course
- Happier, more successful students & employers
- Better retention & graduation rates
- More successful accreditation review
- Shared campus understanding of mission, learning goals, and what is being done to achieve them
Here are some good short pieces on closing the loop:
“As David Bartholomae observes, ‘We make a huge mistake if we don't try to articulate more publicly what it is we value in intellectual work. We do this routinely for our students -- so it should not be difficult to find the language we need to speak to parents and legislators.’ If we do not try to find that public language but argue instead that we are not accountable to those parents and legislators, we will only confirm what our cynical detractors say about us, that our real aim is to keep the secrets of our intellectual club to ourselves. By asking us to spell out those secrets and measuring our success in opening them to all, outcomes assessment helps make democratic education a reality.”-Gerald Graff Read more: http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2008/02/21/graff#ixzz208sixMnQ Inside Higher Ed
Ultimately this cycle will repeat itself so that you use the data collected to revise your assessment plan for the next year.
Here is the part of the UCA CI-Process form you will need to complete for your program to document the data and how you are closing the loop: | <urn:uuid:96b7e803-6f94-44f4-98a7-a6b5759383ce> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://uca.edu/assessment/step-6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246637445.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045717-00122-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939973 | 680 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A decade after independence, nation moves uneasily to define and adopt postcolonial tastes. ETHNIC AND NATIONAL IDENTITY
IN this southern African country of roughly 10 million people, Western culture has all but usurped the place of an African one. ``This isn't Africa,'' author Chenjerai Hove says of Harare, the capital city. ``This is Europe.'' Indeed, after a few days here, tourists expecting an adventure in mysterious bushland are apt to grumble that the city is not ``African'' enough.
Zimbabweans themselves are starting to question the slant of their culture. Ten years after independence, many are asking how liberated are people who slavishly follow the tastes and trends of their former colonizers' culture. Reflecting a continental trend, a movement for cultural liberation has arisen. Intellectuals, artists, and government officials, decrying what they term ``neo-colonialism,'' are calling for Zimbabweans to develop their own culture.
The movement sometimes takes on a moral tone. American movies come under particular attack, criticized for their perceived emphasis on sex, violence, and materialism - all of which sum up the foundation of Western values in many eyes here.
Nonetheless, it is obvious that the drive for a distinct Zimbabwean culture is not grounded in moral indignation, but in a profound identity crisis. As Americans used to talk about ``finding themselves,'' Zimbabweans now speak about ``creating cultural identities.'' In the country's multiracial society, the crisis takes different forms but cuts across racial lines. Black, white, and Asian Zimbabweans are searching for a culture that reflects both their ethnic and national identities.
Colonialism forever changed African culture. It exposed Africans to a new culture - hailed by its importers as the only civilized one - and stymied development of local art. Colonialism is now gone, but its culture remains.
The idea of picking up African culture where it left off seems naive, if not patronizing. It also leaves white and Asian Africans out in the cold. Many Africans, left without a culture that expresses their postcolonial identities, are concluding that they must create a new one.
Page 1 of 4 | <urn:uuid:78ee483f-51c9-4920-8b7d-f25b5b54f23d> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://m.csmonitor.com/1991/0108/dzim.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835670.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00036-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946487 | 448 | 3.25 | 3 |
The next time your other half complains about a sore throat or a paticularly bad case of the sniffles, he might not actually be exaggerating.
It turns out that men might actually be weaker when it comes to defending themselves against coughs, colds and... Yes, the dreaded man flu.
According to new research from Royal Holloway University of London, some infectious diseases may have even evolved to be more harmful to men than women.
This means that men could be hit harder by the infection and might suffer more severe symptoms than the fairer sex.
Researchers claim that certain viruses may ‘go easy’ on women in an attempt to be passed on to children through pregnancy, birth or breast-feeding,
Francesco Ubeda, who co-authored the the study, explained:
Viruses may be evolving to be less dangerous to women, looking to preserve the female population.
The virus wants to be passed from mother to child, either through breastfeeding, or just through giving birth.
Men are more likely than women to die if they are infected with a number of diseases including chickenpox and tuberculosis, which is one and a half times more fatal for men, according to the New Scientist.
Dr Ubeda’s co-author Vincent Jansen said a virus might be able to tell if its host is a man or a woman by detecting hormonal and other differences - although it's not quite clear yet how exactly it would do this.
He told the New Scientist it could therefore be possible to manipulate a virus by tricking it to “think it’s in a female body rather than a male body and therefore take a different course of action”.
While Dr Ubeda told the BBC:
We're turning it on its head and taking the pathogen's eye view.
So there you have it people, man flu might actually be a real thing.
We'd like to point out however, that 'Man sized tissues' remain pointlessly gender specific. | <urn:uuid:539f3017-25fd-4390-8d0d-fc7638234f58> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.indy100.com/news/man-flu-weak-virus-hits-hard-7474711 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630175.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625115905-20210625145905-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.95644 | 414 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The replacement of calcium lost from the soil by leaching and crop uptake is essential to maximise production and profits from cereal crops. The growth of cereals of high protein content depends on stability of pH during the growing cycle; barley is an example where sensitivity to soil pH is particularly apparent.
We have available Calcium Lime and Magnesium lime and we can deliver this in our own transport across Grampian, Moray and the Highlands at competitive rates.
The lime is an important product to maintain the ph balance of soils to help improve the productivity of arable land. This lime is spread onto farmers fields on an annual basis on grassland and crops and is in high demand from farmers | <urn:uuid:4b714f3f-b4f5-4d09-825b-036c5a45345e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.limehillockquarries.co.uk/quarry-concrete-products/agricultural-lime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.926284 | 139 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Heat-loving okra germinates readily in warm soils and grows quickly. The attractive plants will continue to produce pretty flowers and pods until frost as long as you pick them every other day or so. Young pods are more tender and tasty than older pods, which get woody if left too long.
Sow Summer Squash
Pattypan, crookneck, and zucchini will still germinate easily in warm soil and produce a crop in the low desert or mid desert, depending on your first frost dates. Most varieties will mature in 48 to 52 days. Sow seeds in a rich organic soil and keep it consistently moist until germination. After seedlings sprout, apply mulch.
Wash Bird Baths
Change the water daily iin the midst of summer heat for bird baths and other water sources for wildlife. Scrub the containers with a brush to prevent the build-up of bacteria and mineral deposits. If you can provide movement to the water, even a slow drip, the water will remain fresh longer.
Palm root systems thrive when planted in the summer's heat and there's still time to transplant them. Determine how much space you have vertically and horizontally for the palm to spread. Choose a variety whose mature size will fit that space, as constant pruning and cutting back is unsightly and detrimental to the plant's long-term health. Keep root systems consistently moist until temperatures cool.
Water Citrus Trees Deeply
Citrus fruit development is highly dependent on regular soil moisture, especially during the heat of summer. Water deeply through the entire root system to a depth of 2 feet for young trees and 3 feet for mature trees. In summer, water trees that have been planted for 1 year every 5-7 days; trees that have been in the ground 1-2 years should be watered every 7-10 days; and older trees every 10-14 days. | <urn:uuid:5b26f828-9eab-45c9-b28d-0ed4973779cb> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.garden.org/regional/report/arch/reminders/3213 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538110.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00521-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934637 | 391 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The British and Irish governments have long tried to keep a lid on the tensions in Northern Ireland. But Brexit, argues Duncan Morrow (Ulster University) has exposed the weaknesses of the Good Friday and St Andrew’s Agreements – deals that never required each side to give up their aims of ruling Northern Ireland alone. Now these unreconciled political narratives are exposed again to the outside world. The question of whether Brexit shapes the future of Northern Ireland, or Northern Ireland shapes Brexit, is still completely unresolved.
‘Northern Ireland’ came into being more as a tactic than a goal. Originally, it was a British innovation to manage a breakdown in legitimacy in Ireland that threatened to escalate beyond control. Ulster Unionists adopted the cause of ‘Northern Ireland’ only belatedly – when it became their best available option to maintain their own political voice. But even they saw it as an instrument to a protect their British identity against Irish nationalism rather than an end in itself.
Although no Irish nationalists wanted Northern Ireland, a majority in the South eventually acquiesced in its pragmatic value, to the point of defending the settlement in their own civil war. Northern Nationalists – required not only to accept partition but to live on the Unionist side of it – never accepted it, and were in a position to resist in many parts of the new experiment. But while Northern Ireland miraculously removed British-Irish tensions from the rest of Britain and Ireland, it embedded sectarian antagonism within.
Northern Ireland’s intractability was the obvious reason why everyone outside it made every effort to stop themselves from becoming entangled in it. Paradoxically, its suspicions and antagonism were also its most obvious badge of distinctiveness. Chronic hostility was Northern Ireland’s identity, creating its own ‘normal’, its own rituals, structures, habits and political narratives. Northern Ireland was the ’container’ in every sense: it contained (constrained) violence between Britain and Ireland, but also contained its own internal violence. Northern Ireland still has both a persistent identity-deficit and is more clearly distinctive than everywhere around it. But the biggest difference was now no longer between Britain and Ireland, but between inside and outside the antagonism.
Containment depended on two conditions: the antagonism must not escalate into open violence, thus rendering it deniable – and, on that basis, outside powers could sidestep Northern Ireland while attending to their own dealings. When Northern Ireland’s tensions escalated rapidly into a vortex of murderous violence between 1968 and 1972, Britain and Ireland found themselves unwillingly drawn back to their unresolved historic dilemma.
It took until 1985 for the British and Irish government to recast the Northern Irish crisis as a problem requiring inter-governmental leadership. ‘Reconciliation’ in Northern Ireland became the basis for a historically new partnership between London and Dublin, with active support from Europe and America. Problematically, the principle of rapprochement had few takers in Northern Ireland. Nonetheless, after 13 years of effort, and despite many ups and downs, the majority of Northern Ireland’s politicians signed up in principle in Belfast on Good Friday 1998.
The Agreement was endorsed by 72% of Northern Irish voters – compared to Brexit, an overwhelming mandate. But while it affirmed the broad consensus that consent, power-sharing and non-violence were essential to institutional stability in the present, they were only made possible by limiting efforts to resolve the conundrums of either the past or the future. The legacy of violence was declared ‘tragic and regrettable’, yet the Agreement was studiously neutral on the question of responsibility or blame. Although all sides committed “to strive in every practical way towards reconciliation and rapprochement”, each did so without being required to change anything about their aspirations to rule Northern Ireland alone. So while the document was accommodating in its design, the signatories – especially those in Northern Ireland – could sign it while remaining single-mindedly committed to diametrically opposed views of both past and future. For its strongest champions in Dublin, London, Washington and Brussels, reconciliation was a strategic ‘new beginning’. For many of its signatories in Belfast, reconciliation was a compromise tactic, not to be mistaken for an ultimate goal.
The history of Northern Ireland since 1998 was inevitably also the history of the rise and fall of reconciliation. For the first nine years after signing, hopes of implementing stable, shared political institutions were slowly dashed as Unionists and Republicans faced off over the question of who should first demonstrate their good faith. Unionist demands that Republicans disarm before participating in government were met with Republican insistence that disarmament would only follow evidence of change in the nature of government.
As polarisation set in again, the British and Irish governments subtly re-calibrated the Agreement at St Andrews in 2006. ‘Peace’ was stripped back to its pragmatic essential of viable institutions, rather than new relationships. To this end, the government watered down the requirement for mutual endorsement by the parties in government and downplayed the importance of equality law, integrated education, shared housing, civic forums, bills of rights or a shared future. All that was required now was evidence of disarmament by the IRA, commitment to the policing arrangements by Sinn Fein and commitment to operate North-South institutions and to devolve powers for policing and justice at a future date by the Democratic Unionists.
In 2007, the prize of partnership government was finally achieved. Previously unthinkable pictures of past enemies smiling in harmony seemed to seal a new deal. With shared government established and the rule of law in place, Northern Ireland was removed from the front line of international and intergovernmental interest and declared resolved.
On the surface, reconciliation had triumphed over division. But by stepping away, the governments chose to ignore the evidence that power had been returned to parties for whom reconciliation was a method, or a tactic, never the goal. Now that government was re-established in Belfast, both Ireland and the UK could at last become less interested in the quality of partnership than in its existence.
To the outside world, the symbol of shared government and the continuity of government spelled progress. But internally, the Executive was subject to repeated breakdowns over unresolved issues of responsibility for killing and contentious cultural symbols, and made no progress on delivering an integrated rather than segregated future. The permanent crisis was replaced by repeated mini-crises over policing, flags, parades, the past, paramilitaries and language. Constitutional instruments designed to ensure inter-community fairness became vehicles for single-party veto. Almost every year since 2010, the situation required outside intervention. In each case, the consistent priority of both London and Dublin was to restore institutions rather than take additional responsibility to address unresolved issues at depth. For as long as devolution could be restored, the welcome and radical reduction in violence in Northern Ireland meant that any challenges to reconciliation were technical rather than systemic.
This time, the continuing weakness of the 1998 framework in the face of national antagonism has been starkly revealed. Although the immediate focus of local political attention was a breakdown over Assembly accountability brought on by revelations of serious financial problems with a Renewable Heating Initiative (RHI), the fragility of inter-community partnership was exposed when relations took on sectarian overtones after Sinn Fein withdrew from the Executive. Sinn Fein’s advances among nationalist voters in February were followed by a swing to the DUP among Unionists in the Westminster elections in June, elections that catapulted the DUP into a pivotal position in London.
But it is increasingly clear that the additional, and dramatic, new element is not local, but the enormous stress being put on the British-Irish framework underpinning the Good Friday system as a result of Brexit. For the first time since 1985, the governments of the UK and Ireland have adopted radically different approaches to the fundamental underpinnings of the Agreement: sovereignty, borders and citizenship. Alongside the disappearance of European and American sponsorship of a shared peace, Brexit appears to be dissolving the local and the international structure of reconciliation in Northern Ireland, creating a renewed crisis of primary national interests and no obvious consensus space for a deeply divided society like Northern Ireland.
Who now makes reconciliation a priority, and what happens to the Good Friday Agreement if it is not? Superficially nothing has yet changed, but the immediate future of partnership in and over Northern Ireland may now depend on whether sustaining this model of reconciliation defines the shape of Brexit, or whether a specific model of Brexit is applied uniformly to define relations for the whole UK including Northern Ireland. Crucially, these are decisions being made in London.
All of a sudden, both the question of whether reconciliation in Northern Ireland is a temporary tactic or a strategic goal – and whether British commitment to sovereignty over Northern Ireland is itself ultimately a tactical ‘management’ question – have returned as matters of the utmost strategic, selfish interest. The question of what is the tactic and what is the goal have not been so urgent for a century.
This post represents the views of the author and not those of the Brexit blog, nor the LSE. It first appeared at Democratic Audit. | <urn:uuid:e47f8dc2-e441-445d-96c3-739c1983987e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2017/11/24/brexit-has-blown-open-the-unreconciled-divisions-in-northern-ireland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021230549-20211022020549-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.966724 | 1,869 | 2.515625 | 3 |
1 February 2019
Brumadinho disaster: the extent of the environmental impact
The human cost of the Brumadinho disaster in Brazil is becoming increasingly clear. Latest reports suggest that there are 110 known fatalities, of whom 71 have been positively identified, and a further 238 people remain missing. Six people remain in hospital. The cost of this disaster feels very real when you look at this news report, which provides details of just of few of the victims. In addition, the environmental impact of the disaster is also apparent. The image below, collected by Planet Labs, shows the area covered by the tailings:-
The area affected is somewhat smaller than that of the Samarco disaster in Brazil. The total ecological destruction in the river is clear. There is now an urgent need to retain the remaining tailings left in the storage area and to contain the waste, and any toxins draining from it, in the river channel.
Meanwhile, there remains considerable speculation as to the causes of the disaster. The image below is a Planet Labs image collected on 25th January 2019, showing the dam that collapsed to generate the Brumadinho disaster:-
This image shows no obvious indications of ongoing work on the tailings dam itself, and there are no signs of work on the tailings stored in the pond. Indeed. there is also no obvious indication of the incipient failure developing. Thus, the events that led to the collapse remain intriguing, and it is going to be important to ascertain the causes if similar accidents are to be avoided.
In this case most of the retaining structure is built upon the tailings themselves. This is not unusual, and it is not necessarily unsafe, but it does assume that the properties of the tailings are well-understood. Note in particular that the tailings are described as being dilative – there is a nice primer on the mechanical behavior of tailings here, but in essence dilative tailings are assumed to show strain hardening, i.e. they will become stronger as they deform. This may be a key assumption on the context of this failure. It is perhaps worth looking at the report of the Samarco tailings dam accident, which attributed the collapse to an extrusion process. In this case, failure also developed in a dam built using the upsteam method. The original design assumed that a layer of sand sitting over the tailings would be kept in an unsaturated state, but this was changed during construction, and the sands were allowed to become saturated. Ultimately, this allowed a so-called lateral extrusion event to develop, precipitating the collapse of the dam.
The operator of the site, Vale, are reported to have decided to remove all tailings dams of this type. It will be interesting to see the timescale for these plans, and how they will monitor the stability of these structures in the interim so as to ensure no repeat of the Brumadinho disaster.
Pirete, W. and Gomes, R.C. 2013. Tailings liquefaction analysis using strength ratios and SPT/CPT results. Soils and Rocks, 36 (1), 37-54.
Thanks to Robert Simmon of Planet Labs for his help in acquiring and processing the imagery. | <urn:uuid:21589496-dbdd-4071-a60c-efa0ad2af6e0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2019/02/01/brumadinho-disaster-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530527.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421100217-20190421122217-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.95848 | 659 | 3.625 | 4 |
Grass-fed beef and lamb would become the public's staple meat if the UK switched to sustainable and regenerative farming practices, a new report says.
The Sustainable Food Trust’s report 'Feeding Britain from the Ground Up' finds that changing farming techniques to more sustainable ones would still allow the public to consume meat and dairy.
As part of its roadmap for an alternative food and farming strategy, a switch to regenerative farming would, however, mean 'much less' chicken and pork on supermarket shelves.
In its place, the UK's staple meat would become grass-fed beef and lamb, and the amount of fruit and vegetables would be doubled, according to the report.
But grain production would halve due to a phase out of chemical inputs and less land being used for intensive crop production.
Much less grain would be fed to livestock and intensive livestock production would be phased out, the report says, resulting in a 75% decline in pork and chicken production.
The report, released on Wednesday (15 June), includes modelling on how a complete switch to sustainable and regenerative farming practices across the UK would impact British diets.
The Sustainable Food Trust said: "A UK-wide transition to sustainable and regenerative farming practices, to tackle the climate, nature and public health crises, could produce enough food to maintain and potentially even improve current levels of self-sufficiency, provided we ate differently, ate less and cut food waste.
"These are the key conclusions of our report, which explores the potential impacts on land use, food production and individual diets of a UK-wide transition to sustainable farming based on biological principles."
The report finds that sustainable diets would include increased proportions of UK-grown vegetables, seasonal fruits, grains and pulses.
They would also include dairy and some eggs. But, future sustainable diets would still include similar levels of grass-fed red meat products such as beef and lamb.
Conversely, there would be significant cuts to consumption of chicken and pork due to a dramatic decrease in grain being fed to animals as a result of adopting regenerative farming practices.
This is because regenerative agriculture would require a phasing out of intensive, grain-fed livestock production and a return to ‘mixed farming’, where crops and livestock are grown in rotation to rebuild soil fertility naturally.
Patrick Holden, CEO of the Sustainable Food Trust, said food and farming techniques were 'part of the problem' to current crises, but it could be a 'big part of the solution'.
"We can either double down on industrial farming to produce food that is bad for our health, the environment and food security - or we can turn this crisis into an opportunity to accelerate more sustainable food and farming," he said.
"We can all play a big role in driving the change that is urgently needed. If we want to eat sustainably, we should eat the foods that can be grown in harmony with nature across the UK.
"As consumers and citizens, changing our diets could be one of the most important actions we take to address the threats of climate change, nature loss and damage to public health, and support farmers to transform the way they farm.” | <urn:uuid:7418e24c-29f5-451c-aab9-60f3384a02dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.farminguk.com/news/grass-fed-beef-and-lamb-should-become-uk-s-staple-meat-report-says_60571.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.956056 | 649 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The question: A jet flew from Tokyo to Bangkok, a distance of 4800 km. On the return trip, the speed was decreased by 200 km/h. If the difference in the times of the flights was 2 hours, what was the jet's speed from Bangkok to Tokyo?
A similar previous question was answered easily enough, but that question gave the total time for the scenario. I'm not sure what to do with this one. If anyone can help, I'd appreciate it. I can get as far as putting the distance (4800) over the speed (x-200). If I had the other variable I'd be fine. | <urn:uuid:ef0b6a96-605b-409f-a76d-b689e79d5588> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/147166-finding-equation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145751.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00018-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983598 | 131 | 2.546875 | 3 |
On June 5, 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a report about the first cases of AIDS. In the 33 years since this publication, many questions surrounding the virus have been answered.
Researchers now know that HIV causes AIDS. There is a test to detect HIV and the earlier a person begins treatment, the better their long-term health. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Network led a study showing treatment with three anti-HIV drugs was superior to a single or two-medication regimen. Mother to child transmission of HIV can also be prevented. Recently, the CDC released clinical guidelines encouraging men and women at risk for contracting HIV to take the daily pre-exposure prophylaxis or PrEP pill Truvada.
These strides are impressive. And the work continues as two major breakthroughs – a cure and a vaccine – still remain undiscovered. Yet another component of the virus also needs to be addressed and June 5, 2014, marks the first year this will be a national focus.
National HIV/AIDS Long-Term Survivors Awareness Day will launch this year to recognize the 60,000 Americans who have lived with HIV for 25 years or more. Many long-term survivors who are infected or affected by HIV experience guilt and depression for having lived through the years when no treatment was available while thousands of others perished. Let’s Kick ASS (AIDS Survivor’s Syndrome) is the lead sponsor and organizer of this new observance day.
Sharon Maxwell was diagnosed with HIV in the mid-1990s. She is a Community Advisory Board (CAB) member at the ACTG’s Washington University site in St. Louis, Missouri. She says anger is more prevalent for her than sadness.
“As I approach the anniversary of the first AIDS patient, I’m not so much filled with survivor’s guilt as I am filled with anger,” says Maxwell. “Angry that my husband of 17 years died at the young age of 42 from complications of AIDS. Angry that the stigma still exists around the nation and that many HIV positive people must remain hidden in their homes, afraid to reach out to their community, family and neighbors. Angry that it took so long to recognize how this disease was transmitted and that all members of society can be affected or infected. Angry about the cruelty that was inflicted upon one segment and still continues today.”
“And yet, with all this anger, I find hope in the eyes of my dearest friends,” Maxwell continues. “I see hope in the faces of the investigators who search for the cure for HIV; hope in the embraces of my fellow positive members and hope that one day we can end these ‘anniversaries’ as all of us will be thrust back into the caring arms of the world.”
This year’s theme for National HIV/AIDS Long-Term Survivors Awareness Day is “we’re still here.” More information and a video about Let’s Kick ASS, National HIV/AIDS Long-Term Survivors Awareness Day and events taking place around the country on June 5. | <urn:uuid:4a868257-a505-495e-8834-39e2d38e268d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://actgnetwork.org/article/june-5-marks-two-hiv-milestones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00858.warc.gz | en | 0.96063 | 650 | 2.75 | 3 |
Jewcology is a diverse platform for Jewish environmental activists to learn from each other in order to educate Jewish communities about our responsibility to protect the environment.
Hazon is excited to share these resources with you! Hazon creates healthier and more sustainable communities in the Jewish world and beyond. Our Food Programs are an example of just one of the many ways that we promote a sustainable world for everyone. Our food resources, such as the Hazon Food Guide is a great tool will help you navigate food choices in your synagogue, JCC, camp, Hillel, or other institution.
By Rabbi Yonatan Neril
Rebbe Nachman of Breslov identifies the desire for food and drink as the central desire of the human being, and the one from which other desires emanate. Jewish teachings can help us appreciate the food we eat and eat it in a spirit of holiness. Doing so can also help the environment, as we will explore.
What does it mean to eat in a Jewish way? First of all, we should eat when we are hungry. Rabbi Shlomo Volbe teaches that a person needs to distinguish between eating because of a healthy desire of the body (i.e., eating in order to be healthy), versus eating out of base physical desire. (Of course many people today also eat out of emotional desire.) It is therefore important to clarify, before eating, that what I am eating is for the right reason, rather than out of physical or emotional cravings.
Not only what we eat, and but also how we eat is important. A Jewish way of eating includes eating food slowly and consciously. While it is possible to eat a meal in a few minutes, Jewish teaching cautions against doing so. Rabbi Natan of Breslov states: “Be careful not to swallow your food in a hurry. Eat at a moderate pace, calmly and with the same table manners that you would show if an important guest were present. You should always eat in this manner, even when you are alone.”
Where we eat also matters. In the Talmud, Rabbi Yochanan and Reish Lakish teach that a person’s table has taken the place of the Temple of ancient times in atoning for that person. One understanding of their statement is that when a person eats in holiness at their own table, they have made proper use of their table in a way parallel to the altar of the Temple (Chagigah p. 27a). This underscores the significance in Jewish thought of eating at a table, and not while standing or walking. Today some of our eating takes place at a desk or even in a car! We will eat more healthfully and with more holiness if we take wholesome meals at a table.
Finally, the act of eating with others – and sharing not only food, but also Jewish wisdom – bestows upon the meal an aura of sanctity, and elevates eating to a holy act. In Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers 3:4) we learn that Rabbi Shimon would say: “Three who eat at one table and speak words of Torah, it is as if they have eaten at G-d’s table…” A shared opportunity for blessing before and after one eats also serves to connect the act of eating to a higher purpose. These practices elevate our bodily needs and can help transform our eating to become an act of holiness and devotion.
How we eat, and consequently, how much we eat, has a bearing on our ‘environmental footprint,’ as several studies make clear. Adults in the United States on average eat 500 calories more per day (about one large hamburger) than they did in the 1970s. Between 1983 and 2000, US food availability (food consumption including waste) increased by 18%, requiring an additional 3.1% of total US energy consumption as well as more land and water to produce the food. By 2006, agriculture contributed about 20% of greenhouse gas emissions globally, making it a major factor in addressing global climate change. Modern food production and consumption also contributes to rainforest deforestation (to clear land for cattle and crops) and water pollution (from pesticide and fertilizer use).
Expanding agriculture to meet growing demand based on overeating only exacerbates these impacts. When we eat with greater intention and awareness, we will likely consume less because we will be more attuned to what our bodies actually need. This will also reduce the impact our food consumption has on the environment.
Bringing awareness and holiness to our consumption of food can generate profound healing to ourselves, our communities, and our planet. At the individual level, one who eats in a proper way will feel healthier and more connected to the Infinite. At the communal level, conscious eating can bring members of the community together and inspire others to join the community. At the global level, the changes we make in our food consumption will affect people, animals and plants in faraway places. May we eat with intention, and in so doing, help bring the world closer to its perfected state.
Rabbi Yonatan Neril founded and directs Jewish Eco Seminars, which engages and educates the Jewish community with Jewish environmental wisdom. He has worked with Canfei Nesharim for the past six years in developing educational resources relating to Judaism and the environment.
These materials are posted as part of Jewcology’s “Year of Jewish Learning on the Environment,” in partnership with Canfei Nesharim. Learn more at http://www.jewcology.com/content/view/Year-of-Jewish-Learning-on-the-Environment.
Likutei Moharan I, 62:5
Alei Shor
Rabbi Moshe Rafael Seror (contemporary, Israel) suggests a practice for when we feel a desire to eat. We can ask ourselves whether the desire to eat that we feel is for a specific food that we like, for example chocolate, and whether the feeling of hunger extends to foods we don’t like. If we can feel in our body that the desire is for the latter, then it is genuine hunger coming out of the body’s need for nourishment, and not a smokescreen of the inclination that seeks instant gratification by means of sugary, fatty, or salty foods.
Chayey Moharan #515, by Rabbi Natan Sternhartz, translation by R’ Avraham Greenbaum. In a similar vein, Rabbi Tzadok Hacohen in section five to his Treatise on the Time of Eating teaches about the importance of moderation to temper the desire to eat, swallow, and finish quickly. He cites the Talmud, Tractate Berachot 2a-b on how a person should prepare themself before eating.
Similarly, Rabbi Shlomo Riskin writes about “Eating—A Religious Experience,” in A Happening Haggadah ” He writes, “The Seder can serve as a model to teach us the Jewish philosophy of eating. We permit ourselves to have only a tiny portion of karpas. By immediately withdrawing from the food, we learn discipline and restraint. As human beings we must learn the self-control to put the food aside and make the meal a religious experience. By learning to do not what we have the urge to do, but what He commands, we serve God… On [Pesach] we became a people of God whose primary purpose is to serve Him. We do so by subsuming the physical to the spiritual—by turning our meal into a learning experience and a prayer experience. Indeed the learning and prayer come first. It is through karpas that this lesson is brought home to the children around the Seder table.”
Rabbi Tzadok Hacohen, Pri Tzadik, Treatise on the Time of Eating, section six
“Increased food intake alone explains the increase in body weight in the United States,” Boyd Swinburn et al. oral presentation, 17th European Congress on Obesity,5.9.2009, news abstract online at http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/149553.php The researchers consider this increased food consumption to be the leading cause of the obesity epidemic.
