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The Destruction of the Minoan Civilization
The Minoan Civilization flourished 5000 years ago
Since the archeological pickax unearthed the first findings of the Minoan Palace in Knossos, almost 100 years ago, the cause of the destruction of the Minoan Civilization has been a subject of controversy and dispute among scientists.
The Minoan Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose in Crete and flourished almost 5000 years ago, until it was destroyed in 1450BC. The Minoans were enigmatic people; educated, warriors and merchants, artists, and experienced sailors. Their maritime empire was vast.
They were the first in Europe to use a written language, referred to as Linear A, which was finally decoded just a few years ago. They were different than Greeks and dominated the Mediterranean Sea, especially since they were not menaced by external forces from the Greek mainland or elsewhere.
All of a sudden though, at the height of its power, the Minoan Civilization was destroyed and perished forever, leaving important samples and tokens of its grandeur. The inexplicable end of this civilization made many archaeologists, among which Professor Marinatos and Evans, to associate it with the eruption of the Santorini Volcano.
Is Crete or Santorini the lost Atlantis?
Many scientists and archeologists associate Minoan Crete with the lost Atlantis, partially counting on the words of Plato, whose descriptions fit the findings and evidence of the Minoan Civilization.
"Our records show how your city checked a great power which arrogantly advanced from its base in the Atlantic Ocean to attack the cities of Europe and Asia. For in those days the Atlantic was navigable. " - Platon
Since Platon described the story of Atlantis, numerous myths, legends, and scientific studies have appeared. Many people believe that Atlantis is located in Greece –maybe in Crete, or Santorini. Or even at the Gibraltar. Or maybe, Atlantis is just a myth. In any case, this story fascinates and intrigues numerous people all over the world.
The Eruption of the Santorini Volcano and the destruction of the Minoan Civilization
the eruption of the Santorini Volcano
Somewhere between history and myth lie two historical events of immense importance that shook up and overwhelmed the Hellenic grounds: the destruction of the Minoan Civilization and the eruption of the Santorini Volcano, almost 3,500 years ago. Since Evans discovered the lost Palace of King Minos in Crete, archaeologists and scientists have been trying to connect the two events.
The predominant theory regarding the destruction of the Minoan Civilization has been – for years – that it was provoked by something as violent and as sudden as the eruption of Santorini Volcano. Originally it was believed that the eruption took place in 1450 BC, when the Minoan Civilization perished, but newest findings and theories set it somewhere between 1627BC and 1600BC.
The cosmogonic event of the eruption has perplexed historians for years. Until today, the scientific world is trying to explain and reconstruct the sequence of events that lead to the destruction of the Island of Thira (Santorini) and probably devastated the Minoan Civilization. The Volcanic ash from the Santorini Volcano covered Akrotiri in Thira and reached the Cretan shores. Was it enough though to wipe off map the Minoans?
Minoan Civilization destroyed by tsunamis
The archaeologist Sandy McGillivray in Palaikastro, Crete
For many years, the views and theories of archaeologists have diverged. Relatively recently though, new discoveries in Palaikastro in Crete give us enough hints for a plausible explanation.
Archaeologist Stuart Dunn suggests that the volcanic ash from Santorini obviously shadowed Crete for a few days, but under no circumstances destroyed the Minoan Civilization.
The archaeologist Sandy McGillivray, who studies the Cretan Civilization and its destruction, called in Hendrik Bruins from the Ben Gurion University in Israel to examine the soil in Palaikastro and the coastal sites of Crete, close to the famous palm forest in Vai.
Hendrik Bruins took some soil samples which showed sea microorganisms and species, in places that no known phenomenon could explain their existence.
The experts found deposits of stone and pottery, in pieces or powered, and lots of lumps of volcanic ash. They also discovered foraminifera, tiny marine organisms, usually found only on the seabed, and coralline algae, elements that cannot be seen on the mainland.
The tsunami expert, Dr Kostas Sinolakis
Many kilometers away from Palaikastro, in Amnissos, the port of Knossos, the scientists examined findings that also contained ash, marine species, cattle bones, floor and wall plaster, pumice and seashells. They figured out immediately that this could be explained only by a massive and sudden inflow of water and they called in Kostas Sinolakis, a tsunami expert.
The only way they could have been deposited on the land of Crete was by a tsunami. The tidal wave caused by Santorini Volcano travelled and hit the shores of Crete, destroying the plantations, the crops, the ships and commerce, devitalizing and deviating the Minoan Civilization. The Minoan ports and infrastructures were destroyed by the 50 feet waves and were never rebuilt.
a Minoan city hit by the tsunami
Based on highly accurate and specialized software, Dr Sinolakis managed to reconstruct and enact the way that this tsunami travelled across the Aegean building a full picture of its scale and impact.
Using radio carbon techniques they compare the geological findings with the eruption era; all pieces are finally falling into place.
The conclusion was horrifying: not only one, but several successive tsunamis, of more than 50 feet were hitting the Cretan shores, every thirty minutes. Minoans could not have known what fate had written for them.
We can just imagine the terror; these people had run away, maybe some of them were coming back to help the wounded or find family members; they were there watching more waves coming in.
This was something that happened over and over again, destroying completely the northern and eastern shores of Crete.
Crete is a large island though; the palaces and settlements in the interior of the island were almost intact, as were the south and west coast.
Invasion by Mycenaeans - Complete destruction of the Minoan Civilization
Mycenean sword found in a tomb in Chania
Archaeologists have now enough evidence to believe that the reputed Minoan Civilization was severely damaged and affected by the eruption of Santorini Volcano, which destroyed their fleet.
Prosperity and safety of the Minoans relied on their ships; since their main means of existence and defense were afflicted, Minoans became an easy prey for the Mycenaean invaders that came to island from the Greek Mainland.
Minoans did not disappear overnight; they became ripe for attack by ferocious enemies. In Palaikastro, archeologists found depredated and ravaged statues and monuments, while in Western Crete, closer to Chania, tombs of the same era with bodies and weapons not belonging to the Minoans were unearthed.
Many years passed until the Minoan Civilization was completely destroyed. It is estimated that the palaces of the Minoan Civilization were destroyed almost 150 years after the volcanic eruption.
Even if we never discover if Plato’s words were allegoric or prophetic, or if Atlantis ever existed, the studies and combinations of evidences give us satisfactory and realistic answers on the downfall of one of the most important European Civilizations.
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The force F acting on a particle of electric charge q with instantaneous velocity v, due to an external electric field E and magnetic field B, is given by:
where × is the vector cross product. All boldface quantities are vectors. More explicitly stated:
in which r is the position vector of the charged particle, t is time, and the overdot is a time derivative.
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|from Random House|
Last year I did some research on the social effects related to the dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima during WWII for a course that brought together literary and public health discourses. I looked at Kamila Shamsie's, Burnt Shadows, a novel with an immense temporal and geographical scope that puts the fallout from the bombing of Hiroshima in dialogue with the aftermath of 9/11. Rather than focus on the intensely spectacular immediate effects of these events which have been readily and repeatedly represented by the media, Shamsie's novel takes up an important question: How can the kind of "slow violence" associated with the long term aftermath of these events be represented with the same kind of urgency created by images of burning towers and mushroom clouds?
|"Evening Glow Over Hiroshima"|
The task is a difficult one but Shamsie's focus on Hiroko, a survivor whose body is forever inscribed upon by the bomb, successfully represents long term trauma by focusing on a personal narrative rather than on the big picture.
Hiroko leans out the window, forgetting she is almost entirely naked. Something is wrong with her
eyes. They see perfectly until the bottom of the slope and then they cannot see. Instead they are
inventing sights. Fire and smoke and, through the smoke, nothing.
Some of the most interesting research I undertook (and perhaps the most relevant to the current threat of radiation poisoning in Japan) deals with the hibakusha, "atom-bombed people" in Japanese. Many of the bomb survivors suffer from "atom bomb disease," an insidious affliction often accompanied by latent health problems. Along with this physical affliction, the hibakusha must also deal with social stigmatization which involves the marking of survivors as dangerous and contaminating peoples. This stigmatization is especially potent for hibakusha women, whose bodies have come to represent the suffering of the bombing and the potential threat of passing on this trauma to future generations. Part of the stigmatization of the hibakusha involves the perception that these bodies have been invaded by a nationally foreign presence, and as such, they pose a threat to the Japanese nation and Japanese culture. As events unfold in Japan, after the spectacular images of the tsunami recede and the threat of nuclear contamination intensifies, Japanese constructions of the hibakusha will likely resurface and, perhaps, undergo significant changes to account for this homegrown contamination.
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Are you wondering about how much water to drink a day?
- It seems that when it comes to drinking water, 8 glasses a day is the go-to standard!
You may know by now how important is water for health and you may have read about the amazing benefits of drinking water.
But how much water do you really need, and how much is too much?
How much water to drink a day…
8 Glasses a day: Myth or Reality?
The fact is that there is no standard for this. The necessary quantity of drinking water depends on your age, weight, environmental conditions, and the activities you participate in.
Various medical gurus like the National Institute of Health (NIH), and Dr. Batmanghelidi all agree:
A mature person doing average activities and living in a temperate climate uses the equivalent of about 10 to 15 cups of water a day for their essential body functions like: breathing, brain activity, blood circulation, digestion, locomotion, perspiration and elimination.
For daily drinking water needs, the NIH recommends about 13 cups for men, and 9 for women.
Water vs. Fluids
Many online medical authorities count the water present in your food and in other fluids as part of your daily quota!
Does water contained in food really counts for the daily hydration?
Generally speaking, yes, water constitutes a significant portion of the food we eat. That does count towards the the total quantity of the daily water intake.
Not all foods and beverages are made equal
- Fruit and vegetables contain more water than meats
- Proteins, fats and sugars need more water to be metabolized, so you will actually need to drink extra water to help the process. French nutritionists actually recommend a glass of red wine with heavy foods.
- Cooked food like stews and soups contain a fair amount of water. On the other hand, fried foods contain very little or no water at all.
- Artificial food is even more dangerous causing big health concerns. The type of fast and processed food is loaded with chemicals, artificial flavors and colors. By eating these toxic foods your body will need to drink more water to process the food and eliminate the toxins.
Drinking water vs. other fluids
As I described in the benefits of drinking water page, the metabolic functions of the body depends strictly on pure water. Other fluids, including soft drinks, contain chemicals that can affect the body’s chemistry with unwanted consequences.
All beverages containing caffeine are diuretic – after you drink them, you will eliminate more liquid than you received.
Children in particular should avoid using these kind of fluids as a water substitute, as it can lead to child dehydration.
How much water to drink under special conditions
There are cases when people need an increased quantity of water.
- Drinking water is a must if you are constipated
– 1 or 2 glasses of water first thing in the morning will be very effective in eliminating wastes from the body
- Elder people need to drink more water
With age the thirst sensation gets weaker, and the shortage of water over time can translate into health problems, such as circulatory and heart problems, increased blood pressure, arthritis and kidney stones.
- Pregnant women and women who are breast-feeding need to drink more water to supply the liquid needed by the growing fetus
- Children Need To Drink More Water than Adults
– Children must avoid dehydration which can affect their overall health and growth!
Is Drinking Too Much Water a Problem?
Some people, especially the elderly, tend to avoid hydration because they are afraid this will result in mineral loss. They are not far from being right.
Over-hydration can unbalance the electrolytes in the body over the safe limit. In order to prevent eventual over-hydration you have to make sure you supply your body with the needed minerals from food or supplements, including some salt.
If you are doing endurance sports or strenuous exercises, acute dehydration may occur. In this case, drinking water is not advised, because it can shock the body. Water should be substituted with some sport drinks, which will replace the electrolytes you lose when sweating.
I think you got the idea of how much water to drink – Do you know how to make yourself drinking enough water? Here are some tips on how to stay hydrated
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Birth of the Market
Information Courtesy of Seattle Municipal Archives
Responding to public outcry over the unreasonably high cost of food and farmer anger about low prices received from commission houses for their crops, the City Council, under the leadership of Council President Thomas Revelle, passed Ordinance no. 16636 establishing a public farmers' market on the west side of Pike Place. The market officially opened on August 17, 1907, and quickly became a popular place for Seattle citizens to shop and save money on food. By 1909, the market averaged 64 farmers per day and 300,000 visitors per month.
Over the next decade, the City made extensive improvements to the market, including the enlargement of the farmers' stalls area and the construction of arcades, public restrooms and a footbridge to the waterfront. By 1915, the market averaged over 150 farmers per day, with over twice that number in the late summer and fall.
As the owner of the Leland Hotel on the corner of Pike Street and Pike Place, Frank Goodwin immediately recognized the great business opportunity provided by an adjoining public market. He covered the sidewalk in front of his business for the farmers to use. Over the next ten years, his corporation, the Public Market and Department Store Company, bought most of the property surrounding Pike Place and built several private market buildings, including the Corner Market, Economy Market, Sanitary Public Market, and Main Market.
Traffic and the Fate of the Market
Despite its use as a market, Pike Place remained a vital arterial for traffic into downtown and became even more important by 1921 with the extension of Elliott Avenue. Waterfront businesses and the Department of Streets and Sewers demanded that farmers be moved off the street, threatening the existence of the market.
The City Council rejected a proposal to close the market and move farmers to the Westlake Public Market on 5th Avenue between Stewart and Virginia. Instead, they voted to remove the farmers from the street onto the sidewalk, and accepted Goodwin's offer to provide additional space for farmers in a new Public Market building to be constructed across Western Avenue from the Main Market linked by a skybridge.
At first, the farmers were happy with this arrangement because a move to Westlake would have placed them outside of Seattle's then retail core along First and Second Avenues. However, they were soon in conflict with both the City and the Public Market and Department Store Company.
As part of its contract, the City gave Goodwin's company the exclusive use of a central section of sidewalk, and allowed them to lease this space as they saw fit. It was assumed that Goodwin would rent this space to farmers or non-competing businesses. Instead, the stalls were leased to the dreaded "middlemen" - competing merchants who sold other farmers' produce including food imported from California.
Amid widespread outcry, Mayor Edwin Brown unsuccessfully proposed tearing down the entire market and replacing it with an even larger market and civic structure that would reach down to the waterfront and cost over $1.5 million.
The farmers organized a new group, the Associated Farmers, and chose to sue, contending it was illegal for the City to lease its sidewalks to private businesses. A Superior Court judge ruled that no stalls were legal at all on public sidewalks, farmers' or otherwise. The State Supreme Court overruled that decision, and soon afterwards the City put the issue to rest by vacating the section of sidewalk in question.
The City's Role as Overseer
The City was involved from the beginning in regulating the market. In 1907, the Department of Public Markets and the position of Market Inspector were established, reporting to the Chief of Police. The title of Market Inspector was changed to Market Master in 1912, and the position was transferred to the Health Department. John Winship served as the first Market Inspector/Market Master from 1907 to 1923 and was responsible for issuing permits, assigning tables, collecting rents, receiving complaints and enforcing market rules, including the inspection of farms.
The Health Department regularly inspected food at the market - especially meat, milk and other perishable goods - and ran the Municipal Fish Market from 1917 to 1923. The Weights and Measures Division of the Department of Public Utilities monitored the accuracy of scales, and the Lighting Department provided free lighting and electricity.
Farmers and the Market
Farmers came from all over the surrounding region. To receive a permit to sell at the market, they were required to prove that their produce was grown on property either leased or owned by them, and that they also lived on this land. Stalls were assigned by lottery; in 1912 rent was 10 cents per day.
Given the competition for space, there were always complaints about favoritism by the Market Master or cheating by other farmers. In the 1910s, two farmers' associations sprang up: the Washington Farmers Association representing Japanese farmers, and White Home Growers Association representing the rest, including European immigrant farmers. Although these associations sometimes cooperated on areas of common interest, tensions emerged.
Japanese Farmers and Race Relations
Japanese immigrant farmers brought expertise in small plot farming and through industriousness were often able to charge lower prices for their produce. Given the racial sensibilities of the time and the fierce competition between farmers at the market, there were numerous movements in the early days to remove or restrict the Japanese farmers. Official complaints were often couched in patriotism (asserting that only native born citizens should be allowed to sell their goods) or fairness (accusing many of the Japanese of cheating by being 'dummy' tenants and selling produce from other farms).
The City Council introduced a resolution in 1910 forbidding non-citizen farmers at the market, but opposition from the Chamber of Commerce and a threatened legal challenge from the Japanese consulate prevented its passage. Instead, the lottery assigning stalls was changed so that odd-numbered stalls were assigned to Japanese farmers and even-numbered stalls assigned to everyone else. This pushed many Japanese to the least desirable area in the back of the market.
Pressure to remove or lessen the Japanese presence persisted in the 1920s, through demands for the creation of the Westlake "whites only" farmers market, or by trying to ban produce grown in greenhouses. The Japanese continued to make up the majority of farmers at the market until their removal and internment during World War II.
The Aging of the Market
After World War II, the advent of the supermarket, the movement of Seattle's population into the suburbs, and the decline of local truck farms combined to make the Market's role for consumers became less central. The aging Market buildings did little to entice many people away from brightly-lit grocery store aisles. Paint was peeling, walls were cracking, and a general lack of maintenance gave the Market an old and neglected appearance. The number of transients in the neighborhood also served as a deterrent to many shoppers. To some in the community, the Market began looking more and more like an eyesore.
Plans for Change
The first suggestion of impending change for the Market came in 1950, when engineer Harlan Edwards recommended demolishing it in favor of a large parking garage. While this idea went nowhere, in 1963 the business-oriented Central Association of Seattle put forward a proposal that would replace the Market with high-rise office and hotel buildings, as well as a 7-story parking garage. This plan would use federal urban renewal funds and had the support of the Mayor and City Council.
Citizens who felt the Market was a unique and valuable resource for the community founded a group called Friends of the Market to fight against the urban renewal plan. Architect Victor Steinbrueck was highly visible in opposition to the Market's demolition, speaking at public meetings and leading protest rallies. Artist Mark Tobey was another prominent Market supporter. Despite the popular uprising against the project, on August 4, 1969, the City Council voted to go ahead with the urban renewal plan.
In 1971, Friends of the Market sponsored Initiative 1, which would establish a 7-acre historic district around the Market and a commission to approve and oversee any alteration or demolition of Market buildings. Twenty-five thousand signatures were collected in three weeks to qualify the measure for the ballot that November. The Mayor, City Council, and business community promoted a weaker counterproposal that included a smaller preservation area and less rigorous enforcement. While both groups claimed to be "saving" the Market, the voters preferred the vision of the Friends by a 3-to-2 margin.
Rehabilitating the Market
The Pike Place Market Historical Commission was established by the initiative in 1971 and began meeting immediately. They discussed design guidelines and considered applications for architectural modifications in the Market. In 1973, the Pike Place Market Public Development Authority was created to manage the Market's public buildings. Meanwhile, a large-scale rehabilitation of the Market buildings began in 1975. Community members held a "paint-in" to decorate the walls around the site while the extensive construction was in progress.
The Market Revitalized
The ten-year project to restore and redevelop the Market used tens of millions in public and private funds, and proved successful in restoring the Market to a central place in the life of the city. Today the market is the oldest continuously operating public market in the United States, as well as the most historically authentic, and is Seattle's most popular tourist attraction. Meanwhile, the city park near the Market was named for Victor Steinbrueck in 1985 in recognition of his efforts to save this unique Seattle landmark.
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CSUF News Service
Student Conducts U.S. Department of Energy Research
Austin Xu Examined Environmental Impacts of Hydropower Plants
Aug. 15, 2014
Biological science major Austin Howard Xu spent the summer examining the environmental impact of hydropower plants at the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory in Lemont, Illinois.
Xu was selected as part of the DOE's highly competitive Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships Program. His 10-week research stint focused on the effect of Glen Canyon Dam operations and the relationship between water temperature and growth of the native fish species of the Colorado River.
"Hydropower operation can affect the downstream water temperature of a river. The modification in thermal regime may affect fish growth, which is a key factor in maintaining populations," said Xu, adding that hydropower uses moving water to create energy.
He investigated the growth of fish found downstream from the dam in six alternative dam operations. The amount of water released from the dam varies throughout the year, which, in turn, affects water temperature, he explained.
"With the total fish lengths that I calculated for each alternative, I was able to find out which alternative yields the largest fish growths, giving them the best survivability. The results of my research will help determine operations at Glen Canyon Dam for the next 20 years."
On campus, the aspiring ecologist conducts research in the lab of William J. Hoese, professor of biological science. Last year, Xu studied the effect of noise pollution on bird communication. Xu, who also completed the University's Research Careers Preparatory Program, plans to graduate in 2016.
"What I enjoyed the most this summer was the research itself. I found it very exciting and interesting. The experience has further inspired me to follow my career path in ecology," said Xu, adding that he also developed a research paper and presented his work to his peers.
This summer, Argonne National Laboratory hosted 271 undergraduate interns (both Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships-funded and non-SULI funded). While most of the students were from the United States, 134 universities from across the globe were represented.
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Activities of the DNTDs
Don’t lose sight of neglected tropical diseases because of the Ebola controversy
– German Network warns against concentrating aid on one disease
Berlin, January 30, 2015. The agenda for the upcoming G7 summit meeting at Schloß Elmau in June includes neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and poverty-related diseases such as Ebola. In a letter to public, business and social policymakers, the German Network against Neglected Tropical Diseases (DNTDs) warns against a one-sided concentration on combating Ebola. This kind of narrow focus will not meet the health care needs in the affected countries. As a result, efforts to fight many other diseases that are already neglected would fall even further behind. More people die because of Ebola than from Ebola.
Neglected tropical diseases endanger, infect or permanently disable more than a billion people worldwide. Around 500,000 people die each year as a consequence. Children are robbed of their chance to develop, maternal mortality among infected women increases and adults are rendered unable to work. The disease burden due to NTDs is comparable with that of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Despite this, the German public has so far hardly taken notice of these diseases.
Better utilize synergies in fighting and preventing NTDs and Ebola
The German Network against Neglected Tropical Diseases (DNTDs) is asking to the German government to
- Systematically strengthen the local medical structures and make them affordable as well as accessible for all people, without barriers.
- Support and expand the existing program to combat NTDs.
- Utilize existing NTD structures and capacities to combat Ebola.
- Support basic research for new medical interventions, especially in the area of NTDs.
- Expand and intensify government support for development programs for new vaccines, medicines and other interventions to combat NTDs.
- Eliminate implementation bottlenecks in the use of existing health care measures.
- Integrate elements to promote health in all development programs.
In another statement addressed to German Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel, among others, DNTDs emphasized that successful national programs to combat NTDs should be expanded further and also used to combat Ebola. In this position paper, DNTDs also advanced for discussion the idea of including neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) within the mandate of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM), and of intensifying research and development of measures to fight neglected tropical diseases.
There will be an opportunity on February 3–4, 2015, for background discussions with board members from the German Network against Neglected Tropical Diseases (DNTDs), who will be in Berlin for meetings in the Federal Chancellery and the German Bundestag:
Prof. Dr. Jürgen May, Chairman of the Board of DNTDs and Head of the Working Group on Infectious Disease Epidemiology at the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine.
Prof. Dr. KH Martin Kollmann, Head of the Expert Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases at the Christoffel Mission for the Blind (CBM). Prof. Kollmann is a specialist in ophthalmology who teaches at the University of Nairobi in Kenya.
Please address any questions you might have to the DNTDs coordination office:
Telephone: +49 (0)30 236246 03, email: [email protected]
Please find the attached/enclosed letter to the German Chancellor and the position paper on combating Ebola. More information can be found at our website: www.dntds.de
The German Network against Neglected Tropical Diseases (DNTDs) constitutes a national platform that works together with international partners to intensify the fight against poverty-related and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The German network is allied with the London Declaration on NTDs and works to support the World Health Organization (WHO) and programs in the affected countries in efforts to bring at least ten of the total 17 NTDs under control by the end of this decade.
Focusing on Ebola - position paper of the German Network against Neglected Tropical Diseases (DNTDs)
Berlin, January 23, 2015. In a letter to public, business and social policymakers, the German network warned to lose sight of the neglected tropical diseases (DNTDs) by concentrating on Ebola. This kind of narrow focus will not meet the health care needs in the affected countries.
Position of the German Network against Neglected Tropical Diseases (DNTDs) for the G7 summit under the presidency of Germany
Berlin, December 18, 2014. The position was sent to the German Chancellor and the Sherpa of the German Chancellor for the G7 process, the Federal Ministers at the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), at the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), at the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG), the chairs of the Bundestag commissions on the Committee for Economic Cooperation and Development (AWZ), for Education, Research and Technology Assessment, the Budget, Health and Foreign Affairs, the whips of the CDU/CSU, SPD, Alliance 90/The Greens and The Left.
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Definition - What does Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) mean?
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is a physical phenomenon that absorbs and re-emits the electromagnetic radiation with the help of a nucleus. It is a powerful technology, found in various applications and in different disciplines of research such as medicine and the oil and gas industry. A specialized tool known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometer is used to measure Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and the measurement process is called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. It plays an important role in calculating volume, viscosity, composition and distribution of some fluids like oil, gas and water.
Petropedia explains Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is a non-destructive analytic approach that is used to examine the characteristics and nature of chemical structures. It is able to provide data on various prospects such as types of atoms present, the amount of atoms present, the composition of samples and also explains the structural information of a molecule. The spectroscopy is one of the prominent technologies as it is used to describe critical information about drug development.
Other applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance:
- It is the only method used to determine atomic resolution of molecules.
- It is an influential technique for quantifying motional properties.
- It is the most useful tool to calculate the chemical properties.
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We’re always looking for authors who describe new ways to think about the craft of writing. As an experienced teacher, editor, and writer, Carter Wiseman, author of Writing Architecture, is just the person for the job. We asked him to share some matter-of-fact tips from his book, for architects and students of architecture—and for writers in any field or genre.
What challenges and fears do individuals face when beginning to write, and how can they overcome them?
Most people—including architects and architecture students—have a completely appropriate fear of writing. Our brains do not work in full sentences and paragraphs, so trying to clarify our random thoughts in a way that others can understand is not “natural.” However, simply spewing out whatever is on our minds is not likely to make much sense to others; we can’t expect them to read our minds. Organizing the mental chaos and expressing it clearly takes work, and most of us would prefer to avoid it.
How can architects develop their own writing style and tone?
People who write about architecture often worry about style and tone. They also worry about a related issue: audience. Insecure writers tend to think that using big words and convoluted sentences conveys an impression of profundity. It doesn’t. What it does convey is that the writer has not thought the subject through sufficiently to make a direct statement. That is why so many in the profession rely on “archispeak,” using words likemateriality, discourse, and intervention when they could say materials, debate, or action. The best writers always use simple English. Their style and tone emerge naturally from their choice of words. Hemingway didn’t set out to write the way he did. He wrote that way because of who he was. Writers should not try to be what they are not.
What must architects consider about the built world to write persuasively and clearly about it?
To write persuasively and clearly about the built world, architects need to identify at the outset what it is they want to say. Writing rarely leads to thinking; thinking often leads directly to writing. Is the goal of a project to keep the rain out, or to inspire? Both are valid, but the reader (client, patron, critic, voter) should have no doubt about which is which.
Why is clear writing important for architects specifically?
Clear writing is important to every profession, but especially to architecture. The reason is that the stakes are so high. Architects make things that last a long time, and if those things are designed in response to a murky program or unclear specifications, the impact will be felt for years. An architect friend of mine once said he thought the greatest challenge of bad writing in the profession was not the difficulty of being understood, but the danger of being misunderstood.
Why did you write the book and what do you hope readers will gain from it?
I wrote Writing Architecture to give students and practitioners—as well as users—of architecture some ways to appreciate the value of the art, and therefore to advance it. Most clients are not trained to read architectural documents, so a floor plan is likely to seem mysterious. If an architect can write a proposal that convinces the client to go beyond mere building to create something uplifting, civilization takes a step forward.
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Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the back up of acid or food from the stomach to the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that connects the mouth and stomach. GER is common in infants. It may cause them to spit up. Most infants outgrow GER within 12 months.
GER that progresses to esophageal injury and other symptoms is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The backed-up acid irritates the lining of the esophagus. It causes heartburn, a pain in the stomach and chest. GERD requires treatment to avoid complications.
GERD can occur at any age.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a muscular ring between the esophagus and the stomach. It relaxes to let food pass into the stomach, then closes shut to prevent it from backing up. With GERD, the ring doesn't close as tightly as it normally should. This causes acid reflux, a burning sensation that can be felt below the breastbone. Problems with the nerves that control the LESProblems with LES muscle toneImpaired peristalsis—muscular contractions that propel food toward the stomachAbnormal pressure on the LESIncreased relaxation of the LESIncreased pressure within the abdomen
GERD may cause: Chronic heartburn—most common symptomRegurgitation or vomitingGreen or yellow-green vomitBloody vomitWeight loss or poor weight gainDifficulty swallowingPain in the abdomen or chest
or respiratory problems
Cough or wheezingHoarsenessDental problems due to the effect of the stomach acid on the tooth's enamelFeeling full almost immediately after eating
The doctor will ask about your child’s symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your child may need to see a pediatric gastroenterologist. This type of doctor focuses on diseases of the stomach and intestines.
Tests may include:
Images tests can assess the stomach and esophagus. These may include an
upper GI series
and/or upper endoscopy
with biopsy.24-hour pH monitoring—A probe is placed in the esophagus to measure the level of acid.Short trial of medications—The doctor may use the success or failure of a medication to understand the cause.
Talk with the doctor about the best treatment plan for your child. Treatment options include the following:
Your child's doctor may suggest making lifestyle changes before trying medication. These changes may include:
Eating small, frequent meals.Avoid eating 2-3 hours before bedtime.Raising the head of their bed.Having your child lie on their left side when sleeping.
Your child may need to avoid certain foods and drinks, such as:
ChocolateFried foodsPeppermintSpicy foodsCaffeine productsCarbonated drinksFoods high in fat and acidIf your child is overweight, your doctor will advise you on a safe way to help them lose it.Avoid exposing your child to secondhand smoke.
Medication may be needed to relieve symptoms and heal any damage to the esophagus. Many medications for GERD are available over-the-counter and by prescription.
Your child's doctor may recommend the following: H-2 blockersProton pump inhibitorsPromotility drugs—to help stomach emptying (not used often)
Surgery or endoscopy may be recommended for
more severe cases. It may be considered if lifestyle changes and medications do not work.
The most common surgery is called
fundoplication. During this procedure, a part of the stomach will be wrapped around the stomach valve. This makes the valve stronger. It should prevent stomach acid from backing up into the esophagus. This surgery is often done through small incisions in the skin.
There are no current guidelines to prevent GERD.
GI Kids—North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children and adolescents. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at:
http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ger-and-gerd-in-children-and-adolescents/Pages/facts.aspx. Updated August 2006. Accessed May 10, 2013.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated May 9, 2013. Accessed May 10, 2013.
Pediatric GE reflux clinical practice guidelines.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.
Treating GERD. Ohio State University Medical Center website. Available at:
Accessed May 10, 2013.
5/12/2015 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: recognition, diagnosis and management in children and young people. London (UK): National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2015 Jan 14. 34 p. (NICE guideline; no. 1). Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=48992#Section420. Accessed May 12, 2015.
Last reviewed January 2015 by Kari Kassir, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Pulling down somebody will never make you reach the top!
Bullying and violence in schools are not uncommon. Even in big schools they happen to some extent and go unnoticed. There are aggressive children out there in schools who feel that they can throw their weight upon sensitive and mild-tempered children. This bullying and violence can be in a physical or on an emotional form.
If you are aware of the violence in schools of USA, you would remember the shoot outs in schools where some sick students got hold of firearms and went about indiscriminately shooting their teachers and fellow students. Though such a horrible scenario doesn't exist in India, there are reports of bullying.
For many parents and schools, talking about violence and bullying is a taboo. They fear controversy and bad reputation; however, it is not addressing this that leads to their fears becoming real. If a school sincerely addresses bullying, it would benefit.
In the Indian context, in a survey conducted by Microsoft it was revealed that 53% of the respondents were bullied and their ages were between 8 and 17. This certainly is an alarming figure and one has to study deep to ensure that one's children are not subject to bullying.
Though the above mentioned figures are for online bullying, the picture looks equally dismal in schools. However, one should not come to an impression that every school has such students. Parents need to put in the extra effort to select schools that takes measures to curb bullying and violence.
Bullying is no innocent game and it affects the students badly. At an impressionable age, this can have serious consequences leading to permanent damage. Generally, physically challenged students, overweight students, shy children, and students who cannot fight back are common victims. Aggressive behavior by certain groups of students pass snide remarks or physically abuse students citing their inadequacies.
Since the children have only the teachers and their parents to complain to, they are often misunderstood or neglected. This leads to serious repercussions. Such neglecting can cost the life of a student!
How to know if a student is bullied?
Bullying child's behavior:
We don't want to stereotype the behavior patterns, but this is the general predisposition of bullying children.
Now that we know the impact of violence and bullying in schools, it is time we know what a school management has to do to avoid this menace. The CBSE had taken a bold move by conducting a survey where students had access to provide a feedback. This move proved to be successful.
Teachers need to talk to individual students and enquire about any alleged case of bullying; warning students of dire consequences if found guilty of bullying also works. Some schools have gone to the extent of using technology to investigate any incidence of bullying. They use CCTV cameras in the school premises to check.
Apart from this, aggressive students should be counseled so that they can tone their behavior down. As a parent, it is your duty to ensure you are sending your child to top schools sans bullying.
Enrolment Desk is an online portal that can be used by parents to find full information regarding the best SSC schools in Hyderabad, the best CBSE schools, and ICSE schools. This admission season, use Enrolment Desk for selecting a school with no bullying.
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The son of God decided to be born as man on earth and die for all mankind as God in flesh. For a brief time Jesus was made lower than the angels – the same angels who would later worship him as God according to Heb. 1. We can read in Heb. 2 that Jesus was made “a little lower than the angels”, and in the previous chapter we can read that he was “so much better than the angels” and that he “obtained a much excellent name than they”. This is not a contradiction since Jesus is also fully capable of placing himself in a free will temporary subjection to his own Father, with whom he shared the glory from eternity past (John 17:5).
John 10:18 No man taketh it from me, but I lay it down of MYSELF. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This commandment have I received of my Father.
Heb. 2:5 For unto the angels hath he not put in subjection the world to come, whereof we speak.6 But one in a certain place testified, saying, What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the son of man that thou visitest him?7 Thou madest him a little lower than the angels; thou crownedst him with glory and honour, and didst set him over the works of thy hands:8 Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet. For in that he put all in subjection under him, he left nothing that is not put under him. But now we see not yet all things put under him.9 But we see Jesus, WHO WAS MADE A LITTLE LOWER THAN THE ANGELS for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honour; that he by the grace of God should taste death for every man.
Heb. 1:3 Who being the brightness of his glory, and the express image of his person, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high:4 Being made SO MUCH BETTER THAN THE ANGELS, as he hath by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they.5 For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee? And again, I will be to him a Father, and he shall be to me a Son?6 And again, when he bringeth in the firstbegotten into the world, he saith, And LET ALL THE ANGELS OF GOD WORSHIP HIM.7 And of the angels he saith, Who maketh his angels spirits, and his ministers a flame of fire.8 But unto the Son he saith, Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: a sceptre of righteousness is the sceptre of thy kingdom.
Phil. 2:6 Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God:7 But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men:8 And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.9 Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name:10 That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth;11 And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
Jesus is the most important stone in the building
The Old Testament contains numerous prophesies about the Messiah – Jesus Christ. He is also called the chief corner-stone, and that is a stone which is considered to be the most important part of a stone building since it is carrying the weight of the stones built on top of it while there are no stones UNDER it. Since Jesus Christ is the foundation of our salvation, it is important that we spread this information to the rest of the world to encourage people to seek the true Savior and thus be saved. People might be convinced of that they are on the right path to eternal salvation, but if they are not choosing to build their lives on the corner-stone, they are still off track. It is vital to identify this corner-stone. God does not share his glory with anyone, but shares it with Jesus. This means that Jesus must be God.
Proverbs 14:12 There is a way which seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death.
Is. 48:11 For mine own sake, even for mine own sake, will I do it: for how should my name be polluted? and I will not give my glory unto another.
Jesus Christ came from the tribe of Judah. Corner-stone below is a translation from the Hebrew word eben (Strong’s 68)
Isa. 28:2 Behold, the Lord hath a mighty and strong one, which as a tempest of hail and a destroying storm, as a flood of mighty waters overflowing, shall cast down to the earth with the hand.—16 Therefore thus saith the Lord God, Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious corner stone, a sure foundation: he that believeth shall not make haste.17 Judgment also will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the plummet: and the hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding place.18 And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, then ye shall be trodden down by it.
Zechariah 10:2 For the idols have spoken vanity, and the diviners have seen a lie, and have told false dreams; they comfort in vain: therefore they went their way as a flock, they were troubled, because there was no shepherd.3 Mine anger was kindled against the shepherds, and I punished the goats: for the Lord of hosts hath visited his flock the house of Judah, and hath made them as his goodly horse in the battle.4 Out of him came forth the corner, out of him the nail, out of him the battle bow, out of him every oppressor together
Unfortunately people are refusing to accept this head stone of the corner despite that it is the most important building block! We can see this statement in Ps. 118:20, and we can also read about the gate of the Lord and “Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the Lord”, which is quoted in Matt. 21 – when Jesus entered Jerusalem and people were cheering their Hosianna.
Ps. 118:15 The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous: the right hand of the Lord doeth valiantly.16 The right hand of the Lord is exalted: the right hand of the Lord doeth valiantly.“—20 This gate of the Lord, into which the righteous shall enter.21 I will praise thee: for thou hast heard me, and art become my salvation.22 The stone which the builders refused is become the head stone of the corner.—26 Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the Lord: we have blessed you out of the house of the Lord.27 God is the Lord, which hath shewed us light: bind the sacrifice with cords, even unto the horns of the altar.
Jesus confirms that he is the stone that the scriptures speak about (read the above psalm) and whosoever falls on it shall be broken.
Matthew 21:8 And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way; others cut down branches from the trees, and strawed them in the way.9 And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest.10 And when he was come into Jerusalem, all the city was moved, saying, Who is this?11 And the multitude said, This is Jesus the prophet of Nazareth of Galilee.—42 Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord’s doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes?43 Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof.44 And whosoever shall fall on this stone (lithos, Strong’s 3037) shall be broken: but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder.45 And when the chief priests and Pharisees had heard his parables, they perceived that he spake of them.46 But when they sought to lay hands on him, they feared the multitude, because they took him for a prophet.
Luke 13:32 And he said unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils, and I do cures to day and to morrow, and the third day I shall be perfected.33 Nevertheless I must walk to day, and to morrow, and the day following: for it cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem.34 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee; how often would I have gathered thy children together, as a hen doth gather her brood under her wings, and ye would not!35 Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and verily I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until the time come when ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.
Luke 19:38 Saying, Blessed be the King that cometh in the name of the Lord: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest.
Luke 20:17 And he beheld them, and said, What is this then that is written, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner?
Jesus Christ is the stone, the head of the corner-stone…There is no salvation in anyone else.
Acts 4:10 Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead, even by him doth this man stand here before you whole.11 This is the stone (lithos, Strong’s 3037) which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner.12 Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.
“Chief corner-stone” in the New Testament is a translation from the Greek word akrogōniaios (Strong’s 204) and this word can be found in Eph. 2:20 and 1 Pet 2:6.
Eph. 2:18 For through him we both have access by one Spirit unto the Father.19 Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God;20 And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone;21 In whom all the building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord:22 In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit.
Peter urges us to believe in this chief corner-stone from Sion, because there is salvation in no one else. If the corner-stone of the Old Testament is about our Lord God, then the same applies for the New Testament. Jesus Christ is our Lord, God in flesh. Jesus has become the rock of offence to many people who refuse to accept his deity, much like the pharisees who wanted to kill Jesus because “thou, being a man, makest thyself God” (John 10:33)
1 Peter 2:4 To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious,5 Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ.6 Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded.7 Unto you therefore which believe he is precious: but unto them which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner,8 And a stone (lithos, Strong’s 3037) of stumbling, and a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word, being disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed.
Again, Peter above is quoting these scriptures:
Isa. 28:16 Therefore thus saith the Lord God, Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious corner stone, a sure foundation: he that believeth shall not make haste.
You can also read about Jesus Christ being the ROCK in this article.
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Smallpaint is a renderer program implementing the classic Monte Carlo path tracing global illumination algorithm. Looking at the images above, you may not see what you would expect from a such a ray tracer: it has an interesting look which resembles the viewer of a painting. Please meet smallpaint.
- implementation in ~250 effective lines of code,
- multi-threaded rendering thanks to the OpenMP library,
- some c++11 wizardry (ty CsL!),
- quasi-monte carlo sampling using low-discrepancy Halton series,
- cosine importance sampling,
- faster convergence through next event estimation (currently removed),
- soft shadows, antialiasing by integrating over the screen pixels (path tracing),
- refractions, color bleeding, caustics,
- can be compiled into a binary with less than 4096 bytes (an image of the full binary),
- …and most importantly: a great painterly look. Hence, it is called smallpaint,
- (new) algorithms implemented as of early 2017: path tracing, volumetric path tracing, primary sample space metropolis light transport, progressive photon mapping, 1D multiple importance sampling.
Knobs and switches
- adjust the params[“spp”] to acquire a clearer or grainier picture of your choice,
- pick a refraction index for the glass sphere with params[“refr_index”],
- tinkering around with the rest of the code is completely up to you!
What’s causing this?
The cause of the painterly look is actually a bug – there’s an incorrect usage of the Halton-series with correlating dimensions, and the errors are spread throughout the screen with an equally wrong sampling function. one would wish that every bug could look just as beautiful as this one.
If you take a closer look at the source code, you may notice that smallpaint doesn’t do any kind of tone mapping – it directly writes the measured contributions into the image file. Also, there are some magic constants used as scaling factors here and there.
When doing ray tracing, the goal is to compute the radiance returning to the eye along rays of light through each pixel of an image. As a last step, we map these values to – for example – RGB values for visualization. Trying to measure RGB intensities directly does not make any sense, and is also scientifically unacceptable. The reason for omitting this from smallpaint is solely to save a few lines of code. Your computer graphics professor would probably throw lightning bolts at you for this.
Code walkthrough lecture
Changelog for smallpaint
fixes @ 2010.11.11
- the usage of rand() instead of rand_r() caused performance issues on linux systems.
fixes @ 2013.03.08
- the solution to the sampling problem is added as commented code,
- the fixed version of the path tracer is added to the package,
- slight code cleanup.
fixes @ 2013.05.11
- Christian Hafner adds Schlick’s approximation to the Fresnel equation. It is included in the fixed version of the code. Thank you!
fixes @ 2013.05.18
- Christian Machacek adds Russian Roulette path termination and other code improvements. It is included in the fixed version of the code. Thank you!
fixes @ 2013.07.12
- Christian Machacek adds a pbrt-inspired BVH implementation and lots of various other fixes. Thank you!
fixes @ 2013.07.15
- Jean-Baptiste Kaiser adds a neat implementation of Kelemen et. al’s Primary Sample Space Metropolis Light Transport (PSSMLT) algorithm. Good job, thank you!
improvements @ 2015.01.16
- Georg Sperl adds a volumetric path tracing variant which is now included in the code archive. Thank you!
improvements @ 2015.05.01
- Georg Sperl adds Woodcock-tracking. It can render heterogeneous volumes like this and this. Thank you!
improvements @ 2015.05.26
- I added an implementation of multiple importance sampling for two Monte Carlo estimators in 1D. Kind thanks for Jaroslav Křivánek for pushing a fix as well!
improvements @ 2017.03.21
- Michael Oppitz added a full GUI around smallpaint and a progressive photon mapping implementation. Make sure to have a look at this, it’s super fun to use. Thank you!
Also, make sure to check out Adam Celarek‘s course project as well on path tracing, bidirectional path tracing and photon tracing.
- László Szirmay-Kalos, my former computer graphics advisor,
- Michael Wimmer, my current one,
- Kevin Beason for the inspiring smallpt renderer,
- Jochen Eisner for his remarks about rand_r() and lambda functions,
- the ompf.org forum for all the good people addicted to ray tracing and global illumination,
- my students who have been hard at work to improve smallpaint and to add lots of goodies!
