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Potato Conduces to Weight Loss
The last several years saw our unpretentious potato trodden down, for it was believed that its intake makes one gain weight.
Nevertheless, researches conducted by the University of California, Davis, and the US National Center for Food Safety and Technology (NCFST), Illinois, show that people can include potato in their slimming diets. The report was delivered at the 28th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Obesity Society.
Dr. Britt Burton-Freeman said that potato, if prepared correctly, can become part of a slimming diet. Good news for those fond of potato!
The researchers supervised 86 individuals with excessive weight for a period of 12 weeks. They all had low-calorie diet that included six potato dishes per week. The results showed loss of weight.
One medium-sized potato contains only 110 kcal. It also provides a lot of potassium and almost half of the daily dose of Vitamin C.
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Close Reading Techniques
The Ant and the Grasshopper
There are only two characters in the fable
The ant and
The fable is set in a field on a summer day. Then later concludes in winter.
The fable is built on the moral that we are supposed to prepare today for the future needs.
How the details of the fable support the theme
How the fable characterized the two animals brings out the theme of preparation for future necessity. We see that the grasshopper lived a lifestyle of pleasure (hopping chirping and singing to its hearts content) but never bothered about the coming winter. On the other hand, the ant is depicted as futuristic. It toils every summer day knowing that the fruits of its labor will be ripe in winter. The end is that the grasshopper suffers in winter while the ant enjoys.
- Annotation of the fable (attached a pdf screenshot)
- I hope the attached pdf image is visible.
Toil and moil, necessity, summer, winter, chirping and singing.
The grasshopper enjoys the plenty of summer while the ant on the other hand suffers in its attempt to save for the future. The grasshopper sees no need to save for winter as there is enough at the moment. When winter finally comes, the grasshopper lacks what to eat while the ants have plentiful. The toil of the ant support the moral.
In the fable, the grasshopper lacks what to eat in the winter because it did not prepare for the same. On the other hand, the ant has enough out of its past hard work. The plenty supply of the summer is an important detail as well for it contributed to the lazy lifestyle of the grasshopper. This depicts that the pleasures of the moment can make us not worry of our future survival. However, the character of the ant of hard work is important as it brings out the aspect of grasping the present opportunity for the good of the unforeseen future.
I have highlighted the main points in the fable. Each highlight has been followed by comments. I also put annotations on the new words. Sticky notes also aided me in my annotation. However, due to the length of the fable, I found a difficulty such that each sentence seemed relevant
- Annotation strategy
Click following link to download this document
Close Reading Techniques The Ant and the Grasshopper.docx
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The pink "would" is different. It is the past tense of "will" with a sense of being willing.
Present tense: I am talking to the President and he will not be specific.
I am talking to the President and he refuses to be specific.
Past tense: I talked to the President and he would not be specific.
I talked to the President and he refused to be specific.
2) The "they'd be" is the same hypothetical use of would as above.
When the tense shifts to "he'll be", it is no longer hypothetical. In this case it is real -- he will be held accountable for his actions.
3) "Held to account" means "held accountable", "held responsible".
Student or Learner
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What Is Osteomalacia?
Osteomalacia is a weakening of the bones due to problems with bone formation or the bone building process. It is not the same as osteoporosis, which is a weakening of living bone that has already been formed and is being remodeled.
What Are the Causes of Osteomalacia?
The most common reason that osteomalacia occurs is a lack of vitamin D. Vitamin D is an important nutrient that helps you absorb calcium in the stomach. Vitamin D also helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels for proper bone formation. It is made within the skin from exposure to UV rays in sunlight, and it can also be absorbed from foods such as dairy products and fish.
Low levels of vitamin D mean that you cannot process calcium for use in your bones to give them structural strength. This can result from either a problem with diet, lack of sun exposure, or a problem with your intestines.
If you have had surgery to remove parts of your stomach or small intestine, you may also have a problem absorbing vitamin D or breaking down food to release vitamin D. Conditions that can interfere with the absorption of vitamin D include:
- celiac disease, which can damage the lining of your intestines and prevent the absorption of key nutrients like vitamin D
- certain types of cancer that can interfere with vitamin D processing
- kidney and liver disorders that can affect the metabolism of vitamin D
A diet that doesn’t include phosphates can result in phosphate depletion, which can also lead to osteomalacia.
Certain drugs, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, used to treat seizures, can also cause osteomalacia.
What Are the Symptoms of Osteomalacia?
Bones that fracture very easily are the most common symptom of osteomalacia.
Another symptom is muscle weakness due to problems at the location where the muscle attaches to bone. You may have a hard time walking and may develop a waddling gait.
Bone pain, especially in the hips, is also a very common symptom. This dull, aching pain can spread from the hips to the lower back, pelvis, legs, and even your ribs.
If you have very low levels of calcium in your blood, you may have irregular heart rhythms. Low blood calcium may also cause numbness around the mouth or in your arms and legs, and spasms in your hands and feet.
How Is Osteomalacia Diagnosed?
Blood tests to check for low levels of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus in your blood can help diagnose osteomalacia and other bone disorders. You may also be tested for alkaline phosphatase isozymes. High levels of these indicate osteomalacia. Another blood test can check your levels of parathyroid hormone, high levels of which are associated with insufficient vitamin D and other related problems.
X-rays and other imaging tests can reveal small cracks in the bones throughout your body. These cracks are called Looser’s transformation zones. These cracks are where fractures can begin with even small injuries.
A bone biopsy may be required to definitively diagnose osteomalacia. A needle is inserted through your skin and muscle and into your bone to obtain a small sample. That sample is put on a slide and examined under a microscope. Usually, an X-ray and blood tests are sufficient to make a diagnosis, and a bone biopsy is not necessary.
What Are the Available Treatments for Osteomalacia?
If detected early, treatment can be as simple as taking oral supplements for vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. If you have absorption problems due to intestinal injury or surgery, or have a diet low in key nutrients, this may be the first line of treatment. In rare cases, vitamin D may be administered as an injection through the skin, or intravenously through a vein in your arm.
You may also be asked to spend some time outdoors in sunlight for your body to make sufficient vitamin D within your skin.
If you have other underlying conditions that affect vitamin D metabolism, they need to be treated. Liver cirrhosis and kidney failure must be treated to reduce osteomalacia.
Children may have to wear braces or have surgery to correct bone deformation in severe cases of osteomalacia or rickets.
What Can I Expect in the Long-Term?
If left untreated, osteomalacia will lead to many broken bones and severe injury. With an increase in vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus, improvements can be seen in a few weeks. Complete healing of the bones takes about six months.
What Are Potential Complications of Osteomalacia?
Symptoms can return if sufficient vitamin D is not available because supplements are discontinued or underlying health conditions, such as kidney failure, are not addressed.
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Using iPads for Autism: Are There Still Too Many Questions?
Parents have told me how iPads and other tablet computers have given their children with autism a voice they never had. Students with autism are communicating in new ways and the secrets of their minds are for the first time, being unlocked.
But in a recent article in CIO (Chief Information Officers) magazine some members of the autism advocacy community are questioning the therapeutic value of iPads.
No one has actually studied which apps have a therapeutic benefit, Mark Sirkin, vice president of social marketing and online fund-raising for Autism Speaks, told the magazine. Parents may hear anecdotes about apps dramatically changing a child's life, but there is no measurable proof that the apps really work.
"The challenge with ... apps is a lot are developed by well-meaning parents but under no guidance with autism experts," Sirkin told CIO. "For us, it brings in questions as an evidenced-based organization and we're starting to ask: Does any of this actually make any difference ... the danger is that the iPad becomes a really expensive toy."
A Boston speech therapist interviewed for the story made a similar observation.
"The dark side of all the bells and whistles is that in some cases it's too much, and kids get overly focused on things that jingle and jangle," said Karen Head, who has created apps to develop children's social interaction skills. "As a therapist, we want them to listen to us."
Jennifer Sullivan, the executive director of the Morgan Autism Center, in San Jose, Calif., which uses iPads and apps with some of its students, told CIO she has found that some children can get drawn to the patterns in an app rather than actually learning the content it is trying to provide.
"It's a little bit tricky because it's such a compelling medium for kids with autism," she told the magazine, "they want to do it intensely."
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Why Do Cats Purr?
Why Do Cats Purr? If only our cats could speak! although they may not be able to express their deep feelings about things, our felines are communicating quite a lot through their body language. When our kittens are young, they use meowing to communicate with each other. Once they’ve matured, their sweet purrs and sound effects are reserved for us humans. While our cats use their whole bodies to let us know what’s on their minds, their tail movements are a primary form of communication.
Cats may have adapted their meows to manipulate people in order to get their needs met. “cats don’t do much meowing to other cats,” says sueda, calling meows “an attention-getting device” to express greetings, approval, demands for food, and more. Learn the nuances of your cat’s vocabulary so you can detect the difference between a plea for dinner and an urgent cry for help. For instance:
purring usually signals contentment and may also be a comfort-seeking behaviour when the cat is recovering from illness or close to death.
Inside the home and out, cats interact in a variety of ways. Their voices are finely-tuned instruments of communication. Purring is the cat’s most common voice message and is a clear sign of contentment. High-pitched, high-intensity sounds are the calling card of a cat in distress. Cats in pain or females during the mating ritual will make these sounds. Growling, wailing, hissing, and the “spit” sounds are all distress calls that cats may use in fighting.
People Foods Cats Can Eat
Although people can use direct eye contact to show affection, most cats find it threatening. That’s why in social settings, a cat usually gravitates toward the one person in the room who is trying to ignore it. The more fearful a cat becomes, the wider its pupils expand, says myrna milani, dvm, an animal behaviourist at tipping point animal behaviour consulting services in charlestown, n. H. When dilated, the pupils take in as much visual information as possible. This bug-eyed, saucer look signals that a cat is very frightened and wants to retreat.
There are far too many threats outdoor for deaf cats. they can’t hear barking dogs, honking car horns, or people yelling, “watch out!” provide your cat with a comfortable seating area next to a window where they can look outside and see all that’s going on. Deaf cats are still happy pets. Some hearing loss is a normal part of the ageing process for both cats and humans. Making simple accommodations for a hearing-impaired pet isn’t difficult. Besides, it’s what we do for all our friends and family, and our cats are no exception.
Cat sounds in different languages meme so, for example, “the bird sang,” can become “the bird the cat chased sang. The Mekong the meme cat. К is the same as the English k. G. Develop communication skills talking to 6 cute characters: cat, cow, frog, monkey, fairy and pirate. Vaca (cow) — mu Spanish has the same onomatopoeia for cow noises as English—their phonetic spelling of it is simply superior. His movements have been reanimated to fit different languages. Similarly, speakers of different languages compartmentalize the sounds they hear in words into different categories. An overview of post-Brexit food and non-food labelling. The word “cat” in languages around the world. Your username. Meow, miaou, yaong, Nyan, näu: humans say ‘meow’ in different ways, depending on what part of the world they’re from, but do cats? this is the question researchers at Lund University in Sweden if you need to type in many different languages, the q international keyboard can help.
Purebred Cats: Which Breed Is Right for You?
Cats have a distinctive and consistent language that doesn’t vary much from breed to breed, although some varieties of cats, like the Siamese, do tend to be more vocal. Whether you are blessed with a purebred or you share your home with a stray that adopted you, you’ll find these signals invaluable in helping you understand what your pet is saying to you. Purring is just one of the ways which cats communicate. Experts seem to be constantly debating all of the.
Olfactory (smell or scent) communication
The most common way of communicating by smell is through urine marking, anal secretions and skin secretions. Unaltered males and even females in season will spray to mark the perimeters of their domain and announce sexual proclivity. Cats that circle around each other are actually trying to get a scent from the anal secretions to determine whether that feline is friend or foe. Cats transfer their smell to people by means of glandular secretions from the facial area or olfactory glands in the tail when they rub against your legs.
Cats have an extremely well-developed sense of smell and this is used extensively for communication. Chemical signalling can be very specific, can last for a long time and can spread over considerable distances. Signalling through smell is vital to enable a cat to identify its territory, identify other ‘friendly’ individuals when cats are living in a colony, to indicate sexual receptiveness, etc. It is likely that many complex and (for us) poorly understood messages can be communicated through scent and smell in cats. It is possible that in colonies of cats, the smell is not only used to communicate between cats in the colony, but the exchange of scents may lead to the development of colony or group-specific odours for communicating with other groups.
The scent is the most important form of communication that cats rely on. Cats produce a unique scent using glands in their mouth. When a cat washes it spreads that unique smell across it’s the entire body, so by rubbing itself on an object your cat can leave messages to other cats. When kittens are first born they are completely blind and rely fully on scent to communicate and navigate. Kittens will leave their scent on their mother so that they can work out where they need to come back to. Mother cats will also be able to distinguish each of their kittens, even if they are all physically identical, by their smell.
Will they be able to understand what you mean? can cats understand English? will they be able to learn from it?
all these are something we need to mention as we do not give our cats enough credit. Most of us might just think of them as just a “pet” and nothing more. Some even condemn vocal communication skills of cats as they are harder to determine compared to dogs. Dogs can easily learn and follow commands in a short period of time.
Wondering if your cat is happy, meditating or having a bad day? here’s are some tips:
Content: sitting or lying down, eyes half-closed, pupils narrowed, tail mostly still, ears forward and purring—a really happy cat will often knead on a soft surface. Playful: Ears forward, tail up, whiskers forward and pupils somewhat dilated—playing is hunting behaviour; your cat may stalk their prey (a toy, a housemate or you), then crouch down with their rear end slightly raised. A little wiggle of the butt, then pounce! your cat will grab their prey, bite it, wrestle it the floor and kick it with their hind feet.
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Aomikan, a green tangerine with orange flesh.
For such a small island nation, Japan has a surprisingly wide variety of citrus fruit. I saw some of them when I traveled in Japan last winter. Sadly, we don't get most of them here in the US, and I wish we did! It's so interesting to see such variety. Some of these varieties are used in flavoring tea and alcohol, others are used in marmalades, and some are eaten raw. I just love the green-skinned, orange-fleshed aomikan tangerine - it's so pretty!
Most of these fruits did not originate in Japan; many were brought over from China or Tibet hundreds of years ago. Here's a small sampling of the citrus fruit available in Japan:
- a green tangerine that has orange flesh. Very tart, it makes a good marmalade. Available at the end of the summer from August to September.
- a small, tart yellow citrus that is used to add flavor to soju and is a key ingredient in ponzu sauce
. The zest is also used in cooking. Yuzu is used in winter solstice bathing ceremonies
. Available from November to March.
- yellowish-orange and the size of a grapefruit, this fruit is eaten raw and used in marmalades.
- a seedless and very sweet orange fruit with bumpy skin. Available in January and eaten raw and made into candies.
- a tart, juicy green-skinned fruit with pale orange flesh. So tart that it is used as a vinegar substitute. It is also squeezed onto sashimi.
- a green-skinned fruit available in summer. Very high acid content. Served with noodle dishes or nabe. Also used to flavor sojo, ice cream, and candies.
Celebrate Winter Solstice With Yuzu In The Bath
Traveling Inspiration: A Yuzu Mojito from Tokyo
(Images: Kyoto Foodie and Wikipedia)
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| 0.925447 | 419 | 2.578125 | 3 |
“Lean” principles focus on the elimination of waste from a process. How do we apply lean principles to improve project management?
First, let’s consider some examples of waste that occur during a project:
- Rework resulting from poorly or partially defined requirements or lack of business participation
- Defect correction
- Scheduling gaps and under-utilized resources because of a lack of diverse skills
- Excess effort/cost resulting from lack of models or templates, lack of automation, or lack of knowledge
- Poor quality problems resulting from short-cuts to meet aggressive schedules
Each of these examples results in wasted time because of the extra effort. There is also a waste of computer resources which is less significant today because of the low cost of infrastructure. Eliminating waste in a project requires “root cause analysis” to determine the source of problems. Too often we change processes to address a symptom but the root cause of a problem is not addressed so the problem remains.
The following list identifies common problems that cause waste in projects. Addressing these problems will usually improve the effectiveness and success rates of project teams.
- Ambiguous requirements and/or scope
- Poorly defined roles and lack of ownership and accountability
- Inadequate communication
- Confusing communication (frequently caused by the use of undefined technical or business jargon)
- Ambiguous or undefined success criteria
- Lack of visibility resulting from inadequate project tracking or not enough detail in the project plan
- Insufficient control resulting from a lack of process or enforcement
- Inadequate Change Management (requirements, scope, staffing, culture, etc.)
- Failure to plan for the risks, impacts, and learning curve resulting from deploying new technology
Based on this list of common problems, how do we address these problems and prevent waste? The following list consists of proactive management techniques for minimizing waste.
- Clealry defining each of the following types of requirements minimizes changes/re-work:
- Business Outcomes
- Functional Requirements
- Technical Requirements
- Plan for “progressive elaboration”. In many cases, requirements are not changing…they are simply evolving as details are identified. A project plan must recognize that requirements evolve.
- Establish an achievable Scope based on available resources, budgets, and expected completion date. If all requirements cannot be addressed within the time frame or budget, define a scope that includes a subset of high priority requirements that can be delivered.
- Plan the project to avoid Resource downtime and minimize schedule disruptions. A formalized orientation process is necessary to expedite the deployment of project staff and avoid downtime.
- Identify and mitigate risks to prevent problems
- The Change Management Process must formally manage all types of changes (cultural, organization, requirements, technology, and applications).
- Creative activities (e.g. design) must be managed with clearly defined objectives and deadlines. Lacking a firm deadline, the creative process never ends and results in significant re-work.
- Communications plans must be “role” specific. E.g. Internal team communications can include technical jargon but status to the business sponsor should be written in non-technical terminology.
- Ensure compliance with processes. If process compliance jeopardizes a project, the process is broken and should be fixed.
- Collect and analyze project performance metrics to identify and resolve negative trends
- Change Management Staffing, and Training plans must clearly address issues with the implementation of a new technology.
Most of these recommendations should be obvious. If they are so obvious, why do many project teams fail to address these issues? Unfortunately, organizations commonly have a “reactive” culture that rewards heroic recovery efforts while failing to anticipate and mitigate risks. Ultimately, the goal of successful project management is to deliver the required solution while preventing problems and not fixing them after they occur.
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Honeyeaters use badgers to break beehives (Image: Bruce Beehler/CI)
A dolphin appeared to "talk" to two stranded whales before leading them to safety. How common is inter-species communication?
By Finlo Rohrer and Tom Geoghegan
BBC News Magazine
Before the bottlenose dolphin turned up, the beached pygmy sperm whales were in clear distress.
But when Moko arrived at Mahia beach on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island, their mood changed and they followed him to safety.
The ability of some animals to communicate is well known.
And while many mammals have the ability to understand human language, they lack the capacity to articulate anything themselves, although apes have been known to use hand gestures.
What's less well documented is the communication between species.
Justin Gregg, vice president of the Dolphin Communication Project, said it is possible that a bottle nose dolphin and a pygmy sperm whale could communicate in some way.
"But it wouldn't be instructions like 'hey buddy the open ocean is over here follow me'," he says.
Dolphins use three forms of signalling to other dolphins - whistles, clicking and postures.
Similar in size and colour to a bottlenose dolphin, it is possible that a pygmy sperm whale might have signals in common with a dolphin, just as different species of dolphins are known to share signals which might theoretically allow a form of basic inter-species communication.
But just as it's possible that Moko the dolphin and the stranded whales shared a signal, it is also possible that the whales just saw a vaguely similar creature and followed it.
And it is important to recognise that the dolphin was not giving detailed instructions in a form we recognise as language, says Mr Gregg.
It is no longer thought dolphins have a language that can be decoded, they simply use a complicated communication system, like elephants or ants.
There have been some other recent examples of inter-species communication. A few weeks ago, viewers of the BBC's In Cold Blood saw a gecko "beg" a sap-sucking insect for food.
There are many reasons why different species communicate, say Vincent Janik, lecturer at the Sea Mammal Research Unit at St Andrew's University.
"The animals exploit the systems of others for their own benefits. Sometimes the benefits are the same for each, therefore they share information.
"Sometimes they are trying to take advantage of the other. Getting food may not be to the advantage of the one giving up the food."
Ants protect the habitat of leaf lice and in return get a sugar excretion to eat, he says. They interact chemically and physically - the ants massage the leaf lice by secreting a small amount of the sugary food they are after.
And honeyeater birds guide larger animals, like badgers, to a beehive for them to do the "dirty work" of breaking it so they can gain access.
The communication takes the form of the honeyeater flying around the badger to get its attention then performing a call, flying towards the beehive and checking the badger is following. If it isn't, the honeyeater flies back to try again.
Communication is often just one-way and completely inadvertent, says Mr Janik.
"The vervet monkey listens to the alarm calls of the superb starling to find out what kind of predators are around.
"Then the monkey follows an avoidance strategy accordingly, so if it's an aerial predator they duck under trees or if it's a leopard they run up trees. This way they improve their chances of survival."
Inter-species communication most commonly takes the form of eavesdropping but it is not something that should be assessed in human terms, he says, because it's not done consciously.
"It's a mechanism that's relatively automatic, it's not about forming a plan. The animal is trying to optimise its own survival chances and extracting the best possible information."
Add your comments on this story, using the form below.
I think this is a wonderful gap that research should fill. Animal communication also begs another question: the possibility of animal emotions and norms. Why did the dolphin "help" the whales? Is it possible that the dolphin was kind- it has somehow learnt a norm of assisting those in need, perhaps it felt empathy. However, the nature of science is problematic because in order for research to be done on this, science needs to move beyond the physical, towards the "spiritual". Science needs to get soul.
I can't believe the ignorance of comments like Anne Boyce suggesting that scientists are 'afraid' of discovering that animals are intelligent. I'd venture (being a science student myself) that Scientists conclude that animals aren't as intelligent as humans *because that's what the evidence suggests*! To further undermine her claims that scientists are somehow 'fiddling' the results, there's actually plenty evidence out there that suggest some species are indeed very intelligent to the point of being self-aware.
Jonathan, Glasgow, UK
Some of the comments you have posted so far are rather of the "four legs good, two legs bad" variety. Human languages, comprising tens of thousands of distinct words assembled according to complex usage and rules of syntax, expressing thoughts with infinite nuance, are not even remotely approached by any other species on the planet. And we can broadcast our communications to all other members of the species (as we are doing right now). Dolphins definitely can't do this. This doesn't make us superior, at least not ethically, nor deny animal communication nor intelligence, nor that we too follow instinct as much as thought.
Brian Cuthbertson, London
Just about every other species on the planet communicates better than the human race. We have for so long assumed we're the masters of the planet, rather than the guardians of it, that we are unable to hear or see anything else.
Jackie Hogarty, Eversley, Hampshire
Why do scientists have such a problem with the thought of animals communicating? It seems to me that they are so afraid that animals might be considered intelligent, any studies into animal communication and/or intelligence always end up with the scientists concluding that the animals are only acting on instinct. Are they afraid? Or are they just hell bent on preserving the myth of human superiority at all costs? I personally don't find the idea either frightening or ridiculous - maybe we should start to change the way we interact with the animal world and consider any possible consequences?
Anne Boyce, Halifax, West Yorkshire
Much more research needs to be done into animal communication. If our cats and dogs can learn to understand human words they most certainly do have an idea of communicating. Pets do communicate with owners, we have to be observant to learn and understand what they are telling us. Given the way we use and misuse animals I don't think it is in the scientific world interest to find out just how well animals can communicate, it might make humans feel pretty bad.
Valerie Hutchin, Arlesey
It may seem to all make sense, from the perspective of a species that has never mastered the language of another species. The question of humans not being superior in every way is usually finished with the religious argument of souls, this however is about speech. I do believe that many species can communicate with each other and just because we don't understand it doesn't make it simplistic automatic reaction. I think that we need to remember that our languages aren't even universal among our own species, when we have got past that than maybe we will start to understand other species.
J Reeves, Faversham/ Uk
The BBC may edit your comments and not all emails will be published. Your comments may be published on any BBC media worldwide.
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History of the Museum
From its earliest days, LMU began to receive and put on display Civil War and Abraham Lincoln memorabilia. In 1929, a room in Duke Hall of Citizenship was dedicated to house the growing collection. The Lincoln Room served as a showcase for the collection until the early 1970s.
In 1973, University President H. Y. Livesay and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees Dr. Frank G. Rankin shared their dream of a permanent facility to house the Lincoln Collection. Colonel Harland Sanders, a trustee, responded by providing $500,000 to construct the library and museum. The Board of Trustees secured another $500,000, and on December 31, 1974, the University completed the building's fundraising campaign.
The Lincoln Room was retired and a few
months later, groundbreaking for the Abraham Lincoln Library and Museum was
held. The facility was completed in 1977. Today, the museum sees an
average of 14,000 visitors per year.
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Military strategy is the management of forces in wars and military campaigns by a commander-in-chief, employing large military forces, either national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of armies, navies and air forces; such as army groups, naval fleets, and large numbers of aircraft. Military strategy is a long-term projection of belligerents' policy, with a broad view of outcome implications, including outside the concerns of military command. Military strategy is more concerned with the supply of war and planning, than management of field forces and combat between them. The scope of strategic military planning can span weeks, but is more often months or even years.
Less hot under the collar than This Year's Model, Armed Forces was partly inspired by Elvis Costello and the Attractions' 1978 American tour. The songs are set to deceptively poppy arrangements that use plinky Abba keyboards ("Oliver's Army," a hit single about mercenaries), Beatles-ish devices (the fade on "Party Girl"), and whimsical waltz-time signatures ("Sunday's Best") to mask their core cynicism. "Goon Squad," "Busy Bodies," and "Accidents Will Happen" are among Costello's most melodically powerful songs to this point, leading the way to the masterful Get Happy!!. --Barney Hoskyns
The rank of General of the Armies is considered senior to General of the Army, but was never held by active duty officers at the same time as persons who held the rank of General of the Army. It has been held by two people: John J. Pershing who received the rank in 1919 after World War I and George Washington who received it posthumously in 1976 as part of the American Bicentennial celebrations. Pershing, appointed to General of the Armies in active duty status for life, was still alive at the time of the first five-star appointments during World War II and was thereby acknowledged as superior in grade by seniority to any World War II–era Generals of the Army. George Washington's appointment by Public Law 94-479 to General of the Armies of the United States was established by law as having "rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army, past or present", making him not only superior to Pershing, but superior to any grade in the Army in perpetuity.
The first recorded use of the word military in English, spelled militarie, was in 1585. It comes from the Latin militaris (from Latin miles, meaning "soldier") through French, but is of uncertain etymology, one suggestion being derived from *mil-it- – going in a body or mass. The word is now identified as denoting someone that is skilled in use of weapons, or engaged in military service, or in warfare.