“Luxus Consumption: Wasting Food Resources Through Overeating,” By Dr. Dorothy Blair and Dr. Jeffery Sobal, Agriculture and Human Values, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2006), p. 63-74
“Climate Change and Agriculture,” 2006, Martin Parry and Cynthia Rosenzweig, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (U.K. Meteorological Office and Goddard Institute for Space Studies), online at http://cgiar.bio-mirror.cn/pdf/agm06/agm06_ParryRosenzweig_climatechange%26agr.pdf
Indeed, Rebbe Nachman of Breslov teaches that the eating of Israel brings G-d, Blessed be He, and the Shechina (G-d’s Immanent Presence) face to face (Likutei Moharan I 62:1). | <urn:uuid:2c570d53-c716-4d57-adb1-3703f8a80209> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://hazon.org/we-are-how-we-eat-a-jewish-approach-to-food-and-sustainability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736972.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806151047-20200806181047-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.949589 | 1,908 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Chop Wood, Carry Water: How to Fall in Love With the Process of Becoming Great by Joshua Medcalf
Medcalf, and his sometimes-writing partner Jamie Gilbert, have written several simple books about self-development, transformational leadership, goal achievement, and other topics. The books are short, the chapters shorter, and their arguments easy to process and learn. High school and many middle school students would be able to take something away from this book.
The Hard Hat and The Energy Bus by Jon Gordon
Jon Gordon is the author of many books that provide simple lessons in leadership or personal development. Each book is formatted as a parable. His stories are short, exceptionally simple, and the lessons clear and evident. High school and many middle school students could read and appreciate these books. The Hard Hat and The Energy Bus were the most highly recommended of his work.
The Happiness Advantage: How a Positive Brain Fuels Success in Work and Life by Shawn Achor
Most of us live by the formula, “if I work hard, I will be successful, and if I’m successful, theyn I will be happy.” In The Happiness Advantage, Achor argues that this formula backward; happiness fuels success, not the other way around. Achor writes that when we are positive our brains are more creative, engaged, and productive, which ultimately leads to success. He provides several strategies that can help train our brains to look for the positive in our lives and enjoy a happiness advantage. This is a very easy read and could be enjoyed by students and adults alike.
Smart and Good High Schools: Integrating Excellence and Ethics for Success in School, Work, and Beyond by Matt Davidson and Thomas Lickona
Based on a significant research initiative and report, Smart and Good High Schools not only reveals the data from the study, but illustrates the best practices used by schools to teach and practice character with high school students. This book is intended for educators, and would probably not be meaningful to most students. A free digital copy of the book can be found at: https://www2.cortland.edu/centers/character/high-schools/SnGReport.pdf
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success by Carol S. Dweck
One of the most widely read cited books of the last decade, Dweck’s Mindset argues that everyone has either a fixed mindset or a growth mindset. A fixed mindset is one in which you view your talents and abilities as unchanging. On the other hand, a growth mindset, is one in which you believe that you can grow and improve. The good news, is that mindsets can be changed. This book is a scholarly work, but approachable and readable. Select high school students may enjoy the book.
Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance by Angela Duckworth
According to Duckwork, grit is the demonstration of passion and perseverance towards a long-term goal, and her research argues that one’s grit is an important predictor of success, more so than talent, IQ, and other indicators. Duckworth is a professor and researcher, but her book, like Mindset, is not a difficult read. Select high school students may enjoy the book.
Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us by Daniel Pink
In his book, Drive, Daniel Pink argues that much of what we believe about motivation is wrong. The carrot-and-stick approach used by many schools, businesses, and individuals is, Pink argues, is flawed for the 21st century. Instead, real motivation comes from:
*Autonomy—the desire to direct our own lives
*Mastery—the urge to get better and better at something that matters *Purpose—the yearning to do what we do in the service of something larger than ourselves
This book is primarily written for those in leadership in positions: teachers, coaches, managers, parents, etc. This may not be the best book for students.
InSideOut Coaching: How Sports Can Transform Lives by Joe Ehrmann
Joe Ehrmann’s book provides a persuasive argument for the power of transformational coaching. Ehrmann is a former football coach and NFL player, and thus his writing sometimes focuses on males (his work focuses on developing boys into men). However, the principles of transformational coaching can be applied to students of either gender. Like Drive, InSideOut Coaching is written for those in leadership positions and may not be as meaningful to students. | <urn:uuid:ce3e963c-a11e-41cc-9418-66a0cf135ce6> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://raycenter.wp.drake.edu/2019/05/28/summer-reading-list-6-12-grade-students-and-educators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880401.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022225046-20201023015046-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.959614 | 935 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Relations between Pakistan and the Russian Federation were reactivated in 2007 after the 3-day official visit of Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov.
He was the first Russian prime minister to visit Pakistan in the post Soviet-era in 38 years. He had “in-depth discussions” with then President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz.
The major focus of the visit was to improve bilateral relations with particular emphasis on ways and means to enhance economic cooperation between the two countries. [Image: Russian president Dmitry Medvedev engaged in conversation with his Pakistani counterpart president Asif Zardari, 2010].
START: SOMETIME GOOD, MANY TIME BAD
Pakistan–Russian relations refer to the bilateral, historical, cultural, and international relations between the State of Pakistan and the Russian Federation. Pakistan and the Russian Federation first established the diplomatic and bilateral relations on 1 May 1948.
For the most of the Cold War, Pakistan’s relations with then Soviet Union saw many ups and downs during different periods of Pakistan’s post indepndence history. During the 1947-50s Soviet Union enjoyed relatively healthy and strong relations with Pakistan when it had civilian governments. The relations, however, went ultimately cold soon after the U.S.-backed 1958 military coup d’état was staged by Gen Ayub Khan, the Commander in Chief of Pakistan’s armed forces, although attempts to warm the relations were made after the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war and in midst of 1970s, the relations were quickly improved and warmed.
In the late 1980s, Pakistan allied with the United States and Saudi Arabia to support the Mujahideen rebels during Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.
Soviet relations with Pakistan date back to 1922 after the Bolshevik Revolution of Oct.1918. From 1922-27, people who entered from Soviet Union into Pakistani territory then held by British Indian Empire, attempted to start a communist revolution against the British Empire. The series of coups known as Peshawar Conspiracy Cases; the British Empire was terrified after the intelligence on attempted communist revolution in India were revealed to authorities.
From 1947-50 and 1965–69, the trade, educational, and cultural exchanges between two countries increased. But the Soviet efforts were undermined by Soviet Union herself when Soviet criticism of Pakistan’s position in the 1971 war with India weakened bilateral relations, and many people in Pakistan believed that the August 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Peace and Cooperation encouraged India to invade East Pakistan. Subsequent Soviet arms sales to India, amounting to billions of dollars on concessional terms, reinforced this argument. The USSR also kept vetoing every resolution on the East Pakistan situation whenever Pakistan brought the matter to the United Nations.
Shashlik, originally a Russo Pakistani dish is a form of Shish kebab which, by the passage of time has gained popularity in many other parts of the world.
Shashlik (meaning skewered meat) was originally made of lamb but can be replaced by other meats depending upon local preferences and religious observances.
The skewers of meat are either all meat, all fat, or alternating pieces of meat, fat, and vegetables such as bell pepper, onion, mushroom and tomato.
RELATIONS WITH SUPER POWER: 1947-1991
In 1948 Moscow directed a farewell message to then-Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Pakistan had come on world map during the penultimate times of cold war, and the Soviet influence on neighbouring Imperial Iran had deepened.
Russian military involvement in Afghanistan, another neighbouring country of Pakistan has had a long history, going back to Tsarist times in the so-called “Great Game” between Russia and Great Britain.
“ Pakistan cannot afford to wait. She must take her friends where she finds them…! ” —Liaquat Ali Khan calling the Soviet Union and China.
According to the studies conducted by the Institute of Strategic Studies (ISS), the Soviet Union did not welcome the Indian partition, fluctuating from cool to antagonistic and hostile relations for the new state. Moscow vehemently had criticised the United Kingdom on partitioning the region, calling it as the “Divide and Rule” stratagem of the foreign policy of Great Britain, and had earlier also labeled Muslim League as a tool of the British.
From its very inception Russian leader Joseph Stalin and the officials in Moscow did not send any congratulatory message to Governor-General Jinnah— founder of Pakistan. Rather the Soviet Union extended such relations after the death of Jinnah, and sent the invitation to Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan on April 1948.
During the turbulent period of partition in 1947, Soviet Union remained neutral and had a non-committal attitude, while the Western countries supported Pakistan to take the Kashmir dispute to the United Nations Security Council. The Status quo was more acceptable to India, but not to Pakistan, but Moscow’s initial influence in this regard led it to vote in favor of India in 1947.
During 1947-53, Pakistan was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and was facing the challenging issues involving economic default, internal unrest, challenges in foreign policy, constitutional crises, and the problems in the Constituent Assembly particularly after the death of Jinnah. Pakistan, then in its initial stages of development waited to see if any nation was willing to help the country to re-build through massive military and economical aid, as was revealed by a prominent leader of the Muslim League at that time, late Sir Firoze Khan Noon. So said Noon:
If the Hindus give (us) Pakistan, then the Hindus are our best friends. If the British give it to us then the Brits are our best friends. If neither will give us our freedom….. Then Russia is our best friend…. —Firoze Ali Khan Noon, 1946, source
In April 1948, at the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Far East, Pakistan’s foreign officers announced that “she (Pakistan) would accept aid from any source”, but the Soviets did not respond to that request. In 1948, Prime minister Ali Khan made several attempts to Soviet Union to establish the relations, but Soviets remained quiet.
Pakistan – Russia Friendship Commemorative Postage Stamp June 10, 2011.
Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and USSR were established on May 1, 1948 through the agreement concluded in New York by Sir Zafrulla Khan, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, and Andrei A. Gromykok, the First Deputy Foreign Minister of USSR.
This agreement was succeeded by a consequent exchange of the relevant notes. Shortly thereafter the Embassies of the USSR and Pakistan commenced their functioning.
On April 1948, Pakistan’s foreign minister Sir Zafarullah Khan held talks with Deputy Foreign minister Andrei Gromyko, subjecting the diplomatic relation. During that time, Pakistan saw relations with the Soviet Union from the prism of her relations with India just as these days it sees ties with the United States.
“ There is important divergence of outlooks between those of Pakistan [with its Islamic background], and the Soviet Union [with its background of Marxism which is atheistic in approach]…. Pakistan had noticed the subservience which was forced upon the allies of the Soviet Union… Furthermore, there was the question whether Russia could supply the aid, both material and technical, which Pakistan so urgently needed…” —Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, 1950.
However, the policy was changed after Soviet Union witnessed two events particularly forcing them to respond more to Pakistan when India decided to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations. It was a clear sign that India was leaning nmore towards the West which even then was under the strong influence of the United States.
The second event was Indian premier Jawaharlal Nehru’s announcement to proceed on a state visit to the United States on May 7, 1949. Reacting to this initiative by Indian leadership, the Soviet Union extended an invitation to Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, in 1949 to visit Moscow, thus to become the first prime minister from the Commonwealth of Nations to visit the world’s leading communist state, but ironically the Soviet Union herself did not finalize the dates or the plans. Consequently Pakistani prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan went on to the US on a state visit, taking the largest diplomatic and military convey with him – a clear rebuff to Soviet Union.
According to studies completed by the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (PIIA), the real motives, goals and objectives, were to get economic and technical assistance. “There are important divergences of outlook between Pakistan, with its Islamic background, and the Soviet Union with its background of Marxism which is atheistic….Pakistan had noticed the subservience which was forced upon allies of the Soviet Union… Furthermore, there was the question whether Russia could supply the aid, both material and technical, which Pakistan so urgently needed…” PIIA noted.
The relations suffered further setback when members of Pakistan Communist Party led by poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz, and sponsored by Major-General Akbar Khan, hatched a coup d’état against Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in 1950 (See Rawalpindi conspiracy case). Just three years after the unsuccessful coup attempt, prime minister Liaqat Ali Khan when he was campaigning for his electoral term was assassinated in Rawalpindi. Subsequently during 1954-58, and as the time passed the relations were strained and hostility against each other gained momentum. In 1954, Pakistan became a member of the SEATO and in 1955 of CENTO, which Soviet Union did not welcome, and overtly opted a Pro-Indian policy especially with respect to Kashmir as an integral part of India.
Left: The border of British India (now Pakistan’s border) showing the Russian Empire neighboring with Pakistan.
After 1954-55 elections in Pakistan, prime minister Huseyn Suhrawardy, a left-leaning politician, made deliberate attempts to improve relations with the USSR. On March–April 1954, a delegation of the Soviet cultural troupe toured Pakistan and a festival of the Soviet films was held in Karachi. To reciprocate this, the Pakistani Government also sent a delegation to study the Soviet industrial and agricultural development.
In 1956, Soviet premier Nikolai Bulganin offered technical and scientific assistance to prime minister Suhrawardy for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, offering Soviet contribution to Pakistan after the Pakistani premier had submitted a plan to establish the nuclear deterrence against India. In 1958, Soviet Union agreed to provide Pakistan a handful of aid in agriculture, economic assistance, and in diverse fields such as science, control of pest, flood control, desalination, soil erosion and technical assistance.
In 1958, Pakistan and Soviet Union finally established an oil consortium, Pakistan Oilfields, and expressing interests in establishing the country’s first steel mills.
1. Pakistan can make Russia Queen of Asia 2. 2. Russia – Pakistan: the Way is Open for New Projects 3. Pak–Russia Relations 4. After US, now Chinese bases in Pakistan!
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the ‘Wonders of Pakistan’. The contents of this article too are the sole responsibility of the author(s). WoP will not be responsible or liable for any inaccurate or incorrect statements contained in this post.
YOUR COMMENT IS IMPORTANT
DO NOT UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF YOUR COMMENT | <urn:uuid:dcf573e5-6641-48b8-ab27-e400489938e6> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://wondersofpakistan.wordpress.com/2013/02/20/pakistan-russia-relations-1-of-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439213.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604063532-20200604093532-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.959939 | 2,396 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Tad’s Fridge Phonics
Knowing the alphabet is the first step to learning to read. Tad’s Fridge Phonics™ is designed to reinforce alphabet knowledge, letter names and sounds as children play with the letter tiles, which also help strengthen fine motor and coordination skills.
5.8 (D) x 29 (W) x 27.9 (H) cm
Choose a level and push the letter tiles into the letter slot to reinforce letter names, phonics and word skills
Magnetic back makes it great for fridge play in the kitchen
26 magnetic letter tiles stick to the fridge and help kids learn the shape of each letter
Three photo tiles can be customized with your own photos for a unique, personalized play experience | <urn:uuid:3a88fbd8-0326-4601-9c9f-bf5c1c6f23cd> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.jinglebox.com.my/products/tad-s-fridge-phonics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665767.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112202920-20191112230920-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.879937 | 152 | 2.640625 | 3 |
You’ve probably heard lots of things about mushroom compost – some good, some bad – leaving you unsure of what to make of it.
When used correctly, this organic-rich soil improver has many health benefits for your garden soil or container plants.
What is mushroom compost best used for? Mushroom compost is best used as a soil amendment in poor garden soil, such as free-draining or compacted mediums. Its fertile composition can be used to improve low-nutrient substrate and neutralize acid soil. It is also good for improving the structure of soil, allowing it to retain more moisture.
Cool, but you’re probably still wondering: how will it affect certain vegetables; where can I find it, and how does it differ from regular compost?
Don’t sweat it – I’m going to answer all these questions and more. Here’s your ultimate guide to mushroom compost.
All About Mushroom Compost
Also known as Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC), mushroom compost is inexpensive and consists of many components that can be beneficial to organic gardening.
SMC has notable differences from normal compost, and recipes can vary depending on from where you source it.
What Is Mushroom Compost?
Mushroom compost is part soil conditioner and part slow-release fertilizer, but – despite the name – it usually does not contain mushrooms.
The majority of commercial mushroom compost is harvested from the leftover substrate in which edible fungi previously grew, hence the common term “spent” mushroom compost.
This mix of organic materials typically consists of straw, hay, corn cobs, horse manure, and poultry manure, though some mushroom growers will also add peat moss, lime (pulverized limestone or chalk), and soybean meal.
Some suppliers, on the other hand, sell pure mushroom compost which consists of a similar recipe but with mushroom spores injected into the mix.
How Is Mushroom Compost Made?
Once a commercial crop of edible mushrooms has been harvested, farmers will put the leftover substrate through a steam pasteurization process for several hours at around 140°F (60°C).
This is to kill any residual insects, weeds, and harmful bacteria.
It is then aged for around 2 years to leach out decomposing matter and land-contaminating solvents before being sold on as organic fertilizer.
The majority of mushroom compost from garden stores will have already been aged, but you can create your own.
Mushroom Compost Nutrients
The cattle and poultry manure within mushroom compost provides the majority of nutrients, but additional nutrients are present in the form of macro and micro salts, which respectively improve soil fertility and encourage plant growth.
Is Mushroom Compost High in Nutrients?
Mushroom compost is dense with essential nutrients because the substrate needed to grow mushrooms successfully has to make up for a lack of carbohydrate production.
Unlike plants, fungi don’t contain chlorophyll that helps produce energy for themselves during photosynthesis, so instead, mushrooms need a large supply of organic materials to feed on.
What Minerals Are in Mushroom Compost?
As well as mainly containing nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, mushroom compost is also comprised of further macro and micronutrients including calcium, magnesium, and sulfur as well as manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and sodium.
Mushroom Compost pH
Mushroom compost generally has a pH reading of 6.7 (or 6.6 for fresh/younger compost).
This fairly balanced range makes it an appropriate compost for growing many crop varieties but will be too neutral for acidic-loving (ericaceous) plants.
Is Mushroom Compost Good for Plants?
Assuming it is used on the right plants, mushroom compost can enrich the soil in your garden and container-grown fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowering plants by supplying various nutrients to encourage healthier growth.
Its richly organic components and water retention can also improve soil fertility and structure in some mediums.
For example, mushroom compost will correct the quality and structure of compact, poor-draining soils such as clay and also the overly fast draining, nutrient-light soil of loose, sandy substrates.
Mushroom Compost vs. Manure
Like mushroom compost, manure is highly nutritious due to the animal’s diet of pasture grass and grains.
Furthermore, both forms of fertilizer improve soil aeration and are respectively eco-friendly (cow manure specifically has a low greenhouse gas production, while mushroom compost’s excellent water retention conserves water in its environment).
However, manure contains high traces of ammonia that could damage certain plants and can be more tedious to prepare for composting.
Mushroom Compost vs. Regular Compost
Generally speaking, both compost types have a similar nutrient content but this will vary across suppliers.
Though they offer much the same benefits to garden soil, regular compost tends to be more versatile and cost-effective.
While mushroom compost is made with a mix of animal waste and various other organic matter, regular compost can be made with readily available home materials, such as leaf cuttings and food waste.
Normal compost is also well-suited to seeding medium whereas the salt levels within mushroom compost can be damaging if not fatal for seedling germination when used on its own.
Is Mushroom Compost Acidic or Alkaline?
Most commercially available mushroom composts lean subtly towards alkaline due to the inclusion of chalk (lime).
Without this, it is more or less neutral in composition, which makes it ideal for amending acidic soils.
Mushroom Compost Pros & Cons
Is Mushroom Compost Good Fertilizer?
Yes, mushroom compost is good fertilizer. Thanks to its mild nitrogen content, mushroom compost delivers a slow-release of essential nutrients into the soil to provide long-term fertility and soil structure benefits.
It is also a highly sustainable fertilizer choice since it reduces landfill waste.
Where To Buy Mushroom Compost
Some local mushroom farmers may be happy to offload their leftover compost for free.
But if you have no luck down that route, mushroom compost is widely available in gardening stores and online – this compost in particular is a good choice, especially if you like a great price and speedy shipping.
Using Mushroom Compost
Mushroom compost needs to be applied in specific amounts to avoid health issues in the soil. It’s also important to know that the application of SMC can greatly benefit certain plants but will be deadly to others.
How To Use Mushroom Compost in the Garden
It is best applied to garden soil in early spring or long into summer for vegetable gardening. When amending garden soil, spread the compost evenly and till it 1-3 inches into the top 6 inches of soil.
For container plants, it’s best to mix in ¼ mushroom compost with ¾ of your potting soil mix.
Can You Use Too Much Mushroom Compost?
As mushroom compost has fantastic water retention, use it conservatively with drought-loving plants.
While moist soil is beneficial for plant growth, too much SMC may cause poorly circulated, waterlogged conditions that risk the development of root rot.
What Plants Benefit From Mushroom Compost?
The high calcium levels can benefit tomatoes as they are prone to blossom end rot due to a calcium deficiency, while many tropical plants in need of long periods of hydration such as the iris, marsh marigold, and hibiscus will appreciate this compost’s moisture-retaining quality.
What Is Mushroom Compost Not Good For?
“Keep mushroom compost away from salt-sensitive plants, young plants, and germinating seeds,” warns John Hart, a soil scientist at Oregon State University.
The rich combination of soluble salts and high-nutrient content can overwhelm plants in the heather family of flowering plants (Ericaceae) and will kill off germination seeds when used on its own.
The following fruits, veggies, and flowering plants can be killed by the salts in mushroom compost:
Can You Grow Vegetables in Mushroom Compost?
Spent mushroom compost makes a perfectly suitable soil amendment for growing vegetables and other crops.
However, crops should never be planted solely in pure mushroom compost as this has not been allowed to age/cure and will have too high a concentration of soluble salts.
The following vegetables can benefit from mushroom compost:
- Bell peppers
Is Mushroom Compost Good for Roses?
Any organic compost, including mushroom compost, is beneficial for rose beds and gardens, though some growers recommend tilling mushroom compost into the bottom of the soil bed before planting rather than adding it to the topsoil.
This is due to a concern over the slow release of nutrients spreading fungi to rose foliage.
Can You Use Mushroom Compost in Raised Beds?
Yes, mushroom compost can be a great addition to raised beds, but it’s important that the rest of the garden soil is a well-draining medium with a loose, fluffy structure.
This ensures plant roots can spread far and absorb nutrients sufficiently due to well-ventilated soil.
Can You Use Mushroom Compost as a Mulch?
Mulching your plants with an inch-layer of mushroom compost on the surface of your garden soil will help to conserve much-needed moisture for developing plants and will reduce your need for frequent watering.
The high salt content will also help to suppress competing weeds in the soil bed.
In essence, mushroom compost or “spent” mushroom compost as it is commonly sold can deliver a burst of beneficial nutrients to your flower bed or fruit and vegetable patch when mixed in with your native garden soil.
However, the high salt levels aren’t suitable for all plant types, and when used in its purest uncured form the concentration of nutrients can be too much for crops to handle, so it’s wise to consider your plant/soil type before using it. | <urn:uuid:5cfa9e5b-1882-46ea-a784-a01534ffbc54> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://whyfarmit.com/using-mushroom-compost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335286.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928212030-20220929002030-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.924763 | 2,161 | 2.875 | 3 |
A Technique for Importing Shapefile to Mobile Device in a Distributed System Environment
Mobile GIS emerged in the 1990s, with integration of GPS is one of the leading technique. It is a Location Based Services which can be defined as any application that extends spatial information processing or GIS capabilities to end users (based on their geographic location) (ESRI 2000 & 2001d). In other words it can be used to gather information from any place, and in no time. It's where wireless and GIS technologies meet on the Web and it is changing the way businesses and individuals operate"(ESRI 2001a). The technology of mobile devices has been improving since 2000.The various improvements have resulted in developing a high promising technology by taking into account issues like: Portability, 'Ruggedness' and All-day battery life. | <urn:uuid:b6856e74-27c5-4604-b28f-e63cabdc6a02> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/a-technique-for-importing-shapefile-to-mobile-device-in-a-distributed-system-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826210.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023164236-20171023184236-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.939369 | 169 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This paper presents budgeting as a tool of accountability in Nigeria primary Education. Budget is a very vital resource in human life, be it private or public. The concept of budgeting in primary education is important because, it helps managers of primary education to plan, in order to reduce waste or reckless spending of funds provided for programmes and events in education. Budgeting gives room for proper accounting. Financial accountability is a systematic process that has to do with holding an individual accountable for effectively performing a financial activity such as financial resources, material resource and spending of funds etc. Download
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Researchjournali®.com is an international journal publishing house from India and publishes research journals on wide range of academic disciplines.
It is a division of private limited company dedicated to online publication and promotion of research in global arena.
Researchjournali provides an alternative modern approach to academic publication and makes research paper publication easy and simple.
At Researchjournali we provide excellent publishing service with highest professional standards to authors. | <urn:uuid:b5d36b20-896b-4808-9d48-0ef0c5988aac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://researchjournali.com/view.php?id=5769 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.913972 | 219 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Plants require light, CO2, and precise temperature control to grow. Control of ventilation, temperature and humidity can be used to optimize the growing cycle. Greenhouse Climate automation systems can maximize these variables in indoor grow facilities and greenhouses. For outdoor greenhouses these systems can control fans, vents, louvers, curtains, and boilers.
Many Cobau Engineering customers use the popular vapor pressure deficit feature of these systems. This feature allows the grower to set the temperature and humidity of the grow at the optimal conditions to avoid condensation on the plants. This feature prevents mold formation.
The systems offered by Cobau Engineering have internet capabilities which allow the growing conditions to be monitored and controlled remotely. | <urn:uuid:3609ea8a-fb96-4686-8a12-1e812097bcbd> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://cobauengineering.com/greenhouse-automation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107919459.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031151830-20201031181830-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.866264 | 142 | 2.625 | 3 |
We have all heard much buzz lately about buying fair trade and organic products, particularly in reference to daily commodities such as coffee. But what does “fair trade” actually mean? And why is it so important to buy fair trade, organic coffee?
What is Fair Trade?
Fair Trade refers to the system of buying and selling goods and commodities in a way which the local producers and communities involved in the growth and production of the commodity are honored and paid a fair wage. Fair trade also may include policies that honor the local natural environment involved in the production, as well as the promotion of people-to-people connections, fairness and sustainability.
Almost 85% of Fair Trade Certified™ coffee is also organic. And although organic, fair trade coffee is usually more expensive. The list below will offer some great reasons why you should consider supporting the international community of fair trade coffee producers, despite the slightly higher price per bean.
1. Supports Environmental Sustainability
When you buy fair trade, organic coffee you also support environmental sustainability through organic practices that reduce and/or eliminate the use of harmful toxic agrochemicals, pesticides and other chemical additives. What is more, many fair trade coffee farmers work with sustainable production methods to help keep the natural environment thriving for generations to come.
You support a fair price for products. Certified fair trade coffee has been given a base price, which is set by the international Fair Trade Labeling Organization. Therefore, you don’t get ripped off, but neither do the workers that produces the beans.
3. Supports Local Communities & Workers
When you buy fair trade, organic coffee you help the workers, organizations and communities involved in the production to receive a living wage. This is a direct support against commodities practices that leave workers without the minimum salary required to have basic food, shelter, medical care and education.
4. Invests in Local Community Building
When you buy from a fair-trade producer, you also invest a small amount of your money in that local community. Whereas many coffee producers move into villages and towns and take-over local customs and culture, many fair trade coffee operatives reinvest revenues back into the local business and community.
Even more importantly, fair trade producers continually offer back a social premium to specific community development initiatives in the realms of housing, healthcare, education, leadership training and women’s programs.
5. Tastes Better & Healthier For You!
Fair-trade, organic coffee is better for your health and tastes better. As the demand for global coffee increases, methods of mass-producing coffee lead to lower-quality produce. Sustainably grown organic coffee is often grown slower, and under rain-forest canopy. It is also grown without chemical fertilizers and pesticides, allowing the coffee to keep all of its nutrients.
During the pressing process, organic coffee is processed without the use of the harsh chemicals commonly used on non-organic beans. What is more, organic coffee plants create soil that holds its complex nutrient base. These plants can then feed nutrients back into the beans at a slow and steady rate, adding a robust, smooth flavor to the beans. It also allows the native soil to retain its complex nutrient base (as compared to the depleted soils commonly found on full-sun coffee farms).
6. Help Increase and Preserve Biodiversity
Many birds in the U.S. move to “coffee country” in the winter. Unlike mass-produced coffee, which sometimes robs animals of their natural habitat, traditional fair-trade coffee plantations offer some of the last remaining bird habitats in countries like Colombia and Mexico. In fact, studies in these two countries show that organic “shade-grown” coffee plantations have up to 95% more bird life than large-scale, rain-forest-stripped “sun-grown” plantations.
7. Remove the Middle Man
That $4.00 Vente Mocha Latte you buy every day may have gone through the hands of up to ten different farmers, exporters, brokers, processors, roasters and retailers before it reached your lips. Fair trade coffee attempts to eliminate these costly middle men through working directly with cooperatives of small bean farmers.
Dr. Edward F. Group III, DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM has studied natural healing methods for over 20 years and now teaches individuals and practitioners all around the world. He no longer sees patients but solely concentrates on spreading the word of health and wellness to the global community. Under his leadership, Global Healing Center, Inc. has earned recognition as one of the largest alternative, natural and organic health resources on the Internet.
†Results may vary. Information and statements made are for education purposes and are not intended to replace the advice of your doctor. Global Healing Center does not dispense medical advice, prescribe, or diagnose illness. The views and nutritional advice expressed by Global Healing Center are not intended to be a substitute for conventional medical service. If you have a severe medical condition or health concern, see your physician. | <urn:uuid:fae759c2-b026-42f0-a0ad-3bdcef7343e8> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.thesleuthjournal.com/7-reasons-buy-fair-trade-coffee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361253.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202084644-20211202114644-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951702 | 1,032 | 2.640625 | 3 |
There are over 100,000 words and meanings in the Cambridge Dictionary, but we are constantly adding to these, with almost 2,000 new words and updated definitions every year.
The four words we have shortlisted for the People’s Word of 2018 are:
fear or worry at the idea of being without your mobile phone or unable to use it
gender gap noun
a difference between the way men and women are treated in society, or between what men and women do and achieve
the practice of refusing someone an opportunity to make their ideas or beliefs known publicly, because you think these beliefs are dangerous or unacceptable
destruction of the natural environment of an area, or very great damage to it
Cast your vote below or on our Twitter poll @CambridgeWords! Voting will close at 23:59 GMT on Sunday 25 November and the People’s Word of 2018 will be announced soon after.