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InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.
How does an electric motor capacitor work? This article gives a short simple explanation of how a motor starting capacitor or motor run capacitor actually works to get a motor spinning or to keep it spinning efficiently.
Capacitors are electric devices that get an electric motor running at start-up or that help keep a motor running once it has started. If the capacitor has failed the most common symptom is that the motor won't start.
Explanation of How a Starting Capacitor or Booster for Hard Starting Air Conditioners Works
Capacitors are electric devices that get an electric motor running at start-up by providing a "jolt" of stored electrical energy, or that help keep a motor spinning once it has started.
[Click to enlarge any image]
The starting capacitor helps a motor start spinning by creating a high-torque, rotating, electrical field in the motor.
If the start capacitor has failed the symptom is that the motor won't start. If either or both start and run capacitors are defective the motor may try to start but will hum and won't keep running. t.
Watch out: If you observe a humming electric motor that is not starting we suggest that to avoid damage you turn off the system while waiting for repairs.
Our little sketch of a basic refrigeration circuit shown at left illustrates where and how a starting capacitor fits into a refrigeration or air conditioning electrical circuit.
The starting capacitor works by "accumulating" a large electrical charge inside the capacitor. During compressor or other motor startup, the start capacitor releases its charge to give a voltage "boost" to get the electric motor spinning.
During an electric motor start-up (such as an air conditioner compressor motor and some fan motors) where a starting capacitor is included in the circuit, with the added charge stored in the capacitor, run-start and start-common voltages increase to a maximum value to start the motor spinning.
The total supply subsequently current drops back to normal run conditions when the start device is dropped from the circuit - the motor continues to run.
This "electrical starting booster charge" can be particularly needed if an air conditioner
is suddenly switched off and back on when it has been operating. Suddenly switching off an air conditioning
compressor leaves a high "head pressure" inside the compressor which can provide extra mechanical resistance
when the motor is attempting to re-start.
Traditionally electrical capacitors were also called "accumulators" for this reason. The capacitor's electrical charge is released at motor start-up time,
gives the compressor motor or other electrical motor a boost for starting.
What makes the Start Capacitor Drop from the Circuit when the Motor has Started
Centrifugal switches: a mechanical centrifugal switch may be used to disconnect the starting capacitor when the motor speed has reached a critical rpm, typically about half of the motor's run speed.
PTC-devices: Positive Temperature Coefficient devices are the traditional means of dropping the capacitor from the motor circuit once the motor has successfully started. PTC devices are basically a tiny electric heater that use the change in electrical resistance of the heating element to open an electrical switch that removes the start winding in the motor from the run circuit. The switch opens in less than a second after the motor has started.
PTC devices have the advantage of being simple and avoiding the need for more complex electrical wiring of a motor starting system. Supco explains that this device is unable to sense whether or not the motor has successfully started, and if the motor does not start, several minutes are needed to let the heater cool down before the motor restart can be attempted again. This cool-down time provides a safety margin that helps protect against burning out the windings of a hard-starting motor.
PRD-devices: Potential Relay Devices use voltage sensing (The Supco method) or current sensing devices (two different approaches) to determine when to release the starting capacitor from the motor run circuit. Supco points out that "The electronic potential relay is inherently more reliable and precise than the older type mechanical potential relay."
Both of these start capacitor control approaches work fine, and typical HVAC or residential appliance motor repairs the technician won't need to consider which method is being used to control the capacitor as long as she/he follows the manufacturer's recommendations on the product for its selection and use.
Start & Run & Dual Capacitors
Essex, Brown: "Motor Repair Supplies" (Catalog), Essex Group, Inc., 1601 Wall St., Fort Wayne, Indiana 46801, Tel: 219-461-4633, Website: www.superioressex.com, retrieved 6/20/14, original source: http://www.essexbrownell.com/uploadedFiles/Content/Products/MR%20Supplies%20Catalog-s.pdf - see pp. 86-89.
Sealed Unit Parts Co., Inc., PO Box 21, 2230 Landmark Place, Allenwood NJ 08720, USA, Tel: 732-223-6644, Website: www.supco.com, Email: info@supcocom, Supco Catalog, retrieved 6/20/14, original source: http://www.economicelectricmotors.com/cdrom/catalogs/Supco_catalog.pdf - see pp. 2-6.
van Roon, Tony, "Capacitors", [online article], retrieved 6/20/14, original source: http://www.sentex.ca/~mec1995/gadgets/caps/caps.html, gives a very detailed history of the invention and history of electrical capcitors beginning with van Musschenbroek's Leyden jar in 1745. This article includes
"Capacitor Nomenclature" by Dean Huster.
Kaiser, Cletus J., The Capacitor Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide For Correct Component Selection In All Circuit Applications. Know What To Use When And Where, 2d Ed., [at Amazon.com] C.J. Publishing (2011), ISBN-10: 0962852538, ISBN-13: 978-0962852534 - product description This book provides practical guidance and application information when using capacitors in electronics and electrical circuit design. This easy-to-use book covers the following capacitor types: Ceramic, Plastic Film, Aluminum Electrolytic, Tantalum, Glass, Mica, and others. This book also has a very comprehensive Glossary and Index. The Selection Guidelines and the Symbols and Equations sections have the answers to all of your daily application questions. This book is one in a series of component handbooks.
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(Feb 21, 2014) Anonymous said:
is it possible to rebuild a submersible well pump
Yes ... maybe; it depends on the condition of the pump casing, parts, an in my opinion, an accurate diagnosis of the trouble; at some point rebuilding is not cost effective. Indeed there are specialists (H Shreck in Poughkeepsie used to be one of them) who rebuild electric motors of all kinds.
There are also many water pumps whose design makes it quite reasonable to replace pump impellers.
So to answer your question, I dunno - it depends on what's broken.
Question: fan will start but won't keep running.
(June 1, 2014) Anonymous said:
The fan on my Conquest 80 will not stay on (interior fan). It starts and then stops after a few seconds. It was installed in 2005. Help.
The start capacitor is for getting a motor started, not keeping it running.
Often motors have two windings, a start winding and a run winding. Your motor's run winding may be damaged.
Or your fan motor may require a dual capacitor (start and run) or a separate run capacitor to keep it spinning.
Or your system may have a faulty control.
Question: will a hard start capacitor reduce current drawn and stop tripping a breaker
(June 7, 2014) Joel said:
I have a commercial hood & exhaust fan (120v) running in a food truck that is used for catering. We occasionally need to run off a generator (3000w) and we've found that the fan cause the generator overload to trip. The fan has been tested and observed to draw 8 amps running at full speed. Given this, would it be possible to add a hard start kit, such as SUPCO SPP4E? Will need to confirm the motor size, just wondering if this would help.
The total draw of all items is less than 20 amps and the generator is capable of supplying 25 amps constant.
Thanks for the advice.
Joel I think the problem lies elsewhere and needs some further diagnostics. I suspect that your total current draw is exceeding the ability of the generator - you may be running more than the fan, such as lighting, a cooler, toasters, other electrical appliances. If it were just the fan, drawing 8A, it has no business tripping the breaker.
Put another way if the problem is the fan and there are NO other appliances running, then there is a failing fan motor drawing high current, or an electrical short circuit or other unsafe condition to find and fix.
A start capacitor or a run capacitor won't change the current drawn by the motor.
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Supco, Sealed Unit Parts Company, PO Box 21, 2230 Landmark Place, Allenwood, New Jersey, 08720, Tel: 732-223-6644, 201-449-3300, email: [email protected], provided the compressor starting capacitor and packaging information (purchased by the author from an air conditioning parts supplier in New York) - our example uses a Sealed Unit Parts Company Solid State part No. RSC 10 115V starting capacitor which was designed for installation on refrigerators and freezers. See www.supco.com/
"The E Class Advantage", Supco (op cit), describes the company's advanced start/run capacitor products. Web search 08/04/2011, original source: http://www.supco.com/eclassadvantage.htm Quoting from that article:
The SUPCO E-Class Series comprise the most advanced developments in start device technology:
1. Voltage sensing technology that monitors for motor start (current sensing devices require internal fuse protection).
2. A 2-wire connection that simplifies installation
3. A secondary timing circuit that ensures that the capacitor is not permanently left in the start winding circuit
4. A fully electronic device - minimizing the limitations of mechanical devices and secondary fusing associated with triac devices
5. A start device matched with an appropriately sized capacitor to cover the range of compressors for the intended application (one size does not fit all)
The use of compressor start devices results from a need to ensure that a compressor (usually air conditioning) will start under voltage conditions that are less than ideal. As discussed, several options exist in the market to address compressor start concerns. Start devices exist in many forms for specific applications. SUPCO provides a full range of products in all relevant technologies to effectively match the proper start device to the application. Care should be taken to utilize a device that meets the requirements of the job. Extra caution should be observed when employing the "one-size-fits-all" and "a bigger capacitor is better" approach to applying a start device. Consult SUPCO, a manufacturer with a complete product range, to ensure the greatest success in the start device application.
"Motor Start and Run Capacitors", AFCAP (African Capacitors Limited), web search 08/05/2011, original source: http://www.afcap.co.za/manual/Part2.pdf
George Fazio, reader, contributed comments on failed starter capacitor diagnosis by noting the bulged capacitor ends. 09/25/2009
Troubleshooting Compressor Problems," Henry Puzio, Fuel Oil & Oil Heat with Air Conditioning Magazine, June 1993, p. 39
Tom Morris, Engineer, capacitor discussion and correction to the original data. Email to D Friedman 5/29/2006 - Thanks Tom for critical editing. The text
above explaining about capacitors was suggested by Mr. Morris. The original text of the 1993 compressor diagnosis article had the resistance explanation backwards.
Thanks to reader Diane McGivney for asking about air conditioner compressor motor starting capacitor costs and typical air conditioner service call fees - (May 2010)
Thanks to reader James Oiler for reporting on the replacement of a heat pump starter capacitor, August 2010.
Wikipedia provided background information about some topics discussed at this website provided this citation is also found in the same article along with a " retrieved on" date. NOTE: because Wikipedia entries are fluid and can be amended in real time, we cite the retrieval date of Wikipedia citations and we do not assert that the information found there is necessarily authoritative.
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
"Air Conditioning & Refrigeration I & II", BOCES Education, Warren Hilliard (instructor), Poughkeepsie, New York, May - July 1982, [classroom notes from air conditioning and refrigeration maintenance and repair course attended by the website author]
Fiberglass: Indoor Air Quality Investigations: Fiberglass in Indoor Air, HVAC ducts, and Building Insulation
Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. Tel: (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 Email: [email protected]. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides extensive home inspection education and report writing material.
The Illustrated Home illustrates construction details and building components, a reference for owners & inspectors. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Illustrated Home purchased as a single order Enter INSPECTAILL in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
TECHNICAL REFERENCE GUIDE to manufacturer's model and serial number information for heating and cooling equipment, useful for determining the age of heating boilers, furnaces, water heaters is provided by Carson Dunlop, Associates, Toronto - Carson Dunlop Weldon & Associates Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Technical Reference Guide purchased as a single order. Just enter INSPECTATRG in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.
Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on these courses: Enter INSPECTAHITP in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
The Horizon Software System manages business operations,scheduling, & inspection report writing using Carson Dunlop's knowledge base & color images. The Horizon system runs on always-available cloud-based software for office computers, laptops, tablets, iPad, Android, & other smartphones
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Bottom-Feeding Observed In Gulf Of Maine Humpback Whales
April Flowers for redOrbit.com – Your Universe Online
Humpback whales have exhibited a complex set of feeding techniques, including “trapping” krill and other prey within bubble nets produced by the whales and gulping up to two-thirds their weight in prey-laden water.
A new study, published in Marine Mammal Science, confirms that humpback whales in the southern Gulf of Maine are spending more feeding time on the ocean floor than in any of these other typical feeding behaviors. These findings have implications for the use of bottom-set gear in the fishing industry because entanglement in such gear is a major risk to humpbacks.
“Humpbacks have not been known as bottom-feeders, yet this is their dominant feeding mode in this region,” says University of New Hampshire professor of data visualization Colin Ware. “You’ve got this prominent species, and until now nobody knew how they were doing most of their feeding.”
The research team included Ware, of UNH’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, David Wiley of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Ari Friedlaender of Duke University Marine Laboratory and Pratt School of Engineering. This team gathered data from 53 humpback whales in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and the Great South Channel near Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
The researchers affixed DTAGs — synchronous motion and acoustic recording tags — to the whale’s backs with four suction cups. This allowed them to track the movements of the whales below the ocean’s surface for the first time. Ware developed a custom software tool, called TrackPlot, to translate the tags’ data into a 3D ribbon that illustrated the whales’ paths as they repeatedly dove to the bottom of the ocean, rolled onto their sides, tilted their heads down, and feasted on sand lance, a favorite food that is abundant there.
The data, collected between 2004 and 2009, allowed the researchers to identify distinct types of behavior during what they called bottom side-roll feeding. This type of feeding consists of simple side-rolls, side-roll inversions, and repetitive scooping. The data confirms the bottom-feeding behavior that scientists had suspected from visible scarring along the jaws of some whales.
Ware calls these humpbacks “by far the most acrobatic of all baleen whales.” The data showed that they were not only performing bottom side-rolls and seafloor scooping, but also indicated that this bottom feeding does not include lunging. Previously, scientists assumed lunging to be the humpbacks’ primary feeding behavior.
Whales accelerate to propel water full of prey into their enlarged mouths during lunge feeding. They then filter the water out through the hair-like filaments of their baleen, retaining the prey. In this study, the tagged whales were moving at too low rate of speed to characterize their behavior as lunge feeding.
National Geographic’s Crittercam — a video camera attached to the whale — provides additional insight into the whales’ time at the seafloor, however Ware cautions that there’s still plenty to learn about what the whales are doing in the deep.
“The big mystery is we still don’t know exactly how they’re feeding. We don’t know the mechanism,” he says.
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America to tackle 5G with AI and blockchains
Jessica Rosenworcel, a commissioner at the US Federal Communications Commission, believes that artificial intelligence and blockchain technology will give the US an edge in next-generation wireless networking over its big technological rival, China.
Speaking at the Business of Blockchain, an event organized by the MIT Media Lab's Digital Currency Initiative and MIT Technology Review, Rosenworcel said AI and blockchains would allow wireless devices to use different frequencies within what is known as the wireless spectrum more dynamically and flexibly, enabling billions of devices to connect to 5G networks at once.
The suite of technologies known as 5G allows devices to connect in a variety of ways, and over a range of the wireless spectrum. Rosenworcel said it will be imperative to devise better ways to allocate the spectrum.
The commissioner pointed to a competition being organized by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to devise new ways of negotiating over spectrum using AI. She said the FCC had recently begun researching whether a blockchain could help too. "If you put this on a public blockchain, you would have this public record of demand and could design systems differently," Rosenworcel said.
The White House seems increasingly concerned that the US might cede its position as a technology leader in 5G, with potentially dire consequences for its economy. This worry is behind the scrutiny of Huawei, one of China's most prominent and powerful companies.
"I am concerned that we are not positioned to lead," Rosenworcel said at the MIT event. But she added that AI and blockchains could be crucial to helping the US stay competitive with China in wireless technology.
In the US, China, and elsewhere, interest is growing in using AI to help advance wireless technologies, but this hasn't yet found its way into 5G networking products. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently researching how machine learning could help carve up the wireless spectrum.
"Many problems in wireless networks that require processing large amounts of data and making decisions quickly can benefit from AI," says Michael Souryal, the NIST researcher who leads the agency's work. "One example that we have been studying is the use of AI for real-time signal detection and classification, which is important for spectrum sharing."
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All About STEM RESOURCE
Spectroscopy in a Suitcase
The RSC’s Spectroscopy in a Suitcase scheme is an outreach activity which gives school students the chance to learn about spectroscopy through hands-on experience. As well as covering the principles of spectroscopic techniques, the activities use real-life contexts to demonstrate the applications of the techniques.
Sets of equipment are hosted in universities throughout England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland.
Spectroscopy in a Suitcase provides schools and colleges with access to robust, portable, state-of-the-art spectroscopic equipment; contextualising the subject, bringing it to life and engaging students. It is most suitable for GCSE and A Level students in physical sciences.Get More Information « Back To Resources
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Zoning Changes for Solar and Wind Energy Permits
Wind energy and solar energy industries grew at a healthy pace in 2011. There are several federal and statewide incentives in place including a U.S. Treasury Department program that reimburses developers 30 percent of project costs. The need and desire for renewable energy continous to grow. Cities and counties across the nation are realizing the benefits of attracting such projects to their region and community along with the need to allow for zoning exemptions, solar and wind energy friendly land use policies plus fast track approvals of solar energy projects.
According to CleanEnergyAuthority.com below are the top 10 solar energy friendly states:
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- Tie Hawaii (with 14 megawatts of solar production in 2008), New York (22 megawatts), Arizona (25 megawatts), and Nevada
25 cities are part of the DOE program that can serve as a role model for other cities and counties which do not have zoning and land use laws in place to support solar energy or other clean energy projects. Here are 2 examples of how these cities implemented zoning changes to support and encourage green energy.
New York City, New York
NYC Solar Empowerment Zones are strategically selected geographical regions where solar power is most viable and beneficial from a technical standpoint. Each of the three initial zones has a "day-peaking" energy usage profile that conforms closely to the daily production of solar power. "Establishing Solar Zones will help target solar installations where they make the most sense," said New York City Economic Development President Seth W. Pinsky. "This will provide environmental benefits and help create green jobs in the New York City solar industry."
Minneapolis and Saint Paul, MN
Minneapolis and Saint Paul engaged in dialogue with installers, manufacturers, and land use planners on how development regulations should be changed to allow solar investment while protecting community character and property values. The Twin Cities Solar America Cities program worked with other cities across the nation to assess options for zoning and development code modifications regarding solar energy.
Clearly changing zoning laws is not a straightforward process. However forward looking communities can look at the above examples and implement best practices. Please do contact PZR® for all solar energy zoning related questions.
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“A theoretically sound, gender-specific legal history through the reading of civil and criminal court records on marriage disputes in Sikasso, Mali.... The book echoes the original contribution of Nkiru Nzegwu (in Family Matters, 2006) that the oppression and exploitation of women were at the center of colonial policy. Burrill analyzes this history of legalized oppression at the local, national, and transnational levels. ...Summing up: Recommended.” —CHOICE
States of Marriage shows how throughout the colonial period in French Sudan (present-day Mali) the institution of marriage played a central role in how the empire defined its colonial subjects as gendered persons with certain attendant rights and privileges. The book is a modern history of the ideological debates surrounding the meaning of marriage, as well as the associated legal and sociopolitical practices in colonial and postcolonial Mali. It is also the first to use declassified court records regarding colonialist attempts to classify and categorize traditional marriage conventions in the southern region of the country.
In French Sudan, as elsewhere in colonial Africa, the first stage of marriage reform consisted of efforts to codify African marriages, bridewealth transfers, and divorce proceedings in public records, rendering these social arrangements “legible” to the colonial administration. Once this essential legibility was achieved, other, more forceful interventions to control and reframe marriage became possible. This second stage of marriage reform can be traced through transformations in and by the colonial court system, African engagements with state-making processes, and formations of “gender justice.” The latter refers to gender-based notions of justice and legal rights, typically as defined by governing and administrative bodies as well as by sociopolitical communities. Gender justice went through a period of favoring the rights of women, to a period of favoring patriarchs, to a period of emphasizing the power of the individual — but all within the context of a paternalistic and restrictive colonial state.
Die Inhaltsangabe kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.
Emily S. Burrill is an associate professor in the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and coeditor of Domestic Violence and the Law in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa.Review:
“States of Marriage is a deftly written, sophisticated book that demonstrates the centrality of marriage to colonial gender-making projects in French Sudan. Burrill draws on an extraordinary range of evidence and theories to analyze the shifting ideas and practices of marriage as a prism into the conjuncture of gendered and generational struggles, legal reforms, and colonial interventions. A must read for scholars of African history and gender studies.”
—Dorothy L. Hodgson, professor of anthropology, Rutgers University and editor of The Gender, Culture and Power Reader and Gender and Culture at the Limit of Rights
“Emily Burrill’s insightful analysis of marriage, gender justice, and rights in colonial Mali deftly analyzes the ways in which colonial laws on marriage ... both contributed in essential ways to the colonial state-building project and undermined existing social dynamics, thereby ‘unmaking the world.’ ... Burrill’s book is a welcome addition to our understanding of gender, justice, human rights, and the colonial state. It is persuasive and well written and is essential reading for scholars interested not only in colonialism and gender but also in law and society.” —African Studies Review
“Burrill sets out an ambitious agenda for ‘doing’ the history of marriage in her introductory chapter, one that will serve as an inspiration and guide for those who embark on similar studies. She does not provide—nor could anyone—a history of the institution of marriage, but rather a steady gaze into the actors and their struggles around marriage, divorce, and gender relationships over six decades. ... Burrill has written a work of considerable and pioneering importance.” —International Journal of African Historical Studies
„Über diesen Titel“ kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.
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Infertile men are almost three times more likely to develop testicular cancer than fertile men, US research suggests.
Over the past decade, rates of testicular cancer and male infertility have risen steadily throughout the western world.
However, it has been unclear whether the two trends are related to each other.
For this latest study, researchers explored the link using data from 22,562 male partners from couples who were seeking fertility treatment between 1967 and 1998.
Almost a quarter of the men, 4,549, had male factor infertility. This was based on a clinical presentation of abnormal semen.
The men were linked to the California Cancer Registry and were studied between 1998 and 2004 for any signs of testicular cancer.
The rate of testicular cancer among the men in the study was compared with the rate among healthy men, matched for age, in the general population.
Overall, a total of 34 of the men were diagnosed with testicular cancer at least one year after seeking treatment for infertility.
Of the 34 men, 86 per cent developed seminomas, 12 per cent non-seminomas and 2 per cent unspecified disease.
Men who underwent fertility treatment were 1.3 times more likely to develop testicular cancer than men who did not undergo treatment.
After controlling for other risk factors, men with male factor infertility were 2.8 times more likely to develop the cancer than men without the condition.
The research team, led by Dr Thomas Walsh from the University of California, proposed that faulty DNA repair, as well as environmental factors, may contribute to both testicular cancer and infertility.
But they stressed that it is 'highly improbable' that infertility treatment itself may be a risk factor for testicular cancer.
'It is also unlikely that the results represent a screening phenomenon in which men who seek treatment for infertility are diagnosed with a previously unrecognised cancer because of diagnostic testing,' they added.
Comment below and tell us what you think
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Programming Language: C#
Project Type: Personal Project.
Cellular Automata Based Water
Cellular Automata works by each cell looking at its neighbors and reacting to the neighboring cells based on a rule set. What you see in the gif above is the cells behaving like water due to a rule set that makes them avoid each other and objects with a preference for heading downward simulating gravity.
A simple experiment to see if i could make a Terraria style water simulation using Cellular Autoamta.
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Pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly and Company recently announced that it would reduce its use of limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) by 90 percent over the next few years, the first company to phase out the naturally derived compound in favor of a synthetic alternative. Until now, LAL has been a vital component of modern medicine as it is used to detect the presence of bacterial toxins in pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices. But harvesting this life-saving compound comes at a cost. LAL is extracted from the blood of horseshoe crabs, and tens of thousands may die annually as a result.
Each year, approximately half a million Atlantic horseshoe crabs are bled by the biomedical industry to extract LAL. Scientists know alarmingly little about the ecological impacts of harvesting horseshoe crabs for medicinal purposes, says Walker Golder at the National Audubon Society. The crabs are released back to the ocean after the procedure, but experts estimate that from five to 30 percent of the crabs ultimately die. And these deaths have far-reaching consequences because dead horseshoe crabs can’t spawn.
On east coast beaches during the extreme high tides of May and early June, horseshoe crabs crawl ashore to perform an ancient spawning ritual, collectively depositing millions of eggs into holes dug in the sand. Those eggs underpin the diets of a range of coastal species.
When horseshoe crab numbers in one prominent spawning site plummeted in the late 1990s, for example, local shorebirds suffered. The crab decline was largely the result of overharvesting adult horseshoe crabs for use as bait in eel and sea snail traps. Fewer adult horseshoe crabs meant fewer eggs on the beach during spawning season. The threatened rufa red knot—which had arrived on the beach to coincide with the spawn—was deprived of a major food source. Long-term studies at this site, Delaware Bay, on the border of Delaware and New Jersey, show that without enough eggs to eat the birds will either abort their annual northward migration, die en route, or fail to successfully breed when they get to the Arctic, says Golder.
Though most of the conservation focus has been on birds, other species rely on the horseshoe crab eggs, too. Commercially and recreationally important fish, including white perch, striped bass, and weakfish (sometimes called sea trout) depend on the eggs, says Stewart Michels, the marine and shellfish program manager at the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. And the nutrient-rich eggs bolster the entire estuarine ecosystem, he says. When eggs decompose, their nutrients return to the intertidal where they fuel the growth of seaweeds and sea grasses.
Strict harvest quotas implemented in 2004 have helped North America’s horseshoe crabs stabilize from their mid-90s free fall, but that recovery has stalled. In Delaware Bay, beaches that once contained as many as 120,000 horseshoe crab eggs per square meter now have roughly 6,000 to 7,000 eggs, Golder says.
Potential environmental impacts and worries about the supply chain were major reasons for switching from LAL to a synthetic alternative, says Jay Bolden, a senior scientist at Eli Lilly. In 2013, the company started plans to build a new major manufacturing plant in China. There, biomedical harvesters aren’t required to release the bled crabs back to the ocean. As a result, local horseshoe crab populations have become increasingly scarce and their blood increasingly costly to obtain. “It’s always a win when there’s a greener method that can also save us money,” says Bolden.
If other pharmaceutical companies follow Eli Lilly’s lead, the end of the horseshoe crab blood harvest could be an exciting breakthrough for shorebirds and other species that depend on the health and well-being of horseshoe crabs, Golder says.
Others are cautiously optimistic about how significant the impacts will be. While reducing the biomedical harvest will take some of the pressure off horseshoe crab populations, the invertebrates face a host of other threats that could hinder recovery, such as loss of habitat from sea level rise and coastal development at key spawning beaches, says Michael De Luca, manager of the Jacques Cousteau National Estuarine Research Reserve in Tuckerton, New Jersey.
But for now, as pharmaceutical companies look to the lab and not the beach for biomedical compounds, horseshoe crabs—and the multitude of species that depend on them—have one less threat to worry about.
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An alarming scientific review has found human activity is driving insects to extinction. When the bottom of the food chain is endangered, so too is everything up the chain—including people. Insect declines threaten birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians that eat insects, as well as the many plants that require them for pollination. Insects are also crucial to soil health, nutrient recycling, and ecosystem functioning.
"If insect-species losses cannot be halted, this will have catastrophic consequences for both the planet's ecosystems and for the survival of mankind," review coauthor Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, from the University of Sydney, Australia, told the Guardian.
Habitat loss from intensive agriculture and urbanization is the main cause of the decline, according to the review, Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers, published in Biological Conservation. Agricultural pesticide and fertilizer use, pathogens, invasive species, and climate change are also major factors.
Review authors Sánchez-Bayo and Kris Wyckhuys, from the China Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing, analyzed 73 scientific reports from around the world. Although the authors admit to some limitations with the study, the reports indicate that 40 percent of insect species are declining, one-third are endangered, and the total mass of insects is dropping by 2.5 percent a year. If these trends continue, most insects could be gone within a century—with severe consequences for all life.
The planet is already headed into its sixth mass extinction. Humans—who make up just 0.01 percent of Earth's living biomass—are the major drivers of the current catastrophe. A World Wildlife Fund study concluded that we've wiped out 60 percent of mammals, fish, birds and reptiles since 1970. Another study found people have destroyed 83 percent of wild mammals and half of all plants since the dawn of civilization. As frightening as that is, the rate of insect extinction is eight times that of mammals, birds, and reptiles.
Sánchez-Bayo said insect declines started at the beginning of the 20th century and accelerated in the 1950s and '60s, reaching "alarming proportions" over the past two decades. He believes recent rapid declines are a result of increased use of new classes of insecticides like neonicotinoids and fipronil, which remain in lands and water, sterilizing soils and killing beneficial insects. (Canada has delayed phasing out neonicotinoids.) Butterflies and moths are hardest hit, with bees and beetles also dramatically affected. The researchers found that a few adaptable species are increasing, but nowhere near enough to offset losses or replace services like pollination, animal nourishment, and soil-health maintenance.
People have made great advances over our short history, but we've often failed to apply our unique foresight to understand the consequences of our actions. Industrial agriculture increased our ability to produce more food, internal combustion engines and oil facilitated mobility and trade, and computer technologies brought about efficiencies in many areas, as well as enhanced social connection.
But our lack of care in implementing these many "advances" has led to overpopulation, pollution, habitat loss, extinction, climate change, and more. If we're capable of so much innovation and technological prowess, surely we have what it takes to resolve the growing environmental crises we've caused.
Some solutions can be implemented quickly and relatively easily, such as banning the worst pesticides, implementing the many available and emerging solutions to pollution and global warming, and examining better ways to grow, produce, and distribute food.
Sánchez-Bayo argues that changes in agricultural methods are crucial, noting organic farms and farms that used limited pesticide amounts in the past had more insects. Research also shows organic farms maintain healthier soils, use less energy, emit fewer greenhouse-gas emissions, and produce higher yields than conventional farms, especially during droughts.
Improving soil health is also a way to sequester more carbon and help reduce the threat of global warming.
Many people are repelled by insects or are frightened at the thought of bites and stings. No matter what you think of them, there's no denying they're essential to all life. If insects die out, we won't survive. From banning destructive pesticides to reforming agricultural methods to planting insect- and pollinator-friendly gardens in urban areas, there's much we can and must do to help the critters survive and thrive.
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Chapter 8: Net Neutrality and the Digital Divide
The Digital Divide
From Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide
A digital divide is an economic and social inequality with regard to access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies(ICT). The divide within countries (such as the digital divide in the United States) may refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, or geographic areas, usually at different socioeconomic levels or other demographic categories. The divide between differing countries or regions of the world is referred to as the global digital divide, examining this technological gap between developing and developed countries on an international scale.
Definitions and usage
The term digital divide describes a gap in terms of access to and usage of information and communication technology. It was traditionally considered to be a question of having or not having access, but with a global mobile phone penetration of over 95%, it is becoming a relative inequality between those who have more and less bandwidth and more or less skills. Conceptualizations of the digital divide have been described as “who, with which characteristics, connects how to what”:
- Who is the subject that connects: individuals, organizations, enterprises, schools, hospitals, countries, etc.
- Which characteristics or attributes are distinguished to describe the divide: income, education, age, geographic location, motivation, reason not to use, etc.
- How sophisticated is the usage: mere access, retrieval, interactivity, intensive and extensive in usage, innovative contributions, etc.
- To what does the subject connect: fixed or mobile, Internet or telephony, digital TV, broadband, etc.
Different authors focus on different aspects, which leads to a large variety of definitions of the digital divide. “For example, counting with only 3 different choices of subjects (individuals, organizations, or countries), each with 4 characteristics (age, wealth, geography, sector), distinguishing between 3 levels of digital adoption (access, actual usage and effective adoption), and 6 types of technologies (fixed phone, mobile… Internet…), already results in 3x4x3x6 = 216 different ways to define the digital divide. Each one of them seems equally reasonable and depends on the objective pursued by the analyst”.
Means of connectivity
The infrastructure by which individuals, households, businesses, and communities connect to the Internet address the physical mediums that people use to connect to the Internet such as desktop computers, laptops, basic mobile phones or smart phones, iPods or other MP3 players, gaming consoles such as Xbox or PlayStation, electronic book readers, and tablets such as iPads.
Traditionally the nature of the divide has been measured in terms of the existing numbers of subscriptions and digital devices. Given the increasing number of such devices, some have concluded that the digital divide among individuals has increasingly been closing as the result of a natural and almost automatic process. Others point to persistent lower levels of connectivity among women, racial and ethnic minorities, people with lower incomes, rural residents, and less educated people as evidence that addressing inequalities in access to and use of the medium will require much more than the passing of time. Recent studies have measured the digital divide not in terms of technological devices, but in terms of the existing bandwidth per individual (in kbit/s per capita). As shown in the Figure on the side, the digital divide in kbit/s is not monotonically decreasing, but re-opens up with each new innovation. For example, “the massive diffusion of narrow-band Internet and mobile phones during the late 1990s” increased digital inequality, as well as “the initial introduction of broadband DSL and cable modems during 2003–2004 increased levels of inequality”. This is because a new kind of connectivity is never introduced instantaneously and uniformly to society as a whole at once, but diffuses slowly through social networks. As shown by the Figure, during the mid-2000s, communication capacity was more unequally distributed than during the late 1980s, when only fixed-line phones existed. The most recent increase in digital equality stems from the massive diffusion of the latest digital innovations (i.e. fixed and mobile broadband infrastructures, e.g. 3G and fiber optics FTTH). Measurement methodologies of the digital divide, and more specifically an Integrated Iterative Approach General Framework (Integrated Contextual Iterative Approach – ICI) and the digital divide modeling theory under measurement model DDG (Digital Divide Gap) are used to analyze the gap existing between developed and developing countries, and the gap among the 27 members-states of the European Union.
The bit as the unifying variable
Instead of tracking various kinds of digital divides among fixed and mobile phones, narrow- and broadband Internet, digital TV, etc., it has recently been suggested to simply measure the amount of kbit/s per actor. This approach has shown that the digital divide in kbit/s per capita is actually widening in relative terms: “While the average inhabitant of the developed world counted with some 40 kbit/s more than the average member of the information society in developing countries in 2001, this gap grew to over 3 Mbit/s per capita in 2010.” The upper graph of the Figure on the side shows that the divide between developed and developing countries has been diminishing when measured in terms of subscriptions per capita. In 2001, fixed-line telecommunication penetration reached 70% of society in developed OECD countries and 10% of the developing world. This resulted in a ratio of 7 to 1 (divide in relative terms) or a difference of 60% (divide in measured in absolute terms). During the next decade, fixed-line penetration stayed almost constant in OECD countries (at 70%), while the rest of the world started a catch-up, closing the divide to a ratio of 3.5 to 1. The lower graph shows the divide not in terms of ICT devices, but in terms of kbit/s per inhabitant. While the average member of developed countries counted with 29 kbit/s more than a person in developing countries in 2001, this difference got multiplied by a factor of one thousand (to a difference of 2900 kbit/s). In relative terms, the fixed-line capacity divide was even worse during the introduction of broadband Internet at the middle of the first decade of the 2000s, when the OECD counted with 20 times more capacity per capita than the rest of the world. This shows the importance of measuring the divide in terms of kbit/s, and not merely to count devices. The International Telecommunications Union concludes that “the bit becomes a unifying variable enabling comparisons and aggregations across different kinds of communication technologies”.
Skills and digital literacy
However, research shows that the digital divide is more than just an access issue and cannot be alleviated merely by providing the necessary equipment. There are at least three factors at play: information accessibility, information utilization and information receptiveness. More than just accessibility, individuals need to know how to make use of the information and communication tools once they exist within a community. Information professionals have the ability to help bridge the gap by providing reference and information services to help individuals learn and utilize the technologies to which they do have access, regardless of the economic status of the individual seeking help.
Internet connectivity can be utilized at a variety of locations such as homes, offices, schools, libraries, public spaces, Internet cafe and others. There are also varying levels of connectivity in rural, suburban, and urban areas.
Common Sense Media, a nonprofit group based in San Francisco, surveyed almost 1,400 parents and reported in 2011 that 47 percent of families with incomes more than $75,000 had downloaded apps for their children, while only 14 percent of families earning less than $30,000 had done so.
Reasons and correlating variables
The gap in a digital divide may exist for a number of reasons. Obtaining access to ICTs and using them actively has been linked to a number of demographic and socio-economic characteristics: among them income, education, race, gender, geographic location (urban-rural), age, skills, awareness, political, cultural and psychological attitudes. Multiple regression analysis across countries has shown that income levels and educational attainment are identified as providing the most powerful explanatory variables for ICT access and usage. Evidence was found that caucasians are much more likely than non-caucasians to own a computer as well as have access to the Internet in their homes. As for geographic location, people living in urban centers have more access and show more usage of computer services than those in rural areas. Gender was previously thought to provide an explanation for the digital divide, many thinking ICT were male gendered, but controlled statistical analysis has shown that income, education and employment act as confounding variables and that women with the same level of income, education and employment actually embrace ICT more than men (see Women and ICT4D).
One telling fact is that “as income rises so does Internet use […]”, strongly suggesting that the digital divide persists at least in part due to income disparities. Most commonly, a digital divide stems from poverty and the economic barriers that limit resources and prevent people from obtaining or otherwise using newer technologies.
In research, while each explanation is examined, others must be controlled in order to eliminate interaction effects or mediating variables, but these explanations are meant to stand as general trends, not direct causes. Each component can be looked at from different angles, which leads to a myriad of ways to look at (or define) the digital divide. For example, measurements for the intensity of usage, such as incidence and frequency, vary by study. Some report usage as access to Internet and ICTs while others report usage as having previously connected to the Internet. Some studies focus on specific technologies, others on a combination (such as Infostate, proposed by Orbicom-UNESCO, the Digital Opportunity Index, or ITU‘s ICT Development Index). Based on different answers to the questions of who, with which kinds of characteristics, connects how and why, to what there are hundreds of alternatives ways to define the digital divide. “The new consensus recognizes that the key question is not how to connect people to a specific network through a specific device, but how to extend the expected gains from new ICTs”. In short, the desired impact and “the end justifies the definition” of the digital divide.
Economic gap in the United States
During the mid-1990s the US Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications & Information Administration (NTIA) began publishing reports about the Internet and access to and usage of the resource. The first of three reports is entitled “Falling Through the Net: A Survey of the ‘Have Nots’ in Rural and Urban America” (1995), the second is “Falling Through the Net II: New Data on the Digital Divide” (1998), and the final report “Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide” (1999). The NTIA’s final report attempted to clearly define the term digital divide; “the digital divide—the divide between those with access to new technologies and those without—is now one of America’s leading economic and civil rights issues. This report will help clarify which Americans are falling further behind, so that we can take concrete steps to redress this gap.” Since the introduction of the NTIA reports, much of the early, relevant literature began to reference the NTIA’s digital divide definition. The digital divide is commonly defined as being between the “haves” and “have-nots.”
Overcoming the divide
An individual must be able to connect in order to achieve enhancement of social and cultural capital as well as achieve mass economic gains in productivity. Therefore, access is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for overcoming the digital divide. Access to ICT meets significant challenges that stem from income restrictions. The borderline between ICT as a necessity good and ICT as a luxury good is roughly around the “magical number” of US$10 per person per month, or US$120 per year, which means that people consider ICT expenditure of US$120 per year as a basic necessity. Since more than 40% of the world population lives on less than US$2 per day, and around 20% live on less than US$1 per day (or less than US$365 per year), these income segments would have to spend one third of their income on ICT (120/365 = 33%). The global average of ICT spending is at a mere 3% of income. Potential solutions include driving down the costs of ICT, which includes low cost technologies and shared access through Telecentres.
Furthermore, even though individuals might be capable of accessing the Internet, many are thwarted by barriers to entry such as a lack of means to infrastructure or the inability to comprehend the information that the Internet provides. Lack of adequate infrastructure and lack of knowledge are two major obstacles that impede mass connectivity. These barriers limit individuals’ capabilities in what they can do and what they can achieve in accessing technology. Some individuals have the ability to connect, but they do not have the knowledge to use what information ICTs and Internet technologies provide them. This leads to a focus on capabilities and skills, as well as awareness to move from mere access to effective usage of ICT.
The United Nations is aiming to raise awareness of the divide by way of the World Information Society Day which has taken place yearly since May 17, 2006. It also set up the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Task Force in November 2001. Later UN initiatives in this area are the World Summit on the Information Society, which was set up in 2003, and the Internet Governance Forum, set up in 2006.
In the year 2000, the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme launched its Online Volunteering service, which uses ICT as a vehicle for and in support of volunteering. It constitutes an example of a volunteering initiative that effectively contributes to bridge the digital divide. ICT-enabled volunteering has a clear added value for development. If more people collaborate online with more development institutions and initiatives, this will imply an increase in person-hours dedicated to development cooperation at essentially no additional cost. This is the most visible effect of online volunteering for human development.
Social media websites serve as both manifestations of and means by which to combat the digital divide. The former describes phenomena such as the divided users demographics that make up sites such as Facebook and Myspace or Word Press and Tumblr. Each of these sites host thriving communities that engage with otherwise marginalized populations. An example of this is the large online community devoted to Afrofuturism, a discourse that critiques dominant structures of power by merging themes of science fiction and blackness. Social media brings together minds that may not otherwise meet, allowing for the free exchange of ideas and empowerment of marginalized discourses.
Attempts to bridge the digital divide include a program developed in Durban, South Africa, where very low access to technology and a lack of documented cultural heritage has motivated the creation of an “online indigenous digital library as part of public library services.” This project has the potential to narrow the digital divide by not only giving the people of the Durban area access to this digital resource, but also by incorporating the community members into the process of creating it.
Another attempt to narrow the digital divide takes the form of One Laptop Per Child (OLPC). This organization, founded in 2005, provides inexpensively produced “XO” laptops (dubbed the “$100 laptop”, though actual production costs vary) to children residing in poor and isolated regions within developing countries. Each laptop belongs to an individual child and provides a gateway to digital learning and Internet access. The XO laptops are specifically designed to withstand more abuse than higher-end machines, and they contain features in context to the unique conditions that remote villages present. Each laptop is constructed to use as little power as possible, have a sunlight-readable screen, and is capable of automatically networking with other XO laptops in order to access the Internet—as many as 500 machines can share a single point of access.
To address the divide The Gates Foundation began the Gates Library Initiative. The Gates Foundation focused on providing more than just access, they placed computers and provided training in libraries. In this manner if users began to struggle while using a computer, the user was in a setting where assistance and guidance was available. Further, the Gates Library Initiative was “modeled on the old-fashioned life preserver: The support needs to be around you to keep you afloat.”
In nations where poverty compounds effects of the digital divide, programs are emerging to counter those trends. Prior conditions in Kenya—lack of funding, language and technology illiteracy contributed to an overall lack of computer skills and educational advancement for those citizens. This slowly began to change when foreign investment began. In the early 2000s, The Carnegie Foundation funded a revitalization project through the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS). Those resources enabled public libraries to provide information and communication technologies (ICT) to their patrons. In 2012, public libraries in the Busia and Kiberia communities introduced technology resources to supplement curriculum for primary schools. By 2013, the program expanded into ten schools.
Community Informatics (CI) provides a somewhat different approach to addressing the digital divide by focusing on issues of “use” rather than simply “access”. CI is concerned with ensuring the opportunity not only for ICT access at the community level but also, according to Michael Gurstein, that the means for the “effective use” of ICTs for community betterment and empowerment are available. Gurstein has also extended the discussion of the digital divide to include issues around access to and the use of “open data” and coined the term “data divide” to refer to this issue area.
Once an individual is connected, Internet connectivity and ICTs can enhance his or her future social and cultural capital. Social capital is acquired through repeated interactions with other individuals or groups of individuals. Connecting to the Internet creates another set of means by which to achieve repeated interactions. ICTs and Internet connectivity enable repeated interactions through access to social networks, chat rooms, and gaming sites. Once an individual has access to connectivity, obtains infrastructure by which to connect, and can understand and use the information that ICTs and connectivity provide, that individual is capable of becoming a “digital citizen”.
Since gender, age, racial, income, and educational gaps in the digital divide have lessened compared to past levels, some researchers suggest that the digital divide is shifting from a gap in access and connectivity to ICTs to a knowledge divide. A knowledge divide concerning technology presents the possibility that the gap has moved beyond access and having the resources to connect to ICTs to interpreting and understanding information presented once connected.