The bonus disc alone makes this worth most of the price. The Hollywood High live songs (9 of them) are amazingly well recorded, very energetic great performance, with an enthusiastic crowd that doesn't intrude on the music. If you remember the live "El Mocambo" bonus disc that was part of an EC boxed set several years ago, well this is FAR better than that. The Hollywood High set alone could have been released as a great live CD, possibly the only reason it wasn't was because it would be seen as too short. The "bonus disc" here has other songs (B sides, etc.) not from the original "Armed Forces" which are worthy and interesting as well.
Using the right ASVAB study guide is an important factor in determining how well you will do on the exam. Each branch of the U.S. Military requires you take an ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) exam. Your scores on the ASVAB determine not only your entrance into the military, but also your job, advancement opportunities, and potential salary. The ASVAB exam consists of questions in ten different areas, but in general, the exam is measuring your aptitude in four key areas: Math, Verbal, Science and Technical, and Spatial. To efficiently prepare for your ASVAB exam, check out our recommended study guides, our free practice exams, our ASVAB flash cards, and our ASVAB study tips.
Somewhat earlier, in medieval China, gunpowder had been invented, and was increasingly used by the military in combat. The use of gunpowder in the early vase-like mortars in Europe, and advanced versions of the long bow and cross bow, which all had armour-piercing arrowheads, that put an end to the dominance of the armoured knight. After the long bow, which required great skill and strength to use, the next most significant technological advance was the musket, which could be used effectively, with little training. In time, the successors to muskets and cannon, in the form of rifles and artillery, would become core battlefield technology.
The United States has the world's largest military budget. In the fiscal year 2016, $580.3 billion in funding were enacted for the DoD and for "Overseas Contingency Operations" in the War on Terrorism. Outside of direct DoD spending, the United States spends another $218 to $262 billion each year on other defense-related programs, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, nuclear weapons maintenance and DoD.
Whereas recruits who join as officers tend to be upwardly-mobile, most enlisted personnel have a childhood background of relative socio-economic deprivation. For example, after the US suspended conscription in 1973, "the military disproportionately attracted African American men, men from lower-status socioeconomic backgrounds, men who had been in nonacademic high school programs, and men whose high school grades tended to be low".
A military brat is a colloquial term for a child with at least one parent who served as an active duty member (vice reserve) in the armed forces. Children of armed forces members may move around to different military bases or international postings, which gives them a childhood differing from the norm. Unlike common usage of the term brat, when it is used in this context, it is not necessarily a derogatory term.
In 1974, the first six women naval aviators earned their wings as Navy pilots. The Congressionally mandated prohibition on women in combat places limitations on the pilots' advancement, but at least two retired as captains. In 1989, Captain Linda L. Bray, 29, became the first woman to command American soldiers in battle during the invasion of Panama. The 1991 Gulf War proved to be the pivotal time for the role of women in the U.S. Armed Forces to come to the attention of the world media; there are many reports of women engaging enemy forces during the conflict.
The Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps each provide tuition assistance (a "kicker") in addition to what you earn through the Montgomery GI Bill. Each service controls the amount of extra money it provides. The Army fund increases the amount of support to as much as $70,000, the Navy fund increases the amount of support to as much as $50,000 and the Marine Corps fund increases the amount of support to as much as $30,000. College Funds are awarded on a competitive basis according to academic merit (i.e., scoring in the top half of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery). To qualify one must also agree to serve six years.
*Taxes are additional. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Regular Space Available price is $369 USD per week when booked through the call center, and $349 USD per week when booked online. Free membership is based on eligibility. Destinations and travel times are subject to availability and confirmed on a first come, first served basis. Offer includes only accommodations and specifically excludes travel costs and other expenses that may be incurred. For additional terms and conditions, click here or call your Armed Forces Vacation Club® guide at 1-800-724-9988. Promotional discounts may not apply to all properties. Offer may not be combined with any other promotion, discount or coupon. Other restrictions may apply. Offer void where prohibited by law. No official U.S. Army endorsement is implied. Not paid for in whole or in part by any element of the U.S. Government, Military Service, or DoD Non Appropriated Fund Instrumentality (NAFI).
This continued in the 19th century, with publications like Punch in the British Empire and Le Père Duchesne in France, poking fun at the military establishment. This extended to media other print also. An enduring example is the Major-General's Song from the Gilbert and Sullivan light opera, The Pirates of Penzance, where a senior army officer is satirised for his enormous fund of irrelevant knowledge.
The rapid growth of movable type in the late 16th century and early 17th century saw an upsurge in private publication. Political pamphlets became popular, often lampooning military leaders for political purposes. A pamphlet directed against Prince Rupert of the Rhine is a typical example. During the 19th century, irreverence towards authority was at its height, and for every elegant military gentleman painted by the master-portraitists of the European courts, for example, Gainsborough, Goya, and Reynolds, there are the sometimes affectionate and sometimes savage caricatures of Rowland and Hogarth.
The U.S. Armed Forces are one of the largest militaries in terms of the number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a large pool of paid volunteers. Although conscription has been used in the past in various times of both war and peace, it has not been used since 1972, but the Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males, and requires that all male citizens and residents residing in the U.S. between the ages of 18–25 register with the service.
The Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps was established in the United States in 1942. Women saw combat during World War II, first as nurses in the Pearl Harbor attacks on 7 December 1941. The Woman's Naval Reserve, Marine Corps Women's Reserve and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) were also created during this conflict. In 1944, WACs arrived in the Pacific and landed in Normandy on D-Day. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II and 16 were killed in action. In total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations and commendations. Virginia Hall, serving with the Office of Strategic Services, received the second-highest U.S. combat award, the Distinguished Service Cross, for action behind enemy lines in France.
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Issue No. 05 - May (1975 vol. 24)
C.R. Kime , Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin
FAULT-TOLERANT computing has been defined as "the ability to execute specified algorithms correctly regardless of hardware failures, total system flaws, or program fallacies" . To the extent that a system falls short of meeting the requirements of this definition, it can be labeled a partially fault-tolerant system . Thus the definition of fault-tolerant computing provides a standard against which to measure all systems having a degree of fault tolerance. In particular, one can classify systems according to: 1), the amount of manual intervention required in performing three basic functions, and 2) the class of faults covered by three basic functions involved in fault tolerance: system validation, fault diagnosis, and fault masking or recovery. The word "fault" here is used to inclusively describe "failures, flaws, and fallacies" in the original definition. The first function is involved in the design and production of the system hardware and software, while the last two functions are embodied in the system itself. Likewise, the first function is directed to handling faults arising from design and production errors, whereas the last two functions are aimed at faults due to random hardware failures.
C.R. Kime, "Fault-Tolerant Computing: An Introduction and a Perspective", IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 24, no. , pp. 457-460, May 1975, doi:10.1109/T-C.1975.224246
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Perception establishes the meaning about a product or brand when a consumer makes initial contact. In marketing, this is described as consumer information processing. At this stage all of the senses are engaged in receiving brand marketing communicate messages. In marketing literature, four distinct stages of perception occur during consumer information processing: sensation, attention, interpretation and retention.
Sensation describes what occurs when a person's senses are initially exposed to the external stimulus of a product or brand marketing. The sensory receptors of a consumer are engaged by product or brand cues through sight, sound, smell, taste and texture. For example, Starbucks engages all the senses in its sensory brand marketing. A customer who enters a Starbucks coffee shop may hear the sounds and smell the aroma of the grinding of fresh coffee in the store. Background music and a unique store design round out the experience of the taste of hot or cold coffee and food products that can be enjoyed in-store at quaint cafe tables.
In consumer information processing, attention occurs when a person lingers and gives mental processing capacity to the external stimulus from a product or brand. Selective perception is when a consumer pays attention to messages that are consistent with her attitudes, beliefs and needs. When a product is inconsistent with these factors, the consumer will withdraw attention.
Interpretation occurs when a person assigns a meaning to the sensory stimulus from a product or brand marketing. Comprehension is aided by expectations and familiarity. A consumer scans his memory to retrieve previous experiences with the brand or a similar brand. Store-brand marketing frequently capitalizes on the interpretation stage when product packaging design contains logos, colors and other elements that are similar to national brands that consumers are generally more familiar with.
The conclusion of the consumer perception process is the retention stage. This is marked by the storage of product or brand information in short-term and long-term memory. The marketer's goal is to provide positive stimuli in the proceeding stages that translate into consumers storing the information about the product or brand into long-term memory.
- Jupiterimages/Creatas/Getty Images
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Photo Credit: photo: R. Lee
Bookmark (persistent url): https://dac-collection.wesleyan.edu/objects-1/info/12029
210 x 160 mm (8.3 x 6.3 in.)
Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch, (1606–1669)
- Faust (character)
- genre - Use for pictorial representations, which may be in various media, that represent scenes or events from everyday life; usually used with another term such as "paintings" or "prints." [April 1991 descriptor moved.]
- literature (writings)
- occult sciences - Range of studies, theories, and practices involving a belief in and knowledge or use of supernatural forces or beings, the goal of practice being the manipulation or subversion of natural laws to achieve some desired purpose. [November 1994 related term added. October 1994 scope note added; lead-in terms added; alternate term added. July 1994 related term added. January 1994 related term added.]
- religious art - Use broadly for art depicting religious subjects or for art used in worship. [September 1993 descriptor added.]
- plate Dimensions: 210 x 160 mm (8.3 x 6.3 in.)
To download an image, control-click or right-click on a link below, then select "Download," "Save Link," or a similar choice in your web browser.
Please use this image credit line:
Open Access Image from the Davison Art Center, Wesleyan University (photo: R. Lee) .
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During the coronavirus outbreak, plenty of people are staying inside and off the roads. Factories are shutting down and work has ground to a halt for most people around the world. Despite all these terrible suffering, some things have changed for the better. Pollution around the world has experienced a significant decrease as more and more people are reducing their carbon footprint, and the images of this are astounding.
Satellite images, radar maps, and pictures from the ground taken prior to mid-March show the Earth as most people have always known it, but once pollution slowed down, there was a marked difference. Scientists are hopeful that this pandemic will allow enough time for the earth to heal in a way it has not been able to in recent years. However, there's no telling how much time this could potentially take.
A dramatic drop in poisonous particulate matter (PM) has been noted in the capital city of India. Last year, the average concentration was about PM81.88 while the average was PM98.6 in 2019. Today, during the coronavirus, the average has dropped to PM44.18. They've also seen promising air quality ratings and are hopeful that this trend can continue in some form after the pandemic is over.
Outdoor air pollution caused 4 million deaths a year, on average. A dramatic fall in nitrogen dioxide from the atmosphere, typically emitted by cars, factories, and power plants, has been noted since March. This could reduce the chances of respiratory disease and cancer gained from the emissions. Though it's not a perfect time, and many are experiencing severe pain, sometimes there is a sun beyond the storm.
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The Himalayan Tradition is an unbroken lineage that dates back over 5000 years. The saints and sages of the Himalayan Tradition dwelled mostly in the caves and monastaries of the Himalayan mountain ranges in northern India. The teachings of the tradition were preserved and passed down from teacher to student in an unbroken succession.
The Himalayan Tradition has it’s roots in Sri Vidya Tantra (non ritualistic) and also encompasses all of the systems of yoga (Raja, Bhakti, Karma, Jnana). Advaita Vedanta, which asserts a non dualistic Absolute reality is the system of philosophy practiced. The Upanishads, particularly the Mandukya Upanishad, are the central text. The Yoga Sutras are the foundation for the systematic path of yoga meditation.
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The land of moorland bogs and fields of heather is the ancient homeland to the distinguished surname Melvul. In Scotland
, hereditary surnames
were adopted according to fairly general rules and during the late Middle Ages, names that were derived from specific localities became increasingly widespread. Local
names originally denoted the proprietorship of the village or estate. The Melvul family originally lived in the village of Melville, in the county of Midlothian
(now part of the region of Lothian).
Early Origins of the Melvul family
The surname Melvul was first found in Midlothian
. The Melville family resided in this county as early as the mid-12th century, when King Malcolm IV of Scotland
granted them the lands of Melville in 1160.
They are said to have arrived in Scotland from Malleville in Pays de Caux, Normandy, where they held the distinguished title of the Lords of Graville. Another source is more specific: "The great Northern House of Melville claims this Norman as the patriarch of their race. Galfrid de Maleville, the earliest of the family who appears in Scottish history, had the honour of being the first Justiciary (Judiciary) of Scotland on record. From him derived the Earls of Melville. " CITATION[CLOSE]
Burke, John Bernard, The Roll of Battle Abbey. London: Edward Churton, 26, Holles Street, 1848, Print.
The parish of Lasswade in the county of Edinburgh was and ancient home of the family. "The principal seat is Melville Castle, the residence of Lord Viscount Melville, an elegant and spacious structure in the castellated style, with circular towers, erected about the close of the last century, on the site of an ancient house said to have belonged to David Rizzio, secretary to Mary, Queen of Scots." CITATION[CLOSE]
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print.
Early History of the Melvul family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Melvul research.Another 176 words (13 lines of text) covering the years 1296, 1597, 1547, 1621, 1636, 1707, 1924, 1535, 1617, 1545, 1622, 1695, 1754, 1741, 1753, 1741, 1742, 1636, 1707, 1683 and are included under the topic Early Melvul History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Melvul Spelling Variations
of this family name include: Melville, Melwell, Melwill, Malwyn, Melwyn, Melvile and many more.
Early Notables of the Melvul family (pre 1700)
Notable among the family at this time was Sir James Melville (1535-1617), Scottish diplomatist and memoir writer, was the third son of Sir John Melville, laird of Raith in the county of Fife; Andrew Melville (1545-1622), Scottish scholar, theologian and religious reformer; Alexander Melville (also Alexander Leslie), 5th Earl of Leven (1695-1754), Scottish peer, Lord High Commissioner (1741-1753), Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland
(1741-1742)... Another 67 words (5 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Melvul Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Melvul family to Ireland
Some of the Melvul family moved to Ireland
, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt.Another 67 words (5 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Melvul family to the New World and Oceana
Some of the first settlers of this family name or some of its variants were: James Melveill, who settled in Boston with his wife and servants in 1768; William Melvil settled in Maryland in 1747; James Melville settled in Granada in 1774.
The Melvul Motto
The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.
Motto: Denique coelum
Motto Translation: I shall enjoy heaven at last.
Melvul Family Crest Products
- ^ Burke, John Bernard, The Roll of Battle Abbey. London: Edward Churton, 26, Holles Street, 1848, Print.
- ^ Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print.
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Specialized knowledge in one aspect of general medicine may be acquired for further career development:
- Surgeon- surgery (performing surgeries)
- Pediatrician (children’s ailments)
- Obstetrician and Gynaecologist (women’s health)
- Pathologist (abnormalities of cells)
- Other specialized areas
Medical doctors can work in hospitals, clinics, state departments, and tertiary institutions such as universities as a lecturer/professor. Other career options include research centers, sports centers/sports organizations, and laboratories.
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What is positive discipline?
Positive discipline is an approach to parenting that focuses on teaching children appropriate behavior rather than punishing them for their mistakes. It is based on the belief that children learn best when they are treated with respect and empathy. Positive discipline involves setting clear expectations, providing consistent consequences, and offering guidance and support. By using positive discipline techniques, parents can help their children develop self-discipline, problem-solving skills, and a sense of responsibility.
Why is positive discipline important?
Positive discipline is important because it focuses on teaching children valuable life skills, such as problem-solving, empathy, and self-control. Unlike punitive discipline methods, which can lead to resentment and fear, positive discipline encourages a healthy parent-child relationship based on mutual respect and understanding. By using positive discipline strategies, parents can help their children develop a strong sense of self-discipline and responsibility, which will benefit them throughout their lives. Furthermore, positive discipline promotes a positive and nurturing environment, fostering a child’s emotional well-being and overall development.
Benefits of positive discipline
Positive discipline offers numerous benefits for parents and their children. By focusing on positive reinforcement and teaching appropriate behavior, parents can create a nurturing and supportive environment for their children to thrive. This approach helps children develop self-discipline, problem-solving skills, and a sense of responsibility. It also strengthens the parent-child bond and fosters open communication. With positive discipline, parents can effectively guide their children’s behavior while promoting their emotional well-being and overall development.
Understanding Child Behavior
Positive discipline is an effective parenting approach that focuses on teaching children valuable life skills and promoting their overall development. Understanding the different developmental stages of children is crucial in implementing positive discipline strategies. Each stage comes with its unique challenges and opportunities for growth. By recognizing and adapting to these stages, parents can tailor their disciplinary methods to suit their child’s specific needs. From infancy to adolescence, positive discipline techniques can help children develop self-discipline, problem-solving skills, and a strong sense of responsibility. It is important for parents to be patient, consistent, and empathetic throughout each stage, providing guidance and setting appropriate boundaries to foster a positive and nurturing environment for their child’s growth and development.
Common behavioral challenges
In the journey of parenting, it is not uncommon to face various behavioral challenges with children. These challenges can range from tantrums and defiance to sibling rivalry and backtalk. However, it is important for parents to remember that these behaviors are a normal part of a child’s development and can be addressed using positive discipline techniques. By setting clear expectations, providing consistent consequences, and offering praise and rewards for positive behavior, parents can effectively navigate through these challenges and foster a healthy and respectful parent-child relationship.
Factors influencing behavior
Factors influencing behavior play a crucial role in understanding and implementing positive discipline techniques for parents. These factors can include a child’s age, temperament, past experiences, and the environment they are exposed to. By recognizing and considering these factors, parents can gain insight into why their child behaves the way they do and make informed decisions about how to respond effectively. It is important to remember that every child is unique, and what works for one may not work for another. Therefore, a personalized approach to positive discipline is essential in promoting healthy development and fostering a harmonious parent-child relationship.
Key Principles of Positive Discipline
Respect and empathy
Respect and empathy are essential components of positive discipline for parents. When parents approach discipline with respect, they create an environment of trust and understanding. This means treating children with dignity, listening to their perspectives, and valuing their feelings and opinions. Empathy plays a crucial role in positive discipline as well. By putting themselves in their child’s shoes, parents can better understand their needs and emotions, leading to more effective and compassionate discipline strategies. Overall, incorporating respect and empathy into parenting practices fosters healthy communication, strengthens the parent-child bond, and promotes positive behavior in children.
Clear expectations and boundaries
Clear expectations and boundaries are essential components of positive discipline. When parents establish clear expectations, children know what is expected of them and what behavior is acceptable. This helps create a sense of structure and consistency in the home, which is important for promoting positive behavior and reducing conflicts. Setting boundaries also allows children to understand their limits and helps them develop self-discipline. By clearly communicating expectations and boundaries, parents can create a nurturing and supportive environment that fosters their child’s growth and development.
Consistency and follow-through
Consistency and follow-through are essential aspects of positive discipline for parents. When it comes to setting rules and expectations for children, it is important to be consistent in enforcing them. This means following through with consequences when rules are broken and rewarding positive behavior consistently. Children thrive in an environment where they know what to expect and understand that their actions have consequences. By being consistent and following through, parents can provide a stable and predictable environment that promotes their child’s growth and development.
Positive Discipline Techniques
Positive reinforcement is a powerful tool in the world of parenting. It involves providing praise, rewards, or recognition to encourage positive behavior in children. By focusing on the desired behaviors and acknowledging them, parents can create a supportive and nurturing environment. Positive reinforcement helps children develop a sense of self-worth, boosts their confidence, and encourages them to make better choices. It is an effective strategy that promotes healthy parent-child relationships and fosters a positive atmosphere at home.
Effective communication is a crucial aspect of positive discipline for parents. It involves listening attentively to our children, understanding their needs and emotions, and expressing ourselves in a clear and respectful manner. By practicing effective communication, we can build trust and strengthen our relationship with our children. This not only helps in resolving conflicts peacefully but also teaches them valuable communication skills that they can carry into their adult lives. It is important to remember that effective communication is a two-way street, where both the parent and child have the opportunity to express themselves and be heard. By creating an open and supportive environment for communication, we can foster a positive and harmonious atmosphere in our homes.
Problem-solving and decision-making
Problem-solving and decision-making are essential skills for parents to teach their children. By encouraging children to think critically and explore different solutions, parents can help them develop problem-solving skills that will benefit them throughout their lives. Additionally, teaching children how to make decisions and weigh the pros and cons of different options can empower them to make informed choices and take responsibility for their actions. By incorporating problem-solving and decision-making into their parenting approach, parents can create a positive and supportive environment where children can learn and grow.
Building a Positive Parent-Child Relationship
Building trust and connection
Building trust and connection is essential in positive discipline for parents. When children feel a strong bond with their parents, they are more likely to listen, cooperate, and follow instructions. Trust is built by consistently showing love, respect, and understanding towards our children. It is important to create a safe and secure environment where children feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and emotions. By building trust and connection, parents can establish a strong foundation for effective discipline and nurturing relationships with their children.
Active listening and validation
Active listening and validation are crucial components of positive discipline for parents. When we actively listen to our children, we show them that we value their thoughts and feelings. This involves giving them our full attention, maintaining eye contact, and responding with empathy. By validating their emotions, we acknowledge their experiences and help them develop a sense of self-worth. Active listening and validation create a safe and supportive environment for our children to express themselves and build strong relationships based on trust and understanding.
Quality time and bonding activities
Quality time and bonding activities are crucial for building a strong and positive relationship between parents and children. Engaging in activities together not only helps create lasting memories, but also fosters open communication, trust, and understanding. Whether it’s playing board games, going for a nature walk, or simply sitting down for a family meal, these activities provide an opportunity for parents to connect with their children on a deeper level. Quality time allows parents to show their love and support, while also teaching important life skills and values. By dedicating time to bond with their children, parents can create a nurturing and supportive environment that promotes positive discipline and overall well-being.
Challenges and Solutions
Dealing with tantrums and meltdowns
Dealing with tantrums and meltdowns can be a challenging aspect of parenting, but with the right approach, it can also be an opportunity for growth and learning. When your child throws a tantrum or has a meltdown, it is important to remain calm and composed. Take a deep breath and try to understand the underlying cause of their behavior. Is your child tired, hungry, or overwhelmed? Once you have identified the trigger, validate their feelings and let them know that you are there to support them. Offer comfort and reassurance, and provide a safe space for them to express their emotions. Avoid using punishment or yelling as it may escalate the situation further. Instead, use positive discipline techniques such as setting clear boundaries, redirecting their attention, and offering choices. Remember, dealing with tantrums and meltdowns is a normal part of child development, and by responding with patience and empathy, you can help your child navigate through these challenging moments and develop essential emotional regulation skills.
Handling sibling conflicts
Handling sibling conflicts can be a challenging task for parents. It is common for siblings to argue, fight, and compete with each other. However, it is important for parents to intervene and teach their children how to resolve conflicts in a positive and respectful manner. One effective strategy is to encourage open communication and active listening between siblings. By teaching them to express their feelings and needs, parents can help siblings understand each other better and find common ground. Additionally, setting clear boundaries and consequences for aggressive behavior can help prevent conflicts from escalating. It is also beneficial for parents to model positive conflict resolution skills and encourage cooperation and compromise. By promoting a peaceful and harmonious environment at home, parents can foster strong sibling relationships and teach valuable life skills to their children.
Addressing challenging behaviors
Addressing challenging behaviors is an essential aspect of positive discipline for parents. When children exhibit challenging behaviors, it is important for parents to approach the situation with patience, understanding, and empathy. Instead of resorting to punishment or harsh discipline, parents can use positive discipline techniques to address these behaviors effectively. This involves setting clear expectations, providing consistent consequences, and offering guidance and support. By using positive discipline strategies, parents can not only help their children learn from their mistakes but also foster a strong and respectful parent-child relationship.
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It was in 1893 that Peter Cushman Jones, a 60-year-old businessman, persuaded close friends Joseph Ballard Atherton and Charles Montague Cooke to join him in organizing a new bank in the Islands.
Four years later on December 27, 1897, Bank of Hawaii became the first chartered and incorporated bank to do business in the Republic of Hawaii. The charter was issued by James A. King, Minister of the Interior of the Republic of Hawaii, and signed by Sanford Ballard Dole, president of the Republic. Bank of Hawaii operated its first office from a two-story wooden building in downtown Honolulu.
Shaping Hawaii’s Economic Landscape
Bank of Hawaii played an important role in Hawaii’s transition from a territory to a state, remaining at the forefront of expansion. During the 1960s and 1970s, Bank of Hawaii’s growth kept pace with that of the state which provided major support to local agriculture.
Over the years, Hawaii’s service-based economy minimized abrupt changes in the local economy from recessionary periods, compared to states dependent upon manufacturing. Still, Bank of Hawaii saw the need to diversify its customer base beyond Hawaii to reduce vulnerabilities. Bank of Hawaii saw future growth and increased profitability in international banking opportunities. Hawaii’s strategic location in the Pacific made the Asia-Pacific region a natural extension for Bank of Hawaii’s operations.
In the 1970s, the Pacific Rim Region was indeed promising, with trade between the U.S. and Asia outpacing trade between the U.S. and Europe. Over the next 20 years, Bank of Hawaii would establish an international presence to better serve local customers with operations in the Pacific.
Returning to an Island Focus
At the beginning of the new millennium, Bank of Hawaii began to shift its emphasis back to Hawaii and today serves businesses, consumers and governments in Hawaii, American Samoa and the West Pacific. The bank offers customers the most extensive branch, in-store branch, and ATM network of any bank in the state and the convenience of 24-hour telephone and Internet banking services. Bank of Hawaii also remains steadfast in its commitment to supporting the communities it serves.
1893: Peter Cushman Jones, a 60-year-old businessman, persuades his close friends, Joseph Ballard Atherton and Charles Montague Cooke, to join him in organizing a new bank in the Islands.
1897: Bank of Hawaii is the first chartered and incorporated bank to do business in the Republic of Hawaii on December 27. The charter is issued by James A. King, Minister of the Interior of the Republic of Hawaii, and signed by Sanford Ballard Dole, president of the Republic. Bank of Hawaii operates its first office from a two-story wooden building in downtown Honolulu, sharing space with the Hawaiian Safe Deposit & Investment Company, which Peter Cushman Jones established in 1893 with his son, Edwin Austin Jones.
1897: With Peter Cushman Jones serving as Bank of Hawaii’s first president, the bank opens for business with $400,000 in capital with its stock at par value of $100.
1899: Bank of Hawaii establishes a savings department and declares its first dividend.
1903: Bank of Hawaii opens its first branch office in Lihue, Kauai. That branch is still in existence today.
1922: Bank of Hawaii celebrates its 25th anniversary and merges with First Bank of Hilo, acquiring branches in Hilo, Honokaa, Kohala, Kealakekua and Kau.