Want to know more about how we select new words and definitions? Take a look at this two-minute animation on our YouTube channel. | <urn:uuid:afe84f6b-bcbe-4adc-9098-e64094f4c1d3> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/2018/11/13/peoples-word-of-2018-cast-your-vote/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150264.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724094631-20210724124631-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.923854 | 213 | 2.796875 | 3 |
“A beautifully put together App that will introduce your child to the wonders of color, a4cwsn ”
With Intro to Colors, the world of colors comes alive. Inspired by the famous Montessori Color tablets, this dynamic and interactive app will guide your children through an appreciation of color, from the concrete to the abstract.
YOUR CHILD WILL LEARN
· The basic foundations of color
· Primary & Secondary Colors
· Color Shades & Gradients
· To identify, match and name colors
· To mix, paint and create colors
· To seek, find and select colors
· Fine motor skills
Intro to Colors is a universal app that will work on iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch devices. The app is optimized for iPhone 5 and retina screens. The app features these activities:
Learn to identify the primary colors, in a series of guided, interactive exercises using the color tablets. Your child will drag, match and tap on red, yellow and blue.
Learn to identify, select and name the secondary colors, in a number of engaging activities using the color tablets.
Learn to appreciate gradients with the color wheel and by arranging the color tablets from light-to-dark or dark-to-light.
Unleash your creativity on this blank canvas with this painting exercise. In the Montessori classroom, we provide only three colors (red, yellow, and blue) when painting. This constraint empowers children to mix colors and create new ones. Your child will learn that the three primary colors serve as the foundation for all colors.
Explore these creative artist scenes in this seek-and-find activity. Your child will listen for, find, and select the correct color as a fun way to recap their understanding of color. | <urn:uuid:30d57cb8-2812-491e-9696-0c712605b067> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://a4cwsn.com/2014/03/intro-to-colors-by-montessorium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853503 | 364 | 3.09375 | 3 |
1. A metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 10 liters.
4. A member of a widespread group of Amerindians living in northeastern South America.
10. The longer of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code.
13. A self-funded retirement plan that allows you to contribute a limited yearly sum toward your retirement.
14. A member of an agricultural people of southern India.
15. Fermented alcoholic beverage similar to but heavier than beer.
16. Electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum.
17. Small shrubby African tree having compound leaves and racemes of small fragrant green flowers.
19. A sock with a separation for the big toe.
21. Hormone released by the hypothalamus that controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.
23. An informal term for a father.
25. A fraudulent business scheme.
31. A white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light.
33. A card game for 2 players.
35. A condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders.
37. A soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group.
38. A collection of objects laid on top of each other.
39. The hair growing on the lower part of a man's face.
44. The rate of moving (especially walking or running).
45. A small pellet fired from an air rifle or BB gun.
46. King of Saudi Arabia since 1982 (born in 1922).
53. A large vase that usually has a pedestal or feet.
57. Being two more than fifty.
58. German iris having large white flowers with lavender-tinged falls and a fragrant rhizome.
59. A Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad.
60. A flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism.
61. A religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery.
62. Type genus of the Anatidae.
1. Having relatively few calories.
2. Type genus of the family Arcidae.
3. The 11th letter of the Greek alphabet.
4. A defensive missile designed to shoot down incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles.
5. Follower of Rastafarianism.
6. The sixth month of the civil year.
7. A thin coat of water-base paint.
8. Title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey).
9. Unknown god.
10. A challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy.
11. By bad luck.
12. (Greek mythology) The goddess of youth and spring.
18. A loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth.
20. A metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables.
22. An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the sale of petroleum.
24. Large swift fly the female of which sucks blood of various animals.
26. (of a young animal) Abandoned by its mother and raised by hand.
27. The cry made by sheep.
28. Agitation resulting from active worry.
29. A state in the western United States.
30. Type genus of the Nepidae.
32. A logarithmic unit of sound intensity.
34. According to the Old Testament he was a pagan king of Israel and husband of Jezebel (9th century BC).
36. Minute freshwater crustacean having a round body enclosed in a transparent shell.
40. A unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material.
41. The district occupied entirely by the city of Washington.
42. Any of various spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Acacia.
43. The compass point that is one point east (clockwise) of due north.
47. Fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelopes the seed.
48. A unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries.
49. Imprudently incurring risk.
50. (statistics) Approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value.
51. A small cake leavened with yeast.
52. A river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea.
54. A cry or noise made to express displeasure or contempt.
55. Someone who engages in arbitrage (who purchases securities in one market for immediate resale in another in the hope of profiting from the price differential).
56. A federal agency established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products. | <urn:uuid:c552ff29-0374-4dc2-88d3-d4d070ba2e90> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.crosswordpuzzlegames.com/puzzles/gs_149.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826322.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00451-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900864 | 1,024 | 2.703125 | 3 |
It is illustrated with examples and case studies drawn from nine classic papers from the 1950s through 1980s. Gillespie doesn't treat the history of population genetics himself, but finding and reading these papers — not all, unfortunately, freely available online — gives a good feel for how the theory was developed. There's some mention of outstanding questions, but the attention is on "that part of population genetics that is central and incontrovertible".
Gillespie finds room for a decent range of problems, closely integrated into the text and directly supporting it, and even for solutions to maybe half of these. Python is used wherever programming is involved.
The approach is mathematical but never gets hung up on completeness, with some resort to "proof by reference". As Gillespie says, "the real work of theoretical population genetics is not in the mathematics but in the models". He does makes some use of simulations, but shies away from the "gruesome prospect" of ugly mathematics. So the usual simplifications are made: when it comes to quantitative genetics, for example, norms of reaction get a passing mention and then genetic-environmental covariance is just assumed to be zero.
The assumed mathematics is only basic algebra and simple probability theory, but the speed of the presentation really assumes prior familiarity with more than that. At one point Gillespie writes "If the concept of a mean is unfamiliar, read from the beginning of Appendix B through page 191", but anyone unfamiliar with the concept of a mean is most unlikely to be able to follow the explanation given there, in terms of the moments of random variables. One short appendix covers some important sequences and series and Taylor expansion; a second longer one covers important random variables and gives two derivations of more complex results. Similarly, only a very basic knowledge of genetics is assumed.
The assumed knowledge may not be great, but the presentation moves at quite a fast pace. Population Genetics: A Concise Guide would be a fine text for higher-level undergraduates or lay readers with the right background. It is nicely organised and clearly presented, and recommended to anyone after an introduction to the core ideas of the field.
Note: This second edition has "grown by about 20 percent ... the introduction of more material on stochastic processes in evolution, a new section on genetic load theory, and a new chapter on two-locus theory. The sections on effective population size and selection in a changing environment have been completely rewritten."
- Related reviews:
- - books about genetics | <urn:uuid:1d6619a6-1417-431c-bcef-437ca3675336> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://dannyreviews.com/h/Population_Genetics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988308.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00154-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936285 | 507 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Nutrition 101: Fats
Let's talk fats. For a long time the misconception was that eating fat will make you fat. And it's kind of true, if you're eating Trans and Saturated fats in excess, of course. Your body needs fats in order to maintain itself and help you burn fat. Fats are essential for fat burning!
Fats help you absorb vitamins A, D and E and they are vital for your nervous system. They also help maintain normal hormone function as well as healthy hair and skin.
Not all fat is created equal - there are Saturated, Unsaturated fats and Essential fats.
Monounsaturated: olive oil, peanut oil, avocados, almonds, brazil nuts, pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds
Polyunsaturated: sunflower oil, flaxseed oil, walnuts, fish
Saturated: dairy products, meat products, fast food, butter and coconut oil (we want to try and limit these where possible)
Tran saturated: fast food, bakery items, fried foods etc.
Omega 3: fish, walnuts, flaxseed oil, sunflower oil
Omega 6: linoleic oil - primrose oil, black current seed oil, sunflower seeds
Fats can change when you heat them. For example, those roasted nuts that you love. If you're watching your waistline or health, the better option is the natural nuts. When the nuts are roasted the properties become unstable, causing it to change from a polyunsaturated fat to an unhealthy one.
The calories in that fats you eat are pretty high - 9 calories per 1gram of fat, which is more than double that of protein and carbohydrates, which are both 4 calories. This means it's important to track the fats you're consuming and not only the ones you're consciously adding but the others that sneak in such as the oils you're cooking in and the dressings you may be using.
Fats are great at keeping you fuller for longer as they are slower to digest. By adding a fat source to most of your meals, particularly the meals including carbohydrates, this will lower the overall GI rating of the meal and help you to use that energy for a longer period after.
The take away: Ensure you're getting the right fats in your diet, don't be scared of them. Make sure you're accounting for the 'extras' and adding the good fats to your higher carbohydrate meals.
*Disclaimer: Individual results vary based on agreed goals. Click here for details. | <urn:uuid:e41765ce-9582-438c-956d-6f93ffd97ba8> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.visionpt.com.au/studios/brighton/articles/weight-loss/nutrition-101-fats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541307813.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215094447-20191215122447-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.955703 | 522 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Solution to be delivered in 24 hoursafter verification
Describe hybridisation benefit for the eradication of disease
Explain how hybridisation contributes to disease eradication?
topic is nutrition in hydra means the process of taking in of food.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes normal growth and development of the preschool child? A. It occurs at a uniform rate for all children. B. It’s a unique
How fo you devive a differential equarion that describes the following system? A passive high pass filter followed by a passive low pass filter where the output of one is connected
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describe the structure and life cycle of entamoeba histolytica
describe habit and habitat of earthworm?
Which of the following animals can be stretched for restraint in the same manner as a cat? A. Piglet B. Dog C. Goat D. Ferret
approach the animal, what's the first step you should take to gain its confidence? A. Forcefully take the dog from the owner. B. Run your hands over its body so it gets...
Microsoft Word -...
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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Animal Hormones: Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands of animals. The pituitary gland and...
Animal Tissues The original word for tissue in French is 'tissu' meaning to weave. According tissue means a weaving unit of body organs and system....
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Bio-Energy Bio-Energy is one of the most interesting topics in biology for students at school, college...
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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Bio-Technology Bio-techonology is one of the most interesting topics in biology for students at school,...
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Body Organization Body Organization is one of the most interesting topic in biology for students at... | <urn:uuid:7b597c22-a045-4c34-9f29-5e2b8eefebaf> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.transtutors.com/questions/hydridisation-34450.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203841.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00148-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85402 | 472 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Public health officials are trying to calm fears that B.C. residents may become contaminated by radiation carried here from the nuclear disaster underway in Japan.
The B.C. Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) said Wednesday no abnormal radiation levels have so far been detected by an international network of monitoring sites put in place along the entire West Coast in the wake of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident.
“We do not expect any health risk following the nuclear reactor releases in Japan,” said provincial health officer Dr. Perry Kendall.
That hasn’t stopped some people from snapping up supplies of potassium iodide tablets, which can be used to neutralize the harmful effects of radioactive iodine, including thyroid cancer.
BCCDC officials said the potassium iodide tablets would only help people exposed to higher levels of radiation within 30 kilometres of the stricken Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, where explosions or coolant failures at multiple reactors threaten to cause a meltdown.
Kendall urged pharmacies not to dispense or stockpile the pills after an apparent run on them by spooked shoppers.
Even if there is a major release of radiation into the atmosphere from northeast Japan, Kendall said the particles would be so widely dispersed on their five- to six-day jet stream trip to North America that it’s unlikely they could pose a health risk.
“All the scenarios say that for us, because of the distance we are away, no they would not be posing a significant health risk to British Columbians.”
He cautioned against comparing Chernobyl, where the reactor fuel burned and sent large amounts of long-lasting radiation across Europe, to the Japanese reactors, which have containment facilities and are less likely to release large amounts of long-lasting radioactive isotopes.
Metro Vancouver Board Chair Lois Jackson said she wants a better picture of the potential threat in a worst-case scenario after the issue was raised at a meeting of the region’s mayors Wednesday morning.
“The outcome of a disaster of this sort could be very widespread,” she said. “The cloud rises up into the jet stream and what goes up must come down.
“My concern is that we are kept up to date honestly so we’re not as a nation scrambling if the worst was to happen.”
Jackson wants to find out from the federal government precisely where and how many radiation monitoring stations are located in B.C.
“It’s concerning to me that we don’t have that information.”
Neither Metro Vancouver’s air quality monitoring network nor the provincial government have any capability to measure wind-borne radiation that could come across the Pacific if nuclear reactors in Japan melt down.
Air quality planning manager Roger Quan said Metro monitors various types of pollutants at stations across the Lower Mainland, but they aren’t equipped to detect radiation.
Kendall said there are four federally run sites on Vancouver Island and one in the Lower Mainland that continuously sample for radiation and data can also be drawn from other international stations in the Pacific at islands like Guam.
SFU nuclear chemist Jean-Claude Brodovitch said he agrees with Kendall’s assessment of the risks, adding there is no sign of radiation reaching B.C.
“We have our own equipment we monitor with and we haven’t seen anything,” he said.
Although small amounts of radioactive iodine were detected in plants such as seaweed off the North American coast after Chernobyl, Brodovitch said that doesn’t equate to any significant human risk.
“There could be transportation of some dust in the atmosphere,” he said. “But when it gets around the globe it’s extremely diluted. After 7,000 kilometres, it would not be a real concern.”
Asked about the potential that radiation could enter the food chain, potentially via contaminated crops, Brodovitch said that was a possibility, but only in Japan and the local area around it.
“If there’s deposition in the ocean, there would be some impact on seafood,” added Kendall, who predicted authorities will be vigilant about protecting Canadian consumers.
“We’re going to see a lot of monitoring of foodstuffs in areas around the plume and in the ocean,” he said. “But that’s a longer-term concern.” | <urn:uuid:1a345f14-1a03-430a-9174-4cdba6b0e10f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.albernivalleynews.com/news/officials-see-no-risk-to-b-c-from-japanese-radiation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589573.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717051134-20180717071134-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.949168 | 912 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Deniz Kandiyoti 1996
Gendering the Middle East,
Syracuse Univ. Pr. , Syracuse, NY.
NOTE: This extract is included as an essential reading for transforming the world. You are requested to purchase the book yourself as it is, without question, essential reading material.
5 Adam and Adama, 'Ird and Ard: Engendering Political Conflict and Identity in Early Jewish and Palestinian Nationalisms
Sheila Hannah Katz
It ought to be possible for historians ... to 'make visible the assignment of subject-positions' [Gayatri Spivak] not in the sense of capturing the reality of objects seen, but of trying to understand the operations of the complex and changing discursive process by which identities are ascribed, resisted, or embraced, and which processes themselves are unremarked and indeed achieve their effect because they are unnoticed.'
In turn-of-the-century Palestine, there occurred a re-imagination of identities. Older loyalties to village, religion and empire both contended and colluded with a growing secular nationalism. 2 As the Ottoman Empire collapsed, Palestinians who had been lawabiding subjects were compelled to shift allegiances. Jews in Europe, who had long been legally released from high-walled ghettos, grappled with broken promises and violent threats. 3
I will argue in this chapter that gender issues were central to the formation of nationalist responses to these challenges. The changing roles of women and men in Jewish and Arab society played an important, though hidden, role in the formation of national identities and new national identities, in turn, influenced evolving gender roles. Changing images of women, men and community contributed to shaping specific power relations between and among Jews and Arabs. This chapter examines different ways in which gendered processes were central to the formation of two competing nationalisms in Palestine before 195o. It draws upon materials published inside and outside Palestine which reflected and directed efforts byjews and Arabs to redefine 'peoplehood' before 1950-' Kimmerling and Migdal refer to these published writings as 'furnishing a shared aesthetic and intellectual material ... of the new Palestinism-a cultural glue." Political tracts,' revisionist histories,' newspaper and magazine articles,' biographies," autobiographies," memoirs," novels, 12 poetry," and films," gave expression to these nascent nationalisms. These writings were not limited to Arabs and Jews who lived in Palestine. Egyptians, Lebanese, Syrians and many others who never went there also participated in the imagining of a new national community and in discussing the nature of gender relations within it. Jews from the diaspore, who visited or merely fantasized about Palestine, also contributed to constructions of manhood, womanhood and peoplehood there. A few of the sources self-consciously and even vociferously addressed 'the woman question', while most others offered iniplicit, unspoken assumptions about the place of gender in nationalism." Almost all shared the conscious sense that women and gender issues were irrelevant, or at best marginal, to the national project. Yet taken in their entirety, these writings expose the centrality of women and gender in the construction of political identities. Two scholarly breakthroughs in the ig8os provided a theoretical and methodological framework for the interrogation of gendernation relations. In i983, Benedict Anderson, in Imagined Communiti.es, talked about nationalism as a set of cultural constructions."3 In i988,joan Wallach Scott elaborated on the significance of reading for silences about women in historical texts, and the importance of constructions of gender for an understanding of power in high politics. In Gender and the Politics of Histog, Scott asserted that 'those absent from official accounts partook nonetheless in the making of history; those who are silent speak eloquently about the meaning of power and uses of political authority."' Reading nationalist texts is a lesson in the power of silence. Nowhere do women and issues of gender seem more remote than in the narratives of political history, where women are absent and men ubiquitous. Volumes of Palestinian and Israeli analyses hardly yield a word about national actors as gendered beings and generate an overwhelming impression that gender is irrelevant to politics. Yet it is upon this seeming irrelevance that particular political arrangements depend which bolster hierarchies of difference based on gender, class, race and ethnicity.
National narratives are, in fact, gendered texts at a number of different levels: (1) in the centrality of notions of manhood and masculinity to nationalism, (2) in the feminization of the land as the central symbol of survival, (3) in the ways nationalists imagined women, (4) in the ways modernization co-opted gender to shape nationalism, and (5) in the ways women colluded with or contested these constructions.
Nationalism and Manhood
While women and men both actively participated in what they understood to be a movement for liberation, it was men as leaders and propagandists who defined both problems and solutions in ways that linked nationalism to the achievement of manhood. The Arab Palestinian martyr Abd al-Rahim Mahmud proclaimed in a poem: 'I will guard my land with my sword so that all will know that I am a man!"' Benjamin, a fictional Jewish teenage Holocaust survivor, proclaimed in a film that 'God needed earth to make a man, and I need earth to become a man!"" The proof or achievement of manhood was thus a persistent subtext of nationalist narratives. The bronzed, muscular farmer/soldier 'New Man' was the Zionist alternative to his stooped, intellectual and victimized diaspora predecessor. Jews associated the galut with characteristics deemed negatively feminine such as being passive or vulnerable victims. In a sense men felt relegated to being symbolic women, that is, subject to degradation and abuse by other men of dominant cultures. The 'New Man' of Zionism was supposed to throw off the powerlessness of two thousand years. As architect of this myth, Berdichevsky interpreted exile as both an external and internal condition. Deep within the soul, beneath the dust of Rabbinic Judaism, there lay a primordial element which needed to be set free." This meant taking a stand to physically defend oneself as well as one's women and children.' The Palestinian Arab patriarch, whether peasant or poet, was supposed to defend his ard and his 'ird, his land and his women's sexual integrity. As an antidote to centuries of foreign rule, Palestinian men expressed rage at dispossession which could result in exile. At the very point in history when they could begin to imagine power residing in the hands of a new class of Palestinian men, they perceived betrayal and abandonment by other men be theyjewish, British, Arab or, most bitterly, Palestinian. Possession and defence of the land and women were at the centre not only of emerging national consciousness but of individual men's selfrespect. As Fawaz Turki asserted, 'to Palestinians, no phrase is more familiar-perhaps one should call it a metaphrase-than ardi-'irdi.' Translated literally it means 'my land is my womenfolk.' As understood by Palestinians, the phrase reads, 'my land is my nobility ... my being what I am.'22
The prominent Palestinian writer, Muhammad Izzat Darwazah, wrote the novel al-Malak wal-simsar (The Angel and the Land Broker) representing a typical Palestinian Arab family of the mid-1920s. The protagonist was an illiterate but nevertheless dignified head of household. A Jewish land broker, representing Zionists' deceptions and the temptations of modernity, enticed the father to go to the city to enjoy himself. There the man spent all his money and was forced to mortgage his house to the broker for an amount in excess of its value. He then spent all this money in the city and was ultimately shamed into deserting his family, becoming a beggar, finally ending up in an insane [email protected] Jews and the modern development they hastened were depicted as responsible for the moral and ruaterial downfall of innocent Arab men. The importance of the defence of land and the political conditions which made this goal ultimately impossible to achieve fostered a culture of martyrdom. Abd al-Rahim Mahmud, poet and martyr, reasoned that real men had two choices: to live with honour or to die fighting for it." lbrahim Tuqan, the prominent Palestinian poet from Nablus wrote al-Shahid (The Martyr), in which he described the full honour accorded a man who was strong and unafraid of danger, pain or death. Tuqan wrote that even if no one knew about the way he died, nobody cried at his death, or no one knew the location of his grave, the matter of his body was unimportant because his name would be everywhere: 'O how joyous was his face when he was passing to death; singing to the whole world: could I but sacrifice myself for God and my country.' 25
Feminization of the Land
Beyond preoccupations with the preservation or recuperation of manhood, the symbols of the nation were saturated with gendered meaning. Land became a central symbol of both national and personal redemption. Jewish men called themselves 'Zionists' because the rebirth of their peoplehood and manhood depended on their claim to Eretz Tzion, the Land of Zion. Arab men began to think of themselves as 'Filastini' to distinguish themselves from other Arabs who were not directly attached to the land of Palestine and its distinctive colonial conundrum. Imagining Zion or Palestine as female turned its defenders into real men. Outside the Land of Zion, Zionists referred to thejewish people not merely as female, but as the quintessential downtrodden girl. Pinsker claimed: 'He [the Jew] is treated as a Cinderella; in the most favorable cases he is regarded as an adopted child whose rights may be questioned, never is he considered a legitimate child of the fatherland. 12' But in Palestine these weak, feminized people were transformed into powerful males wooing a female land. The desire of men to possess this land made them imbue it with feminine characteristics. Sometimes the land was depicted as the lover to be conquered and fertilized; at other times it became the mother giving birth to a new 'masculine' people. In igog, on the commune of Bittania, for example, the charismatic leader, Meir Yaari, equated the land with both a bride and a fertile mother. This transformed the Jewish people into both sons and the
... bridegroom who abandons himself in his bride's bosom... thus we abandon ourselves to the motherly womb of sanctifying earth... In this last hour before our wedding night, we bring as holy sacrifice to you, earth of our fulfilment, these our very lives, our daily lives in the land of Israel; our parents, children, brothers, our poverty and wealth."'
A.D. Gordon articulated an ideology of redemption through physical labour on the land. He portrayed Jewish men willing to leave materially comfortable lives in the galut for the physical hardships of life in Palestine comparing Jews to a man burning for his lover: 'The lover prefers a dry morsel of bread in a poor cottage in the company of his beloved to a life of luxury without her. Whoever separates him from his beloved deprives him of life. "" With a Hebrew play on words, Buber elaborated on the marriage analogy. In Hebrew, adam is the name for the first male human in the Bible. Ben adama, son of Adam, becomes 'human' or 'man'. Adama, the female form of the word, is not the word for woman, but the word for 'land'. So, Buber articulated his belief in 'the great marriage between adam and adama'.21 Feminizing and eroticizing the land as passive object of men's active love and sacrifice transformed the Palestinian people into men. The poet Iskandar al-Khuri al-Baytjali, for example, lamented over Palestine as an emaciated female weakened by foreign rule. The possession and care of this land by Palestinian men would infuse her with strength and health:
Strength has spread through her body and penetrated deeply into her bosom. She was petrified after being weak and thin. This is Palestine, who until recently was at a loss and humiliated by the Turks. She has become languid, while she was bright at the time of the Arabs."
In the 1930s, Ajaj' Nuwiyhid portrayed Palestine as the bride of Arab men, a bride which had to be won at the highest cost, with the blood of the groom. Dying for the beloved proved men's unquestionable love:
We have asked to become engaged to a girl Her bride price is @ery expensive But she deserves it Here is our answer: We will fight for the sake of your eyes. Death is our aim and we have many men."
Men's love for the land was sometimes opposed to the love of actual women. The words under the Rashadiyya school club map of Palestine read: 'Palestine, the blessed land ... best land of all! Do not despair. You are the only love we have.112 Real women were left behind, widowed or turned into reasons for fighting.
If nationalists feminized the central symbol of their desire, the land, and derided feminine traits as characterizing their worst perceptions of themselves, how then did they imagine women? We return to the young hero, Benjamin, conscious of needing land to become a man, but totally unaware of his need for a woman to help him get there." It is Miriam's love for Benjamin which enables him to shed an impenetrable shell acquired from living half a young life in death camps. As another Holocaust orphan at this camp in Palestine, Miriam offers an intelligent love, which breaks down Benjamin's resistance to grasping the hoe and marching out of isolation to work with other barefooted young men on a land representing new possibilities of manhood. As for Miriam, what she needs most to become a woman is a man. Basically, women were imagined as good or bad according to how much they helped or hindered men in achieving their goals. Herzl praised women when their 'enthusiasm lent wings to the men's courage."' Arab men paid tribute to wives for sacrificing their own money and labour to the cause of the homeland. In the midst of a detailed account of Palestinian military battles, Arif al-Arif interrupted his narrative to praise the wife of the hero, Abd al-Qadir. Remaining nameless in the text, the wife was praised for helping fighters by cooking for them and washing their clothes, thereby elevating wifely chores to national service." Motherhood, however, was presented as the highest form of national service. Muhammad Bindari wrote:
A woman must first prove her success inside the house by raising her children to love their country. She must strengthen their national feeling and nurse (hem with the milk of nationalism."
As 'patriotic' wombs, it was not enough for women merely to marry and have children. They also played a central role as boundary markers of national identities. One study of Palestine was critical of the dearth of intermarriage across class lines during the Mandate period, resulting from townspeople's disdain for peasants, as something that weakened national bonds." Forjews, class was also an issue but not one as threatening as inter-faith marriages. In Europe, intermarriage with non-Jews was tantamount to cultural genocide. In the national context of Palestine it was treason because it blurred distinctions between the categories of Jew and Arab." 'Nationalization' of sexuality meant that women were restricted to sexual relations with 'their own kind'. Yet amongjews in Palestine, it also meant that intermarriage between European and Palestinian or Arab Jews was approved as promoting progress. A biographer of Golda Meir, towards the end of a long account of her political accomplishments, capped her achievements with a description of her grandchildren:
Youth filled the room ... blond, blue-eyed Sabras of European and American origin; dusky Yemenites whose presence testified to the ming ling of East and West in the authentic melting pot of Israel... Golda's own grandchildren highlighted the contrasts: the blond, blue-eyed babies of Menachem and the dark beauty of the children of Sarale."
Hierarchies of power and prestige are absent from this cheerful description which levels difference to attractive physical traits. The blending of races, or the protection of distinctions between them, was lauded or condemned depending on evolving political identities. Meir's granddaughter, Naomi, born of an Ashkenazi mother and Palestinianjewish father, represented the union of what was hoped to be the best of Western and Easternjewry. Naomi was consi 'dered to have an unselfconscious 'authenticity' of national identity, for she was 'at last free of the idea of Zion; she was part of its hills, its sun, and sand."' While men were expected to give their lives for the new nation, women were to give birth to new fighters, sacrifice sons and husbands for the cause and bear their grief as a badge of honour. When one Jewish mother in South Africa received news that her young son had died fighting the British in Palestine,
her first reaction to 'the news of his death was to say quietly that if her son had to die in war, she was glad he had not given up his precious young life for others, but had died fighting for his own people ... A year later her broken heart gave up its struggle with sorrow and quietly ceased beating."
Yet not all women married and conceived children. Apparently there was a substantial enough number of women who for one reason or another did not marry for Herzl, in his novel about a utopianjewish society, to plan an entire branch of government to be run by them. 12 In Altneuland, Herzl envisioned a society in which women who were cast off as 'old maids' in Europe would not have to live what were assumed to be 'wasteful' lives. He imagined single women taking charge of the 'philanthropic' or 'welfare' arm of the state. They would provide care for the sick, poor, orphaned and needy, running hospitals, orphanages, vacation camps and public kitchens, becoming mothers of the nation where they had failed to become mothers of families.
Women and Modernization
The discourse of modernization underpinned many of the constructions of gender and nation. Whether waxing eloquent on the future of 'barren wastelands' or in volatile debates about women's rights, nationalists, as self-appointed modernizers imagined women as both the vehicles and the objects of civilization. They were a measure of the advancement or backwardness of a culture. Muhammad Bahim, for example, asserted thdt:
The development of women is more important for measuring the development of a country than its construction of sky-high buildings and wide boulevards .43
Kumari jayawardena noted in her analysis of women's roles in nationalist movements throughout the Third World that 'the status of women in society was the popular barometer of "civilization". "' Education, freedom of movement and monogamy became hallmarks of 'civilized' modernity. The 'New Man' needed a 'New Woman' to be presentable in colonialist circles, rather than secluded, veiled or illiterate. Modernization would tolerate no more bound feet or bound minds. British, Arab and Zionist leaders all gave their attention to the process of 'modernizing' women as a measure of the legitimacy of their power in Palestine. The primary focus of much of this attention was on education for girls. Girls' education was a basic element of both colonialist and nationalist policy. British interest in female education remained fraught with contradictions. On the one hand, it was to their advantage to appear to encourage girls' schooling. The ideals of the Mandate dictated that British presence should promote a new level of civilization with education as its primary vehicle. British policy identified girls' instruction as one of its three most important goals, along with agricultural and technical education. The post of Education Inspectorate was thus immediately created and filled with Englishwomen, who opened a teacher training college for women." When girls were actually permitted to attend school, the policy was to teach them 'to understand the value of a good home where cleanliness, sanitation, and above all care of children are to be regarded as the aim of every woman."" Within the framework of modernization, this was labelled the study of 'domestic science .41 Yet British policies to maintain the status quo, especially in the villages, inevitably impeded change for women. The administrators never failed, however, to blame this failure on 'Islam'. Arab educators, for their part, attributed the shortcomings of the system, not to Islam, but to British policies. A.L. Tibawi, for example, pointed out that Islam did not oppose girls' education but that British planning and budgeting bolstered a defective and inadequate system. Drawing upon a combination of religious scriptures and social sciences, Tibawi argued for educational reform that would modernize and strengthen his community. He pointed out that the Prophet declared 'the quest for learning is a sacred duty of every Muslim, male and female.' He also argued that social prejudice and inequality between men and women was a result of low education levels for men, so that increasing the levels of men's education would lead to an improvement for women."' Cooking, childbirth and child care, health and hygiene, sewing and embroidery which had until then been learned within the family became legitimate material for school curricula. But the process of attending school was more radical than curriculum content. Removing girls from their homes, bringing them together with others outside their extended family network, and teaching them to read dramatically changed women's lives on a variety of levels. These changes for women came to symbolize progress for modernizing nationalists. Others, however, argued that progress could only come through resisting changes for women in order to preserve imagined values of the past. Women were seen as the repository of a way of life or guardians of threatened 'authentic' values that offered viable alternatives to Western secular ones. Lamya Baha al-Din of Gaza voiced this position in a letter published on the pages of the Jerusalem daily, al-Di a, saying that:
these women will forget their roles in the homes and seek modern ization. A good woman must not covet modernization but be proud of the chains that the community puts on her. She must be satisfied with her traditions without complaining."