Second-level digital divide
The second-level digital divide, also referred to as the production gap, describes the gap that separates the consumers of content on the Internet from the producers of content. As the technological digital divide is decreasing between those with access to the Internet and those without, the meaning of the term digital divide is evolving. Previously, digital divide research has focused on accessibility to the Internet and Internet consumption. However, with more and more of the population with access to the Internet, researchers are examining how people use the Internet to create content and what impact socioeconomics are having on user behavior. New applications have made it possible for anyone with a computer and an Internet connection to be a creator of content, yet the majority of user generated content available widely on the Internet, like public blogs, is created by a small portion of the Internet using population. Web 2.0 technologies like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Blogs enable users to participate online and create content without having to understand how the technology actually works, leading to an ever increasing digital divide between those who have the skills and understanding to interact more fully with the technology and those who are passive consumers of it. Many are only nominal content creators through the use of Web 2.0, posting photos and status updates on Facebook, but not truly interacting with the technology.
Some of the reasons for this production gap include material factors like the type of Internet connection one has and the frequency of access to the Internet. The more frequently a person has access to the Internet and the faster the connection, the more opportunities they have to gain the technology skills and the more time they have to be creative.
Other reasons include cultural factors often associated with class and socioeconomic status. Users of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to participate in content creation due to disadvantages in education and lack of the necessary free time for the work involved in blog or web site creation and maintenance. Additionally, there is evidence to support the existence of the second-level digital divide at the K-12 level based on how educators’ use technology for instruction. Schools’ economic factors have been found to explain variation in how teachers use technology to promote higher-order thinking skills.
The global digital divide
|World population||6.5 billion||6.9 billion||7.2 billion|
|Not using the Internet||84%||70%||60%|
|Using the Internet||16%||30%||40%|
|Users in the developing world||8%||21%||32%|
|Users in the developed world||51%||67%||78%|
Source: International Telecommunications Union.
|Asia and Pacific||9%||23%||32%|
Source: International Telecommunications Union.
|World population||6.6 billion||6.9 billion||7.2 billion|
Source: International Telecommunications Union.
|Asia and Pacific||3%||6%||8%|
|Asia and Pacific||3%||7%||23%|
Source: International Telecommunications Union.
The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between developed and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information resources such as the Internet and the opportunities derived from such access. As with a smaller unit of analysis, this gap describes an inequality that exists, referencing a global scale.
The Internet is expanding very quickly, and not all countries—especially developing countries—are able to keep up with the constant changes. The term “digital divide” doesn’t necessarily mean that someone doesn’t have technology; it could mean that there is simply a difference in technology. These differences can refer to, for example, high-quality computers, fast Internet, technical assistance, or telephone services. The difference between all of these is also considered a gap.
In fact, there is a large inequality worldwide in terms of the distribution of installed telecommunication bandwidth. In 2014 only 3 countries (China, US, Japan) host 50% of the globally installed bandwidth potential (see pie-chart Figure on the right). This concentration is not new, as historically only 10 countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see Figure). The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of the global total).
Versus the digital divide
The global digital divide is a special case of the digital divide, the focus is set on the fact that “Internet has developed unevenly throughout the world”:681 causing some countries to fall behind in technology, education, labor, democracy, and tourism. The concept of the digital divide was originally popularized in regard to the disparity in Internet access between rural and urban areas of the United States of America; the global digital divide mirrors this disparity on an international scale.
The global digital divide also contributes to the inequality of access to goods and services available through technology. Computers and the Internet provide users with improved education, which can lead to higher wages; the people living in nations with limited access are therefore disadvantaged. This global divide is often characterized as falling along what is sometimes called thenorth-south divide of “northern” wealthier nations and “southern” poorer ones.
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This year, about 450,000 Americans will die of coronary heart disease – the leading cause of death for both men and women. Although we have made great strides in preventing and treating heart disease, we continue to explore the complex mechanisms involved in cardiovascular disease, and we are eager to refine risk assessment tools and preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of heart attack and stroke.
New results from three studies being presented at the American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions in New Orleans and published in scientific journals today provide the strongest evidence to date that a simple blood test for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a useful marker for cardiovascular disease. Importantly, a much-anticipated study demonstrates for the first time that hsCRP levels in the blood can be used to guide treatment decisions to effectively lower the risk of heart attacks, stroke, and death. Together, these studies show great promise in helping clinicians better identify and treat individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease – potentially saving millions more lives.
For years, growing evidence has suggested that inflammation plays a strong role in developing cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. HsCRP is one of the most widely studied markers of inflammation in cardiovascular disease.
But, whether measuring hsCRP adds any measurable value for predicting risk for cardiovascular disease independent of traditional risk factors, such as age, blood cholesterol levels, blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking has been a topic of great debate. Further, it has been uncertain whether hsCRP levels can be used to improve treatment decisions.
Two studies supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) show that adding hsCRP levels to assess risk of a first heart attack or stroke in middle-aged or older adults improves accuracy over the traditional assessment tools by between 5 percent and 14 percent. The information proved to be especially valuable in reclassifying the risk of heart disease and stroke among individuals considered to be at intermediate risk (10 percent to 20 percent risk of having a heart attack within 10 years) by traditional methods.
Using data from the 3006 participants in NHLBI's Framingham Heart Offspring Study, Peter W. F. Wilson, M.D., of Emory University in Atlanta and colleagues from NHLBI, Boston University, and Tufts USDA Nutrition Center in Boston found that using hsCRP levels to assess risk provided a more accurate risk assessment over traditional risk scores among people otherwise considered at intermediate risk. The researchers suggest a two-stepped approach to assessing risk – using traditional risk scores first, then adding hsCRP levels to those found to be at intermediate risk – to guide clinical decisions. These results are published online today in Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes.
In the second study, researchers used data from 10,724 men in the Physicians Health Study-II to prospectively develop the Reynolds Risk Score for Men, which adds hsCRP levels and parental history of early heart disease to traditional risk factors to assess men's risk. The new assessment tool was significantly more accurate than traditional risk factors alone in the study population. The report, by Paul Ridker, MD, of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, and colleagues, is published online in the journal Circulation today and will be presented Tuesday at the AHA Scientific Sessions. Previous work in the NHLBI-funded Women's Health Study led to the development of a comparable Reynolds Risk Score for women last year.
The third hsCRP study results released today are from JUPITER (the Justification for Use of statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin), an international randomized clinical trial to test the effectiveness of treating individuals with high levels of hsCRP. Dr. Ridker and his colleagues demonstrate for the first time that a strategy of treatment decisions based upon hsCRP levels in otherwise healthy individuals significantly improves outcomes.
The study of 17,802 apparently healthy men and women was stopped early on March 30 after about 2 years because of the strong positive results. The researchers found that a daily dose of a commonly used statin, rosuvastatin (Crestor), reduced the risk of heart attack, stroke, and death by nearly half (44 percent) in individuals with high levels of hsCRP (2.0 mg/L or higher) but with normal or low levels of LDL (130mg/dL or lower). The treatment reduced LDL cholesterol by 50 percent and hsCRP by 37 percent. Supported by AstraZeneca, U.S., the study was presented today at the AHA Scientific Sessions and appears online in the New England Journal of Medicine (November 20, 2008, print issue).
These studies expand our understanding of the role of inflammation in detecting early signs of cardiovascular disease and identifying adults who are at risk for heart attack or stroke. These findings suggest that adding hsCRP levels to traditional risk factors could identify millions more adults for whom treatment with statins appears to lower the risk of heart attack.
Many clinicians now offer hsCRP testing to their patients, but until now the value of hsCRP levels to treatment decisions, especially in adults with desirable cholesterol levels, was unclear. As with any medical discovery, however, broadly adopting a new approach to detect or treat a condition should first be critically tested, preferably through large-scale event-based randomized clinical trials like JUPITER, and proven to bear greater benefits than risks, including costs.
As part of the NHLBI strategic plan, we have engaged an expert panel to review and update the scientific evidence regarding the assessment and management of cardiovascular risk factors. Today's findings will be part of the rigorous scientific review to distill the scientific evidence and generate an evidence-based, comprehensive, set of clinical guidelines for primary care practitioners to help adult patients reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease.
In the meantime, however, we must not lose sight of the essential truth of what we already know to prevent heart disease: Cholesterol still counts, and we have proven ways to lower it and lessen its impact. The value of following a heart-healthy eating plan, being physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking cannot be overestimated. And, statins can significantly reduce the risk of heart attack in those at high risk.
Let us continue to use our current knowledge as well as apply new discoveries based on solid evidence to take action for the betterment of individual and public health.
Links: What is Coronary Artery Disease?, www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html
Source: NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
Explore further: People at 'intermediate risk' of heart disease with elevated hsCRP benefit from statin therapy
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Brundtland Commission report published ‘Our Common Future, was published by Oxford ‘University Press in 1987defined the differences between sustainability and sustainable development:
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Accordingly SD a pattern of resource use that preserves the environment but meets human needs now and in the future. It about striking a balance between economic and social aspirations and the environmental limits to growth. It suggests modes of operation that can be maintained indefinably. It encompasses notions of diversity and replenishment and at its simplest can be regarded as a form of human that can be maintained within a self replenishing contxt.
The terms ‘sustainability’ and ‘sustainable development’ are increasingly becoming part of our everyday language, but even those well informed on the subject sometimes have difficulty articulating what they mean. It’s really not that difficult. Sustainability is the destination, an end-state, and sustainable development is a means of getting there. It’s all about striking the right balance when making decisions, ensuring that our economic and social aspirations are achieved within environmental limits.
Put simply, it’s about leaving the world in a better condition than we found it in.
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The Billion Oyster Project has an ambitious goal: to restore one billion oysters to New York Harbor. The organization has raised nearly 20 million so far. Even more amazing, many of the people doing the heavy lifting to achieve this goal aren’t old enough to drive.
The project is supported by a five-year grant from Science Sandbox, the Simons Foundation initiative dedicated to public engagement with science.
Students at New York Harbor School are scuba diving, designing underwater equipment and raising oyster larvae — all part of the effort to restore New York Harbor to its former status as a thriving, biodiverse estuary. In exchange for their contributions to the project, students gain a clearer understanding of their communities and the role the harbor has played in the city’s development.
To date, the Billion Oyster Project has partnered with more than 50 restaurants to collect repurposed shells and provided more than 50 schools with resources that enable teachers to use oyster restoration to teach math and science.
Ben Von Wong, a conceptual photographer based in San Francisco, learned about the project through conversations with Science Sandbox staff at a retreat hosted by the National Academy of Sciences. He connected with the Billion Oyster Project and traveled to New York City to visit the project’s headquarters on Governors Island, and to profile the students working on the project.
With the help of large production crews of talented volunteers he meets online, Von Wong creates magical-looking scenes that look almost fake, a quality that often leads to heated debates about their authenticity. Shared through social media channels, the eye-catching images often go viral, bringing broad awareness to conservation issues and social-impact projects Von Wong partners with. The video profile of the Billion Oyster Project shoot was viewed over 6 million times within weeks of being posted on Facebook.
See more from Ben’s profile here.
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|Nehalaennia, an 8 million-year-old rorqual|
from the Netherlands, first described this year
Sunday, 15 December 2019
Sunday, 8 December 2019
As the name implies, European moles are essentially unique to Europe. They are found throughout much of the continent, from northern Spain, Italy, and the central Balkans in the south to southern Sweden and Finland in the north. They are not found in southern Russia, but do reach just beyond the boundary with Asia in the northeast. While they are not native to Ireland, they are found on a number of smaller islands off the coasts of England, Scotland, and Denmark.
Sunday, 1 December 2019
There were two particularly significant changes among the North American mammalian carnivores that took place around this time. One was the extinction of the bear-dogs, a group with a long history on the continent that was, by this time, typified by relatively large animals that would have looked more like bears than dogs (although they were neither). Over in Europe and Asia, the bear-dogs survived for rather longer, although even there they struggled... but in North America, the changes were too extreme for them to cope with, and they died out as the Late Miocene dawned.
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According to the US Department of Justice, an MOU can do a variety of things. On a basic level, it can serve the function of a “business agreement” clarifying the financial arrangement between a school district and law enforcement agency—in other words, who is covering the expenses for the SRO program. But a good MOU will go further than just the business agreement. It should outline and articulate the many best practices that SRO programs need to incorporate, including language about defining roles, selecting, and training officers, engaging with the community, and more.
MOUs are not one-size-fits-all; they are agreements that should emerge from a collaborative process that includes stakeholders from education, law enforcement, and the wider community. This process can establish a common vision that meets the needs, goals, objectives, and safety challenges of the school and its community. It may even reference standard operating procedures (SOP) for the law enforcement agency working in the schools. In addition, MOUs should allow for adaptation to the evolving needs and goals of the community.
Take advantage of this free, on-demand webinar from the REMS TA Center to help your school or district develop your Memorandum of Understanding with your local law enforcement agency.
This course has been developed to help you understand memoranda of understanding (MOUs) and how they can help strengthen school emergency operations plans. Learn about basic components of MOUs; types of community partners that schools may want to consider developing an MOU with; strategies for creating MOUs in the school and school district setting; and how MOUs can enhance collaboration and coordination to support school emergency preparedness. This course is recommended for members of core planning teams, as well as school, school district, and community partner personnel with a role and/or responsibility in school safety, security, emergency management, and preparedness.
-REMS TA Center
A certificate is available to print upon completion of this hourlong course.
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the door of Old Pelion Hut is a grey faded board fixed to the end wall
on which the name ‘Emhlangana’ is carved. It has evidently been there
for a long time. Over the years a number of people have asked me about
it. My knowledge was very limited. All I knew was that when geologist
Ken Burns did a survey of the Pelion copper mine in March 1958 he
referred to Old Pelion Hut as Ehmlangana in his report (see KL Burns
Preliminary Survey, Pelion Copper Mines, Tasmanian Mines Technical Report No 3, Hobart, 1958, pp. 34–36).
Recently, I learnt more. Fiona Rice, interpretation officer with the
Parks and Wildlife Service was intrigued by it and with Steve Billingham
of the Office of the Nomenclature Board, came close to solving the
mystery. The found that the name is of Zulu origin and historically
referred to both a place and a people in South Africa. There is
currently a school, Ehmlangana Primary School, for example, northwest of
Then they found a newspaper account that indicated that the Wooton
family residence at the Nook, near Sheffield was called ‘Emhlangana’.
Checking the Wooton family on ancestry.com, revealed a Mary Wooton born
in Natal in South Africa in 1864 and who died in Lorinna in 1933. With
this the pieces of the puzzle started to come together suggesting that
members of the Wooton family of Sheffield once lived in South Africa and
that, after migrating to Tasmania, named their home after a place in
How then did the name come to be applied to Old Pelion Hut and when?
There are a couple of possibilities. Mary Wooton married Daniel
Wyllie in 1895. In his PhD thesis historian Tim Jetson reports that he
interviewed one of their sons, Andrew (born 1898) in 1980. Andrew Wyllie
(and his father Dan Wyllie) was involved in sheep and cattle grazing on
Pelion Plains in the 1930s when Cox and Day held a grazing lease over
the area. Interestingly, these men would routinely stay in Old Pelion
when at the plains. Maybe it was Andrew or Dan Wyllie who named the hut?
The other opportunity is suggested by the name ‘LT Wooton 1941’,
written on one of the inside walls of Old Pelion. That this may be the
more likely option is suggested by the fact that Jetson also interviewed
Laurie Wooton in 1980 and from him, apparently, came the information
that Ehmlangana is Zulu for ‘meeting’ or ‘joining’.
When was it named? A search through the Old Pelion Hut logbook by Nic
Haygarth suggests that it happened well before 1958 when Burns noticed
it. There is an entry dated 12 January 1944 that reads: ‘ "Emhlangana".
Expectation was not better than realization. But why is there nothing
wrong with "Emhlangana"? Windermere has a troop of possums, Narcissus
smokey chimneys etc, but "Emhlangana" nothing! ...'
Any additional information would be welcome.
Walters' Hut above Trappers
In January, David, a subscriber to this blog, and I had a brief
exchange about a structure that once stood in the little wet lead above
the Trappers Hut.
This structure was a cattleman’s hut built by Vin Walters and members
of his extended family in the 1930s. The Walters family of Mole Creek
took up land at Walters Marsh and the Horse Plain (now under Lake
Rowallan) in a process that began with William Walters in 1877. By the
mid 1920s the family, then in its third generation, owned nearly 400
acres there. In 1934 Vin Walters took up extra country in the form of a
couple of grazing leases in the Walls of Jerusalem and on the Lake
Adelaide Plain. He put cattle up there, beginning with an agisted herd
of dairy cows, on and off until the Second World War. They built a rough
hut at the top of the track to provide a bit of shelter when they were
checking the stock. It was a decent sized structure with a gable roof,
clad in corrugated iron, but was never finished. In the photograph I
have of it, taken at Christmas 1938 (see below), part of one wall is
covered by an old tarpaulin.
In 1946, when the Trappers Hut was being built, the corrugated iron
on the building was removed to roof the Trappers Hut. All that remains
today of the Walters’ hut is a pile of stones responding to the location
of the fireplace and a couple of corner posts.
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You can put just about any type of content into the classroom steps. Pictures and videos help to make the pages more interesting and engaging. You can use graphic elements to make the pages more readable.
TO ADD FILES: You add files from the Classroom Entry page itself. You use this section to upload as many files as you want to make available from that webpage. These extensions can be used: txt pdf xls xlsx doc docx jpg jpeg png bmp ppt pptx psd odt ott gif ods odp odg otp ots
Files that you upload are identified in the Classroom as File Attachment and will display as below on that Step page.
TO ADD GRAPHICS: There are icons among the tools for the Body section that include inserting graphics (Images) and IFrames. The tool on the left inserts a Graphics element (image) and the one on the right is for IFrames.
To insert an image, position your cursor in the Body section where you want the image, click on the Image icon. Click on Browse Server to select and insert an image that you have already uploaded, or to upload an image file from your local computer. There are options to add a border or hyperlink to the image, resize and position it on your classroom page.
An IFrame is used to embed another document or video in your classroom page.
TO ADD HYPERLINKS: You can add hyperlinks to your web pages using the "Link" icon. Just highlight your text, click on the Link icon and copy and paste in the hyperlink.
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Women and girls around the world continue to be disproportionately affected by sexual and reproductive health issues compared to men and boys. In Eastern and Southern Africa, data shows that 11 200 000 million women (15+) are living with HIV compared to 7 200 000 men. New HIV infections among young women (15–24) and adolescent girls (10–19) indicate a higher risk of HIV infection. In 2017, 200 000 young women were infected with HIV compared to 89 000 men, while 96 000 adolescent girls were infected with HIV compared to 25 000 adolescent boys.
To this end, the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) organized a side event on the implementation of the 2016 Commission on Status of Women 60/2 (CSW 60/2) Resolution on Women, the Girl Child and HIV on the side lines of the ongoing 63rd CSW in New York. This resolution and the 2016 Political Declaration on Ending AIDS demonstrates that strong political will exists to address the causes of high levels of new HIV infections among adolescent girls and young women.
Engaging across sectors, CSW Resolution 60/2 calls on countries to take action to effectively address challenges such as access to education, including comprehensive sexuality education; laws, policies and strategies to prevent and eliminate gender-based violence; promotion of economic opportunities for women and girls; and the engagement of men and boys in the AIDS response.
“As SADC Member States we are committed to accelerate efforts to ensure that all girls and women have access to information and services that will help them to avoid HIV infection,” said Doreen Sioka, Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare, Namibia. To this end, SADC has agreed on ambitious HIV prevention targets.
Bathabile Dlamini, Minister of Women, South Africa, spoke of the need to address the intersections between gender-based violence and HIV. “In South Africa we are opening difficult conversations with men on gender-based violence,” she stated.
Rouzeh Eghtessadi, from the Southern Africa HIV and AIDS Information Dissemination Services and Midred Mushunj, from the Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (SRHR) Africa Trust, addressed the critical issue of integrating SRHR and HIV services. Evidence shows that integration is important not only to an overburdened health system but also for women and girls to access services more efficiently. SADC has developed and endorsed a progressive SRHR strategy with the participation of partners and civil society, including to encourage governments to implement agreements and instruments that they have endorsed.
Participants at the meeting noted the importance of engaging men and boys to address gender-based violence. “Society often unfairly puts the burden and responsibility to address gender-based violence on girls and women. In many cases society will ask why women do not leave an abusive relationship. There is a need to transform that question and ask why perpetrators of gender-based violence do not stop, ” said Bafana Khumalo of Sonke Gender Justice.
The event ended with a commitment from SADC to continue building on the momentum created and to develop a comprehensive report on implementation of the CSW 60/2 resolution.
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There is a persistent urban legend about American tourists going to the Place de la Bastille in Paris and feeling cheated when they discover that the Bastille Fortress isn’t even there any more.
Perhaps this has really happened at one time or another, but I think most tourists from all over the world are aware that the Bastille was destroyed during the French Revolution after being stormed by the people of Paris on July 14, 1789, for which reason July 14 is still celebrated every year as the French National Holiday.
From 1812 to 1846, the Place de la Bastille was dominated by a bizarre monument, a huge elephant, twenty-four meters high, made of wood and plaster. This elephant was Napoleon’s idea. He wanted it to be made of bronze melted down from cannons captured in battles by his victorious armies. But just to show what it would look like, he first ordered a full-scale mock-up made of wood and plaster to be made and set up in the center of the square.
The bronze version was never made, but the wood-and-plaster mock-up stood in the center of the Place de la Bastille for thirty-four years. With each passing year it got more and more bedraggled. The plaster started to crumble and the hollow spaces inside were infested with rats.
At one point it was discovered that a young boy was sleeping inside the elephant at night. This discovery was worth a few lines in the Paris newspapers, under the heading faits divers for miscellaneous curiosities, and these reports gave Victor Hugo the idea of using the elephant as the secret home of the street urchin Gavroche in his novel Les Misérables.
Today the Place de la Bastille is a huge open square — not in the shape of a square but more of a sloppy circle — in which motor vehicles careen around wildly at high speeds with no semblance of order. This will be changed starting in 2018, when the Place de la Bastille is scheduled to be thoroughly rearranged so as to reduce car traffic, make more room for cyclists and pedestrians and greatly increase the space devoted to grass and trees.
Until then, the July Column, in the middle of the square, is generally not accessible because of all the motor traffic. This column commemorates the events of July 1830, which resulted in the fall of King Charles X of France and the beginning of the reign of King Louis-Philippe.
The magnificent new Paris opera house, the Opéra Bastille, was inaugurated on July 14, 1989, on the two hundredth anniversary of the storming of the Bastille.
My photos in this post are from 2012. I revised the text in 2017.
See more posts on the Place de la Bastille.
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Circuits and Electronics 3: Applications
Want to learn how your radio works? Wondering how to implement filters using resistors, inductors, and capacitors? Wondering what are some other applications of RLC and CMOS circuits? This free circuits course, taught by edX CEO and MIT Professor Anant Agarwal and MIT colleagues, is for you.
The third and final online Circuits and Electronics courses is taken by all MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) majors.
Topics covered include: dynamics of capacitor, inductor and resistor networks; design in the time and frequency domains; op-amps, and analog and digital circuits and applications. Design and lab exercises are also significant components of the course.
Weekly coursework includes interactive video sequences, readings from the textbook, homework, online laboratories, and optional tutorials. The course will also have a final exam.
This is a self-paced course, so there are no weekly deadlines. However, all assignments are due when the course ends.
Upcoming start dates
- Self-paced Online
Who should attend?
You should have a mathematical background of working with calculus and basic differential equations, and a high school physics background in electricity and magnetism. You should also have taken Circuits and Electronics 1 and Circuits and Electronics 2, or have an equivalent background in basic circuit analysis and first order circuits.
- Second-order circuits, damping in second-order systems
- Sinusoidal steady state analysis, frequency response, frequency response plots, impedance methods
- Filters, quality factor, time and frequency domain responses
- Op-amp abstraction, negative feedback, Op-amp amplifiers, Op-amp filters and other circuits
- Stability, positive feedback, oscillators, energy and power
- CMOS digital logic, breaking, the abstraction barrier
Course delivery details
This course is offered through Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a partner institute of EdX.
8-10 hours per week
- Verified Track -$169
- Audit Track - Free
Certification / Credits
What you'll learn
- How to construct and analyze filters using capacitors and inductors
- How to use intuition to describe the approximate time and frequency behavior of second-order circuits containing energy storage elements (capacitors and inductors)
- The relationship between the mathematical representation of first-order circuit behavior and corresponding real-life effects
- Circuits applications using op-amps
- Measurement of circuit variables using tools such as virtual oscilloscopes, virtual multimeters, and virtual signal generators
- How to compare the measurements with the behavior predicted by mathematical models and explain the discrepancies
Contact this provider
edX For Business helps leading companies upskill their labor forces by making the world’s greatest educational resources available to learners across a wide variety of in-demand fields. edX For Business delivers high-quality corporate eLearning to train and engage your employees...
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NIST researchers have measured new values for key properties of organic solvents and inorganic solutions that might be useful in immersion lithography. Little more than an idea three years ago, immersion lithography is already being commercialized, thanks in part to previously published NIST data.
The technique uses liquids to sharpen the focus of patterns used in "printing" semiconductor circuits, much like the eye uses a liquid centre to help form images on the retina. Prototype commercial systems use water between the last lens element and the circuit's silicon wafer base, to focus 193-nanometer wavelengths of light down to circuit feature sizes of perhaps 45 nanometers.
The liquids used for immersion lithography must have a high refractive index, the higher the better, which affects how light bends as it crosses interfaces. NIST previously published data on the refractive index of water, which is almost 50 percent higher than that of air. "When we started this work two years ago, you couldn't even find adequate data on water," says Simon Kaplan.
Several companies have proposed proprietary high-index immersion liquids. The NIST work, by contrast, is a fully public report of the key optical properties of a range of fluids. The survey indicates useful trends, such as the fact that refractive index increases with molecular size, and includes data on the effect of temperature on the refractive index, which is crucial in maintaining a sharp focus during the printing process. The data may help other researchers identify useful liquids or calibrate their own measurements.
COMPAMED.de; Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
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17 Sep The Life Saving Role Of Elevators
Time is the essence when patients are taken to hospitals for emergency medical attention and elevators have a major role to play in such scenarios. The amount of time that can be saved in taking the patient to the trauma table is crucial in saving lives. There are many large hospitals that run into several floors and have special arrangements for helipad on the roof top that is used to evacuate emergency patients who need urgent trauma care.
Usually the trauma care center is located at the lower floors of the building and when the patient arrives at the helipad, the team of doctors and attendants seeks speedy means of shifting the patient from the roof to the bottom floors. This is when elevators play an important role in accommodating the entire team and moving them at top speed to their destination. The life saving aspect of elevators is witnessed in large hospitals that have high speed elevators to expedite urgent medical care.
Hospital elevators are specially designed so as to accommodate at least 20 people and are the size of a big room. Trauma care patients are received at the hospital helipad by the trauma team of two doctors and two nurses along with another 10-12 attendants and staff along with the flight crew who accompany the patient in the elevator. Moving from the helipad to the operating room includes the travel time of the elevator which is equipped to travel at 600 feet in a minute. So even if one has to cover 16 to 18 storey it can be done just a shade below half a minute.
Time Saving and Convenience
While time saving is important in hospitals, the convenience of elevator users is no less important at such places. Waiting for elevators indefinitely can be a major bottleneck and wash out the benefits of speedy travel. There are some elevators that come with special features like Destination Dispatch that reduces waiting time for elevators and allocate elevators appropriately according to the needs of passengers. Elevator companies in New York City are equipped to incorporate this special feature in elevators, in case it does not have one, when undertaking modernization.
Taking into consideration the position of elevator cars, the speed of travel and the direction of travel, the system does a computerized calculation to make cars available to people with minimum waiting time and improve the efficiency of elevator deployment.
Enhancing Safety and Comfort
If installing an elevator with all modern features and high speed is a costly proposition, considering the size of operation of the hospital, some of these features can be included at a later stage when undertaking modernization. Cab pads may be fitted inside the elevator car to protect the walls from scratches and dents from food carts and stretchers. For consistent door opening and closing there are door operator packages available that can be fitted along with door edge protection guard that prevents unwanted door closing.
How elevators can be used in a better way to streamline mobility in hospitals makes interesting study and brings into prominence the life saving role of elevators.
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Category: A group of biblical books that have a similar literary genre or main themes and have been placed together as a major section of the Bible.
Torah: The first five books of the Old Testament that recount the foundation story of the Israelites, their covenant with God, and their role in human history.
Literary Style: A unique style of writing that follows recognized literary conventions and language patterns.
Narrative: A story sequence in which characters are placed in a setting and involved in a developing plotline.
Epic Narrative: A narrative that is intentionally placed in an ambiguous historical setting in order to make larger claims about the nature of reality and human purpose.
God rescues the Israelites from slavery in Egypt and confronts the evil and injustice of Pharaoh.
Torah Series Part III
The first part of Exodus recounts how Abraham’s family ends up enslaved in Egypt. God raises up a deliverer to confront the evil of Pharaoh and to liberate the Israelites. From Egypt they set out into the wilderness on the way to Mt. Sinai.
About Exodus 1-18
Filled with memorable miracles, Chapters 1-18 in the Book of Exodus hold much more purpose than simple entertainment. They contain historical accounts with tangible truths that still apply to the present. The story begins in Egypt where Genesis leaves off but reveals a much darker picture: Abraham's descendants have indeed grown as numerous as the stars, but are now oppressed in slavery by a Pharaoh who has forgotten the kindness his predecessor showed to Joseph's family.
Hearing their prayers, God confronts Pharaoh's stubbornness and delivers the Israelites from bondage. He sends Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh as agents that usher in a multitude of signs and wonders, and display God's glory in a land of idols. God also establishes the first Passover, a turnkey event for the founding of Israel and Christ's sacrifice. Themes of redemption, rebellion and The Blessing continue to play out for individuals and nations in this section.
Slavery in Egypt
After 430 years of brutal slavery in Egypt, God answers the Israelites' cries for help. He sends Moses and Aaron to tell Pharaoh to release them.
God vs. Pharaoh
Moses and Aaron keep telling Pharaoh about God's message, but Pharaoh doesn't listen. God sends nine plagues in Egypt, yet Pharaoh's heart grows hard each time.
God sends one final plague: Kill Egypt's firstborn overnight. The Israelites sacrifice lambs, spread the blood on their doorways and are saved – the first Passover.
Pharaoh's son dies and the Israelites leave, but Pharaoh changes his mind and pursues them. They miraculously cross the sea and the Egyptian army drowns.
Miracles in the Wilderness
The Israelites praise God for saving them but eventually grumble against Moses' leadership. In His mercy, God provides them with food and water in the wilderness.
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Yesterday we visited the Jewish Museum of Maryland. Students took part in an archaeology lab in which they found pieces from various era in history. Using primary source documents and some strategic deducing they were able to pin point what era the artifacts came from and then pieced them back together. The "Zap, Pow, Bam" exhibit was exciting, as well. Students researched the "Golden Era" of comic book history. Ask them about the original Super Man sketchings tonight! You might want to also ask them who the original Super Heros were battling against in the "Golden Era". (1939-1950) The museum curators were very pleased with our students' behavior and are excited to have us back again!
Today we visited the "Top of the World" exhibit at the World Trade Center in Baltimore's Inner Harbor. Students had a 360 degree view of the city where they could see as far out as the Cheseapeake Bay to the south and Towson to the north. Each student was asked to locate various geometric shapes they saw throughout the city and draw label the names of those shapes and buildings on their research activity sheet. Students were also asked to estimate the distance to various landmarks like the Key Bridge and Camden Yards. Tomorrow in class we will see how close their estimates were! In addition they also learned distances to various cities around the world and some Baltimore cinema history! Ask your children about it tonight!
In addition to our Star Spangled Banner National Historic Trail project we are doing, we also have our "Harris Creek Connected" community service project we will be completing in April. Local artist and graphic designer, Ben Peterson, has plotted out the entire project of which we are one piece. Harris Creek currently runs underneath the park by the tennis courts and the ice skating rink. Everything we do effects Harris Creek which in turn effects the Chesapeake Bay. All that trash that goes down the storm drains goes through the creek and into the bay. Hopefully with this project our community can be better informed and not litter in the park and streets. Baltimore is such an incredible city with such a rich history. This is just another way to connect the past with the present through Art, Math, Language Arts, Science and History. We can't wait to get started! Visit Ben's blog on the project here.
The following article was posted on the National Park Service website this week. I am unable to connect to the link so I have pasted it here for you.
PPPCS students at the Smithsonian to see the actual Star Spangled Banner in person
Last week our students finished their research on their Star Spangled Banner National Historic Trail. This week we will vote on our top 3 that we want to send into the National Park Service. Next we will be creating the uniforms, designing the weapons, painting the boat that will all be used in our film we are making in our reenactment of the Battle of Baltimore.
Today we put our final touches on our Star Spangled Banner Trail community service project after months of exhaustive research. Mrs. Abbi Wicklein from the National Park Service came today to help us through the final section. Students worked in groups to create the historical marker. Groups chose what they felt were the most important pictures and information to go on the marker. Each group also came up with a title for the marker. There were some very creative ideas! Tomorrow we will vote on our top three and send it into the National Park Service. The marker will be unveiled on May 17th! Save the date!
Smoove n' Straight won the first, best out of seven, Super Bowl amongst fifth graders this year. The final score was 77-70. Wale World put up a valiant effort with only 5 players! Our MVP voting will take place on Monday. We will also figure out our average scores next week! New teams will be drawn up next Friday.
Welcome to the 5th Grade Blog!
This blog is dedicated to the fifth grade at Patterson Park Public Charter School in Baltimore, MD. Our hope is that this blog will keep students, parents, and anyone else interested up to date with all that we have going on during the school year. Let us know what you think!
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What does “in a nutshell” mean? In this lesson, you will learn how to use the idiom – in a nutshell – with many useful examples and ESL printable infographic.
In A Nutshell Meaning
What Does “In A Nutshell” Mean?
“In a nutshell” means briefly, summary.
The idiom, “in a nutshell” is used when you want to briefly describe something or give only the main points in only a few words. You can use “in a nutshell” to briefly tell a story; it’s a great way to tell people that you’re going to give a summary.
Here are some examples using the idiom “in a nutshell” to make it more clearly.
- Just tell me the story in a nutshell.
- To put it in a nutshell, we’re bankrupt.
- Well, to put it in a nutshell, we’re lost.
- Unemployment is rising, prices are increasing; in a nutshell, the economy is in trouble.
- In a nutshell, the owners thought they knew best.
- She had summed up his immediate task in a nutshell.
- In a nutshell, they behaved like spoiled kids.
- He had put the whole situation in a nutshell.
- Let me put it in a nutshell for you—if you show up late again, you’re fired!
- In a nutshell, the app helps you to plan parties.
- I won’t tell you the whole story but in a nutshell…
- In a nutshell, the problem is that we had to move out of the office.
- In a nutshell, what have you done so far today?
- In a nutshell, here are the facts of the matter.
In A Nutshell Synonym
Here is the list of synonyms for the phrase in a nutshell with useful example sentences.
- In summary, this was a disappointing performance.
- In short, the style concerns not what a writer says but how he says.
- We spoke briefly on the phone.
In a word
- In a word, I can’t go out as I have many things to do.
In a few words
- He summed up the way of ours in a few words.
- Let us sum up the discussion so far.
- He spoke clearly and concisely.
- He wrote compactly but clearly.
- Steve answered curtly and turned his back on me.
In A Nutshell Meaning Infographic
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History, tourist information, and nearby accommodation
An alternative theory is that Longtown was established by Earl Harold Godwinson of Mercia in the 10th century as a Saxon burh, or fortified town.
The castle remains consist primarily of a tall enclosing wall with a simple gateway, built around 1220. The wall surrounds an inner bailey, with a central keep which rises three stories high. There are fabulous views west into the Welsh borderlands from the top of the keep.
The stone keep was built by Walter de Lacy from 1216-1231 to defend a new Norman 'colony' town of Ewyas Lacy. Settlers were rented burgage plots at right angles to a long central street. The 'burgesses', or occupiers of the burgage plots, paid an annual rent to the de Lacy's, who also gained income from renting out stalls at regular weekly markets and an annual fair. The Lacy's lost control around 1230, but the town flourished into the 14th century, when it was devastated by the Black Death. By 1540 the town was referred to in an official document as 'Longa villa in Ewias Lacy', a name that was simplified over time to become 'Longtown'.
The keep originally served as accommodation in times of peace and as the last line of defense in times of trouble. The tower is built of rubble with cut stone dressings for the door and window openings. At the base of the structure was a basement, used for storage, and two storeys above, reached by a spiral stair in the thickness of the walls. You can still see fragments of the staircase, decorative stone around first floor windows, and a garderobe, or latrine projection from the upper chamber.
There are no facilities at the castle site, just a very small parking area and a few information panels that were looking rather the worse for wear when we visited. But the location is wonderful, with superb views into Wales from the top of the motte, and enough of the keep remains to give a good idea of what it must have looked like in the 13th century.
About Longtown Castle
Address: Longtown, Herefordshire, England, HR2 0LE
Attraction Type: Castle
Location: Off the B4347 4 miles west of Abbey Dore. Signposted in Longtown village.
Website: Longtown Castle
English Heritage - see also: English Heritage memberships (official website)
Longtown Castle Photos
Photo Credit: David Ross and Britain Express
Opening Details: Open access site, usually accessible at any reasonable time
We've 'tagged' this attraction information to help you find related historic attractions and learn more about major time periods mentioned.
Historic Time Periods:
Find other attractions tagged with:
10th century (Time Period) - 12th century (Time Period) - 13th century (Time Period) - castle (Architecture) - motte and bailey (Historical Reference) - Norman (Architecture) - Roman (Time Period) - Saxon (Time Period) -
NEARBY HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS
Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low-exceptional) on historic interest
Clodock, St Clydog's Church - 1.2 miles (Historic Church)
Llanthony Priory - 2 miles (Abbey)
Llanthony, St David's Church - 2.1 miles (Historic Church)
St Margaret's Church - 3.5 miles (Historic Church)
Rowlstone, St Peter's Church - 3.6 miles (Historic Church)
Cwmyoy, St Martin's Church - 3.8 miles (Historic Church)
Ewyas Harold, St Michael's Church - 4.2 miles (Historic Church)
Dore Abbey - 4.4 miles (Abbey)
Nearest Accommodation to Longtown Castle:
Nearest Self Catering Cottages
Nearest Bed and Breakfasts
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How to perform systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method in which researchers select members of the population at a regular interval (or k) determined in advance.
If the population order is random or random-like (e.g., alphabetical), then this method will give you a representative sample that can be used to draw conclusions about the population.
When to use systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is a method that imitates many of the randomization benefits of simple random sampling, but is slightly easier to conduct.
You can use systematic sampling with a list of the entire population, as in simple random sampling. However, unlike with simple random sampling, you can also use this method when you’re unable to access a list of your population in advance.
Order of the population
When using systematic sampling with a population list, it’s essential to consider the order in which your population is listed to ensure that your sample is valid.
If your population is in ascending or descending order, using systematic sampling should still give you a fairly representative sample, as it will include participants from both the bottom and top ends of the population.
For example, if you are sampling from a list of individuals ordered by age, systematic sampling will result in a population drawn from the entire age spectrum. If you instead used simple random sampling, it is possible (although unlikely) that you would end up with only younger or older individuals.
You should not use systematic sampling if your population is ordered cyclically or periodically, as your resulting sample cannot be guaranteed to be representative.
Systematic sampling without a population list
You can use systematic sampling to imitate the randomization of simple random sampling when you don’t have access to a full list of the population in advance.
Step 1: Define your population
Like other methods of sampling, you must decide upon the population that you are studying.
In systematic sampling, you have two choices for data collection:
- You can select your sample ahead of time from a list and then approach the selected subjects to collect data, or
- You can approach every kth member of your target population to ask them to participate in your study.
Listing the population in advance
Ensure that your list contains the entire population and is not in a periodic or cyclic order. Ideally, it should be in a random or random-like (such as alphabetical) order, which will allow you to imitate the randomization benefits of simple random sampling.
Selecting your sample on the spot
If you cannot access a list in advance, but you are able to physically observe the population, you can also use systematic sampling to select subjects at the moment of data collection.
In this case, ensure that the timing and location of your sampling procedure covers the full population to avoid bias in the results.
Step 2: Decide on your sample size and sampling interval
Before you choose your interval, you must first decide on your sample size. There are several different ways to choose a sample size, but one of the most common involves using a sample size calculator.
Once you have chosen your desired margin of error and confidence level, estimated total size of the population, and the standard deviation of the variables you are attempting to measure, this calculator will provide you with the sample size you should aim for.
When you know your target sample size, you can calculate your interval, k, by dividing your total estimated population size by your sample size. This can be a rough estimate rather than an exact calculation.
Step 3: Select the sample and collect data
If you already have a list of your population, randomly select a starting point on your list, and from there, select every kth member of the population to include in your sample.
If you don’t have a list, you choose every kth member of the population for your sample at the same time as collecting the data for your study.
As in simple random sampling, you should try to make sure every individual you have chosen for your sample actually participates in your study. If those who decide to participate do so for reasons connected with the variables that you are collecting, this could bias your study.
Frequently asked questions about systematic sampling
- What is probability sampling?
- What is systematic sampling?
- How do I perform systematic sampling?
There are three key steps in systematic sampling:
- Define and list your population, ensuring that it is not ordered in a cyclical or periodic order.
- Decide on your sample size and calculate your interval, k, by dividing your population by your target sample size.
- Choose every kth member of the population as your sample.
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With electronic storage of protected health information (“PHI”) becoming more common, healthcare providers are rightly concerned about ensuring their data and security systems are not breached, and developing an established course of action in the event that their systems are breached.
The most important security precaution that a provider can have in place is a stable system for breach prevention. Otherwise, navigating the field to ensure there are no breaches can be difficult.
Do not place your bets on good luck or assume that the system you currently have will prevent a breach. It’s impossible to plan for every possibility, and your practice will be better prepared if you view breaches as an inevitability. So, prepare as if a breach will happen—but keep your focus on prevention, as that is the ideal.
How to Prevent a Data Breach
Your patients are depending on you to provide them with a safe and secure system, and they are the ones who will be most affected when a breach occurs. Here are a few tips to ensure that your system is as secure as it can be, adapted from this resource:
1. Test, test, test.
First, make sure your current system is effective. To do this, you must test the system. This means performing constant random testing—data breaches are random, so your testing should be as well—as well as conducting a yearly risk assessment.
2. Restrict access to patient information.
One of the key concepts of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is that only those who need to use the data have access to it. Make sure that the systems you have in place only allow employees to access required information. Furthermore, ensure each employee has his or her own login information, as this makes audit trails easier to follow.
Make sure you provide constant, current education for both yourself and your employees about HIPAA compliance and the impacts of a health data breach.
4. Deploy encryption technology and monitor devices and records.
Be sure to employ technology that protects the PHI stored on the devices. This should be done through the use of encryption technology for all your data and hardware—whether the data is stationary or in motion. This is a standard that you should always keep up to date. Make sure that your system strictly manages identity and access, so that only those who need to use the information, can.
While HIPAA does not require data encryption, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act states that if encrypted data is stolen, this does not constitute a breach.
There should also be strict rules for employees who use their own devices to access information, as this can lead to breaches (i.e., if those devices end up lost or stolen). Educate employees on how to secure their belongings, and perhaps encourage them not to store their data locally.
5. Review and modernize IT infrastructure.
If you work in a hospital or large practice, subnet your wireless records. This way, you can provide Wi-Fi to your patients while also ensuring that they are unable to access records.
If you use a cloud system, it’s crucial that you read over the contracts carefully. Make sure you will still be HIPAA-compliant and that the systems will be secure.
You may want to invest in quality IT staff to work on these networks. The individuals you have will determine whether your systems will work and will be there to defend you against breaches.
6. Collaborate with compliant business associates.
It is likely that you currently have business associates—or that you will have one or more in the future. Business associates can assist in locking your information in a safe place, but this means that they have access to PHI. Make sure that your business associates are compliant with HIPAA and that they have the proper security procedures in place to prevent breaches.
7. Invest in a good legal team.
Remember, as helpful as these tips are, you must view a breach as inevitable. Even if you do everything right, bad things can still happen. Investing in a good legal team allows you to know that even if something goes wrong, you have a plan to move forward.
How to Respond to a Data Breach
Now, let’s assume you’ve set up an appropriate system to prevent a breach, but something has happened, and your patients’ PHI has been accessed. Let’s look to what steps you should take.