1922: Bank of Hawaii completes construction of its head office at the corner of Fort and Merchant Streets, a property that had been the home of two of Hawaii’s most respected chieftains, Abner Paki and his wife Konia, parents of Bernice Pauahi and foster parents of Queen Liliuokalani.
1931: The bank’s name officially changes from The Bank of Hawaii, Ltd. to Bank of Hawaii.
Bank employees count U.S. Navy cash deposits. in 1942, Bank of Hawaii was designated as the official depository for the United States Navy, Pacific Theater
1942: Bank of Hawaii is designated as the official depository for the United States Navy, Pacific Theater.
1946: Bank of Hawaii established a Consumer Loan Department, a first for a Hawaii bank.
1947: Bank of Hawaii donates $50,000 to the Honolulu Academy of Arts to commerate the bank’s Golden Anniversary.
1966: Then President Wilson P. Cannon, Jr., a Maui native, kicks off the downtown tradition of Aloha Friday by allowing Bank of Hawaii employees to dress in aloha shirts on Fridays.
1968: Bank of Hawaii moves to new, modern headquarters in the Financial Plaza of the Pacific, located in almost the exact same site as Bank of Hawaii’s office when it was first founded.
1971: Bank of Hawaii’s board of directors votes in favor of creating a bank holding company. The new entity offers shareholders the opportunity to exchange each of their shares in the bank for four shares in Hawaii Bancorporation.
1974: Bank of Hawaii participates in the Hawaii Bankers Association’s Penny Sweepstakes to alleviate the shortage of pennies in Hawaii. Bank of Hawaii offers an Eisenhower dollar for 100 pennies. The successful drive collects 10 million pennies over a three-week period.
1976: Construction of the Hemmeter Center which houses the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Waikiki is completed as a result of a Bank of Hawaii loan for more than $68 million, the largest development loan made in Hawaii at that time.
1976: Bank of Hawaii introduces its bank debit card, the Entree card, as an alternative to making purchases with checks or cash.
1979: Bank of Hawaii’s parent company launches a comprehensive corporate identity program that more closely links its name to Bank of Hawaii. Shareholders overwhelmingly approve Hawaii Bancorporation, Inc.’s name be changed to Bancorp Hawaii, Inc. As part of the corporate identity program, the names of other subsidiaries are changed: Finance Hawaii, Inc. to Bancorp Finance of Hawaii, Inc.; Hawaii Bancorporation Leasing Inc. to Bancorp Leasing of Hawaii, Inc.; Hawaii Computer Services, Inc. to Bancorp Computer Services of Hawaii, Inc.
1979: Bank of Hawaii adopts a new logo that symbolizes its roots in Hawaii and unifies the various Bancorp companies.
1982: Bank of Hawaii becomes the first bank in the state to operate an off-premise ATM, installed at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard.
1982: Bank of Hawaii becomes the first financial institution in Hawaii to establish an international banking facility (IBF) within Hawaii allowing Bank of Hawaii to better compete with off-shore financial centers dealing with Eurodollar and Asia-dollar markets.
1984: Bank of Hawaii opens a branch in Kosrae, Micronesia.
1985: Bancorp receives regulatory approval to acquire Hawaiian Trust, the state’s largest trust institution, which becomes a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bancorp and operates as a separate company.
1986: Bank of Hawaii completes its acquisition of Bank of America branches in Guam, and the combined operations with Bank of Hawaii’s existing branches make the bank Guam’s largest lender.
1988: U.S. Banker Magazine ranks Bancorp #1 in performance among the nation’s largest bank holding companies, calling it a “near-perfect banking company” based on performance ratings for risk and return.
1990: Bank of Hawaii completes its acquisition of FirstFed America, Inc., including its three savings and loan subsidiaries, which has operations primarily in Hawaii, Guam and Saipan.
1991: Bancorp begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BOH.”
1991: Bank of Hawaii announces plans to construct a new 248,000-square-foot facility in a new urban center, The City of Kapolei, referred to as the Second City.
1991: Bancorp receives approval to establish a full-service securities brokerage firm, Bancorp Investment Group.
1991: Bank of Hawaii reintroduces its bank debit card, Bankoh Access Card, which is accepted at most supermarkets in Hawaii.
1993: Bank of Hawaii completes acquisition of American Financial Services, Inc., the trust holding company for American Trust Co. of Hawaii, Inc. and Bishop Trust Company, Limited. The operations are combined with Hawaiian Trust Company, Limited, the bank’s trust and investment company.
1993: Bank of Hawaii forms a new Investment and Trust Services Group that includes Pacific Capital Management, a newly formed institutional money management company.
1993: Pacific Capital Funds offers a family of proprietary mutual funds.
1997: On its centennial celebration, Bank of Hawaii changes its name to Pacific Century Financial Corporation to reflect its ongoing commitment to the Asia-Pacific region.
1998: Bank of Hawaii develops e-Bankoh, online financial services to enhance electronic banking, and is the first bank in the state to offer online banking. The Web site ranks fifth overall among the nation’s top banks.
1998: Pacific Century begins the implementation of “New Era” initiatives, a two-year blueprint to transform the organization into a client-centered, performance-based financial services provider for the 21st century. It represents the most comprehensive redesign undertaken by the bank.
2000: Bank of Hawaii introduces BranchConcierges in selected Bank of Hawaii branches statewide to introduce clients to banking options and products and services.
2000: Bank of Hawaii introduces a range of electronic banking solutions including e-Bankoh for Business, a free Internet banking service for small businesses. The bank also launches an Internet-based cash management service for 24-hour-a-day, secure access to real-time account information.
2002: Pacific Century Financial Corporation is changed to Bank of Hawaii Corporation to reflect the renewed emphasis on the core market.
2005: Bank Director Magazine names Bank of Hawaii as the top performing bank.
2006: Bank of Hawaii introduces the first broadband wireless ATM in the Islands through a partnership with Sprint Hawaii, offering customers fast, convenient and secure access to their accounts at these portable ATMs.
2007: U.S. Banker Magazine ranks Bank of Hawaii the #1 performing large bank in America.
2007: Forbes Magazine rates Bank of Hawaii #1 in deposit gathering efficiency.
2007: BOH introduces state’s first wireless mobile banking service for customers who have Internet access on their mobile phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs).
2008: Bank of Hawaii introduces iCapture, a service that allows business customers to deposit checks without having to take them to the bank.
2008: In the midst of concern about the safety and soundness of financial institutions, Moody’s Investors Service gives Bank of Hawaii one of the highest ratings possible in the banking industry for financial strength. Bank of Hawaii is ranked #2 in the country by the American Bankers Association Journal for its performance among the Top 25 performing banks with total assets of more than $3 billion. MSN Money lists Bank of Hawaii as one of the “5 banks safe from the storm.”
2009: Bank of Hawaii introduces its Bank of Hawaii Smart Money Seminars to the public on Feb. 28, free financial education on a wide range of financial and investment topics.
2009: ABA Banking Journal ranks Bank of Hawaii the top performing bank in the country among banks with assets of more than $3 billion.
2009: In December, Forbes Magazine names Bank of Hawaii the “Best Bank in America.”
2010: Bank of Hawaii enters into a unique marketing arrangement with China UnionPay, China’s leading credit card provider. As part of the arrangement, BOH will accept China UnionPay cards at all of its ATMs. This is China UnionPay’s first joint market development agreement with a U.S. financial institution.
2010: Bank of Hawaii completes enhancements to its investment platform. The platform offers global investment expertise and leading-edge technology for integrated portfolio management and analytics, while maintaining customized local service through its wealth management professionals.
2010: In June, Bank of Hawaii becomes the first major bank in Hawaii to launch an iPhone application.
2010: In December, Forbes Magazine names BOH as the “Best Bank in America” for the second year in a row.
2011: To celebrate the successful launch of the Bank of Hawaii Giving Campaign in 2010, the Bank of Hawaii Foundation matches donations from BOH employees and retirees for a combined total donation of $1 million to 20 local nonprofit organizations.
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Data Structures - Dec 2015
Computer Engineering (Semester 3)
TOTAL MARKS: 100
TOTAL TIME: 3 HOURS (1) Question 1 is compulsory.
(2) Attempt any four from the remaining questions.
(3) Assume data wherever required.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
1(a) Define data structure(1 marks) 1(b) List operations performed on a stack(1 marks) 1(c) Mention variations of the queue data structure.(1 marks) 1(d) What is the worst case time complexity of searching an element in a list? How?(1 marks) 1(e) Mention one operation for which use of doubly linked list is preferred over the singly linked list.(1 marks) 1(f) Write an algorithm/steps to traverse a singly linked list.(1 marks) 1(g) Define: Height of a tree.(1 marks) 1(h) What is the height of a complete binary with n nodes?(1 marks) 1(i) Write two simple hash functions.(1 marks) 1(j) What is a header node and what is its use?(1 marks) 1(k) Is Queue a priority queue? Justify(1 marks) 1(l) What is the complexity of binary search algorithm?(1 marks) 1(m) Name two divide and conquer algorithms for sorting(1 marks) 1(n) Give two applications of graphs.(1 marks) 2(a) Write an algorithm to check if an expression has balanced parenthesis using stack.(3 marks) 2(b) What is postfix notation? What are its advantages? Convert the following infix expression to postfix. A$B-C*D+E$F/G(4 marks)
Solved any one question from 2(c) & 2(d)
2(c) Write a C program to implement a stack with all necessary overflow and underflow checks using array.(7 marks) 2(d) Write a C program to implement a circular queue using array with all necessary overflow and underflow checks(7 marks)
Solved any one question from Q.3 & Q.4
3(a) Evaluate the following postfix expression using a stack. Show the stack contents.
AB*CD$-EF/G/+ A=5, B=2, C=3, D=2, E=8, F=2, G=2(3 marks) 3(b) Perform following operations in a circular queue of length 4 and give the Front, Rear and Size of the queue after each operation
1) Insert A, B
2) Insert C
4) Insert D
5) Insert E
6) Insert F
7) Delete(4 marks) 3(c) Write a program to insert and delete an element after a given node in a singly linked list.(7 marks) 4(a) Explain various applications of queue.(3 marks) 4(b) Differentiate between arrays and linked list(4 marks) 4(c) Create a doubly circularly linked list and write a function to traverse it(7 marks)
Solved any one question from Q.5 & Q.6
5(a) Define complete binary tree and almost complete binary tree.(3 marks)
5(b) Explain deletion in an AVL tree with a suitable
5(c) What is binary tree traversal? What are the various traversal methods? Explain any two with suitable example.(7 marks)
6(a) Mention the properties of a B-Tree.(3 marks)
6(b) Construct a binary tree from the traversals given below:
Inorder: 1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21
Postorder: 1, 11, 12, 10, 14, 18, 21, 17, 15, 13(4 marks) 6(c) What is a binary search tree? Create a binary search tree for inserting the following data.
50, 45, 100, 25, 49, 120, 105, 46, 90, 95
Explain deletion in the above tree.(7 marks)
Solved any one question from Q.7 & Q.8
7(a) Insert the following elements in a B-Tree.
a, g, f, b, k, c, h, n, j(3 marks)
7(b) Apply quicksort algorithm to sort the following data.
Justify the steps.
42, 29, 74, 11, 65, 58(4 marks) 7(c) What is hashing? What are the qualities of a good hash function? Explain any two hash functions in detail.(7 marks) 8(a) List advantages and disadvantages of Breadth First Search and Depth First Search.(3 marks) 8(b) What is a minimum spanning tree? Explain Kruskal's algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree.(5 marks) 8(c) Discuss various methods to resolve hash collision with suitable examples.(7 marks)
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As the world is moving towards technology and advancements in every field, most people across the globe know about the advantages of bitcoin cryptocurrency. However, a majority of such people do not completely know about the clear idea of bitcoins. To define you in simple terms, we can say that cryptocurrency like bitcoin is not under the control of the government and can be used for making beer to be a transaction. It works under a digital currency system and allows people to make transactions by transaction, which is functional over the digital exchange, called bitcoin. In other words, we can say that bitcoin is simply a currency that exists in the virtual world only visit website. The programs used to create bitcoin are still undisclosed, and as it is becoming an alternative for the US dollar, it always remains in huge controversy.
If you are willing to make transactions in bitcoins, we need to understand what is bitcoin, how it is connected and how the processes are carried out. For making the transaction process complete for dealing in bitcoins, a group of private network computers is connected to a shared program. By this system, bitcoin transactions are carried out. As far as our knowledge goes, the creation of bitcoin was done through solving very complicated mathematical algorithms.
Advantages of Bitcoin
There is a very long list of conventional advantages that people get from using cryptocurrencies over fiat currencies. Coinformant discusses advantages of Crypto currencies at great lengths. If you have never traded in cryptocurrencies and never even have used cryptocurrencies for anything, today, you are going to learn a lot of advantages of bitcoin cryptocurrency. Some of the incredible benefits of bitcoin cryptocurrencies are described in this post. Therefore, you need to read down the details given to them very carefully.
Free of Taxes
If you are making a transaction or purchase using any currency across the globe like US dollar, INR, euros, or any other, you have to pay a fixed amount of tax to the government. It is thus the amount of money that you are going to pay unnecessary to the government, and you can be free of it if you use cryptocurrencies rather than the Fiat currency.
Furthermore, every purchase has its designated amount of tax that you have to pay, but you can spare yourself from this if you use cryptocurrency like bitcoin. Taxes like the sales tax or not added to the item if you pay using bitcoin are a perfectly illegal form of preventing yourself from huge taxes.
Highly Flexible Online Payments
Just like any other online payment system available across the globe, bitcoin is also very much flexible. Bitcoins can be used just like any other coin, but you may never be able to use them physically by your hand as they exist on the Internet only.
There is no foundation on bitcoins and their payments across the globe as you can easily make transactions very flexibly using bitcoins no matter in which country you are right now. Also, if you want to purchase coins, you can simply lay in your bed and do so rather than going to a bank to get your work done.
Strong User Confidentiality
Nowadays, there is a very high threat to the confidentiality of every person who uses the Internet. Still, you do not have to worry about this factor as cryptocurrencies like bitcoin provide you with a very strong degree of confidentiality of your personal information.
We can say that cryptocurrencies like bitcoin provide you with an option to keep your user identity completely anonymous. Whenever you make a transaction using bitcoins or any other cryptocurrency, your identity can never be tracked using the transaction, as with Fiat currency.
Least Cost of Transaction
There is always a fee or exchange price imposed on the Fiat currency if you are going to transfer your money across the geographical boundaries of any country. However, bitcoins are not subjected to any such regulation or thing because these are not controlled by any government or government-regulated agency.
Therefore, due to this thing, the transactions that you make using bitcoins are completely discreet and are subjected to a very low degree of cost, which is completely different from the Fiat currency.
Free of Interventions
Whenever it comes to the freedom to make transactions in every corner of the world, several government agencies and authorities are involved if you do so with the Fiat currency. However, bitcoins provide you with complete freedom of transactions because the government does not regulate them.
You do not have to worry about any third-party interruptions in your transactions. Furthermore, the government cannot freeze your bitcoin account, and also, you can enjoy plus benefits of using a peer-to-peer system of transactions.
There are many more pros and cons of bitcoin addition to the above list. If you are looking forward to purchasing cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, you have to get national money currency because that will be used for making transactions on the digital platforms that can provide you with selling services of bitcoins. As technology is very advanced nowadays, cryptocurrencies like bitcoins can easily be accessed from computers and smartphones. Hope these advantages of bitcoin cryptocurrency will be helpful to you.
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Concept #1: Electric Potential
Example #1: Movement of Charges in Potential Fields
Concept #2: Potential Due To Point Charges
Practice: How far from a 5uC charge will the potential be 100 V?
Practice: A -1uC and a 5uC charge lie on a line, separated by 5cm. What is the electric potential halfway between the two charges?
Example #2: Potential Difference Between Two Charges
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What is cpdetector?
The name cpdetector is a short form for code page - detector and has nothing to do with java classpaths. cpdetector is a framework for configurable code page-detection of documents. It may be used to detect the code page of documents retrieved from remote hosts. Code page - detection is needed whenever it is not known, which encoding a document belongs to. Therefore it is a core requirement for any application in the field of information mining or just information retrieval.
What is a code page?Excerpt from http://www.unicode.org/standard/WhatIsUnicode.html:
"Fundamentally, computers just deal with numbers. They store letters and other characters by assigning a number for each one."
At first, a textual document is nothing more than sequences of bits. A computer has to decide, how he can display this data in form of characters (which are identified by the computer as numbers). A code page - which is also known as charset encoding - maps the raw data of a textual document to characters. The original ASCII code page for example only uses 7 bits of an octet (byte) for deciding the character that is represented thus allowing only to map 128 different characters. In the past memory was expensive and computers most often only had registers and busses for 8 bit. When a mainframe was conceived it had to be decided, which characters it should support. Physicians and mathematicians for example needed special characters for equations. As a result, a computer often shipped with a special codepage.
Even today - where unicode unifies all different character encodings by providing a unique number (codepoint) for every character - the documents in the internet are encoded in various different code pages. Especially asian documents consist of a huge amount of characters and therefore often are encoded in special language-specific codepages. In order to process a textual document, it's bits have to be mapped (decoded) to characters by the correct character encoding table (code page).
A further definition is given here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page.
Codepage-detection is needed in:
Codepage detection is the first step that has to be performed with an incoming document. A crawler would retrieve the raw binary document, detect the codepage and then map the bits to characters to continue with tokenization, annotation, indexing, language identification and further desireable steps.
You will have seen weird documents in your browser conatining lots of empty squares or question marks. In that case, you either requested a document that was opened with the wrong character encoding or your computer just does know how to render the characters of the code page.
Browser like mozilla contain clever strategies for code page - detection.
File sharing software:
Bittorrent for example needs to exchange metadata (.torrent files) that has to be interpreted as character stream.
Why configurable code page - detection?
One may need different techniques to find out the codepage of a document. These techniques vary from the type of documents to be processed. XML documents may specify the "encoding" attribute in ASCII characters (the ASCII range is defined in almost all code pages so the search for it may be performed by interpretation of the unknown document as ASCII). HTML pages may specify the "charset" attribute in a meta tag. The hard way would be to perform exclusion of code pages by inspection of byte-sequences and narrow down the remaining candidates by frequency analyis for characters. This way could be skipped if other techniques are successful. But these other techniques are only useful for certain types of documents... .
Read the latest news here: https://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=114421
Alternativley use the rss feed: https://sourceforge.net/export/rss2_projnews.php?group_id=114421&rss_fulltext=1
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Bananas are probably the most readily available fruit. They are easily available all year round and are a fruit basket staple. More than that, the banana is something that will taste good with anything – you can have it as it is or add it to your fruit salad or make a shake out of it – it’s that versatile. Plus it contains only 90 calories.
And the good news is that eating a banana every day is very good for your health.
Bananas are good for the heart
Bananas are loaded with potassium which is an important electrolyte that helps in regulating heart function. According to a study done by the University of Leeds, increasing the consumption of fiber-rich foods such as bananas can lower the risk of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD).
Maintain gut health
Bananas are full of soluble fiber which slows down digestion and keeps you feeling full for a longer time. Which is why bananas are the perfect breakfast meal.
Perfect pre-workout meal
Bananas are rich in carbohydrates that keep you full throughout your workout sessions which is why they are considered to be the best energy-boosting pre-workout meal.
Bananas contain amino acid and antioxidants, like dopamine, which play a vital role in boosting one’s mood.
Assists in treating anemia
If you have a low blood count, then it important for you to include bananas in your diet as they have a high iron content, which is essential for the development of red blood cells. Anemia leads to fatigue, shortness of breath, and paleness.
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Currently, there are three signs that are said to be indicators of the virus, with anyone who experiences them told to immediately self-isolate and book a test.
At present, these are a persistent cough, temperature, or loss of taste and smell.
However, now it has been argued that a skin rash should also be considered one of the main symptoms to look out for, reports the Daily Record.
Since the virus first arrived in the country, there have been reports of rashes being connected to the virus, with many experiencing redness on their fingers and toes.
Advice from the World Health Organisation has featured “a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes” since earlier this year, however this has not been adopted by the NHS.
Now, the British Association of Dermatologists have stated a rash should be added onto the official sign and symptom list due to nine per cent of coronavirus patients have suffering them.
Dr Tanya Bleiker, President of the British Association of Dermatologists, said: "The association between certain rashes and COVID-19 has become increasingly clear, and being able to recognise these is crucial for reducing the spread of the disease."
So-called 'Covid toe', which has been seen by a growing number of doctors, is where a patient has red lesions on some or all of the toes, reports the Times.
Want to be first to know what's going on in Edinburgh? Join our Facebook group All About Edinburgh to stay in the loop and share your stories.
There is concern that if rashes are not added to the official UK list, many people who are positive but have no symptoms could unknowingly spread the disease.
Rashes were twice as common in children as adults, researchers have discovered.
Experts say a new skin rash is a slightly better predictor of a positive test than a fever or cough.
You can find all of the latest coronavirus updates by following our LIVE blog here.
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Consider the Learning Process as an Assembly Line
Our first reaction is often to think the assembly line is broken in high school, where dropouts occur. Although there is dramatic evidence of the failed system in high school, it is not when the break occurs, and therefore, not the point at which it can be fixed.
As we look at the assembly line of the learning process more closely, we realize the following:
• If a child does not read with a reasonable degree of comprehension at the end of the third grade, the likelihood of that child becoming a dropout is over 90%. Simply put, if a child cannot read, she/he cannot learn.
• If we move even farther toward the beginning of the assembly line, we find that children unprepared for kindergarten often don’t achieve reading comprehension by the third grade and are destined for dropout status. For these children, kindergarten is too late.
Scientific studies show that from birth to age 4 – and particularly in the first 18 months – children rapidly develop the critical capabilities which become the foundation for their subsequent development.
In fact, 90% of the architectural structure of the brain is built in the first three years of life. With proper stimulation and learning opportunities, the gains children can make in language and thinking skills, and in the growth of their emotional, social, behavioral, and moral capacities are remarkable. But without such brain development, scientists tell us that they will miss a “window of opportunity” that closes forever as they leave those early years.
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Combating the Summer Slide in the Time of COVID-19
It is not an overstatement to say that the past few years amid the coronavirus pandemic have been a struggle. Fortunately, this new reality also presents an opportunity for parents and Educators to overcome a problem that has persistently plagued students during summer break: the summer slide.
Research shows that students can lose several months of knowledge over the summer break if they are not engaged in educational activities. This summer slide in achievement and knowledge is often higher for lower-income students who do not have the same access to resources.
While parents might have done things like visit museums or historical sites during summer vacation to keep their children engaged, today’s landscape of social distancing and shelter in place make those plans nearly impossible. Fortunately, parents have already taken on the task of educating their children while schools are closed and can keep up the momentum heading into the summer, as the same methods and tools they are currently utilizing to homeschool their kids can be used to help combat the summer slide.
Here are seven strategies schools can implement to keep students learning through the summer and prepare them for the return to school — even in the face of coronavirus concerns:
Have Teachers Assign Summer Projects
This can be a packet of worksheets or a list of free online resources that can help parents stay organized, and keep their children on track. Teachers can lay out a plan for practicing topics over the course of the summer and can even offer a perk for students who complete everything by the beginning of school.
Reduce the Risk of Drop-outs with a Credit Recovery and Remediation Summer Program
Provide middle school and high school students an intervention credit recovery program through real-time, online lessons from State-certified Educators. At-risk students will be in need of academic support to catch up to missed learning objectives. This tactic will significantly aid to prevent the widening of curriculum and achievement gaps.
Help High School Juniors and Seniors Prepare for Standardized Test-Taking
Juniors and seniors are especially hard hit during this time since state exams such as the ACCUPLACER, PSAT, SAT/ACT, Regents Review, and Advanced Placement have either been canceled or undergone reformatting. A summer program specifically designed to provide a comprehensive review of the exams will allow students to connect with experienced tutors who are content experts. Plus, they’ll have access to their recorded online sessions serving as a great study tool and will be administered practice tests to prepare them for the actual exams —whenever that time may come.
Give Students Access to STEM Activities
Social-emotional learning has also taken a hit from shelter in place mandates due to the coronavirus. STEM unleashes creative problem solving in teams with project-based learning. A summer STEM program can help exercise a different part of students’ brains during the summer months and combat the summer slide.
Check Out Local Community Centers, Museums, and Learning Centers Online
Consider this list of 50 online music and art activities for students or this list of 40 sites to help teach science. Many major museums offer virtual tours of their best exhibit halls. These free online tools can help students feel connected to the outside world and explore different subjects.
Keep Supporting ESL and SPED Students
Any extra work a student can do to overcome a language barrier or disability during the summer months will also prepare them for returning to school in the fall. Online tutoring can help improve their social and emotional intelligence, as well as their overall learning skills, which will put at-need students in a better position to succeed once things return to normal.
Remind Parents of the Importance of Continuous Learning During the Summer Months
Automated email messaging services like Constant Contact are great ways to offer tips on curriculum, supportive resources, and how to keep the students engaged and passionate about learning.
Educate Parents on Open Educational Resources
There’s an abundance of educational apps that make learning fun. These apps will not only help students during the summer slide but could also help parents navigate the remaining months of the academic year while they’re still homeschooling.
Want more ideas on how to combat the summer slide through virtual learning? Learn more about iTutor’s Summer Programs.
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Pregnancy complications can be devastating to a woman who wants to have a baby. Whether she is suffering from infertility, has experienced recurrent miscarriages or is at risk of a serious pregnancy-related condition such as preeclampsia, she may wonder if it is possible for her to have a healthy, successful pregnancy. Baby aspirin, which improves blood flow by reducing the formation of blood clots, may help prevent some of these negative pregnancy outcomes.
Video of the Day
When baby aspirin is taken before a woman becomes pregnant, it may increase the chances of a successful conception by improving blood flow to the uterine lining. Women with endometrial linings of less than 8 mm have increased pregnancy rates after taking baby aspirin according to infertility specialist Isabelle Ryan. This improvement is due to the lining functioning more effectively, since baby aspirin doesn't necessarily make the lining any thicker. Baby aspirin also may increase the chance of a successful conception by increasing blood flow to the ovaries, producing healthier eggs, which results in healthier embryos.
Fifteen percent of women who experience recurrent miscarriages -- three or more consecutive pregnancy losses -- have antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome, according to obstetrician and gynecologist Dr. Samuel Marcus. APAS is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies in parts of the blood vessels, resulting in increased blood clotting. Because taking baby aspirin may prevent the formation of blood clots in placental blood vessels, it can reduce miscarriages caused by APAS -- though baby aspirin is most effective when taken along with the blood thinner heparin.