In the Yishuv, the terms of discourse were different, although similarly determined by concerns about progress. Education was made compulsory for all girls and boys. Funding from abroad enabled thejewish settlers to overcome the limits set on education by the British administration, and organizations placed top priority on the creation of educational opportunities for alljewish children. The budget for Hebrew language schools alone exceeded the budget of British government schools for Arabs." Jewish nationalists were acutely aware of the potency of education in furthering national goals. Noah Nardi complained that Arab education was becoming a 'negative' force in Palestine for 'the Arab school system maintained by the government has constantly inculcated in Arab children a hostile attitude tojewish aspirations in Palestine."' Yet when education served the interests of Jewish national feeling, Nardi naturally interpreted its effects as constructive'. Nationalist objectives forjewish education in Palestine reflected wi 'despread assumptions about the importance of public education for the production of a loyal citizenry. Nardi wrote: The cliild must be imbued with a love for Palestine and a desire to live iii it and be satisfied with whatever it can offer him ... He must acquire a strong nationalist consciousness and loyalty ... He must learn to understand and co-operate with his Arab neighbors. 12 For the first time injewish history girls received up to secondary level education in unprecedented numbers. But their education did not stop there. They also participated in after-school youth activities. Hanoar Haoved (the Organization of Working Youth) was an organ of the Histadrut which sought to improve working conditions for young, people through the creation of evening schools, clubs and study groups. During World War 11 girls who attended secondary schools also had to do a year of national service harvesting crops on farms. They also attended schools for agricultural, vocational and teacher training. These opportunities, however, did not reach all Jewish girls. Those girls who emigrated from Arab countries had a more difficult time realizing them. They were forced to work unlimited hours, receive the lowest pay, and take apprenticeships without any opportunity for mastery. Illiteracy and early marriages persisted during these years. Many girls did not go to work or school but performed traditional domestic duties in their own homes." Education for girls was not the only road to 'modernization'. Proof of women's equality to men in other fields also served as a yardstick for progressiveness. Most importantly, progressiveness was seen as a measure of the legitimacy of one's claim to Palestine. In Jewish national texts, often the only time women were mentioned was in attempts to describe how progressive Jewish Palestinian society was by lauding women's equal status. The British Zionist, Norman Bentwich, observed in the 1920S that 'the equal part of men and women in all vocations and professions is one of the outstanding features of Jewish social life in Palestine."' This statement was made at a time when a few jewish women in Palestine struggled with some remarkable successes against unremitting opposition from well-meaning comrades when they attempted to undertake non-traditional jobs." Herzl's novel, Altneuland, epitomized some of the ambivalence men felt about equal rights for women. The novel conveys the sense that every modern nation has the collective right to exist in part because of the individual rights it confers upon its citizens, regardless of gender or ethnicity. Here, however, is a passage that trivializes the concept of equality. One of the protagonists explains to a visitor that both Arabs and women have full rights in the New Society, but he qualifies its implications regarding his wife:
'Don't imagine that our women are not devoted to their homes. My wife, for instance, never goes to meetings.'
Sarah smiled, 'But that's only because of [the baby] Fritzchen.'
'Yes,' continued David, 'she nursed our little boy, and so forgot a bit about her inalienable rights. She used to belong to the radical opposi tion. This how I met her, as an opponent. Now she opposes me only at home, as loyally as you can imagine, however.'
[The visitor replied] 'That's a damned good way of overcoming an opposition."'
Women could thus be cast as symbols of immutable or essential qualities of nationhood. The status of women could become proof of the admirable advancement or the dreaded degeneracy of Western ways. Women could be bastions of secular nationalist values or fortresses of traditionalism. They were either exemplary citizens without ever achieving full rights or subversives when they attempted to achieve those rights.
Collusion and Contestation
Despite men's limiting vision of the good 'nationalist' woman and despite the obstacles placed before them, some Palestinian Arab and Jewish women fought for the fruits of equality and even contested national boundaries. Jewish women picked up hoes, pickaxes, and attended policy-planning forums on farming, broke stones for road-building, and raised their voices in political meetings despite fierce opposition from egalitarian-minded comrades. Palestinian women as wives, sisters or daughters of the upper-class male elite founded charitable organizations which became public arenas for their leadership or wrote books, articles, poetry and letters to editors. Some Palestinian women who entered the public arena did so because they believed that the success of their nation depended upon raising the status of women. In I937, Matiel Mogannam wrote The Arab Woman and the Palestine Proble?n which detailed the organizational efforts by middle and upper-class Muslim and Christian Arab women to uplift their less advantaged sisters as a way of promoting progress in their country.11 In 1947, Salwa Sardah urged men to support women's rights in a poem in Sawt al-mar'a al-hur (The Free Voice of Woman) published in Aleppo.
To those in high positions, To the masters of all time, To those who are the hope of their country during war, and the reason for happiness, To all of you, I want to ask a question and I need an answer. Who delivered you men and trained you to be so strong and brave as lions? Who taught you to,be honest and who helped you reach high? This is woman, don't forget her goodness. If you forget, we are lost. Help her when she begs you for education and is willing to pay the price with her spirit and money. Eastern men, listen to her and give her what she asks, Because stie brings you happiness and honour."'
Jewish women in Palestine became notorious for trespassing the boundaries of conventional gender roles. Recently, many scholars have debunked myths of gun-toting, sexy, female farmer/ soldiers but this does not detract from the remarkable achievements of some. Manya Shohat, for instance, initiated the idea and first attempt at collective agriculture which later evolved into the kibbutz. Women organized all-female agricultural collectives when they were excluded from or subordinated in men's settlements. They founded women's agricultural and vocational training schools and became farmers, teachers, construction workers and doctors. Yet the highly publicized gains of Jewish women in Palestine obscured the ongoing failure of that society as a whole to deal with women as equals. Obstacles to equality and women's responses to these obstacles changed from one period to another. Some of the settlers of the first aliya, for example, still adhered to religious authority. So these women employed religious arguments and precedents to argue that they should take part in decision making." Women of the second [email protected] who internalized the ideals of transformation of self through labour on land, were compelled to fight for the right to plant trees and clean chicken coops." Two significant features limited the gains of Jewish and Palestinian women of this period. Alniost all Palestinian and Jewish women who transgressed the boundaries of gender convention did so only for the sake of their nation. This meant that as national goals were realized, women retreated into older roles. The second limitation had to do with power imbalances within and between the two peoples. Women played undeclared roles in the construction of hierarchies of difference and inequality within their communities in contradictory ways. As women became nationalists, they accepted their role in the civilizing mission. They were thus enlisted in the enforcement of divisions between women along lines of class and race, as some women dedicated themselves to help, uplift or emancipate their.more 'backward' sisters. As upper-class women assumed their roles as reformers of their people, they formed charitable organizations which made significant contributions to other women's lives. But the elitist context of modernization often imbued these efforts with a patronizing attitude that inhibited potentially powerful alliances. One Arab Christian woman, for example, complained that she had worked hard with Muslim women to 'raise them a bit' but that it was difficult to change the Muslim character." A European Jewish woman watched herjewish neighbours from Turkey and Morocco 'languish' in what appeared to her to be listless apathy at their 'appalling standards of sanitation'.12 Each day she went to their homes to teach them modern hygiene and housekeeping but seemed oblivious to what she could learn from them. Yet women on all sides of these lines contested divisions and occasionally crossed boundaries of class, nation and race. A Palestinian Christian woman, for example, who was hired to work on ajewish settlement was treated and paid with respect and equality. It made such an impact on her life that one of her sons spent his lifetime attempting to implement her vision by defending Arab rights in the context of respect for Israelis." There were always significant outcomes of contacts between Arab or Arab-jewish and European Jewish women. All colonial ventures succeeded to some extent due to indigenous women's knowledge and skills which enabled colonists to survive in a strange land. In 1907, for example, when Sejera became the first Jewish settlement to admit women, women from Kurdistan taught the European women how to sift barley." In another settlement, an Arab woman taught ajewish woman how to wash the grain that came mixed with red earth so that three layers formed separating the earth from the wild grass and the clean wheat."i The Jewish woman went on to become the expert in grain washing on her settlement. Arab women taughtjewish women to make shelters out of mud, lime and straw. In one incident, an Arab woman saved Jewish lives by warning them of imminent attack. She had been selling eggs to the settlers and felt obliged to warn them even at the risk of her own life, because of kindness that settler women had shown her children." During the Arab attacks onjews injaffa in 1921, the only jews who were not massacred were those few who managed to flee or were concealed by their Arab neighbours.In one instance, because of the relationship that had evolved between neighbouring women whose children played together, the father of the Arab family withstood a beating by the attackers, telling his family that he was ready to give his own life rather than sacrifice his neighbours." As workers, Jewish women and Arab women organized and maintained strikes together against Arab and Jewish establishments." As mothers, they nursed each others' children." As prisoners of British jails, they helped each other survive or escape."' Jewish women set up organizations that recognized Arab rights to Palestine." However, for the most part women defined and solidified rather than contested and dissolved boundaries, colluding in the creation of new hier,archies of power between and amongst the two peoples. Genderjoined race, religion and class as a means of perpetuating conflict as well as legitimizing and transforming power arrangements that would determine who won and who lost Palestine. Threats emanating from the 'Other' were often sexualized. The rumours of the Jewish brutality towards Palestinian women and children at Deir Yassin, precipitated a crisis for men forced to choose between defence of their women's sexual honour, 'ird, or defence of land, ard. Fear of rape and murder of Jewish women by Arab men served as a rationalization to further militarize the Yishuv. Vladimirjabotinsky argued before the British Parliament:
A very important factor in implementing the Mandate is looking after security ... In Palestine, we were threatened with pogroms, we were telling so to the government for years and years, but they went on cutting down and cutting down on the number of troops in Palestine. We said, 'Remember that we have children and wives, legalize our self-defence! 112
Hatred of the enemy and necessity of self-defence was often measured by the level of perceived brutality to women. Somejews judged the British as 'just as bad as the Germans' because an officer dragged a pregnant woman by her hair when she did not carry out their curfew order quickly enough. In another instance, after an Arab siege of ajewish settlement, women who had taken up posts high on the top of a water tower saw themselves surrounded by Arabs without hope of reinforcements and jumped to their death rather than live through the sexual torture they feared would follow their capture. 73
The foregoing illustrates some of the ways in which national identities were formed and articulated against a field of gendered meanings. Through concerns about manhood or objectifications of mother earth and earthly mothers, nationalists privileged the status of women and the development of land as means to gauge progress and the legitimacy of claims to Palestine. Women's sexuality remained a site for conflict and contestation. Discourse on gender was as important to the 'imagining' of new national communities as were, in Benedict Anderson's view, mother tongue, the capitalist press and the invention of ancient histories." It served not only to establish the boundaries of national identity, but to define the 'Other' and to legitimize new forms of domination over the 'Other'. The subordination of women and privileging of cer tain men in nation-building were mediated by discourses on real' men, imagined women, ancient heroes, barren wastelands, debates on women's rights and girls' education, motherhood and definitions of national sacrifice. Exile and dispossession, anti-Semitism and foreign colonization were ultimate dangers to all but particularly destructive to men's ability to earn livelihoods or to defend 'ird and ard. In response, nationalists feminized a land imagined to redeem manhood and peoplehood in an eternal marriage of adam and adama. The use of gender as a tool of analysis makes it possible to write an integrative history of Palestine where there have been at least two antagonistic narratives. One can interrogate these histories and subject them to similar scrutiny, exposing the operations of power within each group as well as between them. It is in these two conflicting and seemingly contradictory movements in Palestine that one gets a vivid sense of consistency regarding the ways that gender permeated politics. Nationalists seized upon gender to formulate new political identities, as women and men seized upon nationalism to construct femininities and masculinities. The study of gender as product and signifier of 'modernity' and 'nation' in these literatures provides perspective on multiple relations of power which 'en-gendered' political conflict in Palestine. | <urn:uuid:c4af4172-fc5f-4d1a-9a82-a39d809a3955> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.dhushara.com/book/zulu/islamp/gme/deniz.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608984.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527171852-20170527191852-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.9731 | 7,734 | 2.765625 | 3 |
World Photography Day 2020 is seen on 19th August 2020 to give proper respect to the wonderful type of craftsmanship. World Photography Day is an informal occasion that praises the workmanship and study of Photography.
World Photography Day 2020
World Photography Day is praised every year on 19th August. For some reasons, world Photography Day 2020 is watched, for example, rousing them to communicate their photography aptitudes, pay accolade for the type of workmanship, and so on. World Photography Day is commended with a great deal of excitement over the world. A large number of picture takers transfer their photos consistently on the planet. World Photography Day moves numerous individuals from over the globe to communicate their thought with their motivation.
On World Photography Day, individuals assemble to move the following ages to comprehend the importance of photography in numerous perspectives. How about we see Photography Day’s history and the significance of understanding it in a superior manner.
Photography is an immense subject, and it can’t be clarified in only two lines. In layman’s terms, photography is a specialty of catching light in a camera to make a picture. In this day and age, photography has become a side interest to in any event 1 out of 5 individuals as a result of its specialized developments. Aside from this present, the present age is extremely keen on sharing their encounters through photos via web-based networking media. Photography has its sorts as follows.
- Scene photography
- Picture photography
- Untamed life photography
- Travel photography
- Road photography
- Infant photography
- Full scale photography
- History of World Photography Day:
World Photography Day began in 1837 when Frenchman Louis Daguerre and Joseph Nicephore Niepce concocted the daguerreotype, a photographic procedure. The French Academy of Sciences declared the procedure on January 9, 1839, and the French government reported the innovation as a blessing to the world on August 19, 1839.
Thomas Sutton took the main tough shading photo in 1861. Then again, the main advanced photo was conceived in 1957; right around 20 years prior, Kodak’s designer concocted the primary computerized camera. In any case, it was a lot later on August 19, 2010, when the World Photo Day facilitated its first worldwide online exhibition.
Significance of World Photography Day:
The significance of World Photography Day is to make mindfulness, share thoughts, and support people in the photography field. Individuals with an energy for photography get consideration regarding the innovativeness that enamors such a large number of minutes for us to esteem long lasting. The day doesn’t just review the person who has added to the field yet additionally inspires the group of people yet to come to investigate their abilities.
In the twentieth century, cameras and photography experienced a great deal of mechanical developments. Today, the availability of reasonable and excellent advanced cameras has made photography a boundless diversion among youths.
How to Celebrate World Photography Day?
World Photography Day can be commended by sharing your photography abilities via web-based networking media. Consistently, the official site sorts out occasions to assist individuals with showing their photography abilities to the world. The best photographs transferred via web-based networking media with the #WorldPhotographyDay will win an opportunity to be included in WorldPhotographyDay for the world to appreciate!
You can likewise build up your photography aptitudes by exploring it on the web and learning new deceives and strategies to improve the nature of your photos.
Greg Mulligan is a well-known author and publisher. He published few article on his career. His secret ambition on arriving in Paris was to become a successful writer. Mulligan is winning multiple awards for his excellent writing, In addition to his regular contributions to English journals and articles. Presently he is working on Broadcast Cover. | <urn:uuid:fccd77f5-9b43-48b7-948f-6721f66e7b78> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.broadcastcover.com/world-photography-day-2020-history-significance-and-how-to-celebrate-this-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358685.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129014336-20211129044336-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.952461 | 794 | 2.515625 | 3 |
"Integrins are like "an on-off switch that allows a cell to talk more efficiently to its neighbors," says Davis, whose findings are the first to implicate a role for these proteins in memory."
"Integrins are like telephone operators who connect incoming and outgoing messages between the oligodendrocyte's exterior and interior. This two-waycommunication
affects how and when oligodendrocytes
will begin to wrap their myelin-filled
membranes around nerve axons."
"Could it be that integrins are like key logic gates in the vast biological computer of the human body, functioning as key intersections for the overall flow of energy and information in the body. Integrin molecules are focal points where many approaches converge in terms of physiology, biochemistry, energetics, emotions, and therapeutic technique. "
METAMIA is a free database of analogy and metaphor. Anyone can contribute or search. The subject matter can be anything. Science is popular, but poetry is encouraged. The goal is to integrate our fluid muses with the stark literalism of a relational database. Metamia is like a girdle for your muses, a cognitive girdle. | <urn:uuid:a7aacc3c-1c51-45cc-8efd-c8b9bc9f5e9b> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.metamia.com/analogize.php?q=integrins | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804073038-20200804103038-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.916618 | 250 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Discover the story of Frank Pantridge, the Ulster-Scots physician who invented the portable defibrillator, and how his remarkable invention changed the face of emergency medicine.
In the world of emergency medicine, few inventions have had as profound an impact as the portable defibrillator. This life-saving device, designed to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions such as sudden cardiac arrest, is the brainchild of Ulster-Scots physician and inventor Frank Pantridge. In this article, we delve into the life and legacy of this extraordinary man, whose invention has saved countless lives and revolutionized emergency medical care worldwide.
Early Life and Education of Frank Pantridge
Frank Pantridge was born on October 3, 1916, in Hillsborough, County Down, Northern Ireland. He was the son of a successful linen manufacturer, and his family had deep roots in the Ulster-Scots community. Pantridge’s early years were marked by a strong interest in science and medicine, which eventually led him to pursue a career in the medical field. His curiosity and determination to excel were evident from a young age, setting the foundation for his future accomplishments.
After completing his secondary education at the prestigious Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Pantridge enrolled at Queen’s University Belfast in 1934. There, he earned a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree, graduating with honors in 1939. Pantridge’s passion for medical research and innovation was already evident during his time at university, as he became involved in groundbreaking research on cardiac conditions, laying the groundwork for his future achievements.
Wartime Service and Post-War Career
During World War II, Frank Pantridge served as a medical officer in the British Army. His wartime experiences, particularly his exposure to the devastating effects of sudden cardiac events on the battlefield, would later serve as a catalyst for his invention of the portable defibrillator. Witnessing firsthand the need for rapid intervention in cardiac emergencies, Pantridge became determined to find a solution.
After the war, Pantridge returned to Northern Ireland and continued his medical career at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast. He specialized in cardiology and began working on developing new techniques and devices for the treatment of heart disease. In 1950, Pantridge received a scholarship from the prestigious National Heart Foundation, which allowed him to further his studies at the University of Michigan in the United States. There, he gained valuable knowledge and experience in advanced cardiology techniques, which would inform his later work on the portable defibrillator.
Wartime Service and Post-War Career
While working as a consultant cardiologist at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Frank Pantridge recognized the need for a portable device to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions, such as ventricular fibrillation, in emergency situations. At the time, defibrillators were bulky, heavy machines that could only be used in hospitals. Pantridge knew that if a more portable version of the device could be developed, it would have the potential to save countless lives by providing rapid, on-the-spot treatment.
In 1965, Pantridge, along with his colleague Dr. John Anderson, developed the first portable defibrillator. The device weighed around 70 pounds (32 kilograms) and was powered by car batteries, making it significantly more portable than its hospital-based counterparts. This groundbreaking invention revolutionized emergency medicine and became a standard piece of equipment in ambulances around the world, paving the way for countless lives to be saved.
The Evolution and Widespread Adoption of Portable Defibrillators
The portable defibrillator designed by Frank Pantridge continued to evolve over the years, becoming smaller, lighter, and more technologically advanced. Today’s automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are compact, user-friendly devices that can be operated by laypersons as well as medical professionals, significantly expanding their life-saving potential. They feature voice prompts and visual cues, making it easier for even untrained individuals to provide life-saving treatment in emergency situations.
The widespread adoption of portable defibrillators and AEDs can be attributed to the tireless advocacy of Pantridge and his colleagues. They recognized the importance of making these life-saving devices accessible to a wider audience, including not only paramedics and medical professionals but also the general public. As a result, portable defibrillators can now be found in various public spaces, such as airports, schools, shopping malls, and sports arenas, allowing for prompt intervention in case of a cardiac emergency.
Honoring Frank Pantridge’s Legacy
Frank Pantridge’s invention of the portable defibrillator has had a lasting impact on emergency medicine, saving countless lives worldwide. His pioneering work has been recognized with numerous awards and honors, including his appointment as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1979 and his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1988. Pantridge passed away on December 26, 2004, but his legacy lives on in the countless lives saved by his invention.
In 2016, a statue of Frank Pantridge was unveiled in his hometown of Hillsborough, Northern Ireland, commemorating his contributions to the field of emergency medicine. Additionally, the Frank Pantridge Memorial Scholarship was established at Queen’s University Belfast to support students pursuing a career in cardiology, ensuring that his passion for medical innovation and progress continues to inspire future generations.
The life and legacy of Ulster-Scots inventor Frank Pantridge is a testament to the power of innovation and determination in the face of adversity. His invention of the portable defibrillator has revolutionized emergency medicine, and his unwavering commitment to improving the treatment of cardiac conditions has had a lasting impact on countless lives. As we remember and honor Frank Pantridge’s remarkable achievements, we are reminded of the importance of innovation, perseverance, and compassion in the pursuit of a better world.
Why not check out other fantastic ulster scots Innovators. James Martin is just one of many with his famous invention the ejector seat, Annie Maunder who discovered Sunspots and Anne Acheson with her innovative Plaster Cast.
Why not subscribe to our LearningMole Library for as little as £1.99 per month to access over 2100 fun educational videos. | <urn:uuid:63fb9077-91cf-46b3-927a-d1e62c94d0f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://learningmole.com/ulster-scots-defibrillator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655143.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608204017-20230608234017-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.967861 | 1,290 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Welcome to Sun Safety for Kids
A nonprofit organization developed by dermatologists of The
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The risk of developing skin cancer will be
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School Policy is needed because students and
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- Bombing of Podgorica in World War II
The bombing of
Podgoricain World War II was carried out by the Allies from 1943until 1944at the request of the Yugoslav Partisans.
Between the two
World Wars, the city of Podgorica had a population of 13,000. [http://www.podgorica.cg.yu/Istorija/Istorija1.htm History of Podgorica] ]
April 6, the Kingdom of Yugoslaviawas invaded by the Axis powers. The state was de facto dissolved and Montenegro, in which Podgorica was the largest city, became independent as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy. This arrangement lasted until the Italian armistice on September 8, 1943, in which the fascist Italian forces capitulated. Germany then occupied Montenegro. Not until Germany's involvement was the city bombed.
Initial stage of bombing
The Podgorica airfield was bombed by
P-39 Airacobras of the USAAF's Twelfth Air Force on October 25, 1943. [ [http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/chron/43oct.htm U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology October 1943] ] By December, the German troops began setting off bomb sirens in the city, resulting in many citizens taking shelter in nearby caves. [Kovačević, Branislav. "Savezničko bombardovanje Crne Gore 1943. - 1944. godine". Svjedočanstvo. Podgorica, 2003. (pg. 34)]
May 5 1944
The most intense bombing of Podgorica occurred on
May 5, 1944. 116 USAAF B-24 Liberator's participated in the attack, which dropped 270 tonnes of bombs on the city. [Kovačević, Branislav. "Savezničko bombardovanje Crne Gore 1943. - 1944. godine". Svjedočanstvo. Podgorica, 2003. (pg. 56)] The attack resulted in only four German casualties and approximately 100 Chetnikdeaths, while 400 Montenegrin civilians were killed.Kovačević, Branislav. "Savezničko bombardovanje Crne Gore 1943. - 1944. godine". Svjedočanstvo. Podgorica, 2003. (pg. 57)] Chetnik casualties included major Đorđije Lašić. [ [http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.co.yu/arhiva/2002/10/01/srpski/F02093001.shtml Beograd, Niš and Podgorica on target] , Glas Javnosti] During the course of the bombing a Catholic church and an Orthodox cemetery were damaged and the Glavatović mosque was destroyed. [ [http://www.pgto.org/vremeplov_istorije.html Timeline of History] ]
The bombing by the Allies was of questionable legality. [http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil/books/Davis_B99/Davis_B99.pdf Bombing of the European Axis powers] (pg 345)] International law dictates that a country’s recognized government has theright to bombard any of its cities occupied by enemy forces. However at the time Anglo-American forces bombed the city, they still officially recognized the Yugoslav royal government-in-exile as the legitimate national government and not Josip Broz's, who ordered the bombings.
Final stage of bombing
November 6, 72 RAF planes bombed the city. [http://natureonline.com/37/41-op30.html Op 30 - Podgorica Town] ] It was reported that 700 German troops were killed in the attack. On November 7, 124 P-38s strafed Axis troop concentrations in and around the city. [ [http://www.restlesswings.com/Documents/missioncals/TRs/TR11744.pdf Tuesday, 7 November, 1944] ]
The Allied bombing almost completely destroyed the city of Podgorica. Approximately 4100 people died in the attacks. Partisans took over the city on
December 19, 1944. Damages were estimated in 1946 as 1.06 billion Yugoslav dinars. [Kovačević, Branislav. "Savezničko bombardovanje Crne Gore 1943. - 1944. godine". Svjedočanstvo. Podgorica, 2003. (pg. 647)]
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Strategic bombing during World War II — For a list of notable strategic bombings in the European Theatre of World War II, see List of air operations during the Battle of Europe. Main article: Air warfare of World War II Strategic bombing during World War II Part of World War II … Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:5a86667f-4e07-4d74-82ea-ff5ccd346890> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/9674910 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986664662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016041344-20191016064844-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.913277 | 1,558 | 3.296875 | 3 |
State regulations contain the following statements:
- Foster children shall be directed with techniques that stress praise and encouragement.
- Foster children may not be subjected to verbal abuse, derogatory remarks or threats of removal from the foster home.
B. Punishment: The following forms of punishment are prohibited:
- Abusive discipline practices.
- Physical punishment inflicted upon the body.
- Punishment for bed wetting or actions related to toilet training.
- Delegation of punishment to another child.
- Denial of meals, clothing, or shelter.
- Denial of elements of the Service Plan or ISP.
- Denial of communication with, or visits by, the child’s family.
- Assignment of physically strenuous exercise or work solely as punishment.
- Passive physical restraint is the only allowable method of restraining a child, however; New Foundations employs a “no touch” policy, and passive physical restraint is strictly prohibited.
At New Foundations, Inc., acceptable consequences are:
- Reduction of allowance
- Reduction of privileges
- Assignment of practical tasks or chores | <urn:uuid:25fdb88d-12fc-4d84-bfbf-0f54a95d3ede> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.nfi4kids.org/become-a-resource-parent/discipline-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130232232-20211201022232-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.880327 | 235 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Publishing Industry is a fragmented, mature, cyclical sector that is comprised of two subcategories, traditional print media and printing. Traditional print media, more commonly known as publishing, primarily focuses on products for the consumer. Such products include books, magazines and other periodicals, targeting an array of genres and demographics, based on virtually any subject. The printing business concentrates on the physical production of media. Printers serve publishing companies, as well as firms involved in billboard advertising, promotional activity, financial statements/documents, check printing and other media.
The economic cycle is the overarching influence on both business categories of the Publishing Industry. Not surprising, in periods of weak activity, when consumer confidence is low and corporate spending conservative, publishing companies may be particularly stressed. Given the diversity of the industry, members' operating performances will differ in tough times according to the end markets served. In a strong economy, these companies will usually report favorable results across the board.
Creators of traditional print media, magazines, catalogues and periodicals, depend heavily on advertising dollars. Commercial ad revenue helps to cover plant and equipment costs and general and administrative expense. The level of revenue will determine the profitability of a company. Investors can gauge the success of a magazine publisher, for example, by its circulation and distribution reach. A relevant or trendy publication will achieve high circulation numbers and be able to command premium advertising rates. Conversely, a publisher out of step with recent trends may see advertisers run for the exits. It's worth noting that in a difficult economy, when advertisers are reducing outlays, even the most popular publication can suffer. Publishers serving the government sector, particularly those providing educational media, are more insulated from downturns. But in difficult economic periods, state and local governments also tend to pare their spending budgets.
Printers are indirectly affected by the overall level of advertising spending. Publishers align their media print orders with the flow of advertising revenue. A diverse customer base, including institutions, businesses and corporations, lessens printing companies' dependence on the advertising market. However, printing companies have to deal with changing technology. To be successful, they must maintain cutting-edge, efficient production. The Internet has proved a serious challenge to printers.
Web-based content has put pressure on the Publishing Industry. In greater numbers, businesses are turning to the Web to disseminate information, as opposed to printed products. And, advertisers have moved on line to maximize exposure. The entertainment, check printing, financial statement, catalogue and most other segments have been affected. As the demand for Web content has grown, print publishing business has declined. This has forced consolidation within the Publishing Industry, with the stronger, cash-flow-rich companies gobbling up competitors. At the same time, publishers have adopted Web platforms for most of their products and services to improve their chances of survival. Also, managements have downsized operations to preserve profit margins.
Most Publishing Industry companies have respectable operating margins in the low double digits. The main operating costs involve labor-intensive functions, such as design, marketing, editing and proofreading, and product configuration, paper, printing, binding, packaging and distribution. These costs have to be kept under control, given tough competition and the fast-changing needs of a diverse customer base. Additionally, the industry's average long-term debt-to-total capital ratio is close to 50%, making interest expense management an important focus. For several years, publishers have had to deal with slowing revenue growth and increasing costs and expenses. Generally, net-profit margins have stubbornly stayed in the single digits.