1. Conduct an initial assessment of the breach.
Once you have discovered a possible breach, you need to conduct an initial assessment of the situation. This can be done through creating a task force. This group will need to determine:
- What went wrong?
- Was any PHI compromised?
- When did it happen?
- Who is responsible?
2. Address the risks.
Now it’s time to fully dive in and determine what happened and how. That way, you can ensure it does not happen again. This can be done through conducting a root cause analysis—and documenting the steps you take along the way. When looking through your data, you should have documentation including:
- policies and procedures for security and privacy,
- details on employee education and awareness programs, and
- evidence of disciplinary action taken on employees.
Don’t limit your focus on the system that experienced the breach. If something went wrong in one system, it is highly likely the same thing can and will happen in another system.
3. Notify the appropriate parties.
Even though it is difficult, it is necessary that you notify all the appropriate parties of what has happened. While you might be worried about losing patient trust, patients prefer to know the truth.
4. Manage the consequences.
After you’ve studied the causes of the breach and reported your findings to the appropriate parties, it is possible that you will be investigated and have to pay legal fees. Remember, HIPAA laws were created to protect the patient, not the practice.
As previously mentioned, your relationship with your patients may suffer because of the breach. So, after you’ve taken appropriate measures to combat the breach and implement new security measures in your system, you must take steps to rebuild your patient relationships. If this situation was something outside of your control, explain this to your patients. Patients appreciate honesty and transparency.
If you are struggling to handle the breach, reach out to legal counsel for assistance. There is no shame in asking for professional help.
5. Don’t panic.
Remember, you prepared for a breach, and you’ve done damage control. Sometimes things happen that you cannot prevent, and all you can do is react appropriately. Review what happened and make sure that you took all the proper measures to ensure the same thing does not happen again.
Again: Don’t panic. With proper preparation, you can combat any potential breaches. If you’re still unsure about your readiness for a potential PHI breach, seek out professional help to get all your legal ducks in a row.
Connor D. Jackson is a Chicago-based healthcare attorney with Jackson LLP Healthcare Lawyers. Connor works with small physical therapy practices and regularly advises his clients about corporate and compliance matters, including HIPAA, the False Claims Act, Medicare, and scope of practice. Connor enjoys working with clients to create their ideal practice environment and to quell their compliance concerns. As a former litigator, Connor understands the financial and emotional cost of litigation, and he collaborates with his clients to minimize the risk of getting sued. You can email Connor at [email protected] or follow him on Twitter at @cjacksonESQ.
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Anyone who has ever been on, or even near, a construction site knows that it can be very messy. This applies to large construction companies building a new skyscraper as well as to an individual handyman doing a bathroom remodel. While dirt and dust are to be expected in these areas, they should never be ignored. In many cases, a lot of the dust that covers the surfaces and is floating in the air is actually crystalline silica, which can cause long term damage to the throat and lungs.
Crystalline silica is one of the most often overlooked or ignored risks of working on, or even living near, a construction site. It has been well documented for nearly a century that prolonged, unprotected exposure to silica dust can cause a wide range of different health problems, including silicosis. Thousands of people each year are disabled from this exposure, and thousands more die from the diseases it causes.
Why is it Overlooked
With this being such a serious health risk, one might ask why the problem is so often overlooked. The fact is, the dust from silica appears very similar to many other types of dust that is often found on construction sites. In addition, breathing in small amounts of the silica won’t cause any immediate issues, so people assume it isn’t causing damage. The constant irritation it causes in the throat and lungs, however, can turn deadly.
In most states, there are not yet any legal requirements to limit the amount of crystalline silica that is in the air at a construction site. In addition, while respiratory protection is recommended, it is not required in most areas. This leads many employers, and the employees, to mistakenly think that the risk is far smaller than it actually is.
OSHA Taking Action
OSHA is working on putting some legal requirements and guidelines together regarding how employers must protect those on or around worksites where silica is present, but those requirements aren’t yet in place. While going through the process to get these requirements approved, they are also pushing a national emphasis program, which began in 2008. This program is focusing on educating employers and employees on the risks of silica, and how to stay safe.
This program, and the guidelines that are being worked on, will help to ensure employees are protected while working with silica. This typically starts by offering respiratory protection such as a filtered mask or even a self-contained oxygen supply for those working where the levels of crystallized silica will be high.
Another important strategy to limit the exposure of this dust is to keep it from getting up into the air. Depending on the type of equipment being used, it is often possible to contain the dust using vacuum systems, or ensuring the silica is wet while being cut. There are special drills and saw attachments available on the market today that can help to dramatically cut the amount of silica dust that escapes into the air.
According to OSHA.gov:
Transporting, moving, and refilling silica sand into and through sand movers, along transfer belts, and into blender hoppers can release dusts containing silica into the air. Workers can be exposed if they breathe the dust into their lungs.
www.osha.gov - Worker Exposure to Silica during Hydraulic Fracturing
A Non-Combustible Dust
Another reason that the risks of silica dust are often overlooked is because it is not a combustible dust. Combustible dusts have gotten a lot of attention over the past few years, because they can cause major explosions very quickly. They also significantly increase the risk of fire on any construction site. Due to these risks, OSHA and other regulatory agencies have put a lot of different safety materials and regulations together.
These combustible dusts are treated very carefully by job sites, not only because of the regulatory guidelines, but also because the risk is very immediate to the job site. Silica, on the other hand, poses very little immediate threat, so employers often overlook the risk rather than invest in protective equipment today.
Is Silica This Generation’s Asbestos?
When looking at the risks associated with silica, and the response it is getting from some employers and employees, one can’t help but think of how asbestos was treated in previous generations. Even after the risks were discovered, many people continued to work with the cancer causing materials, often without any significant protection. Today, the risks of silicosis, a variety of cancers and many other significant health problems is known to be caused by this dust, yet sufficient actions are not being taken.
Employers should look at the fact that while it may require some investments in equipment and personal protection gear today, it could save them from being sued in the future. Many organizations that did not take the threat of asbestos seriously in the past are now paying the high price in court. This is something that smart employers will keep in mind when looking at silica.
Risks for Individuals and Small Companies
While the major construction companies may not be taking the risk as seriously as they should, many of them are at least moving in the right direction. When it comes to individual contractors and small construction companies, however, there is often very little that is being done to protect themselves. Many of these one or two man operations aren’t even aware of the risks associated with silica. These people are focused on finding work and keeping their customers happy, not following the latest safety suggestions from OSHA.
In addition, they often don’t feel that they have the budget to invest in new equipment that can help to minimize the amount of dust that gets into the air, or for high quality respiratory protection gear. This leaves these individuals at significant risk for future medical problems. Since many of these individuals do most of their work in people’s homes, they may also be putting the health of the families at some risk by not keeping the silica dust properly contained. All contractors and small construction companies should be making an effort to stay up to date with all the latest safety suggestions from OSHA or other agencies.
Help Keep Everyone Safe
Anytime there is a known workplace hazard, it is everyone’s job to take action to keep people safe. There is a lot of documentation and other resources out there that can explain the risks associated with silica dust, so whether you’re a facility manager or part-time help in a small contractor’s company, it is important to share this type of information. In addition, its important to remind and communicate to employees to wear proper PPE to help protect from silica dust. This can be done by using safety signs or even vinyl safety labels. Informing people of these types of risks is an important first step in getting all types of employers to take these threats seriously.
- Silica Dust 101 – What It Is and Why It’s Harmful
- Struck by Accidents in Construction
- Hand Hazards that are Often Overlooked
- Lead Hazards in Construction
- What’s Coming in 2014 from OSHA
- Proper PPE for Face Protection
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AND FLUID FLOW Volume 3 of 3 U.S. Department of Energy FSC-6910 Washington, D.C. 20585 Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information. P. O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; prices available from.
What is Fluid Flow? Fluid Flow is a part of fluid mechanics and deals with fluid dynamics. Fluids such as gases and liquids in motion are called fluid flow. It involves the motion of a fluid subjected to unbalanced forces. This motion continues as long as unbalanced forces are applied. For example, if you are pouring water from a mug, the velocity of water is very high over the lip, moderately.
When a fluid flows through a pipe or over a solid object, the velocity of the fluid varies depending on position. One way of representing variation in velocity is streamlines, which follow the flow path.Constant velocity is shown by equidistant spacing of parallel streamlines as shown in Figure 7.2(a).The velocity profile for slow-moving fluid flowing over a submerged object is shown in Figure.
This dissertation presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the flow around a rotating disc in forward flight. The computer model of the disc was an oblate ellipsoid of 6:1 radius ratio, which is similar in shape to common sport discs. The flow was computed on a boundary fitted hexahedral mesh of 60x40x80 cells at a Mach number of 0.5 and a diameter based Reynolds number of 30,000.
This is to certify that the dissertation report entitled, “A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Micro channel” is submitted by Ashish Kumar Pandey, Roll. No. 209CH1059 for Dissertation (CH 692) course. It is required in partial fulfillment for the award of M. Tech. Degree.
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance due to which some of the energy of the fluid is lost. Class12: Energy losses in pipe flow Major energy loss (due to friction) Minor energy losses a. Sudden expansion b. Sudden contraction c. Bend in pipe d. Pipe fitting e. An obstruction in pipe. Entry length Near the beginning of the pipe, the flow is not fully.
Fluid mechanics problems often involve fluid flows over porous materials. Examples of practical applications include flow through atmospheric and aquatic vegetation, coastal structures, and movement of biological fluids through various tissues.
Our fluid flow experts would like to talk with you to learn about your specific products and the challenges you would like help with. Who knows we just might be able to help you with your hardest problems. Autodesk is one of the world's most innovative companies, working to solve some of the world's most complex design solutions.
TUTORIAL No. 1 FLUID FLOW THEORY In order to complete this tutorial you should already have completed level 1 or have a good basic knowledge of fluid mechanics equivalent to the Engineering Council part 1 examination 103. When you have completed this tutorial, you should be able to do the following. Explain the meaning of viscosity. Define the units of viscosity. Describe the basic principles.
Viscous Fluid Flow in Bifurcating Channels and Pipes. By Michael Lenzinger. Get PDF (1,005 KB) Cite. BibTex; Full citation; Abstract. In the present thesis the flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid in a bifurcation of thin three-dimensional pipes with a diameter-to-length ratio of order O(epsilon) is studied. The model is based on the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations with pressure conditions.
Viscous Fluid Flow Book Summary: Designed for higher level courses in viscous fluid flow, this text presents a comprehensive treatment of the subject. This revision retains the approach and organization for which the first edition has been highly regarded, while bringing the material completely up-to-date. It contains new information on the latest technological advances and includes many more.
Computational Fluid Dynamics, or CFD, has emerged as a great tool and resource to help understand complicated fluid flow problems internal and external to complex parts and assemblies. After completing this course, you'll be able to: Describe the basics of fluid flow. Recognize the computation methods used to calculate fluid flow.
The School was formed when the University of Manchester was established, in 2004, as a result of the merger between UMIST and the Victoria University of Manchester. This has brought together over 20 academics, research-active in Thermo and Fluids topics. The study of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics has a long tradition in Manchester, starting with Osborne Reynolds, in the 1890s.
Chapter 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow Fluid Element Kinematics Fluid element motion consists of translation, linear deformation, rotation, and angular deformation. Types of motion and deformation for a fluid element. Linear Motion and Deformation: Translation of a fluid element Linear deformation of a fluid element. 57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 6.
The fluid flow can be classified as Rotational Flow or Irrotational Flow and Laminar Flow or Turbulent Flow according to the motion of the fluid elements or fluid particles of the flow and based on what flow patterns do they follow. The motion of fluid elements or particles can be treated analytically, by defining certain flow parameters, or just by observation to use it for classification of.The next two chapters concern the transition to turbulence of pressure driven flow in a microchannel, at the boundaries of which the fluid obeys slip boundary conditions. In Chapter three we perform linear and nonlinear stability analyses for this flow, and show that we do not have exchange of stabilities for such flows. In Chapter four we perform a linear stability analysis for channel flow.Flow instability is formally a linear concept, applicable only for infinitesimal perturbations to a steady or periodic solution to the governing equations. Nevertheless, it can be applied to turbulent flows with surprising success, yielding useful information about how to control such flows. Simon Rees Ubaid Qadri Vikrant Gupta Outi Tammisola Juan Guzman Inigo There is a standard procedure for.
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Prosto 32 X 32 Round Shower Enclosure With Sliding Doors And Tray ( 32 X 32 Shower #8) Photos Collection
the numerals in the ancient Roman system of notation, still used for certain limited purposes, as in some pagination, dates on buildings, etc. The common basic symbols are I (=1), V (=5), X (=10), L (=50), C (=100), D (=500), and M (=1000). The Roman numerals for one to nine are: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX. A bar over a letter multiplies it by 1000;
thus, X̄ equals 10,000. Integers are written according to these two rules: If a letter is immediately followed by one of equal or lesser value, the two values are added;
thus, XX equals 20, XV equals 15, VI equals 6. If a letter is immediately followed by one of greater value, the first is subtracted from the second;
thus, IV equals 4, XL equals 40, CM equals 900. Examples: XLVII(=47), CXVI(=116), MCXX(=1120), MCMXIV(=1914). Roman numerals may be written in lowercase letters, though they appear more commonly in capitals.
Roundround1 (round),USA pronunciation adj., -er, -est, n., adv., prep., v.
- having a flat, circular surface, as a disk.
- ring-shaped, as a hoop.
- curved like part of a circle, as an outline.
- having a circular cross section, as a cylinder;
- spherical or globular, as a ball.
- shaped more or less like a part of a sphere;
- free from angularity;
consisting of full, curved lines or shapes, as handwriting or parts of the body.
- executed with or involving circular motion.
- full, complete, or entire: a round dozen.
- noting, formed, or expressed by an integer or whole number with no fraction.
- expressed, given, or exact to the nearest multiple or power of ten;
in tens, hundreds, thousands, or the like: in round numbers.
- roughly correct;
approximate: a round guess.
- considerable in amount;
ample: a round sum of money.
- brought to completeness or perfection.
- full and sonorous, as sound.
- vigorous or brisk: a round trot.
- straightforward, plain, or candid;
outspoken: a round scolding.
- positive or unqualified: a round assertion.
- any round shape, as a circle, ring or sphere.
- a circular, ring-shaped, curved, or spherical object;
a rounded form.
- something circular in cross section, as a rung of a ladder or chair.
- Sometimes, rounds. a completed course of time, series of events or operations, etc., ending at a point corresponding to that at the beginning: We waited through the round of many years.
- any complete course, series, or succession: The strike was settled after a long round of talks; a round of parties.
- Often, rounds. a going around from place to place, as in a habitual or definite circuit: a doctor's rounds.
- a completed course or spell of activity, commonly one of a series, in some play or sport: the second round of a tournament.
- a recurring period of time, succession of events, duties, etc.: the daily round.
- an entire range: the round of human capabilities.
- a single outburst, as of applause or cheers.
- a single discharge of shot by each of a number of guns, rifles, etc.
- a single discharge by one firearm.
- a charge of ammunition for a single shot.
- a single serving, esp. of drink, made more or less simultaneously to everyone present, as at table or at a bar: The next round is on me.
- See round dance.
- movement in a circle or around an axis.
- Also, round of beef. the portion of the thigh of beef below the rump and above the leg. See diag. under beef.
- See round steak.
- a slice, as of bread.
- [Archery.]a specified number of arrows shot from a specified distance from the target in accordance with the rules.
- one of a series of three-minute periods making up a boxing match: a 15-round bout.
- a short, rhythmical canon at the unison, in which the several voices enter at equally spaced intervals of time.
- rounds, the order followed in ringing a peal of bells in diatonic sequence from the highest to the lowest.
- [Golf.]a playing of the complete course.
- [Cards.]a division of play in a game, consisting of a turn each for every player to bid, bet, play a card, deal the cards, or be dealt cards.
- in the round:
- (of a theater) having a stage completely surrounded by seats for the audience.
- in the style of theater-in-the-round: The play should be done in the round.
- in complete detail;
from all aspects: a character as seen in the round.
- (of sculpture) not attached to a supporting background;
- make the rounds:
- to go from one place to another, as in making deliveries, paying social visits, or seeking employment.
- Also, go the rounds. to be reported or told;
circulate: another rumor making the rounds.
- throughout or from the beginning to the end of a recurring period of time: all year round.
- Also, 'round. around: The music goes round and round.
- throughout (a period of time): a resort visited all round the year.
- around: It happened round noon.
- to make round.
- to free from angularity;
fill out symmetrically;
- to bring to completeness or perfection;
- to form (a gem) roughly (sometimes fol. by up);
- to end (a sentence, paragraph, etc.) with something specified: He rounded his speech with a particularly apt quotation.
- to encircle or surround.
- to make a complete circuit of;
pass completely around.
- to make a turn or partial circuit around or to the other side of: to round a corner.
- to cause to move in a circle;
- to make the opening at (the lips) relatively round or pursed during an utterance.
- to pronounce (a speech sound, esp. a vowel) with rounded lips;
- to contract (the lips) laterally. Cf. spread (def. 14), unround.
- to replace by the nearest multiple of 10, with 5 being increased to the next highest multiple: 15,837 can be rounded to 15,840;
then to 15,800;
then to 16,000.
- to become round.
- to become free from angularity;
- to develop to completeness or perfection.
- to take a circular course;
make a circuit, as a guard.
- to make a turn or partial circuit around something.
- to turn around as on an axis: to round on one's heels.
- to reduce successively the number of digits to the right of the decimal point of a mixed number by dropping the final digit and adding 1 to the next preceding digit if the dropped digit was 5 or greater, or leaving the preceding digit unchanged if the dropped digit was 4 or less.
- round off:
- to complete or perfect;
- to express as a round number, usually to the nearest multiple of 10.
- round out:
- to complete or perfect: The new coin rounded out his collection.
- to fill out;
become rounder: She rounded out so nicely that everyone soon forgot she had been so ill.
- round to, [Naut.]to turn a sailing vessel in the direction from which the wind is blowing.
- round up:
- to drive or bring (cattle, sheep, etc.) together.
- to assemble;
gather: to round up all the suspects in an investigation.
Showershow•er1 (shou′ər),USA pronunciation n.
- a brief fall of rain or, sometimes, of hail or snow.
- Also called show′er bath′. a bath in which water is sprayed on the body, usually from an overhead perforated nozzle(showerhead).
- the apparatus for this or the room or stall enclosing it.
- a large supply or quantity: a shower of wealth.
- a party given for a bestowal of presents of a specific kind, esp. such a party for a prospective bride or prospective mother: a linen shower; a baby shower.
- a fall of many objects, as tears, sparks, or missiles.
- See air shower.
- showers, a room or area equipped with several showerheads or stalls for use by a number of people at the same time.
- send to the showers, [Baseball.]
- to replace (a pitcher) during a game, usually because he or she is ineffective: The coach sent him to the showers after he walked three batters in a row.
- to cause (a pitcher) to be replaced in a game, as by getting many hits off him or her;
knock out of the box: Two home runs and a line-drive double sent her to the showers.
- to bestow liberally or lavishly.
- to deluge (a person) with gifts, favors, etc.: She was showered with gifts on her birthday.
- to bathe (oneself ) in a shower bath.
- to rain in a shower.
- to take a shower bath.
Enclosureen•clo•sure (en klō′zhər),USA pronunciation n.
- something that encloses, as a fence or wall.
- something that is enclosed, as a paper sent in a letter.
- the separation and appropriation of land by means of a fence.
- a tract of land surrounded by a fence.
- an act or instance of enclosing.
- the state of being enclosed.
- [Rom. Cath. Ch.]the part of a monastery or convent canonically separated or restricted as the living quarters of the religious, from which a person may leave only with special permission or gain entrance to by special dispensation.
Withwith (with, wiᵺ),USA pronunciation prep.
- accompanied by;
accompanying: I will go with you. He fought with his brother against the enemy.
- in some particular relation to (esp. implying interaction, company, association, conjunction, or connection): I dealt with the problem. She agreed with me.
- characterized by or having: a person with initiative.
- (of means or instrument) by the use of;
using: to line a coat with silk; to cut with a knife.
- (of manner) using or showing: to work with diligence.
- in correspondence, comparison, or proportion to: Their power increased with their number. How does their plan compare with ours?
- in regard to: to be pleased with a gift.
- (of cause) owing to: to die with pneumonia; to pale with fear.
- in the region, sphere, or view of: It is day with us while it is night with the Chinese.
- (of separation) from: to part with a thing.
- against, as in opposition or competition: He fought with his brother over the inheritance.
- in the keeping or service of: to leave something with a friend.
- in affecting the judgment, estimation, or consideration of: Her argument carried a lot of weight with the trustees.
- at the same time as or immediately after;
upon: And with that last remark, she turned and left.
- of the same opinion or conviction as: Are you with me or against me?
- in proximity to or in the same household as: He lives with his parents.
- (used as a function word to specify an additional circumstance or condition): We climbed the hill, with Jeff following behind.
- in with. See in (def. 22).
- with child, pregnant.
- with it:
- knowledgeable about, sympathetic to, or partaking of the most up-to-date trends, fashions, art, etc.
- representing or characterized by the most up-to-date trends, fashions, art, etc.
- with that. See that (def. 10).
Slidingslid•ing (slī′ding),USA pronunciation adj.
- rising or falling, increasing or decreasing, according to a standard or to a set of conditions.
- operated, adjusted, or moved by sliding: a sliding door.
Andand (and; unstressed ənd, ən, or, esp. after a homorganic consonant, n),USA pronunciation conj.
- (used to connect grammatically coordinate words, phrases, or clauses) along or together with;
as well as;
in addition to;
moreover: pens and pencils.
- added to;
plus: 2 and 2 are 4.
- then: He read for an hour and went to bed.
- also, at the same time: to sleep and dream.
- then again;
repeatedly: He coughed and coughed.
- (used to imply different qualities in things having the same name): There are bargains and bargains, so watch out.
- (used to introduce a sentence, implying continuation) also;
then: And then it happened.
- [Informal.]to (used between two finite verbs): Try and do it. Call and see if she's home yet.
- (used to introduce a consequence or conditional result): He felt sick and decided to lie down for a while. Say one more word about it and I'll scream.
on the contrary: He tried to run five miles and couldn't. They said they were about to leave and then stayed for two more hours.
- (used to connect alternatives): He felt that he was being forced to choose between his career and his family.
- (used to introduce a comment on the preceding clause): They don't like each other--and with good reason.
- [Archaic.]if: and you please.Cf. an2.
- and so forth, and the like;
et cetera: We discussed traveling, sightseeing, and so forth.
- and so on, and more things or others of a similar kind;
and the like: It was a summer filled with parties, picnics, and so on.
- an added condition, stipulation, detail, or particular: He accepted the job, no ands or buts about it.
- conjunction (def. 5b).
Traytray1 (trā),USA pronunciation n.
- a flat, shallow container or receptacle made of wood, metal, etc., usually with slightly raised edges, used for carrying, holding, or displaying articles of food, glass, china, etc.
- a removable receptacle of this shape in a cabinet, box, trunk, or the like, sometimes forming a drawer.
- a tray and its contents: to order a breakfast tray from room service.
Hi , this blog post is about Prosto 32 X 32 Round Shower Enclosure With Sliding Doors And Tray ( 32 X 32 Shower #8). This blog post is a image/jpeg and the resolution of this file is 1032 x 1376. It's file size is just 81 KB. If You ought to save It to Your PC, you can Click here. You may too see more attachments by clicking the following picture or see more at this article: 32 X 32 Shower.
As of late, using the use of showcases getting more and more common, decorating ideas are increasingly crucial. Experience and the more mirrors to the wall, the better the appearance of the toilet that gives picture of the place that is small to a bigger.
of designing a 32 X 32 Shower, the thought can be altered routinely so that the bathroom is definitely a position that was better. You are able to improve your bathtub knowledge together with the wall decoration that is right. The utilization of wall hangings shunned inside the bathroom since the usage of water and humidity from hot water can actually damage this wall decoration. The youngstersis bathrooms likewise have wall decorations that are individual.
Several adore their favorite animation figures to show on the toilet walls. The utilization of the correct light colors and colors can be in building the decoration that is right significant. Ultimately, the mixture of the proper toilet ceiling lamps and pastel colors create a fantastic factor to consider is walled by the toilet. Regardless of what your creative, the space type can not be changed by the restroom wall. Nonetheless, you'll be able to train all your creativity to bring colour and some lifestyle while in the bath expertise.
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sustantivo[treated as singular or plural]
1Workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism): the growth of the industrial proletariat
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Human history has remained the chronology of struggles between master and servant, have and have nots, between capitalists and proletariats, exploiter and exploited.
- Is it necessary for the peasant classes of agricultural nations to become urban or rural (if such a thing is possible) proletariats before a Socialist Revolution is possible?
- Today, strawberries are grown in all 50 states and enjoyed by people in all walks of life - presidents and proletariats alike.
the workers, working-class people, wage earners, the working classes, the common people, the lower classes, the masses, the rank and file, the third estate, the plebeians;
the lumpen, the lumpenproletariat
derogatory the hoi polloi, the plebs, the proles, the great unwashed, the mob, the rabble
1.1The lowest class of citizens in ancient Rome.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- In a similar vein, Champlin argues that celebrations like the banquet of Tigellinus and the canal from Lake Avernus to the Tiber were intended to bring the upper-class delights of Baiae to the urban proletariate of Rome.
- Many flocked to Rome, where they joined the proletariat of propertyless citizens dependent on handouts of free wheat by the state.
Mid 19th century: from French prolétariat, from Latin proletarius (see proletarian).
Palabras que riman con proletariatcommissariat, lumpenproletariat, salariat, secretariat, vicariate
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= de moda
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| 0.75072 | 451 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Forget that nonsense about Amazon delivering your purchases by drone. The latest in autonomous aircraft technology could be delivering gear and people for the military in a few years—and if the Federal Aviation Administration ever figures out how to accommodate them, it could be flying domestic cargo and passenger flights alongside (or instead of) human crews.
“Pilot optional” aircraft are being tested by the military and could make it possible to convert existing fleets of helicopters into aircraft that can either be flown by humans or dispatched on their own depending on the mission. The Office of Naval Research’s Autonomous Aerial Cargo/Utility System (AACUS) program and the Army’s Optionally Piloted Black Hawk (OPBH) program have both demonstrated that full-sized helicopters can be configured to fly on their own, taking off and landing while safely avoiding obstacles. And a new Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency program is seeking to create a system that could handle every aspect of a flight crew’s job—including things like aircraft maintenance.
The Marine Corps has been heavily dependent on its helicopter fleet since the 1950s, when the Corps first developed its strategy of “vertical envelopment”—using helicopters to ferry Marines ashore from ships instead of slow-moving landing craft to avoid heavy coastline defenses. Both the Army and Marine Corps depended heavily on helicopters in Iraq and (especially) Afghanistan for resupply, where trucking in ammunition, food, and supplies was made difficult or impossible by rough terrain and the threat of improvised roadside bombs. But that dependence during operations puts a heavy strain on flight crews, and it left leadership trying to balance rest time for pilots with the demands of both resupply missions and more demanding combat operations.
The Navy and Marine Corps already have some experience with autonomous cargo helicopters. Lockheed Martin and Kaman Air Vehicles initially delivered a pair of unmanned K-MAX cargo helicopters under a "joint urgent need" contract from the Navy in 2011. Once started and positioned for takeoff by a human operator, the K-MAX can carry up to 4,000 pounds of cargo slung beneath it to a destination and drop it off without landing. The helicopter can then return to base to land or to conduct a “hot hook-up,” hovering while more cargo is attached to its sling for delivery.
The two K-MAX helicopters were sent to Afghanistan in November of 2011 for what was supposed to be a six-month evaluation. They turned out to be so valuable that the Marine Corps extended their tours through August of 2014. Despite the crash of one of the helicopters in June of 2013—the cause of which has yet to be fully explained by the Marine Corps—the other continues to fly cargo missions in Afghanistan today..
There are three obvious problems with the K-MAX, however. They can’t fly autonomously into an unfamiliar location and pick their own landing site. They’re also single-purpose heavy lift helicopters and can’t take on the role of medevac or airlift like the multi-role manned helicopters already owned by the Marine Corps and Army. And because they’re not exactly standard to the military, they require separate parts and maintenance procedures. That would require the K-MAX to become a “program of record”—a full-blown procurement program of its own—something the Marine Corps is reportedly considering but not yet committed to.
What the services are looking for is a way to transform helicopters they already fly.
The Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command’s OPBH program, which evolved from internal research at Sikorsky Aircrafts, aims to do just that. They want to modify an aircraft that already is ubiquitous in Army aviation: the UH-60 Black Hawk. The Army started demonstration flights of OPBH in March.
In many ways, the OPBH program is similar to the unmanned K-MAX helicopter. It’s intended to handle unmanned slung cargo operations and put the human pilot in the role of mission coordinator rather than delivery man. It can also act as a co-pilot, allowing a single pilot to command the aircraft and focus on the situation while letting the aircraft handle the grunt work of flying. If it gets widely deployed, OPBH will make it possible for Army helicopter squadrons to pick and choose the missions pilots and crew need to fly, while leaving the true drudge work to the helicopters themselves.
“This allows the crew to focus on the more ‘sensitive’ operations and leaves the critical resupply missions for autonomous operations without increasing fleet size or mix,” Sikorsky’s Vice President of Research and Development Mark Miller said in a statement published by the company.
The Office of Naval Research’s AACUS program is a bit more ambitious. AACUS, demonstrated in April at the Marine Corps’ base in Quantico, Virginia, gives helicopters the ability to not only fly unsupervised to a destination and back again, but also to land unsupervised. And AACUS operation isn't at the command of a pilot; instead a tablet-wielding enlisted man or woman is driving on the ground.
Unattended auto-landing capabilities are already a feature of many fixed-wing unmanned aircraft, such as the MQ-9 Reaper. But landing a helicopter in an unfamiliar location is a lot more difficult. There is a wide range of obstacles to be overcome and often a limited amount of space to work with for landing. In essence, it’s the equivalent of an airplane not just landing itself, but also then taxiing off the runway and pulling up to a gate.
To pull off that level of difficulty requires more than just the usual drone software. AACUS consists of about 100 pounds of hardware, including an onboard computer system and laser-based Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR), electro-optical, and infrared sensors. Using the combined sensor data, AACUS can model the landing zone and then pick the safest landing spot and approach at the destination to set down. And if the tablet operator has sent the helicopter to someplace without a safe landing zone, the system can send back a message requesting that he or she pick another spot.
Because it can land, the system could potentially be used for quick-response medical evacuation and rescue missions to carry troops out of harm’s way without having to prepare (and risk) a pilot. The system could also help piloted helicopters safely land in low-visibility conditions. And while one of the helicopters used in the test was a K-MAX, the system could be installed on any rotary-wing aircraft—including those already in the Marine Corps’ and Army’s inventory.
The next step isn't just aircraft that fly themselves; it's aircraft that handle everything else as well. DARPA's Aircrew Labor In-Cockpit Automation System (ALIAS) program, which just kicked off in April, seeks to automate all aspects of a pilot's role, from flying the plane to handling emergency situations. This would allow a single air crewman to act as "mission commander." In its announcement for the ALIAS "Proposer's Day," to be held May 7, DARPA's program team described the desired technology this way:
As an automation system, ALIAS should be capable of executing a planned mission from takeoff to landing, even in the face of contingency events such as aircraft system failures. ALIAS system attributes, such as persistent state monitoring and rapid procedure recall, will provide a potential means to further enhance flight safety. ALIAS should present a high-level, latency-tolerant interface to a human supervisor to enable operation and foster effective human-machine collaboration.
It’s not difficult to imagine how the technology in AACUS and OPBH, and eventually ALIAS, could be adapted to the wider aviation world. Advanced sensors and intelligent systems could make takeoffs and landings in low visibility much safer, and derivatives of the technology could easily be added to other types of dull but demanding aviation that require only occasional human oversight (like driving the plane to a cargo offload pad or to a gate). But considering the difficulties the FAA has in managing the flight of even manned aircraft, robotic airliners and cargo planes are probably decades from being a reality.
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Do you hear ringing in your ears? This is a symptom called tinnitus, which can also sound like a chirping, clicking, whooshing, buzzing or hissing. Tinnitus affects more than 40 million Americans, making it a very common issue. Rather than a condition, tinnitus is actually a symptom of some other condition. There are several causes for tinnitus, though in many cases, an individual’s tinnitus can’t be linked to any one cause.
While some people can get used to the sounds of mild tinnitus, more severe cases can majorly impact your lifestyle, happiness and wellbeing. About 5 percent of patients are affected by tinnitus that’s considered moderately or significantly annoying and requires treatment from an tinnitus expert. Worse, 1 in every 100 adults suffers from debilitating tinnitus.
When the underlying cause of tinnitus can be identified, sometimes the symptom can be eliminated through treating the condition that’s causing it. Examples of this include tinnitus caused by built-up earwax, a vascular condition, allergies or medication. Other times, the symptom will simply go away on its own. However, for many patients, tinnitus is a permanent, irreversible issue. In these cases, other treatment options are available.
The most commonly used and successful treatments for tinnitus are white noise therapy and other noise suppression techniques. This type of treatment distracts the brain from the sound of the tinnitus, allowing you to tune it out. Tinnitus physicians commonly prescribe special electronic instruments designed for this task; however, some patients find success using simple household items like fans, air conditioners or humidifiers. Hearing aids are another good option to treat tinnitus with sound therapy. They can be turned up in order to tune out the sound of tinnitus and worn whenever necessary.
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy is an innovative process of counseling and education combined with sound therapy for even higher success rates. Anyone interested in Tinnitus Retraining Therapy should begin by talking to our knowledgeable audiology staff at Hearing and Balance Center.
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The morphologic and immunologic development of the gastrointestinal system progresses rapidly during the third trimester, and therefore is immature in preterm neonates.
Human breast milk is ideally adapted to match the digestive capacities of the newborn infant and contains several factors for the protection and development of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract.
Respiratory distress syndrome is highly prevalent in preterm infants and may lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic lung disease in older children.
Several circulatory changes occur immediately after birth to switch from the parallel fetal circulation to the serial circulation of the newborn infant.
The preterm neonate is at high risk for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and those infants with IVH have a higher risk of mortality.
Embryology of the Gastrointestinal System
The entire respiratory and gastrointestinal system is derived from the endoderm after cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the yolk sac of the embryo. After folding, the primitive gut can be divided into three sections: the foregut, the midgut, and the hindgut. These sections can be distinguished not only by their morphologic pattern, but also by their gene expression patterns that give rise to a variety of organs of the gastrointestinal tract. The foregut extends from the oropharynx to the liver outgrowth and gives rise to the thyroid, esophagus, respiratory epithelium, stomach, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, and the proximal part of the duodenum. The midgut continues past the liver outgrowth to the transverse colon and develops into the small intestine and proximal colon. The hindgut extends from the transverse colon to the cloacal membrane and forms the remainder of the colon and rectum as well as the urogenital tract.
The respiratory epithelium appears as a bud of the esophagus around the fourth week of gestation and a tracheoesophageal septum develops to separate the foregut into ventral tracheal epithelium and dorsal esophageal epithelium. Failure of development of this tracheoesophageal septum leads to the formation of a spectrum of tracheoesophageal clefts and fistulae. The esophagus is initially short, but lengthens to its final extent by 7 weeks. After the esophageal lengthening is complete, the cuboidal epithelium is gradually replaced with squamous epithelium.
The stomach begins as a dilatation of the foregut at 5 weeks of gestation. Over the next several weeks, the stomach undergoes a variety of longitudinal and anterior–posterior axis rotations until it assumes its final position at 22 weeks. The gastric fundus is formed between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation followed by formation of the antrum and pylorus by 20 weeks gestation. Neural crest cell and vagal innervation begins at 7 weeks and continues until birth. The development of gastric glands begins around 10 weeks of gestation and continues until they reach an adult form by 17 weeks gestation. Parietal and chief cells appear between 11 and 12 weeks of gestation.
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Muscles do not contract instantly. There must be a build up of action potential to a threshold for the muscle to contract.
Can you control the level of action potential not to achieve the threshold of muscle contraction?
"Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane. These channels are shut when the membrane potential is near the resting potential of the cell, but rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a precisely defined threshold value. When the channels open, they allow an inward flow of electrical current, which produces a further rise in the membrane potential. This then causes more channels to open, producing a greater electrical current, etc. The process proceeds explosively until all of the available ion channels are open, resulting in a large upswing in the membrane potential, often to the extent of briefly reversing its polarity......."
At which time the muscles contract.
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- Recently a flock of five greater flamingoes were spotted on the Coast of Hope Island in East Godavari River Estuarine Eco (EGREE) System after a long gap of 25 years.
2016 Water Bird Census
- These were last seen in a group about two and a half decades ago, while a lone flamingo was recorded in the 2016 Asian Water Bird Census in East Godavari district.
About Greater Flamingoes:
- The Greater Flamingo birds are the most widely found species among the Flamingo.
- These are long-legged and long-necked birds which are the filter feeders and get their characteristic pink colour from their diet of brine shrimps and algae available in the coastal wetlands.
- flamingoes are the indicators of healthy coastal environment,
- The species inhabits shallow eutrophic water bodies such as saline lagoons, saltpans and large saline or alkaline lakes.
- The species nests in large dense colonies on mudflats or islands of large water bodies.
- The species suffers from low reproductive success if exposed to disturbance at breeding colonies (e.g. from tourists, low-flying aircraft) or if water-levels surrounding nest-sites lower resulting in increased access to predation from ground predators such as foxes and feral dogs.
- IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC)
About Hope Island:
- Hope Island is a small tadpole shaped Island situated off the coast of Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, in Bay of Bengal.
- It is formed from the sediment outflow carried by the waters of the Koringa River, a distributary of the Godavari.
- It acts as natural barrier for storm surges and possible tsunami events and provides tranquility to the ships anchored in Kakinada Bay which makes Kakinada Port one of the safest natural ports in the Eastern Coast of India.
- The sandy beaches of Hope island, along with the adjacent Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary are a nesting ground of the Vulnerable Olive Ridley turtle.
Source: TH & Wiki
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Scientist have spotted a black hole in a nearby galaxy that can let out one huge burp.
Using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, astronomers say they have discovered two arcs of X-ray emissions near a black hole, which they think are fossils “from two enormous blasts when the black hole expelled material outward into the galaxy.”
The fossils were seen in the Messier 51 galaxy system, which is a mere 26 million light years from Earth. OK–that’s actually pretty close to us when using galactic standards. It happened in a small galaxy in the process of merging with “The Whirlpool,” a larger galaxy, according to NASA.
So here’s where the burping comes in. “For an analogy, astronomers often refer to black holes as ‘eating’ stars and gas. Apparently, black holes can also burp after their meal,” Eric Schlegal of the University of Texas, San Antonio and study leader, explained in a NASA press release.
Schlegal also said that their observation “is important because this behavior would likely happen very often in the early universe, altering the evolution of galaxies,” NPR reports. And this illustrates that “black holes can create, not just destroy,” said co-author Marie Machacek of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
The study’s scientists say the hot gas is moving the cooler hydrogen gas forward, kind of like a snowplow. This is an example of a supermassive black hole “affecting its host galaxy in a phenomenon known as feedback,” the NASA release stated.
Schlegal said in an email that the feedback can aid in regulating a black hole’s size by “blowing gas back out through the central portion.” If it didn’t, the black hole that continues to eat and pick up matter “could become large enough to engulf a galaxy,” he said.
As the “snowplow” takes away material, Schlegal says “the expanding gas could also trigger star formation outside of the central volume,” according to NPR.
The Washington Post reports that the black hole’s burps are most likely from a “meal” that occurred millions of years ago:
“The researchers spotted twin arcs of X-ray emissions from the black hole in question, which they believe to be the aftereffects of a big meal that happened millions of years ago (the jets, they say, would have taken 1 million to 6 million years to reach their current positions).”
And it is not common to see those gassy burps from black holes. According to the team, who presented the study at the 227th meeting of the American Astronomical Society, the burp happened millions of years ago. The inner wave of gas took 3 million years to reach its position now and the outer twice as much, according to CNN.
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The Unites States are a very big country. Even bigger than Brazil. So there are lots of different cultures, accents, cuisines and so on.
There are 50 states (each one has a star in the American flag). Check out their characteristics and choose the one you think is the most interesting to know first.
There are lots of ways of dividing and classifying a country. The most common one when it comes to US is a division between West, Midwest, South and North-East.
Alabama was the first state to have a police emergency number (911) in 1968. It was also the first state that rescinded the right of men beating their wives.
The Northern Lights are an amazing natural show made by electrical particles that can be seen in this state.
This state is known by being the sunniest of all. It is the only state that doesn’t follow the Daylight Saving Time.
Arkansas was the first place to have a toothbrush in America thanks to Dupont Industries that started to manufacture them.
Besides Hollywood, California is famous for its great economy (if it were a country, it would be the seventh biggest economy in the world) and for the feasts envolving avocado as well.
It is the least obese state in all the country, maybe thanks to the great number of outdoor activities in there.
This is a state with two very curious facts: it is where frisbee was invented (on Yale University) and it is the state with more twins births in all America.
Delaware is considered a state of science and knowledge – it has more engineers and scientists than any other state.
This state has the biggest city in America: Jacksonville (874.3 square miles). However, they are known for a great contribution to the world: the air conditioning technology.
There, in 1886, John Pemberton produced the first Coke in the world.
Maybe thanks to their beaches or maybe thanks to its natural beauty, In average Hawaiians live 5 years more than people from other states.
A very precious device was invented in Idaho: the TV set, in Rigby, 1922.
Illinois is the most corrupt state in the US, with governors being investigated and even arrested. However, it was the first state to abolish slavery.
This state has something very curious: it is considered Santa Claus’ home. They even receive a half million letters a year.
Iowa has two good rates: It is the state where people read more and also the state with less cases of divorces in America.
Besides being home for Dorothy (and even presenting an exact replica of the house of “The Great Wizard of Oz”), Kansas was the first state to have a female mayor – Susana M. Alter, in Argonia.
Kentucky has two facts that go on opposite directions: it is the state with the highest percentage of people living below the poverty line, but it is also the home to more economically disadvantaged students in all the country.
This is the state with the largest capital building.
Home to Stephen King (the writer), this state has the least violent crimes registered.
Maryland has two firsts: the first Ouija Board (in Baltimore in 1892) and the first Naval Academy.
This state also made history when it was the first one to legalize same sex marriage.
Fremont is considered the world capital of baby food. It is also home to Gerber.
Minnesota is well known for its worry about education and schools.
Besides the river and its accent, Mississippi is famous for having performed the first lung transplant in all the world.
Do you know Missouri is the birthplace of ice cream cone? Well, yes, it is.
Women also made history in Montana: there a woman took part in the congress for the first time – Jeanette Rankin, in 1916.
If there is another state which has more twins being born, Nebraska is the one with more triplets being born.
Despite its name, Nevada is a famous state for its hot springs, and also for Las Vegas, of course.
Only 7.8% of people in New Hampshire lived below the poverty level in 2008.
New Jersey is a good state to spend your money: there is a big number of shopping malls and of places to have dinner as well.
As it was expected by its name, New Mexico elected the first Latin American president.
The most famous state in the US, New York offers highest salaries and diversity.
People in this state saw the first born in America and the first Krispy Kreme doughnut.
North Dakota is the right center of America.
Most library visits per capita are made in Ohio. And maybe that is the reason why they elected the first black mayor.
Brad Pitt was born in here.
Famous for their brilliant and colorful hills.
This state made not only the first flag in America, but also the first smiley :).
Rhode Island has the oldest library and bar in America. Diversity is seen there.
This state is home for the biggest gingko farm in all the world.
This state was the only one in all America that has never seen an earthquake EVER.
Tennessee is home for the barbecue sauce and Jack Daniel’s Whiskey.
Besides the cowboys, Dr. Pepper was invented there.
Utah has seen the first department store in all US.
It is a state without two things: Billboards and McDonald’s.
Home of the world’s largest office building, The Pentagon.
Washington is considered a very bicycle-friendly state.
This was the state that gave origin to the myth of the moth man.
The ice cream sundae was invented there in 1881. They also created the first kindergarten in America.
Women voted there for the first time in America.