Baby aspirin may reduce a pregnant woman’s risk for preeclampsia, a serious condition where the woman develops high blood pressure, has protein in her urine and retains water. The Harvard Medical School Family Heath Guide reports that a British study found a 15 percent reduction in incidences of preeclampsia when women at risk of developing the condition took baby aspirin. The same study also found baby aspirin reduced the risk of premature births by 8 percent. The Effects of Aspirin on Gestation and Reproduction clinical trial also suggests that, by improving blood flow to the placenta, baby aspirin may help prevent incidences of babies who are small for gestational age, as well as development of a condition called placental insufficiency, where placental abnormalities negatively affect the growth of a baby.
Baby aspirin is a safe treatment, having been used extensively in clinical trials without the risk of toxicity or significant side-effects according to the Effects of Aspirin on Gestation and Reproduction clinical trial. However, pregnant women taking baby aspirin should discontinue it by 36 weeks to prevent abnormal bleeding in the mother or baby. Also, pregnant woman should ensure they take baby -- rather than adult -- aspirin. Full-dose aspirin taken during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage, impair a baby's growth, delay labor or cause a baby to develop heart or lung problems.
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Edited by Ariel Dinar and Kurt Schwabe
Water scarcity, whether in the quality or quantity dimension, afflicts most countries. Decisions on water management and allocation over time, space, and among uses and users involve economic considerations. This Handbook assembles research that represents recent thinking and applications in water economics. The book chapters are written by leading scholars in the field who address issues related to its use, management, and value. The topics cover analytical methods, sectoral and intersectoral water issues, and issues associated with different sources of water.
Show Summary Details
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A computer is one of the most
important purchases you will make.
It's an investment of potentially a
thousand dollars or more, so you
want to make sure you do it right. A
computer has many different parts,
options and accessories, so two
machines are rarely identical. But
by following the simple tips in this
article, you can feel perfectly
confident that the computer you
purchase is just right for you.
It's hard to find a home these days
that doesn't have one or more
computers. There are a bewildering
number of decisions and hardware
options to be made when you purchase
a computer. How big should the hard
drive be? What size monitor should
you get? How much RAM? Should I get
a PC off-the-shelf or a custom
build? We'll try to keep it all
simple and easy, so you make the
right decisions and get the machine
that's perfect for you.
Step 1: Understanding
Don't be intimidated by all the
terminology that goes into
describing a PC and its various
hardware components. You only need
to know a few key concepts and terms
to shop like a computing pro.
Hardware and Software
Put simply, hardware is the
physical parts of the computer: the
case and everything inside it,
monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer,
etc. Software includes all the
programs on your PC or laptop, like
the operating system, word
processor, web browser, games, and
When shopping for a computer, most
of your efforts will be in
identifying and acquiring the proper
hardware. Hardware is integrated
into the system and can be difficult
and costly to upgrade or replace.
Getting new software is as simple as
buying the software and installing
it on your computer, typically by
just inserting a disk into your CD
You'll need a good combination of
both for your computer to reach its
The central processing unit
(CPU, or more commonly, just
"processor") is the brain of the
computer. More than anything, it
determines the computing speed of
your system. Processor speed is
measured in gigahertz (GHz), and
usually the higher the number the
faster your processor.
The hard drive is the bulk
storage device of the computer. All
your information—files, programs,
settings, etc.—reside on the hard
drive. Think of it as the giant
warehouse where a company stores all
Hard drive capacity is rated in
gigabytes (GB), usually in the
hundreds. The more GB's your hard
drive has, the more file storage you
have. Hard drives are now large
enough to store hundreds of
thousands, if not millions of files.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is a storage space independent
from the hard drive that keeps track
of what you are working on right
now. If the hard drive is a
warehouse, then RAM is the shipping
area where things are packaged up
and prepared for shipping.
RAM is measured in megabytes (MB)
and gigabytes (GB), with 1 GB being
about equal to 1,000 MB.
RAM is typically measured in
multiples of 128 MB: 128 MB, 256 MB,
512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, etc. Like
processor speed, RAM helps determine
how fast your computer runs.
Unlike the processor, RAM is easily
upgradeable, meaning that if your
computer starts with 1 GB of RAM and
you decide later on you'd like 2 GB,
it is easily upgradeable. You should
be able to upgrade it fairly easily.
Many computers today use integrated
video which is built directly on the
motherboard, (on-board video). This
type video adapter is more than
adequate for your every-day
computing needs. A graphics card can
be added if more intense video is
Your graphics card, also called a
GPU or video card, is hardware
specifically designed to render
graphics (such as from a video game)
or videos for your computer.
Graphics cards also are rated in MB,
but the measurements vary
significantly across manufacturers;
a 128 MB card may be better than a
256 MB card, and two 256 MB cards
are rarely identical. The more
graphics-intensive you intend your
computer to be, the better the
graphics card you'll need.
The sound card is just what it
sounds like—it determines the
quality of your PC's audio output. A
good sound card is a must for people
who want to use their computer for
music, video, or games.
That said, you don't need to worry
too much about the various sound
cards when buying a computer; most
will perform the basic duties of
providing the necessary audio
Just as important are the speakers
for your system, both in terms of
quality and positioning.
These days, most computers come
with at least one DVD drive, which
can read both DVDs and CDs. While
some software still comes packaged
on CDs, most are written on DVDs, so
you'll need a DVD drive to use it.
If you want to be able to create
your own DVDs or CDs, you'll want a
DVD-RW (or CD-RW) drive, where the
"RW" stands for "read-write."
You also might want an extra drive,
in case one fails or if you want to
use multiple drives at once (such as
to listen to music from a CD while
playing a game on DVD).
A modem is required to connect
your computer to the Internet using
a dial-up connection. Many computers
today no longer included a modem. If
you are using a dial-up connection
check availability before you buy.
If you want broadband (high-speed)
Internet access, you'll need a DSL
or cable modem, either of which can
be rented from your Internet
You can also buy your own modem,
either wired or (especially if you
have a laptop) wireless.
You'll probably want a few other
important pieces of hardware
separate from the main computer.
Most are a matter of personal
preference and need, though a few
are required for proper use of your
Required equipment: mouse, keyboard,
Any off-the-shelf computer will at
least come with this basic
equipment, with the possible
exception of a monitor, which you
may have to buy separately or with
You'll probably want at least a
minimum of 17 inches for your
monitor; you can get larger and
thinner monitors for more money. Go
with what works for you and fits
Step 2: Determine
It should be obvious by
now that not all computers are
created equal. Which hardware
configuration will best meet your
computing needs? Something basic,
high-end or somewhere in between?
Would a laptop be better for you
than a PC? There are numerous
preliminary issues to clarify before
you start shopping.
First, you'll want to determine what
you plan to use your computer for.
These divisions are not hard and
fast, but should provide you with a
pretty good guideline.
Low-end: Word processing,
spreadsheets, web surfing, e-mail,
chatting, basic video and photo
Typical low-end specs: 2.0-2.5 GHz
processor, 150-200 GB hard drive,
512 MB RAM, 128 MB video card, at
least one CD/DVD drive (read-only or
Midrange: Above, plus some
3-D gaming, multimedia editing,
photo and video editing.
Typical midrange specs: 2.5-3.0 GHz
processor, 200-400 GB hard drive,
1-2 GB RAM, 256 MB video card, at
least one DVD/RW drive.
High-end: Above, plus
top-notch 3-D gaming, fast
processing, professional graphics
Typical high-end specs: 3.0+ GHz
processor, 400+ GB hard drive, 2+ GB
RAM, 256-512 MB video card, one or
two DVD/RW drives.
What kind of software are you going
to need? At the very least, you'll
need an operating system (the
underlying program that makes your
computer work), and you'll probably
want some basic applications for
tasks like word processing or
If you want to play a particular
game, make sure your computer can
Desktop vs. Laptop
Will you be wanting a desktop
machine, suitable for the home or
office, or a laptop, which you can
take anywhere? Desktops and laptops
share many of the same
characteristics and are, after all,
both computers, but each also has
its advantages and disadvantages:
Easier to upgrade.
Somewhat more powerful overall
(though laptops are closing the
Heavy and generally non-portable.
Bigger, requiring space to use
Lighter and more portable.
All-in-one package; you don't need
separate mouse, keyboard, monitor,
Poor ergonomics; people tend to
stoop over their machines and
smaller keyboard and monitor can be
more difficult to use.
Easily lost or stolen; don't leave
your laptop in your car, even if
Battery life can often be measured
in hours, requiring frequent
Difficult or impossible to upgrade.
May not include CD/DVD drives.
Finally, give a little thought
to your computer's operating system.
While whatever OS that comes with
your computer will accomplish nearly
all of your computing tasks just
fine, you might want to spend a
little time looking into your
If you buy an off-the-shelf PC,
you'll get the current Windows
system, Vista. Windows Vista has
been met with much skepticism. Until
the kinks in Vista are worked out,
you're probably better off with XP.
The only way now to buy a computer
with Windows XP is a custom build.
One other alternative OS is Linux,
an open-source OS that can run on a
PC. Linux's primary advantage is
that, as open-source software, it's
free. However, its adoption into the
desktop marketplace has been slow,
with the primary reasons quoted as
"application support, the quality of
peripheral support, and end user
support". If you're an advanced user
who enjoys a challenge, Linux may be
for you, but if not, you should
stick with Windows.
Step 3: Shop Around
Now that you've got a
pretty good idea of what you want to
buy, how should you go about buying
it? And, perhaps most importantly,
how much are you going to pay for
it? Are you going to choose an off
-the-shelf unit or a custom build.
Make a list of what you think you'll
need in terms of hardware and a
rough idea of what components (like
DVD drives, processor speed, RAM,
etc.) you'd like.
It's a good idea to set a budget,
but keep in mind that prices can
vary widely-- even on seemingly
similar systems or hardware. A
general guide is about $500-$800 for
a low-end computer, about
$800-$1,500 for a midrange computer,
and anywhere from $1,500 on up for a
high-end computer. This includes the
basics, like monitor, mouse,
keyboard, and speakers; printers and
other accessories may cost extra. As
with any shopping experience, watch
Don't be shy about asking for
advice, especially from
computer-savvy friends and family.
Store employees can also help, but
keep in mind that they're trying to
sell you something; take their
advice with a grain of salt. Calling
a local computer repair shop can
shed light on what brand computers
they see most frequently.
Once you know what you want and have
a rough idea of your price range, go
to a few stores and scan the
computer aisles for the best prices.
Even if you plan to buy on-line or
get a custom build, it's helpful to
browse a physical store for a while
to get an idea of what the computers
will look like and to see if you can
understand their features from the
descriptions. Take notes if you have
You may decide to choose a custom
build PC instead of one from a major
manufacturer. Custom build PC's are
generally higher in quality and
fairly equal in price.
Step 4: Make the
Now comes the moment of
truth: actually buying the computer.
As mentioned before, it's a big
investment, and not one you should
make lightly. Take one more look at
the budget you set. If you've
exceeded it by a ridiculous amount,
it might be wise to pare back some
of your computer's features.
Don't buy anything you don't need.
If your computer is part of a
package deal, you might be getting
hardware and software you don't
need. A custom build PC is designed
specifically for your needs without
extra software or hardware.
Don't forget the software! Any
computer will come with an operating
system, but you'll probably want
more that just that, like a basic
office package or games.
After you've browsed through
multiple stores—both physical and
on-line—and know exactly what you
want, make that purchase with
confidence! Once you get your
computer home, follow the
on how to hook everything up, power
on, and enjoy your new computer!
An advantage of having a PC custom
built is the computer will be
brought to you, setup, and any files
from your old computer are
transferred to your new system.
There, that wasn't so
bad, was it? Buying a computer is
like making any other major
purchase, like a house or a car. If
you do your homework, know exactly
what you need, and shop around for
the best deal, you'll find that it's
easy to get what you want with a
minimum of hassle and confusion.
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Woody Guthrie (1912-1967) highlighted the suffering of the rural poor and dispossessed in depression and dust storm America of the 1930s.
His many songs provide the backdrop for many of the reality of ordinary American life outside of the glamour of Hollywood and big City dreams.
Guthrie openly supported the trade union movement and promoted left-wing causes for several decades and campaigned on social justice issues while his battered guitar proudly displayed the message “This Machine Kills Fascists”.
During the 50s he along with thousands of others experienced the cancelation culture of the communist witch hunts of Joe McCarthy. (McCarthy of Tipperary and Galway heritage was publicly praised by some Catholic bishops in Ireland.)
Travelling incessantly when younger, his songs chart the daily lives of a hidden class of drifting migrant labourers and poor farmers driven from their lands and jobs by exploitation and natural disasters and faced with poverty, hunger and death.
His autobiography, ‘Bound For Glory’ published in 1943, which has sold millions of copies, brought his life’s work and ideas to a wide audience.
Woody played and sang with many of the great artists such as Sonny Terry, Cisco Houston, Leadbelly and Pete Seeger.
The song collector Alan Lomax also recorded Woody for the Library of Congress.
Many regard his composition ‘This Land Is Your Land’ as the alternative anthem of North America.
There is some debate about the words of two of the original seven verses which were critical of the political situation and are rarely sung these days but may still be just as relevant.
As I went walking I saw a sign there And on the sign it said “No Trespassing”. But on the other side it didn’t say nothing, That side was made for you and me.
In the squares of the City, In the shadow of a steeple;
Near the relief office, I’ve seen my people.
As they stood there hungry, I stood there asking,
Is this land made for you and me?
His many songs include ‘Ye Shall Be Free”, ‘John Henry’, ‘Tom Joad’, ‘Pastures of Plenty’, ‘So Long It’s been Good to Know Yah’, ‘Vigilante Man’, ‘ I Ain’t Got No Home’, while the Dust Bowl Ballads contains some of his finest work. He died after contracting Huntington’s Chorea, a degenerative disease.
His son Arlo Guthrie with Marjorie Greenblatt (Mazia), is a well known folk singer and has visited and played gigs in Ireland and in Cork many times.
The story and songs of Woody Gurthrie will be told by John Nyhan, Mick Treacy and friends at the Maldron Hotel, Shandon on Friday night 29th July from 9.30, all welcome. Not to be missed.
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The prevalence of historical trauma within minority communities has been well documented. When we examine the effects that disparities have had on these communities, we have found that there is a greater incidence of trauma and violence among ethnic minority children and youth and those impacted by poverty. Similarly, underprivileged youth are overrepresented in child welfare and juvenile justice settings, and those same individuals who are often impacted by poverty are less likely to access quality services. Certainly, disparities are closely linked with social or economic disadvantage and with lack of accessible, timely, quality health care. Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater social or economic obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group.
Mental Health America describes racism as "the combination of race-based prejudice and power" and notes that racialized trauma can come directly from other people or can be experienced within a wider system. In addition, racialized trauma can come as the result of a direct experience where racism is enacted on you (individual racism) and/or transmitted intergenerationally through larger societal entities (systemic racism). Indeed, the history of racial displacement, exclusion, and segregation has had lasting effects on BIPOC communities, illustrated by the persistent wealth gap between White and African American communities as well as the education gap between financially stable individuals and disadvantaged families.
What can everyone do to address racism and inequality
Addressing or responding to issues of racism and injustice is a complex task that includes changes on individual, community, and societal levels. Nevertheless, there are things that can be done in the effort to ensure that all individuals are treated fairly and that families are given equal access to services and opportunities. For example, making an effort to actively learn about the different groups represented in your organizations, schools, or communities can help to improve your understanding and respect for human diversity and individual differences. Learning more about the structural barriers that are faced in many communities and the disparities that occur with access to services is the first step in ensuring equitable opportunities for all children, youth, and families. It is also important that we continue to give those who are marginalized a voice. This can be done by making a conscious effort to engage and partner with individuals that are truly aware of the needs and challenges facing underserved and minority families.
Preventing and addressing trauma, violence, and discrimination in context
Effective violence prevention efforts take into account the factors that contribute to community violence at the individual, relationship, community and societal levels. These factors, summarized in the image below, may place individuals at increased risk for trauma exposure or oppression. When addressed, they can promote resiliency and support recovery. Within this guide, we have included unique challenges in the community as well as recommendations to address disparities and challenges unique to ethnic minorities and underserved families. Review our section “Challenges and Disparities for Disadvantaged and Minority Populations” to learn more about the racial and ethnic disparities related to rates of trauma and violence exposure, economic hardship, juvenile justice involvement, access to resources, etc.
-click on each tab below to review how caregivers, mental health providers, school staff, and communities can support individuals around issues of race and social justice-
- Mental Health Consequences and Service Utilization
- Addressing Racism and Inequity in School Settings
- What Caregivers and Families Can Do
- Challenges in the Community and Ways to Help
- Challenges and Disparities for Disadvantaged and Minority Populations
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Dalai Lama: Religion Without Quantum Physics is an Incomplete Picture of Reality
The Dalai Lama in New Delhi. Photo: Daniel Oberhaus
His Holiness on emptiness and entanglement.
Ever since Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543 to outline his heliocentric cosmology and thereby kick start modern scientific inquiry, an uneasy truce has existed between science and religion. Although Copernicus wasn’t persecuted for his views by the dominant religious authorities (in fact, Pope Clement VII expressed great interest in Copernicus’s work, and the latter would end up dedicating his Revolutions to Pope Paul III), his intellectual heir Galileo was not so lucky when he faced down the Roman Inquisition in 1633, a testament to the fragility of this philosophical truce.
This either/or approach to the world, where one considers phenomena through either a scientific or religious lens, has colored scientific inquiry ever since Galileo was placed under house arrest for his heretical (but scientifically accurate) views. Its legacy can still be seen today in the vehement spats between religiously motivated climate deniers and the militaristic guardians of science known as the New Atheists.
Yet what if there was a different approach to the world, which didn’t require planting oneself firmly in either the science or religion camp? This was the question posed by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, as he presided over a two day conference on quantum physics and Madhyamaka philosophy in New Delhi last week. And according to His Holiness, figuring out a way to reconcile scientific and religious philosophies may prove to be essential to the future of our species.
“I hope conferences like this can address two purposes: extending our knowledge and improving our view of reality so we can better tackle our disturbing emotions,” the Dalai Lama said, opening the conference on Thursday. “Early in my lifetime, science was employed to further material and economic development. Later in the 20th century, scientists began to see that peace of mind is important for physical health and well-being… As a result of combining warm-heartedness with intelligence, I hope we’ll be better equipped to contribute to humanity’s well-being.”
The Dalai Lama has never been a stranger to science, and throughout his tenure as Tibet’s leader in exile he has advocated for the collusion of science and Eastern philosophy (even Chairman Mao commended the Dalai Lama for his “scientific mind” directly after reminding His Holiness that “religion is poison”). This intersection of interests was manifest in the diversity of His audience, which was comprised of roughly 150 Tibetan bhikkhus, academics, and students who had piled into the conference center at Jawaharlal Nehru University to listen to the Dalai Lama and a panel of physicists and monastic scholars discuss the intersection of quantum physics and Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophy.
Selections from day 1 of the conference at JNU in New Delhi
As the Dalai Lama noted in his opening remarks at the Delhi conference, he was only alerted to the intersection of quantum science and Madhyamaka, one of the main schools of Buddhist thought, about 20 years ago after having a discussion with the late Indian nuclear physicist Raja Ramanna.
According to His Holiness, Ramanna had been reading the texts of Nagarjuna, and he was struck by just how much the ideas of this 2,000 year old Madhyamaka philosopher matched his own understanding of contemporary quantum physics.
There are generally considered to be two main philosophical schools in Buddhism, known as Mahayana and Theravada. Madhyamaka (“one who holds to the middle” or “the middle way”) belongs to the Mahayana school of thought and was developed by Nagarjuna in the second century. Although a staggering number of subtly different interpretations of Nagarjuna’s philosophies have emerged in commentaries on his work over the years, a core idea uniting them all is that of emptiness.
In Madhyamaka thought, all things are empty insofar as they lack any inherent essence or existence. This emptiness applies not just to people and things, but also to the analytic categories which are used to describe them. According to Nagarjuna, this emptiness is the product of the dependent origination of all things. In other words, all phenomena lack their own inherent existence because their very existence is dependent on the conditions that gave rise to them.
Yet for Nagarjuna, to say that nothing has any inherent existence is not the same as saying nothing exists; it is merely to posit that nothing has a “fixed and permanent nature.” In order to clarify this, Nagarjuna posited two truths: a conventional truth and an ultimate truth. In so doing, he recognized that it is possible to simultaneously perceive things as actually existing out there in the world (the conventional truth) as well as recognizing that they lack any inherent existence (the ultimate truth). Holding these two seemingly contradictory positions is only possible by recognizing that ‘reality’ is an experiential phenomenon, not one that has an objective existence independent of our experience of it.
If you’re confused as to just what these ancient musings on the nature of reality have to do with contemporary quantum physics, you’re not alone.
One of the most glaring examples of the intersection of Madhyamaka and quantum physics is to be found in the principle of wave-particle duality, which holds that elementary particles (fermions and bosons) can exhibit the characteristics of both particles and waves, yet can be wholly reduced to neither.
“There seems no likelihood for forming a consistent description of the phenomena of light by a choice of only one of the two languages [particle or wave],” Einstein once said while discussing the nature of light. “It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do.”
Like the quantum wave function, a probability matrix used by physicists to describe the state of a system at a given time, wave-particle duality points us to one of the central problems at the heart of quantum science: is there an objective, independent reality that is capable of being quantified, or are all such measurements subjective by virtue of the fact that they are always dependent on an observer to take them, thus merely reflecting the observer’s knowledge?
As Einstein and the physicists at the conference pointed out, these seemingly contradictory pictures of reality really only make sense if you take them both together: a middle way, much like the Madhyamaka philosophy.
On the one hand, the act of observation collapses the indeterminacy of the wave function into a definite reality: the cat in the box is either dead or alive, the beam of light is composed of either particles or waves, which is determined through the act of observation. Yet in each case, the underlying reality is that the cat and light don’t inherently have the characteristic of being alive or dead, or a wave or particles; rather, the underlying reality, the wave function, is indeterminate and can only be quantified as a set of probabilities
Another aspect of quantum mechanics worth mentioning is the principle of entanglement. This principle, tackled by both Einstein and Schrödinger in 1935, occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated in such a way that the state of any given particular particle cannot be determined. Rather, the observer must measure the state of the quantum system as a whole. With an entangled system, the state of each particle is correlated with the others; therefore, measuring single particle will influence its entangled partners (what Einstein called “spooky action at a distance”), collapsing the superimposed states of the entire quantum system.
His Holiness insisted on the need for both physics and philosophy in the quest to overcome ignorance and end suffering, which are arguably the main aims of Buddhism
To borrow from the language of Nagarjuna’s philosophy, we might say that quantum physics possesses two truths: a conventional truth (the determinate reality brought about through observation) and the ultimate truth (an indeterminate reality expressed as probabilities). These truths of quantum mechanics mirror Madhyamaka philosophy insofar as the latter professes that things do actually exist out there in the world yet have no intrinsic, objective essence and only derive their essence from our subjective interpretations.
What is more, in both cases, the explanation for the two truths is remarkably similar in both quantum mechanics and Madhyamaka philosophy. In the case of quantum mechanics, entanglement is a quantifiable expression of Nagarjuna’s notion of dependent origination—the state of a particular quantum particle cannot be expressed because it is dependent on the quantum system as a whole, much like Nagarjuna’s phenomena which cannot have their own inherent essences because their existence is dependent on the conditions which brought them forth.
Such were the ideas expressed over the course of the two day conference at JNU in New Delhi. For the most part, the explicit connections between Madhyamaka and quantum physics were left up to the interpretation of the audience. The physicists stuck to physics and the monastic scholars stuck to Buddhism.
Yet much like each concept itself, composed of seemingly contradictory ideas that nevertheless prove to be complimentary, His Holiness insisted on the need for both physics and philosophy in the quest to overcome ignorance and end suffering, which are arguably the main aims of Buddhism. Both science and religion have their own specific uses, but one without the other can lead to less than desirable results, to say nothing of painting an incomplete picture of reality.
“Right now when we see the sad things going on in the world, crying and prayer won’t achieve very much,” His Holiness said. “Although we may be inclined to pray to God or Buddha to help us solve such problems, they might reply that since we created these problems it is up to us to solve them. Most of these problems were created by human beings, so naturally they require human solutions. We need to take a secular approach to promulgating universal human values. The sense that our basic human nature is positive is a source of hope [that]… If we really make an attempt, we can change the world for the better.”
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Master COGS with Jordensky! Your guide to financial success, exploring components, methods, challenges, and real-world examples.
Understanding COGS Essentials
Components of COGS
Direct and Indirect Costs Unveiled
COGS vs. Operating Expenses
Balancing for Profit Maximization
Importance of Accurate COGS Calculation
Ensuring Financial Accuracy and Tax Compliance
Methods for Calculating COGS
Tailored Approaches for Your Business
Common Challenges in COGS Calculation
Mastering Fluctuations for Consistency
Best Practices for Managing COGS
Streamlining Inventory and Pricing
Real-world Examples and Case Studies
Learning from Successful COGS Optimization
Tools and Further Reading for Continued Learning
Conclusion: Mastering COGS
Unlocking Financial Prosperity🚀💼
A deep comprehension of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) is your startup's best friend in the broad world of financial management. With a focus on dissecting COGS, examining its essential elements, and investigating its crucial influence on the financial environment of Indian enterprises, this thorough roadmap seeks to clarify the complexities of the concept. Join us on this enlightening journey! 🌟
A thorough understanding of COGS requires a keen understanding of its component parts. The three main components of COGS are direct costs, which include labor, raw materials, and manufacturing overhead. The three components of production costs are labor, manufacturing overhead, and raw materials, which are the tangible inputs needed for production. Labor costs represent the compensation paid to individuals involved directly in the manufacturing process.
A clear separation of COGS from operating expenses becomes critical in the complex fabric of financial management. While both categories have a significant impact on a company's profitability, their underlying traits and outcomes are very different. COGS refers to the direct costs that are directly related to production, while operating expenses are the costs that are incurred on a daily basis by a business, such as marketing, salaries, and administrative costs.
Accurate COGS calculations are essential in a number of ways, each with significant implications for a company's bottom line. First and foremost, precise COGS data are essential for accurate financial reporting and analysis. These reports serve as a crucial reference point for stakeholders, investors, and prospective partners looking for an accurate indicator of a company's performance.
There are several ways to compute COGS, each with unique benefits and things to keep in mind. The Specific Identification method offers unmatched precision by keeping track of the price of each individual item. First-In-First-Out (FIFO) is an effective strategy for businesses that deal with perishable goods because it assumes that the earliest acquired items will be sold first. In inflationary environments, on the other hand, Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) assumes the sale of the most recently acquired items first and works well.