Companies have attempted to boost profitability by broadening their revenue sources. They have expanded into various segments, including television, integrated marketing, financial services, and the Internet. In several instances, such efforts have led to top-line gains, benefits at the bottom line, however, are not always visible, since the cost of diversification can be substantial.
Other publishers have opted to stick with their traditional business, and emphasize asset consolidation and cost reduction to lift net profits. Reducing scale can pressure overall cost absorption. Thus, managements need to optimize production, marketing and distribution processes, which may entail significant capital outlays.
Over the past decade, publishing companies have relied more on debt financing rather than issuing common equity. Indeed, stock buybacks have been more commonplace than new offerings. As a consequence, the industry has become fairly highly leveraged. Still, the group's finances are manageable. The majority of companies consistently produce positive free cash flow, helping to keep debt burdens from getting too heavy.
Several publishing stocks have a decent income component, but the dividend is subject to cuts during tough times. In periods of economic expansion, these equities usually offer good growth and income potential. As a whole, the group holds about average market risk, but some stocks can be volatile when there is notable business uncertainty. | <urn:uuid:1f524eaf-66dd-4f50-a4c0-c491a76c2520> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.valueline.com/Stocks/Industries/Industry_Analysis__Publishing.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775348.152/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00008-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952045 | 990 | 3.046875 | 3 |
|Official Name:||Financial District|
|Settlement Type:||Central business district|
|Pushpin Map:||Canada Toronto|
|Pushpin Label Position:||none|
|Pushpin Map Caption:||Location within Toronto|
The Financial District is the central business district of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was originally planned as New Town in 1796 as an extension of the Town of York (later the St. Lawrence Ward). It is the main financial district in Toronto and is considered the heart of Canada's finance industry. It is bounded roughly by Queen Street West to the north, Yonge Street to the east, Front Street to the south, and University Avenue to the west, though many office towers in the downtown core have been and are being constructed outside this area, which will extend the general boundaries. Examples of this trend are the Telus Harbour, RBC Centre, and CIBC Square.
It is the most densely built-up area of Toronto, home to banking companies, corporate headquarters, high-powered legal and accounting firms, insurance companies and stockbrokers. In turn, the presence of so many decision-makers has brought advertising agencies and marketing companies. The banks have built large office towers, much of whose space is leased to these companies.
The bank towers and much else in Toronto's core are connected by a system of underground walkways, known as PATH, which is lined with retail establishments making the area one of Toronto's most important shopping districts. The vast majority of these stores are only open during weekdays during the business day when the financial district is populated. During the evenings and weekends, the walkways remain open but the area is almost deserted and most of the stores are closed.
It is estimated 100,000 commuters enter and leave the financial district each working day. Transport links are centred on Union Station at the south end of the financial district, which is the hub of the GO Transit system that provides commuter rail and bus links to Toronto's suburbs.
The district's origins date back to the mid to late-19th century when several early banks had head offices located in Toronto. Most of these banks were regional and came and went. It was not until the second half of the 20th Century that the Big Five banks located their headquarters there.Of the big banks, only CIBC and Toronto-Dominion Bank (including the banks existing before mergers) had full head offices in Toronto:
The Toronto Financial District Business Improvement Area was later restained order to represent all commercial businesses within the district. The organization engages in streetscape improvements, addressing key issues that impact the area, and promoting the area's businesses online.
With lots of business activity and demand, there are new residential and condominium/towers built inside and around the edges, many of them are connected to the PATH system. In the southeast of the financial district, a new tunnel is under construction from Union Station to connect to Backstage Condo on Yonge and The-Esplanade.
Developments during the mid-20th century led to several to the demolition of several 19th and 20th Century buildings including:
See main article: List of tallest buildings in Toronto. The following is a list of buildings in the Financial District over 200m (700feet) in height.
|First Canadian Place||298 / 978||72||1976||Commercial|
|The Adelaide Toronto||277 / 908||57||2012||Hotel & Residential|
|Scotia Plaza||275 / 902||68||1988||Commercial|
|TD Canada Trust Tower||261 / 856||53||1990||Commercial|
|Commerce Court West||239 / 784||57||1972||Commercial|
|TD Bank Tower||223 / 731||56||1967||Commercial|
|Bay Adelaide Centre West Tower||218 / 715||51||2009||Commercial|
|Bay Wellington Tower||208 / 682||49||1991||Commercial|
|88 Scott||204 / 669||58||2017||Residential| | <urn:uuid:a720b25b-064d-4ccf-9d08-9439709237b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://everything.explained.today/Financial_District%2C_Toronto/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347422065.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602002343-20200602032343-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.932891 | 833 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Stone Spheres of Costa Rica are a national treasure and curiosity. They’re a part of the country’s ancient history where mysticism ruled the land. These stones are one of the key reminders of where this area of the world came from. Ticos are still proud of its history and will always take the time to talk to you about the culture of their country.
These stone's are a collection of three hundred located on the Isla de Caño. They’re referred to by the locals as Las Bolas. They’re connected with the Diquís culture, which is now extinct. Some of the spheres can be as small as just a few centimetres to 2 metres in diameter. The biggest spheres weigh about 15 tons.
They’re made from gabbro, which is the equivalent of coarse-grained basalt. About 12 of the spheres are made from limestone, with another dozen made from sandstone. The sandstone stones are the most fragile.
Scientists have deduced they could have been carved as early as 200BC. They can’t get an exact date because these stones were removed following the Spanish conquest and the reign of the Spanish Empire over much of Central America and the Caribbean.
The lost land of Atlantis has always played a major part in myths and legends around the world. Some people have suggested these stones come from Atlantis. Local legends state the inhabitants of the land used special potions to soften the rock. No geological or archaeological evidence has come out in support of this.
At the same time, though, nobody has managed to prove gabbro can be worked in this way. The way the stones spheres were crafted to create such smooth and round shapes has been lost to history.
Other legends state these are the cannon balls of Tara, or Tlatchque. He’s the god of thunder. According to the cosmogony of the Bribri peoples, as well as other ancestral groups in Costa Rica, Tara used a giant blowpipe to fire these balls at Serkes.
Serkes is the god of winds and hurricanes. Their legends state Serkes once ruled over Costa Rica and caused frequent winds to harass the people living here. Tara saved them and removed Serkes from the area.
There’s such a thing as a mathematically perfect circle. Some claim these spheres were originally perfectly rounded. This is impossible to prove or disprove due to the erosion of the stones over the years. Some of the stone spheres are slightly out by about five centimetres, whereas others have lost their original shapes.
The Stone Spheres of Costa Rica mean different things to different people. The University of Costa Rica has one sitting in its main grounds. It uses it to symbolise ancient knowledge and wisdom. Others have served as inspiration for sculptures like the 18m Flower of Life in Terra Campus in Tres Rios.
The Costa Rica Art Museum has four of them strung up as part of giant sculpture to illustrate ancient mysticism. Either way, they’ve become an integral component of this nation’s culture and heritage. | <urn:uuid:df27b467-8679-4ab2-a87f-a940a28fa33c> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.everyday-wisdom.com/stone-spheres.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584431529.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123234228-20190124020228-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.966676 | 641 | 2.703125 | 3 |
You’ve planned and planted your garden, and await the bounty that arrives in the next few months. Each day you may check on your plantings’ progress, but may be dismayed to see that someone, or rather, something, has had a nibble or two on tender leaves. Sometimes garden pests may even put the plant’s health in jeopardy, or an animal may get to flowers or tender fruits and vegetables before you do.
What to do? Spraying toxic pesticides has a host of downsides, including runoff into local streams and groundwater, and if you have kids or pets, you don’t want them (or yourself) exposed to chemicals.
Luckily, there are ways to use other plants and other natural elements that naturally repel pests and even attract bugs like bees and ladybugs that are beneficial to your garden. Enjoy trying out some of these ideas, some of which have been around 10,000 years or more. And remember, everyone’s garden is different, since soil, moisture, nutrients and such vary; so what works in your friend’s garden across the country may not work exactly the same way in yours. Give one of these time tested ideas a try.
1. Companion Planting
Possibly the most natural way to deter pests, you can place some plants that repel pests next to the plantings you want to protect. Plant something that will attract the good bugs like a small plot of flowers that attract beneficial insects that will then feed on the pests in your garden.
Probably the most well known flower that can repel insects, you must use scented marigolds to work against harmful insects, but be aware that they also attract spider mites and snails. French marigolds repel whiteflies and kill bad nematodes. Mexican marigolds keep rabbits and a number of destructive bugs at bay.
Another “workhorse” flower, petunias repel asparagus beetles, leafhoppers, many varieties of aphids, tomato worm and other pests.
You can use sunflowers to attract aphids and ants to them, and draw away from other plants. Sunflowers are sturdy enough that they won’t be damaged by the pests.
Say goodbye to whiteflies, squash bugs and cucumber beetles when you plant nasturtiums – so plant them alongside tomatoes and cucumbers. Plagued by aphids? The yellow blooming varieties especially repel aphids and the flowers trap them.
Basil repels thrips, flies, tomato hornworms and mosquitoes, so plant it alongside your tomatoes.
Catnip will keep many pests at bay including flea beetles, aphids, Japanese beetles, squash bugs, ants and weevils. Bonus: your cat will thank you.
Chives are effective against Japanese beetles, carrot rust flies and even scabs when you plant it alongside apple trees.
Several varieties of chrysanthemums are useful in your garden, including white flowering mums to control Japanese beetles and the Painted Daisy variety eliminates root nematodes.
Wonderfully versatile, it’s not just for pickles. Dill attracts hoverflies and predatory wasps, and it is food for swallowtail butterfly caterpillars. You can also draw tomato hornworms away from your tomatoes by planting dill in an area away from your tomato plants. Dill repels aphids, squash bugs and spidermites as well. It thrives when planted alongside onions and cucumbers.
Protect your roses from aphids by planting garlic nearby. Deer don’t like the smell of garlic, and neither do Japanese beetles, root maggots, snails or carrot root flies.
12. Bee Balm
Not only will bee balm (also known as bergamot) attract bees to your garden, but it will help your tomatoes thrive while staving off mosquitoes. Additionally, it attracts beneficial insects like beetles, centipedes, spiders, bees and butterflies – and those insects will in turn feast on parasites and pests.
Lavender repels fleas, moths and deer, while providing its trademark scent from its blossoms.
14. Human hair
Squirrels, rabbits and deer don’t like the smell of human hair. You can put it on top of the soil around your plants, and it will break down and enrich the soil. When it comes to deer, if you dare, hang mesh bags of hair in your garden. The bags will move and will spook the deer, and the smell will put them off. You can also stuff hair inside a scarecrow. Just ask a local barbershop or salon for a bag of clippings at the end of the day.
15. Repel Garden Pests With Ornaments
When it comes to deer, it’s out of sight, out of mind. If your garden is bordered with tall, dense hedges, they won’t be able to see what is offered on the “buffet.” Additionally, sundials and other garden ornaments—especially those with movable parts—make deer skittish. Use them in combination with wind chimes or bright lights for an added effect.
16. Beer Away Garden Pests
Yes, you read that right. If you’re relaxing with a beer in your garden after a few hours of work, be sure to pour some of that liquid gold in shallow pans and leave them out for up to three days to catch snails. | <urn:uuid:8311606b-22d6-415b-8024-844c26aa4cc8> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://pro.com/blog/natural-ways-combat-garden-pests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541307813.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215094447-20191215122447-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.924946 | 1,144 | 2.671875 | 3 |
If the research of Matthew Butner interests you, the CU Energy Club is hosting Energy Talks throughout the Fall semester and YOU can come! To join them, meet this Friday at noon in Koelbel 375.
In an energy conscious state like Colorado, many people think that energy production should have as small of a carbon footprint as possible. This fuels impressions that installing more renewable energy resources (think wind turbines and solar farms) is inherently good. Consumers salivate at the thought of reducing power bills by using generators with free fuels like wind and sunlight. And yet, research by economics PhD candidate Matthew Butner turns this assumption on its head. Although renewable resources do save money, these savings are padding the pockets of electricity producers rather than electricity consumers.
The rapidly decreasing cost of producing electricity by renewable energy sources is a well-reported phenomenon. Decreasing costs turn into increasing profits, a trend that’s reflected in how renewables account for a larger and larger majority share of the new electricity-generating commissions with each passing year.
While it’s easy for consumers to see increased adoption of renewables (such as wind turbines replacing smoke stacks), the economic trends underlying the switch to these renewable resources are rarely as intuitive or visible. There is no guarantee that consumers are saving money just because the wind turbines are spinning.
Butner started from the same idealistic notions that most consumers have, saying: “renewable generation is great–it is reducing the price [of electricity], and thus traditional electricity producers must act more competitively”. Butner instead found that the rules and mechanisms for how electricity is bought and sold incentivize energy producers to limit the output of their conventional energy generators. This ultimately drives up the price of electricity and diminishes the magnitude of savings passed on to consumers.
Energy trading in wholesale markets uses a common economics model: the supply curve (or merit order) model. In this model, a central authority (the market operator) receives supply bids from all interested electricity producers. Supply bids denote the quantities of electricity that producers offer from each of their generators and the price they want to receive for that quantity. The operator records these supply bids and gives preference to those offering electricity at the lowest cost. Demand bids are simultaneously gathered from consumers to find the real electricity demand.
The intersection of supply and demand sets the universal price which active producers will be paid for the electricity from each of their generators. Only those generators whose supply bid is less than the universal price are commissioned to actually supply electricity to consumers. This bidding process is used because it should incite competition amongst producers to offer lower-priced supply bids.
The quantities of electricity producers offer from each of their generators are an indispensable factor for market operators determining the composition of the supply curve. Butner however is interested in the opposite: the quantities of electricity that producers don’t offer.
The act of offering less electricity than a generator’s capacity is known as withholding, and Butner hypothesized that producers use this strategy to increase their overall revenues by driving up the cost consumers pay for electricity from their wind turbines.
To test this hypothesis, Butner used publicly available data from the Midcontinent Independent System Operator, an organization offering the most extensive dataset on electricity producers’ generation from conventional and wind sources. In his analysis, Butner found that some electricity producers withhold output from their own coal or gas-fueled generators when their wind farms are active.
This withholding forces the market operator to request other, more expensive generators begin working to meet demand, which in turn raises the price all generators are paid for their electricity. This is a winning strategy for these electricity producers as it increases the revenue of their wind farms at no cost to themselves. Unfortunately, those increased revenues come straight from consumers’ pockets.
The withholding strategy is only viable for electricity producers who have a mixture of fuel sources–for instance wind and natural gas–as producers with no wind farms aren’t incentivized for restricting the amount of electricity from their coal or natural gas generators. Despite the limited applicability, producers who withhold electricity from their traditional sources still cause consumers to lose potentially millions of dollars in savings per day.
Butner’s work raises some difficult questions: how should the market be structured to maximize consumer kickbacks, and what (if anything) should be done to force electricity producers to divest from owning both wind and conventional generation sources? What might the future energy market look like when energy demand is fully met by renewable sources?
Spurred by the success of this research, Butner plans to expand his models to include other factors that market operators consider in their supply-side analysis of the electricity market (such as losses of electricity in the network during transportation). Butner also hopes to study how electricity-withholding producers change their bidding strategies in concert with fluctuations in electricity prices. As more renewable generation comes online, do electricity prices become more or less stable? Answering these questions is essential–ultimately, it is the everyday consumer who will pay for going with the wind.
By Adrian Unkeles | <urn:uuid:ff0555bf-3800-495f-8a26-ab6b02c0b41d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://sciencebuffs.org/2018/11/27/when-we-go-with-the-wind-who-saves-money/?share=google-plus-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255837.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520081942-20190520103942-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.948395 | 1,031 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Teaching and Learning in Community Schools
A consistent theme that has echoed throughout many Research-Practice Network convenings is the need for more attention on teaching and learning in the community school context. Both current and historical examples of community schools reveal a distinct pedagogical approach that has been core to community schools’ success. This approach often integrates community-based learning, real-world problem solving, and local experience and wisdom into curriculum. Educators often work closely with community partners to achieve instructional aims and extend learning beyond the classroom. Many research questions persist related to the implications for teaching and learning in community schools and how it differs from traditional schools. There is a need to understand how pedagogical approaches such as multicultural education, culturally responsive teaching, restorative practices, social justice education, and project and place-based learning are used in the community school context. Additionally, we need to know more about how teachers connect with and use various partners, programs, and resources that exist at the school and in the surrounding community to teach effectively in the community school. Lastly, there is a need for evidence on the degree to which teachers in a community school may be more aware of the impact that out-of-classroom experiences have on in-classroom learning. | <urn:uuid:abee57cf-7693-474e-9a70-145d3359a8c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.communityschools.org/link/join-a-network/research-practice-network/teaching-and-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304947.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126101419-20220126131419-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.970597 | 253 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The Relationship between AIDS and HIV
June 7, 2000
Evidence From Animal and Laboratory ModelsA recent study demonstrated that an HIV variant that causes AIDS in humans--HIV-2--also causes a similar syndrome when injected into baboons (Barnett et al., 1994). Over the course of two years, HIV-2-infected animals exhibited a significant decline in immune function, as well as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (which often afflicts children with AIDS), the development of lesions similar to those seen in Kaposi's sarcoma, and severe weight loss akin to the wasting syndrome that occurs in human AIDS patients. Other studies suggest that pigtailed macaques also develop AIDS-associated diseases subsequent to HIV-2 infection (Morton et al., 1994).
Asian monkeys infected with clones of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a lentivirus closely related to HIV, also develop AIDS-like syndromes (reviewed in Desrosiers, 1990; Fultz, 1993). In macaque species, various cloned SIV isolates induce syndromes that parallel HIV infection and AIDS in humans, including early lymphadenopathy and the occurrence of opportunistic infections such as pulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidium, candida and disseminated MAC (Letvin et al., 1985; Kestler et al., 1990; Dewhurst et al., 1990; Kodama et al., 1993).
In cell culture experiments, molecular clones of HIV are tropic for the same cells as clinical HIV isolates and laboratory strains of the virus and show the same pattern of cell killing (Hays et al., 1992), providing further evidence that HIV is responsible for the immune defects of AIDS. Moreover, in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with human thymus/liver implants, molecular clones of HIV produce the same patterns of cell killing and pathogenesis as seen with clinical isolates (Bonyhadi et al., 1993; Aldrovandi et al., 1993).
This article was provided by U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. | <urn:uuid:bcb40038-6414-4254-9e69-7ce9b84ebfd3> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.thebody.com/content/art6652.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297505.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00076-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908957 | 443 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What is colocation called in USA? A colocation center (also spelled co-location, or colo) or “carrier hotel“, is a type of data centre where equipment, space, and bandwidth are available for rental to retail customers.
Where are data centers located in the US? The primary data center markets in North America are located in the US, in key areas such as New York/Virginia for the East Coast, Los Angeles/San Francisco/Seattle for the West Coast and Dallas/Miami in south/central and Chicago plus Toronto in Canada for north/central.
What is the difference between a data center and colocation? A data centre is a purpose-built facility designed to efficiently store, power, cool and connect your IT infrastructure. Colocation is one of many services data centres provide, and is the act of hosting your IT hardware (like servers) outside of your premises and in a data centre.
What is colocation vs cloud? The main distinction between colocation vs. cloud lies with functionality. A colocation facility operates as a data center that rents floor space to an organization that has outgrown its own data center, whereas the private cloud enables designated users within an organization to act as tenant administrators. | <urn:uuid:5238667e-d125-4d37-ab98-1e1a4fdb6f6b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.car-ix.net/what-is-colocation-called-in-usa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500368.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207004322-20230207034322-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.950915 | 253 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Hsu Develops Technique to Build Smart Materials
Working with student and postdoc researchers, ME Professor Keng Hsu has developed a flexible technique to produce new stimuli-responsive composites with applications in soft robotics and energy harvesting and storage.
Polymer-based heterogeneous materials become preferable to traditional single-phase materials in a wide range of critical applications in aerospace engineering where performance requirements such as strength-to-weight ratio, space constraints, and overall system energy efficiency are important. Among these critical applications, the development of stimuli-responsive polymers such as PVDF as active material systems in the areas of robotics and human support in space applications not only represents an important area of current research, but it also plays a key role as the future of space exploration takes its shape. While there is a need for new breakthroughs in polymer chemistry, the main barrier to constructing actual devices with theoretically-predicted performances and required reliability lies in the lack of a manufacturing approach in which the material and spatial composition of the end product can be precisely planned, executed, and controlled: a closed-loop hybrid metal-polymer direct digital manufacturing approach. Working with the DoD and an aerospace company, Hsu and his team of students and researchers have developed a set of flexible material processing techniques to address the multitude of issues preventing the application of manufacturing processes to the prototyping and fabrication of multi-scale polymer-metal heterogeneous materials [1-5]. In combining these techniques and additive manufacturing process is formed where solid metals and polymers can be shaped and fused at the voxel level to form highly complex 3-dimensional composites. These processing techniques can eventually become manufacturing tools to produce high performance soft sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting and storage devices.
- Anagh Deshpande**, Alireza Tofangchi%, Keng Hsu#, “Microstructure evolution of Al6061 and copper during ultrasonic energy assisted compression”, Materials Characterization, vol. 153, 240-250, 2019.
- Alireza Tofangchi%, Pu Han**, Julio Izquierdo**, Adithya Iyengar, Keng Hsu#, Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration on Interlayer Adhesion in Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printed ABS”, Polymers, 11, 315; doi:10.3390.
- Anagh Deshpande**, Abinesh Kurapatti Ravi**, Scott Kusel**, Raymond Churchwell**, Keng Hsu#, “Interlayer thermal history modification for strength isotropy in Fused Filament Fabricated parts”, Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 2018, DOI 10.1007/s40964-018-0063-1
- Deshpande**, K. Hsu#, “Acoustoplastic Metal Direct-write: Towards Solid Aluminum 3D Printing in Ambient Conditions”, Journal of Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 19, 73-80, 2017.
- Ravi**, A. Deshpande**, K. Hsu#, “Inter-layer bonding strengthening in Fused Deposition Modeling using Optical In-process local pre-deposition heating,” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 24, 179-185, 2016 | <urn:uuid:797b5120-db30-4bde-9a37-d327e1f5d875> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://engineering.louisville.edu/hsu-develops-technique-to-build-smart-materials/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=hsu-develops-technique-to-build-smart-materials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347411862.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531053947-20200531083947-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.874985 | 678 | 2.59375 | 3 |
episodic novel structure
a loosely sewn series of events and scenes that need to coalesce into a whole in order to succeed. These are generally held together by a protagonist that holds the reader's sympathy throughout. Examples are Don Quixote, Candide and most traditional Chinese novels - Outlaws of the Marsh (The Water Margin).
Edward C. Patterson | <urn:uuid:fb310e99-3d41-49fe-957a-97f31cbe8f96> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://writerslife4me.blogspot.com/2010/10/guide-to-author-jargon-for-reader-60.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00233-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950259 | 75 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Term Paper:
He backed up the theory with empirical observation and was the first person to prove that the earth was indeed round. He observed a lunar eclipse (when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon) and noticed that the shadow of the earth on the moon was curved. As only a round object could cast a curved shadow, it could be inferred that the earth was round. (Fowler)
Aristotle theorized that not only was the earth the center of the universe, it was stationary in contrast to other planets. He "proved" this theory by stating that if the earth was moving, an observer on it would see the fixed stars as moving, just as he can see the planets moving. Since this is not the case, Aristotle deducted that the earth must be at rest. This theory about the earth being stationary and the center of the universe remained an accepted fact for centuries before Galileo and Copernicus proved it wrong through more scientific observation.
In Astronomy, Aristotle accepted the theory prevalent at the time that there were four basic elements -- earth, air, fire and water and proposed that the central region of the universe was composed of these four elements. He, however, added the theory that the celestial bodies (the heavens) were made of a fifth element called aether which was eternal and unalterable. It was found in the purest form in the outermost (celestial) regions but was contaminated in the region below the moon.
Aristotle's theory of motion is rather complicated and has been interpreted in different ways. He used this theory to explain the movement of objects on the earth and beyond. According to Aristotle, the universe consists of two distinct worlds -- the sub-lunar which was always changing and in which objects moved in rectilinear motion and the super-lunar, the world of the unchanging celestial eternal bodies (made of aether) that moved in a circular motion. He further maintained that the four elements of the sub-lunar world tend to move in straight lines but the direction of their movement would depend on their specific gravity, i.e., the earth being heavy would move downward, fire upward, and water and air would hang in between.
Aristotle also believed that the objects in the universe including the celestial bodies could not have started moving by themselves and had to be set in motion by something else. He, therefore, introduced the concept of a "prime mover" -- an outside force purportedly placed behind the "fixed" stars which caused the first motion. The prime mover was a transcendent and eternal object without magnitude that caused circular movement -- the most perfect movement without a beginning or an end.
Aristotle's concept of the "prime mover" was accepted in theology and used to explain various religious concepts. Christian theologist Saint Thomas Aquinas re-interpreted the prime movers as angels while the Muslim theologists who studied Aristotle interpreted the concept "prime mover" as the eternal power (God) that created the heavens and the earth. Such religious sanction of Aristotle's astronomy contributed to its longevity and it remained unchallenged as the accepted model for a long time.
Aristotle." Article in Microsoft Encyclopedia Encarta. Online Version. 2004. October 10, 2004. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557129/Aristotle.html
Aristotle." From Wikipedia, the Free Online Encyclopedia. 2004. October 10, 2004. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
Fowler, Thomas. "Aristotle's Astronomy." Paper Written for a Greek Science Course at Tuft University, Spring 1995. October 10, 2004. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Tom/AristotleAstro.html
O'Connor, J.J. And E.F. Robertson. "Greek Astronomy." University of St. Andrews Website. April 1996. October 10, 2004. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Greek_astronomy.html
The others being Socrates and Plato.
Others before him (including Plato) had theorized about the roundness of the earth but had not been able to offer any proof for the theory.
Aristotle was also the first person to use a simple device called "camera obscura" to observe the sun indirectly. The 'device' was a screen with a small hole placed between the sun and the ground that created an image of the sun on the ground. It is still used to observe solar eclipses.
"Aristotle's Astronomy Besides Giving A" (2004, October 13) Retrieved December 11, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/aristotle-astronomy-besides-giving-a-57297
"Aristotle's Astronomy Besides Giving A" 13 October 2004. Web.11 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/aristotle-astronomy-besides-giving-a-57297>
"Aristotle's Astronomy Besides Giving A", 13 October 2004, Accessed.11 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/aristotle-astronomy-besides-giving-a-57297 | <urn:uuid:bd6ad76e-2540-4270-927e-c82198608014> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.paperdue.com/essay/aristotle-astronomy-besides-giving-a-57297 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544140.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00428-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948175 | 1,132 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Photo by slon_dot_pics from Pexels
The legacy of the colonial past of European countries has undoubtedly had a significant impact on the migratory movements we are currently experiencing. This legacy is nourished by the persistence of stereotypes and prejudices against the colonized populations.
Journalist Philippe Bernard writes that "while it is commonplace to note and even denounce the persistence of colonial stereotypes in the fate of immigrant populations, considering certain migratory flows as the consequences of colonisation is taboo".
Several of the EU member states have, for many years, been present in countries whose citizens now wish to reach the gates of Europe, often at the risk of their lives. The European Union, through its Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and in line with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, has set itself the duty to protect and ensure justice for all individuals. However, more and more countries are adopting austere border and migration policies. It is therefore legitimate to ask the question: Does Europe have a responsibility towards the migrants who seek to reach its doors?
Understanding immigration through the colonial legacy is a key point offering a new perspective on the migration policies that can be envisaged. In France, for example, almost 40% (Insee, 2018) of its immigrant population is made up of citizens from former French colonies, with a large representation of individuals from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Côte d'Ivoire seeking to reach its borders.
Sociologists Abdelmalek Sayad and Pierre Bourdieu, on the subject of the French case, were able to demonstrate how “the confiscation of land following colonisation and then, during the Algerian war, the French policy of forced and massive regrouping of villagers had contributed powerfully to the departures towards the metropolis, in a context of free movement” (Philippe Bernard, 2006).
The fewer the better
The border and migration policies of some Europeans geared towards mass screening of migrants and refugees marks a step backwards in the protection of the lives and rights of refugees and migrants. The Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights writes "Along the central Mediterranean route, in particular, many of the measures taken recently appear to be aimed at institutionalising a practice of giving the Libyan coastguard a free hand to intercept people at sea, which has resulted in almost 20,000 returns to Libya, where people are exposed to serious human rights violations".
Immigration is not a threat to the integrity of a country but should be seen as an opportunity for development and it would therefore be interesting for states to move in this direction as there is a demographic decline and a lack of available labour on the European labour market, in particular.
Take the example of the 2006 agreement between the EU and Turkey. The EU promised Turkey 6 billion Euros to help regulate the flow of migrants to Europe by taking in refugees from Greece who are ineligible for asylum and increased border control. This agreement has led to precarious and inhumane conditions for refugees stranded on the Greek islands.
As a substantial financial contributor to development cooperation, the EU should continue its work to address the root causes of irregular migration and forced displacement. This should however not lead to development aid being used to strengthen the “Fortress Europe” (European Movement International, 2017).
The wider repercussions of this situation should not be underestimated. It is hard to see how Europe can ask partner countries to keep their doors open, to host large-scale refugee populations and prevent further movements while at the same time Member States refuse to shoulder their fair share of responsibility for protecting people who flee their homes (Joint NGO Statement ahead of the European Council of 28-29 June 2016).