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The mind in nature sees something nature cannot – itself. It introduces unique faculties into nature, such as intention, design and reason. Reason is regarded as our ‘highest’ faculty – a fact seen as a part of nature and apart from nature. We observe that the facts we illuminate and explain in nature don’t reason or find things out about themselves; nevertheless, we conclude that everything belongs to something else that causes it to be the way it is. We use our unique faculty of reason to tell ourselves that we are not alone, adducing that our perception of the world as it is, is caused by the world as it is.
Everything has a cause, including causality. Causality is a statement of reason that the mind projects upon the world. We impute powers to causes by identifying with them the fact of change – as if the cause holds the answer – as if nature explains life or the brain explains thought and reason. But causality isn’t the whole story. We create explanations in reason by identifying one fact with another, cause with effect, now said to be ‘the reason’ that the facts have given us. But reason is a fact of mind that is unlike any other fact that other facts ‘alone’ can supply – in the body, brain, nature, number, pattern, process, structure, order or evolution. The mind is a fact in addition, a reality uniquely placed to recognise a change in reality, beginning with itself – a change that is then ‘explained’ by causes acting mindlessly, without will or reason, leading some thinkers to deduce that the mind is an illusion.
Explanation is not all it seems. Causality ‘explains’ one thing in terms of another, and we think that the same applies to our thinking because the mind cannot be fundamental. But reality exceeds explanation – things are simultaneously one thing and another – perception does and does not mirror the world, the molecular world is and is not alive, nature does and does not comprise and compose our intentions. Reason pursues the fact of the ‘must be’, but paradoxical facts defy reason and rob us of the conclusiveness we try to invest in an objective world, nevertheless we proceed to draw conclusions by ignoring their paradoxical nature, and our own – we consider that the mind may be prone to illusion but reason cannot be – so paradox is resolvable by the ‘hard’ facts upon which our reasoning rests because fact is definitive and paradox poses but a temporary contradiction in terms.
In explanation, the terms are everything. We begin by naming things, then proceed to draw connections. We call it reasoning. Reasoning seeks to explain itself by referencing its terms to a world outside, but ‘outsides’ are facts relative to ‘insides’. We project our reasoning onto the world, to find it there – thereby to attribute our reasons to the facts. We distil from our findings the principles that are ‘there to be discovered’ from all our observations, thereby to construe a fact that pre-empts proof – that things are not alone. Proof requires the equation of one thing with another, so our reasons are seen to gain their authority from principles that are bigger than us, in reasons that equate to the facts of an outside world, in facts acting without reason or intention.
Likewise, science is an application of reasoning to a world outside. We see the world as filled with science; but we don’t really find ‘science’ there, except that we create the fact of science in the world. In reality, proof is relative to the mind that considers something proved according to the principles it brings to the equation. Furthermore, because reality is bigger than science, we find that the ‘facts of science’ amount to no more than our interim conclusions. Undaunted, we conclude that science belongs to the outside world, as if our reasoning can now be validated as a fact of science, in facts that can be discovered to speak for themselves. But however conclusive we may find the facts to be, the fact remains that only minds draw conclusions.
No fact does our thinking for us, not even in the brain. Finding the cause of thought in the brain does not explain the change to thought in the nature of a physical world, neither does attributing that change to evolution. Meanwhile, we continue to invest our reasoning in the facts by seeking to confirm a match, thereby to conclude that there is an ultimate conclusiveness to be found ‘out there’, in the facts of the external world. But our humility veils our hubris; for in deducing that the mind also owes its source to those same externals, we give ourselves the authority to claim that there is nothing better to conclude, since the facts must select our conclusions – facts telling us that reason is grounded – confirming the fact of what is there, as if what is the case is better known from the nature of something else, as if reason resolves the paradox of change by proving that things change without really changing.
© Mike Laidler
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The dental health foundation website makes use of early assimilation of good oral hygiene into general hygiene practices promotes better practices should be included in guidelines for personal hygiene taught in schools and in the guidelines used for the care of the. Hygiene and environmental health module: 3 personal hygiene study session 3 personal hygiene 342 oral hygiene (oral care) personal hygiene has social and aesthetic values. But there's good news: tooth decay is easy to avoid with good dental care and healthy eating and drinking skip to health & daily care ndis school, play & work this could lead to tooth decay over time if it isn't balanced with good oral hygiene to avoid tooth decay. Normally the body's natural defenses and good oral health care, such as daily brushing and flossing, can keep these bacteria under control however, without proper oral hygiene, bacteria can reach levels that might lead to oral infections. Effects of good oral hygiene health and social care essay universiteit kurukshetra university phd admission essay essay about a historical figure who sewed op-ed essay videos essays about specifically the effects of good oral hygiene of ventilated patients in a critical care environment. This paper aims to review the literature surrounding the chosen intervention of oral hygiene specifically the effects of good oral. Learn the basics of good hygiene and what to do when someone you care for is not taking good care of his a guide to good personal hygiene good personal hygiene is essential to promoting good health personal hygiene habits such as washing your hands and brushing and flossing your. Good hygiene is important for social, medical essay, health and hygiene essay in kannada proposizioni descriptive essays good oral hygiene and oral health can improve your overall health.
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The UK bans gas boilers in new houses: a step to tackling climate change
The UK opens a new debate on banning gas boilers to help tackle climate change. See Europe's latest actions on climate change here >>
The UK opens a new debate that proposes to abandon gas (and other fossil fuels) in new build housing as of 2023 since it accounts for 14% of polluting gases in the whole country. Therefore, homes built after 2023 will be prohibited from using natural gas for hot water and heating. The intention of the British Government is to move towards decarbonization in order to fight against global warming and climate change.
Did you know that the older your boiler gets, the less efficient it becomes? With the gas boiler ban announcement, if you think yours is nearing the end of its life, now is the time to explore other options.
What’s happening to gas boilers in the UK?
Gas boilers are being phased out in the UK, with the current deadline set at 2025, although it is unclear whether it will definitely be implemented.
With the application of this new measure, homes that are built after 2025 will not be connected to the gas grid, opting for low-carbon energy instead. In fact, it’s not just gas boilers but all fossil fuel boilers that will be banned going forward.
The objective of this is that the homes of the future (Future Homes Standard) can contribute in a more intense way to the reduction of carbon, are better prepared for energy transitions and have greater energy efficiency. Homes now need to look towards low-carbon heat pumps and networks to meet climate change targets… a particular challenge since 85% of our homes are still heated by carbon-heavy natural gas.
The UK Committee on Climate Change (the CCC) announced in a recent report that the country’s housing “is not equipped to cope with the effects of climate change and recommended that, by 2025, new houses should not be connected to the gas network ”.
Through this report, we understand that, without this change, the UK would not be able to meet climate targets as “household energy use accounts for approximately 14% of greenhouse gas emissions”. Therefore, a reduction objective of 24% is proposed for 2030 on the figures of the year 1990.
Why should heat pumps replace gas boilers?
Heat pumps offer the same heating potential as gas boilers, except they’re powered by low-carbon electricity.
Above all, heat pumps have the most potential for saving carbon. According to the CCC report, they deliver around 25-85 tCO2 (a measure of carbon dioxide) savings per home over a 60-year lifetime. To put this into perspective, using heat pumps would mean a 90% reduction in lifetime carbon emissions.
After seeing what’s going to happen in the UK, Rointe recognises we’re stepping into a new era, where fossil fuels are dying and renewables are rising. Banning gas boilers isn’t going to single-handedly rescue us from global warming and the threat of mass extinction number 6, but it is a step in the right direction. Here at Rointe, we can’t help but be excited at the prospect of homes using more efficient, electric heating and alternative methods, like our Dalis Pro Heat Pump to heat our hot water and to keep us warm.
What climate change initiatives are happening across the rest of Europe?
Ireland has approved the final text of legislation to set them on the path to net-Zero emissions no later than 2050, and to a 51% reduction in emissions by the end of this decade. The Bill will also provide the framework for Ireland to meet its international and EU climate commitments and to become a leader rather than a laggard in addressing climate change. Actions for each sector will be detailed in the Climate Action Plan which must be updated annually. Local authorities must also prepare their own Climate Action Plans, which specify the mitigation and adaptation measures that they plan to adopt.
The public will be consulted on the Bill over an eight-week period running until May 18. No one should feel threatened by these changes and they should be seen as opportunities to design a new, clean and renewable energy system, restore nature, build a world-class public transport system and invest in innovative industries that will generate jobs for generations to come.
The Dáil chamber members of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Climate Action were being treated to a vision of what climate action might actually look like. Expert witnesses described a possible future in which 98 per cent of Dublin’s households would not need to own a car; one where the drop in car ownership freed up space for more cycle lanes and public transport. There will be much discussion of the Bill by policy and legal experts over the forthcoming weeks when it is debated in full by the Oireachtas. We should be clear, however, that this is just the starting line for Ireland… the race has already begun.
France has a very ambitious environmental policy agenda. The French government has proposed legislation committing the country to carbon neutrality by 2050. The heating of buildings currently represents 20 per cent of France’s greenhouse gases.
From 2022, oil and coal boilers will be replaced by heating systems that “pollute less”, announced Emmanuelle Wargon, an ecology minister for housing.
Coal and oil heaters will be banned in 2022. As of January 1st 2022, anyone building a new home will have to choose different means of heating, and anyone whose oil or coal boiler breaks down will have to replace it with a different kind of heater. The plan is to reduce the number of oil-fired boilers by 200,000 every year.
As reported by the ICEX (Institute of Foreign Trade), “later, from the year 2024, Les Echos informs that the threshold of CO2 emissions for apartments will be reduced to 6 kg / m2 per year, which will make installation of gas heating systems unfeasible in these sites, but not the installation of hybrid systems. “
Housing ‘decency’ will become legal criteria as of January 1st 2023. In practice, that means that from that date any tenant in a house that consumes more than 500 kilowatts of energy per square meter per year can ask the landlord to renovate the building.
The government will also issue measures that target the “completely unjustified overconsumption” of resources, which includes prohibiting outdoor restaurant terraces from using heaters, causing controversy for the countries bars and restaurants, particularly after the Covid-19 pandemic.
Spain’s national energy and climate plan (NECP) sets a target of 23% greenhouse gas emissions cuts by the end of the decade, compared with 1990 levels. The strategy insists that will put it on the right path to going carbon neutral by 2050. Spain decided in 2018 to aim for a 100% renewables-powered electricity system by 2050 and to get the country on the right track, clean energy sources will supply 74% of demand by 2030.
Spain’s energy efficiency measures also include the improvement of public and private buildings. In total, the Ministry of Ecological Transition will promote the rehabilitation of at least 100,000 homes a year to make them more energy efficient.
In relation to sustainable mobility, the law establishes that in 2040 the registration and sale of vehicles that emit CO 2 will not be allowed and measures will be put in place for the penetration of electric transport. In this way, it is intended to reach 2050 with a fleet of passenger cars and commercial vehicles without direct carbon dioxide emissions.
Precisely, the minister recalled during her visit to COP25 that the law will also force municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants to create low-emission zones , such as those that already exist in Madrid, Barcelona or Pontevedra. To this end, the installation of charging points for electric vehicles and the improvement of the public transport network will be promoted.
Spain has also introduced the prohibition of coal boilers in Madrid as of January 1, 2022. This new regulation promotes energy efficiency and the elimination of polluting sources, produced by coal boilers. The aim is to end the most polluting emissions and turn the capital of Spain into a more decarbonized, greener city, with cleaner and healthier air for its citizens.
The Netherlands has produced a more ambitious carbon plan for 2030 and recently passed a law to end all coal power generation by that date.
To create a healthy and livable city, Amsterdam launched a Climate Adaptation Strategy. In densely populated areas such as Amsterdam, heat waves are more extreme, as a result of the so-called ‘urban heat island effect’. This means that heat generated by people, vehicles and the sun is easily trapped by the materials used to build houses, industrial buildings, sidewalks, and parking lots. Amsterdam’s goal is to achieve a 55% reduction in emissions by 2030, and a 95% reduction of emissions by 2050.
The city’s Climate Neutral Programme focuses on reducing CO2 released within the city of Amsterdam as a result of energy use. Its aim is to become a natural gas-free city by 2040. As many of the new homes as possible should be constructed to an energy-neutral standard. The City wants all people with a roof to gain insight into the possibilities of solar panels and get a so-called ‘sun offer’. The days of diesel and petrol cars in Amsterdam are numbered. From 2030, the entire built-up area of Amsterdam will be emission-free for all forms of transport, including cars and motorbikes. Charging stations have been set up to encourage the switch to electric transport.
In the case of Portugal, the negotiations on the European Climate Law, which will aim to reduce emissions of 55% by 2030, are expected to conclude before the end of June, as Portugal is giving greater priority to climate change in recent months.
The country believes, along with most EU members, that we should aspire to be carbon neutral by 2050 or earlier.
These are just some of the initiatives European countries are working on to tackle climate change. Why not share with us your low carbon strategies in your own home?
Why choose Rointe as the most efficient option?
Rointe heating systems were created to respond to the growing demand for efficient and environmentally friendly products in heating. The combination of electricity as fuel and high-quality materials, allows us to generate efficient and healthy heat for the comfort of people.
We develop 100% electric and energy-efficient heating and domestic hot water systems, committing ourselves to provide the most innovative and sustainable electric heating solutions on the market, offering our customers the heating of the future, today.
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By SANI ADAMU
By most accounts, the radio is believed to be the most effective means of communication in Africa.
Available statistics reveal that more than 70 per cent of Africans rely primarily on the radio for their information and entertainment.
Historically, radio broadcasting in Nigeria dates back to 1932 when the industry served the interests of the then colonial administration.
However, with the establishment of the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) in 1957, the industry became an independent institution designed to be a non-partisan means of communication.
Regrettably, however, such aspiration has turned out to be a hallucination, some observers say.
However, in the late 1970s when the industry was somewhat liberalised, the federal and state governments as well as any other body or person authorised by the President are authorised to own, operate or establish a wireless broadcast station in the country by the virtue of Section 36, Sub-section 2 of the 1979 Constitution.
In 1992, the administration of former military President Ibrahim Babangida further liberalised the industry to give room for the advent of private broadcasting.
The onset of private broadcasting, perhaps, explains the decision of the World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC), in partnership with the Institute for Media and Society (IMS-Nigeria), to initiate the community radio project in Nigeria.
The project tagged: ”Building Community Radio in Nigeria” was launched in 2003.
Industry experts describe community radio as a locally operated radio station that provides various services and information to its audience.
Some of the community radio’s programmes are local news, weather reports, sports news and public forums, as well as religious, educational and community programmes, which are not usually handled by commercial radio stations owned by regional or national media outfits.
The community radio is also a non-profit venture that relies primarily on grants and donations for funding and its workforce usually comprise volunteers and other non-professionals.
Technically, a community radio station is operated on the lower end of the FM dial — between 87.5 and 91.9 — and it has lower signal strength than the larger commercial stations.
One of the fundamental goals of AMARC is to use radio as a means of promoting the people’s right, at the grassroots level, to communicate and contribute to development via the principles of solidarity and international cooperation.
Across Africa, AMARC has more than 200 affiliates and about 160 members of the association in Africa are radio stations and community radio federations.
A school of thought, however, posits that the community radio project is a two-way process: the exchange of views from various sources and the adaptation of media for use by communities.
Others believe that the community radio project presents a platform for communities to participate in the communication process as planners, producers and performers.
They also argue that the community radio is a means of expression of the community, rather than for the community.
Interestingly, many African countries have employed the services of the community radio to promote peace-building efforts and conflict resolution.
For instance, a study carried out on four community radio stations in Sierra Leone and Liberia revealed that the radio stations had greatly assisted in fostering peace-building and conflict resolution in the post-war era of the two countries.
The study, which had its focus on areas that were still struggling to achieve meaningful development in a post-conflict setting, was designed to assess the relationships existing between drivers of development and community radio stations.
It found that the community radios appreciably promoted development in their respective communities via partnerships with local and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
The study partly entailed an analysis of the radio stations’ programmes and their impact on local development processes, while an impact-assessment survey of the audience and focus groups was used to evaluate audience perceptions and uses of local radio.
The stations were also assessed to estimate their intrinsic worth as independent development agents in ongoing peace-building activities.
The report categorised community radio into two major groups. The first is the radio’s support for development programmes’ implementation, leading to improved efficacy, broader reach, accountability and community feedback.
The second group entails the regular broadcast of education and public awareness issues, which could propel positive changes in the people’s attitudes and behaviours.
The study found that community radio stations had positive and purposeful relationships with local governments and civil society organisations.
On the whole, the study found that community radio stations played a central role in disseminating information which could promote development and improve development outcomes via a lot of partnerships.
The report said that community radio stations had positively contributed to the peace-building efforts in the rural communities of Sierra Leone and Liberia in the post-war era.
It noted that the community radio stations in the two countries were active participants in efforts to curb potential violent crises.
The study noted that the community radio stations gave communication access to people, who hitherto had no access to other means of communication, adding that they also facilitated peaceful election processes in the two countries.
Such advantages, perhaps, informed the decision of some state and local governments as well as some individuals in Nigeria to key into the community radio project and acquire radio licences.
One of the state governments that adopted the community radio programme is the Bauchi State Government, which has established 10 community radio stations.
Gov. Isa Yuguda, who recently inaugurated one of the community radio stations at Kafin-Madaki, Ganjuwa Local Government Area, pledged that the remaining nine stations would be completed and inaugurated before the end of the year.
He said that the radio stations were established to improve the relationship between the government and the rural dwellers, adding that the stations would also promote effective communication with the people.
Saying that community radio broadcasting had been existing in many parts of the world, Yuguda said that the radio stations were designed to disseminate information on weather, agriculture, politics and other socio-economic issues, particularly to those living in the rural areas.
He said with the growing recognition of the efficacy of the community radio as a tool of mobilising the rural dwellers for nation-building efforts would further promote the fulfilment of the country’s democracy.
The governor urged rural dwellers to avail themselves of the opportunities provided by community radio stations to improve agricultural techniques, embrace good health habits and Western education.
Also speaking, Alhaji Mohammed Damina, the Commissioner for Information, commended Yuguda for the community radio initiative, saying that the project was one of the best government’s programmes for the rural communities.
Damina particularly urged the people of the area to promote their cultural values through the radio station, which was also designed to promote the people’s unity.
Many observers have been commending Yuguda for his foresight in embarking on the community radio project.
Alhaji Mohammed Abdullahi, the National President of the Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR), lauded the governor for the community radio project which, he noted, would also promote good governance.
Abdullahi, who is also the Managing Director of Bauchi Radio Corporation (BRC), noted that the 10 community radio stations established in the state would help in bridging the communication gap existing between the government and the rural dwellers.
The NIPR president, nonetheless, advised the new radio stations to be non-partisan in their programming.
“The radio stations are not established to propagate political conflicts, ethnic rivalry and religious bigotry.
“The stations must strive to be non-partisan. All the segments of the community, irrespective of their religious or ethnic affiliations, as well as their social, political and other leanings, should have unrestricted access to them.
“The linguistic plurality of the state should be respected and accommodated in the programme content of the radios, which should be used to enhance cultural values.
“However, since these community radio stations are to serve the various communities where the stations are located; there is a compelling need to promote their sustainability.
“The communities, governments, the NGOs, cooperative societies and individuals must be genuine stakeholders in the project,” Abdullahi said.
Sharing similar sentiments, Alhaji Sanusi Mohammed, a social commentator, proposed that the communities in which the radio stations were located should be encouraged to fund the stations’ operations and activities through voluntary contributions.
Mohammed said that the community radio project would enable communities to tell their stories in their own ways and share experiences, while they should become active creators and contributors.
Observers, nonetheless, stress the need for the government and the communities in which the radio stations are located to make effective use of the stations as a platform for educating the people on issues relating to health, sanitation, environment, education and security, among others.
After all, knowledge is the key to human survival and advancement as well as the panacea to virtually all the people’s problems, they add.
Adamu is a staff of NAN
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Bites of lice look and cause about the same sensations in the infected, as well as the bites of other bloodsucking parasitic insects. In their place there are small, very itchy reddening (parents at first often attribute to their allergic reaction to the child). With a large number of bites, sometimes there are also characteristic bluish spots on the skin.
Typical bites of lice are presented in the following photo:
Lice are best known as parasites of the hairy areas of the body, and therefore the effects of infection are usually sought on the head. However, people who, for various reasons, do not change clothes for a long time, especially underwear, can receive lice that bite for any parts of the body that are under clothing. For example, the following photo shows typical bites of lice on the body:
Given that lice are potentially able to tolerate pathogens of very dangerous diseases , it is useful to know how the louse bite looks and how it differs from the bites of other insects so that, if detected and identified, take measures to get rid of parasites as soon as possible.
What are the bugs of lice?
Even the bites of lice themselves can create considerable discomfort by the constant itching and possible allergic reactions of the body to them. This is especially typical for bites of pubic lice - here the unpleasant sensations from bites literally do not allow a person to relax for a minute.
Allergic reactions to lice bites usually appear in case of serious infection and manifest themselves in the form of rashes in places of the most massive bites. There may be swelling of the tissues, and sometimes - an increase in body temperature and an increase in lymph nodes.
It is interesting
The Roman emperor Sulla suffered from pubic lice in a neglected form. His contemporaries testify that the servants almost continuously removed parasites from Sulla, and his whole body was covered with festering wounds at the places of bites.
Constant combing of itching bites can lead to suppuration of scratches and the further development of pustular infections, which in neglected form can develop into pyoderma.
No less dangerous are infections that are carried by lice when bitten. Thus, the louse and, more rarely, the head louse - are carriers of pathogens of typhus or recurrent typhoid, as well as some types of fevers. Each bite of a louse is a risk of infection of one of these diseases (infection can occur when combing bites, when lice are accidentally crushed and their internal contents are entered into the wound).
Photo of the louse on clothes:
On a note
It was typhus, carried by lice, that caused the death of many thousands of people during the Napoleonic wars and the First World War. According to some historians, during these wars the number of people killed by typhus exceeded the number of people killed on the battlefields.
Perhaps, in comparison with these dangers, the fear of being mocked by peers, which torments most of the lice infested with children, seems just childish stupidity. But it is this fear that leads to the fact that the disease has time for development. Therefore, the skin of the child on the body and head should be inspected regularly and if effective lice bites are detected immediately take effective measures.
In the photo there are nits in the baby's hair:
Most often, children become infected with lice in friendly groups - kindergartens, summer camps, hiking trails. It is upon returning from such places and under various pretexts to carefully examine the head of the child and his body.
What does the bitten skin look like?
Bites of lice look like small red little bloated spots. On a fresh bite, you can sometimes consider the point of skin puncture - there is a drop of dried blood for a while. A few hours after the bite, it is no longer visible.
With a small number of lice, their bites are not noticeable. When there are many parasites, mass bites in the most loved places merge into large spots and become like allergic rashes.
In the photo - bites of lice on the neck of the child:
And the next photo shows an inflamed biting of lice:
Bites of lice are characterized by the appearance of small bluish spots around the places of greatest damage. Dangerous in these spots is nothing, but on them pediculosis is easiest to distinguish from the bites of other insects.
With the development of the allergic reaction of the rash and the bites themselves merge into spots, the surface of which can be covered with a thin crust. Usually this does not happen, as with lice begin to fight much earlier, but in cases with homeless people this is a typical situation. In the photo you can see how the bite of lice looks, complicated by allergy and pustular infection:
There are situations when bites on the skin are completely unnoticed by an infected person: some people with a low-sensitivity skin almost do not feel lice bites and do not pay attention to their consequences. These cases are one of the most serious, because the symptoms of pediculosis in such people are felt only in the late stages of infection, and before that lice have time to multiply in huge quantities and infect many of those with whom the patient communicates.
Differences in lice bites from bites of other insects
Bites of head and pubic lice are almost impossible to confuse with the bites of other insects - no other parasite bites regularly the hairy parts of the body. Therefore, if in intimate places or on the head bites regularly appear in large quantities - this is a serious reason to suspect the presence of lice.
But bites of lice can easily be confused with bugs bugs or fleas - they have about the same size and appearance. The most characteristic difference between lice bites is the absence of pronounced chains of several bites. Such chains leave both bugs and fleas, for lice it is not peculiar.
You should also remember about the blue spots in the places of bites: they are also a characteristic sign of lousiness.
The whole process in detail
The way lice bite is very similar to a similar process in fleas. Jaws of lice have evolved into sharp stilettos surrounding the salivary canal and the oral cavity itself. With these stilettos the insect pierces the skin and gets to the nearest blood vessel, from which the blood begins to suck.
The pose of sucking blood of a louse is characteristic: it thus slightly lifts the back part of the body and tries to dip the head as deep as possible into the skin.
Photo of a louse during a bite:
During a bite, a louse injects saliva into the wound through a saliva canal, containing an enzyme that prevents blood clotting. It is this enzyme, acting on the nerve endings in the skin around the bite, causes further itching and redness. In larvae of lice, this enzyme is produced in the body in insufficient quantities, and their bites for this reason are less noticeable.
On a note
Nits do not bite, since these are just lice eggs in a special protective shell, which also provides attachment to the hair. The question is whether nits bite, usually occurs in untrained people due to the fact that the nits themselves are more visible than lice, and their amount on the head is sometimes visually greater than the number of lice due to the large number of empty shells (dry nits) . Therefore, with a constant itch, it may seem that the nits are biting, which is completely wrong.
First aid for biting lice
Immediately after the detection of bites, you should look for lice themselves. Head and pubic lice are located here: on the hair of that part of the body where bites are found.
Louse lice should be sought on the seams and the underside of the clothes that the infected person wears most often.
After the detection of parasites, it is necessary to start their removal as soon as possible.
If immediate destruction of lice is impossible, or bites cause severe pain and response of the body, they must be treated:
- Clean water with soap.
- Any means on an alcohol basis up to pure alcohol or vodka. Optimum alcoholic tincture of propolis.
- If there is inflammation or wound on the site of the bite, it is best to spread it with Fenistil gel or ointment. Not bad also help to remove a strong itch ointment Алфодерм or the Asterisk.
- If bites are complicated by an allergic reaction, they should be treated with Menovazine.
If the temperature rises after a bite or nausea and headaches appear, it is necessary to see the doctor. With a strong allergic reaction in the hospital may prescribe Dimedrol or Diazolin, as well as some specific antihistamines. You can not assign them yourself.
And you should always remember that lice is a serious parasitic disease. There is no question of modesty or silence about the facts of bites, and at the very first detected bites, one must do everything possible to properly identify parasites and begin treatment. The earlier the fight against lice begins, the easier and faster it will be to get rid of them.
Getting rid of lice and nits at home for 1 procedure:
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Fog is made up of condensed water droplets when air is cooled to the point where it can no longer hold all the water vapor.
Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat to work transformations (and the reverse) in the earth’s atmospheric system in relation to weather or climate. Following the fundamental laws of classical thermodynamics, atmospheric thermodynamics studies such phenomena as properties of moist air, formation of clouds, atmospheric convection, boundary layer meteorology, and vertical stabilities in the atmosphere. Atmospheric thermodynamic diagrams are used as tools in the forecasting of storm development. Atmospheric thermodynamics forms a basis for cloud microphysics and convection parameterizations in numerical weather models, and is used in many climate considerations, including convective-equilibrium climate models.
Atmospheric thermodynamics focuses on water and its transformations. Areas of study include the law of energy conservation, the ideal gas law, specific heat capacities, adiabatic processes (in which entropy is conserved), and moist adiabatic processes. Most of tropospheric gases are treated as ideal gases and water vapor is considered as one of the most important trace components of air.
An inorganic nonaqueous solvent is a solvent other than water, that is not an organic compound. Common examples are liquid ammonia, liquid sulfur dioxide, sulfuryl chloride and sulfuryl chloride fluoride, phosphoryl chloride, dinitrogen tetroxide, antimony trichloride, bromine pentafluoride, hydrogen fluoride, pure sulfuric acid and other inorganic acids. These solvents are used in chemical research and industry for reactions that cannot occur in aqueous solutions or require a special environment.
The reactions of the compounds containing xenon are mostly conducted in hydrogen fluoride or bromine pentafluoride, which dissolve readily both xenon difluorides and its multiple derivatives, although sulfuric solvents are also used sometimes, in particular sulfuryl chloride fluoride for strong oxidants.
Properties of water
Water vapor or aqueous vapor is the gas phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Unlike other forms of water, water vapor is invisible. Under typical atmospheric conditions, water vapor is continuously generated by evaporation and removed by condensation. It is lighter than air and triggers convection currents that can lead to clouds.
Water vapor is a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Dihydrogen monoxide (DHMO)
Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH)
Atmospheric dynamics (category)
Weather (category) · (portal)
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A Breed Standard is the guideline which describes the ideal characteristics, temperament and appearance of a breed and ensures that the breed is fit for function with soundness essential. Breeders and judges should at all times be mindful of features which could be detrimental in any way to the health, welfare or soundness of this breed.
UTILIZATION: Companion-, watch- and farm dog.
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY: At the height of the Great St. Bernard Pass, 2469 metres above sea level, a hospice was founded by monks in the 11th century as a place of refuge for travellers and pilgrims. There, large mountain dogs have been kept since the middle of the 17th century for guarding and protection. The existence of such dogs has been documented pictorially since 1695 and in a written document at the hospice in the year 1707. The dogs were soon in use as companion dogs and especially as rescue dogs for travellers lost in snow and fog. The chronicles about the numerous human lives saved by these dogs from the « white death », published in many languages, and the verbal reports of the soldiers who crossed the pass with Bonaparte’s army in 1800, spread the fame of the St. Bernard, called Barry-dog at that time, throughout Europe during the 19th century. The legendary dog « Barry » became the epitome of the rescue dog. The direct ancestors of the St. Bernard were the large farm dogs common in that region. Within a few generations and aiming to a defined ideal type, these dogs were developed to the present day type of breed.
Heinrich Schumacher from Holligen near Bern was the first who began to issue genealogical documents for his dogs in 1867.
In February 1884 the "Schweizerisches Hundestammbuch"(SHSB), the Swiss Dog Stud Book, was started. The very first entry was the St. Bernard "Leon", and the following 28 registrations also concerned St. Bernards. On the 15th March 1884, the Swiss St. Bernards-Club was founded in Basle. On the occasion of an international Canine Congress on June 2nd 1887, the St. Bernard dog was officially recognized as a Swiss breed and the breed standard was declared as binding. Since then, the St. Bernard has been regarded as the Swiss national dog.
There are two varieties of the St. Bernard:
- Short-haired variety (double coat, “Stockhaar”):
- Longhaired variety.
Both varieties are of considerable size and of impressive general appearance. They have a balanced, powerful, sturdy, muscular body with impressive head and an alert facial expression.
- Ideal relation of height at withers to length of body (measured from the point of the shoulder to the point of buttocks) = 9 : 10.
- Ideal relation of height at withers to depth of chest see sketch below.
- The total length of the head is slightly more than one third of the height at withers.
- The relation of depth of muzzle (measured at its root) to length of muzzle is almost 2:1.
- Length of muzzle to be slightly longer than one third of the total length of the head.
Friendly by nature. Temperament calm to lively; watchful.
HEAD: Powerful, imposing and very expressive.
Skull: Strong, broad, seen in profile and from the front slightly rounded. When the dog is alert, the set-on of the ears and the top of the skull form a straight line, which slopes at the sides in a gentle curve to the strongly developed high cheekbones. Forehead falling away steeply towards the muzzle. Occipital bone only moderately developed, superciliary ridges strongly developed. The frontal furrow, which starts at the base of the forehead, is distinctly developed and runs up right in the middle of the skull.
The skin of the forehead forms slight wrinkles above the eyes that converge towards the frontal furrow. When the dog is at attention, they are moderately visible; otherwise they are rather inconspicuous.
Stop: Distinctly pronounced.
Nose: Black, broad and square. Nostrils well opened.
Muzzle: Of even width. Nasal bridge straight, with slight groove.
Lips: Edge of lips black pigmented. Flews of upper jaw strongly developed, firm and not too pendulous, forming a wide curve towards the nose. Corners of mouth remain visible.
Jaws/Teeth: Upper and lower jaw strong, broad, equal in length.
Well developed, regular and complete scissor or pincer bite. Close fitting undershot mouth without any space between the lower and the upper incisors acceptable. Absence of PM 1 (premolar 1) and M3 tolerated.
Eyes: Of medium size. Colour dark brown to nut-brown.
Moderately deep set with a friendly expression. Natural tightness of lids desired. A very small angular fold on the lower lids with the jaws only very slightly visible as well as a small fold on the upper lids are permitted. Eye rims completely pigmented.
Ears: Of medium size, set on high and wide. Strongly developed burrs. Flaps pliable, triangular with rounded tips. The rear edges slightly standing off, the front edges lying closely to the cheeks.
NECK: Strong and of sufficient length. Dewlap and loose skin on the neck moderately developed.
General appearance: General appearance imposing, balanced, impressive and well muscled.
Withers: Well defined.
Back: Broad, strong, firm. Topline straight and horizontal up to the loins.
Croup: Long, hardly sloping, merging gently with the root of the tail.
Chest: Brisket moderately deep with well sprung ribs, but not barrelshaped.
Not projecting below elbow level.
Underline and belly: Slight tuck up towards rear.
TAIL: Set-on broad and strong. Tail long and heavy. The last vertebra reaching at least to the hock joint. When in repose, the tail hangs straight down or slightly upturned in the lower third. When animated, it is carried higher.
General appearance: Forelegs straight and parallel seen from the front. Standing moderately broad.
Shoulder: Shoulder blades oblique, muscular and well attached to the chest wall.
Upper arm: Longer than the shoulder blade. Angle between shoulder blade and upper arm not too blunt.
Elbow: Close fitting.
Forearm: Straight, strong in bone, with lean musculature.
Metacarpus (Pasterns): Seen from the front vertical in prolongation of the forearms; slightly oblique seen from the side.
Forefeet: Broad, with strong, tight, well arched toes.
General appearance: Muscular with moderate angulation. Seen from the back, hind legs are parallel, not standing closely together.
Thigh: Strong, muscular, broad.
Stifle (Knee): Well angulated, turning neither in nor out.
Lower thigh: Slanting and rather long.
Hock joint: Slightly angulated, firm.
Metatarsus (Rear pastern): Straight and parallel when seen from behind.
Hind feet: Broad, with strong, tight, well arched toes. Dewclaws tolerated if they do not hinder the movement.
GAIT / MOVEMENT: Harmonious far reaching movement with good drive from the hindquarters, the back remaining stable and firm. Front and hind feet move forward in a straight line.
- Shorthaired variety (Stockhaar, double coat): Topcoat dense, smooth; close lying and coarse. Plenty of undercoat. Thighs with slight breeches. Tail covered with dense hair.
- Longhaired variety: Topcoat straight, of medium length with plenty of undercoat. Short hair on face and ear; hair over the haunches and the croup usually somewhat wavy. Front legs feathered. Thighs with good breeches. Bushy tail.
Colour: Primary colour white with smaller or larger clear red patches (splash-coated dogs) up to an unbroken clear to dark red mantle covering back and flanks (mantle dogs). A broken reddishbrown mantle is of equal value. A brindle reddish-brown colour permissible. Brownish-yellow tolerated. Dark shadings on head desirable. Slight touch of black shading on body tolerated.
Required white markings: Chest, feet, tip of tail, muzzle band, blaze and patch on neck.
Desirable markings: White collar. Symmetrical dark mask.
Height at the withers: For males minimum 70 cm,
For females minimum 65 cm.
For males maximum 90 cm,
For females maximum 80 cm.
Dogs which exceed the maximum height will not be penalised, provided their general appearance is balanced and their movement is sound.
FAULTS: Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness, with which the fault should be regarded, should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
- Lack of sexual characteristics.
- Unbalanced general appearance.
- Muzzle too short or too long.
- Flews of the lower jaw turning outwards.
- Missing teeth other than PM 1 (premolar 1) and M3. Small teeth (especially incisors).
- Slightly undershot mouth.
- Light eyes.
- Eyelids too loose.
- Sway back or roach back.
- Croup higher than withers or falling away.
- Tail carried curled on the back.
- Absence of required markings.
- Faulty movement.
- Curly coat.
- Incomplete or totally absent pigmentation on nose leather, around the nose, on the lips or the eyelids.
- Faulty primary colour e.g. reddish-brown dots or ticks in the white.
- Too short legs in relation to size (short-legged).
- Heavy folds on head and neck.
- Crooked or severely turned out front legs.
- Poorly angulated, open-hocked or cow-hocked hindquarters.
- Aggressive or overly shy dogs.
- Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
- Weak temperament
- Overshot mouth, distinctly undershot mouth.
- Wall eye.
- Ectropion, entropion.
- Solid white or solid reddish-brown coat (absence of the primary colour).
- Coat of any other colour as well as flesh coloured nostrils (nostrils without pigmentation)
- Height at withers below minimum size.
- Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum (this expression is obligatory in every standard).
- Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typical conformation should be used for breeding.
The latest amendments are in bold characters.
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Fun Hippos Quiz – FREE Online Quiz Questions and Answers for Kids with Score Game
Enjoy this Easy Science for Kids Hippos Quiz – you’ll get your quiz score after completing this FREE online interactive quiz on Hippos. You need to answer all the questions to be able to get your score. You can do this fun quiz about hippos again, till you get the perfect score and become a quiz champion!
Tip: To get it right the first time, read the page with fun facts about the hippos.
About the Hippos Quiz & our FREE Online Quizzes
Our fun easy science quizzes are a free online general knowledge quiz resource for teachers and educators of kids in elementary school, grammar school and preschool. This fun Hippo quiz helps your kids learn fun facts about hippos while enjoying this FREE online quiz with score game.
If your child is interested in learning about animals and the world, or is in a science enrichment class, then this is a fun science activity, with reading comprehension benefits for kids in first to fifth grade. Kids will enjoy competing against their classmates and friends, to see who scores the best, doing this fun and free science quiz on hippos.
As a reading comprehension educational activity for kids, you can set a timer to encourage kids to do the reading comprehension activity faster, or you can simply limit the number of times your kids can read about the quiz topic, before they do the actual quiz questions and answers for kids.
Younger kids who cannot yet read or write, such as Pre-K kids, Kindergarten kids or Preschool kids, will benefit from doing this and our other fun kids quizzes, as a listening comprehension activity; you read out to them about the topic and then read the quiz question and answers. You will select the Hippos quiz answer they think is correct, and at the end you get the Hippos quiz score. Your child can try many times, till gets the perfect score faster, as he or she learn to listen more carefully and develop a better memory and attention span!
Cite This Page
You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples:
MLA Style Citation
Declan, Tobin. " Fun Hippos Quiz – FREE Online Quiz Questions and Answers for Kids with Score Game - ." Easy Science for Kids, Oct 2020. Web. 22 Oct 2020. < https://easyscienceforkids.com/fun-hippos-quiz-free-online-quiz-questions-and-answers-for-kids-with-score-game/ >.
APA Style Citation
Tobin, Declan. (2020). Fun Hippos Quiz – FREE Online Quiz Questions and Answers for Kids with Score Game -. Easy Science for Kids. Retrieved from https://easyscienceforkids.com/fun-hippos-quiz-free-online-quiz-questions-and-answers-for-kids-with-score-game/
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Flu Season (Canine Cough and Cat Flu)
Canine cough (dog whooping cough)
Is a highly contagious airborne disease that’s easily passed from dog to dog by moisture droplets. Canine Cough (or Kennel Cough as it was previously known) is primarily caused by two organisms, Bordetella bronchiseptica which causes damage to the lining of the respiratory system, followed by canine parainfluenza virus.
It is a highly contagious disease that usually infects dogs in areas where they socialise, such as parks, obedience classes, dog shows and kennels.
The classical symptom of Canine Cough is a harsh hacking cough that often finishes with gagging. The coughing is usually made worse by exercise, excitement or pressure on the throat region. Severely affected dogs may also have fever, lethargy and reduced appetite. In unvaccinated dogs Coughing may persist for many weeks or months despite treatment, and result in pneumonia.
It is important that dogs of all ages be vaccinated against all the causative organisms of Canine Cough. Vaccinated dogs may still develop a mild cough but generally get over it without treatment within 7-10 days.
DID YOU KNOW – Bordetella Bronchiseptica, is related to Bordetella pertussis which causes Whooping Cough in people. Thankfully people cannot contract the canine version, and dogs cannot get the human version.
Cat flu (Feline Respiratory Disease)
Is also highly contagious and can cause severe illness, especially in elderly cats or kittens. Vaccination is highly effective and while it won’t always prevent cats from developing flu, it helps reduce the severity of the condition. Flu vaccinations are given annually and are an important way to help keep your cat stay happy and healthy.
Feline respiratory disease (Cat Flu) can be caused by a number of organisms, however most cases are due to Feline Rhinotracheitis virus (herpes virus) and Feline Calicivirus. These organisms are usually spread when an infected or carrier cat coughs or sneezes. Given that many cats roam outdoors the spread of the disease is very easy, without even having to go to a cattery.
Unlike other disease after infection, cats usually become carriers of the virus for many years (often lifelong). These cats continue to spread the virus to other cats, even after they have recovered from the initial infection themselves. Symptoms may include a:
- discharge from the nose and eyes,
- ulcers on the tongue,
- loss of appetite and
These symptoms may persist for 3-4 weeks, however the cat may still act as a carrier for many years after.
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Gautama Buddha’s teaching of four noble truths and eightfold noble path are called Buddhism.
The four noble truths: dukha or existence of suffering in the world dukha-samudhaya or cause for suffereing dukhanirodha or it is possible to stop suffering dukha-nirodha marga or way out of the suffering.
Eightfold noble path: samyagdrsti or right views samyak-sankalpa or right resolve samyak-karmanta or right conduct samyagjiva or right livelihood samyag-vyayama or right effort samyak-smrti or right mindfulness samyak-samadhi or right concentration
So "the kinship of the religions of India stems from the fact that Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs look back to Hinduism as their common mother."
Main Reasons for Buddhism's Decline in India
Buddhism had always been a monastic or ascetic religion with almost very few lay followers, and so when Islamists had invaded the Indian Subcontinent, and persecuted all Hindus (Buddhists, Jains, Shaivas, etc), due to the loss of Buddhist institutions such as their temples and universities, the outlawing of Hindu asceticism, and the slaughter of Hindu (including of Buddhists) clergy, they had no resources to continue their tradition, and Buddhism waned.
The Taliban of Afghanistan destroying the Buddhist Bamiyan structures of ancient Afghanistan in the early 21st century is no different than how Islamists destroyed Buddhist structures.
- Religions of the World S. Vernon McCasland, Grace E. Cairns, David C. Yu
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The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 3, Issue 8
, Page 457, August 2003
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00704-7Cite or Link Using DOI
Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chimp SIV could come from monkeys
Chimpanzees' habit of hunting and eating monkeys could explain the origin of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that gave rise to HIV when it jumped from chimpanzees to human beings. By comparing the genetic sequences of different SIV strains, Paul Sharp (University of Nottingham, UK) and colleagues conclude that chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) arose through hybridisation of two monkey strains of SIV that recombined in the chimpanzee host ( Science 2003; 300 : 1713).
Several monkey species are known to ...
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a Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany Correspondence to: Dr Oliver Mueller MD, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
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Lameness is a health and welfare issue for the entire dairy industry. In North America, an estimated 21 to 25 percent of cows housed in freestall barns are lame. Lameness can be identified through locomotion or gait scoring, but unfortunately, many farms underestimate the incidence of this disease in the herd. Earlier research found that farm employees were unable to recognize approximately 70 percent of cows that were lame. Identifying lameness in its early stages is difficult but instrumental in improving treatment success rates.
Today, technology may be a way to help farms detect lame cows sooner. Research done by Janet Higginson Cutler at the University of Guelph and others looked at changes in activity and lying behavior between cows with sound feet compared to lame cows using accelerometers. These results were shared last week at the American Dairy Science Association's Joint Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Ind.
All 120 cows on a research dairy farm in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, were fitted with Afikim Pedometer Plus accelerometers. An earlier study by Higginson validated the accuracy of the accelerometers for use in dairy cattle. Linear mixed models were built for this study to measure if lying time differed between sound and lame cows. To determine if changes in activity were apparent in individual cows that became lame, data from the nonlame and lame periods were reviewed.