Despite the critical nature of COGS, businesses frequently face obstacles that prevent precise computations. Raw material price fluctuations are a recurring issue that require careful observation and correction of COGS figures. The computation process is made more difficult by labor cost variability and inconsistent overhead allocation, which emphasizes the necessity of taking preventative action to overcome these obstacles.
The foundation of long-term financial stability and profitability optimization is effective COGS management and control. The first step is to put simplified inventory management procedures into place. This include keeping your inventory at the ideal level, avoiding stockouts or overstocking, and using technology to track your inventory precisely.
Using case studies and illustrative examples to assimilate practical insights enhances the application of COGS concepts in real-world situations. These instances highlight companies that have effectively reduced their cost of goods sold (COGS), leading to increased profitability and long-term growth.
Investigate financial management and COGS optimization in greater detail by looking into the following extra resources:
A. Recommended Tools for COGS Calculation
B. Further Reading on Financial Management for Startups
Empowered with the knowledge and insights conferred by this guide, startups and small enterprises can embark on a journey toward financial excellence, harnessing the potency of accurate COGS calculation for enduring success. 🚀
Mastering COGS is a small business game-changer. From unraveling its components to overcoming challenges, this guide simplifies financial complexities. Accurate COGS calculation, coupled with strategic decisions, is your path to long-term success. Empower your business with financial clarity and operational efficiency.
Q: What is COGS?
A: COGS, or Cost of Goods Sold, represents the total cost involved in producing and bringing goods to the market.
Q: Why is COGS Crucial for Small Businesses?
A: COGS directly influences profits, pricing strategies, and overall financial well-being, guiding essential business decisions.
Q: How Does COGS Differ from Operating Expenses?
A: COGS relates to production costs, while operating expenses cover day-to-day business costs like rent and salaries.
Q: What Methods Can Small Businesses Use to Calculate COGS?
A: Small businesses can employ methods such as Specific Identification, FIFO, LIFO, and Weighted Average, offering flexibility based on their specific needs.
Q: How Can Small Businesses Overcome Common COGS Challenges?
A: Overcoming challenges involves efficient inventory management, technology adoption, and regular price adjustments to navigate fluctuating costs and ensure accurate COGS calculation.
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> Amazingly enough, some anthropologists believe that
> the rapid spread of Cro-Magnon culture into Europe
> is related both to the development of complex speech
> patterns and the invention of the sewing needle, both
> occurring about 40,000 years ago.
That's a very interesting speculation.
At that time, I would guess we are talking about needles made out of bone. But Charles adds more:
> Or antler. An important Cro-Magnon invention was the
> ability to groove and split antler to make long straight
> splinters that could then be shaped into spear points
> [especially barbed harpoon-like points] and sewing
and Peter Boulding continues today's lesson on Cro-Magnon man:
It's pretty amazing what Mr C M M managed to use antlers for. I've seen a trench eighteen inches wide and four feet deep cut into solid chalk, running in a 100-foot diameter circle round the top of one of those dome-shaped Dorset hills, that was dug entirely with pieces of antler; no sign of flint tools. The trench was the foundation of a wooden henge: at three-foot intervals there were foot-deep round holes in the base of the trench for the telegraph pole-sized wooden uprights. The henge, whose purpose is unknown, took two generations to build; four generations later the entire structure was very deliberately burned down: again, we have no idea why, but it's not that simple to turn that many telegraph poles into charcoal, not when they're buried five feet deep in tightly-packed chalk infill.
Although Peter needed to clarify, in response to this objection:
> I didn't know that any of the henges, wood or stone, were CMM. Are
> you sure?
No, you're right: I was using "CMM" to indicate what archaeologists and anthropologists nowadays call simply "modern man"--i.e. CMM and everyone descended from him; we used to refer to ourselves as CMM to merely to distinguish ourselves from the Neanderthals we supplanted. AFAIK no known henges are anything like 10,000+ years old; the one I referred to was onlyabout a third of that age.
So ends today's Anthopology lesson.
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In terms of popularity, wasps sit somewhere between house centipedes and mosquitos in regards to universal desire for their demise — so the prospect that they can identify faces is pretty horrifying. According to new research, certain species of wasp can tell one another apart based on faces, which only convinces me further that they can recognize me at a distance, and plan their attacks on me personally.
Polistes fuscatus, the paper wasp, lives in communal colonies with multiple queens, and thus have evolved the ability to recognize and identify wasps based on their faces — which they can do faster and more accurately than with other shapes and colors. This skill isn't found in the closely related but comparatively solitary Polistes metricus, who have only a single queen, and are much slower to learn to identify individual faces.
Since this recognition doesn't seem to be available to all wasps, it's an excellent example of convergent evolution — after all, it's something humans do too, even though our eyes and brains are completely different to theirs.
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Gender Gap Theory Collapses Under Scrutiny
The gender gap in wages is real, and it cannot be explained by a theory
that men put more time and effort into their jobs, sociologists announced
at the American Sociological Association meeting last August.
William Bielby, an NSF-funded sociologist from the University of California, Santa Barbara,
tested a theory used by some economists to explain inequities in wages
between men and women.
In short, the theory says that due to family commitments,
women put in less time and effort at work than men do. Or, as Bielby told
the United Press International, the theory is: "Hour-for-hour, men are
more productive than women, who have greater household responsibilities.
And [men] receive more pay and better career opportunities as a result."
Bielby and his colleagues interviewed 500 employed adults and their employers.
He found "no support" for this theory.
"In fact," he told UPI, "our results
showed that compared to men with similar household responsibilities, human
capital and work contexts, women allocate substantially more effort to
Other sociologists presented evidence that the wage
gap has closed slightly since the 1960s, when women earned 59 cents for
every dollar men earned. Now women are earning an average of 71 cents to
the dollar, according to Suzanne Bianchi, a sociologist at the University
of Maryland, College Park.
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When you develop an online course, your goal is to close a gap. This is the gap between your audience’s current knowledge and skills and what the audience needs to learn and do. Become obsessed with closing the gap so distractions don’t obscure your vision.
Rapid Approach or Systematic Approach?
There are rapid approaches to course development and steady and sure systematic approaches. Both approaches are useful, depending on the type of project you are developing and your situation. The rapid approach works for smaller courses, for situations when time is short, for small audiences, etc. The systematic approach is better for large courses, when developing an entire curriculum and when you are targeting large and diverse audiences. This article focuses on the systematic approach to self-paced eLearning development. As a model, it is up to the developer to add the creativity and excitement that will motivate learners.
Professionals in the field of eLearning typically use a framework known as Instructional Design (ID) for developing all types of instructional materials. Instructional Design is based on cognitive psychology, the study of how people think and learn.
A common development model you may come across for creating instructional products is ADDIE, which stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. I think the ADDIE model works best for instructor-led training, where Implementation occurs in a classroom and Evaluation involves getting feedback from participants.
Another Development Model
Instead of using ADDIE , I work with a model that is more aligned to developing self-paced eLearning. It consists of the phases that are described below. Although the model is actually iterative, meaning you will often have cause to go back to a previous phase—the overall direction of the process is shown here. This model is just a framework. It can only work if you understand your learners and how they learn.
Analysis: During the Analysis Phase, you research and identify the audience characteristics, the content (how its organized, what it means, how much there is), the learning environment (where and when users will take the course), and the technical requirements (web-based or CD-ROM, speed of the user’s internet connection, audio capability of computers, etc.). Your client, whether internal or external, may want the findings of your analysis to be documented. If so, you may want to include a content outline
Design: During the Design Phase, you design and document a big-picture view of the course by writing learning objectives derived from the content. Learning objectives are statements of what the learner should achieve from the course. Write your learning objectives in a way that they can be measured. You might base the learning objectives on existing materials, interviews with subject matter experts, original research, etc. If the content already exists, such as when you convert classroom materials into an online course, look for opportunities to improve the material. For example, you may need to reorganize the content, fill in missing content or confirm that learners have the prerequisite knowledge required to take the course. Then organize related learning objectives into small small units or lessons.
This is also the time to consider the creative treatment of the course. Now that you understand the audience, find ways to motivate them. Will there be an overall theme? Interactive exercises? Games? Knowledge checks to review the material? If you have a good sense of what the course will require, you can begin to design the course user interface (how users will interact with the course). This lets all the stakeholders weigh in on the look and feel. Don’t panic. Many eLearning authoring tools come with a standard user interface.
Writing Storyboards. At this phase, you are ready to take the learning objectives for each lesson and write storyboards, which document everything that will appear on the screen and everything that will be heard. For each screen, a storyboard shows the text, a description of the graphic, the audio script (if using audio) and the video script (if using video). Storyboards should also include a visual and text description of the interactions or games that will occur on each screen and the branching (if any) that occurs as a result of a user action.
Ideally, the storyboards will be reviewed by an editor or at least one other competent writer. Storyboards typically need approval by stakeholders or subject matter experts and I wouldn’t continue further in the process until storyboards are approved.
Formative Evaluation. This is an excellent time to have a few sample audience members review the storyboard and provide feedback. Known as formative evaluation, this process can save a lot of revisions later on. As each storyboard is agreed upon or approved, move into the next phase—Production.
Writing Test Questions. If an assessment will be included, this is the time to write your test questions. Test questions should be based on the learning objectives. This ensures learners will be tested on information they were taught and that everything of importance is tested. Some designers write test questions before writing the storyboards. By doing this, you can make sure the course content covers all the important test questions. On the other hand, some designers prefer to write the test questions after storyboard approval, because they are more familiar with the content at the end of writing and because content often changes during the development and revision process.
Production: During the Production Phase the synergy of your own or your group’s vision comes to fruition. This is when all of the media elements are created and assembled into a course. Graphics are produced, audio is recorded, video is shot, text is edited and interactions are produced. Using an authoring system, assemble the media assets into the course to create a a running, published or programmed version. How this more technical aspect is achieved depends on the authoring tool you are choose to use. Examples are: Captivate, Flash, Articulate Presenter, Lectora, Toolbook, Authorware, etc.
Quality Assurance: Quality Assurance (QA) involves testing your online course. When a course doesn’t work correctly, users get frustrated. Also, if the goal of the course is to close knowledge and information gaps, it is important that the course works so well, it is transparent to the learning process.
To begin the QA process, determine all the possible paths a user might take and run though the course along each path, ensuring that each one works correctly. A professional QA tester will write a test plan of all possible paths. Log any errors and provide an error report to the appropriate person to correct them. Retest the course again after the errors are corrected. If the course will be integrated into a Learning Management System (LMS) then perform two levels of testing: 1) test the course as a stand-alone product and 2) test again when it is integrated into the LMS.
Other topics, such as how to motivate learners and how to continuously evaluate your courses will be discussed in future articles.
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Patrik Weckman, a recent member of our growing Finnish piper’s network, has brought to our attention an interesting artwork by the painter Juho Rissanen (1873-1950).
In picture 1 – “Kolme soittajaa” (Three players) – the 1928 sketch intended as a study for the future National theater’s fresco, produced that same year (picture 2). On the whole it portrays the centuries old tradition of “Helkajuhla” or Helka feast in Sääksmäki Ritvala village in the Tavast province. The festivity is still held nowadays. It happens in early summer and displays characteristics that range from paganism to catholic prayer processions. Young girls will procession through the village singing old runo-songs with medieval themes. The meaning: to ensure the fertility of the village fields
In the fresco, one can clearly see a fiddle player, a woodwind player (Unlikely a horn, but whether flute or reed instrument is to be determined), and clearly a Piper. The observer’s perspective of both the fiddle and the woodwind are partially obstructed by trees in the foreground. However, the bagpipe is unobstructed and clearly visible. The bagpipe may clearly be identified as a mouth blown, single drone instrument, with a conical chanter. Both the chanter and the drone have very pronounced bell like ending. We may guess with a fair certainty that the drone ends with a closed bottom, hollow resonator. We cannot identify if the drone is being used in the “fully closed” position or if it lacks tuning slides.
At first glance it appears to be a single piece drone, which would naturally prevent the piper for comfortably tune the drone. This would not be unlike other ancient world bagpipes, where the piper is forced to rely on tuning the reed exclusively. On the other hand, as often is the case in bagpipe iconography, we cannot be certain of the author’s familiarity with all the subtleties and details of piping. However, Patrik tells us of other sketches of other pipers, made by the same author while living abroad. In this example the painter gives us hints that he knows full well what he is depicting – Please notice that both piper and woodwind player are making identical cross-fingerings, which adds to the authenticity of what Rissanen is depicting.
Curiously enough, both the fiddler player and the woodwind player appear to be left-handed. Could that be for purely visual composition reasons? Or was the artist depicting Finnish musicians he actually knew? By putting ourselves in the roles of pipers, bagpipe makers, and visual artists, we are inclined to believe the authenticity of what Rissanen is portraying.
The elephant is the room is that, once again, we are left with the depiction of a “conical system” bagpipe in Finland, like the previous already know 3 iconography (please see our blog article on the state of the art of bagpipes in Finland).
As intriguing as this may be, we are not impressed – Most people are aware that iconography models migrate from country to country, subject to the fashion trends of each époque. The artist was born in Kuopio Savolax, lived many years in France and Italy, before dying in the USA. So far, we are of the opinion that most certainly this bagpipe is drawn out of the author’s body of work, from bagpipes he had already sketched in Bretagne.
“So? what is the fuzz? Case closed!” – the reader would say!
Well, what moves Patrik Weckman to continue his inquiries on the subject is the following research question: “- Why? Why would the painter include bagpipes in such a nationalistic charged artistic work?” “- Yes!” – Patrik continues, “- Maybe he got his inspiration from France especially from Bretagne where he also lived. But why put it in this kind of work in Finland?” He is inquiring further into the life of the painter and this peculiar work of art, and writing an article to be published in Finnish language. He has kindly authorized us to translate it here to English language after the Finnish publication, in order to reach a much wider audience. Open citizen inquiries are bound to promote discussion and further discoveries into the field of bagpipes and woodwinds in Finland.
We are extremely happy that Patrik is asking such thought-provoking questions, and look forward to his article. Thank you Please keep up the good work, and keep us posted!
* We would like to acknowledge and join Patrik in thanking Marianna Huttunen, chief curator at the Kuopio Art Museum, for the valuable details about this case.
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For nearly a century in the second millennium B.C., a mysterious band of maritime warriors known as the “Sea Peoples” wreaked havoc on the Mediterranean. “They came from the sea in their warships,” reads one ancient inscription, “and none could stand against them.” There are accounts of the Sea Peoples attacking Egypt, Turkey, Syria and Palestine. They may have even toppled the mighty Hittite Empire, yet despite the indelible mark they left on history, scholars know almost nothing about their culture or nationality.
What little information historians have on the Sea Peoples comes from the civilizations that fought wars against them, most notably the ancient Egyptians. One early reference dates to the 13th century B.C. and the reign of the Egyptian pharaoh Merenptah, who claimed to have killed 6,000 of the enigmatic seafarers after they allied themselves with the Libyans. An even more detailed account comes courtesy of Ramses III, who fought a series of cataclysmic battles against the Sea Peoples around 1170 B.C. An inscription in Ramses’ mortuary temple at Medinet Habu describes the Sea Peoples as having moved south through the eastern Mediterranean, laying waste to cities in Turkey, Syria, Cyprus and the Levant. “They desolated its people,” it reads, “and its land was like that which has never come into being.”
Ramses’ records describe the Sea Peoples as consisting of a confederation of tribes including the Sherden, Peleset, Denyen, Shekelesh and others. Scholars are still unsure or these groups’ origins, but many trace them to Sicily, the Aegean Sea or the Anatolia region of Turkey. The Peleset, meanwhile, are often identified as the Philistines of the Bible. Equally mysterious is the Sea Peoples’ motivation for ravaging the Mediterranean. Opinions differ, but some historians believe they had been displaced from their homeland by famine or natural disasters.
Whatever their origins, the Sea Peoples returned to Egypt in the mid-12th century B.C. intent on conquest. Ramses III marshaled his forces to the defense of his kingdom, and after routing the Sea Peoples’ army on land, he decimated their fleet at the 1175 B.C. Battle of the Delta, where Egyptian archers lined the banks of the Nile and rained arrows on the invaders’ ships. The war left Egypt greatly weakened, but it also marked the end of the Sea Peoples’ raids. Having been decisively defeated, they vanished from history, leaving behind a mystery that still lingers today. “As for those who reached my frontier, their seed is not,” reads one of Ramses’ records. “Their hearts and their souls are finished unto all eternity.”
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One of the most common concerns about the prevalence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in North America is whether they are safe for our children and families to eat. GMOs (or “genetically modified organisms”) are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This relatively new science creates unstable combinations of plant, animal, bacteria and viral genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods. There is a growing body of evidence that connects GMOs with potential health problems, environmental damage, and violations of farmers’ and consumers’ rights.
The sad truth is many foods popular with children, like cereal, snack bars, cookies, processed lunchmeats, and crackers often contain GMOs. Ingredients derived from GMO corn, soy, and canola are the most common GMO risk ingredients found in processed foods. GMO sugar beets are often the source of sugar in many processed candies and sweet foods. Be sure to read your labels to find other GMOs that may be hidden in processed foods.
GMOs may be hidden in common processed food ingredients: Amino Acids, Aspartame, Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Ascorbate, Vitamin C, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Flavorings (“natural” and “artificial”), High Fructose Corn Syrup, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Lactic Acid, Maltodextrins, Molasses, Monosodium Glutamate, Sucrose, Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP), Xanthan Gum, Vitamins, Yeast Products.
Despite the prevalence of GMOs in the typical breakfast, ensuring the most important meal of your day is non-GMO is made easy by the abundance of Non-GMO Project Verified breakfast options, the availability of organic produce, and…blenders! Many of us at the Non-GMO Project start our day with a fresh juice or smoothie, followed by a whole grain or protein-based breakfast. It’s not uncommon to walk through the office in the morning and see mason jars on desks, filled with vibrant fruit and vegetable concoctions.
Smoothies are also generally “kiddo-approved” not only because they are colorful, but also because they are fun to make and feel like a treat. Since the only GMO-risk fruit at this time is Hawaiian papaya, smoothies and fresh juice make a delicious and nutritious non-GMO breakfast. For more ideas, check out the list of Non-GMO Project Verified cereals and browse our growing recipe collection.
We’d love to see what your non-GMO breakfast looks like—please share your photos and recipes in the comments below! #nongmobreakfast
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Join a Smart Word! We know how frustrating it can be to read an interesting article on sustainable development and come upon certain terms that you have no idea what they mean. Finding a concise definition on internet can take some time. We want to make your reading and learning about Sustainable Development easier with this Sustainable Development Glossary A-Z. Find your word with a click below:
A / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O / P / Q / R / S / T / U / V / W / X / Y / Z
Is the term that you look for missing in this glossary? Let us know here. We will add that term for you!
Coming soon: Examples of discussions and action taken by youth related to main terms in the glossary will be constantly added to the glossary. Stay tune!
This glossary is extracted from the YMP – free distance course on Sustainable Development for students between ages 16-18. In the YMP youth and their teachers learn and discuss globally about sustainable development while taking local action towards more sustainable societies. YMP is provided in English and is open to students from all countries.
What is the YMP? watch video
Students write about their experience in the YMP:
What teachers say about YMP:
Together we are taking steps towards a more sustainable world.
Share this link with your friends and colleagues – choose your favourite channel below!
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Conservation of mass is an intuitive concept but false. We already know that mass can be changed into energy and vice versa via the relationshipWe already know that nothing – strictly, no matter – can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. What happens then as a body accelerates? Surely if we apply a force to an object it will continue to accelerate? If the speed of light is a fundamental limit, what happens as the limit is approached?
The mass of a body is not constant. What we think of as the mass of a body can probably most closely be described by the term 'rest mass' , the mass of a body when it is not moving. As the speed of the body increases, so does it's effective mass as shown in the diagram below,
and a greater force must be applied to keep it accelerating at the same rate. Newton's second law of motion is still relevant, in a slightly adapted form,whereis now the relativistic mass,As the speed increases the relativistic mass increases without limit, becoming infinite atimplying also that the applied force must be infinite to keep the body accelerating.
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Definition of kaleidoscope
The word kaleidoscope uses 12 letters: a, c, d, e, e, i, k, l, o, o, p, s
kaleidoscope is playable in:
Meanings of kaleidoscope
n. - An instrument invented by Sir David Brewster, which contains loose fragments of colored glass, etc., and reflecting surfaces so arranged that changes of position exhibit its contents in an endless variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical forms. It has been much employed in arts of design.
Hook words of kaleidoscope
These are words formed by appending one letter to kaleidoscope. Extend an already existing word on the board.
Other words with the same letter pairs
Find words containing the letter combinations found in kaleidoscope.
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There has recently been much media coverage of the British ‘housing crisis’, as if people had only just noticed, the crisis arguably began in the early 1980s and has continued ever since.
The situation prior to the crisis, what perhaps was considered normal, was for homes to cost 3 times the full time workers salary. People could take out mortgages over 25 years and pay around 20% of their incomes servicing there mortgage and still have money to save or invest. There was also a rental sector, with relatively secure tenancies and rents were reasonable. Then there was social/council housing, for those unable or unwilling to enter the private housing market. There were the experimental housing estates of the 1950s and 1960s, which many tenants moved from as they were poorly maintained and the councils housed difficult tenants in them, all of which led to estates becoming ‘sink estates; areas of high crime.
The Thatcher government introduced the policy of ‘right to buy’ (though the Labour party had tried to introduce the policy in the 1950s), whereby council tenants had the right to buy their homes at a substantial discount on the market price (up to 50%). The idea of owning your home rather than renting now became appealing to a wider section of the population. In my view, the policy in itself is a good one, however what the government failed to do was replace the houses that were sold with new build social housing, this really is what caused the housing crisis. There remained spare capacity in property available in deprived areas of towns and cities, slowly this spare capacity disappeared without replacement.
The fall in the numbers of social houses was exacerbated with the perennial failure of private house building to keep up with demand. Demand was rising as the number of households increased and to a lesser extent population growth. The rise in the number of households was caused by social changes. Social changes, such as the rise in the divorce rate meant the traditional family home became two homes and young adults living independently for longer periods before marriage.
Demand for housing exceeded supply, causing rapid house price inflation, an inflation that far exceeded economic growth (wages, GDP, inflation) and was not a reflection of the underlying health of the British economy, although many on the right claimed it was. This has continued for 35 years. The people of Britain have adapted to these changes, absorbing the effects of the crisis. There has been a general trend of a decrease in the space or the square footage, taken up by individuals. New builds are smaller and smaller, existing housing has had rooms divided into smaller ones to pack more people in, all at the cost of individuals living efficiency. People have moved into the empty homes in the deprived areas and moved to live further and further away from their place of work. More importantly the amount of peoples income spent on housing has increased, from around 20% to up to 50% of income. Really, I think it’s quite crazy to spend half you’re income just to put a roof over your head, when it doesn’t take half an individuals life work to build a house.
Why are the British prepared to spend so much money on housing? The housing crisis has been growing for a long time. Younger people have felt a desperation to own there own home as relative cost increased further, rather than waste their money paying the profits of a landlord or a financial institution, especially when in the long term, over a lifetime, buying over renting still saves a lot of money.
I noted in the news yesterday that the average England and Wales monthly rent is £816, The average house price is £178000. The mortgage repayments, over a standard 25 year mortgage for this average house is £858. Basically, the cost of paying rent and a mortgage are essentially the same. So, it is always advantageous to buy instead of rent. The percentage of people in the 25-35 age group, when traditionally people buy a family home is falling, What frustrates young people is to get a mortgage a 10% deposit is required, this is frustrating to achieve, when they are renting at £800 a month and need to save for a deposit on top of this, knowing that when they do get a mortgage there monthly outgoings then fall. It’s a catch-22 as they longer they take to raise this deposit the amount required increases as house prices and rents continue to rise, All this in an economy where wages are stagnant.
This barrier to buying, doesn’t apply to the asset rich, who can find a deposit. The phenomena of ‘buy to let’ landlords became common. You simply paid the deposit and over 25 years the mortgage was paid off by the tenants renting the house and suddenly you have a valuable asset to sell. so, a whole industry of private landlords who made a lot of money out of very little work and no contribution to the productive economy. Because the expansion of this practice itself led to house price inflation, both encouraged it and hit the productive workers who lived in these homes.
The failure of private construction companies to supply the market with new build homes is a contributory factor. Friends of mine who live and work in continental Europe encounter locals who are find it strange that the British tend to live in old damp housing, rather than move to new builds. The answer is that new build housing is of lower quality than old housing and situated on estates that lack local pubs and shops and transport connections, they are relatively isolated. and as such command a lower market price than old housing. The majority of new build housing is constructed by a cartel of large developers, who build to minimum build quality standards, the houses are small and designed to a minimum specification of living needs, so they have limited appeal, generally those who can only afford new build. Much of this housing suffers from poor sound insulation and lack the ability to deliver real living needs. So, the traditional Victorian terrace house is superior as a place to live even if it costs a lot more to heat in the winter, really the UK should build new terrace housing in the same medium density style but with modern insulation methods.
A consequence of this hyper inflationary market has been social segregation, only those on high wages can afford to live near the places of work that pay high wages and have access to good social facilities. London and the south east of England has particularly borne the brunt of this hyper-inflation. There has been a scramble for people of my generation to enter the housing market before it’s too late, itself contributing to the inflation.
Another major social change has been work tenure. The older generation generally had ‘jobs for life’ where people could work for the same firm all their lives, taking on senior roles as their skills and experience increased. This is no longer the model, nowadays workers is contracted to a handful of years, so people move around the UK and the rest of the world to work. This has led to the idea that when buying a home to have it near by a range of potential businesses and customers, so a job can change but the home needn’t change. The resulting pressure on the transport infrastructure of increasing long distance commuting meant that homes near good transport hubs increased, distance from place of work no longer matters, it’s the time spent traveling that is important.
People are afraid to move, even when this will increase their living standards. This is partly due to the cost of £5000+ simply to sell your home and buy another elsewhere. An unwillingness to move to an area where property prices may drop relative to other areas, partly due to fear of not being able to move back home is house prices change. A consequence of this is that people living in and around London don’t want to risk moving away for a great work/business opportunity as they fear not being able to move back to home to their friends and family. This has encouraged the phenomenon utilised by several of my friends of buying a home in London or elsewhere, renting it out and using the rental income to pay to rent somewhere else, giving them flexibility in where they live in exchange for the awkwardness of being a landlord and renting at the same time.