Assuming European responsibility for managing migration flows would restore some of the balance of power at stake between the colonized countries and the European continent. It could also become a solid basis to fight the phenomenon of migrant smugglers and push fewer immigrants to choose the dangerous illegal migration routes. | <urn:uuid:43b21113-794f-4809-b749-034b88e47bf8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.africanmediamalta.com/post/does-europe-have-a-responsibility-towards-the-migrants-who-seek-to-reach-its-doors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072175.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413062409-20210413092409-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.952169 | 802 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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Joint custody laws provide both parents of minor children rights to make decisions about their children's welfare. In places that have joint custody laws, the courts typically assume that both parents are capable of making good choices in raising their children and give each parent the right to do so, though judges may grant one parent sole custody if the other parent is unfit. In some cases, joint custody reflects a legal relationship between parent and child but does not require that the child divide his time equally between both parents. When parents separate or divorce, they are expected to come to an agreement regarding the custody and welfare of their children. If a couple is unable to resolve these issues, a judge will have to make a decision for them.
In joint legal custody, each parent has the right to make decisions about those things that deeply affect their children's lives. For example, each parent can consent to medical treatment for their child or children and are expected to come to agreements about their children's education and religious upbringing. While it's generally expected that children will have significant relationships with both parents in a joint custody arrangement, the children will often reside with one parent most of the time but have regular visitation with the other parent. In such cases, the parent without physical custody typically pays child support to the other parent.
In cases of joint physical custody, children live with both parents for equal amounts of time throughout the year. In some cases, their parents live near each other so their children can easily get to school and friend's homes. In other cases, parents may live far apart, so children may have to travel significant distances to spend time living with each parent.
Proponents of joint custody laws argue that joint custody keeps both parents involved in their children's lives. They also argue that is important for parents who do not have physical custody of their children to have a significant role in their child's upbringing. Opponents of joint custody laws, on the other hand, claim that joint custody only works in cases where the parents continue to get along well after the divorce or separation. Some argue that if the parents are unable to maintain an amicable relationship, joint legal custody can increase animosity and disagreements. Opponents also argue that joint physical custody is a destabilizing situation, particularly for small children.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:efbf7843-ab3b-4a6b-a04f-e4075b66c8d3> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.wisegeek.net/what-are-joint-custody-laws.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773201.145/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00149-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972454 | 515 | 2.59375 | 3 |
America’s highway system, more than 200,000 miles of freeways and bridges, is the largest infrastructure project in the world. It’s a feat of engineering that laid the foundation for decades of economic growth and prosperity.
By now, it’s also become a cliché to point out that it’s falling apart. In fact, the massive size of the highway systems is also its weak link. We built it, we’re dependent on it, and like all things made by man, now it is breaking, crumbling, and in some cases, falling down.
Back in 1932, the United States was suffering through the Great Depression, and its love affair with cars was just starting.
Just north of Newark, New Jersey, the Pulaski Skyway became the country’s first so-called “superhighway” — a 3.5-mile raised roadway running over the top of some of the most heavily industrialized property in the country.
Even if you’ve never heard of the Pulaski, you’ve probably seen it — the skyway looms in the background during the opening credits of "The Sopranos." In the early 1930s, the only people who knew how to build something this big were railroad engineers, and that's why the skyway looks like a railroad bridge, complete with steel trusses, rivets and cantilevers. It's also 80 years old and falling apart.
“There were pieces of steel that literally looked like Swiss cheese," says Stephen Schapiro, director of communications for the New Jersey Department of Transportation. "The holes in it were bigger than your head.”
Construction teams are completing a two-year, $1.2 billion rehabilitation of the Pulaski’s concrete deck and steel cross braces.
“The steel just flakes off. You can go to it and just peel a piece of steel off because it's rusted, deteriorated, and that's why it's being redone,” Schapiro explains.
The Pulaski Skyway under construction.
In infrastructure terms, the Pulaski is what’s called “functionally obsolete,” meaning it doesn’t meet modern design standards —and the money being spent to fix it up won’t change that.The skyway carries about 70,000 cars per day. Trucks however, were banned only two years after the skyway opened, because its narrow lanes and steep off-ramps were too dangerous. The Pulaski Skyway is bound by Newark International Airport on one end and the Holland Tunnel on the other. In between are continuous factories, warehouses and rail yards, as well as the ports of Newark and Elizabeth. It is some of the most built-up infrastructure anywhere.
But its not like New Jersey could just knock it down and start over.
“We don't have the space to build out new highways like they do in Texas or the Midwest, where they can just build more lanes. We can't do that here," Schapiro says. "We have to work with what we've got.”
In other words, having built it, we’re locked in. It’s a system of diminishing returns in which more money is spent repairing old infrastructure that delivers less-than-optimal results while still adding hours to commutes.
Bryan Higgins lives in Hoboken, New Jersey, and commutes daily to Newark. Normally, he takes the skyway both ways, but with the northbound lanes closed for construction, he has to find an alternate route home — which can easily double or triple his driving time.
“Going home is where there's issues, especially as they continue to do construction on this route we're taking home now,” Higgins says as he drives toward Hoboken. “If they close down a lane on it now, we're looking at what goes roughly a 35 minute commute, it puts it an hour and 15 minutes easily."
Higgins’ commute underscores a key point about highways in America: that even in a place as urbanized as northern Jersey, with public transit available, most people still drive to work.
“In this region, four out of five people drive to work, most people drive to work. In New Jersey it's over 90 percent,” says Richard Barone, director of transportation for the Regional Plan Association, a policy group based in New York City.
An archival photo of the Pulaski Skyway.
But Barone says that can’t go on forever, because there isn’t enough money to maintain everything that's been built. Priority should be given to infrastructure that gives the most return on our investment, and that may mean fewer highways, he says. He says this situation is true among urban areas across the country; cars are still the way people get to work.
“You know, we're entering a phase where we have to make tough decisions, and the idea of removing a link from the network, especially the highway network, is very unpopular,” Barone says. The golden age of freeway building is starting to wane, he says, they cost too much and as soon as they are built, they start breaking down.
“It’s just reached the end of its useful life," says Robert Puentes, director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution. "A lot of it was just engineered to last for a certain number of decades, to accommodate a certain number of drivers, and we've blown way past a lot of those indicators in some areas.”
Puentes says the U.S. will never be able to build its way out of its infrastructure challenge. Even if it did have enough money to fix everything, there would still be gridlock, dangerous roads and, likely, wasted economic opportunities.
One way to change that prospect is to think about the future of highways as being driven by trucks. “We move an enormous amount of goods in this country, 77 percent of which cross state lines, which really is the definition of interstate commerce," Puentes says.
The rapid growth of the e-commerce economy and the prospect of technology that includes, among other things, driverless trucks, means freight may soon compete for a greater share of the roadway.
“So when we think about how this nation has grown in the past, and the role of the interstates, maybe the new era is going to be a lot around freight and good movement," he says.
Many of those goods arrive here by ship and are then unloaded at New Jersey shipping terminals.
“We see a 3 to 5 percent growth every year,” says Jeff Bader, president of the Association of Bi-State Motor Carriers.
Much of that freight, Bader says, is funneled onto roadways that weren’t designed with trucks in mind.
“I mean, we have trucks that are 53 to 54 feet long that cannot accommodate some of the roadways to make the turns," he says.
A 1940s postcard from Mayrose Company.
"They're putting billions of dollars into it now to make it more roadworthy for commuter vehicles," he says. "You look down underneath the Pulaski Skyway. The truck route 1 and 9, which is the sister bridge to it, is antiquated. It needs to be modernized and upgraded too."And remember, the Pulaski can’t carry any trucks. Even when freight can be moved by rail, Bader says, that last mile will always involve trucks. He says the money being spent on the skyway, the biggest infrastructure project in the state of New Jersey, should have been put toward infrastructure that is more critical to the regional economy.
The Port of New York and New Jersey is spending $6 billion to improve its harbor and shipping terminals in preparation for the completion of the Panama Canal expansion next spring. That’s when so-called “super cargo” ships will start sailing into New York Harbor, delivering even more containers, which will then be funneled onto increasingly crowded, outdated, highways.
Marketplace is teaming up with Waze to look at transportation infrastructure across the U.S. Click here to find out how you can be a part of our series and report bad infrastructure on your own commute.
Correction June 16, 2015: This story originally misstated Robert Puentes' first name. | <urn:uuid:4c18870a-a9b5-467b-b534-b0029e541f69> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.marketplace.org/2015/06/15/sustainability/weak-link-state-infrastructure/us-locked-aging-highway-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172649.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00015-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970155 | 1,766 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In this article, I explain how pheromone signals work. People won’t notice the effects of pheromones until they’re reached their (vomeronasal organ) VNO and hypothalamus. Only then their brain intervenes by guiding judgments and decisions about people.
To illustrate, let’s suppose that a man and a woman meet for the first time at a party. Because they are standing close to each other, they unknowingly exchange pheromones. The pheromones will travel to the receptor sites on the VNOs of both sexes. Chemical (pheromonal) information then travels to their brains for processing.
The information, processed subconsciously, registers as the immediate response. This is a crucial part of the often-talked-about first impression. If a man and a woman each experience mutually positive first impressions, their feelings towards each other grow. The figurative “green light” of the situation will foster continued conversation and, perhaps, mutual interest.
The man and the woman will proceed to learn more about each other.
What Pheromones Tell Us
As their interaction advances past the introductory stage, their other senses will become more involved. The man may love the woman’s pheromones but be turned off by the way she dresses. In other words, by what his eyes tell him.
The woman may also love the man’s pheromones but not like the tone of his voice. An impression transmitted through her ears. In other words, pheromones will not guarantee that a relationship will survive the input from other senses.
What pheromones tell us is whether the stranger with whom we are shaking hands is acceptable to us on a subconscious level. Nevertheless, we’ve all heard stories about couples who claim to have fallen in love within minutes of meeting. We define this as love at first sight. But maybe it’s more appropriate to call it overall sensory approval at first sight.
How might across-the-board sensory approval occur? If the people are in physical proximity, then the pheromone attraction will become stronger.
First Step of Attraction
The first step of attraction could very well be pheromonal communication. In which, the sixth sense dispatches its signals to the hypothalamus via the VNO. The other senses would then follow suit.
We can’t say exactly how or in which order the six senses participate in a first meeting. Perhaps the sense of smell is one of the first to register, telling us whether the scent of the person standing in front of us is appealing or repugnant. Maybe visual cues strike first, forcing us to zero in on the way the person looks.
Maybe it’s a touch from the other person. Or a quick tap on the arm or a brush of fingers against the wrist. It feels surprisingly wonderful and lays the foundation for further sensory appreciation. However, some scientists studying human pheromones believe the sixth sense is the one that kicks in first. Even before the fickle sense of smell, when two people are face-to-face. Underlying all your impressions of the person is your swift and subconscious impression of his or her pheromones.
Humans are lucky. We possess more than enough sensory machinery to guide us through life. The human ability of cognition is related directly to our sensory setup and sensory messages to the brain. Without our senses, we couldn’t perform even the simplest of tasks. We wouldn’t be able to reason at the most basic level.
We empathize with people who lose one of their senses because we can imagine the deprivation that would result. How could we possibly navigate the world without all our senses intact? Aristotle believed that touch was the one sense essential to an evening of sex.
Mysteries of the Mind
Each neuron can have tens of thousands of links with other neurons. The number of possible routes for nerve signals through this vast maze defies contemplation. The main parts of the brain are the brain stem, the cerebellum (responsible for coordinating movement), and the cerebrum.
The brain is divided into two bilaterally symmetric halves, or hemispheres, which are conjoined by the corpus callosum.
Each half contains four lobes and is covered with the wrinkled external layer of the cerebral cortex. The brain stem is one of the oldest parts of the brain. The region that developed and grew before the overlying cortex.
It’s the seat of our autonomic bodily functions and the originating point of spinal nerves. And the brain stem is truly the core of the central nervous system. It gives us our basic abilities and directs us at a subconscious level.
The medulla oblongata extends from the spinal cord in and sits at the base of the skull. It regulates the activity of the blood vessels and the heart, as well as respiration and other autonomic activities.
Other important brain structures are the pituitary gland whose secretions help control the other endocrine glands. It influences growth, metabolism, and maturation, and the hippocampus, which has a central role in memory.
The Perception of Smell
With the exception of the sense of smell, the thalamus is responsible for regulating our senses. The thalamus acts as a processing center for the millions of messages transmitted via nerve signals. They’re delivered by the sense organs that bombard the brain constantly.
Once sensory signals have passed through the thalamus, they are routed to the cerebral cortex. It taps into our consciousness and allows us to give the sensory nerve impulse. For example, I see a sunset, I taste a banana. And the smell, one of the most primitive of the six senses, sends its signals directly to the subconscious part. | <urn:uuid:a1c24444-7b7f-4c6d-98b8-3cea6036357d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://astrobiosociety.org/pheromone-signals-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317359.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822194105-20190822220105-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.930944 | 1,209 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Story last updated at 1/8/2014 - 5:53 pm
JUNEAU — The SouthEast Alaska Regional Health Consortium Tribal Motor Vehicle Injury Prevention Program completed an observation survey of vehicles in Juneau, according to a release from the organization that showed lower than average seat belt use among its Alaska Native population.
Wearing a seat belt is the law in Alaska.
In the seat belt use study, SEARHC observers made 688 total observations in 41 locations (588 drivers, 100 passengers). The drivers used seat belts 76.7 percent of the time, passengers 66 percent of the time, for a total seat belt usage of 75.1 percent. The 75.1 percent total usage was lower than the city’s average of 81.6 percent, the state average of 85.7 percent, and the national average of 86 percent, according to the release.
The program used procedures adapted from the Indian Health Service Ride Safe Program for its observational study, observing vehicles driving in areas of Juneau likely to have high Alaska Native/American Indian use (such as the roads to SEARHC or other tribal facilities).
According to the Centers for Disease Control seat belts dramatically reduce risk of death and serious injury. Among drivers and front-seat passengers, seat belts reduce the risk of death by 45 percent, and cut the risk of serious injury by 50 percent. Seat belts prevent drivers and passengers from being ejected during a crash. Those not wearing a seat belt are 30 times more likely to be ejected from a vehicle during a crash and more than three out of four people who are ejected during a crash die from their injuries.
Increasing seat belt use is critical to reduce injury and saving lives and SEARHC has one more year in a four-year grant to increase seat belt use to 90 percent. To reach that goal, the high school buckle up campaigns and the support of the Click it or Ticket educational campaigns in Juneau will be instrumental. | <urn:uuid:6b5fd428-cba1-4405-9ffc-30992a3dcae3> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.capitalcityweekly.com/stories/010814/new_1188732247.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276964.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00160-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953959 | 397 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Bowel incontinence or fecal incontinence is a treatable condition. It affects 2 to 7% of the general population and nearly 25% of the institutionalized population.
Most patients are women usually due to injury to the pelvic floor muscles and the anal sphincters after a complicated vaginal childbirth or frail elderly men with weakened muscles of the rectum and damaged nerve complexes.
The actual prevalence of the condition is far more than the known figures since many patients with this embarrassing condition do not contact their healthcare provider.
Further, bowel incontinence is a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a disease in itself. It is essential that the condition is detected early and treated to prevent further complications.
The treatment plan also depends on the underlying cause of the condition and the pattern of the symptoms. According to the general principles of therapy, the physicians try the least intrusive treatments first before more invasive methods.
The first steps include dietary changes and exercise programmes. More invasive methods include medication or surgery and are considered only if other treatment options are unsuccessful.
Treatment includes the following methods: continence products, diet modification, medicines and so forth. 1-7 –
These include anal plugs that are a good way to prevent episodes of soiling. The plugs are made of foam and designed to be inserted into the anus. Since the plug is made of foam it expands like a mushroom when it comes in contact with any moisture from the bowel. This prevents any further leakage.
These can be worn for up to 12 hours and may be removed by pulling the attached string. It may feel uncomfortable initially but the symptoms usually resolve with time.
Another option is an adult diaper or a disposable pad. These soak the liquid stools and protect the skin. These are useful in mild bowel incontinence.
Diet modification for bowel incontinence
When bowel incontinence is associated with diarrhoea or constipation, the symptoms may be reduced using changes in diet. Those with soft or loose stools may be given a low fibre diet.
Patients with constipation need high fibre in diet to soften and produce formed stools. Patients are asked to maintain a food diary to record the effect of the dietary changes on the symptoms of incontinence.
Patients with diarrhea associated with bowel incontinence are advised to take reduced insoluble fibre in diet. Insoluble fibre sources in diet include wholegrain breads, bran, cereals and nuts.
Patients are advised to avoid fibre from fruits and raw vegetables as well and limit foods with resistant starch such as pulses, whole grains, corn and green bananas. Foods with high fat content also need to be avoided.
Patients who have predominant constipation need high-fibre diet. These include fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains, seeds, nuts, oats etc. These patients are also advised to drink plenty of water to soften the stools.
Medicines for bowel incontinence
Some medications, like Loperamide, may be used to treat diarrhea. This slows down the movement of the stools and may be needed for long periods of time in patients with diarrhea.
Laxatives may be prescribed to treat constipation in patients with bowel incontinence. Bulk-forming laxatives are usually recommended.
Exercise programmes for bowel incontinence
Patients of bowel incontinence may need pelvic floor muscle training. These are important for all women after vaginal childbirth. These exercises strengthen any muscles that may have been stretched and weakened during childbirth.
These exercises are needed at least exercises three times a day, for six to eight weeks after delivery. The basic tenet of these exercises includes squeezing and holding the pelvic muscles in the taut position while sitting, standing or lying positions.
The breath is held while the muscles are held tight and then again let off as the muscles are relaxed.
This is recommended for people who have reduced sensation in their rectum as a result of nerve damage. These include:
establishing a regular time for bowel evacuation
making the constituency of the stools amenable for easy evacuation
stimulating the bowel for movement
Stool consistence may be improved by dietary modification. A time is set aside in the daily routine for bowel evacuation. Sometimes a hot drink or a meal may help in bowel evacuation stimulation.
Biofeedback method for bowel incontinence
This is a method of bowel retraining that uses a small electric probe within the anus. This probe sends back information about the movement and pressure of the muscles in the rectum to a computer. Exercise programmes are then prescribed to improve the bowel function.
Enemas for bowel incontinence
Some patients may also benefit from enemas. This is useful in patients with faecal impaction. The enema involves insertion of a small tube in the anus and irrigation of the rectum with a special solution to wash the walls out.
Surgery for bowel incontinence
Surgery for bowel incontinence is the last resort and is needed only in very severe cases.
Open surgeries like sphincteroplasty may be undertaken to correct the torn or damaged sphincter muscles. In this surgery the muscle edges are overlapped and sewn back together to make the sphincter stronger.
Some patients may require replacement of the sphincter muscles called stimulated graciloplasty. The sphincter is created using a sample of muscle from the thigh of the patient.
Endoscopic heat therapy is tried in some patients. This technique uses heat via a thin probe over the sphincter muscles to encourage scarring of the tissue and tighten the sphincter.
Bulking agents like collagen or silicone can be injected into the muscles of the sphincter and rectum to strengthen them. Sacral nerve stimulation and tibial nerve stimulation may also be undertaken in patients with weak sphincter muscles.
Some patients may need a radical surgery called the colostomy. In this the lower bowel or colon is cut and brought out through the wall of the abdomen after creating an opening and a bag, known as a colostomy bag is attached to the opening to collect the stool.
Psychological support for bowel incontinence
Emotional and psychological support to the patient and family is important and assessment and treatment of depression and other mental health conditions play a vital role in therapy.
Those with cognitive impairment need behavioural and functional analysis and cause-specific behavioural interventions may be tried.
Patients also require skin care, odour control, disposable gloves and other laundry advice to maintain hygiene.
Reviewed by April Cashin-Garbutt, BA Hons (Cantab) | <urn:uuid:d9fcc5e4-3217-4f6b-9f70-78570468353d> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-bowel-incontinence.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607245.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523005639-20170523025639-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.926146 | 1,370 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The main gate
Made in 1816, and composed of two fixed exterior leaves and two central leaves that can be opened, the gate is a true work of cast-iron art and outstanding technical ability. It is composed of iron elements and ones obtained from fusion held together by pins and joints.
These nineteenth-century fixtures had become so badly oxidized that their surfaces were extensively damaged by corrosion. In addition to restoring their exteriors, the project involved totally removing the incongruous concrete bases on which they were set. New bases, in keeping with the style of the lampposts, were produced using cast-iron fusion, designed so that the height of the lampposts would be the same as it had originally been. | <urn:uuid:bdea463f-375a-4b1b-a6b0-f6f9fdbb18dc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.venicegardensfoundation.org/en/main-gate-and-lampposts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100677.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207153748-20231207183748-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.988497 | 151 | 2.828125 | 3 |
How Can I Avoid Eating Salt?
Question: If I quit using salt on my food altogether is that too much? I know the body does need some salt.
Answer: Salt, like sugar, is an acquired taste. Salt, or sodium, is needed by the body, but in very small amounts, amounts that occur naturally in the non-processed foods we eat. Too much sodium in the body can result in high blood pressure, which unfortunately often goes unnoticed until it causes a stroke or heart attack.
It would be virtually impossible not to get enough sodium in our diets...unless we were starving ourselves. Sodium is found in nearly everything we eat and is found in excess in processed and canned foods. Some of the worst culprits are:
CANNED SOUPS * FROZEN DINNERS * FAST FOODS * CHEESES * SMOKED AND PROCESSED MEATS * POTATO CHIPS * SALTED NUTS * CRACKERS * CATSUP * SOY SAUCE * PICKLES * OLIVES * MANY CEREALS * TOMATO JUICE * VEGETABLE JUICE * ETC.
As you can see, it would be impossible to eliminate too much salt from your diet. | <urn:uuid:d2b73f95-cdfa-4a6a-979a-ac578bb3d1e0> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.collagevideo.com/blogs/ask-gilad/36954820-how-can-i-avoid-eating-salt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512161.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018235424-20181019020924-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.936922 | 267 | 2.53125 | 3 |
"A duck is a bird."
Translation:Ördek bir kuştur.
Could you also say "Ördek bir kuş"? Or always adding the d|r on something like this since it is in fact a fact.
I wrote "bir ördek bir kuş" which was recognized as correct. However, I feel like this would be ambiguous, as it could also mean "a duck, a bird". Am I mistaken or is this ambiguity real?
"A duck is a bird." Translation: Ördek bir kuştur, "is a" in the English is usually the cue to write "bir" in the Turkish translation. Because the sentence starts in English with "A" duck is a bird & the "a" equates to "bir" in Turkish. The Turkish translation can drop the "bir."
Ördek kuştur is acceptable in Turkish.
"A duck is a bird." Translation: Ördek bir kuştur.
Good morning Mariane.
The Turkish translation answer: Ördek in the (subject) position is automatically recognised in Turkish as "the" duck in English.
"The English patient." Translation: İngiliz hasta. Example - In English (İngiliz) in the (subject) position is recognised as "the" English patient.
Turkish (subject) position - Adam. English - "the" man. The nominative case marker for subjects in Turkish does not exist & are recognised in English as "the." The "-tur" suffix emphasises a fact too.
"Ördek kuştur" - "A" or "The" duck is a bird. | <urn:uuid:b43404b9-2282-4316-848e-7cc8f84d6849> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/8376520/A-duck-is-a-bird | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677412.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018005539-20191018033039-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.906196 | 368 | 2.90625 | 3 |
These structures provide secretions to form the bulk of the seminal fluid of an ejaculate. The prostate gland is in the lesser or true pelvis, centred behind the lower part of the pubic arch. It lies in front of the rectum. The prostate is shaped roughly like an inverted pyramid; its base is directed upward and is immediately continuous with the neck of the urinary bladder. The urethra traverses its substance. The two ejaculatory ducts enter the prostate near the upper border of its posterior surface. The prostate is of a firm consistency, surrounded by a capsule of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle. It measures about 4 cm across, 3 cm in height, and 2 cm front to back (about 1.6 by 1.2 by 0.8 inch) and consists of glandular tissue contained in a muscular framework. It is imperfectly divided into three lobes. Two lobes at the side form the main mass and are continuous behind the urethra. In front of the urethra they are connected by an isthmus of fibromuscular tissue devoid of glands. The third, or median, lobe is smaller and variable in size and may lack glandular tissue. There are three clinically significant concentric zones of prostatic glandular tissue about the urethra. A group of short glands that are closest to the urethra and discharge mucus into its channel are subject to simple enlargement. Outside these is a ring of submucosal glands (glands from which the mucosal glands develop), and farther out is a large outer zone of long branched glands, composing the bulk of the glandular tissue. Prostate cancer is almost exclusively confined to the outer zone. The glands of the outer zone are lined by tall columnar cells that secrete prostatic fluid under the influence of androgens from the testis. The fluid is thin, milky, and slightly acidic.
The seminal vesicles are two structures, about 5 cm (2 inches) in length, lying between the rectum and the base of the bladder. Their secretions form the bulk of semen. Essentially, each vesicle consists of a much-coiled tube with numerous diverticula or outpouches that extend from the main tube, the whole being held together by connective tissue. At its lower end the tube is constricted to form a straight duct or tube that joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. The vesicles are close together in their lower parts, but they are separated above where they lie close to the deferent ducts. The seminal vesicles have longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle, and their cavities are lined with mucous membrane, which is the source of the secretions of the organs. These secretions are ejected by muscular contractions during ejaculation. The activity of the vesicles is dependent on the production of the hormone androgen by the testes. The secretion is thick, sticky, and yellowish; it contains the sugar fructose and is slightly alkaline.
The bulbourethral glands, often called Cowper glands, are pea-shaped glands that are located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis. The glands, which measure only about 1 cm (0.4 inch) in diameter, have slender ducts that run forward and toward the centre to open on the floor of the spongy portion of the urethra. They are composed of a network of small tubes, or tubules, and saclike structures; between the tubules are fibres of muscle and elastic tissue that give the glands muscular support. Cells within the tubules and sacs contain droplets of mucus, a thick protein compound. The fluid excreted by these glands is clear and thick and acts as a lubricant; it is also thought to function as a flushing agent that washes out the urethra before the semen is ejaculated; it may also help to make the semen less watery and to provide a suitable living environment for the sperm.
The two ejaculatory ducts lie on each side of the midline and are formed by the union of the duct of the seminal vesicle, which contributes secretions to the semen, with the end of the ductus deferens at the base of the prostate. Each duct is about 2 cm (about 0.8 inch) long and passes between a lateral and the median lobe of the prostate to reach the floor of the prostatic urethra. This part of the urethra has on its floor (or posterior wall) a longitudinal ridge called the urethral crest. On each side is a depression, the prostatic sinus, into which open the prostatic ducts. In the middle of the urethral crest is a small elevation, the colliculus seminalis, on which the opening of the prostatic utricle is found. The prostatic utricle is a short diverticulum or pouch lined by mucous membrane; it may correspond to the vagina or uterus in the female. The small openings of the ejaculatory ducts lie on each side of or just within the opening of the prostatic utricle. The ejaculatory ducts are thin-walled and lined by columnar cells. | <urn:uuid:6a674c25-d723-4fda-9834-9f48824394a9> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.britannica.com/science/human-reproductive-system/Accessory-organs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988793.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507120655-20210507150655-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.948277 | 1,089 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Pediatric congenital ocular anomalies are eye malformations that occur during development in the womb. Learn more.
Conditions We Treat in Ophthalmology
Anophthalmia occurs when a baby is born missing one or both eyes. Learn more about this congenital condition.
Pediatric esotropia is when a one or both a child’s eyes turn inward toward their nose (cross-eyed). Learn more.
Pediatric eye infections, like conjunctivitis (pinkeye), cause the eye to become inflamed and irritated. Learn more.
Learn more about pediatric genetic ocular diseases, which are eye conditions that are inherited (passed down through families).
Pediatric glaucoma causes fluid to build up in the front part of a child’s eye, damaging the optic nerve. Learn more.
Learn more about pediatric neuro-ophthalmology, which consists of diseases that affect the brain and eye connection.
Commonly associated with having another congenital condition, posterior embryotoxon causes a solid-colored ring in the cornea. Learn more.
Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a common vision disorder in children. It occurs when one or both eyes send a blurry image to the brain (even if there is no structural problem with the eye itself). Left untreated, amblyopia can lead to permanent loss of vision.
A cataract is a cloudy patch on the normally clear lens of the eye that may cause blurred vision. Some cataracts are so small they don't impair vision at all, while others can affect the whole lens, causing blindness.
Pediatric ocular trauma is any injury to a child's eye. Damages to the eyeball, eyelid or bones around the eye are all examples of pediatric ocular trauma. Eye trauma in children accounts for 7% of all physical injuries and between 10 and 15% of all eye diseases in kids. | <urn:uuid:0375fe79-c428-4b54-9cb7-ff2cf5ae6ef1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/specialty-centers-and-programs/ophthalmology/conditions-we-treat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514005.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021115035-20181021140535-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.913359 | 395 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Importance of Data Security in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Policymakers need to look at standardization of digital health records by identifying a systematic approach to IT in healthcare
In the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI), data is power. And in a country like India, the scope for AI is colossal, especially in healthcare. From precision medicine and data management to remote diagnosis and predictive analysis, technology in healthcare is making giant strides. However, these innovations are also posing new-fangled security challenges, particularly in terms of personal health records.
According to a recent global study, more than one-third (35.6 per cent) of surveyed professionals in the Internet of Things-connected medical device ecosystem said that they had experienced an incident related to cybersecurity in the past year. For technology to truly change the way healthcare is delivered, we need to first address the issue of cyber-attacks, such as data theft and ransomware. Can AI help neutralise cyber threats without human intervention? Does the future of cybersecurity lie in the untapped potential of AI?
The Achilles heel
Traditionally, the responsibility of maintaining healthcare data in India has rested with the patients. Even today, paper-based systems are used to generate medical records, while treatment history continues to be handwritten in the majority of cases. Understandably, most of this data simply goes missing with time. Or else, in the electronic form, it is often rendered inaccessible, as it sits idle on data servers of private healthcare facilities.