Accelerometers were read twice a day, when animals left the parlor, and hooves were examined every 3 to 4 months, with trimming performed if needed. During the study, 11 cows with ulcers, one with digital dermatitis and three with both ulcers and digital dermatitis were identified as lame. Their accelerometer output was compared to the output of 11 control cows that had sound feet.
Sound cows were more active, with 32.8 more movements per hour than lame cows. Variability in movement was also higher in sound cows. Lame cows spent more time lying down at 11.4 hours per day, compared to 9.8 hours per day for sound cows.
For cows that became lame during the study, activity and the number of lying bouts did not differ, but they did lie down for 55 more minutes per day when a painful lesion was present.
Overall, the study found that activity declined by 24 percent and lying duration tended to be longer for lame cows. The best use of accelerometer technology to detect lameness on farms would be to recognize changes in individual cow behavior from a time when they were of sound foot to the onset of lameness. The early detection of lameness would allow for more timely treatment and could reduce the prevalence of lameness in the herd.
The author is an associate editor and covers animal health, dairy housing and equipment, and nutrient management. She grew up on a dairy farm near Plymouth, Wis., and previously served as a University of Wisconsin agricultural extension agent. She received a master's degree from North Carolina State University and a bachelor's from University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Children’s Health For Dummies (UK Edition)
Being a parent is fantastic, but that doesn’t mean to say it’s easy. Caring for your little bundle of joy and making sure he or she is healthy and safe at all times is a full-time job. This Cheat Sheet gives you some of the essential, need-to-know information up front.
Basic Equipment for Your First Aid Cabinet
Make sure you have a store of basic medical equipment handy in your home – but always keep it out of reach from the children. Stock up on:
Bandages, gauze, and tape
Antibacterial cleansing wipes
Sling, or scarf for a home-made sling
Tweezers, scissors, and safety pins
Guide to Children’s Health Symptoms
Use this handy list as a quick guide to what certain symptoms may mean for your children's health. This list is not exhaustive, however, and other problems could be the cause, so seek medical advice for confirmation and treatment.
Abdominal pain. Check for appendicitis; constipation; anxiety; diarrhoea.
Blisters, on palms of hands and soles of feet. Check for hand, foot, and mouth disease.
Blisters on skin. Check for chickenpox.
Coughing, croaking. Check for croup.
Coughing, gasping. Check for whooping cough.
Coughing, wheezy. Check for asthma.
Dislike of bright light. Check for meningitis.
Ear, yellow discharge. Check for ear infection; burst eardrum; glue ear.
Earache. Check for ear infection.
Fever. Check for infectious diseases.
Headache. Check for fever; cold or flu symptoms; dehydration; eye strain; meningitis.
Itching skin. Check for eczema, allergic reaction; chickenpox.
Mouth, spots or blisters inside. Check for measles; hand, foot, and mouth disease.
Neck or jaw, lump in. Check for swollen glands; mumps.
Listlessness. Check for meningitis.
Yellow skin, in newborn baby. Check for jaundice.
Rash. Check for food allergy; eczema; heat rash; milia, in babies; measles; roseola; German measles; scarlet fever; slapped cheek disease.
Runny nose. Check for infectious disease; allergy.
Skin, patches of red, rough, itchy. Check for eczema.
Swollen glands. Check for infectious diseases.
Throat, sore. Check for tonsillitis.
Vomiting. Check for gastroenteritis.
Typical Infant Check-up Schedule
In the United Kingdom, various medical professionals will regularly check newborn children to assess how they grow and develop. Use this table as a guide to what you can expect in the first few months of life.
|Check-up||With whom||What they look at|
|Weekly until 6 weeks||Health visitor||Weight, length, head circumference|
|6–8 weeks||GP and health visitor||Feeding and sleeping habits, vision and hearing|
|Every 2–4 weeks until 7–8 months||Health clinic||Weight, length, head circumference|
|7–8 months||Health visitor and GP||Development, hearing, physical examination|
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What accounting method is followed for the recording of transactions?
The double-entry system of accounting or bookkeeping means that for every business transaction, amounts must be recorded in a minimum of two accounts. The double-entry system also requires that for all transactions, the amounts entered as debits must be equal to the amounts entered as credits.
Bookkeeping mainly concerns with which part of accounting process?
Bookkeeping is the recording of financial transactions, and is part of the process of accounting in business. Bookkeeping refers mainly to the record-keeping aspects of financial accounting, and involves preparing source documents for all transactions, operations, and other events of a business.
Which is the last step of accounting as a process of information?
Communication of information is the last step of accounting as process of accounting information. Communicating the information is very necessary for the outsiders so they can look over the affairs and working efficiency of the business..
Posting of entries in the ledger is done from _____
After the transactions are recorded in the journal, it is then posted in the principal book called as 'Ledger'. The process of transferring the entries from journal to respective ledger accounts is called ledger posting. Balancing of ledgers is carried to find out differences at the end of the year.
Which is the evidence of business transaction?
Evidence in support of a business transaction is called Voucher. Vouchers are the primary evidence of business transactions having taken place.
Sale is also known as ________
Revenue=Cost + profit. So,sales include both Cost as well as Profit. So,that's why sale is also known as Revenue from operations.
____ users are the groups outside the business entity who uses the information to make decisions about the business entity
External users are people outside the business entity (organization) who use accounting information. Examples of external users are suppliers, banks, customers, investors, potential investors, and tax authorities.
Which of the following is a limitation of accounting?
Window dressing is the way in the accounting work to cover-up the fraud done by showing in correct manner. So,this one is the limitation of accounting.
Following information is related to Trade discount except
A trade discount is the amount by which a manufacturer reduces the retail price of a product when it sells to a reseller, rather than to the end customer. The reseller then charges the full retail price to its customers in order to earn a profit on the difference between the amount by which the manufacturer sold the product to it and the price at which it then sells the product to the final customer.
A company prepares statement of Profit and Loss in the form prescribed in the Companies Act of
Companies Act, 1956 (The Act) which provides the instructions for the preparation of the Balance Sheet and Statement of the Profit & Loss of the Company. The purpose for revising the reporting format of the financial accounts of the Company was mainly to bring it in par with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
A liability is a current liability if it satisfies
Liabilities are to be classified as current if any one of four specified conditions is met. The conditions are:
a) It expects to settle the liability in its current operating cycle
b) It holds the liability primarily for trading
c) The liability is due to be settled within 12 months
d) It does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.
All other liabilities are to be classified as non-current.
The time between the acquisition of an asset for processing and its conversion into cash and cash equivalent is called
The operating cycle is also known as the cash conversion cycle. In the context of a manufacturer the operating cycle has been described as the amount of time that it takes for a manufacturer's cash to be converted into products plus the time it takes for those products to be sold and turned back into cash. In other words, the manufacturer's operating cycle involves:
- paying for the raw materials needed in its products
- paying for the labor and overhead costs needed to convert the raw materials into products
- holding the finished products in inventory until they are sold
- waiting for the customers' cash payments for the products that have been sold
Which one of the following is not a fictitious asset?
Fictituous assets are not assets actually, they are expenses and losses shown on asset side of the Balance sheet. Fictitious means “Fake”.
Fictious assets are those assets which couldn’t be written off during the present accounting period.
2.promotional expense of a business.
3.discount allowed in issue of shares
4.loss incurred on issue of debentures.
Goodwill is not an expense as explained below:
Goodwill is an intangible asset that arises when one company purchases another for a premium value. The value of a company’s brand name, solid customer base, good customer relations, good employee relations ,and any patents or proprietary technology represent goodwill.
Goodwill is considered an intangible asset because it is not a physical asset like buildings or equipment. The goodwill account can be found in the assets portion of a company's balance sheet.
The expense that has been incurred but has not been paid are called
Outstanding expenses are those expenses which have been incurred and consumed during an accounting period and are due to be paid but are not paid.
Examples include outstanding salary, outstanding rent, etc. Outstanding expenses are recorded in the books at the end of an accounting period to show true numbers of a business.
Debtors and Bills Receivable are shown as _________
Trade receivables are amounts billed by a business to its customers when it delivers goods or services to them in the ordinary course of business. These billings are typically documented on formal invoices, which are summarized in an accounts receivable aging report. This report is commonly used by the collections staff to collect overdue payments from customers. In the general ledger, trade receivables are recorded in a separate accounts receivable account, and are classified as current assets on the balance sheet if you expect to receive payment from customers within one year.
The person who makes the investment and bears all the risks connected with the business is called
Proprietor is the person who invested capital in the business and bear all the risks,and also known as the owner of the business.
Which one of the following is not a current liability?
Debentures are also long term liabilities. These are the long term loan but company makes bonds and debentures as their products for getting loan money more fastly. Company gives interest on debentures.
Expenditure on purchase of machinery is a
Machinery is a permanent asset of the business and can be used for many years but it will benefit to the business until it is installed and erected at a proper place. So amount spent on purchase of machinery, on its installation and erection is capital expenditure.
Amount paid in advance for a particulars expense is known as_____
Prepaid expenses are when a company gives an employee money in advance to pay for a known cost. Instead of asking that employee to pay out of their own pocket, you give them the money before they need it.
Which of the following accounts can be classified as a real account?
A real account is an account that retains and rolls forward its ending balance from period to period. The areas in the balance sheet in which real accounts are found are assets, liabilities, and equity. Examples of real accounts is assets.
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Note: You are viewing an archived
snapshot of a website that is more than 15 years old.
For my more recent work see:
The following is a quick list of some assumptions that seem to be accepted
almost without question in the scientific community, some to varying degrees.
What if some of them were unnecessary?
1. Our brains are the source of our subjective experience.
This is accepted either completely, or to a very high degree. Even those who
claim an idealist "it's all in the mind" position find it hard to avoid it,
thereby creating self-referential arguments. Is it possible that our brains are
more like a storage and routing device than a command center? What if most of
our thoughts came from the 'outside'? The brain can store certain responses
locally for efficiency reasons, but it does not generate any significant new
information by itself.
The second one is related:
2. Dreams are a product of our brains.
How is it that dreams often contain more surprises than our daily lives? The
part of the brain that creates the plot would have to be different from the
part that experiences it. Why are dreams so easy to forget? If dreams are not a
product of our brains, then where do they come from?
3. We all perceive the same objective physical world.
This is a natural assumption if our wildly varying subjective experiences are,
in fact, products of this same physical world. Give up #1, however, and this
conclusion is much less obvious. There are theories of many parallel universes
existing side-by-side. But people who communicate with each other are still
assumed to be living in the same universe.
This is such an obvious looking assumption that we rarely look for evidence. But
is there really any evidence that this is so? What about conflicting reports
from witnesses? Did the shock shake up their memory, or did they truly
experience different events? If #1 doesn't hold, then how much of our
subjective experience is shared?
Obviously there must be some shared basis for our experience. Otherwise it would
be impossible for us to communicate. The question is whether this basis extends
to our entire physical world, including those parts we do not experience
4. This thing called Time
This is really the idea that the physical world evolves linearly in measurable
steps. Some believe that the universe is one giant calculation, where every
passing moment coincides with a new step in the calculation. There are some who
make a good case for retro-causal effects (Huw Price is an example). But there,
too, time flows in a linear fashion from beginning to end, or end to beginning.
What if every moment stood on its own, and our experience of time is primarily
subjective? The environment we live in, and the events in it, would be of our
own choosing, rather than dictated by physical laws or the unpredictable
actions of others.
5. There is only One Ultimate Truth
Religious experiences of angels and other non-physical beings are often
dismissed as pure fantasy. However, if most of our thoughts live outside of the
physical world, then it becomes a lot harder to dismiss these claims.
Is it possible that, just as much of our physical experience must have a common
basis, there is some common basis for religious or other mythology? And where
do you draw the line? Do we all have to agree on the laws of physics, or do we
have some freedom there, too?
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Every year Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota holds the Nobel Conference. The Nobel name comes from the fact that most of the conferences have dealt with the kinds of science issues for which Nobel Prizes have been awarded. Past subjects have been "Making Food Good", "The Nature of Nurture", and "The Science of Aging". The 47th, and most recent conference was "The Brain and Being Human". The two lectures I watched had material (presented by the people who discovered it) that was extensively covered in a Behavioral Neuroscience course I took.
The first lecture by Larry Young covers the role of oxytocin (a hormone) in mammals. Oxytocin is responsible for sexual arousal, bonding, and maternal behavior. Inject it into the right part of a male rat's brain and he will instantaneously have an erection. Do the same to a female rat, and she will enter lordosis (present herself). Give a female rat a oxytocin antagonist (inhibitor) , and she won't display maternal behavior. The stimulation of the nipples also triggers the oxytocin production. Administering it to humans induces higher levels of trust and lower levels of fear. Young's research with prairie voles, and their monogamous mating behavior is really interesting:
The second lecture I watched was by Vilayanur Ramachandran, who discovered mirror visual feedback. This treatment is primarily used for amputees. Those that have lost a limb sometimes report feeling a phantom limb, feeling as if their arm or leg is still there. Sometimes they can move it, sometimes it can be paralyzed. If a patient does have a stuck limb, the experience can be very painful.
The example given in the video is a patient who's phantom hand was clutched so tight that he could feel his fingernails digging into his hand. Ramachandran's solution to this problem was the creation of the mirror box. In which a mirror is placed vertically in front of the patient has the patient look at the mirror reflection of the normal arm. In this way, the arm is optically superimposed on top of where the phantom limb is felt. Moving the intact limb creates the illusion that the phantom limb is moving. In the case of the example, the patient was able to open their clutched phantom hand. Over time, sometimes instantly, this illusion reduces the pain of the stuck limb. This treatment has been used as an alternative to painkillers such as morphine.
Ramachandran also touches upon synesthesia, which is another incredibly interesting phenomena. If you would like to know more about it, you can read a previous article about it here.
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The Kingdom stays United
The referendum of September 18th, result of the devolution launched by Tony Blair in the 90s, with which Scotland has got a parliament and an autonomous government, held not only the United Kingdom, but all Europe with bated breath! There was a concern that the vote of Scotland would offer legitimacy to separatists and secessionists of other nations, triggering a domino effect that would bring all of the major states to lose important parts of its territory.
The arguments of the separatists were multiple linked on one hand to sentimental reasons because Scottish have always felt as a distinguishing population, and on the other hand to economic reasons, claiming the will to make a better use of the resources of the region (starting from oil) to build a more prosperous and fairer society following a Scandinavian model. Finally, there was also a political aspect: Scotland has always expressed more European positions compared to the rest of the United Kingdom, and did not love being ruled by the Conservative Government of London.
A simple question: “Should Scotland be an independent country?” and almost 5 million people called to answer “yes” or “no”. The minimum voting age lowered on purpose to 16 years old by the Scottish separatist Prime Minister Alex Salmond, leader of the Scottish National Party, confident that young people would take him to the victory of this battle. A turnout record of more than 85%. Even if the results have decreed the success of the “no” with a percentage of 55.3% this referendum sets a precedent of historical importance, as it offers the legitimacy to any group of people within a state structure to request the dissolution of the latter without resorting to violence. Already we saw the first results: November 9th could be the turn of Catalonia, but after the claim of the Spanish government, the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the referendum for the independence approved by the Parliament of Barcelona.
Many people affirm that the success of the “no” shows the victory of the mind over the heart: most of the voters, although being essentially in favour of the independence, chose not to run the risk of the heavy economic effects that could come up with the detachment from the rest of Great Britain. Although at first sight the result of the referendum would seem to offer an opposite interpretation, it is real that, using the words of Salmond, “this places Scotland in a very strong position”, because David Cameron cannot totally ignore what happened and will keep the promises made giving to this territory (and maybe not only to it) a greater sovereignty in fiscal terms and regarding social security.
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this ppt contains the robots which are used in space for investigating nearby planets from earth itself, the mechanism used for these rover is rocker bogie mechanism, which has the advantage to overcome the giant rocks.
Project Title :- Rocker
Bogie Mechanism (rover)
Mobile Robots and Description of “Rover” :-
“A mobile robot is an autonomous system capable of
traversing a terrain with natural or artificial obstacles.
Its chassis is equipped with wheels/tacks or legs and
possibly a manipulator setup mounted on the chassis
for handling of work pieces, tools or special devices.
Various preplanned operations are executed based
on a pre-programmed navigation strategy taking into
account the current status of the environment.”
This definition any intelligent machine which moves
with respect to environment within limited human
interaction (autonomously) called “Mobile robot”.
Mobile robots can be classified by
• Locomotion (Legged, wheeled, limbless, etc.)
• Suspension (Rocker-bogie, independent, soft, etc.)
• Steering (Skid, Ackerman, explicit)
• Control Algorithm (Fully-Autonomous, semi-autonomous)
• Body Flexibility (Unibody, multibody)
• Usage Area (Rough Terrain, even surface, etc.)
• Guidance and Navigation (Star field or Sun detection, GPS,
Locomotion is a process, which moves
a rigid body. There is no doubt that a
mobile robot’s most important part is its
locomotion system which determines the
stability and capacity while traversing on
rough terrain. The difference of robotic
locomotion is distinct from traditional
types in that it has to be more reliable
without human interaction. While
constructing a robot, designer must have
decided on the terrain requirements like
stability criteria, obstacle height, and
surface friction. There is no only one exact
solution while comparing the mobility
Mobile robots can be used in several applications. Dangerous area
operations (Nuclear plants), planetary exploration and pipe investigation,
extreme temperature and narrow field investigations (pyramid exploration
robots). Moreover, floor cleaning robots and servant robots are common
examples for indoor use. It is not a dream that, in near future robots will
be a part of our daily life.
History of Rovers
Sojourner examining the rock named
The first planetary exploration rover was “Lunakhod” which has
been sent Moon 2 times with USSR – Luna missions to gather information
around landing site and send pictures of terrain.
Objectives of the project
The objective of this project is to design a
small, robust and highly maneuverable rover
robot. It will be designed for working on the
different platforms like rough terrains, smooth
surfaces, overcoming obstacles in its path and
climbing over obstacles of certain height,
choosing different predetermined gaits and to
have good stability, speed as well as payload
Bogie Overturn Problem
There are several forces act on wheel on x axis. If the surface friction of an obstacle is
not enough to climb, obstacle force (Fobs) can reach high values. This problem can also occur
while middle wheel actuator failure. Driving velocity is also restricted by bogie overturn
Working Principle of Rocker Bogie
• Another challenging terrain type for mobile robots is step climbing. For
indoor usage, stairs are the most significant obstacles. This vertical motion
also needs high surface friction coefficient between wheel and ground.
Application of Rover robots
• Mobile robots can be used in several applications.
Dangerous area operations such as,
• (Nuclear plants), planetary exploration and pipe
investigation, extreme temperature and
• narrow field investigations (pyramid exploration
robots). Moreover, floor cleaning
• robots and servant robots are common examples for
• It is not a dream that, in near future robots will be a
part of our daily life
The main application in
military is when
traveling on soft ground
or rough terrain. The
source of the most
sustained interest in
this application is the
US army, which had
supported the research
in rover machines. In
particular the OSU’s
Vehicle is a prototype
rough country vehicle.
Robots are used in mining because of their
capability to move on steeper slopes or even
bracing the roof. There are also deep mining
robots, which can be controlled remotely
rather than autonomous.
Space travel and
robots are twin
pillars of science
fiction long before
they were actually
used. Legged robots
flexibility and offer
better mobility on
the loose, steep and
rocky surfaces on the
Moon and Mars.
Mobile robots in Artificial
Artificial intelligence is
related to testing of
theories and programs as
related to the real world.
Robots are useful for testing
theories because they force
the designer to deal with
the complexity and
untidiness of the real world.
includes Perception of noise
signals, voice recognition,
vision systems and sensors.
We can develop this mechanism to create
wonders and can be used in almost all our
We have tried our best to make this project
much more economical and efficient.
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Chikungunya is a viral infection transmitted by a mosquito bite. The symptoms of this disease are rarely fatal, but can be severe, long-lasting and debilitating. Fever and joint pain are two main problems faced by the patient and can cause significant discomfort in the long run.
Chikungunya occurs after a bite from an infected mosquito. Although not contagious, it can spread through contact with an infected individuals blood. It is a problem, especially in the tropical areas of the world.
Common symptoms of Chikungunya are:
- Fever lasting few days
- Joint pain lasting weeks to months
- Muscle pain
- Joint swelling and discomfort
Uveitis, nephritis, myocarditis, hepatitis are a few of the complications that can arise after Chikungunya. It is important to carefully monitor for these complications as they may prove to be much more fatal than the initial presentation.
After history, clinical examination, and laboratory tests have ruled out other problems; chikungunya can be diagnosed on a blood test.
Prevention of mosquito bites appears to be the most effective way to avoid this disease. Besides getting rest and consuming plenty of fluids, easily available painkillers such as naproxen, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen may prove helpful. Physiotherapy may also cause improvement in the joints.
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Use what you have to make a letter sounds game for your kids!
20+ DIY Alphabet Games for Kids
Top 10 Ways to Remember the ABCs-Fun ways for kids to practice the alphabet
Comprehension Strategies~Helping Kids Understand What They Are Reading
Comprehension Strategies...Questions to Help Kids Understand What They Are Reading. Great list to have handy during homework time and bedtime stories!
Lots of books about the beach for kids - perfect for summer!
Conversational Topics & Turn-Taking- a great game and multiple activities to help kids of varied skill levels have conversations! $ Looks-Like-Language!
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The Arecibo Observatory - Past, Present and Future
The Arecibo Observatory may well be the world's most famous telescope. Because of its enormous size and rather unique design it has appeared in all kinds of movies. That being said its primary purpose is to do radio astronomy and this is something it does very well. The observatory has a fascinating history but its future is uncertain. Reductions in spending on science and a change in research priorities have left Arecibo underfunded. If money can't be found soon this great telescope may be shut down.
The Arecibo Observatory is a radio telescope located in Puerto Rico. It is operated by Cornell University in partnership with the National Science Foundation. It is by far the largest single aperture telescope ever built with a diameter of 305 meters. The receiver is located on a platform 150 meters above the dish. The Arecibo telescope uses a spherical reflector that is built into a giant sinkhole. The reason a spherical reflector is used rather than a parabolic reflector which is used on most telescopes is because of the large size of the dish. Since it can't be moved to track objects like a regular telescope the receiver has to be moved instead. If a parabolic reflector was used every time the receiver was moved out of the center of the dish there would be a refractive error. This isn't an issue with a spherical reflector.
Originally the Arecibo Observatory was intended to be used for the study of the upper atmosphere, the result being that the design would provide very limited use when it came to things like radio astronomy or planetary science. When it was pointed out by other scientists that if they were going to spend the money to build the telescope they might as well build one that would serve the needs of as many scientists as possible rather than the very limited design that was originally envisioned. The result was a redesign that proved to be much more useful. With most of the funding provided by the Department of Defence through the Advanced Research Projects Agency construction was started in 1960 and completed in 1963. The Arecibo telescope has maintained the same basic lay out ever since but there have been a number of upgrades over the years to improve its performance.
There were a number of reasons that the telescope was built in Puerto Rico, the biggest being because it was advantageous to build it as near to the equator as possible. This eliminated any locations in continental United States since they are all too far north. The reason you want to build near the equator is that the stars visible north of the equator and those visible to the south are different. A telescope at the equator can see both the northern and the southern sky. It is also a requirement that a radio telescope be located far away from any large population centers since the radio waves produced in cities would interfere with operations. It was also important to keep the Arecibo Observatory on American territory because of its military uses. This pretty much made it a requirement to build in Puerto Rico.
A radio telescope is simply a telescope that observes radio waves rather than visible light like an optical telescope would do. Because radio waves are so much larger than the waves of visible light a radio telescope must be quite large. This is why the Arecibo Observatory is so big. The reason that you would want to have a radio telescope is that many objects radiate waves in the radio wavelength but not visible light. This is because the shorter the wavelength the hotter the object must be to emit it. A lot of objects in space aren't hot enough to emit visible light but are hot enough to emit radio waves. These objects would never be seen without a radio telescope. The other reason that you would want to use a radio telescope is that objects that are too far away to be observed by an optical telescope can be observed by a radio telescope. This is simply down to the fact that a radio telescope can be built so much bigger.
There have been many important astronomical discoveries made at the Arecibo Observatory over the years. The first major one, made almost as soon as the observatory opened was that the rotation of Mercury was much faster than anybody had imagined. For years it was believed that the rotation period of Mercury was 88 days, observations from Arecibo determined it was actually 59 days. Most of the major discovers that have been made with the Arecibo telescope are pulsars. A pulsar is a fast rotating neutron star that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation. Since the beam can only be seen when it is directed toward the earth the star appears to pulse on and off. Pulsars have played an important role in determining the age, size and composition of the universe. The first planets outside of our solar system were also discovered using the Arecibo telescope in 1994.
Given that construction was largely funded by the military it should probably come as no surprise that the telescope also has military uses. There are a number of things the military can use it for but the most important was to find Soviet radar installations during the cold war. Since radars send out radio waves that go out in all directions some of them will eventually hit something and be reflected back to where they came from, this is the whole theory behind how radar works. However some of the radio waves will hit targets you weren't aiming at, like the moon. The military figured out that they could use the Arecibo observatory to detect the radio waves sent out by Soviet radar when they bounced off the moon. From this they could determine where they were located.
In addition to its role in radio astronomy the Arecibo observatory also plays important roles in other areas of astronomy. The biggest is radar astronomy which involves bouncing microwaves off of objects in space. This is different from radio astronomy in that radio astronomy observes the radio waves being emitted by objects in space, radar astronomy actually sends out the radio waves and measures how long it takes for them to return. This allows astronomers to get very accurate measurements of an objects distance and speed. It also allows them to accurately determine the size and shape of an object. The telescope is also used for aeronomy, which was actually the reason it was built in the first place. Aeronomy is the study of the upper atmosphere.
Perhaps the most famous research project at Arecibo is SETI, the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence. This is the project in which astronomers send radio signals out into space in the hopes that the will be picked up by extra-terrestrials who will then respond to them. A number of radio telescopes have been used for this project, including Arecibo. One of the projects of SETI connects the data coming from the telescopes to peoples home computers through the internet so that when your home computer isn't being used SETI can use it to analyze the signals. This project is based at the Arecibo Observatory.
Despite its decades of useful scientific research the future of the Arecibo Observatory is very unclear as the result of funding cuts. In 2006 the National Science Foundation recommended that the budget for the telescope be significantly cut and this has resulted in a much reduced observing program. There have been various attempts to replace the funding; the best option seems to be to have the government of Puerto Rico provide the money. To a certain extent this has happened as they put up the money to do maintenance on the telescope but they haven't as of yet put any money into the operation. There is a very real danger the observatory may be shut down if funding can't be found.
One possible hope to keep the observatory open in the future might be to use it to detect asteroids. In recent years concern about an asteroid hitting the earth and wiping out human life has increased and the government have actually started putting money into finding asteroids that could be a threat. Since a radio telescope is the ideal instrument to do this there is hope that the Arecibo Observatory will receive government funding to find asteroids. This has already happened on a small scale, the government have made NASA responsible for detecting these asteroids and they have put some money into Arecibo as part of the project. So far the money hasn't been enough to keep the telescope in full scale operation and there is no long term commitment to its use for this purpose but it is a start. With few if any other prospects for funding on the horizon it looks like if the Arecibo Observatory is going to survive into the future it will be to find asteroids.
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HOT HOLDING TEMPERATURE
Feel free to use our free Hot Holding Temperature Chart.
Just enter your email and download the template.
Hot holding temperature
Some products cooked at safe cooking temperatures are meant to be served and displayed for prolonged periods of time with temperature controls at a buffet table or other hot food storage. When foods are held for a long time at a particular internal temperature range, the risk of causing any foodborne illness increases. As part of food safety regulations, the process of hot holding and cold holding prepared food at safe temperatures is performed to keep food safe. All food handlers must be acquainted with proper hot holding temperature as part of training to also learn about its significance, how to control it, and the consequences of not following it as a food safety requirement to serve safe food.
In the food industry, food services such as catering event that holds food in containers for a long time have been reported to cause a large number of foodborne illnesses by serving harmful foods. Improper storage and food preparation have been common sources of harmful foods. In a report, catering businesses were found to have caused more outbreaks of food poisoning when compared to the occurrences from home cooking and restaurant dining. These cases may have been caused by the pathogenic microorganism growth when foods are held at the temp danger zone for foods.
Find out more about hot holding temperature and how to use our chart for your food business.
What is the hot holding temperature?
The hot holding temperature refers to the minimum product temperature at which cooked or ready-to-eat foods in advance can be held to maintain proper food safety. After cooking to the recommended internal temperature, the minimum temperature requirement for hot holding foods in terms of food safety is 135°F with no minimum time to prevent any harmful bacteria from growing on the food. Hot holding at food service is most especially required for keeping safety in time and temperature control for safety or TCS food. This food type is considered high-risk TCS foods or highly perishable items and is very prone to contamination and spoilage.
Some common examples of this type of food include:
- Cooked meat and raw meat
- Deli meats
- Dairy products
- Egg products
- Leafy greens and fresh fruits
- Baked potatoes
- Cooked and raw poultry
Keeping ready-to-eat food or fresh food warm can prevent the growth and introduction of food safety hazards such as pathogenic organisms. Most pathogenic organisms grow below the hot holding temp which is the temperature danger zone for foods and is between 40°F and 140°F. This danger zone temperature is the perfect environment for bacteria growth. The correct holding temp is consistently maintained using kitchen thermometers and is usually used for foods served in food businesses that are meant to be displayed for a while.
The hot holding temperature is maintained using a food container or FWE / Food warming equipment that can receive direct heat such as:
- chafing dish
- restaurant food warmers
- steam tables
- warming trays
A small heat source, sometimes with a heat setting for fire or warm water, is used on the food warming equipment which is distributed uniformly throughout the food inside to maintain safe temperature conditions. Ideally, you are not supposed to use plastic containers as they will only melt or not promote heat distribution. The hot holding safe temperatures must be consistently monitored to ensure serving safe food for consumption. When the temperature drops into the food temperature danger zone, the risk of food spoilage and causing foodborne illnesses increases significantly.
What is a hot holding temperature chart?
A hot holding temperature chart is a graphic representation of the safe and unsafe temperature ranges for foods with an emphasis on hot holding for a restaurant kitchen. This tool also contains a set of any common source of contamination and a specific wide range of instructions on how to keep any hot food hot. It includes steps such as:
- Maintain the correct temperature at a constant rate.
- Cover the containers to prevent contamination of foods prepared.
- Avoid stirring the hot held food in steam tables.
- Use a properly calibrated dial or digital food thermometer that gives accurate readings to monitor the hot holding temperature.
- Do not mix in new batches of food with the leftover foods in the container.
- Hot holding equipment is not meant for reheating cooked food but rather to keep food safe.
Ideally, all of these directions and a few others must be maintained for the duration of hot holding to prevent the growth of bacteria. Depending on the initial amounts of bacteria and the thoroughness of the cooking process, foods can stay in a hot holding condition for a long time. Operations such as constant minimum temperature monitoring will allow for a quick response from the food service operator and apply any appropriate corrective action procedure with haste.
This tool was formulated based on the optimal temperature range where the majority of bacteria and other pathogen growth is the fastest. At the suggested temperature of 135°F, harmful bacteria and other pathogens such as viruses and molds will not grow to dangerous levels and therefore cannot cause any harm to customers. Additionally, this chart also shows the temperature range for cold storage or cold-held food.
Using a hot holding temperature chart, the food service operator will know how to maintain food safety and protect customers from foodborne disease-causing bacteria on perishable products. Additionally, a hot holding chart can save your food business from unnecessary food-related complaints by reducing the risk of contamination.
Who needs a hot holding temperature chart?
Hot holding is usually the case for food businesses such as cafeterias, food trucks, commercial kitchen, buffet restaurants, and catering operations that serve hot dishes and other common foods.
Why should you monitor holding time and temperature?
The maintenance of the hot holding temperature requirement needs constant monitoring. This operation ensures that the foods are still safe and that the process of hot holding is being performed up to food safety agency standards. Hot holding is a very useful food safety operation to prolong the shelf life of food and serve quality dishes.
Specifically, it offers the following benefits:
- Food safety maintenance. The main objective of a hot holding minimum temperature requirement is to prevent the growth of food microorganisms and make common food unsafe from the risk of cross-contamination. Constant monitoring activities of correct temperatures allow the food handler to assess whether the food for service being displayed is still safe to prevent any negative effects. In addition, it can also help maintain quality. Cold buffet food from improperly heated containers makes buffet food unappetizing.
- Timely application of corrective actions. When food handlers regularly monitor the holding time and temperature, they will be able to immediately detect whether there is a problem with the operation or none. They will also be able to address any present problem and apply appropriate corrective actions to minimize any potential damages such as additional cooking time or rework. Bacterial growth and other potential food safety issues that can lead to the creation of hazardous foods can be prevented.
- Cost-saving. When the hot holding temperature is regularly monitored, your food safety team can be assured that all foods being served are safe. This will help you prevent problems such as complaints or even lawsuits from foodborne illnesses. Additionally, constantly held hot holding food temperatures can prevent the accumulation of high quantities of food waste as a result of food spoilage.
A hot holding temperature chart can help food handlers by guiding them through the correct procedures to maintain when serving perishable products in hot holding containers. It can become a major component of food safety plans. Use other similarly important food safety tools such as any temperature log, monitoring form templates, checklists, posters, and advisories from our HACCP plan template hub to ensure food safety in your food business.
Need more help understanding hot holding temperature? Here are some of the most frequently asked questions regarding this topic.
What temperature should hot holding be?
The minimum hot holding requirement is 135°F to 140°F to prevent pathogen growth.
What are the proper hot and cold holding temperatures?
While the hot holding temperature is recognized to be 135°F to 140°F, cold holding foods must be done at 41°F and below to cool foods and prevent the growth of pathogens.
How can you help your team monitor hot holding?
The frequency of monitoring the hot holding temperature of different types of foods in food carriers may be as recurring as every one to two hours. Although proper temperature readings take a little amount of your time, it still takes you away from other food safety tasks that you are required to do. You still need to write accurate food temperature measurements down on temperature logs. Not to mention that each container with different batches of food for hot holding must be individually monitored as preventive steps. In no time, your paper-based monitoring forms will fill up fast. When you are required to double-check food temperatures, it will take almost all of your time, especially in a fast-paced restaurant environment.
Monitoring your hot holding temperatures is a very critical food safety practice. Failure to detect problems during hot holding increases the risk of causing foodborne illnesses to customers. This can lead to other food safety issues that can be damaging to your food business. Problems like these can easily be solved by having a comprehensive food safety management system (FSMS). Despite this, your traditional FSMS won't make the cut in this modern world. As your aim is to expand and have more food items, you can expect to monitor more foods at once. Your FSMS must work for you and to your advantage.
The best way to do this is to use our digital Food Safety Management System at FoodDocs! Using our system, maintaining food safety compliance can be super easy and effortless without sacrificing strict standards. How? Our digital FSMS is capable of automating the majority of your food safety monitoring tasks which lets you make more room to improve your business.
In just an average of 15 minutes, you can easily create a digital FSMS based specifically on your food safety operations. Our process is as easy as answering a few basic questions that will help us understand your business. Using artificial intelligence and machine learning, our system will automatically cross-reference your information with similar-natured businesses and create a complete digital FSMS for you.
What comes with our digital FSMS, you ask? Here are some of the key features of the digital FSMS that you will get from FoodDocs:
- Digital monitoring forms that are based on your food safety operations. You can set these digital forms to allow the auto-fill feature that comes with our system. This feature will automatically insert information on your forms based on previously logged data. It can help your employees save time by only requiring them to verify the logged information.
Using our digital system, you can integrate the use of QR codes in tracking the status of your food products. Stay on top of every product's condition and preserve food safety during hot holding operations.
- Smart notification system. Using our mobile application, our system can send your employees automatic alerts to remind them of food safety tasks that need to be done on time.
This feature can be paired with a smart timer that you can use to remind food handlers to monitor the temperature of hot holding conditions. You can also use this to intuitively signal to your food employees that the maximum time for hot holding has been reached and foods must be disposed of.
- A real-time food safety dashboard. With this feature, you can save 20% of your time from supervising your operations and easily point out which areas need more attention. Focus your resources and energy on improving an evaluated area to improve your food business efficiently.
- Cloud storage. Store and organize all of your digital documents in digital storage dedicated to your whole food business.
Corrective action suggestions. In case a monitoring step detects irregularities in your data entries, our system will automatically suggest appropriate corrective actions for your specific food safety operation. This feature can guide your employees in applying corrective actions in the most efficient manner.
As our team is made up of food safety professionals who understand the hardships of food handlers, we have developed these features to make food safety compliance easy and enjoyable. You can pair our notification feature and smart digital monitoring forms to remind food handlers about monitoring the hot holding and other food safety temperatures for storage. With our digital FSMS product, no food safety operation will be forgotten.
How to use our hot holding features at FoodDocs?
Using our mobile application, you can easily keep track of every perishable food under hot holding. Follow these easy steps to ensure food safety:
Step 1: Select a product or easily find it with the QR scanner;
Step 2: Insert the hot holding temperature or use our automated temperature pre-filling solution. If the temperature is incorrect, the app will ask you to insert the corrective action
Step 3: Track the hot holding duration with the expiration timer. FoodDocs app will automatically send a notification when the food should be removed from the hot hold.
Use our hot holding feature to track any ready-to-eat or TCS food and maintain compliance everytime.
Ensure that your food business is running in compliance with rules set by food regulatory agencies with our digital FSMS. Experience the benefits of our system's features yourself by subscribing to our free, 14-day trial. Join our list of more than 20,000 customers who are enjoying food safety compliance and have had control in the palm of their hands now. Spend your next 15 minutes answering our questions and get your comprehensive digital FSMS immediately.
Check also these popular templates
Easy app for monitoring to have an instant overview
- Implement your Food Safety System in 15 minutes
- Easy app for monitoring to have an instant overview
- Ready-to-use HACCP Plan in 1 hour
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How do governments raise money?
They impose and collect taxes.
Do all governments collect the same type of tax?
No. In the United States, federal, state, and local governments generally collect different types of taxes.
What sorts of taxes are collected by the federal government?
The federal government collects personal and corporate income taxes, as well as excise, estate, and trade taxes. It also collects payroll taxes to fund certain specified programs such as Social Security and Medicare. Individual income taxes make up the lion’s share of federal government revenue—about 45%. Corporate taxes produce about 12% of the government’s income. Customs Duties and Excise taxes generate about 3% a piece. And estate taxes yield 1% percent. Payroll tax withholding for Social Security and Medicare represent 36% of all federal government revenue.
5. “A Breakdown of Federal Revenue Sources,” The Heritage Foundation, available online at: http://www.heritage.org/research/features/BudgetChartBook/Social-Insurance-Taxes-Account-for-36-percent-of-All-Revenues.aspx
What sorts of taxes are collected by state governments?
State governments design their own taxes so there is no single tax formula for all fifty states. But most impose some combination of personal and corporate income taxes, sales taxes and property taxes.
What sorts of taxes are collected by local governments?
County and local governments generally raise money through property taxes. But they tax different forms of property. Most commonly, they tax only real property—that is, land and the buildings attached to the land. But some also tax personal property such as cars, jewelry, and furniture.
Why do we tax the things that we do?
Most taxes are based on one of two tax theories-- on the “benefits received principle” and the “ability to pay principle.” According to the “benefits received principle,” taxes should be paid only by those using a particular government program and in proportion to amount that they use it. Gas taxes embody this principle. According to the “ability to pay principle,” those with greater wealth and therefore a greater ability to pay should finance a larger share of the government’s efforts regardless of their use or non-use of a particular government service. According to this theory, wealthier people should pay higher taxes to support schools, for example, even if they are childless.
What are the differences between progressive, proportional, and regressive taxes?
Progressive taxes impose higher rates of tax on people with higher incomes—the more you make, the higher rate of tax you pay. Based on the “ability to pay principle,” progressive taxes include the federal income tax and most state income taxes. proportional taxes impose the same rate of tax regardless of income. A person making $10,000 and a person making $100,000 pay the same rate of tax. The wealthier person writes a bigger check since x% of 100,000 is more than x% of 10,000. But both taxpayers pay the same percentage of their income. Finally, regressive taxes impose higher rates on people with lower incomes. The poorer you are, the higher percentage of your income you pay in taxes.
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French Map of The Coast of West Africa - With the Bite of Benin and Islands. Publiee Par Ordre de Mgr le Comte De Maurepas en 1739. It extends eastward for about 640 kilometers (400 mi) from Cape St.
To the Nun outlet of the. To the east it continues by the. And this bight were both named after the.
Historical associations with the Atlantic slave trade led to the region becoming known as the Slave Coast. As in many other regions across Africa, powerful indigenous kingdoms along the Bight of Benin relied heavily on a long established slave trade that expanded greatly after the arrival of European powers and became a global trade with the colonization of the Americas.
Estimates from the 1640's suggest that Benin took in 1200 slaves a year. Restrictions made it hard for slave volume to grow until new states and different routes began to make an increase in slave trade possible. The Bight of Benin has a long association with slavery, its shore being known as the Slave Coast. Because of malaria and blackwater fever, an old rhyme says.Beware, beware the Bight of the Benin, for few come out though many go in. Beware beware, the Bight of Benin: one comes out, where fifty went in! This is said to be a slavery jingle or sea shanty about the risk of malaria in the Bight.
A third version of the couplet is. Beware and take care of the Bight of Benin. There's one comes out for forty goes in. Collectibles are a good hedge against currency inflation.
The Bite of Benin- French Map of The Coast of West Africa 1739 With Islands" is in sale since Wednesday, July 31, 2019. This item is in the category "Antiques\Maps, Atlases & Globes\Curiosities Maps". The seller is "arthuroslund88" and is located in Baltimore, Maryland. This item can be shipped to United States, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, China, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Brazil, Costa rica, Dominican republic, Panama, Trinidad and tobago, Guatemala, El salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Turks and caicos islands, Bangladesh, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Ecuador, Egypt, French guiana, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jersey, Jordan, Cambodia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Macao, Martinique, Nicaragua, Peru, Pakistan, Paraguay, Viet nam, Uruguay, Russian federation.
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What are Otrivine child nasal drops used for?
- Relieving a blocked nose (nasal congestion) associated with colds, flu, sinusitis and nasal allergies (allergic rhinitis) such as hayfever.
The nose drops are suitable for children aged 6 to 12 years.
How do Otrivine nasal drops work?
Otrivine child nasal drops contain the active ingredient xylometazoline hydrochloride 0.05%. This is a type of medicine called a decongestant.
When this medicine is administered into the nose, the xylometazoline works by causing the blood vessels in the linings of the nasal passages and sinuses to contract and narrow. This decreases blood flow into the linings of the nose and sinuses, which reduces swelling and the feeling of congestion. It also reduces the production of mucus, helping to relieve a blocked nose.
The nose drops help relieve congestion in a few minutes and the effect of the medicine lasts for up to 10 hours.
How do I use Otrivine child nasal drops?
- For children aged 6 to 12 years, one or two drops should be used in each nostril once or twice a day as needed.
- Take care to avoid getting the drops in your child's eyes.
- The nose drops can be used for up to five days. If your child's symptoms have not got better after five days, or get worse at any point, consult your doctor for advice.
- Don't use Otrivine child nasal drops continuously for more than five days, because they can become less effective if used excessively. Your child's blocked nose is also likely to come back when you stop using the nasal drops if you use them for longer than five days.
- For reasons of hygiene, don't use the nasal drops if it's been more than 28 days since you first opened the bottle.
- Each bottle of nasal drops should only be used by one person, to avoid spreading infection.
Who shouldn't use Otrivine child nasal drops?
- Children under six years of age.
- Children with inflamed skin around the nostrils or inside the nose.
- Children with heart disease.
- Children with high blood pressure (hypertension).
- Chlidren with an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).
- Children with a tumour of the adrenal gland (phaeochromocytoma).
- Children with diabetes.
- Children with closed angle glaucoma.
- Children who have recently had brain surgery.
- Children who have had a surgical procedure called trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy, where a tumour of the pituitary gland is removed through the sinus at the back of the nose.
- Children who have taken the medicines phenelzine, isocarboxazid, tranylcypromine, rasagiline, selegiline or safinamide in the last 14 days.
- Children who are allergic to any ingredients of the nasal drops.