All this social change has led to the political establishment appearing to finally realisie that housing is now the UK economies biggest problem, affecting productivity and recruitment. If you are a firm based in London you are well situated for producing products for a large local market and international connections are easy to set up and maintain. The cost of these advantages has largely been absorbed by the workforce, keen to hold a well paying job. however productivity is low as workers spend hours every day on cramped trains or stuck in traffic jams, this makes them tired and stressed and hence less productive. It is difficult to recruit staff as highly skilled people, who don’t already live in the South East are unable to afford to move to the area, unless wages rise. Such wages have risen, which further exacerbates the problem, the crisis is now being discussed because firms can no longer afford the staffing costs, especially in the sluggish post-2008 world economy. the workers and financial institutions have decreasing disposable incomes and no savings to invest in innovation.
Outside the global financial industry and the South East of England, these problems caused by the housing crisis are also manifest. The social division of areas has caused people to flee to areas with cheaper housing costs. This drove up housing costs in other industrial hubs, creating tensions with the local population, again pushing wages up to fund the increasing costs costs of housing for workers. The effect of this that a new business may have a great product and skilled staff, but cannot sell the product cheaply because wages are so high. The British have absorbed rising housing costs by cutting their disposable incomes to the hilt. Many firms now manufacture their goods or use cheaper labour in call centres countries like India to manage their sales and customer service because they can’t do it locally, because of the housing crisis. Essentially it is hard to develop a business in the UK in a globalised world, because the costs of living is too high. The British people have suffered and made the best of the housing crisis, but it has reached the point where it severely impacts the British economy generally.
The UK’s failure in tackling the housing crisis is simply bad economically. Capitalism works through supply and demand, open financial transactions and a free market. The problem is that housing is not part of a free market in the UK and never has been. Economies work well by having good levels of liquidity: Basically I buy goods from company A, they buy goods from company B, company B buys goods from company C, I work for company C so some of .the money comes back to me. However when each company pays wages to it’s staff and half of that money disappears to financial institutions/ asset rich landlords in housing costs. The problem is that the money made by the financial institutions doesn’t go back into the economy, it is spent on acquiring assets, including housing, further reducing liquidity. The asset bubble has finally hit the financial institutions, they no longer invest in economic growth as there is no liquidity to grow the businesses, instead they buy assets, this bubble will surely burst sometime soon as the British have borrowed to the hilt to to maintain living standards in the hope that things will get better. In a cold country, people have an innate fear of homelessness.
So, what is the solution?
1/ Build more housing. Firstly the government builds more social housing. Any money paid by the tenants over maintenance costs allows the tenant to buy a portion of the home every month, this money can then be invested in more social housing. Secondly change the planing system, allow qualified town planners to zone land and make planning applications quick and easy and ensure developments are properly planned, with green space, space for local business to develop and for social facilities, such as shops and schools, i.e make new estates places where people can live, build communities, rather than have to travel somewhere else to take part in social events. Thus zoning will be based on community needs rather than the lowest bidder.
2/ Discourage use of housing as an asset business. Homes are places for people to live and not as a resource to be exploited. A way to do this is to tax purchase of 2nd properties at say 20% of the market price, to help fund social house building and then a land value tax on the property. This will give people buying a home to live in an advantage over the asset rich.
3/ Change the laws for homes, give people the right to a home. If someone suffers becoming unemployed and defaults on their mortgage, the state should buy the property at the purchase price or the current market value (whichever is lower) and allow the occupants to live in the property, it becomes social housing, so when the occupants regain employment they continue buying the home, of the government.
4/ Improve the building regulations, make homes more energy sustainable and sound insulated. Set minimum space standards per person.
5/ Encourage social mobility, eliminate stamp duty and streamline the conveyancing process, enabling people to move home without incurring a penalty. This will aid people moving closer to their workplace and retired people away from transport and employment hubs
6/ Deal with negative equity, provide assistance for those who were unlucky to take on a mortgage towards the end of the housing crisis. But no support for those with an excessive square for to occupants ratio (to discourage speculation)
7/ Implement these solutions cleverly, maintain the market by managing a reduction in house prices at around 2-3% of market price year on year until a house costs 3x average wage. A sudden house price crash would be more damaging.
Of course, the housing crisis won’t be solved until the asset rich establishment realise that the whole economy will crash, rather than maintain a grip on political power to maintain the ever increasing cost of housing.
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Using internet has become synonymous with living your life, in present times, as it gets you through the major day-to-day tasks, including working, shopping, socialising, besides providing you with an abundance of knowledge from across the globe. World wide web is easily accessible and available for use on all major devices, from desktops and laptops to mobile phones, tablets, and many other devices.
Having said that, with its benefits, comes its vulnerability to be attacked by hacking crucial information like stealing identity, like name, age, address, date of birth, bank account numbers and passwords, etc., or stealing private data, like photos & videos, software, business data, and other important documents and files. Therefore, taking precautions to stay safe online is absolutely necessary for everyone.
Table of Contents
Precautionary steps to stay safe online
Masking IP Address
Masking IP address is nothing but hiding your IP address and browsing anonymously. The IP address can track sensitive information, like your precise location, your internet activity, etc., hence, masking IP or altering IP address can keep you safe and protected online.
This can be done by:
1. Setting-up a VPN Client
You can go to your device’s security settings, be it on desktop or smartphone, and add a connection. You will see VPN in the connection ptions. It is easy to configure it using the information given by your Internet service provider, like VPN type, VPN server address, VPN username, etc.
2. Using a Proxy
Using a proxy server is safe because it acts as an intermediary between the user device and internet by creating indirect network connections with other networks. This can mask your IP, as well as speed up your internet speed. It is likely to be slower, but an effective solution to safe browsing.
3. Check with your Internet Service Provider
The internet service providers (ISP) have access to assigning the IP addresses, be it a static or dynamic IP address. A static IP, is more or less, unchangeable, whereas, a dynamic IP can be changed easily. You can request your internet service provider to alter your IP for you.
Securing Wi-Fi Network
The most important precautionary step that must be adapted and religiously followed, is securing Wi-Fi network. This is similar to masking IP, as well as effective, whether you are running a Wi-Fi network at home, work, educational centre, or anywhere else.
This can be done by:
1. Changing Network Name & Password
Every Wi-Fi network user is provided with a unique network name that is shown to the public while searching for a Wi-Fi network, known as SSID (service set identifier) and a password, by their internet service provider (ISP). You can change your SSID and the password to secure your network.
2. Activating Encryption
This is the best step one can follow to lock down their wireless network. All you have to do is go to the network settings, turn on the ‘WPA2’, and set the encryption type to AES (avoid TKIP if that’s an option). This will ask you to create a network key/ password to enable encrypted Wi-Fi.
Managing your private information online is key to safe browsing. One must be very careful while providing personal information, like name, phone number, bank account details, especially while shopping online. As well as, personal photos and videos, and information about family & friends, especially on social media platforms. All these details, when loosely use, can make you vulnerable to internet hacks.
Running regular security checks on your devices, to scan for viruses can keep you safe online and to avoid cybersecurity threats. It is essential for every device to have an authentic anti-virus software downloaded on their device.
It is easy to be safe online by just being a little cautious while using the internet. Stay safe and happy browsing.
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G9C19 from the new 2015-2019 General Class Question Pool
How does antenna gain stated in dBi compare to gain stated in dBd for the same antenna?
A. dBi gain figures are 2.15 dB lower then dBd gain figures
B. dBi gain figures are 2.15 dB higher than dBd gain figures
C. dBi gain figures are the same as the square root of dBd gain figures multiplied by 2.15
D. dBi gain figures are the reciprocal of dBd gain figures + 2.15 dB
Author’s Note: The new General Class question pool for July 2015 – June 2019 was released this week by the NCVEC Question Pool Committee. It seems there are 38 brand new questions inserted into the pool, and this Question of the Week tackles one of these new items.
Antenna gain means that an antenna produces increased signal strength is a particular direction or pattern as compared to a reference antenna. For instance, a directional antenna such as a 3-element Yagi may provide signal strength in its forward direction roughly 7 dB to 9 dB over common reference antennas. This question is all about those common reference antennas and the nature of gain comparisons.
One of the common antenna gain references is the theoretical point source antenna that radiates equally in all spherical directions. Uniformity in all orientations is called isotropy, and this common reference is called the isotropic antenna. When an antenna’s signal strength is compared to the isotropic antenna, any gain in signal strength stated in decibels is denoted with a lower case letter ‘i’ following the unit dB. Hence, dBi.
Another common reference antenna is the simple free space dipole antenna. The “free space”
terminology means that the dipole reference is the theoretical performance of the dipole if it had no other objects near it, including the earth. The height of a dipole above the earth dramatically affects its radiation patterns, as can other objects (especially conductive objects)
near the dipole. But a dipole in free space has none of these RF coupling impacts from other objects and its radiation pattern is a nice, theoretical, toroidal pattern emanating radially from the axis of the dipole radiator. When an antenna’s signal strength is compared to the theoretical free space dipole performance, any gain in signal strength stated in decibels is denoted with a lower case letter ‘d’ following the unit dB. Hence, dBd.
Compare the free space dipole pattern with the isotropic antenna pattern. Notice that the dipole’s pattern produces the greatest signal strength broadside, or radially, to its radiator axis. The increased signal strength in the radial directions comes at the expense of signal strength out the ends of the dipole radiator. Thus, when compared to the isotropic antenna the dipole exhibits gain is its radial directions. We may state the gain of the dipole as compared to the isotropic antenna in units of dB. Further, since this antenna comparison is using the isotropic case as the basis of performance, we should denote the gain units as dBi.
The free space dipole exhibits gain in the radial directions over the isotropic antenna of 2.15 dBi. This is a comparison of one theoretical antenna model (free space dipole) to another theoretical antenna model (isotropic). Now, let’s apply these facts to this specific question pool item.
When you purchase an antenna the gain will often be printed on the packaging or in literature.
Let’s use a vertical omnidirectional antenna as an example. Here is the packaging for a dual band vertical that I use in my attic. Notice the gain figures are 4.5 dB for the 2-meter band and 7.2 dB for the 70-centimeter band. Ominously missing is the reference antenna denotation. (Shame!) But rest assured, it is dBi.
Consider what would happen to the stated gain figures for this antenna if they were compared to the dipole reference instead. The dipole already has 2.15 dB gain over the isotropic reference. So, the gain figures must be reduced by 2.15 dB when the higher performing dipole reference is used for comparison. These stated dBi gain figures are 2.15 dB higher than equivalent dBd gain figures. Gain stated in dBi is always higher than gain stated in dBd, making an antenna product’s performance sound more impressive, and that’s one reason why most antenna products state gain in dBi even though comparison to a simple dipole is usually a more meaningful and practical comparison.
The answer to new 2015-2019 General Class question G9C19, “How does antenna gain stated in dBi compare to gain stated in dBd for the same antenna?” is “B. dBi gain figures are 2.15 dB higher than dBd gain figures.”
Related Questions: G9C20 (in 2015-2019 question pool)
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SmartAmerica Challenge - Timeline
This sample was created on the base of the figure illustrating the webpage "SmartAmerica Challenge Timeline" from the website of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce. [nist.gov/el/sactl.cfm]
"The SmartAmerica Challenge is a White House Presidential Innovation Fellow project with the goal to bring together research in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and to combine test-beds, projects and activities from different sectors, such as Smart Manufacturing, Healthcare, Smart Energy, Intelligent Transportation and Disaster Response, to show tangible and measurable benefits to the US economy and the daily lives of American citizens.
Cyber-Physical Systems is a name for the combination of the Internet of Things and System Control. So rather than just being able to “sense” where something is, CPS adds the capability to control the “thing” or allow it to interact with physical world around it.
Over 65 Companies, Government Agencies and Academic institutions came together on December 12, 2013 and launched 12 teams/projects. Since that time 12 new projects have been formed. These teams have been hard at work over the past months building systems, prototypes, pilots and products that demonstrate the capabilities of CPS, but more importantly as the goal of the SmartAmerica Challenge they will show how these technologies will deliver socio-economic benefits to America.
The Challenge will culminate with the SmartAmerica Expo on June 11 at the Washington DC Convention Center." [smartamerica.org/about/]
The timeline diagram example "" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Timeline Diagrams solution from the Management area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
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| 0.92661 | 361 | 2.53125 | 3 |
“Representing our Own Reality”: A Qualitative Analysis of a Community Digital Media Project
In a world increasingly constituted by and within networks of communication, an urgent question that arises is how to enable those who have been left out of the “network society” to gain a voice and the opportunity to have their voices heard. Mobile Voices is a project that takes advantage of the widespread availability of low-cost mobile phones and open source software to facilitate storytelling on behalf of individuals who have been marginalized by dominant media channels. This media project provides the knowledge and skills needed to enable participants to tell their stories and to represent their own reality.
More specifically, Mobile Voices is a collaboration between the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California; the Institute of Popular Education of Southern California (IDEPSCA – http://idepsca.org), a nonprofit serving low-income Latino immigrants in Los Angeles; and a group of low-wage day laborers. The project employs a participatory design approach to create an online platform for low-wage immigrants in Los Angeles to use inexpensive mobile phones to take pictures, record audio, and write simple text to create multi-media messages. In other words, Mobile Voices deploys basic mobile phones for digital storytelling, community building, and community organizing as day laborers publish stories about their lives and their communities directly from their mobile phones to an open source multimedia mobile storytelling platform. In this way, recent immigrants who lack computer access are able to gain a voice and participate in the digital public sphere. Mobile Voices is grounded in a Communication for Social Change methodology, which emphasizes the need to analyze the political, technical, and social needs of all participants involved in an alternative media project.
In this paper, we first describe Mobile Voices’ initial goals, methodology, development, and technology design. We then discuss the results of interviews conducted with scholars, community organizers, and day laborers involved in the project. The purpose of the interviews was to evaluate both the successes and challenges that the project faced four months into its initial deployment. Our analysis of the interviews reveals that although individual participants show confidence in their views of the projects’ goals and outcomes, taken as whole the data suggest that a wide range of understandings and assessments of the project exist simultaneously. A key finding is that day laborers express newfound empowerment and voice gained through digital storytelling and a desire to spread their stories to the larger public sphere. At the same time, they also experience frustration with technical glitches and limits on their online access.
This paper provides a case study of one particular community media project, discusses both achievements and challenges thus far, and in so doing serves as a useful resource for other participatory media projects. Through investigating how emerging media tools can best be leveraged to promote digital inclusion and assist marginalized groups, Mobile Voices seeks to change the media stories that are told about immigrants and give voice to the voiceless.
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Although gold is famous for its strikingly yellow color, you can often find it with red or pink shades. Red, pink, and rose gold are increasingly popular due to their unusual and romantic colors.
If you hear people using all three of these terms to describe the same jewelry pieces, you will probably wonder about the difference between red gold vs. pink gold vs. rose gold. As you can guess, the secret is in the added alloy that affects the reddish color of the regular yellow gold. Let’s take a closer look at the subject.
Gold is considerably soft in its pure form and highly difficult to shape. Therefore, jewelry makers mix gold with various other metals to make it firmer and more suitable for shaping.
These metals are zinc, silver, copper, iron, nickel, and palladium in most cases. As a result, alloy affects gold and changes its color.
Jewelers often use metals like copper and silver to change the gold’s color and get unusual and trendy combinations. In other words, red, pink, and rose gold are nothing but pure yellow gold mixed with these two metals. Their mutual percentage ratio affects the final shade.
Red Gold vs. Pink Gold vs. Rose Gold – Content
The primary difference between red, rose, and pink gold is in alloys quantity and ratio. To make things more complicated, it is possible to use different gold percentages and get jewelry made of 18K and 14K gold with a red coloration.
As you have probably known, pure gold has 24 karats, meaning it contains 24 gold parts out of 24 possible. In gold alloys used for making jewelry, some of those parts are made of other metals. In a case of red, pink, and rose gold, these parts are copper and silver.
Alloy content in different gold types
As you can see, 18K red gold piece is 18 parts gold and six parts copper. The same applies to rose and pink gold, but in this case, 18 parts are gold, and the other 6 are silver and copper in different combinations. In 14K rose gold, the alloy contains 14 gold parts and ten parts of copper and silver.
Red Gold vs. Pink Gold vs. Rose Gold – Differences
One of copper’s primary characteristics is its red-orange color. When you mix it with yellow gold, it gives those remarkable red, pink, and rose gold tones. There is still a large diversity in possible shades, and the jewelers can get fantastic results by playing with the alloy added to pure gold.
The more copper a jewelry maker uses, the more intense red coloration will get. Additionally, different brands combine various amounts of copper and silver to achieve the desired shade. Thanks to its white color, silver helps to make more gentle tones. That way, gold jewelry will appear more red or pink with a tinge of orange.
Making red gold requires the highest copper content in the alloy used. Therefore, the jewelry color appears darker than rose and pink. It resembles copper the most, but with a touch of gold’s characteristic luster.
Rose gold color ranges between red and pink when considering both copper percentage and the color. Plus, it contains a low silver percentage along with copper. Compared to red gold, rose gold is a bit paler, but it still has a warm shine.
Pink gold has the lowest copper content and more silver than rose gold, making it recognizable by its baby pink color. It is noticeably paler than red and rose gold and has cooler tones.
14K and 18K Gold
When deciding to buy jewelry made of red, pink, or rose gold, you will most commonly find 14K and 18K colored gold options. Which one variation you decide to choose will depend on the color you prefer.
As you can guess, it is not only the copper percentage that affects the color, but the gold content also has a role in that.
With a higher gold percentage, 18K rose gold has a more discreet color that resembles pale orange or champagne. Compared to it, the one with 14K has less gold and more copper, so its color is deeper and intensively pink.
As you can expect, their prices will also differentiate. No matter what color gold is, 18K is always more expensive than 14K because of the higher gold purity.
Red, Pink, and Rose Gold Origin
There is a high demand for reddish-gold jewelry in the last few decades. However, this kind of gold is not a new invention. It appeared in mid-19th century Russia for the first time.
A Russian jeweler Karl Gustavovich Faberge (Peter Carl Faberge), the creator of famous Faberge Eggs, was the first to use rose gold. The Russian aristocrats immediately started to wear gold in pinkish shades. After a while, this esteemed jeweler’s designs became very popular among people of different classes.
The popularity of rose gold, called initially Russian gold, spread to Victorian England in the late-19th century. It didn’t take much longer until the rest of the world started using these alloys.
Change of Trends
Rose gold gained popularity in the US at the beginning of the 20th century. Its soft color was feminine and lavish, which was the desired image of most 1920s young ladies. Rose gold was an excellent choice for an engagement ring at that time.
Over the years, rose-colored gold was in and out, following fashion and social changes. Luxurious platinum suppressed it for a while, but this gold type restored its former glory after the government banned platinum for all non-military use during World War 2.
Red, Rose, and Pink Gold Today
Rose gold has been increasingly trending again and is considered quite romantic in the last two decades. The delicate color of red and pink gold is more subtle than the yellow one and more peculiar than the white color of platinum or silver.
Surprisingly, pinkish gold tones are more and more popular with men nowadays. Men’s fashion mainly uses red gold for watch cases.
Red, Pink, and Rose Gold’s Features
If you like the unusual color of rose gold but are not sure about its quality, you should know that pure gold only sounds prestigious. It is actually fragile and easy to scratching and useless for jewelry designing. Therefore, metal alloys added to gold are highly useful to a certain level and make the jewelry stronger.
Copper is one of the strongest metals, while silver is highly durable. Adding these alloys to pure gold makes the jewelry more resistant and prevents it from wearing off over time.
Another positive trait of red, pink, and rose gold is that they don’t tarnish. So, there is no need to make any special effort for their maintenance.
Possible Problems with Gold and Copper Alloys
Even though copper makes gold more resilient, you can still have a problem if you misuse the gold. For instance, you can cause the gold and copper components to separate by overheating the rose, pink, and red jewelry, leading to its deformities.
Luckily, that only happens under uncommonly high temperatures, so there is usually nothing to worry about.
Although gold doesn’t tarnish, you can notice patina appearing on rose, red, and pink gold surfaces over time due to added copper. That is because copper oxidizes.
Still, you don’t need to worry because it takes a lot of time for the patina to develop. In most cases, you can find it only on antique or vintage jewelry. In such a case, patina can even add to the jewelry’s value and unique look sometimes.
You should be aware that pink, rose, and red gold types are not hypoallergenic. Your skin can have an unpleasant reaction to the jewelry if you are sensitive to copper.
Many believe red, pink, and rose gold are more valuable because of their intriguing color. The truth is, 18K red gold contains the same amount of pure gold as 18K yellow gold. Still, you should consider the brand, style, and current fashion trends when buying jewelry since they significantly influence the price.
In theory, both 18K red and 18K yellow gold should have the same price. However, you will find some rose gold jewelry more expensive than regular yellow gold. That is only because of the demand on the market, not because of the different gold values.
Pure red, rose, and pink gold types don’t exist. They are gold mixed with copper and silver that affect their color, and the reddish shade level is the only difference in these gold types’ appearances. The higher the copper percentage, the more reddish tone your gold will have.
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| 0.93409 | 1,928 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Iron and chromium : a successful combination
Very early in the history or iron and steel, corrosion resistance emerged as a major problem and this was overcome by adding a certain quantity of chromium.
For steel to be classed as a stainless steel, it must contain at least 10.5 % chromium and less than 1.2 % carbon.
Stainless steels form a large family which comprises more than 200 different grades. Depending on the specific properties being sought, these steels may sometimes contain other additional elements such as nickel, molybdenum, copper, titanium.
Stainless steels : a guarantee for the future
An investment in longevity
With the opportunity to manufacture complex parts and assemblies at the right price/quality balance, making stainless increasingly popular with industrial companies and general consumers.
An investment in safety
With their excellent corrosion resistance and optimal thermal and mechanical properties achieving an outstanding performance at very high temperatures and/or pressures.
An investment in health
With chemical resistance to detergents and disinfectants which guarantees optimum health standards in food-processing and medical applications.
An investment which enhances the apperance of our surroundings
With their lasting aesthetic qualities, stainless steels are favoured by architects and designers to embellish the buildings and public spaces which form part of our everyday lives.
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CC-MAIN-2018-17
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http://www.ugitech.com/ugima3/products/about-stainless-steel/
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| 0.923915 | 269 | 2.984375 | 3 |
In 2014 Liberia’s hospitals were overflowing with people infected by the deadly Ebola virus, and there were sick people lying on the ground outside hospitals, writhing in pain. Their only hope of getting treatment was if someone else died first, freeing up a bed. By 2016, the Ebola outbreak ended with more than 11,000 deaths (reported ) across West Africa. Experts were unanimous in their analysis that even in the worst months of the outbreak, whole countries were unprepared for such a catastrophe.
The World Health Organization (WHO) eventually declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern but it came too late, underlining how we suffer from a lack of timely data, unrelated datasets that are difficult to collate, and a shortage of people with computational skills to help prepare for and respond to global epidemics. What if there were an early warning system for such outbreaks that could have given WHO a heads-up, allowing them to organize an effective response and contain the disease’s spread? Thankfully with the AI and data science revolution we see today such a system may not be too far in the future.
Why managing pandemics needs data analytics
Detecting an infectious disease is usually an after-the-fact-activity, and stopping it from causing an epidemic requires real-time information and analytics, because controlling a pandemic is not about where the disease is occurring today. It’s about where the disease is occurring and who is most vulnerable to it. That combination of information can help health experts and organizations like WHO look for long-term catalysts, such as how climate affects the spread of a pathogen like the coronavirus.
To help governments across the globe track, respond to and prevent the spread of the coronavirus, health experts are turning to advanced analytics and AI to prevent further infection. Several researchers are even looking at the Internet of Things (IoT) to collect sensory data in real-time and track people, health systems, and environments, even in remote regions of the world.
IoT and Big Data are helping with disease control
It is now possible, thank to IoT and big data analytics in healthcare, to collect data from places where previously it was either done manually or not done at all. For example, smart thermometers feed data in real-time to global medical systems, bench-top analyzers are scanning patient samples and sharing data almost instantly with disease monitoring tools installed remotely. Disease monitoring tools are merging IoT data with population data, GIS data, land-use information, social media streams, and other sources to detect emerging public health threats.
By collecting and analyzing data from remote locations, clinical researchers are in a better position to make an evidence-based analysis of a possible outbreak and suggest preventive measures using data from the IoT devices. As a result, identifying and preventing the spread of infectious diseases proactively is now a reality.
Using AI to track pathogens
There are several ways that government health agencies can use AI technology to limit the spread of diseases like coronavirus. Researchers are turning to AI to help predict locations where new diseases could emerge by integrating global data about known viruses, animal populations, human demographics etc. to predict epidemics. AI can also help reduce the time required to detect an outbreak thus enabling faster action to stop the spread and effectively treat the infected.
According to the founder of Alibaba, the company’s new AI system can detect coronavirus in CT scans of patients’ chests with 96% accuracy against viral pneumonia cases. They have developed a new algorithm that has shortened the process of recognizing the pathogen/infection to a mere 20 seconds, which is a big improvement from the 15 minutes that traditional methods take to analyze a CT scan. Baidu’s new AI tool called LinearFold promises to reduce coronavirus prediction time from 55 minutes to 27 seconds, which is crucial for understanding the virus and initiating drug discovery.
AI can also analyze and aggregate travel, population and disease data to help predict not just how, but also where, a disease might spread. When it comes to treatment, radiologists are using AI technology (machine learning and deep learning) to extract insights from large data sets and make better treatment decisions based on medical imaging. Taking coronavirus as an example, data from chest X-rays of infected people can help build AI models so doctors can make quicker diagnoses. AI can also help shorten the time it takes to create vaccines for newly discovered pathogens by examining data from similar viral diseases and then using it to predict outcomes.
And it doesn’t stop there. After an outbreak has ended or has at least been contained, governments and global health organizations can use machine learning to simulate different outcomes to test and validate policies, public health initiatives and response plans based on “what if” analyses.
The importance of data analytics is incontrovertible
While analytics and ML aren’t sitting in local doctors’ offices taking samples to be tested, they are being applied to help the overall effort and make doctors and healthcare organizations more efficient and better equipped to fight epidemics. When used effectively, these tools have the potential to save lives. As an example, the Johns Hopkins University’s Center for Systems Science and Engineering has developed a real-time visualization of the coronavirus epidemic which includes a map, total numbers of cases, deaths, and people recovered. The data, sourced from WHO, CDC (in the US) and others, is also broken down by country and the numbers of cases are represented on the map using dots. Predictive analytics can also be applied to data from public locations to predict disease spread and risks and plan for the impact of an outbreak on healthcare organizations.
Machine learning can churn out high-resolution world maps highlighting where epidemics are likely to infect people, by using remotely-sensed and other geographic data about environmental, human and animal factors. Experts are taking complex infectious disease datasets and feeding them into large-scale computational disease spread models. This allows them to generate hundreds of terabytes of computer-generated synthetic outbreak simulations that give an idea about expected numbers of cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and even financial losses.