What we need is a safe and seamless flow of information within the digital healthcare infrastructure that can transform the ways in which clinicians diagnose and treat patients. A centralised record-keeping system, like the Electronic Health Record (EHR), can facilitate rapid data retrieval, data sharing, as well as trend analysis. Today, these digital healthcare systems are capable of collecting data from multiple sources - hospitals, clinics, diagnostic facilities, individual healthcare practitioners. Nonetheless, the adoption of wearables and implanted sensors in preventive and emergency medical response systems, using short-distance wireless-communication techniques, are raising pertinent concerns about data security.
There are numerous instances of security breaches in the global healthcare industry. In June 2017, US pharmaceutical company Merck and healthcare provider, Heritage Valley Health Systems became the target of NotPetya ransomware attack, while recently, a Bayer MedRad device, used to assist MRI scan, was infected by WannaCry ransomware virus. With the Internet of Things (IoT), there are several points of inflow and outflow of information today - more potential soft spots - which can be targeted by unscrupulous data hackers. Data breaches in healthcare have reportedly affected millions of people causing theft of identities, monetary losses, loss of benefits, and leakage of sensitive personal data to third parties. The price of personal medical information in the conman's marketplace is believed to be 10 times higher than credit card details!
As more healthcare technologies and solutions become network connected, the frequency of cyber-attacks will increase. In time, there will be an increased awareness among corporate information security officers (CISO) at the provider and payer organisations as well as healthcare technology companies to do more to protect healthcare data. Researchers are already using cognitive algorithms to learn and predict new malware behaviours; Al-based, self-learning security systems hold the promise of automatic cyber defence in the future.
Policymakers need to look at standardization of digital health records by identifying a systematic approach to IT in healthcare. Taking a cue from nations where policies are already in place, like the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the US and the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) in Canada, operational guidelines need to be drafted as a precursor to the national EHR policy. Interestingly, many countries incentivise the use and constant up-gradation of EHR systems.
With the Digital India drive and Smart Cities Mission accelerating IT adoption in healthcare, health tech companies need to up their ante on security. However, data security is not free; there are cost implications for equipment vendors. Currently, most equipment vendors leave the security issues to hospitals and insurance companies to dodge the price disadvantage in a competitive market. Yet, we need to think long-term, much like investing in a vaccine that'll prevent the spread of an epidemic. | <urn:uuid:dfee9e58-5121-494f-b5b7-a9a449a5abc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/306623 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.938036 | 880 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Tiwanaku, an archaeological site found in Western Bolivia dating back to around 500 AD, is the latest historical site to get the 3D printing treatment. Researchers from UC Berkeley have 3D printed miniature models of the Pre-Columbian site to reconstruct the ruins, which have been ransacked and compromised over the last 500 years.
The site itself spans four square kilometers—making it the largest archaeological site in South America. Evidently, this was too large of a space to 3D print, so the researchers from UC Berkeley focused their efforts on 3D printing and reconstructing a specific architectural structure, namely, the Pumapunku building.
The Pumapunku building, believed to be built around the year 536 AD, was part of a large temple complex in Tiwanaku, which was believed by the Incas to be where the world was created. Over the years, the site and building itself have been of great interest to archaeologists for a number of reasons. The Pumapunku building specifically is considered to be an architectural wonder.
Sadly, due to ransacking, none of the 150 blocks that once made up the building are in their original place. A reality that has led the UC Berkeley team to try and recreate a model of the original building using miniature 3D printed blocks.
“A major challenge here is that the majority of the stones of Pumapunku are too large to move and that field notes from previous research by others present us with complex and cumbersome data that is difficult to visualize,” explained Dr. Alexei Vranich, the corresponding author of the study published in Heritage Science. “The intent of our project was to translate that data into something that both our hands and our minds could grasp. Printing miniature 3D models of the stones allowed us to quickly handle and refit the blocks to try and recreate the structure.”
In making the miniature models, the research team 3D printed 140 pieces of andesite, a extrusive rock found in the Andes, and 17 slabs of sandstone, all of which were based on measurements recorded by scholars over the last century and a half of the blocks. With these measurements, the team was able to create 3D models of the blocks and subsequently print them.
Then, not unlike playing with a set of toy blocks, the researchers placed the blocks to reconstruct the site, figuring out how they would have fit together. The physical 3D recreation of the Pumapunku building has given some indication of what the building could have originally looked like and has also given some insight into how the building could have been used.
“One particularly interesting realization was that smashed doorways of different sizes that lay scattered around the site were aligned in a manner that would create a ‘mirror’ effect; the impression of looking into infinity, when, in fact, the viewer was looking into a single room,” said Dr. Vranich. “This may relate to the Incans belief that this is the site where the world was created and could also suggest that the building was used as a ritual space.”
Interestingly, the research team does acknowledge that their method might not be considered the most cutting edge—as it is essentially physically manipulating blocks. But this tactility has offered them benefits, they say.
Dr. Vranich elaborated: “This effort represents a technological step back from recent methods that used computer modelling to recreate structures on screen, but the human brain continues to be more efficient than a computer when it comes to manipulating and visualizing irregular 3D forms. We attempted to capitalize on archaeologists’ learned ability to visualize and mentally rotate irregular objects in space by providing them with 3D printed objects that they could physically manipulate.”
Within the field of archaeology and historical preservation, 3D printing is slowly finding its place. Along with scanning and modeling technologies, additive manufacturing has been used to recreate recently destroyed sites, such as Palmyra in Syria. | <urn:uuid:d8485fc3-c5f3-4e17-8a16-275cbdfbfc89> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/3d-printed-tiwanaku-site/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562106.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523224456-20220524014456-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.973051 | 821 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Using Tax Records in Genealogy
1873 - Carroll Parish, LA Tax Assessment Roll
Tax payments on livestock and vehicles by John Atlas, King Atlas, Sr. and William Steven Atlas, Sr. All were living at Longwood Plantation, in the northeast portion of the parish.
1888 - East Carroll Parish Tax Assessment Rolls
Documentation of payment of taxes on 80 acres by John Atlas, the first documented land owner of the earliest traceable ancestors.
Tax payments on livestock and vehicles by King Atlas, Jr., King Atlas, Sr.and Andrew Atlas.
On the surface, a researcher may just take these records for face value. But, when one looks deeper at records such as these, they may uncover a wealth of information about their ancestors, especially if they were formerly enslaved.
The 1873 tax assessment record lists that John, King, Sr. and William were all living at Longwood Plantation. We discussed this location in a previous post. Since this tax assessment record was taken only 8 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, John, King, Sr. and William's location on it may be key in narrowing down the search for the last plantation they lived on and possibly, their last slaveowner. In addition, one can compare where they were living then to the 1870 and 1880 US Census to see if they migrated to another area of the county or parish they lived.
Taking this one step further, a researcher can then use current tax records to see if they can narrow down the exact current day location of the plantation that their ancestors resided on. In East Carroll Parish, the legal land descriptions have not changed much, so they may include the name of the plantation that was on that land.
The Louisiana Tax Commission has a website of their tax rolls for every parish in the state. East Carroll Parish has tax records available from 2006 to present. One can select the parish, then specific tax year and from there, search by legal description. Tax documents for current landowners of that property then appear, most times with a property address. It's possible to put that address into Google Maps and narrow down the current day location of the plantation. Since the Mississippi River has moved over time, there may be areas along the river in Louisiana that don't exist as they are now underwater. | <urn:uuid:2f5c02af-4966-4706-9933-1cdaccc1516b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://blog.atlasfamily.org/2010/01/using-tax-records-in-genealogy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864740.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622162604-20180622182604-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.962557 | 466 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A bumper crop of “blueberries” has been found around the rim of Mars’s Victoria Crater by NASA’s Opportunity rover. The discovery suggests that when the rover descends into the crater in a few months, it may find a bathtub ring of the tiny concretions – an ancient high-water mark suggesting the area was altered by ground, not surface, water.
Blueberries are thought to have formed by the precipitation of iron-bearing minerals when groundwater rose up through layers of sediment. The spheres have been seen scattered across the surface almost everywhere Opportunity has crossed on its 7-kilometre voyage from its landing site to the nearly kilometre-wide Victoria Crater.
But they have become much smaller and sparser along the way, dropping from 5 millimetres wide to less than 1 mm across. Since the rover neared the crater’s rim, however, that trend has reversed.
There, the terrain was “full of great big juicy blueberries again,” said rover chief scientist Steven Squyres on Wednesday at the American Geophysical Union’s fall meeting in San Francisco, California, US. “That was a surprise to us.”
Since the spheres form underground as groundwater rises through the soil, the find suggests the water rose only so far and then stopped – without reaching the surface. This left a layer filled with large blueberries, with very few in the overlying layers.
In fact, the Meridiani Planum plain Opportunity has been crossing is tilted slightly and the rover has been moving gradually upwards, into a higher layer with few blueberries. The great impact that produced Victoria Crater, however, dug into the blueberry-rich layer below and tossed thousands of the spheres all around its rim.
The finding was unexpected because Opportunity had earlier found ripples in Endurance Crater a few kilometres away that indicated water at least occasionally flowed on the surface there. Now, it seems such events were rare around Victoria Crater, and that most of the time the water only rose to a level well below the surface.
Just how far down that level is will not be known until the rover descends into the crater in a few more months. “As we go down, we’ll cross a bathtub ring” that marks the highest level the water typically reached, says Squyres.
Opportunity has been moving slowly around the crater, taking detailed pictures of the sides of each promontory it passes. Already, it has clearly shown dramatic variations in the thickness of the layers along the cliffsides.
“We’re seeing lateral stratigraphy, something we could never do before” because of the wide expanse of layers exposed in the large crater,” says Squyres. So far, he says, these extended layers reveal dune-like profiles, suggesting a dry surface environment that was mostly shaped by prevailing winds. Rising groundwater would have formed blueberries within these layers after the dunes had been buried and compacted.
As they approach their third anniversary on Mars, the twin rovers remain in excellent health, except for one stuck wheel on Spirit, on the opposite side of Mars. That rover has stayed close to one spot for the last nine months, where among other observations, it spotted the first water-ice clouds identified from the surface of Mars.
It will soon be moving again, towards rocky areas whose compositions show clear signs of having been affected by water.
More on these topics: | <urn:uuid:6358f34b-6b70-4d95-a290-79cec681dd1d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10802-mars-rover-nears-bathtub-ring-of-blueberries/?ignored=irrelevant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507045.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116195918-20210116225918-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.968012 | 722 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Nugroho, Agung Murti The Impact Of Solar Chimney Geometry For Stack Ventilation In Malaysia’S Single Storey Terraced House. In: Post-Graduate Seminar Semester 2 Session 2006/2007, 6 March 2007, Rumah Alumni, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
|PDF (Full Text)|
In terms of passive cooling design in housing, tropical climates present the most difficult problem to solve. The climatic conditions of the tropical regions are characterized by high air temperatures, high relative humidity and very low wind speeds. These make the environmental conditions uncomfortable. This situation arises from the low air velocity and high temperature experienced during day time. The wind effect is also not well utilized especially in the usual single sided ventilation. The field measurement study on an existing house indicated that the basic design of single storey terraced house is not effective in providing natural ventilation for achieving thermal comfort. It is hypothesized that solar–induced ventilation may be a viable alternative. Therefore this paper discusses the impact of solar chimney geometry for stack induced ventilation strategies on a single storey terraced house model under Malaysian conditions. The solar induced ventilation study involved computer simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics where air movement and solar radiation simulation are the major variables. Validation of CFD FloVent was done by comparing the results with field measurements and it showed a good agreement. Further development of the solar induced ventilation designs have been made and evaluated to attain solar chimney geometry. The simulations were performed on a selected day of one year. The result showed that the solar chimney geometry of 3 x 1 m area and 3.5 m vertical height provided continuous air movement where highest velocity could reach 0.6 m/s (on 21st March, on north-south orientation).
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||stack ventilation, vertical solar chimney geometry|
|Subjects:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > G Geography (General)|
|Deposited By:||Mr Syahrul Hasni Hasnan|
|Deposited On:||08 Mar 2007 08:06|
|Last Modified:||01 Jun 2010 02:56|
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:c27e7e89-1e0c-4f28-a1d9-6216a85d277a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://eprints.utm.my/1632/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372999.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00256-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863943 | 473 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Business process management (BPM) is a systematic approach to making an organization’s workflow more effective, more efficient and more capable of adapting to an ever-changing environment. A business process is an activity or set of activities that will accomplish a specific organizational goal. The goal of BPM is to reduce human error and miscommunication and focus stakeholders on the requirements of their roles. BPM is a subset of infrastructure management, an administrative area concerned with maintaining and optimizing an organization’s equipment and core operations. A business process is an activity or set of activities that will accomplish a specific organizational goal.
From a system perspective the processes must realize the system purpose and sub-system functions in order to achieve its stated objective. The processes need to operate within the governance model in order to maintain system ‘set-course’.
Events are passive elements in event-driven process chains (EPC). They describe under what circumstances a function or a process works or which state a function or a process results in. Examples of events are “requirement captured”, “material in stock”, etc. In the EPC graph an event is represented as hexagon. In general, an EPC diagram must start with an event and end with an event.
Functions are active elements in an EPC. They model the tasks or activities within the company. Functions describe transformations from an initial state to a resulting state. If different resulting states can occur, the selection of the respective resulting state can be modeled explicitly as a decision function using logical connectors. Functions can be refined into another EPC. In this case it is called a hierarchical function. Examples of functions are “capture requirement”, “check material in stock”, etc. In the event-driven process chain graph a function is represented as rounded rectangle.
Process owner is responsible for a function (i.e. a booking clerk is responsible for booking journeys). The process owner is usually part of an organization unit (i.e. a booking clerk belongs to the booking department). It is represented as a square with a vertical line.
Organization units determine which organization within the structure of an enterprise is responsible for a specific function. Examples are “sales department”, “procurement department”, etc. It is represented as an ellipse with a vertical line.
Information, material, or resource object
In the event-driven process chain, the information, material, or resource objects portray objects in the real world, for example business objects, entities, etc., which can be input data serving as the basis for a function, or output data produced by a function. Examples are “material”, “order”, etc. In the EPC graph such an object is represented as rectangle. | <urn:uuid:e071ec82-f01b-4eee-8ed9-f3d566959fb8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://systemic2016.wordpress.com/process-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612018.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529053338-20170529073338-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.933534 | 578 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|Back to July Ed Reporter|
|NUMBER 210||THE NEWSPAPER OF EDUCATION RIGHTS||JULY 2003|
|NAEP Shows More Reading Woes |
The NAEP report also showed that high school boys performed significantly worse on the test than girls. Nationwide, only about 28% of 12th-grade boys could read at a proficient level, compared to 44% of girls. "Over the past decade, the reading achievement of male high school seniors had fallen more steeply than among female students," announced Mark R. Musick, a member of the National Assessment Governing Board and president of the South Regional Educational Board.
To score as proficient, students must exhibit an overall understanding of the text, providing inferential as well as unvarnished information. This level was only attained by 36% of the nation's high school seniors, a four-percentage point plunge from 1998.
U.S Education Secretary Rod Paige stated "there is no scientific answer to why our high school seniors have performed so poorly on this reading assessment." Yet education experts stressed the pitiful foundation in the basics. "Because high schools are not well equipped to shore up those kinds of weaknesses, they show up on tests like this," commented Tom Loveless, a director at the Brookings Institution's Brown Center on Educational Policy.
Students in ome states, including California and Washington, D.C., ranked only slightly better than non-English speaking students in the U.S. territories of Guam, Virgin Islands and American Samoa. More than two-thirds of students tested in the District of Columbia could not demonstrate an overall understanding of what they read, despite the district's $9,650 annual per-pupil expenditure and an average teacher salary of $48,651.
Last month's announcement of declining test scores also revealed that 36% of 4th graders cannot read at a basic level. The figure is 25% for whites, 56% for Latinos, and 60% for blacks.
(See related article, Redefining Literacy.) | <urn:uuid:b0d92005-a660-4b24-af1f-89d73048f381> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.eagleforum.org/educate/2003/july03/NAEP.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00428-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958577 | 423 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A complex and important social structure in any population, the family is especially complex and increasingly important in the Hispanic population. Latinos account for all of the growth in recent years in the number of young adults in America in their prime marrying and childbearing years. This growth in population is primarily due to immigration and high fertility among immigrants. As a result, marriage, childbearing, and household formation often take place in the cauldron of change that is migration. For most Latinos, families are made and broken amid transformations in culture, economic footing, civic status, and identity.
On November 15, Brookings’s Center on Children and Families and the Annie E. Casey Foundation held a forum to discuss trends in marriage and childbearing in the Hispanic community and address what actions policy-makers and practitioners can take to strengthen Hispanic families and improve the well-being of children in these families. A new paper by Roberto Suro of the University of Southern California, “The Hispanic Family in Flux,” was released.
President, Urban Strategies
Deputy Director of the Office of Head Start and National Director of the Hispanic Healthy Marriage Initiative, Administration for Children and Families
President and CEO, Avance
To subscribe or manage your subscriptions to our top event topic lists, please visit our event topics page. | <urn:uuid:24df10eb-0584-4726-b3d9-52ac97ac6d42> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.brookings.edu/events/the-future-of-the-hispanic-family/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585231.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019012407-20211019042407-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.926919 | 262 | 2.78125 | 3 |
There can be no doubt that Middle-Earth is a very European fantasy land. It’s based primarily on European mythology, particularly Norse and Teutonic as viewed through the lens of old England. The name “Middle-Earth” comes from Midgard, the world of humans from Norse cosmology. The Shire, home of the Hobbits, is particularly English in its geography and the customs of its people. And the cast is pretty white, without even a Tolkien black character. (See what I did there?) My main objective in this post, however, is to look at how much Middle-Earth actually matches up with Europe.
Tolkien himself was known to say that the world in which his imaginings occurred was a version of our own world in a fictional time. While he claimed that the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings were supposed to take place about 6000 years before his own time, he was also clear that the geography and history did not quite match up with reality. Which makes sense, because if the Shire is the equivalent of England, does that mean Britain wouldn’t have been an island back in 4000 BC? Still, Tolkien did match up the latitudes of his imaginary places with those of real ones. If Hobbiton was at the latitude of Oxford, then Minas Tirith would be around Florence, and Mordor somewhere in the vicinity of Asia Minor. The lost land of Númenor also has a European connection, as it is clearly Tolkien’s own version of Atlantis, said by Plato to be located just beyond the Pillars of Hercules. To the far west of Middle-Earth lies the continent of Aman, location of the Undying Lands.
This also links with European mythology, as the Islands of the Blessed in both Greek and Celtic mythology were said to be located in the western ocean (i.e., the Atlantic). As attested here, some of Tolkien’s writings also located the equivalents of Africa and Asia in lands adjacent to the European Middle-Earth.
One interesting page I came across while looking for information on this topic was this one, on which Professor Peter Bird combined maps of Middle-Earth and Europe, lining up England and the Shire. This project does indeed line up Gondor with Italy, but Mordor is actually in a location that might be considered more appropriate: Transylvania, legendary home of vampires. On this combined map, Rohan corresponds to Germany, but this post from Fabulous Realms provides what Tolkien might more likely have been thinking of in creating his land of riders. Many of the names used in this country are derived from Old English, and there are several allusions to Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxons, however, were known to prefer fighting on foot rather than on horseback, so perhaps the Rohirrim were what might have been had the Anglo-Saxon people had spread out into the steppes. It’s certainly interesting to think about. | <urn:uuid:11e52b21-8ebb-43d7-b184-bc182801b96c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://vovatia.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/notes-from-middle-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.984944 | 612 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Research shows that safe and welcoming school environments and the presence of supportive adults are key to student well-being (Ebbert and Luthar, 2021). In a new white paper, the fourth in our series based on results from the High Achieving Schools Survey administered to schools in fall 2020, we share the aspects of school climate most closely linked with levels of student anxiety, depression, rule-breaking, and substance use. We also delve into differences between demographic subgroups to better understand the experiences of minority groups. Finally, we share focus areas and recommendations for schools to consider as they think about how best to support student well-being in the coming academic year.
The latest Social Policy Report from the Society for Research in Child Development includes a first-of-its-kind study by Dr. Suniya Luthar and the AC research team detailing student well-being among over 14,000 students assessed during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. This post summarizes the major findings from the paper and shares recommendations for schools to consider when thinking about how best to minimize mental health issues moving forward.
Peer relationships are an essential component of students’ well-being; positive and supportive relationships are linked to higher life satisfaction and better mental health, while bullying and meanness can cause serious harm. Over the course of the pandemic, students were often separated from their close friends by distance learning and COVID-safety protocols. At the same time, some negative aspects of student relationships, such as the ability for students to compare their lives to the curated lives of their peers on social media, went unchecked.
The AC team has published a new white paper examining different aspects of peer relationships and the effect these relationships had on students’ well-being. This white paper, the third in our series on findings from the schools that administered our High Achieving Schools Survey (HASS) last fall, highlights the aspects of student-peer relationships most linked with well-being and shares ways that schools can help create supportive relationships moving forward.
Through its close research collaborations with high achieving schools, Authentic Connections has shown many times over that intense pressures to succeed can take a grave toll on young people’s mental health. Until now, in the field of risk and resilience research more broadly, little work has focused on the impact of the high-achieving school environment on ethnic minorities, and this is especially true for Asian American students. As a contribution to a special issue of American Psychologist, AC recently published new research exploring the impact of achievement pressure on Asian American youths.Read More and Access the Full Paper →
AC is committed to helping all schools and districts maximize community resilience. To aid schools in sustaining well-being initiatives, we have compiled a list of grants and funding that can be used towards our work together.See Funding Options →
Since the start of the COVID pandemic Authentic Connections has collaborated with over 150 schools. We have been lucky to learn from each of our partners, whose feedback has informed our work and shaped the development of our surveys, dashboards, and support services.
Our latest round of updates, available to schools surveying in the 2021-2022 school year, are focused on providing a simplified view of demographic groups to identify those that may need additional attention, streamlining dashboard operations to make it easier than ever to dive into findings, and updating survey measures based on the latest research.
School administrators, faculty, and staff have many competing priorities when it comes to promoting student success, but there is one consideration that should take precedence above all others- protecting students’ mental health and well-being.
In the Summer 2021 issue of Independent School Magazine, Dr. Quinton Walker, Upper School Division Head at the University School of Nashville, argues that positive student mental health is the foundation for all other important school outcomes: academic performance, student achievement, learning, and more. Dr. Walker discusses how schools can take a data-driven approach to supporting student mental health by identifying the factors most linked with well-being and taking direct action to address student concerns.
Read about USN’s ongoing partnership with Authentic Connections to measure and support student resilience and well-being, and how the work we’ve accomplished together has had clear benefits for their students’ experiences.
It has been widely documented that Adverse Childhood Events (ACEs)– defined as serious instances of childhood abuse and neglect– have a significant impact on childrens’ future well-being. A recent paper from the Authentic Connections team, published in American Psychology, documents findings on the impact of aspects of students’ home life on their future psychological diagnoses.
Click below to read more and access the paper.
Over the next several months, we will be publishing a series of white papers based on findings from the High Achieving Schools Survey (HASS), our comprehensive assessment of mental health and well-being in relation to risk and protective factors at home and at school among students in grades 6-12. The first white paper, available now, details the aspects of family functioning most likely to be linked with resilience in adolescents.Read More →
At Authentic Connections, we know from science that students’ well-being is inextricably tied to the well-being of their primary caregivers. To that end, we’ve created the Parent Resilience Survey (PRS) to help our partner schools better support parents and families in their school communities. As with faculty and staff, it is important to understand which modifiable factors tend to be most strongly linked with positive well-being and low burnout in the caregiving role.
Read more about how schools can use the PRS to add parents' perception of the school climate into their decision making process.
For years, AC has worked closely with the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) to support well-being in member schools and share comprehensive findings through webinars, conferences, and reports. Today, we are excited to announce a deepening of our collaboration.Read More →
Richard Alrachid, a student at the Webb Schools of California and founder of the non-profit No Mind Left Behind, shares his perspective on the importance of social-emotional supports in school communities.Read More →
Authentic Connections empowers schools with the data they need to improve their community’s well-being, and helps schools celebrate their successes. With an eye towards constant learning, reflection, and improvement, twice a year we update our survey questions and results dashboards to ensure that our partner schools find the insights we provide as relevant and useful as possible. Given the unpredictability caused by the pandemic, adaptability to the ever-changing environment has never been more important.
For our most recent round of improvements, we’ve focused on updating our results dashboards to be easier to understand, share, and discuss with all members of the school community– including students, parents, and faculty/staff– in conversations around well-being.
Authentic Connections is incredibly excited to announce the creation of our Independent School Advisory Board! The Board is composed of 10 well-respected leaders who will bring a wealth and diversity of experience and knowledge to AC. Board members will work closely with the AC team to shape the education wellness landscape and drive improvements in mental health and well-being in school communities.
See the 10 leaders included on the first AC Advisory Board!
We know that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected people of color at disproportionate rates. However, how the pandemic has impacted the mental health of minority students has remained unexamined - until now. Read more about findings on students of color in our recent white paper.Read More →
Authentic Connections has launched the Children’s Resilience Survey (CRS), a reimagining of our Student Resilience Survey (SRS) for students in grades 2-5. We know from developmental science that anxiety and depression can begin affecting children at a young age, and we are committed to helping our partner schools proactively address factors impacting the resilience and well-being of all members of their communities. We believe it is crucial to support students during their formative years, especially during times of extreme uncertainty.
Read on for more information about the CRS and to find out how to get started today!
Rates of burnout, stress, and attrition are high amongst educators in normal times, and these issues have only been exacerbated by the COVID pandemic and school closures. Since the start of the pandemic, faculty and staff have been asked to take on even more responsibility, often while teaching across multiple modalities, caring for student academic and emotional well-being, and providing care for their own family.
Between April and June of 2020, our Faculty Resilience Survey (FRS) was administered to a total of 4,356 faculty and staff members from 55 schools across the United States. All assessments were done after schools had moved to distance learning.
We recently published a whitepaper analyzing initial results from these data. This analysis identified three variables most strongly associated with faculty's symptoms: low levels of feeling heard by leadership, low structure of days, and high levels of support requested. In responses to open-ended questions, faculty and staff often highlighted appreciation of support and desire for an abundance of communication from school leadership.
The report concludes with a discussion of what we at AC believe schools should focus on in order to best support faculty and staff well-being and resilience, along with specific, actionable recommendations based on what we have learned thus far in the pandemic. We will continue to carefully track well-being using the Faculty Resilience Survey, and distill findings to help all schools bolster resilience.
Schools are taking an increasingly central role in addressing the rising mental health concerns of their student bodies. However, measures used to assess adolescents’ mental health either take a substantial amount of time to administer or are narrow in scope. Authentic Connections works with schools and communities to foster resilience and improve mental health using scientifically validated methods. As part of this work, the team developed a new measure, called the Well-Being Index (WBI) to support schools in efficiently and accurately measuring student mental health. The WBI is brief and easy to administer, enabling schools to use it to monitor and promote youth wellbeing.
The AC team recently published a paper on the reliability and validity of the WBI measure. Read the full post to learn more about the WBI and how it can be used to provide insight into student well-being without causing survey fatigue.
In the USA, large percentages of youth spend significant time on social media sites, such as YouTube (85%), Instagram (72%), and Snapchat (69%). At the same time, students in high-achieving schools (HASs) manifest disturbingly high rates of anxiety, depression, and substance use. In light of this, Authentic Connections conducted a study to discern the relationship between social media, achievement pressures, and adolescent distress.Read More →
Continually informed by cutting-edge science, we’ve made several improvements to our dashboards and to all surveys, incorporating what we learned from over 70 schools assessed for students’ and adults’ resilience during distance learning. With the updated dashboards, users will be able to explore more granular data on at-risk students; compare their school's results to different sets of norms; and illuminate still more specific, actionable intervention directions. Multiple refinements have also been incorporated in our three Fall 2020 Survey offerings: Two student surveys, the long-form High Achieving Schools Survey (HASS) and the short-form Student Resilience Survey (SRS), and one survey for faculty and staff, the Faculty Resilience Survey (FRS). Please read on to see details of these changes.Read More →
Between April and June of 2020, the Student Resilience Survey (SRS) was administered to a total of 15,331 students in grades 6-12 from 54 independent and public schools throughout the United States. All assessments were done after schools had moved to distance learning.
Analyses of risk and protective factors identified three variables most strongly associated with students’ symptoms: low parent relationship quality, low structure of days, and high levels of distraction. In responses to open-ended questions, students often highlighted appreciation of support and understanding from school adults.
The report concludes with a discussion of what we at Authentic Connections believe educators need in order to improve student well-being and resilience, along with specific, actionable recommendations based on what we have learned thus far in the pandemic. We will continue to carefully track students’ well-being in the fall, with updated measures that can be implemented across distance-learning and in-person formats.
Miriam Rock is an Upper School English Teacher at Friends Select School. This past summer, Miriam worked with Authentic Connections as a research assistant. The reflections she shares here, as a teacher during the pandemic, are insightful and will be valuable for leaders to consider as schools reopen.
Friends Select’s last day of in-person classes was on Friday, March 13th. From then until the end of the academic year, we cycled through three different schedules, three different web-conferencing platforms, and 11 weeks of distance learning. Administrators and faculty worked tirelessly simultaneously to support students through these transitions and to reimagine what a Friends Select education should look like during this crisis. As of now, the school is planning to be able to easily transition among three different modes in the fall: 100% in person, 50% in person, and 100% remote. I am working from the assumption that, for Friends Select, at least some portion of the 2020-2021 school year will be remote. Accordingly, I want to share five lessons from distance learning this spring...
Ashley Ebbert, who has served as Director of Research for Authentic Connections since November 2019, will be stepping back from her duties in August to pursue a clinical internship full-time at the University of Southern California. While her internship responsibilities will undoubtedly be time-intensive, we’re delighted that she will continue to work with the AC team as and when her schedule permits.
Ashley has been a much-valued, core member of AC since its earliest days. She has played a central role in developing and refining surveys and working closely with partner schools. Ashley has been the lead person in all data analyses and in summarizing critical findings, both for individual schools and for research publications. Even as she was working on her own doctoral studies, she co-authored five peer-reviewed research papers with our team, on topics related to resilience in youth, families, and schools.