What are the possible side effects of Otrivine child nasal drops?
Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that may be associated with Otrivine child nasal drops. Just because a side effect is stated here doesn't mean that all children using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.
- Irritation of the nasal lining (eg stinging, itching or soreness).
- Dryness of the nasal lining.
- Burning sensation in the nose or throat.
- Feeling sick.
- Restlessness, sleep disturbance or hallucinations in small children (stop using this medicine if your child seems to be affected in this way).
- Fast heartbeat or palpitations.
Read the leaflet that comes with the medicine or talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you want any more information about the possible side effects of Otrivine child nasal drops. If you think your child has experienced a side effect, did you know you can report this using the yellow card website?
Can I use Otrivine child nasal drops with other medicines?
If you are already giving your child any other medicines, including those bought without a prescription and herbal medicines, you should check with your doctor or pharmacist before giving them this medicine as well, to make sure that the combination is safe.
Do not use Otrivine child nasal drops alongside other medicines that contain decongestants, as your child may be more likely to get side effects.
It's fine to use Otrivine child nasal drops alongside painkillers such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, assuming these are appropriate for your child.
Do not give your child this medicine if they are currently taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), or have taken one of these medicines in the last 14 days. This is because the combination could cause a dangerous increase in blood pressure (hypertensive crisis). MAOIs include the antidepressants phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid and moclobemide, and the anti-Parkinson's medicines selegiline, rasagiline and safinamide.
What other medicines contain the same active ingredient?
- Otrivine adult measured dose sinusitis spray.
- Otrivine adult metered dose nasal spray.
- Otrivine adult nasal drops.
- Otrivine adult nasal spray.
- Otrivine allergy relief nasal spray.
- Otrivine congestion relief nasal spray.
- Sudafed blocked nose spray.
- Sudafed congestion relief nasal spray.
- Sudafed mucus relief nasal spray.
Last updated 19.05.2020
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The lunate bone may be distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row of the carpus, between the scaphoid and triangular. The superior surface, convex and smooth, articulates with the radius. The inferior surface is deeply concave, and of greater extent from before backward than transversely: it articulates with the head of the capitate, and, by a long, narrow facet (separated by a ridge from the general surface), with the hamate. The dorsal and volar surfaces are rough, for the attachment of ligaments, the former being the broader, and of a somewhat rounded form. The lateral surface presents a narrow, flattened, semilunar facet for articulation with the scaphoid. The medial surface is marked by a smooth, quadrilateral facet, for articulation with the triquetrum.
The lunate articulates with five bones: the radius proximally, capitate and hamate distally, scaphoid laterally, and triangular medially.
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The three main types of crushers are the cone crusher, the jaw crusher, and the impact crusher Make sure you understand all of the differences between these kinds before choosing one for your project Regardless of which type of machine you choose, you should be ,
The new primary crusher consists of the main components feed bin, a push feeder, eccentric screen, jaw crusher, flip-flow screen, steel engineering and various troughed belt conveyers Some components of the old primary crusher like, for example, bin and jaw crusher ,
The three types of crushers most commonly used for crushing CDW materials are the jaw crusher, the impact crusher and the gyratory crusher (Figure 44) A jaw crusher consists of two plates, with one oscillating back and forth against the other at a fixed angle ( Figure 44(a) ) and it is the most widely used in primary crushing stages ( Behera .
Mar 24, 2021· Shop Impact Crushers For Sale by owners & dealers near you Browse 35 new and used Impact Crushers by FABO, EvoQuip, Powerscreen, JCI, Trio, and more
Jul 24, 2015· Jaw Crusher Parts Although the jaws do the work, the real heart of the jaw crusher and its components are the toggle plates, the pitman, and the ply wheel These are the parts and components that generate the crushing action and provide the energy needed to break the ore
These machines are used to feed primary jaw or impact crushersThe single or double grizzly sections allow to rough out the material, and separate the fine products from the pieces remaining over the grizzly which ensures the capacity increase of the crushers
Jaw Crushers An average jaw crusher is 1 to 100 tons heavy and has a power in the range of 6 - 200 kW Of course this also depends on the capacity (which may range in between 1 and 1000 tons of material per hour and the anti-pressure strength (namely the mechanical resistance) of the crushed material, which may reach up to 320 MPs
Feb 26, 2016· The term “primary crusher,” by definition, might embrace any type and size of crushing machine The term implies that at least two stages of crushing are involved, but in many cases the machine which performs the function of initial crusher is the only crusher in the plant The factors influencing the selection of a crusher for this service .
The three types of crushers most commonly used for crushing CDW materials are the jaw crusher, the impact crusher and the gyratory crusher (Figure 44)A jaw crusher consists of two plates, with one oscillating back and forth against the other at a fixed angle (Figure 44(a)) and it is the most widely used in primary crushing stages (Behera et al, 2014)
1 天前· Crushers are also used in construction material recycling and mining operations Powerscreen Premiertrak 330 Mobile Crusher Variants These machines come in three main types, jaw crusher, cone and gyratory crusher, and impact crusher Jaw crushers, occasionally referred to as “toggle crushers,” are the most common type of crusher
CM Primary Shredders can be used with Chipping Shredders to produce Tire Derived Aggregate (TDA) or Tire Derived Fuel (TDF) in high production applications The CM Primary Shredder is the most cost effective shredder in operation today CM’s “Double Stack™” knife technology allows the primary shredder to process more tires with very low .
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The primary coal crushers may be of different types such as: (1) coal jaw, (2) coal hammer, and (3) ring granulator Secondary coal crusher: Used when the coal coming from the supplier is large enough to be handled by a single crusher The primary crusher converts the feed size to one that is acceptable to the secondary crusher
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Primary Jaw Crusher Plants ELRUS manufactures heavy-duty jaw crushers that have been stress relieved and machined for a close fit with other components Our Primary Jaw Plant is an excellent choice for the producer who requires quick setup and mobility with a medium size jaw plant
A Pre-Owned Missouri Rogers 4654 Primary Impact Crusher For Sale Request Quote Stock #112047 Inquire; HUMBOLT WEDAG 100/105 SECONDARY IMPACTOR Request Quote Stock #121029 Inquire; A Pre-Owned Universal 150/230 Secondary Impactor For Sale Request Quote Stock #121033 Inquire; CEDARAPIDS 5040 HAMMERMILL SECONDARY CRUSHER Request Quote Stock .
Jaw crushers are used mainly in first stage, primary crushing applications and are ideal for use in quarries and recycling demolition operations The two main types of jaw crusher produced by Parker are both single toggle designs with the up-thrust toggle RockSizer / StoneSizer model and down-thrust toggle RockSledger model
Sep 13, 2016· However, they are a primary crusher and can only crush down to a 3” or 4” minus, which is often sold or used as a lower value fill type material, so not suitable if trying to achieve a smaller .
Nov 11, 2019· However, they can also be used on bridge piers and river walls Limestone: A sedimentary rock that is the most commonly used to make crushed stone in the United Stat One of the most versatile rocks for construction, limestone is able to be crushed easily making it a primary rock used in ready mix concrete, road construction, and railroads
Jaw Crusher - One hardened jaw of the crusher is moved into the stationary jaw Used in mining and quarri Material can be dry to slightly wet Cone Crusher - Includes compound cone, spring cone, hydraulic cone and gyratory crushers A hardened cone compresses rock against a hardened surface Used in sand and gravel production
used pushfeeder for primary crusher ES push feeder primary crusher powermagnetics in used pushfeeder for primary crusher Crushing Equipment Stone crushing equipment is designed to achieve maximum consultants for apron feeder and primary crusher operations of apron feeder pdf BINQ Mining operations of apron feeder pdf Posted at World-Class Apron Feeders Our crusher Chat Online
Gyratory Crusher – Traylor 1000 TPH Primary Gyratory Crushing Plant 1000 TPH Primary Gyratory Crushing Plant Item #1 – Fuller-Traylor Model 42-70 Type TCB Gyratory Crusher with cast steel two piece mainframe, 400 hp – 4,000 volt electric motor, direct shaft drive, hydraulic su.
1975 CEDARAPIDS 7530 30 In x 75 In Toshiba, elec, 300 hp, 6 ft x 15 ft feeder fdr, 36 in x 28 ft under crusher rear discharge conv, 42 in x 16 ft frt disch conv, Tri/A chassis more
how does primary crusher work primary crusher hydraulic piping semi mobil primary crushing plant for iron ores used primary jaw crusher sale linwood quarry how , Inquire Now; hydraulic unit of hammer removing device of crusher If a piping of the excavator , Raw material of various sizes are brought to the primary crusher by rear .
2012 mgl pi4354 portable impact crusher, 43" x 54" crusher, diesel engine, 10' x 14' feed hopper, 48" under & discharge crusher conv, magnet located co LOCATED CO $119,500
Feb 14, 2020· Gyratory crushers can be used for primary or secondary crushing, and they are used for hard and tough rocks Crushing is caused by compression between a concave liner fixed on the mainframe of the crusher, and a circulating conical head mounted on a central vertical spindle The ore travels downward between the two parts, being gradually .
【New Arrival】Type：Primary CrusherManufacturer：Model：VX225Serial：1227 (‘15y)Location：JapanRemarks：As is working condition, Subject to prior saleOur we.
TradeEarthmoversau is the home of Earthmovers & Excavators magazine and has over 40,000 new and used earthmoving & construction machinery items for sale across a wide range of categories including spare parts, excavators, transportable buildings, dozers, skid steers, backhoe loaders, machinery attachments, loaders, mini excavators and more
Dec 23, 2015· How you select your primary crusher will be based on factors like moisture content, maximum rock lump size, material density SG, abrasion index, degradability and it being prone to dusting or not The crusher capacities given by manufacturers are typically in tons of 2,000 lbs and are based on crushing limestone weighing loose about 2,700 lbs per yard3 and having a specific gravity of 26
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Study of Organochlorinated Pesticide Residues and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Soil Samples
This paper presents and discusses the data obtained for organochlorinated pesticides and their residues in the soil samples of agricultural areas. Soil contamination is one of most important factors influencing the quality of agricultural products. Usage of heavy farm equipment, the land drainage, an excessive application of agrochemicals, emissions originating from mining, metallurgical, and chemical and coal power plants and transport, all generate a number of undesired substances (nitric and sulphur oxides, PAHs, heavy metals, pesticides), which after deposition in soil may influence crop quality. Thus, input of these contaminants into the environment should be carefully monitored. Levels of organochlorinated pesticides contamination were evaluated in agriculture areas that are in use. 10 soil samples were taken in agricultural areas Plane of Dugagjini , Kosovo. Representative soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm top layer of the soil.
In the analytical method we combined ultrasonic bath extraction and a Florisil column for samples clean-up. The analysis of the organochlorinated pesticides in soil samples was performed by gas chromatography technique using electron capture detector (GC/ECD). Optima-5 (low/mid polarity, 5% phenyl methyl siloxane 60 m x 0.33 mm x 0.25μm film) capillary column was used for isolation and determination of organochlorinated pesticides. Low concentrations of organochlorinated pesticide and their metabolites were found in the studied samples. The presence of organochlorinated pesticides and their residues is probably resulting of their previous uses for agricultural purposes.
Beltran J., Lopez F.J., Hernandez F. (2000). Solid-phase microextraction in pesticide residue analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 885.
Di Muccio (1996). Organoclorine, Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Insecticides: Single Class, Multiresidue Analysis of. Pesticides. Pesticides. 6384-6411.
Erickson, M.D. (2001). Introduction: PCB properties, uses, occurrence, and regulatory history. In: Robertson, L.W., Hansen, L.G. (Eds.), PCBs: Recent Advances in Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, pp. 131–152.
Muir D. and Sverko E. (2006). Analytical methods for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in environmental monitoring and surveillance: a critical appraisal. Trends Anal. Chem., 386, 769.
Nuro A. and Marku E. (2011). “Determination of Organochlorinated Pesticides and their Residues in soil samples of Albania agricultural areas” Proceeding book of Konference: “Chemistry and devlopment of Albania” ISBN: 978-99956-10-41-8, 211-216 Tirana, Albania.
Nuro A.and Marku E. (2012). “Study of Organchlorinated pollutants in Sediments of North Albania” International Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Sciences (IJEES), Vol 2, Issue 1, 15-20
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Copyright (c) 2016 MSc. Vlora Gashi, Dr.Sc. Aurel Nuro, MSc. Basri Pulaj
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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The Publications Warehouse does not have links to digital versions of this publication at this time
Four behavioral experiments conducted in both the laboratory and the field provide evidence that adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) select spawning rivers based on the odor of larvae that they contain and that bile acids released by the larvae are part of this pheromonal odor. First, when tested in a recirculating maze, migratory adult lamprey spent more time in water scented with larvae. However, when fully mature, adults lost their responsiveness to larvae and preferred instead the odor of mature individuals. Second, when tested in a flowing stream, migratory adults swam upstream more actively when the water was scented with larvae. Third, when migratory adults were tested in a laboratory maze containing still water, they exhibited enhanced swimming activity in the presence of a 0.1 nM concentration of the two unique bile acids released by larvae and detected by adult lamprey. Fourth, when adults were exposed to this bile acid mixture within flowing waters, they actively swam into it. Taken together, these data suggest that adult lamprey use a bile acid based larval pheromone to help them locate spawning rivers and that responsiveness to this cue is influenced by current flow, maturity, and time of day. Although the precise identity and function of the larval pheromone remain to be fully elucidated, we believe that this cue will ultimately prove useful as an attractant in sea lamprey control.
Additional Publication Details
Direct behavioral evidence that unique bile acids released by larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) function as a migratory pheromone
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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Police admit training sessions won’t be a cure-all for biases, but dozens of law enforcement organizations have adopted training in fair and impartial policing to help educate officers about the implicit biases that may affect their performance. This week, the New Jersey chapter of the NAACP invited officers to its annual meeting to participate in the program.
“We need police, and the police need us.”
That’s what NAACP New Jersey State Conference President Richard Smith said at a news conference following a fair and impartial policing (FIP) training at the organization’s annual state conference Thursday. The event was closed to news organizations to encourage open and honest conversation on a sensitive topic.
The training focuses on the psychology of bias, which, according to Fair and Impartial Policing—the program that provides the training—accounts for behavior that can harm the communities that police serve. The training is designed to explain the science behind people’s biases:
Social psychologists have shown that “implicit” or “unconscious” bias can impact what people perceive and do, even in people who consciously hold non-prejudiced attitudes.
“It’s not just the police and certain community groups, it’s all of humanity,” Christopher Wagner, Denville police chief and president of the state Chiefs of Police Association, told NJ.com. “We all have [biases], and we’re not going to fix them today. I’m just more aware of the biases that I have, and by being aware of them—keenly aware of them—I can react differently to situations.”
Dozens of police departments around the country have opted for FIP training after controversial deaths of young black men in Baltimore, New York City, and Ferguson, Missouri, at the hands of police officers. The Anti-Defamation League also has created an anti-bias training course, which has been delivered to officials at the FBI, Drug Enforcement Administration, New York State Police, and several large police departments.
THE SCIENCE OF BIAS
Dig into the science of bias and it’s easy to see how it’s been overlooked in law enforcement training.
According to Lorie Fridell, associate professor of criminology at the University of South Florida, who leads the FIP training program, explicit bias—when “a person associates various groups (e.g., racial minorities, homeless) with negative stereotypes”—has been a topic in law enforcement for decades. But today’s bias is more likely to be implicit, which can be tricky because “even individuals, who, at the conscious level, reject prejudice and stereotyping, can and do manifest implicit biases,”Fridell wrote in The Police Chief magazine.
Most police offers are not aware of their implicit biases, which means they don’t seek bias training. As one police professional told The Police Chief, “I used to say I wasn’t biased; I can no longer say that.”
FIP IN ACTION
In the years since racial tensions erupted over 17-year-old Trayvon Martin’s 2012 shooting death by neighborhood watch coordinator George Zimmerman, the police department in Sanford, Florida, has engaged in comprehensive FIP training and extensive community outreach.
One year after introduction of the FIP training, serious, violent crimes decreased 10 percent in the city, according to Sanford Police Capt. Anthony Raimondo.
“I strongly believe that the introduction of FIP provided the vehicle to reestablish contact with our community members and gain their cooperation to solve crimes,” Raimondo said.
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It’s a matter of convenience, says Kirk Lau.
“All waste problems boil down to the collective small decisions of hundreds if not thousands of people,” he explains. “In the battle of changing people’s habits, convenience is the greatest weapon because the easiest thing to do is what most people will do.”
Lau, a PhD candidate in materials engineering, and fellow students Arneet Kalra, Misghana Kassa, and Samina Alungulesa, are collectively the Recycling Pioneers, a team that has embraced the mission to tackle this issue one waste bin at a time. The team, working in collaboration with McGill’s Buildings and Grounds department, has innovated a smart waste bin system that will allow McGill to gain greater insight into the University’s waste streams and work towards its Zero-Waste by 2035 target.
“If [Buildings and Grounds] know where more trash is coming in and out, they can start to optimize how often things get taken out. They’ll actually be able to break down their waste streams,” says Lau.
The system is simpler than other smart waste bin systems on the market, Lau explains. Rather than being built into the bins themselves, the Recycling Pioneers’ system works by retrofitting a series of sensors – both weight and distance sensors – that together provides the user with data about how full each bin is via a screen mounted above the waste sorting station.
“We’re trying to do more public facing and back-end approach, where we have a public facing component that tells the public what’s going on inside the bins but also provides data for Buildings and Grounds – any sort of facility management department – in order to let them know how waste is changing across a large geographic area, such as multiple buildings,” Lau says.
The team now looks forward to installing a similar system in five other buildings on campus.
“Once we have an ecosystem of sensors and the components working together, we can start tracking habits and comparing different faculties and different buildings to see how they compare with one another,” says teammate Kalra.
Improving both the communications around waste reduction and the tracking and monitoring of waste are cornerstone of Building and Grounds’ Waste Reduction and Diversion Strategy 2018-2025.
These efforts are essential to increasing the University’s diversion rate, or percentage of waste not sent to landfill. To achieve zero-waste, McGill aims to maintain the internationally recognized standard of a diversion rate of 90 per cent or more.
The Recycling Pioneers are a veritable McGill success story. The concept for the team’s smart waste bin system originated in the Faculty of Education’s goLEAD program, in which student groups are challenges to develop a sustainable solution to a real-life problem with the input of relevant stakeholders.
“The objective of the competition was to pitch an idea to tackle a problem affecting the campus,” explains Lau. “Pursuing our [initial] idea of a recycling rewards app helped us start conversations with many of the stakeholders on campus concerned with waste.”
“These conversations made us realize the need on campus for smart waste bins to better target some of the problems we wanted to address.”
With the proof-of-concept validated and a close contact with the Buildings and Grounds team, the team turned to McGill’s flagship Sustainability Projects Fund (SPF) to turn the idea into reality. The SPF is the largest fund of its kind in Canada, valued at $1 million annually, and has the mandate to build a culture of sustainability on McGill campuses through the development and seed-funding of interdisciplinary projects.
With support from the SPF, the Recycling Pioneers installed a first smart bin in the Trottier Building,
“We’re happy we were able to install a flagship station, but there are many improvements we would like to make to our system to make it easier to install so we could scale up to other buildings,” Lau says.
The experience, the team explains, has complimented their academic experiences at McGill, enabling them to envision their role in the sustainability movement.
“From this project, I learned how to work on a larger scale project, something that takes months to do, whereas in my academics, usually we work on projects that last the course of a semester,” says Kalra. “We’ve been working on this since last summer and we see, especially during the pandemic, slow change but meaningful change. “
For Lau, the experience has redefined his career path.
“Working on waste-related projects is really fun and I’m definitely going to keep doing it,” he says. “It’s that simple.”
The Recycling Pioneers are looking for waste enthusiasts, electrical engineers, and mechanical engineers to join their team of student volunteers interested as they scale-up across campus. Interested students can get in touch by emailing [email protected].
The post Creating sustainable waste habits with smart sensors appeared first on McGill Reporter.
Article courtesy of The McGill Reporter
Article courtesy of The McGill Reporter
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Lupinus argenteus Pursh
Silvery lupine, Silver-stem lupine
Fabaceae (Pea Family)
USDA Symbol: luar3
The perennial silver-stem lupine bears from one to several, occasionally branched stems, each 1-2 ft. tall and covered with hairs. Stalked, palmately-compound, silvery-green leaves line the stems. Violet, pea-like flowers are arranged in a showy spike, up to 8 in. long, atop the stems. The flowers of silver-stem lupine are sometimes pink and rarely white. This species spreads quickly to form colonies.
From the Image Gallery
Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial
Size Class: 1-3 ft.
Bloom InformationBloom Color: Purple
Bloom Time: Jun , Jul
DistributionUSA: AZ , CA , CO , ID , KS , MT , ND , NE , NM , NV , OK , OR , SD , UT , WA , WY
Native Distribution: E.c. OR & n.e. CA to AZ, e. to Alt., w. ND, n.w. NE & NM
Native Habitat: Stream valleys; dry roadsides; rocky prairies; open pine woods
Growing ConditionsWater Use: Low
Light Requirement: Sun , Part Shade , Shade
Soil Moisture: Dry
CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium
Soil Description: Rocky soils.
BenefitUse Wildlife: Silvery lupine in an important food source for butterflies.
Warning: Plants in the genus Lupinus, especially the seeds, can be toxic to humans and animals if ingested. Sensitivity to a toxin varies with a personís age, weight, physical condition, and individual susceptibility. Children are most vulnerable because of their curiosity and small size. Toxicity can vary in a plant according to season, the plantís different parts, and its stage of growth; and plants can absorb toxic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and pollutants from the water, air, and soil.
Conspicuous Flowers: yes
Attracts: Birds , Hummingbirds
Value to Beneficial InsectsSpecial Value to Native Bees
Special Value to Bumble Bees
This information was provided by the Pollinator Program at The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
PropagationDescription: Propagate by seed sown in fall.
Seed Collection: Seeds are produced in a hairy pod.
Seed Treatment: Scarify seed coats of stored seed.
Commercially Avail: yes
Find Seed or Plants
Find seed sources for this species at the Native Seed Network.
View propagation protocol from Native Plants Network.
From the National Organizations DirectoryAccording to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is on display at the following locations:
Native Seed Network - Corvallis, OR
BibliographyBibref 946 - Gardening with Prairie Plants: How to Create Beautiful Native Landscapes (2002) Wasowski, Sally
Search More Titles in Bibliography
From the ArchiveWildflower Newsletter 1985 VOL. 2, NO.1 - A Glorious Spring, Lupines in Landscapes, Director's Report, Notable Quote, Wild...
Wildflower Newsletter 1990 VOL. 7, NO.4 - Research Update, Wild-Collecting Endangers Natives, Director's Report, Maryland ...
Additional resourcesUSDA: Find Lupinus argenteus in USDA Plants
FNA: Find Lupinus argenteus in the Flora of North America (if available)
Google: Search Google for Lupinus argenteus
MetadataRecord Modified: 2014-08-20
Research By: TWC Staff
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Queen Christina of Sweden was a fascinating and enigmatic historical figure. Born in 1626, she ascended to the throne at just six years old. Famous for her unconventional behavior, she broke societal norms, embracing intellectual pursuits and rejecting marriage. Her reign witnessed cultural flourishing, making her an influential patron of the arts and sciences. Christina's controversial decision to abdicate in 1654 made her an enigma, leaving a lasting impact on Europe's political landscape. Today, her legacy continues to captivate historians, making Queen Christina an intriguing subject of study. Explore more about this extraordinary queen's life and reign in our comprehensive biography.
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We will start with recalling the definitions of almost complex structures and their integrability, and then discuss the functor of points approach to algebraic varieties. Then we will discuss rudiments of symplectic geometry, and compare complex and symplectic geometry using the language of G-structures. After brief introductions to derived categories of coherent sheaves and Fukaya categories, we will discuss several aspects of mirror symmetry. If the time permits, we will also discuss special Lagrangian torus fibrations and tropical geometry.
Mirror symmetry is a mysterious relationship, originally suggested by string theorists, between complex geometry of one space and symplectic geometry of another space, called the mirror of the original space. The aim of this lecture is to discuss similarities and differences between complex and symplectic geometry, and give a gentle introduction to mirror symmetry.
・Definitions of complex manifolds and algebraic varieties
・Basic definitions and results in symplectic geometry, and their motivations from classical mechanics
・Relations among complex, symplectic, and Riemannian geometry from the point of view of G-structures
・Concrete examples of derived categories of coherent sheaves and Fukaya categories
・Some familiarity with mirror symmetry
complex manifold, algebraic variety, symplectic geometry, G-structure, Calabi-Yau manifold, derived category of coherent sheaves, Fukaya category, mirror symmetry
|✔ Specialist skills||Intercultural skills||Communication skills||Critical thinking skills||✔ Practical and/or problem-solving skills|
This is a standard lecture course. There will be some assignments.
|Course schedule||Required learning|
|Class 1||The following topics will be covered in this order : -- definitions and examples of complex manifolds and algebraic varieties -- definitions and examples of symplectic manifolds -- Hamilton's equation of motion, Noether's theorem, Liouville-Arnold theorem -- G-structures and their integrability -- definitions and examples of Kaehler manifolds and Calabi-Yau manifolds -- derived categories of coherent sheaves -- Lagrangian intersection Floer theory and Fukaya categories -- mirror symmetry||Details will be provided during each class session.|
Lecture note is available at
Not in particular
Not in particular
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CC-MAIN-2021-04
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http://www.ocw.titech.ac.jp/index.php?module=General&action=T0300&GakubuCD=1&GakkaCD=311111&KeiCD=11&course=11&KougiCD=202003884&Nendo=2020&lang=EN&vid=03
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en
| 0.846764 | 470 | 2.75 | 3 |
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a devastating condition that occurs during childbirth and lasts for the entire life of a child. Cerebral refers to the brain; palsy refers to the impairment of motor function. Doctors generally diagnose CP in newborn children and babies. Doctors characterize CP by one or more tight muscle groups that limit movement. Children who suffer from CP will show signs of stiff and jerky movements as early as their first days.
What Are the Causes of Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral palsy occurs when the developing brain has been damaged or has abnormalities that prevent proper control of movement and balance. There are several causes of cerebral palsy; however, it generally occurs because of brain damage sustained by a baby before, during, or after birth. The majority of children diagnosed with CP were born with it, which is known as congenital cerebral palsy; however, the condition is seen is far more often in babies that have suffered birth injuries like:
- Brachial Plexus Injury – The network of nerves running through the spine suffer damage.
- Shoulder Dystocia – When doctors cause damage from using extra force to deliver a baby whose body cannot pass after the head.
- Forceps Delivery Injury – The mother or baby suffer damage from excessive force used with forceps to deliver the child.
- Vacuum Extraction Injury – A vacuum instrument causes nerve damage or injuries to the mother or child.
- Hypoxia – Where the mother or baby suffers an injury due to lack of oxygen. If oxygen is cut off completely or the flow of oxygen is reduced to the brain for an extended period of time, a baby can develop brain damage that destroys tissue in the brain.
Non-congenital cases of CP in children are considered acquired cerebral palsy, as the disorder began after birth from brain damage in the first few months of life, brain infections, viral encephalitis, problems with blood flow to the brain, or a head injury due to a car accident, fall, or child abuse. While medical experts can’t always determine an exact cause, the above listed injuries increase a child’s risk of developing the condition.
What are the Signs of Cerebral Palsy?
Signs of CP typically appear very early on in a child’s life; however, the specific diagnosis may be delayed until the child reaches two years of age or older. A common sign of CP in infants is experiencing developmental delays. A child with CP may not reach developmental milestones, including learning how to roll over, crawl, sit up, or walk. Another early sign of CP is abnormal muscle tone, either decreased (hypotonia) which can make an infant seem overly relaxed or increased (hypertonia) which can make an infant seem very tense or stiff. Parents may also see unusual posture or the child favoring one side of the body when moving or reaching for objects. Babies with CP may have their legs turned inward when their parents pick them up and have difficulty lifting their heads.
Treatments for Cerebral Palsy
Unfortunately, even in our technologically advanced society, there is no cure for cerebral palsy, but there are there are a range of treatments for those with the disorder that can often improve a child’s capabilities. The earlier the cerebral palsy is diagnosed, the more effective treatments can be. There is no standard treatment plan that works for all children with CP; however, doctors will work with a team of healthcare professionals to find what works best for each individual patient. A combination of the following therapies, along with support from family and friends, can help a child with CP live a near-normal life:
- Physical Therapy – a physical therapist can help a child with CP improve muscle strength, balance, and motor skills through a variety of exercises (e.g. strength training programs).
- Speech and Language Therapy – a speech therapist can improve a child’s speech, teach a child new ways to communicate, and help with chewing and swallowing.
- Occupational Therapy – an occupational therapist will focus on making the most of the child’s mobility, including working on basic daily routines (putting on clothes, brushing their teeth, etc.).
- Recreational Therapy – recreational therapists encourage involvement in sports, art programs, and other social events that expand the physical and/or cognitive skills of the child.
There are other treatments that can help manage the symptoms of CP. Certain oral and injected drug treatments have proven effective in helping relax contracted or overactive muscles. These medications do have associated risks and side effects and require constant monitoring by a medical professional. As a child with CP gets older, they have options for medical devices that can assist with daily tasks and communication. Orthotic devices, including braces and splints, can help compensate for muscle imbalances and increase independence. If unable to move independently, wheelchairs, rolling walkers, and powered scooters can help individuals with CP continue with daily routines.
Unfortunately, these treatments, medications, and assistive devices are not inexpensive. Families with children who have cerebral palsy are often financially burdened with bills for long-term cerebral palsy care, including medical expenses, therapy programs, and special education.
Philadelphia Cerebral Palsy Lawyers
If your child has cerebral palsy and you suspect a birth injury may be the cause, there is limited time to act. Call the experienced Philadelphia birth injury lawyers at Lopez McHugh LLP for a free and confidential consultation.
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| 0.948048 | 1,130 | 3.59375 | 4 |
2.1 The Issue
Tensions between China and Japan have erupted in the East China Sea over the five small, uninhabited islands the Japanese refer to as the Senkaku and the Chinese call the Diaoyu. The islands have been the subject of competing sovereignty claims by China, Japan, and Taiwan for decades. For the past several years, Chinese and Japanese naval and air forces have come in frequent contact as China and Japan have sought to demonstrate control over the islands. Given that their militaries are increasingly in contact in the waters of the East China Sea and the airspace above it, the risk of a miscalculation or accident has increased, raising concerns that the sovereignty dispute could lead to an armed clash between Asia’s two largest powers.
Although the United Nations has long had a policy of neutrality on the islands’ sovereignty, it holds a strong interest in maintaining stability among the multiple invested powers. A conflict involving China, Japan, and the United States—which is treaty-bound to defend Japan in the event of an attack—has the potential to affect global stability, economic growth, and the security of those in the region, as well as hinder cooperation on issues such as nuclear nonproliferation and climate change mitigation. The UN Security Council has frequently considered similar maritime territorial disputes, seeking to uphold international maritime agreements such as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). As the situation in the East China Sea remains a potential flashpoint for conflict in the region, the UN Security Council could play a crucial role in maintaining stability. Yet a UN decision in this case could be difficult to achieve. China, a veto-wielding permanent member of the council, has the ability to block many actions that have proven effective in past disputes. The Security Council’s relationship with other organs of the United Nations, such as the International Court of Justice, and independent bodies, such as the Permanent Court of Arbitration, offers potential pathways, although they could lack enforceability.
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| 0.959584 | 406 | 3.546875 | 4 |
|Scientific Name:||Apium bermejoi L.Llorens|
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Critically Endangered B1ab(v)c(iv)+2ab(v)c(iv); C2a(i); D ver 3.1|
|Assessor(s):||Mus, M. & Rita Larrucea, J.|
|Reviewer(s):||Strahm, W. & de Montmollin, B. (Mediterranean Island Plants Red List Authority)|
The species only occurs in a single site and the total number of individuals is very small and fluctuates in number. The most recent census counted 98 individuals, although many were young plants which never reached reproductive age. In other years the total population numbered less than 60 individuals, again not all reaching maturity. Given the threats facing this species, a continued decline in number of individuals is predicted.
|Previously published Red List assessments:|
|Range Description:||This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands, and occurs in the north-east part of the island of Minorca. Here it is only found in two small areas separated by a rocky zone about 200 m wide.|
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Population:||The total population numbers less than 100 individuals in an area of just a few dozen square metres.|
|Current Population Trend:||Decreasing|
|Habitat and Ecology:||A. bermejoi is a herb that grows in stream beds that dry out in summer and occasionally during dry winters. It grows on acidic soil which accumulates in small rock depressions, and requires only moderate sun exposure. |
This perennial plant reproduces from seeds but can also reproduce vegetatively from stolons, which are horizontal stems creeping just above the ground having the capacity to take root and form new plants. There is evidence that the two subpopulations on either side of the rocky zone are genetically different, but the importance of this for the long-term maintenance of the entire population has yet to be assessed. This species benefits from nitrogen provided in seabird droppings.
The species is threatened both directly and indirectly. Its habitat is extremely unstable with available water and nutrients varying greatly from year to year. A. bermejoi does not support competition from other species very well, including competition from native carpet-forming species as well as introduced alien species such as Carpobrotus edulis. It is directly threatened with trampling by fishermen and hikers, as well as motorbikes on the beach.
Climate change may cause changes in its habitat. For example, several consecutive dry years will weaken this species and favour the development of opportunistic, more competitive species. Any wild collection of A. bermejoi represents a potential threat.
Actions in Place
Legally: This species is listed in Annex I of the Spanish royal decree 439/1990 which grants it protection in its natural site. Internationally, A. bermejoi is included in two legal documents: Appendix I of the Bern Convention and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive, where it is listed as a priority species.
In situ: Since 2003, the University of the Balearic Islands has started a rehabilitation programme for A. bermejoi in its natural habitat with financial support from the MAVA foundation. A programme to eradicate all species of the introduced and invasive Carpobrotus has been undertaken since 1996 in natural areas of the Balearic Islands, with mixed success. Since 2002, the eradication programme has focussed on sites with rare species such as A. bermejoi.
Ex situ: Seeds of this species are stored in the Sóller Botanical Garden seedbank, located on Majorca, where the plant is also under cultivation.
It is essential that the small area where this species grows be protected from trampling and motorbikes. To make conservation actions more effective, studies on population dynamics (recruitment and mortality) and reproductive biology of this species are needed. (Re-)introduction of this species to suitable habitats to increase its number of populations and its survival chances is needed.
|Citation:||Mus, M. & Rita Larrucea, J. 2006. Apium bermejoi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006: e.T61608A12520807.Downloaded on 24 November 2017.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided|
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Tuesday, 1 November 2011
The seventeenth-century family
In the seventeenth century the family was the basic unit of society. It was the place of residence and of the pooling and distribution of resources for consumption. For many a small farmer and craftsman it was also the basic unit of production. For most people the place of work was also the place of residence.
Types of family
In most of northern Europe (and in south and south-eastern Spain, southern Italy and Sardinia) the nuclear family was the norm and it was rare for a married couple to share the same roof as the parents of one of the partners. In northern Europe this might have made for a more individualist type of human being. This clearly did not apply in the south, and the reasons for the existence of nuclear families may have been primarily economic – the high number of farm labourers as opposed to peasants with smallholdings.
The nuclear family was especially long-standing in England, possibly dating back at least to 1400 – rather than to the Industrial Revolution as is sometimes stated. Within this two-generational structure people married relatively late, and this had clear implications for family size. Such marriages produced c. four to five children (excluding miscarriages and stillbirths) of whom enough would reach adulthood to ensure in normal times sluggish population growth.
In this family structure, husbands were likely to be only two or three years older than their wives at first marriage, and apart from servants, households rarely contained more than one family member who was not part of the nuclear family.
Historians are not sure why this unusual pattern of the nuclear family developed, but the consequences are clearly important. Couples set up nuclear households only whey they could afford to do so. Because of later marriage women had fewer pregnancies, though not necessarily fewer surviving children. Newly-weds were more economically independent. There were also more people who never married at all. Demographers have estimated that from 10 to 15% of the people of north-west Europe never married.
Some economic arguments favoured the nuclear family. When they were short of hands these families could take on additional labour and this could be a more flexible solution than hiring relatives.
But in other parts of Europe, such as Russia, Ireland, central Italy, and the Auvergne, all men who married brought their wives to the parental home. Demographers distinguish two types of extended family: the complex (one conjugal unit plus one or more other kin) and multiple family households with two or more other kin-related family units. Multiple families could comprise up to fifty people. There was also an economic argument for this type of family, which operated with economies of scale.
Because marriage was less dominated by economic necessity, the age of marriage was earlier. In southern and eastern Europe most of the unmarried people lived in convents or monasteries.
Servants were essential to the running of a household and in the mobile society of early modern Europe they were in plentiful supply. Paradoxically, this meant that nuclear families were less fixated on blood relatives than now. Children grew up in the presence of people to whom they were not related.
‘Family’ could also imply looser connections only vaguely based on kin such as clans.
Inheritance laws and traditions varied across Europe and do not seem to have correlated with family structure. In general inheritance was either partible, in which the total estate was divided among all the children, or all the sons, or operated according to primogeniture where the eldest son took everything. Both systems had their advantages and disadvantages. Partible inheritance was fairer, but could lead to a diminution of the land and an impoverishment of the holding. Impartible inheritance created problems (and opportunities?) for younger sons.
Families were constantly growing and shrinking. There was a high turnover within marriage because of the death of one partner. Up to one third of the marriages in Stuart England were second or later marriages – 39 % at Clayworth in Nottinghamshire in the late 17th century. Children were therefore accustomed to stepmothers. Between a quarter and a fifth of all seventeenth-century children had lost one birth parent. As a result the Church’s insistence on life-long marriage was very different from now.
Between sixteen and twenty-five women in every thousand died in childbirth. Birth was more dangerous for the child than the mother, with perhaps one in three pregnancies in England ending in a miscarriage or stillbirth. Most births were supervised by midwives though in the late seventeenth century the accoucheur (man midwife) helped to medicalize childbirth in wealthy families.
In the northwest European pattern, a high proportion of females, possibly up to a fifth, abstained completely from marriage; whereas in eastern Europe virtually all women married (Kamen, 159). In northwest Spain in the early eighteenth century 16 % of women remained celibate. Men too could find it difficult to marry. Rome in 1592 had only 58 women for every 100 men and in Nördlingen during the Thirty Years’ War the authorities allowed unlimited immigration to women, but restricted the entry of males.
In 1960 a landmark book by Philippe Ariès was published in France. It was translated into English as Centuries of Childhood. Ariès’ book has revolutionized the study of young people. Aries argued that childhood is a very new concept. It did not exist at all in the Middle Ages, grew into existence in the upper classes in the 16th and 17th centuries, solidified itself somewhat more fully in the 18th century upper classes, and finally mushroomed on the scene of the 20th century in both the upper and lower classes. But, on his argument, childhood did not really penetrate the great masses of the lower and lower-middle classes until very late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Ariès claimed that in the Middle Ages a young person of 7 was already an adult. He points out that most young people were apprenticed, became workers in the fields (later, after the industrial revolution, in the factories) and generally entered fully into the adult society at a very early age.
As evidence he cites art work. There are no children, only babies and little adults. The musculature, dress, expressions, and mannerisms are all adult. On Aries' view, once the institution of childhood began to emerge the situation of the young person began to change in society. First they were named children. A theory of innocence of the child emerged. Children were to be protected from adult reality. The facts of birth, death, sex, tragedy, world events were hidden from the child. Children, the new creation, were increasingly segregated by age -- the very fact of having an age became important, whereas in the ‘ancien regime’ peoples ages were virtually unknown.
However, children were expected to be economically productive. From the ages of six or seven many learned to card wool so that it could be spun. Girls appear to have helped their mothers with quilting and button-making and boys followed their fathers into the fields. From the age of twelve they could be sent away from home to work as domestic servants.
Ariès’ arguments were applied to the family in England by Lawrence Stone. According to his analysis, the modern ‘affective’ family did not come into being until the 18th century. But much of this evidence was derived from the (inevitably) better documented elite families, especially in England, where family formation was often a commercial transaction. In fact there is abundant evidence of affection between husbands and wives, parents and children By the time they reached the age of 4 or 5 many children had considerable parental time and energy invested in them and their progress had given much pleasure. Deaths later in childhood were especially hard to bear. Ralph Josselin was devastated by the loss of his eldest child Mary aged 8. The death of Cromwell’s daughter Betty at the age of 29 was a shattering blow for her father.
But, however bitter their bereavements, Christians believed that the deaths had a meaning. Often the death of a child was ascribed to the sinfulness of the parents.
The patriarchal family
The family was seen as a microcosm of the state, with a similar pattern of authority. Both the law and the prescriptive literature asserted the authority of the husband and ascribed a subordinate role to the wife and children. This was especially the case in the areas of Roman law. In some parts of France disobedience to a parent came to be regarded as a crime and in Madrid the city police arrested disrespectful sons.
But in Catholic countries the Church courts granted legal separations to wives who could prove systematic beating. The community could also intervene in cases of marital ill-treatment. There was a growing recognition of the importance of love within marriage.
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Know what to expect at your
pet's neurology exam.
Other than seizures, we often mistake neurological changes in pets for other medical problems. We assume a pet who won’t eat feels sick to her stomach – not that she can’t eat. In older pets especially, we assume lameness or weakness stem from arthritis, orthopedic issues, or simple old age.
Neurological troubles in pets, however, leave telltale signs.
Neurology Exam Basics
Through a hands-on exam, your primary care veterinarian or board-certified veterinary neurologist can figure out if the problem is:
Neurological or not
- Caused by trouble in the brain, spinal cord, or both
Drunken movements: Anytime a pet appears drunk in her movement, that’s a sure sign of neurological trouble.
When my Border Collie, Lilly, developed brain and spinal cord inflammation, she stumbled when she walked and rocked as if on a boat, even when lying down.
Strength issues: When a pet appears weak in one or more limbs, that too is neurological – likely coming from somewhere in the spine.
Postural responses: Veterinarians use a variety of challenges to your pet’s balance and sense of her body.
“Knuckling” a pet is the most common test. This simply means turning a pet’s toes under, while she is standing and supported, to see if she rights her foot and how quickly. Often this is the first test veterinarians will give because it’s a fast way to know if a problem is neurological or not.
Other reflexes and responses: Veterinarians will also look carefully at your pet’s eyes for unusual eye movements such as twitching.
In one test, your veterinarian will look for a “menace response” by making a threatening hand gesture toward each eye to see if the pet blinks. This is a learned response, not a reflex, but it tells your veterinarian if the pet can see or not, which gives good information on what may be going on in the brain.
Your veterinarian or veterinary neurologist will also check:
Eye movement relative to head movement
- Facial sensation (by tapping lightly on areas of the head and face)
- Pupil dilation
- Jaw strength
- Withdrawal reflexes (when feet are pinched)
- Skin sensation (when pinched)
- Spinal movement and pain
Single symptom / multiple symptoms: Some 97% of neurology cases in pets get classified as “idiopathic” (meaning essentially of unknown origin). Typically, idiopathic neurology cases show up as a single symptom.
If your pet is also feverish or vomiting, along with neurological symptoms, then there is most likely a more distinct cause. For example, certain types of poisons are neurotoxins. Some infectious diseases cause a whole host of symptoms, along with neurological ones.
If the neurological exam tells your veterinarian that your pet shows signs of trouble in several areas of the brain or spine, that’s called being “multifocal.” It typically means some sort of inflammation – versus a localized brain tumor or stroke.
Other Neurological Diagnostics
Your veterinary team may recommend further tests – such as an MRI, CT scan, or spinal tap. These tests help veterinarians uncover or rule out the causes and severity of neurology trouble before making major treatment decisions, such as surgery.
Tell Us About Your Experiences
Tell us when you first noticed something was wrong, if your pet has ever suffered from a neurological illness.
Simon Platt, BVM&S, MRCVS,mnl Diplomate American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (neurology), DECVN, “Video Tour of the Neurologic Exam, American Animal Hospital Association 2012 Conference, March 15, 2012.
Looking for more like this? Try:
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| 0.916275 | 825 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The probability distribution function is used to determine the statistical results of the experiment and to determine the chances of a given event occurring. It is most often used in engineering and related research.