Currently, we are in a critical juncture as experts and governments shift their focus towards containing coronavirus. The role of surveillance, drug discovery and diagnoses has become crucial, and with analytics and AI, there will be a tremendous saving of time and hopefully, lives.
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://tibilsolutions.com/analytics-are-making-us-smarter-about-outbreaks/
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| 0.950025 | 1,311 | 3.609375 | 4 |
It was one of the big stories out of the 2012 election campaign: the minority vote. For the first time ever, the turnout rate of black voters surpassed that of whites in the United States, by 2.1 percentage points. According to the 2012 Census report, 64.1 percent of white voters came out on Election Day, compared with 66.2 percent of eligible black voters. Even Fox News reported on the decisive role the significant Latino vote played in the re-election of President Barack Obama.
The U.S. Supreme Court had that demographic shift in mind when on June 25 it struck down key parts of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The decision allowed nine southern states to change their election laws without having to demonstrate that the laws have a discriminatory effect. The decision came in a 5-4 ruling.
The Voting Rights Act was originally intended to protect the voting rights of African Americans in the South. But according to Chief Justice John Roberts, the conditions that led to the act’s passage are no longer in place. “There is no denying, however, that the conditions that originally justified these measures no longer characterize voting in the covered jurisdictions,” Roberts wrote.
But is it really that simple? Does a demographic shift mean that voting discrimination and the legislation that kept it in check are outmoded?
Marissa Liebling, a staff attorney at the Chicago Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, says the demographic shifts are “fantastic” and show that long-marginalized communities are finally finding their voices in the electoral process.
But a decision like the one made by the Supreme Court strikes at one of the key reasons that the black and Latino vote ever grew. There is voting “parity because those laws exist,” Liebling says, adding how important it is to have legislation like the Voting Rights Act on the books.
“They helped contribute to the political participation of minority groups that is now being cited against these protections,” she says.
The reality, Liebling argues, is that minority voters are discriminated against in ways that are much more subtle, and that have been persistent since the Voting Rights Act was enacted.
Most recently, during the 2011 Illinois legislative session, the issue of photo identification laws arose.
More than 30 states across the country, including Illinois, introduced laws mandating that voters would have to present government-issued photo IDs to vote. While having that ID was put forward as “common sense” by supporters of the restrictive voting legislation, as many as 11 percent of voters nationwide don’t have them, according to a 2006 study by New York University’s Brennan Center for Justice.
While many of the state-level laws were knocked down before they could take effect, advocates see them as a troubling trend.
Without a federal law guaranteeing the freedom to vote, the political system would become “separate and unequal,” argues ColorofChange.org, a Oakland, Calif.-based nonprofit that advocates for racial equality in the political system,
“Each state sets its own electoral rules, leading to confusing and sometimes contradictory policies with regard to polling hours, registration requirements, voting equipment, ex-felon rights and even ballot design. The result is an electoral system divided,” ColorofChange.org wrote in a statement decrying the Supreme Court’s Voting Rights Act decision.
In Illinois, voters have confronted multiple challenges at the polls in recent years, says Rebecca Reynolds, executive director of Chicago Votes, a volunteer-run voter registration and advocacy group focused on the youth vote. These include voting locations that change at the last minute and, until recently, the unavailability of online voter registration, Reynolds says.
Such logistical challenges can keep the most vulnerable populations from coming to the polls, Reynolds explains.
The Voting Rights Act was passed in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement, in light of anti-discrimination laws that did not ensure the voting rights of African Americans in the then-recently desegregated South.
Now, as many forms of segregation and discrimination still persist, some are calling for a renewed movement to protect the rights of minorities, including voting.
“We still need to build a voting rights movement,” Reynolds says. “We need to build a path to a new Voter Registration Act so it can ensure the voting rights of all eligible Americans.”
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
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| 0.962581 | 906 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Reduce Cracking in Grapes by Strengthening the Cuticle
Grape fruit cracking is a physiological disorder that results in loss of marketable yield and reduces fruit quality. Furthermore, the cuticular microfractures and skin cracks provide an entry point for pathogens that can negatively impact the fruit, causing rot and reducing shelf life. Therefore, cracking causes major economic losses for growers.
Along with cultural practices such as row covers, soil covers, and irrigation management, cuticle supplements can play a large role in reducing cracking. Parka supplements the cuticle of the grape, coating it with a clear, hydrophobic, and elastic lipid bilayer that expands along with the developing fruit. This layer fills in microfractures as soon as they begin to develop. Parka also increases cracking resistance by enhancing cell membrane stability.
By supplementing and enhancing the cuticle of the fruit, Parka also increases overall fruit quality.
Why use Parka on Grapes?
- Proven to reduce cracking damage by up to 30% over control.
- Increases fruit quality and storage ability.
- Easily tank mixed with foliar nutrients and pesticides.
- Leaves no visible residue.
- Exempt from maximum residue levels.
- Zero preharvest interval and zero worker reentry interval.
How to Use Parka in a Program
For cracking prevention, Parka should be applied to grapes at 10 mm berry size and again at pre-bunch closure. Reapply as needed every 14 to 21 days. Early applications help prevent the development of microfractures responsible for fruit cracking.
For post-harvest quality enhancement, apply 10 to 14 days prior to harvest.
What Causes Cracking?
There is no conclusive answer on the exact causes of cracking in grapes, but research points to interactions between the environment, and the extensibility and integrity of the cell wall.
Description automatically generatedCracking occurs when the integrity of the cell wall in the fruit cuticle is disrupted or fails. This can occur because of a heavy rain event when water is absorbed through roots or the fruit cuticle, and turgor pressure exceeds the elasticity of the cuticle. Water absorption through the cuticle is facilitated by cuticular microfractures. As sugar concentration increases during ripening, so does the osmotic potential (absorption potential), and the longer water remains on the surface the more the fruit can absorb. Often, this type of cracking appears on the pedicel end of the fruit or at the distal end where water droplets can form. Lateral cracking anywhere on the fruit also may occur.
Cracking is also caused by water that is taken up by the roots and translocated through the vascular system. If more water is absorbed than the fruit can hold, the turgor pressure in the cells builds to the point where the fruit cracks from within. This type of cracking usually occurs after high-volume rain events followed by warm temperatures.
Temperature fluctuations of 50°F (30°C) or more, periods of dryness followed by significant rain, or micronutrient deficiencies can also contribute to cracking. Some grape cultivars are more susceptible to cracking than others.
How Does Parka Prevent Cracking in Grapes?
Parka coats the fruit with an elastic, hydrophobic lipid bilayer, which seals the microfractures as soon as they appear. If applied at fruit set, Parka also prevents their formation. Because Parka is hydrophobic, it also repels water from the fruit surface. Parka also increases the concentration of anthocyanins. These are antioxidants that prevent the development of oxidative molecules that degrade cell membranes. By supplementing the cuticle and adding elasticity to it, as well as repelling moisture from the fruit surface and increasing cell membrane stability, Parka contributes to better cracking resistance.
What Do Growers Like About Parka?
Primarily, growers like Parka because it is effective. Reducing cracking by up to 30 % over control helps protect profits. In addition, Parka is easily tank mixed with many other inputs, including fertilizers and pesticides, which saves fuel and labor costs. Parka has an excellent worker safety profile with a zero preharvest or postharvest interval, and no maximum residue level. Parka is transparent and does not leave a white residue on the fruit, which workers and packers appreciate.
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West Nile Virus and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2021
Weekly / August 25, 2023 / 72(34);901–906
Anna C. Fagre, DVM, PhD1,2; Shelby Lyons, MPH1; J. Erin Staples, MD, PhD1; Nicole Lindsey, MS1 (View author affiliations)View suggested citation
What is already known about this topic?
West Nile virus (WNV), transmitted primarily through mosquitos, is the leading cause of arboviral disease in the continental United States, but other arboviruses cause sporadic cases of neuroinvasive disease.
What is added by this report?
Arizona experienced a significant WNV outbreak in 2021, with three counties reporting more than 50% of all reported WNV cases nationwide. Nationally, the rate of WNV neuroinvasive disease (0.61 per 100,000 population) surpassed the median rate during 2010–2020 (0.39) and was the highest since 2012.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Health care providers should consider arboviral infections in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, obtain appropriate specimens for laboratory testing, and promptly report cases to public health authorities.
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Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes or ticks, and in the continental United States, West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of domestically acquired arboviral disease. Other arboviruses cause sporadic cases of disease as well as occasional outbreaks. This report summarizes 2021 surveillance data reported to CDC by U.S. jurisdictions for nationally notifiable arboviruses; the report excludes chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease cases, because these infections were acquired primarily through travel during 2021. Forty-nine states and the District of Columbia reported 3,035 cases of domestic arboviral disease, including those caused by West Nile (2,911), La Crosse (40), Jamestown Canyon (32), Powassan (24), St. Louis encephalitis (17), unspecified California serogroup (six), and eastern equine encephalitis (five) viruses. Among the WNV disease cases, 2,008 (69%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease, for a national incidence of 0.61 cases per 100,000 population. Because arboviral diseases continue to cause serious illness, maintaining surveillance programs to monitor their transmission and prevalence is important to the direction and promotion of prevention activities. Health care providers should consider arboviral infections in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, obtain appropriate specimens for laboratory testing, and promptly report cases to public health authorities. Prevention depends on community and household efforts to reduce vector populations and personal protective measures to prevent mosquito and tick bites, such as use of Environmental Protection Agency–registered insect repellent and wearing protective clothing.
Within the continental United States, West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of domestically acquired disease caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) (1). Arboviruses are maintained in transmission cycles between arthropods and vertebrate hosts, including humans and other animals (2). Humans primarily become infected when they are bitten by an infected tick or mosquito. Whereas most human infections are asymptomatic, symptomatic infections commonly manifest as a systemic febrile illness and less commonly as neuroinvasive disease.
Most domestic arboviral diseases are nationally notifiable and reported by state health departments to CDC through the national arboviral surveillance system (ArboNET) using standard surveillance case definitions that include clinical and laboratory criteria.* Confirmed† and probable§ cases are included in this analysis. Cases reported as meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, or other neurologic illnesses are classified as neuroinvasive disease; the remainder are considered nonneuroinvasive disease. Incidence was calculated using neuroinvasive disease cases and the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2021 midyear population estimates.¶ All statistical analyses were conducted using SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.**
In 2021, a total of 3,035 domestic arboviral disease cases were reported to CDC. Among these, 2,113 (70%) were neuroinvasive. Cases were caused by the following viruses: WNV (2,911 cases; 96%), La Crosse (40; 1%), Jamestown Canyon (32; 1%), Powassan (24; 1%), St. Louis encephalitis (17; 1%), unspecified California serogroup (six; <1% [exact virus unknown]), and eastern equine encephalitis (five; <1%). Except for Hawaii, cases were reported from all states and the District of Columbia. Among the 3,143 U.S. counties, 500 (16%) reported at least one case of arboviral disease.
West Nile Virus Disease
Cases of WNV disease were reported from 432 counties in 49 states and the District of Columbia. Most (71%) patients had illness onset during July–September (Table 1). The median patient age was 65 years (IQR = 52–74 years), and 1,739 (60%) were male. A total of 2,099 (72%) patients were hospitalized, and 227 (8%) died. The median age of patients who died was 75 years (IQR = 68–82 years).
Among the 2,008 WNV neuroinvasive disease cases, 1,276 (64%) were reported as encephalitis, 602 (30%) as meningitis, 42 (2%) as acute flaccid paralysis, and 88 (4%) as unspecified neurologic illness. Twelve (29%) of the 42 patients with acute flaccid paralysis also had encephalitis or meningitis. Most patients with neuroinvasive disease (1,907; 95%) were hospitalized and 225 (11%) died. Nationally, the incidence of neuroinvasive WNV disease was 0.61 per 100,000 population (Table 2), and the proportion of cases classified as neuroinvasive in 2021 (69%) was higher than the average proportion of cases classified as neuroinvasive during 2010–2020 (63%).††
Arizona reported the largest number of neuroinvasive cases (1,140) and the highest incidence of WNV neuroinvasive disease (15.7 per 100,000 population). Three counties in Arizona (Maricopa, Pima, and Pinal) accounted for >50% of WNV neuroinvasive disease cases nationwide. Jurisdictions with the next highest numbers of WNV disease cases were Texas (130), Colorado (101), California (96), and Nebraska (69). Incidence of neuroinvasive WNV disease was highest in several states within the Mountain and West North Central U.S. Census Bureau divisions§§ (Figure). Incidence increased with age, from 0.02 per 100,000 population among children aged <10 years to 2.4 among adults aged ≥70 years. Incidence was 60% higher overall among males (0.8) than among females (0.5).
La Crosse Virus Disease
Forty La Crosse virus disease cases were reported from eight jurisdictions. Jurisdictions with the highest neuroinvasive disease incidence included Ohio (0.14 per 100,000 population), Tennessee (0.10), and North Carolina (0.09) (Table 2). The median patient age was 6 years (IQR = 5–11 years), and 35 (88%) cases occurred among persons aged <18 years (Table 1). Most patients (80%) had illness onset during July–September. All 40 patients were hospitalized, and 98% had neuroinvasive disease; no deaths were reported.
Jamestown Canyon Virus Disease
Thirty-two Jamestown Canyon virus disease cases were reported from eight jurisdictions. Jurisdictions with the highest neuroinvasive disease incidence included New Hampshire (0.29 per 100,000 population) and Rhode Island (0.09) (Table 2). In 2021, Jamestown Canyon virus disease was reported from Indiana for the first time. The median patient age was 59 years (IQR = 41–71), and 26 (81%) patients were male (Table 1). Illness onset occurred during April–November, with 18 (56%) patients reporting onset during July–September. Twenty-one (66%) cases were neuroinvasive, and 24 (75%) patients were hospitalized. Two (6%) patients died, both of whom were aged >60 years.
Powassan Virus Disease
Twenty-four Powassan virus disease cases were reported from eight jurisdictions, with highest neuroinvasive disease incidence in the New England (0.09 per 100,000 population) and West North Central (0.02) (Table 2) U.S. Census Bureau divisions. Powassan virus disease was reported for the first time from Ohio. The median patient age was 68 years (IQR = 48–75) and 13 (54%) were male (Table 1). Illness onset dates occurred during April–November, with 13 (54%) reporting onset during April–June. Twenty-three (96%) cases were neuroinvasive, and 22 (92%) patients were hospitalized. Three (13%) patients died, including two who were aged >60 years.
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Disease
Seventeen cases of St. Louis encephalitis virus disease were reported from three states: Arizona (12), California (four), and Louisiana (one) (Table 1). Eleven (65%) cases were neuroinvasive (Table 2). Among all cases, the median patient age was 73 years (IQR = 63–76 years), and 13 (76%) were male (Table 1). Illness onset dates occurred during August–November, with 11 (65%) patients reporting onset during October–December. Fifteen (88%) patients were hospitalized, and none died.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Disease
Five cases of eastern equine encephalitis virus disease were reported from four states: Georgia (two), Michigan (one), North Carolina (one), and Wisconsin (one) (Table 2). The median patient age was 61 years (IQR = 57–61 years), and two (40%) were male. Illness onset dates occurred during July–October. All cases were neuroinvasive and resulted in hospitalization. Two (40%) patients died; both were aged <60 years.
As in previous years, WNV was the most common cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States in 2021, accounting for 95% of reported neuroinvasive arboviral disease cases. The incidence of WNV neuroinvasive disease (0.61 per 100,000 population) surpassed the median during 2010–2020 (0.39) and was the highest since 2012 (0.92) (3,4). This increase was largely driven by a significant outbreak in Arizona (1,140 cases; 57% of all U.S. cases)¶¶ (5), concentrated in Maricopa, Pinal, and Pima counties. Compared with previous years, the outbreak occurred later in the year, increasing the proportion of patients with illness onset during October–December. Reasons for the outbreak likely included late-season rain, recent population growth and housing development, and low levels of WNV circulation during the preceding year (1,5).
La Crosse virus continued to be the most common cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in children. In 2021, Jamestown Canyon virus was reported for the first time in Indiana, and Powassan virus was reported for the first time in Ohio (6,7). Detection of these viruses in new jurisdictions is likely caused by an increase in awareness and testing but could also reflect geographic expansion of these pathogens.
Although case numbers vary by year, virus, and geographic area, arboviruses continue to cause substantial morbidity in the United States. Weather, zoonotic host and vector abundance, and human behavior are all factors that can influence when and where outbreaks occur. This complexity makes it difficult to predict future locations and timing of cases and underscores the importance of surveillance to identify outbreaks quickly to direct public health prevention efforts.
The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, because ArboNET does not require information about clinical signs and symptoms or laboratory findings, cases might be misclassified. Second, ArboNET is a passive surveillance system that only collects cases that are diagnosed and reported, resulting in underestimation of the actual incidence of disease. The COVID-19 pandemic likely exacerbated this trend (8); the percentage of cases classified as neuroinvasive disease during 2021 (69%) was higher than that reported during 2010–2020 (63%), indicating an underreporting of febrile disease cases. Previous studies have estimated that 30–70 nonneuroinvasive disease cases occur for every reported case of WNV neuroinvasive disease (9). On the basis of the number of neuroinvasive disease cases reported in 2021, it is likely that 60,240–140,560 nonneuroinvasive disease cases of WNV occurred; however, only 903 (1%–2%) were reported.
Implications for Public Health Practice
Understanding the epidemiology, seasonality, and geographic distribution of these viruses aids in clinical recognition and differentiation from other neurologic infections and guides vector control and community messaging efforts. Because there are no specific treatments for arboviral diseases, and human vaccines against domestic arboviruses are not available, prevention depends on community and household efforts to reduce vector populations,*** personal protective measures to decrease exposure to mosquitoes††† and ticks,§§§ and blood donor screening.¶¶¶ Health care providers should consider arboviral infections in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, obtain appropriate specimens for laboratory testing, and promptly report cases to public health authorities, particularly during the summer months when most infections occur (1,3).
National Arboviral Surveillance System surveillance coordinators in state and local health departments; Surveillance and Epidemiology Team, Arboviral Diseases Branch, CDC.
Corresponding author: Nicole Lindsey, [email protected].
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
† A confirmed case meets clinical criteria for arboviral disease and has one or more of the following laboratory criteria: 1) isolation of virus from, or demonstration of specific viral antigen or nucleic acid in, tissue, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or other body fluid, 2) a more than fourfold change in virus-specific quantitative antibody titers in paired sera, 3) virus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies in serum with confirmatory virus-specific neutralizing antibodies in the same or a later specimen, or 4) virus-specific IgM antibodies in CSF and a negative result for other IgM antibodies in CSF for arboviruses endemic in the region where exposure occurred.
§ A probable case meets clinical criteria for arboviral infection and virus-specific IgM antibodies in CSF or serum but with no other testing.
** 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.
†† Calculated based on publicly available historic ArboNet data (1999–2022). https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/historic-data.html
- Soto RA, Hughes ML, Staples JE, Lindsey NP. West Nile virus and other domestic nationally notifiable arboviral diseases—United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:628–32. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7118a3 PMID:35511710
- American Academy of Pediatrics. Arboviruses. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2018 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018:220–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021470-part03-arboviruses
- McDonald E, Mathis S, Martin SW, Erin Staples J, Fischer M, Lindsey NP. Surveillance for West Nile virus disease—United States, 2009–2018. Am J Transplant 2021;21:1959–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16595 PMID:33939278
- CDC. West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases—United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:513–7. PMID:23803959
- Kretschmer M, Ruberto I, Townsend J, et al. Unprecedented outbreak of West Nile virus—Maricopa County, Arizona, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:452–7. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7217a1 PMID:37104168
- CDC. Powassan virus: data and maps. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/powassan/statistics.html
- CDC. Jamestown Canyon virus: data and maps. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/jamestown-canyon/statistics/index.html
- McCormick DW, Kugeler KJ, Marx GE, et al. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on reported Lyme disease, United States, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27:2715–7. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2710.210903 PMID:34545801
- Petersen LR, Carson PJ, Biggerstaff BJ, Custer B, Borchardt SM, Busch MP. Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999–2010. Epidemiol Infect 2013;141:591–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001070 PMID:22640592
Abbreviation: DC = District of Columbia.
* Cases per 100,000 population based on July 1, 2021, U.S. Census Bureau population estimates.
Suggested citation for this article: Fagre AC, Lyons S, Staples JE, Lindsey N. West Nile Virus and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:901–906. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7234a1.
MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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About the Dreg Song Project
In the nineteenth century, Scotsmen fished for oysters in the Firth of Forth by dragging dredges over the oyster 'scalps'. To maintain a steady speed they sang as they rowed. Overfishing brought the industry to a close near the turn of the twentieth century and with it, the use of the dreg songs. In the 1930s James Madison Carpenter gathered some of these songs on wax cylinders and typewritten pages. For years the songs were hidden away - lost. Now, with the work of the James Madison Carpenter Project these songs have come back to life first at Mystic Seaport Museum and, this summer, in their home waters of the Firth! Three Scottish Coast Rowing Clubs: Rowporty, Newhaven Coastal Rowing and Boatie Blest brought the songs home to the Firth at 7:30 pm on 20 June, 2012 near the Dalriada Bar. It was a memorable and historic evening!
What a thrilling day – the Dreg Songs are on their way ‘home’!
The rowing clubs from Newhaven, Portobello and (s00n) Port Seton met with me (online) to learn what I’ve discovered about the Dreg Songs (if you were at Mystic last June or the American Folklore Society meeting in Bloomington last October, you know what I mean). They now have access to musical transcriptions, sound files and historic images all of which they will use to reconstruct these songs on the water. Meeting online was a bit ethereal (Minneapolis, Portobello, Newhaven, Kent and Angus) but the enthusiasm was solid. The energy around this project is wonderful. Thanks everyone!
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A: Gum disease (periodontal disease) is a chronic infection most often caused by plaque buildup. Over time, the plaque hardens into tartar and causes the gums to become inflamed. If left untreated, the inflammation can develop into a severe infection that attacks the bone supporting the teeth and causes the gum tissue to shrink. In serious cases, it can lead to pneumonia, chronic respiratory disease, heart disease and stroke.
Gum disease is easily preventable by keeping up a regular oral health routine. This means brushing and flossing twice a day and visiting your dentist once every six months for a cleaning and checkup.
Schedule an appointment with the dentists at either of our Winnipeg locations (St. Vital Centre or Garden City Shopping Centre) today to keep your mouth happy and healthy.
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Position 1: From fertilization!
Photo: A sperm fertilizes an egg.
The development of a fertilized egg cell into an infant is a continuous process, and any attempt to determine at what point of development the human individual begins would be an artificial definition. A human embryo is an embryonic human being, comparable to an infant, who is also a human being at the infant stage. And although an embryo does not yet have all the characteristics of a full-grown human, it has the potential to develop into one and should therefore be treated with the necessary respect for the dignity of a human being.
Position 2: At implantation in the uterus!
Successful implantation is the prerequisite for embryonic development. Implantation takes place about six days after fertilization. From implantation on, the embryo must be treated with the necessary respect, namely humanely. In nature, it often happens that the fertilized egg is not successfully implanted in the uterus but is rejected. We therefore have no knowledge of these embryos. In fertility treatment (in vitro fertilization), this stage is only an accumulation of cells in an artificial environment.
Position 3: The embryo becomes worthier of protection with time!
When someone dies, people tend to feel the loss differently, depending on how old the person was. A fertilized egg prior to implantation in the uterus may therefore receive less attention than an embryo or a baby already born. More than half of fertilized eggs are lost for natural reasons prior to implantation. So, if this loss is considered part of the natural process, the use of some embryos in stem cell research should not cause us any moral concerns.
In our legal system, people are granted personality rights only after birth. But there are other protective rights that the embryo already enjoys before birth.
There are some stages of embryonic development that could give rise to increasing status worthy of protection:
- Implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall, approximately six days after fertilization
- The appearance of the primitive streak, which is associated with the first sign of a developing nervous system, approximately at day 14. After the 14th day, it is impossible for the embryo to divide to form twins. Until then, the embryo can still divide to become two or more fetuses, that is, multiple individuals. Likewise, further development can cease completely.
- The stage of development at which the fetus would be able to survive outside the uterus (approximately 24 weeks)
if born prematurely
- Actual birth (after approximately 40 weeks)
Position 4: Only after it is viable outside the womb!
Fertilized human egg cells remain simply parts of the human body until they have developed far enough to survive on their own. We should show the same respect for a
blastocyst as we would also show to the property of others. If we destroy a blastocyst prior to implantation, we do it no harm, as it has no hopes, desires, expectations, goals or intentions that we could harm.
The human embryonic and fetal development
Illustration: Stages of the embryonic and fetal development
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A Supposedly Fatal Bee Sting
A common creationist attack upon evolution is that organisms and ecosystems are way too complex to have just naturally occurred. They argue that an entity of some sort must be behind these occurrences. This creationist argument is known as Intelligent Design.
Now, why am I saying this? Because a friend gave me a pamphlet published by the GloryBee Ministries based in Oregon. It touts Intelligent Design. The pamphlet argued that the beehive and the honeybee itself were the products of a creator, presumably the God of the Bible. Essentially, it says that the bee and the beehive are just too sophisticated to have been formed through fortuitous accidents.
Evolution is not just made up of fortuitous accidents. Creatures and ecosystems change when the need for adaptation arises. Although a good portion of a population may get decimated, there will be surviving remnants that will adapt. For example, the cockroach is highly resistant to most pesticides. If you spray DDT on a group of cockroaches, there may be survivors who will be able to resist further exposure to that substance. Also, it was not within one generation that organisms evolved. It took numerous generations (and I mean numerous). Of course, the writer of the pamphlet argued that it did not matter if it took a few decades or a few million years for the honeybee to come into existence. According to the author, God created bees. He offers four arguments that are essentially in defense of Intelligent Design. They are: the beehive is highly sophisticated, the Queen Bee has no skills, body parts of the bee could not have evolved, and God must have programmed the bee. These arguments I will deal with one by one.
The beehive is highly sophisticated. Therefore an intelligent designer created the hive.
The problem with this claim is that sophistication is not evidence for a designer. There are ecosystems that are quite complicated but they are not created. They evolved from a rudimentary system to a complex one. Also, how would the creationist know for sure if there were only one designer at work? This is the one flaw that can undermine the ID movement.
The person who wrote the article tried to substantiate this argument by saying that the hexagonal shapes found in beehives are evidence for a creator. He says that the hexagons are perfectly formed and that the honey sits well in the hexagons. The curious thing is that a photo of those hexagons was not included. Instead, a sketch was printed in the pamphlet. Anyway, the reason why the hexagons are perfectly formed is so that the shapes can interlock with ease. Even more fatal to this argument is that these hexagons are made by beekeepers, hence the perfection.