As the COVID-19 pandemic drags on, the effects of social distancing on mental health have become more evident. In fact, many have called mental health the “second wave” of the pandemic. Dr. Suniya Luthar took a moment to share a how-to guide for staying connected with friends and family while physically distant. See a preview of her post below.
“With the ongoing uncertainties of COVID, now more than ever, we need to be 'ahead of the curve' in fostering and maintaining close connections with supportive others. Stress levels are higher than they have been in most of our lifetimes. Also, loneliness was a big issue even before the pandemic arrived.
Here is the good news: You can set up your own support network group, and help others to do the same. And there is already good evidence that such groups can be done effectively over video-chats, not necessarily in person.”
We sincerely hope that you are able to stay safe, healthy, and connected through this time.
We are excited to announce that Dr. Lisa Pao has joined our team as Director of Research, based in New York, NY!
“From my first conversation with Lisa, I could tell that she was going to be a huge asset to our team. The insight and wisdom that she brings as both a researcher and former teacher will really help expand our impact on schools and communities across the globe,” said Nina Kumar, CEO.
We recently launched the Student Resilience Survey to help schools address the mental health impact of COVID-19. We are offering the first administration at no cost to all schools.Read More →
We hope that you and your families stay healthy during this time of stress. To help, Dr. Suniya Luthar, our Chief Research Officer, has put together a list of resilience reminders and tips for those working remotely; Suniya is among the world’s leading researchers in the science of resilience, or doing well in the face of adversity.
We want to provide all of the help we can to those who need through these difficult times. Please do not hesitate to reach out! We can be reached at [email protected] and [email protected].
Dr. Suniya S. Luthar, one of the foremost experts on child well-being and resilience, recently joined AC full-time as Chief Research Officer. We sat down with Dr. Luthar to ask her about what first interested her in working with children, her most important findings, and what she enjoys most about her work.Read More →
We recently released the Winter 2020 update to our High Achieving Schools Survey (HASS). We've updated our High Achieving Schools (HAS) norms, added new scales, and modified our questions on parents and guardians to foster inclusivity.Read More →
A review of decades of resilience research has found that fostering care for a child’s primary caregiver is a critical factor for maximizing resilience in at-risk children. Caregivers will not be able to provide for and help children if they feel depleted themselves. Because of this, we’ve decided to launch our new Faculty Well-Being Survey to enable schools to closely track levels of faculty burnout and well-being.Read More →
We are excited to announce that the AC team is growing! Harrison Tool will be joining us as VP of Engagement, based in Cambridge, MA, starting today. Prior to joining AC, Harrison was a Product Manager at IBM Watson Health where he worked on several healthcare technology products for healthcare providers. Harrison has a background in Finance, Computer Science, and Entrepreneurship.
At AC, Harrison will be responsible for growing the number of schools we work with to expand our impact on improving well-being in schools across the globe.
"I am beyond excited for the opportunity to join the Authentic Connections team. I have firsthand knowledge of the pressure to perform that students experience in today’s society; it is incredibly important that we prioritize students’ mental health and wellbeing just as much as we prioritize academic success,” Harrison said. "AC is in the best position to share that message. I can’t wait to expand AC’s ability to help more schools across the country.”
“Harrison is going to be a great addition to our team. I had the opportunity to work alongside him at IBM, and am confident that he’s going to help us reach and help many more schools,” said Nina Kumar, CEO.See the Team →
AC is proud to be partnering with SAIS for the next two years to advance health and wellness across the SAIS schools!Learn More → | <urn:uuid:4e3c3814-42bc-4e84-b112-5086754cf29c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.authconn.com/blog.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.962418 | 4,031 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What work activities are done by Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining?
Based on survey data, Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining work activities typically include the following:
Controlling Machines and Processes: 94% of the time. Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material: 91% of the time. Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates: 88% of the time. Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others: 87% of the time. Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings: 86% of the time. Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
Handling and Moving Objects: 84% of the time. Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
Training and Teaching Others: 84% of the time. Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships: 83% of the time. Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events: 83% of the time. Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
Performing General Physical Activities: 83% of the time. Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of materials.
Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People: 83% of the time. Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
Coaching and Developing Others: 82% of the time. Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
Getting Information: 81% of the time. Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment: 79% of the time. Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.
Making Decisions and Solving Problems: 79% of the time. Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
Communicating with Persons Outside Organization: 78% of the time. Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
Assisting and Caring for Others: 78% of the time. Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work: 78% of the time. Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
Developing and Building Teams: 76% of the time. Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment: 75% of the time. Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or water craft.
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates: 74% of the time. Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information: 73% of the time. Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
Processing Information: 72% of the time. Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards: 71% of the time. Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others: 71% of the time. Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others: 71% of the time. Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
Provide Consultation and Advice to Others: 70% of the time. Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
Scheduling Work and Activities: 69% of the time. Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
Performing Administrative Activities: 69% of the time. Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge: 68% of the time. Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment: 65% of the time. Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
Thinking Creatively: 64% of the time. Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
Selling or Influencing Others: 62% of the time. Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
Documenting/Recording Information: 61% of the time. Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
Developing Objectives and Strategies: 60% of the time. Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them. | <urn:uuid:3a039fd2-6860-44bd-94b2-38a88de99488> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.occupatinfo.com/show/activitiesfor/47-5013.00/Service-Unit-Operators-Oil-Gas-and-Mining | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670729.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121023525-20191121051525-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.915285 | 1,356 | 2.578125 | 3 |
School is back in session and sleep school starts now! Experts have advised that sleep is essential to a child’s performance and happiness at school.
According to Sleep Health Foundation expert Dr David Hillman, “students who don’t get enough sleep have difficulty understanding lessons, and struggle to complete assignments, class tests and exams… If students are tired they are also more likely to experience negative moods, become irritable and less able to tolerate stress. In addition, poor sleep has been linked to weight gain and depression.”
Experts recommend eight to ten hours of sleep for teens and ten to eleven hours for primary school aged children. Sleep Psychologist of Victoria University, Professor Dorothy Bruck suggested “Getting students back into early morning starts for school can be difficult. For some, moving from a holiday routine to a school routine is like travelling across a three-hour time zone.”
To slip easily from holiday to school mode, follow our simple tips:
If your child has broken out of their usual sleep routine, use the week in the lead up to school to slowly ease back into their normal routine. Begin by moving bed time up in 15-minute increments each day and rising 15 minutes earlier each day to match school sleep times.
Let the sunshine in! Exposure to sunlight first thing in the morning suppresses the body’s production of Melatonin, the sleepy hormone, and regulates your child’s body clock.
Try to wake and go to bed at the same time every day, including weekends. If your child suddenly moves their sleep routine by a few hours, forward or back, their body will feel and act jet-lagged. For some teens this is happening at the beginning of each school week.
Establish a bedtime routine. This will let your child’s body know to begin preparing for rest. This can include a bedtime story for the younger ones, a warm bath or even a chat to debrief on the days events.
Minimise (or eliminate) screen time in the hour before bed. The blue light from phone screens, TVs and laptops have all been shown to supress melatonin, making it harder for your body to fall to sleep.
Recharge your child’s body the right way, to keep them going all day! | <urn:uuid:b2858411-6945-4a1b-ac4a-c8a7d3d2c522> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ahbeard.com/sleep-advice/get-the-kids-back-to-sleep-for-back-to-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511369.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004120203-20231004150203-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.946289 | 475 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Facing identity and kinship problems? Confused by multiple, same-named men? Learn how applying the Genealogical Proof Standard resolved similar challenges in the search for a freedman's family. A case example traces a South Carolina family of color, differentiates multiple men of similar profiles who lived in the same time and place, resolves conflicting evidence, identifies a freedman's last slave owner, and ultimately finds his enslaved birth family. The methodology and record types apply to reconstructing all families.
A board-certified genealogist, Nancy A. Peters, CG, CGL works as a researcher, author, editor, and lecturer with special interests in genealogical problem solving and methodology. She serves as a trustee of the Board for Certification of Genealogists and as the editor of BCG's OnBoard publication. She lectures at local and national conferences and has been an instructor at the Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy's Advanced Evidence Analysis Practicum and the BCG Education Fund's Putting Skills to Work workshop on evidence correlation. Nancy's client and personal research encompasses the southeastern United States, upstate New York, England, and Germany. | <urn:uuid:8dc3835c-5726-4b58-a9b9-61064c84d442> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://familytreewebinars.com/download.php?webinar_id=764 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578716619.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425094105-20190425120105-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.942612 | 232 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This superb, fully illustrated reference offers the most up-to-date and essential facts on the identity, kinships, locations, populations and cultural characteristics of some 400 separately identifiable peoples native to the North American continent, both living and extinct, from the Canadian Arctic to the Rio Grande. This revised edition adds 32 pages, updates all facts and provides improved illustrations and maps.
The abundance of illustrations and photographs form an especially rich store of material describing the vast range of Native American material culture. The maps are valuable pictorial representations of major historical events. Population and settlement trends based on the most recent US Census paint detailed portraits of all officially recognized tribes.
The book includes:
- More than 300 color and archival photographs, many of them improved selections
- Extensive visual coverage of tribal dress and cultural artifacts
- 21 regional maps, including prehistoric cultural and historic sites and tribe distribution maps, as well as maps showing movement of tribes and non-indigenous troops during conflicts, all updated as needed
- More than 100 specially commissioned color illustrations, also improved as needed.
This is one of the most comprehensive, up-to-date and useful references published in recent years. Scholarly and accessible, it is an important record of the Native American peoples and an essential purchase for schools and libraries.
Hardback with full color cover and full color dust cover, 2014, 8.25" x 11.75", 336 pages, 100 commissioned artworks, 300 photographs, 21 maps, language table, reference appendix, glossary and index. $49.95. | <urn:uuid:c2c203ed-1531-467c-9fc2-36c2761afa40> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://lordnelsons.com/bookstore/237EncyclopediaNATribes.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210615.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816093631-20180816113631-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.917224 | 316 | 3.5 | 4 |
It is important to encourage and develop the creativity of the next generation, and that is exactly what the Cafe Boo Bah does. This kid-friendly restaurant most likely inadvertently tailors to honing these skills in children and provides a fun and safe environment to play, eat and enjoy family time.
Located in Brooklyn, New York, the Cafe Boo Bah is just one example of how society is taking an active role in not only cultivating creativity, but also developing play areas that are removed from technology so that children are able to explore a healthier playtime experience.
The Cafe Boo Bah is especially unique because of its LEGO wall. I wouldn't be surprised if parents become inspired to decorate their children's room with a similar wall.
Implications - The importance of kid-friendly cafes and restaurants increases as more parents opt to stay in the city instead of moving to the suburbs. Places that serve as a welcoming meeting ground for parents to chat with their friends -- and keep their children entertained -- create a long-lasting relationship between business and consumer.
Building Block Eateries
More Stats +/-
LEGO Building Add-Ons
Building Block Sculptures
Toy Brick Picture Cameras
Lime LEGO Bikes | <urn:uuid:26b7e747-ca71-4353-a223-415b026ccaef> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/cafe-boo-bah | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591150.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719164439-20180719184439-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.954208 | 244 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The anemic U.S. economy could get a boost from a surprising source. A study released last week calculated that 70,000 new jobs could be created by the Atlantic Wind Connection over a 10-year span as the offshore wind industry grows. The project includes installing an immense transmission backbone along the East coast connected to a chain of offshore wind farms, and is supported in part financially by Google Energy. The aforementioned jobs would be created by manufacturing, building, operating and maintaining wind turbines, and an additional 40,000 jobs would be needed to serve the supply chain.
The 110,000 jobs directly created by the industry and supply chain do not take into account 50,000 jobs that could be generated from the additional economic activity effect. That is when workers in the area use local businesses to meet their daily needs such as grocery stores and housing.
The project entails construction of a 380-mile power line from Virginia to New Jersey that enables up to 7,000 megawatts of electricity to be produced from offshore wind farms. That’s enough electricity to power over 2 million homes in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Backers of the Atlantic Wind Connection commissioned the study by information and analytics company IHS Inc. which concluded that large-scale wind development along the Atlantic seaboard would also have a combined economic impact for the states of $19 billion and increase local, state and federal government revenues by $4.6 billion.
Wind energy generates more than just renewable energy; it creates actual jobs too and during a time when the nation’s flagging economy badly needs them. | <urn:uuid:50da0f31-7976-4d9b-a8d7-25f0ec35ed3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://carbonfund.org/component/k2/item/4724-tying-the-economy-and-the-environment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111620.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00136-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955063 | 321 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Take a moment and let that sink in.
Human activity has wiped out two-thirds of the world’s wildlife since 1970.
The Living Planet Report 2020 by the World Wildlife Fund assessed the population declines seen in more than 4,392 monitored species of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians between 1970 and 2016.
According to the report, this level of sharp decrease in wildlife populations has not been witnessed in millions of years.
The conversion of grassland, forest, savannah and wetlands; overexploiting wildlife; climate change; and introduction of non-native species are the main reason for the decline in the wildlife population.
World Wildlife Fund President and CEO, Carter Roberts said:
As humanity’s footprint expands into once-wild places, we’re devastating species populations. But we’re also exacerbating climate change and increasing the risk of zoonotic diseases like COVID-19.
According to the authors, humans have significantly altered a staggering 75% of the planet’s ice-free land surface and ecosystem destruction now threatens some 1 million species — 500,000 animals and plants and 500,000 insects — with extinction in the coming decades and centuries.
The report also mentioned that the observed animal communities near or in freshwater have shrunk by 84 per cent, partly due to how we are using sea and land, including our treatment of forests.
Agriculture is responsible for 80 per cent of global deforestation and gobbles up 70 per cent of freshwater. Thousands of species are simply unable to survive when faced with the new conditions of their altered habitats imposed by humans.
WWF warned, if we don’t change course soon, we could be heading towards the collapse of the resources and natural systems that allowed the flourishing of civilization and societies in the first place. | <urn:uuid:f693a7be-985a-4f5e-bac8-8877436f35ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/wildlife-population-has-fallen-by-68-percent-since-1970/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.916913 | 373 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Principles of Network and System Administration: A Book Review
Textbooks are not always just for the classroom. Sometimes, they're for holding up bookcases, large pots with plants in them and for keeping doors/windows open. Occasionally, they are the treasure chests of information a soul requires to do something for the betterment of self, system and/or network.
This little book will improve all three. Principles of Network and System Administration is neither big nor flashy, but it is probably one of the best works in the genre. It builds on an extensive body of work by others in the field and pulls the information together in such a way that the material is easily comprehended and absorbed. Burgess' writing is clear and engaging, something few textbooks achieve.
Burgess approaches both network and system administration from the perspective of "those principles and ideas of system administration which do not change on a day-to-day basis..." (from the Preface). The first principle Burgess sets out has to do with permissions:
Restriction of unnecessary privilege protects a system from accidental and malicious damage, and infection by viruses, and prevents users from concealing their actions with false identities. It is desirable to restrict users' privileges for the greater good of everyone on the network.
Burgess pays particular attention to the effects of given actions on the networked community, whether that network is a LAN or the Internet. We live in an age of networks, where what one user does most certainly and directly affects others on-line. This theme runs throughout the book, particularly in discussions of security, access to resources, data separation and permissions. The balance between individual users' rights and the needs of the community must be carefully weighed and balanced by the system/network administrator.
Security is thoroughly discussed in two consecutive chapters. "Chapter 9: Principles of Security" covers a gamut of topics ranging from the physical security of a system to an overview of some common network attacks. Burgess nicely sums up the four basic elements of security (privacy, authentication, trust and integrity) and binds them to the underlying principle of security: "The fundamental requirement for security is the ability to restrict access and privilege to data."
By access, the author means those events that can corrupt/remove data, i.e., electrical storms, accidents and the like. If these events don't have access to data (because the data and/or backups are stored separately from where the effects of these events are likely to be felt) the data is partially secure; if users' privileges are guarded and enforced, the data is more secure still.
Burgess pays perhaps more attention than many of his author colleagues to the human factor in system and network administration, the sociology of computer users. He raises the question of security vs. user convenience, pointing out that inconvenient security measures will be more likely to be circumvented by users than be effective.
The same principle applies to overly conspicuous security measures in the face of an accomplished cracker. Security measures must be taken, but to make them obvious frequently serves as a temptation for the malicious user to get around a barrier to what (being so well-protected) may just be very valuable information. Then again, the pay-off for such a user may merely be bragging rights. The system's administrator is advised to verify such claims first, deal with the situation methodically and avoid panic altogether.
Chapter 10 deals thoroughly with security implementation, from analysis of network security, to WWW security, to intrusion detection and forensics. Again, the specifics of methodology are not the issue, but the reasoning used in setting up protected systems appropriately is.
If you don't come to systems administration from a scientific/mathematical background, you'll want to have a good math reference or two while going through "Chapter 11: Analytical System Administration". There are several references to statistical and calculus formulae that are better understood, and even implemented, if the reader has a faint idea of what Burgess is doing with the numbers. This is not to disparage the chapter at all. Evidence collection is a requirement of systems administrators if policies are to have any relationship to (or bearing on) user behavior or that of hardware and software performance over a period of time.
In addition to his focus on Linux/FreeBSD, Burgess also shows a strong appreciation for, and understanding of, the value of cfengine as the system administrator's "best friend". While its entries in the index are inaccurate, cfengine is well-delineated on pages 144-145, and again on pages 158-159. Especially nice is his description of how cfengine can be used simply by setting up its time classes to work as a user interface for cron, as a sort of front end with a variety of scripts as required. Pages 385-392 cover the use of cfengine in programming/automating tasks.
As an educator at Oslo College, Norway, Burgess demonstrates an alternate application of Principle 50, which states: "Every change or effect happens in response to a cause, which provokes it." Exercises at the end of each chapter are geared to grounding the reader in both theory and practice of network/system administration.
Appendix C contains introductions to, and brief code snippets of, several common scripting languages (PHP, HTML, Perl and CGI), as well as make. Useful if you're system administrator for a server!
Burgess has presented a work that pays great attention to the heuristics of system and network administration; technical and sociological issues are taken into account equally and are presented thoughtfully with an eye to teaching not what to do as a system or network administrator, but how to think about problems that arise in the practice. As a result, the author keeps the reader looking forward to what comes next and to actually implementing what he or she has learned.
Stephanie Black is a writer--of words and code. When not writing, she runs a Linux consultancy, Coastal Den Computing, in Vancouver, BC, Canada.
|HPC Cluster Grant Accepting Applications!||Jan 28, 2015|
|Sharing Admin Privileges for Many Hosts Securely||Jan 28, 2015|
|Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1 beta available on IBM Power Platform||Jan 23, 2015|
|Designing with Linux||Jan 22, 2015|
|Wondershaper—QOS in a Pinch||Jan 21, 2015|
|Ideal Backups with zbackup||Jan 19, 2015|
- Designing with Linux
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1 beta available on IBM Power Platform
- HPC Cluster Grant Accepting Applications!
- Wondershaper—QOS in a Pinch
- Internet of Things Blows Away CES, and it May Be Hunting for YOU Next
- Ideal Backups with zbackup
- Sharing Admin Privileges for Many Hosts Securely
- Slow System? iotop Is Your Friend
- Hats Off to Mozilla
- diff -u: What's New in Kernel Development
Editorial Advisory Panel
Thank you to our 2014 Editorial Advisors!
- Jeff Parent
- Brad Baillio
- Nick Baronian
- Steve Case
- Chadalavada Kalyana
- Caleb Cullen
- Keir Davis
- Michael Eager
- Nick Faltys
- Dennis Frey
- Philip Jacob
- Jay Kruizenga
- Steve Marquez
- Dave McAllister
- Craig Oda
- Mike Roberts
- Chris Stark
- Patrick Swartz
- David Lynch
- Alicia Gibb
- Thomas Quinlan
- Carson McDonald
- Kristen Shoemaker
- Charnell Luchich
- James Walker
- Victor Gregorio
- Hari Boukis
- Brian Conner
- David Lane | <urn:uuid:a226da7a-143b-4c0a-ac3d-c325652ac71a> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4841 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422119446463.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124171046-00153-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925359 | 1,608 | 2.625 | 3 |
We would all like to think that when we do something with good intentions and act on those intentions, we are behaving as purely morally upright people. We may believe that we can easily discern when we (or others) act altruistically and when the opposite is true. However, our conflicted and flawed nature means this isn’t always the case.
This doesn’t mean we should fall into the trap of cynicism. What it does mean, though, is that we need a healthy dose of scepticism in order to illuminate our shortcomings and, in turn, better understand and empathise with others.
The Difference Between Cynicism and Scepticism
Cynicism and scepticism often get conflated, although they are quite different. Cynicism – which is distinct from the ancient Greek philosophical school of the same name – can be defined as a general distrust and disparagement of the motives of others. The cynic believes that people are primarily motivated by self-interest and so we should always be doubtful about the apparent goodness of human motives and actions. You could be cynical in this regard to personal interactions and in the context of larger institutions, such as the political and religious.
Cynicism is learned as a coping mechanism following disappointing situations or conditions of duress; it is a form of emotional protection that attempts to save us from further disappointment. Becoming cynical after certain life experiences is understandable and common. But it entails many costs.
The cynic is someone whose outlook is habitually scornful, pessimistic and negative. While there is certainly some truth to the notion that we should be wary of the sincerity of people’s motives, the danger of a cynical outlook is that we will constantly navigate the world and our interactions with people with a negative filter in place. The cynic’s views are overly distrustful and contemptuous. And this can suck the joy out of life and spoil our relationships.
Being sceptical, on the other hand, can allow for disbelief of the sincerity of people’s motives and actions without rejecting the world. The sceptical worldview aims to gain a truer understanding of how things are, while cynicism sees the world through a negative lens that masks the nuance, complexity, positive value and sincerity of human motives that really do exist. The cynic’s negative filter creates a bias that makes it difficult to accept new evidence that challenges their standpoint, something that is the hallmark of scepticism. As the comedian Stephen Colbert puts it:
Remember, you cannot be both young and wise. Young people who pretend to be wise to the ways of the world are mostly just cynics. Cynicism masquerades as wisdom, but it is the farthest thing from it. Because cynics don’t learn anything. Because cynicism is a self-imposed blindness, a rejection of the world because we are afraid it will hurt us or disappoint us. Cynics always say no. But saying “yes” begins things. Saying “yes” is how things grow. Saying “yes” leads to knowledge. “Yes” is for young people. So for as long as you have the strength to, say “yes’.
Seeing Our Faults Clearly
Scepticism can offer some interesting insight into the human motive of judging others, as well as shed light on why some people become so cynical. If, for example, you tend to negatively judge others and are always complaining about the selfishness, greed, meanness, narrow-mindedness and nuisances of the people around you, you may come away believing that this is just what people are like. But while the cynic will be resistant to challenge this worldview, the sceptic will want to question it. Why are you so irritated by people?
In psychology, ‘projection’ is a notion that describes our tendency to harshly judge others in order to avoid facing our own faults, circumventing the discomfort of realising our own darkness. It’s a self-defence mechanism that turns other people into the embodiment of what most irritates us about ourselves. Thus, the cynic may be someone who has so successfully steered cleared of self-examination that they mistakenly believe they have a clear vision of the world when in reality they are unconsciously seeing the projection of themselves in other people.
This isn’t to say that you can’t also be cynical of yourself. After all, if you believe that we should distrust the apparent goodness of human motives, then the cynic should distrust himself or herself as well. Nevertheless, remaining sceptical is still preferable because it doesn’t set the default to suspicion, where we distrust ourselves too much, leading us to be fed up with – and miserable about – ourselves. Casting doubt on the sincerity of our motives and those of other people without judgement can be healthy and elucidating.
A sceptical outlook should encourage us to be much more balanced and nuanced about the nature of human motives. For example, research indicates that moral outrage can be self-serving – we feel and express it in order to assuage our own feelings of guilt and strengthen our conception of ourselves as morally respectable people. However, not all instances of moral outrage are self-interested, insincere and only for show.
We may, of course, notice times when compassionate words and acts of altruism are – when we scratch beneath the surface – also, or primarily, ego boosts. But it would be simplistic and misguided to conclude that some examples of less-than-noble motives, therefore, mean that humans are predominantly self-serving and egotistical. Examples of genuine kindness and compassion are everywhere. It may be difficult to see this when we’re watching the news and inundated with people’s abject wrongdoings, but a balanced and evidence-based perspective can help to avoid the trap of despondency and hopeless disillusionment that the cynic will fall into.
Scepticism towards human motives can be healthy – and desirable – so long as it remains grounded and directed at oneself for the purposes of self-improvement. We should always be questioning the way that we think, speak and act towards ourselves, and those around us. By doing so, we can unearth hidden meaning and fruitful opportunities for growth. | <urn:uuid:a47336fe-d151-4976-a92d-6369f3db1546> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.samwoolfe.com/2018/02/reject-cynicism-in-favour-of-scepticism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.955267 | 1,289 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The e-ROSA project seeks to build a shared vision of a future sustainable e-infrastructure for research and education in agriculture in order to promote Open Science in this field and as such contribute to addressing related societal challenges. In order to achieve this goal, e-ROSA’s first objective is to bring together the relevant scientific communities and stakeholders and engage them in the process of coelaboration of an ambitious, practical roadmap that provides the basis for the design and implementation of such an e-infrastructure in the years to come.
This website highlights the results of a bibliometric analysis conducted at a global scale in order to identify key scientists and associated research performing organisations (e.g. public research institutes, universities, Research & Development departments of private companies) that work in the field of agricultural data sources and services. If you have any comment or feedback on the bibliometric study, please use the online form.
You can access and play with the graphs:
- Evolution of the number of publications between 2005 and 2015
- Map of most publishing countries between 2005 and 2015
- Network of country collaborations
- Network of institutional collaborations (+10 publications)
- Network of keywords relating to data - Link
A trait-based approach to comparative functional plant ecology: concepts, methods and applications for agroecology. A review
Comparative functional ecology seeks to understand why and how ecological systems and their components operate differently across environments. Although traditionally used in (semi)-natural situations, its concepts and methods could certainly apply to address key issues in the large variety of agricultural systems encountered across the world. In this review, we present major advances in comparative plant functional ecology that were made possible over the last two decades by the rapid development of a trait-based approach to plant functioning and prospects to apply it in agricultural situations. The strength of this approach is that it enables us to assess the interactions between organisms and their environment simultaneously on a large number of species, a prerequisite to address questions relative to species distribution, community assembly and ecosystem functioning. The trait concept will be first defined, before presenting a conceptual framework to understand the effects of environmental factors on plant community structure and ecosystem properties via plant traits. We will then argue that leading dimensions of variation among species can be captured by some selected traits and show that a combination of three easily measured traits-specific leaf area (the ratio of leaf area to leaf dry mass), plant height and seed mass-enables us to assess how different species use their resources, interact with neighbours and disperse in time and space. The use of traits to address central questions in community ecology will be reviewed next. It will be shown that traits allow us to (1) understand how plant species are sorted according to the nature of environmental gradients, (2) evaluate the relative importance of habitat filtering and limiting similarity in the process of community assembly and (3) quantify two main components of community functional structure, namely, community-weighted means of traits and community functional divergence. The relative impacts of these two components on ecosystem properties will then be discussed in the case of several components of primary productivity, litter decomposition, soil water content and carbon sequestration. There is strong support for the biomass ratio hypothesis, which states that the extent to which the traits of a species affect those ecosystem properties depends on the abundance of this species in the community. Assessing the role of functional divergence among species on ecosystem properties will require major methodological breakthroughs, both in terms of metrics and statistical procedures to be used. In agricultural situations, we show that trait-based approaches have been successfully developed to assess the impacts of management practices on (1) the agronomic value of grasslands and (2) the functional composition and structure of crop weed communities and how these could affect the functioning of the crop. Applications in forestry are still poorly developed, especially in temperate regions where the number of species in managed forest remains relatively low. The last decades of research have led to the constitution of large data sets of plant traits, which remain poorly compatible and accessible. Recent advances in the field of ecoinformatics suggest that major progress could be achieved in this area by using improved metadata standards and advancing trait domain ontologies. Finally, concluding remarks, unanswered questions and directions for research using the functional approach to biodiversity made possible by the use of traits will be discussed in the contexts of ecological and agronomical systems. The latter indeed cover a wide range of environmental conditions and biological diversity, and the prospect for reducing environmental impacts in highly productive, low-diversity systems will certainly imply improving our skills for the management of more diverse systems prone to a trait-based approach as reviewed here.
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Interested in 10 Facts About The Artist Monet? On this page, we have collected links for you, where you will receive the most necessary information about 10 Facts About The Artist Monet.
Jun 04, 2014 · Monet is also painted some of the most famous paintings of the nineteenth century. Here are 10 interesting facts about this pioneer of Impressionist Art. #1 Monet …Estimated Reading Time: 4 mins
Sep 26, 2019 · Claude Monet: The Truth of Nature was at the Denver Art Museum October 21, 2019-February 2, 2020.. Monet features more than 120 artworks from 65 different cities across 5 continents.; The Denver Art Museum is the only place in the United States you can see this exhibition (the largest American Monet …
In 1878, Monet and his family moved into art collector Ernest Hoschèdè’s family house. Hoschèdè was a wealthy patron of the arts, and had a family of his own. Due to the poor health of Monet’s wife Camille, Ernest’s wife Alice often helped him to care for his sons Jean and Michel.
Aug 03, 2020 · The Greatest artist of impressionism era: 10 facts about Claude Monet Claude Monet is a pioneering artist in the Impressionist era, who painted over 2000 paintings in his lifetime with the help of groundbreaking techniques of using light in landscape paintings. The most expensive painting by Claude MonetEstimated Reading Time: 7 mins
We hope you have found all the information you need about 10 Facts About The Artist Monet through the links above. | <urn:uuid:d3d17338-fcfa-4210-a927-b35023208228> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.beaumarisartgroup.org.au/0-9-artist/10-facts-about-the-artist-monet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991514.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518191530-20210518221530-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.930893 | 330 | 2.75 | 3 |
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