The normal distribution is one of the most popular distribution functions, and this distribution map the results of the experiment and the probability of each event occurring in a specific sample to the probability of the same event occurring in a different sample. The normal distribution functions have the same form as normal distributions in other statistics and the probability distribution is used in a lot of research work.
Probability distributions can be used for any kind of statistical activity and many people choose this distribution function because it makes the information easily accessible. Probability distribution function maps the actual results to the possible results, making the data available to all of the relevant people.
The distribution function can be plotted using the Gaussian curve, or a normal distribution function can be plotted using a normal distribution function. There are many other types of distributions available and all of them work in a similar fashion, mapping the data to the probability of each occurrence.
A distribution map is used in many situations, ranging from a study to predict the probability of rain on a rainy day to finding the probability of someone winning the lottery on the same day as you do. This type of distribution function is usually used in data analysis, since it is extremely useful for examining data in different time frame.
Using this distribution function can allow a lot of people to analyze many different things at once. It can be applied to any number of data, ranging from a set of statistics to a random sample of data. It can also be used in scientific research, where a wide range of different studies can be conducted.
There are many ways that the distribution function can be applied. It can be used in analyzing data to find out what the average amount of rainfall would be over a certain time period, it can be used to examine how a population changes over time, and so much more.
If you are not familiar with the distribution function, you may want to go online and look up some information on it. There are plenty of good articles and blogs written about this distribution function, which should give you a good understanding of the way it works. There are even web sites that teach it to the public.
The distribution function is something that everyone needs to know, since it is the backbone of every scientific study. It is also something that many people don’t really understand, and this is because of its simplicity. wide range of applications. It is something that can be used in a large number of settings and it is very useful when dealing with large quantities of data.
It is useful in a number of situations because it is something that can be used for a large number of different things and because it is easy to learn. People who aren’t really very familiar with probability can learn how to make use of this distribution function when they learn about it.
Many statistics classes will teach a wide variety of probability distribution functions. These statistics classes will also cover this distribution function extensively in order to show students the basics of how it works and to help them learn more about the various types of distributions.
Some courses in statistics are taught in the process of teaching statistics, while other courses in statistics will only cover a portion of this distribution function. It is recommended that a student take a probability distribution course if he or she wants to fully understand it. This way the student will have an understanding of how it works in the context of the class and it will also be easier for the student to understand it when it comes to the problems in the real world.
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When you look at the nutrition facts on the back of a soda can or on a bag of candy, do you really understand how much sugar you're ingesting with each serving size? An easy way to visualize the sugar content of a serving size is to take the number of grams of sugar and divide it by two.
Whatever number you get is generally equal to the individual packets of sugar that you might put in a coffee or tea, these packets are often found on tables at coffee shops and diners.
Here is a packet of sour gummy worms. If you have 25 grams of sugar and you divide that number by half you get 12.5 which translates to about 12.5 individual packets of sugar.
You certainly would not put 12.5 packets of sugar into one cup of coffee now, would you? So the next time you eat an entire box of candy or 24oz soda, think about how many packets of sugar you're putting into your body. For someone with diabetes, this can be very important.
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A cherry bomb (also known as a globe salute, kraft salute or bangarang) is an approximately spherical exploding firework. Cherry bombs range in size from three-quarters of an inch to one and a half inches (1.9 cm to 3.8 cm) in diameter.
A typical cherry bomb contains a core of explosive composition (e.g., flash powder or, less commonly, black powder) which is generally encapsulated inside a paper cup, which is in turn most commonly surrounded by a layer (approx. one-quarter inch thick) of sawdust infused with a mild adhesive (usually sodium silicate). An ignition fuse is inserted into a hole drilled into the hardened sawdust sphere, all the way down to reach the explosive composition. The fuse extends outside the sphere approximately one to one and a half inches. Once the fuse is ignited, it takes about three to four and a half seconds to reach the explosive composition and initiate explosion of the firework.
The color of the salute's exterior varies, depending on the manufacturer and the time period during which the salute was produced. Early on, in the late-1920s and 1930s, globe salutes had fuses which were tan, red or striped and multi-colored, and their body color varied, ranging from brown and tan to silver and red, and some were even decorated with multi-colored confetti. However, by the 1940s the most common color of the spherical salutes being marketed was a deep pink to red, with a green fuse, which is when the names cherry salute and cherry bomb entered popular use.
These original spherical salutes were powerful enough to cause a legitimate safety concern. They were banned in the USA in 1966, by the federal Child Safety Act of 1966. Historically, these globe salutes and cherry bombs were made in two halves. One half was filled with powder and the other half was glued in place on top of it, and the whole globe was covered with glue-coated string or sawdust. This left an air-gap which created a louder bang when the case ruptured. Another source says they were originally charged with 5 to 10 times the amount of explosive composition a standard inch-and-a-half paper firecracker had. After the enactment of the Child Safety Act of 1966, all "consumer fireworks" (those available to individuals), such as silver tube salutes, cherry bombs and M-80s were banned, nor could any firecracker or ground salute contain more than 50 milligrams of powder mixture, which typically amounted to less than 5% of their original amounts. The 50 mg law was passed in 1977.
Original potency cherry bombs are now considered explosive devices in the United States and possession, manufacture, or sale is illegal for individuals unless that individual has an explosives manufacturing license issued by the BATF/BATFE.
||This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. (May 2017)|
- "Cherry Bomb" was the first popular single from the eponymous album of the band The Runaways. It remains their best-selling single, and is ranked 52nd on VH1's 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs.
- The Irish band Ash included a song named "Cherry Bomb" on their 2001 album Free All Angels.
- The Who's drummer Keith Moon was famous for playing practical jokes involving cherry bombs during the band's tours during the 1960s onward. It is estimated that over the years, he caused around US$500,000 of damage to hotel toilets, resulting in his lifetime ban from Holiday Inn, Sheraton and Hilton hotel chains, including Hilton's Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts. According to a biographer, he bought his first 500 cherry bombs in 1965. He later progressed to M-80s and even dynamite.
- During the The Simpsons episode "The Crepes of Wrath" Bart discovers an old cherry bomb among his things and proceeds to ignite and flush it down a toilet at school resulting in his deportation to a foreign exchange program in rural France. They are also used by a number of characters in the The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants, including Bart.
- An episode of the television series Mythbusters tested the prank as shown in The Simpsons episode mentioned above. They found that while a cherry bomb is of sufficient power to create water spouts in the closed plumbing system of a communal bathroom as depicted, the water pressures involved in the cherry bomb's detonation invariably ripped the toilets from their moorings.
- In the seventeenth episode of the first season of Boy Meets World, titled "The Fugitive", Shawn Hunter blows up a United States mailbox with a cherry bomb.
- In That '70s Show episode 18, titled "The Trials of Michael Kelso", Fez plants a cherry bomb in the guys' locker room.
- Singer and actress Kylie Minogue, wrote and recorded a song "Cherry Bomb" for her Mexican edition of 2007 album X and as B-side to singles "In My Arms" and "Wow".
- In 2015, Tyler, The Creator released an album titled Cherry Bomb.
- Cherry Bomb is the name of a group students part of student Association N.S.Z.V. De Loefbijter in Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- In Green Day's Revolution Radio, a lyric goes "Give me cherry bombs and gasoline".
- In 2017, South Korean boy band NCT 127 released their title song "Cherry Bomb" of their third mini-album of the same name.
- Salute (pyrotechnics)
- Glasspack - an automotive muffler, often known by its genericized trademark name, Cherrybomb.
- "Globe Salutes & Cherry Bombs of the 20th Century, by John Chunko" (whitepaper, data sheet). J. Chunko. 2006.
- Donner, John (1997). "A Professional's Guide to Pyrotechnics". Paladin Press, Boulder, Colorado. ISBN 0-87364-929-X.
- Ronald Lancaster, MBE (1998). "Fireworks, Principles & Practice" (3 ed.). Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., New York. ISBN 0-8206-0354-6.
- 1965 Pyrotechnics Manufacturing Handbook
- "A Safe Practices Manual for the Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage & Use of Pyrotechnics, by U.S. Dept. of Health, Education & Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Inst. Of Occupational Safety and Health, Div. Of Safety Research (Request Government Publication: PB-297807)" (government publication, soft-cover reference book). National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161. 1977.
- "Police and Fire Services Fireworks Enforcement and Safety Guide" (PDF). New Hampshire (USA) Office of the State Fire Marshal. 2005. Retrieved 2006-06-04.
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The numbers of youth and young adults with COVID-19 is now increasing. News reports are using such terminology as “COVID fatigue” and most public health officials are ominously warning about a second wave of the pandemic. Many older adults are wondering, “Why do young people not understand the need for isolation?”
At times when I see the number of cases of COVID-19 rising in younger populations, I do feel frustrated, but it is becoming evident that, while youth are worried about COVID-19, they are much more worried about their mental health.
Many of us will reach out to family and loved ones when we are feeling anxious and depressed. The contact that we have with people who care about us is a comfort and helps us to stay grounded. The same is true for youth. For adolescents, however, research has shown us that friends are particularly important.
Friendships have several important functions for youth, functions that family relationships do not address.
Let’s start with the most basic reason for having friends outside of family members and that is companionship – companionship that is different from that offered by family. The intimacy offered by a friend can be nonjudgmental in ways that a parent cannot be. After all, aren’t there situations you would rather not discuss with your mother?
In the same way, a friend is someone with whom an adolescent can discuss difficult situations intimately, often working out solutions that would be impossible to consider with parents or other adults. You cannot necessarily go to your teacher when you are trying to figure out how to confront a person in your project group who is not doing any of the work.
When you’re a teenager or young adult, your friends are the people who can help you get a different perspectives on sex, drugs, failing classes or how to ask your Mom whether you can borrow the car. You probably cannot go over all those perspectives with your brother or sister – even your favourite aunt may not be completely trustworthy in some situations.
Friends also help adolescents and young adults to understand how others see them. This is important at a time of life when peers have a great influence. Friends also support each other emotionally, especially in situations when they’re being bullied or just not feeling confident.
Finally, and most important, friends are fun to be with, stimulating and exciting. I certainly remember laughing more with my friends when I was a teenager than with anyone else in the world. Even now, the people I have known since I was a teenager and young adult can still make me smile, and often laugh, when we remember foolish things that we did.
For all these reasons, youth need to socialize with their friends. This is especially true if they are worried about their future. Will they finish school? Will they be able to find a job? If they are depressed and anxious, youth can help each other find ways to manage. This alone can stave off more serious mental health problems. Youth become more resilient when they are with each other. When mental health is the illness that worries you, COVID-19 may not seem so scary.
Isn’t it better to spend a few hours with a friend, talking and laughing and diffusing your negative emotions? With all of this in mind, instead of telling youth not to get together, maybe we can ask them to practice safety at the same time as they catch up.
I watched teens where I work today comparing the features on their new iPhones and can remember doing the same when I was their age and our families were getting the latest new phone.
The device we were excited about looked very different from an iPhone The best thing then would have been to have a phone like this – imagine having one in your own room!
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Why It Matters
Rigorous research demonstrates that children who participate in high-quality early learning programs are significantly more likely to enter school with the underlying skills needed to succeed in school and later in the workforce. These programs have been shown to increase language skills, lower the need for special education, and increase graduation rates.
Providing quality early learning is a key factor in attracting skilled workers and new business to Washington State. Unskilled workers cost the United States $319 billion annually in lost wages, productivity and taxes. Businesses spend $3.7 billion each year teaching basic skills to employees.
In addition, research shows that investments in early learning will save Washington businesses millions of dollars lost every year due to employee absenteeism because of child care problems. On average, parents miss five to nine days of work every year dealing with child care arrangements.
In Washington State, research shows that investing in quality early education creates new jobs immediately and grows the economy. In these tough economic times, businesses look at their bottom lines every day and analyze how to generate the most return for each dollar invested.
These investments pay big dividends to businesses both today and tomorrow. They strengthen communities and get children ready for school and work. These investments have a higher return than investments in all other major sectors, including manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, utilities and transportation.
Every dollar invested in early childhood programs will generate more than $2 in additional employment and spending on goods and services. Moreover, every two early education jobs created will generate enough spending to support another job.
George Le Masurier, publisher of The Peninsula Gateway wrote, “If we just provided high-quality preschools for our state’s 4-year-olds, we could save public schools 10 percent of the special education budget, about $120 million a year.”
All of this is just another way of saying that what happens before kids start school really counts.
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How do the toys in Kinder Surprise Eggs represent participants? Source: Unknown via Andreas Drexhage
Prepare by buying a Kinder Surprise Egg (or something similar with a surprise toy inside) for each participant.
Hand out the eggs at the beginning of the retrospective. Eating the chocolate is optional, but everybody needs to open their egg and assemble the toy. Ask “How does your toy represent your role in this iteration?”
Give everyone a minute to think. Then go around the group for everyone to present their toy and how they relate to it.
Prepare a flip chart with 3 columns titled 'What', 'Who', and 'Due'. Ask one participant after the other, what they want to do to advance the team. Write down the task, agree on a 'done by'-date and let them sign their name. If someone suggests an action for the whole team, the proposer needs to get buy-in (and signatures) from the others.
Prepare 3 flip chart papers titled 'Helped', 'Hindered', and 'Hypothesis' (suggestions for things to try out). Ask participants to help you grow and improve as a facilitator by writing you sticky notes and signing their initials so that you may ask questions later.
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Fishing Midst the Morning Dew
Applying the Psychrometric Chart
Department of Food Science and Technology
In this case study, “Tatiana,” a college student, introduces psychrometry to her younger brother as she explains the physical phenomenon of dew. This everyday scenario is used to demonstrate the relationship between moisture content in the air and its various properties during an explanation of condensation, dew point, saturation, and related concepts. Students commonly have difficulty comprehending and applying the psychrometric chart, however this skill is necessary for them to acquire in order to be able to analyze moisture-air mixtures in industrial settings. This case was developed as an activity to reinforce the psychrometry lecture in a food engineering course for junior-level college students. It could also be used in other classes that teach psychrometry such as food science, agricultural engineering, grain processing, thermodynamics, architectural design, process engineering, and mass transfer analysis.
- Relate prior experiences to engineering concepts.
- Reinforce and relate chemistry concepts.
- Strengthen scientific thinking skills.
- Enhance understanding of moisture in the air and the properties of-air water mixtures.
- Explain the phenomenon of condensation, the problems it can cause and how to prevent it.
- Apply the psychrometric chart to explain a real life scenario.
KeywordsPsychrometry; psychrometric chart; humidity; humid air; condensation; dew; moisture; air conditioning; food engineering;
Educational LevelHigh school, Undergraduate lower division, Undergraduate upper division
Type / MethodsDirected
Subject HeadingsAgriculture | Atmospheric Science | Chemistry (General) | Chemical Engineering | Civil Engineering | Climatology / Meteorology | Engineering (General) | Environmental Engineering | Environmental Science | Food Science / Technology | Industrial Engineering | Science (General) |
Case teaching notes are password-protected and access to them is limited to paid subscribed instructors. To become a paid subscriber, begin the process by registering.
Teaching notes are intended to help teachers select and adopt a case. They typically include a summary of the case, teaching objectives, information about the intended audience, details about how the case may be taught, and a list of references and resources.
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How many commandments are contained in the Ten Commandments?
Does that sound like a foolish question? Then consider the fact that thousands of religious people would give an answer like “94” or “110.”
You see, there is a strange belief on the part of many that the Great God-Written Law of the Ten Commandments was actually a part of the Ceremonial Law of Moses, which contained scores of specific regulations. They do not see the Decalogue as being distinct and totally unique because of its Divine Authorship. Neither do they see the clear limitation, which the Bible sets for this Moral Code by calling it the TEN Commandments. (Exodus 31:18, 34:28)
It seems quite obvious that one would effectively do away with the “Ten Commandments” by mingling them with ninety or a hundred others and calling them “ordinances” instead of commandments”. Such a radical effort has been made to dilute the force of the only words of the Bible, which God wrote with His own finger.
Furthermore, the claim has been advanced that since the Ten Commandments were a part of the Mosaic Law of Ordinances, which ended at the Cross, we are no more obligated to obey the Decalogue than we are to offer lambs in sacrifice.
Is there proof positive in the Scriptures that there was no such blending of the Ceremonial and the Moral Law into one? Can it be shown that the Ten Commandments were of a permanent, perpetual nature while the Ceremonial Law of the Statues and Ordinances came to an end when Jesus died? Indeed there is abundance of evidence to answer these questions with a resounding yes!
God made know this distinction to His servant Moses, and Moses explained it to the people at Mt. Horeb. “And he declared unto you His Covenant, which He commanded you to perform, even Ten Commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone. And the Lord commanded me at that time to teach you Statutes and Judgments, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go over to possess it.” (Deuteronomy 4:13, 14)
Please notice how Moses clearly separated the Ten Commandments, which “He commanded you,” from the Statutes which He, “commanded me” to give the people. The big question now is whether those Statutes and Judgments, which Moses passed on to the people, were designated as a separate and distinct “Law” God answers that important question in such a way that no doubt can remain. “Neither will I make the feet of Israel move any more out of the land which I gave their fathers; only if they will observe to do according to all that I have commanded them and according to all the Law that my servant Moses commanded them.” (II Kings 21:8)
Here we are assured that the, Statutes which Moses gave the people were called a “Law.” Any child can discern that two different Laws are being described. God speaks of the Law “I commanded” and also the “Law that Moses commanded.”
Unless this truth is understood properly, limitless confusion will result.
Daniel was inspired to make the same careful distinction when he prayed for the desolated Sanctuary of his scattered nation. “Yea, all Israel have transgressed Thy Law, even by departing, that they might not obey Thy voice; therefore the curse is poured upon us, and the oath that is written in the Law of Moses the servant of God, because we have sinned against Him.” (Daniel 9:11)
Once more we see “Thy Law” and “the Law of Moses,” and this time the two are recognized as different in content. There are no curses recorded in the Ten Commandments that God wrote, but in the Law which Moses wrote contained an abundance of such curses and judgments.
The major point of difference between the Law of God and the Law of Moses, though, lies in the way they were recorded and preserved. We have already cited Moses’ statement that God “wrote them (the Ten Commandments) upon two tables of stone” (Deuteronomy 4:13). Compare that with Exodus 31:18, “two tables of Testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God.”
No one can confuse this writing with the way the Mosaic Law was produced. “And Moses wrote this Law.
And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this Law in a book, until they were finished, that Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord, saying, “Take the book of the Law, and put it in the side of the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee.” (Deuteronomy 31:9, 24-26)
This book of Statutes and Judgment, which Moses wrote in a book, was placed in a pocket on the side of the Ark. In contrast, the Law written by God on tables of stone was placed inside the Ark of the Covenant. “And thou shalt put into the Ark the Testimony which I shall give thee” (Exodus 25:16)
At this point we can note several distinctions in the two Laws. They had different authors, were written on different material, were placed in different locations and had totally different content.
THE CEREMONIAL LAW IS AGAINST US ~
Now let’s take a closer look at the Ceremonial Ordinances that Moses wrote in the book. They were to repose in the “side of the Ark…for a witness against thee.” It is interesting to note that the curses and judgments of this Law spelled out penalties for transgression, which were totally missing from the Ten Commandments. For this reason, the Ceremonial Law was considered to be a Law, which was “against” them. Even in the New Testament we read the same descriptive language in reference to that Law. “Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to His Cross.” (Colossians 2:14)
Certainly there was nothing in the Ten Commandment Law that could be defined as “contrary” to Paul and the church to whom he was writing. It was not against” those early Christians to refrain from adultery, theft, lying, etc. On the other hand, that Moral Law was a tremendous protection to them and favored every interest in their lives.
We have only to read Paul’s exalted description of the Ten- Commandment Law to recognize that those eternal principles were never blotted out or nailed to the Cross. After quoting the Tenth Commandment of the Decalogue in Romans 7:7, Paul wrote these words, “Wherefore the Law is Holy, and the Commandment Holy, and Just, and Good” (verse 12). Then he continued in verse 14, “For we know that the Law is Spiritual.”
If the Ten-Commandment Law had been blotted out at the cross, would Paul have spoken in such glowing language of its perfection and spirituality? He did not speak of the past Law. He said, “the Law IS Holy the Law IS Spiritual.” In other words, it was very much alive and operating when Paul wrote to the Roman church. In contrast he described the Handwriting of Ordinances in the past tense: “WAS against us WAS contrary to us.” It is certain he was not speaking of the same Law. One was present and one was past.
Interestingly enough, Paul spoke of the Fifth Commandment as being in effect when he wrote to the Ephesians. “Children obey your parents in the Lord: for this is right. Honor thy father and mother; which is the first Commandment with promise; That it may be well with thee, and thou mayest live long on the earth.” (Ephesians 6:1-3)
Again, we find the great apostle affirming that this Commandment “IS,” not “WAS.” Had it been a part of the ordinances described by the same writer in Colossians, he would have said, “it WAS the first Commandment with promise.”
In the New Testament Church there was a lot of contention over the subject of circumcision, which was a major requirement of the Ceremonial Law. In Acts 15:5 we read, “But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying, That is was needful to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the Law of Moses.”
As all recognize, this could not be referring in any sense to the Ten Commandments. They do not even mention circumcision. Yet Paul declared, “Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but the keeping of the Commandments of God.” (I Corinthians 7:19) If the Law dealing with circumcision was now NOTHING (abolished), then what “Commandments” was he exalting as being still binding? One would have to be blind not to see two Laws here. The Moral Law remained, while the Law of Circumcision (Ceremonial Law) was abolished.
The truth is that there are numerous references in the Bible, which prove that the Law of Types and Shadows, because of its temporary application, was never considered on equality with the Eternal Moral Law. Its systems of sacrificed, human priesthood and feast days were instituted AFTER sin entered the world and always pointed forward to the deliverance from sin which would be wrought through the true Lamb and Priest who was to come – Jesus.
The writer of Hebrews spends much time proving that the Law of the Levitical Priesthood would have to change in order to accommodate the Priesthood of Jesus. He did not spring from the tribe of Levi, but from the tribe of Judah. Therefore, not after the Law of a Carnal Commandment, but after the power of an endless life.” (Hebrews 7:12 & 16)
This “Carnal Commandment” dealing with a human priesthood is found in the hand written Law of Moses. It contrasts sharply with Paul’s description of the Ten Commandments as “Spiritual: and “Holy” and “Good” at the same time. Yet in Ezekiel we read these words: “Because they had polluted my Sabbaths, and their eyes were after their father’s idols. Wherefore I gave them also Statutes that were not good, and Judgments whereby they should not live.” (Ezekiel 20:24-25) Observe carefully how the prophet identifies the Sabbath Law, and then immediately says, “I gave them ALSO Statutes that were not good.” Keep in mind that the Ten Commandments were called “Holly, and Just, and Good.” (Romans 7:12) Because of its curses and judgments against their continual disobedience the Law of Moses was “against” them and was “not good.”
THE MORAL LAW EXISTED IN EDEN ~
The Mosaic Law is never equated with the Eternal Moral Code, which operated from the very beginning of human history. Although they were not written down until Mount Sinai, the Ten Commandments were understood and honored by the earliest patriarchs. Even Cain knew that it was a sin to kill, because God told him that “sin lieth at the door” (Genesis 4:7) after he murdered his brother.
It is impossible for sin to exist where there is no Law. The Bible teaches, “for where no Law is, there is no transgression.” (Romans 4:15) Again we are told, “Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the Law: for sin is the transgression of the Law.” (I John 3:4) This principle is amplified further by Paul’s statement that “I had not known sin, but by the Law: for I had not known lust, except the Law has said, Thou shalt not covet.” (Romans 7:7)
These verses nail down the truth that no sin can be imputed where the Ten Commandment Law is not in effect. God’s statement to Cain about sin lying at the door was in reference to his killing Abel. Genesis 4:11, this is absolute proof that the Moral Law was in effect at that early date . Later, Joseph revealed that he was aware of the binding claims of that same Law. He said to Potiphar’s wife, “how then can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God?” (Genesis 39:9) He knew that adultery was sin.
Abraham was commended by God in these words: “Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept my Charge, my Commandments, my Statutes, and my Laws.” (Genesis 26:5) It is very obvious that the Law, which Abraham faithfully obeyed, was not the Law of Moses, because that law was not given until 430 years later. And we have just established that the Ten Commandments existed before Abraham, condemning even Cain for murder. Neither is it possible for us to conceive that great, Godly Abraham was not acquainted with the basic issues of right and wrong contained in the Ten Commandments.
It is absolutely certain that another Law was added 430 years later, and it was in addition to the one Abraham kept so diligently. “And this I say, that the Covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the Law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect.” (Galatians 3:17)
The context of this verse indicates that Paul is talking about the Ceremonial Law rather than the Moral Law or the Ten Commandments. In verse 10, he refers to the curses, “which are written in the Book of the Law”. We know this had to be the Mosaic Law because, as we have already noted, there are no curses recorded in the Law written on stone.
Can we find further confirmation that this later Law was indeed the Law of Moses?
The answer rests in Galatians 3:19, "Wherefore then serveth the Law? It was added because of transgressions till the seed should come to whom the promise was made.” Here we have two significant facts set forth concerning the Law, which was added. We are told why it was given and also how long it would remain in effect. These two bits of information will be considered very carefully since they contain compelling evidence in the case.
FIRST: WHY WAS IT GIVEN?
The verse clearly states that it was “added because of transgression.” This is the most revealing because we have just established that “where no Law is, there is no transgression.” (Romans 4:15) One can’t be guilty of transgressing a Law, which does no exist. In this case, one Law obviously did exist; and it had been “transgressed”, making it necessary to add another Law 430 years after God’s Covenant with Abraham. And since it is recorded that “Abraham obeyed My Laws” (Genesis 26:5), we have to believe that the earlier Law, which Abraham observed, was the Ten Commandments. Moses had not yet been born, and it could not have been his Law.
So what must we conclude from this evidence? The Ten Commandments had been transgressed, making it necessary to add the Ceremonial Law. Upon reflection, this makes a lot of sense, If a Law is made forbidding murder, and it is broken, then another Law would have to be enacted to prescribe the penalty or punishment for breaking the first Law. We have already established that the Ten Commandments contained no curses (penalties) or judgments (punishments), but the Mosaic Law was, characterized by those very things.
SECOND: HOW LONG DID THIS “ADDED “ LAW REMAIN IN EFFECT?
The Scripture says, “Till the Seed should come.” There is no controversy over the identity of that Seed. It is Christ. But do we have evidence that the Law, which was blotted out and nailed to the cross, was indeed the Law of Moses? Whichever Law it was, it is designated as the “hand writing of ordinances”, No where are the Ten Commandments identified as ordinances. That term is applied to the Local Legal Codes, which are very narrow and limited, such as “town ordinances” which extend only to the city limits. In comparison, the Ten Commandments are more like the Constitution of the United States.
WHAT WAS BLOTTED OUT?
But let’s look closer at that text in Colossians 23:14-16 to get the real picture. After describing the “blotting out” and “nailing” of the ordinances, Paul wrote, “Let no man THEREFORE judge you in meat, or in drink”. The word “therefore” means “based on what has just been said, we must come to this conclusion.” In other words, he was saying, “Based upon the fact that the ordinances have been blotted out THEREFORE let no one judge you in meat or drink."
Now we begin to see clearly which Law was under discussion. Is there anything in the Ten Commandments about meat and drink? Absolutely nothing. Is there anything in the Ceremonial Law about meat and drink? Indeed, much of its content had to do with prescribing certain meat and drink offerings for sacrifices.
But let us read the rest of the text before us. “Let no man therefore, judge you in meat or drink, or in respect of an Holy Day, or of the New Moon, or of the Sabbath Days: which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ.”
QUESTION: Could these Sabbath Days be talking about the Seventh Day Sabbath of the Ten Commandment Law? No. Because they are clearly defined as “shadows of things to come” Please keep in mind that; the weekly Sabbath was instituted by God, before sin came into the world.
There could never be types or shadows before sin existed! ALL the shadows were introduced because of sin and pointed forward to the deliverance from sin through Christ. For example, all the lambs slain represented Jesus, the true LAMB, who would die for the sins of the world. If sin had not entered the world, there would have been no need of a Savior, and therefore, no lambs or shadows pointing to a Savior.
So these “Sabbath days which are a shadow” could not possibly be referring to the Seventh-Day Sabbath. But what other sabbaths days could they be talking about? Where there “sabbaths” other than the weekly Sabbath?
Yes, there were yearly sabbaths, which had absolutely nothing to do with the Seventh-Day Sabbath of the Decalogue. And they were definitely a part of the “ordinance” system, which ended at the cross.
For proof of this, let us go back to the Law of Moses and read about these Annual Feast Days, which were shadowy sabbaths. “Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye have a sabbath, a memorial of Blowing of Trumpets, a Holy Convocation” (Lev. 23:24) Again we read, “On the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a Day of Atonement. It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest.” (Lev. 23:27,32)
As you can clearly see, these annual sabbaths fell on a different day of the week every year and God specifically explained that they were not to be confused with the weekly Sabbath. “These are the feast of the Lord, which ye shall proclaim to be Holy Convocations, to offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord, a burnt offering, and a meat offering, a sacrifice, and drink offerings, everything upon his day; BESIDES THE SABBATHS OF THE LORD.” (Lev. 23:37-38)
Now we can understand what Paul was referring to in Colossians when he wrote about meat and drink and sabbath days, which are shadows. There were certain prescribed offerings for each of those yearly feast days, and they were shadows pointing to the future sacrifice of Jesus. But the Bible says these were, “BESIDE THE SABBATHS OF THE LORD,” or the Seventh Day Sabbath.
Now it is fully established which law was blotted out and nailed to the cross. At the moment of Christ’s death, the Veil of The Temple was ripped from the top to the bottom by an unseen hand. (Matthew 27:51) The Most Holy place of the Sanctuary was exposed where the sprinkled blood recorded all the sins of the people. But no more blood needed to be sprinkled, no more lambs needed to be slain; the true Lamb had come to which all those sacrifices pointed. From henceforth, it would be a denial of the Saviour to bring animals. It would be denying that He was the fulfilment of all the shadows and types. Therefore, it would be “against us” or “contrary to us” to continue observing the Mosaic Law.
To clarify this issue further, let’s asked a very simple question or two. On the day before Jesus died, would it have been a sin for a man to refuse to bring a lamb in order to have his sins forgiven? The answer, of course, is yes.
It would have been a sin, because that was the only way to be forgiven. Another question: Would it have been a sin to refuse to bring that lamb, THE DAY AFTER JESUS DIED? No, because the true Lamb had died, the Veil had been rent, and the ordinances blotted out. A law had been abolished by being nailed to a cross—the ceremonial Law of Moses. Paul referred to the same law in Eph. 2:15, “Having abolished in His flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances.”
Now let’s asked another question: On the day before Jesus died, was it a sin to steal? Undoubtedly it was. On the day after He died, was it a sin to steal? The answer is yes; it was just as wrong as the day before He died. Obviously, all the blotting out of ordinances types and shadows DID NOT affect the great moral code of the Ten Commandments in the slightest degree—they all applied afterward as much as before Christ died.
There are Christians today who still insist that the yearly sabbaths should be observed along with the weekly Sabbaths. If such is required then what were the sabbath days which were blotted out and nailed to the cross? And what was the “holy day” mentioned by Paul as being abolished along with those “sabbath days where were shadows of things to come?” The Greek word for “holy day” is HEORTE which is also used to designate one of the yearly festivals of the Jews: “After this there was a feast (Heorte) of the Jews; and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.” (St. John 5:1) This is unquestionably one of the holy days that Paul spoke of as being abolished. In contrast, the weekly Sabbath is never referred to, as a “Feast” neither is it ever connected to the Jews by such terms as “sabbath of the Jews.” It is only designated as the Sabbath of the Lord.”
It is of more than a passing interest that some of the most notable Bible Commentators (including Adam Clarke and Albert Barnes) agree that Paul is not talking about the Ten Commandments being abolished at the Cross. Dwight L. Moody, Dr. C.I. Schofield and Billy Graham also strongly affirm that the Law abolished was the Ceremonial Law.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS IN HEAVEN ~
Perhaps we should asked right at this point, what is the significance of the Tables of God’s Law being placed inside the Ark of the Covenant? Remember that this spot was the Most Holy on Earth because it represented God’s Throne. God had said, “There I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the Mercy Seat, from between the Cherubims.” (Ex. 25:22) Below that Shekinah Glory, symbolizing the presence of God lay that Holy Law by which sin was to be defined. And there, as we know from the Scriptures, Jesus our High Priest was to plead His blood for sinners.
The earthly sanctuary was copied by Moses from the pattern in Heaven. All its priestly ministry was a type and shadow of the work of Jesus, the True High Priest, in the Holy and Most Holy places of the Heavenly Sanctuary. “Christ is not entered into the Holy Places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but unto the Heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us” (Heb. 9:24). John the Revelator beheld the original Sanctuary in Heaven where Christ now ministers as High Priest to make atonement for sin.
What is sin? “Sin is the transgression of the Law” (I John 3:4) What is law? John gives the answer in Revelation 11:19, “The Temple of God was opened in Heaven, and there was seen in His Temple the Ark of His Testament.”
Think of it for a moment! This is the real thing from which the Old Testament was patterned. Here is the real Priest, the real Mediation and IN THE ARK OF THE COVENANT, the real Ten Commandments. But please consider this horrendous scenario—IF THE LAW THAT WAS IN THE ARK WAS ABROGATED AT THE CROSS, CHRIST IS MEDIATING FOR THE TRANSGRESSION OF AN OBSOLETE LAW!
Keep in mind that John is beholding this Heavenly scene years and years after the cross. It is still there today! In the throne room of God, over the Mercy Seat, where His blood is now sprinkled for the blotting out of sin.
Sin is still what it has ever been, and Christ Ministers His Blood for sin. No wonder the Mercy Seat is located just above the broken law.
Remove the Ark containing God’s Law and you remove the foundation of His Throne, His Government. You also remove the law by which sin can be defined and judged. If there be no law, there can be no transgression, and therefore, no need of an intercessor or Saviour.
With the Heavenly Sanctuary located so definitely in the Throne Room of God over the Ark containing the Ten Commandments, there is not a shred of evidence remaining against the validity of the Law. The truth is that all men will be judged on the basis of that Eternal Code which forms the foundation of God’s Government.
James wrote, “For whosoever shall keep the whole law and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all. For he that said do not commit adultery, said also do not kill. Now if thou commit no adultery, yet if thou kill, thou art become a transgressor of the law. So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the Law of Liberty.” (James 2:10-12)
Do not by any means miss the tremendous truths contained in these verses. This is the law we will be judged by! Which law is it? James leaves no room for doubt. He quotes two of the Ten Commandments as an example. But notice how he defines this Law as a complete unit in itself. He states that we are responsible for keeping “The Whole Law.” How many commandments are contained in “The Whole Law?” Exactly Ten! What do we become if we break one of the ten? “A transgressor of the law.” James answers. And that is what sin is called in the Bible. “Sin is the transgression of the law.” (1 John 3:4)
Why did Jesus come? “Thou shalt called his name Jesus: for He shall save His people from their sins.” (Matthew 1:21) Notice that Jesus came to save us from breaking the Law, but “If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the Righteous.” (I John 2:1) Here we have a picture of our High Priest, our Advocate, interceding with His Own Blood in the Heavenly Sanctuary before the Father’s Throne in behalf of those who break His Law.
Where is the throne located? Over the Ark of the Covenant containing the Law by which James says all “shall be judged.”
Is there any validity to the argument that the Ten Commandments were abolished at the Cross and then nine of them restored in the New Testament? This is a specious invention to attempt evasion of the fourth commandment. No Christian has ever found fault with nine of the Commandments.
Why would they want to get rid of the fourth? Obviously they are breaking it and do not want to believe that they stand condemned by it. Can they annul the entire Decalogue, and then reinstate nine of them?
We have proven already that only the Mosaic Law was annulled—not the Ten Commandments. Further Jesus has declared that the “WHOLE law” is binding, and breaking any one of them is sin. How can anybody extract the fourth commandment from the Ten Commandments and still call it a “WHOLE law.”
Incidentally the Sabbath is mentioned in the New Testament more than any of the other nine. This could be tied to the fact that God has apparently chosen the fourth commandment to be the great test issue in His law. In Ex. 16 He used the Seventh Day Sabbath to “Prove them whether they will walk in My law or no.” (Ex. 16:4)
Is there reason to believe that the Sabbath contains a testing quality that can not be found in any of the other nine Commandments? It is an interesting question to contemplate. Besides being worded in a totally different manner (“Remember” instead of “thou shall not”), the fourth Commandment is the one which does not have a stigma attached to breaking it. One might abstain from stealing for fear of going to jail. And from adultery for fear of getting shot by an angry spouse. In fact, it is illegal to break some of the Ten Commandments, so they might be obeyed simply to avoid the negative consequences of disobedience.
BUT CONSIDER THIS: IN OUR WORLD TODAY THE FOURTH COMMANDMENT ACTUALLY CARRIES A STIGMA FOR KEEPING IT!!!!! In fact, the only reason one would chose to obey it is out of love for Christ and choosing His will above our own. Therefore, it would constitute a special test of genuine love for Christ.
PROOF THAT THE SABBATH REMAINS ~
Although there is a wealth of proof that the Ten Commandment Law and the Sabbath were confirmed by an obedient New Testament Church, I would like to focus on one area of evidence that is often overlooked or misinterpreted. We find it in Hebrews 4, and it probably constitutes the most convincing single reference in favor of Sabbath Keeping to be found in the Bible.
As a little background, we need to examine the thrust of the whole book of Hebrews. The writer of this letter is showing how many of the elements of the old covenant have been taken away. We can almost feel the anguish of the Hebrew believers as Paul explains to them how the Sacrificial System has been taken away, having been fulfilled in Christ. The Levitical priesthood has been removed being replaced by Christ our High Priest. Were they waiting fearfully to hear him take away the Sabbath also? If so, they must have been tremendously relieved when he wrote these words, “There remaineth therefore a ‘keeping of the Sabbath’ to the people of God.” (Hebrews 4:9)
I am using the marginal reading of the King James Version because that is the exact, literal meaning of the statement.
The context of Hebrews 3 and 4 does not indicate that Paul was trying to convince the Hebrew Christians which day to keep holy. They already knew that. His great burden was for them to enter into a Spiritual Relationship with Christ—to have an experience of rest from the works of sin. He proved that the children of Israel did not find that true rest because of their lack of faith and disobedience in the wilderness. Although the Greek word for rest, KATAPAUSIS, means simply, “cessation from work,” the context seems to indicate that the author is talking primarily about finding a spiritual rest in their experience.
Nevertheless, the two chapters definitely tie the spiritual rest to the Seventh Day Sabbath Keeping initiated and Commanded by God in the beginning. Otherwise, we would not find in verse 4 a direct quote from Genesis 2:2, “For He spake in a certain place of the Seventh Day of this wise, and God did rest the Seventh Day from all His works.” (Hebrews 4:4)
The reason for citing God’s resting on the Sabbath from His work of creation is reveled only when we analyze verse 9 and 10. Paul says that what remains for God’s people is not KATAPAUSIS (a spiritual rest) but SABBATISMAS, meaning a literal keeping of the Sabbath. Then in verse 10 we find the real key, which proves beyond a question that the SABBATISMAS rest was not, Spiritual only, but a cessation from physical work. “For he that is entered into His (KATAPAUSIS—spiritual rest), he als0,, (in addition to the spiritual rest) hath ceased from his own works, AS GOD DID FROM HIS.”
The big question about this verse focuses on the works, which one ceases from. Are they works of sin? Are they works to obtain salvation? Or are they the physical works from which we cease from on the Sabbath? The answer is plainly revealed by the phrase “AS GOD DID FROM HIS.” Go back to verse 4 and we begin to understand why this quote from Genesis is included in Paul’s discourse. It is necessary to establish which works God did rest from. God ceased from His physical work of creation on the Seventh Day, and we are admonished to cease from ours, as He did from His. He did not just enter into a spiritual rest on the Seventh Day or we might conclude that He was not at spiritual rest on the first six days.
The fact is that God is always at spiritual rest. Neither did He have any works of sin or the flesh to cease from. He simply rested on the Seventh Day from His work of creation, and we are being told by Paul that the ones that truly have received the spiritual rest of salvation will ALSO cease from their physical works on the Sabbath, AS GOD DID FROM HIS.
Don’t you see how this lends a tremendous new spiritual dimension to the keeping of the Sabbath?
It memorializes our personal salvation experience. It stands as a blessed weekly reminder of the continual rest from sin that we may have through Christ. No wonder the Sabbath “remains” for the people of God! Our Creator has made it a symbol of the sweetest blessings available to the human family.
We can understand why God did this when we pause to think how that Sabbath keeping parallels the salvation experience. What really makes something holy?
In Isaiah 58:13 God calls the Sabbath “My Holy Day” and “A delight.” Listen! It is the presence of God in something that makes it holy. (Remember the burning bush?) God’s presence is in the Sabbath just as His presence is also manifest in the life of a genuine Christian. So why should not true Sabbath Keeping be made a Memorial of True Salvation in Christ?
It is not happenstance that the same Hebrew word, CHASID, is used in Isaiah 58:13 to describe the Sabbath. (“My HOLY day”) and also in Leviticus 19:2 to describe God’s people (“Ye shall be HOLY”). He dwells in the Sabbath, and He dwells in His people as a sanctifying influence, hence both are called “holy.”
This is why God made the Sabbath, from the beginning, a sign of sanctification. “Moreover also I gave them MY Sabbaths, to be a sign between me and them, that they might know that I am the Lord that sanctify them.” (Ezekiel 20:12) The New International Version says, “So they would know that I the Lord made them Holy.”
Lest someone raise the stale argument that the Sabbath is only a sign for the Jews, let me hasten to add this inspired text: “If ye be Christ, then are ye Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise.”(Galatians 3:29)
All born again Christians are the true Israel today, and have been sanctified unto God. Therefore, the Sabbath is for them.
This sign of sanctification as been reaffirmed in the New Testament by Paul’s dramatic statement in Hebrews 4:9-10 that the keeping of the Sabbath remains for God’s people. Because we have entered into His “SPIRITUAL REST” (“Be ye holy”), He declares that we should ALSO rest from our works, “AS GOD DID FROM HIS” (“MY holy day”)
Someone might suggest that after we enter into spiritual rest there would be not need to observe the memorial of it by keeping the Sabbath physically. But if that were true, we would also have to stop practices of water baptism. Because immersion memorializes our death to the old man of sin. We experience that conversion BEFORE entering the water to be baptize. If the physical observance is unnecessary just because we have had the spiritual symbolism fulfilled in us then we should abandon the physical custom.
Further, we would have to renounce the practice of celebrating the Lord’s Supper. Because it also memorializes an experience of the heart in receiving the sacrifice of the Lord by faith. But should we give up the physical observance of communion just because we have already entered into the spiritual joy of what it represents. Of course not! Then why should anyone suggest that the Sabbath not be observed physically just because it is used as a memorial of union with Christ? Paul says that it REMAINS as the Sabbath rest for the people of God.
In there Monumental Commentary on the Whole Bible, Jamieson, Fausset and Brown make this comment on Hebrews 4:9, “This verse indirectly establishes the obligation of the Sabbath still.” (Page 449) It is most interesting that these Sunday Keeping Theological Scholars, with the highest of Linguistic Credentials make such a statement.
Yet, the relationship of the Spiritual Rest of Salvation and the Physical Sabbath Keeping is undeniable in context.
So how can we summarize our discoveries about the two laws? Surely it has been established that the Ten Commandments were in a different category than the temporary Mosaic Law of Ordinances.
That Moral Code, incased in the Ark of Testimony, like the rest of the Wilderness Sanctuary, was a copy of the true pattern in Heaven. So we affirm that it not only was repeated and reinforced in the New Testament, but was identified in John’s vision beneath the mercy seat in the Heavenly Sanctuary, from which Christ ministers His Own Blood for the Transgression of that Holy Law. From that foundational position, it continues to be the basis for Christ’s Intercessory Ministry for us in The Throne Room of Heaven. Therefore, it is established as the most unmovable and unchangeable of all God’s decrees.
Written/Contributed By: Joe Crews
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