He goes on saying that the beehive population is simply too well organized and coordinated. Quite conveniently, this guy uses, of all the eleven bee families, the honeybee while making his case. Granted, honeybees are organized into large- scale operations. The reason why is to simplify the tasks of gathering nectar and converting it into honey. However, other types of bees are not. Some bees are independent; some operate in the form of small units, and of course some establish large communities. There are even bees that go around raiding the nests of other bees. In effect, the bee social structure has evolved from the existence of free agents to the rise of large establishments.
Anybody who read The Art of War by Sun Tzu will know that large organizations, although quite complex, are similar to the establishment of smaller ones. All it requires is the proper division of labor as well as an efficient system of communication. The antenna of the bee serves the purpose of chemical communication. With antennas, bees can communicate with each other chemically. Bees also send signals by dancing. These means of communications are by no means perfect and are jury- rigged. Case in point, as a bee colony progresses more tasks need to be done; thus more signals need to be developed. As for the dividing of labor, when something needs to be done, an order or notice is sent and a number of bees will handle the immediate task.
In sum, the creationists are just making the problem worse. They claim that the natural world is too complex to have just occurred naturally so they assume that a sophisticated supernatural force or creator must have created it. Creationists and ID advocates need to specify about this so- called intelligent designer and state as to how this designer can be verified through the scientific method.
The Queen Bee has no skills
Actually, the Queen Bee does have skills. It can fight, it lays eggs, and it is the coordinator of the beehive. Queen Bees are known to fight each other over territory. This is nothing extraordinary. Many animals are known to be territorial. Also, the Queen Bee lays many eggs. These eggs hatch into daughter bees. These bees are the worker bees. These workers act as gatherers, lookouts, nurses, et cetera. The Queen Bee, while building up its work force, has to maintain the hive by herself. When workers are available, the Queen does nothing more or less than to lay eggs. As for controlling the hive, the Queen Bee issues directives chemically through its antennas. However, it should be noted that worker bees can run colonies by themselves.
The body parts could not possibly have evolved
It is out of the need to survive in harsh conditions that organisms would adapt and evolve. There are eleven bee families and thousands of bee species, what other explanation is there for all this diversity other than evolution? The finches observed by Darwin ought to sound familiar. When one looks at the fossil record, the fossils of bees found in the layer under that of the remains of flowering plants were in did not have the necessary body parts for gathering nectar. Anyway, this person reveals the stupidity of his arguments by asking why worker bees can do things that the drones and Queen Bees cannot. For example, the author asks why worker bees have so- called pollen baskets on their rear legs and Queen Bees and drones do not. Quite simply put, Queen Bees and drones do not gather pollen; therefore they do not need pollen baskets. Also, flawed body structures are common. The T-Rex has feeble arms, honeybees die without their stingers, and humans have appendixes.
God must have programmed the bee
Again, bees communicate by their antennas. The worker bee is highly versatile in the maintenance of the beehive. No doubt, drones and Queen Bees are specially bred. Drones hatch from unfertilized eggs and Queens are fed royal jelly while being nurtured in specialized cells (Dawkins, Richard. River Out of Eden. Pages 114-115)
This person also makes the typical argument that DNA is simply too complex. It should be noted that DNA is not irreducibly complex, but redundantly complex 1). Each and every organism receives its genetic code from its parent(s). Since so- called creation scientists have apparently heard every valid explanation about the formation of DNA from the genetics field, they should be able to answer a simple question: If God is infallible and if He did create DNA, why then are scientists able to crack the genetic code and point out the flaws? These flaws, by the way, can result in genetic diseases such as Down syndrome.
The pamphlet is essentially a tract written by a Christian apologist. He ends his case for creationism by exhorting people to convert to Christianity. Considering that he does a poor job of attacking evolution, why should one take the rest of Biblical apologetics seriously?
(1) Pigliucci, Massimo, PhD. Intelligent Design, the Modern Argument. Rationally Speaking column #5, December 2000. Found at: http://fp.bio.utk.edu/skeptic/Rationally_Speaking.htm
I credit MSN Learning and Research and HEXAGONS in a packed World for the assistance these sites provided for the writing of this article. I wish to thank Michael Suttkus and Hayden Wood of the DebunkCreation forum for giving constructive criticism of this article. I would also like to thank Lenny Flank, the DebunkCreation coordinator and Webmaster of Creation Science Debunked, for his extensive knowledge in arguing with creationists. His common-sense approach towards refuting inane arguments is very entertaining and very effective. Finally, I thank Benjamin Weinberg for giving me the pamphlet.
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"It must have been very interesting in Vienna back then ...”
In 2018 the Austrian capital is celebrating Viennese Modernism. Four of the era’s chief protagonists died 100 years earlier: Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, Otto Wagner and Koloman Moser, all of whom significantly shaped turn-of-the-century Vienna. A review.
In 1918 nothing was like it had been before
The world had changed. The futile First World War claimed millions of lives and led to a shift in the balance of power in Europe. The monarchies in Germany and Austria fell. Overnight, emperors, kings and princes were “washed up like the flotsam and jetsam of a suddenly sunken world” 1 .Republics emerged: the First Republic in Austria and the Weimar Republic in Germany. And the world-famous Viennese Modernism experienced a watershed moment. Not only due to the deaths in 1918 of Klimt, Schiele, Wagner and Moser, four of the leading lights of what turned out to be the most important era in Austrian cultural, artistic and social history. But also because the spirit of new beginnings at the end of the long nineteenth century fell victim to the nationalistic, omnipotent fantasies of a handful of megalomaniac warmongers.
More than two million inhabitants
Just a few years earlier, everything was right with the world: “It must have been very interesting in Vienna back then,” wrote the author Hermann Bahr in his book Expressionismus, which first appeared in 1916. And so it was: In the second half of the 19th century Vienna went down a special route all of its own, transforming itself into the intellectual andartistic center of the world. But how? The revolutions of 1848 left Vienna relatively unscathed from a democratic point of view. Led by the conservative emperor Franz Joseph, the Habsburgs were firmly in control. The nobility and the clergy held the reins. By 1910 immigrants had flocked to Vienna from all over the Dual Monarchy, forming a multinational, multilingual and multicultural city with a population of more than two million. The last major military campaign came in 1866 (which, like so many before, the Habsburgs lost): the Battle of Königgrätz. From that point on, the Habsburgs “only” held sway over their own Dual Monarchy. A period of peace followed. The 1860s saw full civil rights conferred on the Jewish population. Like the nobility and clergy, they were able to acquire plots of land to build on and would go on to become influential patrons of the arts. Following the 1867 constitutional reforms, the liberals found themselves at the political helm. The stock exchange crash of 9 May 1873 brought their first major setback. And in 1879 they were defeated in parliamentary elections. The conservatives, led by Count Eduard Taaffe, stepped into the breech.
- 1Lothar Machtan: Die Abdankung. Wie Deutschlands gekrönte Häupter aus der Geschichte fielen (dtv Verlagsgesellschaft, April 22, 2016)
Meeting at the coffeehouse
This phase of social and political upheaval provided a fertile breeding ground for novel approaches. Anyone who found themselves outside the upper echelons of society sought an alternative to social betterment in art and culture. People began to focus on the finer things in life, while questioning the political status quo. Outwardly cozy, Vienna was the perfect place for this: not too big, but not too provincial either. The neuroscientist and Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel, who emigrated from Vienna to the USA with his parents in 1939, would later make the following apposite observation: “Indeed Viennese life at the turn of the century provided opportunities in salons and coffeehouses for scientists, writers and artists to come together in an atmosphere that was at once inspiring, optimistic, and politically engaged.” 2
Carl E. Schorske, the great historian who passed away in 2015, wrote a touchstone volume for turn-of-the-century Vienna in 1980 with his book Fin-De-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, and was fully aware of the special role played by the capital: “In London, Paris, or Berlin the intellectuals in the various branches of high culture, whether academic or aesthetic, journalistic or literary, political or intellectual, scarcely knew each other.
They lived in comparatively segregated professional communities. In Vienna, by contrast, until about 1900, the cohesiveness of the whole elite was strong. The salon and the café retained their vitality as institutions where intellectuals of different kinds shared ideas and values with each other and still mingled with a business and professional elite proud of its general education and artistic culture.” Boundaries between science and the arts blurred. People argued and debated, wrote and published, researched and experimented across the board. Intellectuals, artists, architects, writers, physicians, musicians, designers and many other individuals would meet in various constellations at the city’s salons and coffeehouses.
Werewolf at a ladies’ circle
It was in this creative center that Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, Otto Wagner and Koloman Moser worked and left behind countless traces in Vienna that endure to this day: Wagner (1841-1918) as an architect and urban planner; Klimt (1862-1918) as the inventor of Viennese Art Nouveau, or Jugendstil, and portraitist to the rich and famous; Schiele (1890-1918) as an expressionist enfant terrible; and Koloman Moser (1868-1918) as Wiener Werkstätte co-founder and pioneering graphic and product designer. At their side, numerous other artists, scientists, intellectuals and – for the first time – lots of women shaped the city. Prominent names include Gustav Mahler, who whipped the Vienna State Opera into shape. And Arnold Schönberg, whose 12-tone works revolutionized the world of music. Sigmund Freud found Vienna to be the perfect environment for working on his interpretation of dreams. Arthur Schnitzler’s literary landscapes of the soul had their roots in Freud’s insights. “Internal worlds became reality.” 3 After all, “art nouveau has plumbed deeper psychological depths in Vienna than anywhere else” 4 . Announcing one’s suicide was quite the done thing, but seldom followed through on.
Announcing one’s suicide was quite the done thing, but seldom followed through on. And while sexuality was not yet up for public discussion, matters of the flesh found their way onto the artists’ canvasses. “Art in Vienna had to be honest, it had to open people’s hearts – and part their thighs,” said the art historian Kia Vahland 5 .Oskar Kokoschka is said to have “burst onto the Viennese art scene like a werewolf at a ladies’ circle” 6 . When he designed the Secession building (“To every age its art, to art its freedom”), Joseph Maria Olbrich created the most contemporary exhibition space of its age, complete with a striking gold cupola. Adolf Loos’ pared-down designs provided an architectural counter- point to the ornamentation found in Austrian Art Nouveau. Josef Hoffmann and Josef Frank took the first steps towards developing the social housing that continues to play such an important role in Vienna to this day. Wiener Werkstätte was dedicated to the notion of the Gesamtkunstwerk, or total work of art, and devoted to making a timeless style part of everyday life. And Ludwig Wittgenstein, who played a key role in planning a building in Vienna that would bear his name, published his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, which propagated the use of a clear language in philosophy.
Berta Zuckerkandl, Fanny von Arnstein, Eleonora Princess Fugger and Sophie von Todesco were just some of the high-profile women who made a significant contribution to Vienna’s culture of political and social discourse with their salons. Klimt’s lifelong companion, Emilie Flöge, was a fashion designer and did much to liberate the city’s women from the constraints of the corset. And then there was Alma Mahler-Werfel: for many she was a femme fatale and more than a mere muse, often ending up as lover to the men she inspired. The fact that she herself was a composer is largely forgotten today.
- 3Florian Illies: 1913. The Year Before the Storm (Fischer Taschenbuch, August 21, 2014)
- 4Art historian Kia Vahland in Geo Epoche, 14th edition. Die Geschichte der Kunst: Jugendstil und Art Déco. Die Ästhetik des Alltags 1890-1940 (Gruner + Jahr 2016)
- 6Eric Kandel: The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present (Random House, 2012)
Birth of the Ringstrasse
Karl Kraus, the famous publicist and publisher of the journal Die Fackel, supported his colleagues such as Peter Altenberg and was not averse to picking public quarrels with other great thinkers such as Freud, Schnitzler and Bahr. And while others argued, some people channeled their energies into the finer things in life – such as Eduard Josef Wimmer-Wisgrill, who founded Wiener Werkstätte’s fashion department in 1907 and developed Wiener Mode fashion. During this period Vienna’s showpiece Ringstrasse boulevard was still under construction. Although it was commissioned in 1857, monumental buildings, city palaces belonging to the nobility and mansion houses owned by members of the burgeoning upper middle classes continued to go up on the 5.3 kilometer route until well into the twentieth century. Modern materials were used; as were countless immigrants from neighboring Bohemia and Moravia. Known as “Ziegelbehm”, these poor souls endured wretched working conditions in the city’s brickworks, churning out building materials for the capital’s elite.
"In 1913, a year that oscillated between beauty and abyss on the cusp of the First World War, Vienna abounded “with strength” 7 . “It had become a world city and this could be seen and felt all over the world – everywhere except in Vienna itself, where, through sheer joy in self-destruction, people hadn’t realized that they had unexpectedly come to the apex of the movement which called itself Modernism. Because selfdoubt and self-destruction had become a central component of the new way of thinking, and what Kafka called the ‘Nervous Era’ had dawned. And in Vienna nerves – virtually, metaphorically, artistically and psychologically – were laid bare like nowhere else. Berlin, Paris, Munich, Vienna. These were the four frontier towns of modernism in 1913.” 8
- 7Illies: 1913. The Year Before the Storm
„Dream and Reality“
And today? The two world wars and their legacy caused Viennese Modernism to slip into obscurity. Until the subject suddenly re-entered the collective memory in 1985. An exhibition entitled Dream and Reality hosted by the Wien Museum revisited the period between 1870 and 1930, bringing it and all of its leading lights back to life. More than 600,000 people flocked to the Künstlerhaus for a taste of Klimt, Schiele, Wagner, Moser et al. All of a sudden, interest in this artistic and cultural era was greater than it had ever been. And this interest will remain unbroken, beyond 2018. Because Vienna is still a highly interesting place today.
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ACS: Steering clear of UV rays this summer
MARQUETTE – As temperatures climb this summer, it is common for people to be concerned about the dangers of heat exhaustion and dehydration, but another killer lurks in the sun’s rays in the form of ultraviolet radiation.
Everyone is exposed to naturally occurring solar UV radiation. However, with the increasing trends of sunbathing and tanning beds among young adults and women, a tanned appearance has become a misguided sign of a good look and good health. Additionally, studies have shown that many adults and adolescents in the U.S. do not regularly protect themselves when outdoors on sunny days.
July is UV Safety Month and the American Cancer Society is encouraging everyone to take steps to protect themselves from the dangerous effects of UV rays, which cause the vast majority of skin cancer.
More than one million cases of basal cell or squamous skin cancer (nonmelanoma) and 77,000 cases of malignant melanoma (the most serious form of skin cancer) are expected to be diagnosed in 2013 in the United States. The Society estimates that 12,650 people will die from skin cancer in 2013, mostly due to malignant melanoma, which is among the fastest rising cancers in the U.S.
Fortunately, skin cancer also is one of the most preventable forms of cancer. To help prevent skin cancer, stick to the following sunsafety practices:
• Wear protective clothing in the sun; wear a hat that shades the face, neck and ears; and plan outdoor activities to avoid the midday sun.
• Examine the skin regularly. Suspicious lesions or progressive changes in a lesion’s appearance or size should be evaluated promptly by a physician.
• Wear sunglasses to protect eyes from UV light.
• Use a sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 30 or higher and apply a generous amount (about a palmful) 15-20 minutes before going outdoors. Reapply sunscreen as necessary throughout the day, especially after swimming, perspiring, or towel drying. Use sunscreen even on hazy days.
• Avoid artificial sources of UV light (sunlamps, tanning beds).
An easy way to remember these important sun safety tips is with the catch-phrase: “Slip! Slop! Slap! Wrap! Slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher), slap on a hat and wrap on sunglasses. Pay attention to your time spent in UV rays – stay out of the sun during peak times (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) and remember that a nice tan is never worth risking your life.
In addition to taking steps to prevent skin cancer, it is also important to be on the lookout for the signs of skin damage and skin cancer. Immediate adverse effects of excessive exposure are sunburn and eye damage, whereas longer effects include premature aging of the skin and skin cancer. Skin cancer is highly curable if detected in its early stages. The best way to detect skin cancer early is to examine your skin regularly and recognize changes in skin growths or the appearance of new growths. Talk to your physician about any changes you notice or areas of concern. For more information, call the American Cancer Society at (800) 227-2345 or go to cancer.org.
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In 2019, the UK made a legally binding pledge to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
The Ten Point Plan is the UK government’s latest strategy for stimulating a green industrial revolution and working towards the goal of net-zero. It plans to bring together policy and investment, both public and private, to take advantage of a variety of low carbon technologies, while providing green jobs and securing economic growth.
As the name suggests, there are ten aspects to this plan.
1. Advancing Offshore Wind
2. Driving the Growth of Low Carbon Hydrogen
3. Delivering New and Advanced Nuclear Power
4. Accelerating the Shift to Zero-Emission Vehicles
5. Green Public Transport, Cycling and Walking
6. Jet Zero and Green Ships
7. Greener Buildings
8. Investing in Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage
9. Protecting Our Natural Environment
10. Green Finance and Innovation
In some way, the bioeconomy and the use of biobased techniques and processes can be incorporated across the whole plan but point 6 (Jet Zero and Green Ships) in particular offers increased opportunity for the bioeconomy to flourish.
To read the rest of the article, click here.
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There are more than 400 different species of bacteria in the human digestive tract. The most important of these are Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. They are called probiotics, the opposite of antibiotics, because they aid in creating a healthy balance of microflora in the gut.
Wrongly described as the body's sewer, the colon is actually buzzing with life activity. Millions of friendly bacteria are hard at work in the colon. Their job is the final stage of digestion, leaving only what is absolutely of no use to the body to be eliminated. The friendly bacteria, weighing as much as three pounds in the normal colon, also function to keep bad bacteria in check. It seems that most bacteria in the world and in the body are actually beneficial to our health. Bacteria are the janitors of the world, disposing of decaying and diseased cells.
The human gastrointestinal tract – the small and large intestines – is home for these hundreds of species of bacteria. There are several thousand billion of them in each of us, and the total weight of bacteria is between 3-4 pounds. These bacteria play important an important part in human digestion and immune function. "Probiotics" are live or dead bacteria administered to humans for the purpose of improving their health. The word comes from Greek "pro bios" meaning "for life".
Generally you should use products that contain a mixture of live organisms and have an expiration date on the label. Extreme heat or freezing can kill the live cells. Food sources of probiotics include yogurt and milk with live cultures – but note that Pasteurization destroys live cultures.
The probiotics generally should be stored in refrigerator because they lose their potency (heat will kill bacteria) at room temperature. Some manufacturers claim that their probiotics can survive at room temperature and therefore do not require refrigeration, but these statements should be treated with suspicion: It is recommended to purchase probiotics from a health store that keeps them in a refrigerator.
Most digestive bacteria cannot survive the strong hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Therefore, use of probiotics in enteric coated capsules is recommended, as they will only dissolve in the lower intestine and thereby avoid the stomach's hydrochloric acid.
Problems with Lactobacillus administration include the failure of organisms to adhere to the intestinal mucosa or to survive damage from gastric acid and bile. The acidophilus sweepstakes has led to the search for newer and better strains for medical uses.
Supplements of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) promote the growth of Bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria use the fiber from foods such as fruits, vegetables, legumes and grains to make short-chain fatty acids, including butyrate. Butyrate is an important source of energy for the cells lining the colon and promote a healthy colon. The recommended dose of FOS is 2-3gm per day. Foods containing fructooligosaccharides include onions, asparagus, garlic and Jerusalem artichokes.
The primary use of probiotics is to restore the normal flora in the intestines that often occurs because of poor diet or the use of antibiotics. They do this first by competing with other organisms for nutrients. They secrete lactic acid and acetic acid that decrease the pH of the vagina and intestines, making the environment less favorable for the pathogenic bacteria to thrive. Antibiotics can alter the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, decreasing the numbers of healthy bacteria and causing diarrhea. Probiotics, taken during or after antibiotic therapy, can reduce or prevent this effect.
Probiotics produce certain antimicrobial compounds that kill some of the undesirable pathogens in the intestines, including yeasts, virii and bacteria. The associated decrease in the production of potentially cancer-causing toxins by the unfavorable microorganisms may help decrease the incidence of colon cancer. Probiotics also make certain vitamins needed by the body including folic acid, vitamin B6, niacin and vitamin K.
Low counts of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, with an increase in less desirable bacteria in the intestines can cause gas, diarrhea, constipation, mucosal irritation and contribute to the development of allergies. As the number of undesirable bacteria increases, the absorption of certain nutrients, including the B-vitamins, decreases, leading to the possibility of deficiencies.
Unfortunately, new generations of antibiotics can significantly reduce number of bacteria in few weeks or even days. Generally, antibiotics are not able to differ good bacteria from bad and prolonged use of antibiotics can significantly decrease number of friendly bacteria. If you suspect that the digestive flora have been disrupted by antibiotics (typical symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal discomfort and gas), have a comprehensive stool analysis performed in order to check the proper balance of bacterial flora. If you cannot avoid taking antibiotics it is advised to take probiotics 2-3 hours after taking the antibiotics.
Probiotics help us in many different ways such as:
Probiotics in powder form can be used for treating oral thrush.
When Candida albicans is killed by fungicide, it will leave the mucosa wall, and be pushed out as solid waste. Taking probiotics 15min to one hour after taking fungicide will hopefully allow good bacteria to populate the mucosa wall. The good bacteria will fight the yeast on three ways: it will compete for food with Candida, produce fungicide as hydrogen peroxide and help in digestion of food (alleviating Leaky Gut Syndrome that way).
If supplementation is needed, start by taking at least 1-10 billion viable L. acidophilus or B. bifidum cells daily divided into 3 or 4 doses. Take them on an empty stomach or at least 30-60 minutes before eating. Take 15-20 billion viable organisms daily to prevent diarrhea from antibiotic therapy.
Oral administration of probiotic bacteria has been shown to stabilize intestinal integrity, promote local IgA production and reduce intestinal inflammation in atopic individuals with cow's-milk allergy.
How do the friendly bacteria keep the bad bacteria in check? Think of a crowded theater. You walk in, and there is no place to sit; all the seats are taken. So you can't stay. It is the same with bacteria. There are only a certain number of "seats" in the colon. If they're all taken by friendly bacteria, then there's no chance for the bad bacteria to set up shop and start to duplicate themselves.
According to most researchers, normal probiotics should be more numerous than the cells of the intestinal lining itself. One of the ways to help reestablish a balanced bacterial population in the GI tract is the use of probiotic supplements. There are many products on the market containing a variety of organisms and a general approach could be taken using a broad spectrum probiotic formula. However, a better method is to discover the type of imbalance by testing and then supplementing those specific bacteria that are needed. Bringing these normally-occurring bacteria into balance will help prevent the overgrowth of more pathogenic organisms.
Bifidobacteria are the predominant lactic acid bacteria of the colon with a concentration that is 1000 times higher than Lactobacilli. Administration of Bifidobacterium breve to humans and animals reduces fecal concentrations of Clostridia and Enterobacter species, ammonia, and toxin-releasing bacterial enzymes including beta-glucuronidase and tryptophanase. Bacillus laterosporus, a novel organism classified as non-pathogenic to humans, produces unique metabolites with antibiotic, antitumor and immune modulating activity. This organism is available as a food supplement in the United States. It has been found to be an effective adjunctive treatment for control of symptoms associated with small bowel dysbiosis in a number of patients.
Fructose-containing oligosaccharides (FOS), found in vegetables like onion and asparagus, have been developed as a food supplement for raising stool levels of Bifidobacteria and lowering stool pH.
Use of a good probiotic product can help keep the bacterial flora in balance and reduce inflammation. Caution is advised with active inflammation, as bacteria may penetrate the gut wall and enter the blood stream.
A study of hospitalized children showed that a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis was effective in treating acute diarrhea. One of the more common causes for hospitalization of infants and young children is dehydration related to acute diarrhea, especially from a rotavirus.
Lactobacilli in the intestines play an important role in developing natural defenses against both intestinal bacterial and viral infections. In the study group, the frequency of diarrhea improved on the first and second days of hospitalization and the duration of diarrhea during hospitalization also decreased. The researchers concluded "Oral bacterial therapy is an effective adjuvant therapy in rotavirus positive and negative children with diarrhea and can safely be administered during an episode of acute diarrhea." [Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2001 Sep-Oct; 42(5): pp.301-5]
Dr. McCann, originally with Kaiser Permanente in Ohio, has pioneered a dramatic, experimental treatment for inflammatory bowel disease which has induced a rapid remission in 16 out of 20 patients with ulcerative colitis. A two-day course of multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics to "decontaminate" the gut is followed by administration of defined strains of E. coli, and Lactobacillus acidophilus to produce a "reflorastation" of the colon. Others have not achieved this same degree of success. It may need to be combined with the specific carbohydrate diet described in the book Breaking the Vicious Cycle.
Twice-daily vaginal douches, using 2 teaspoons full of acidophilus/bifidus powder in a quart of warm water, will help treat many recurrent vaginal yeast infections. Even just taking probiotics orally will increase the colonization of these organisms in the vagina and help prevent infections from occurring.
Soil Based Organisms (SBOs) (bacillus subtilis and licheniformis) produce surfactin that inactivates lipid envelope viruses (HIV, CMV, herpes etc), kills mycoplasmas, many bacteria and candida albicans. By reducing candida albicans, SBOs reduce TH2 cytokines.
Probiotics may interfere with giardia infection through a number of mechanisms, including competition for limited adhesion sites; competition for nutrients that would otherwise be utilized by pathogens (e.g. glucose); and stimulation of the immune response. Orally-administered probiotics have great potential to affect the microflora of the proximal small intestine as this area is sparsely populated when compared to the colon or distal small bowel. Probiotic attachment, subsequent growth, and metabolic activity may have dramatic effects on host immune responses and the local micro-ecology.
Probiotics may also directly inhibit giardial growth and induce innate and immunological antigiardial mechanisms. For example, Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 has demonstrated the ability to produce substances that inhibit growth of G. intestinalis in vitro. Substances found in L. johnsonii La1 supernatant impaired the ability of giardia to replicate and encyst. The La1 extracellular products have also been found to cause dramatic alterations in the morphology of giardia trophozoites.
Probiotics can also enhance intestinal IgA immune responses and increase intestinal mucin production. The actions and qualities of probiotics appear to be strain-specific. Even closely-related bacterial strains within the same species may have significantly different actions.
Taking sauerkraut or kim chi throughout the day is a dietary measure that often helps.
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A woman’s path through life may be shared, at some point, with her children.
Pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon that is unique in nature because it involves symbiosis between two partially different individuals. This type of coexistence calls for refined and complex regulation of the immune system of both mother and foetus in order to guarantee efficient protection against possible infections, while simultaneously allowing the process of invasion of the “extraneous” embryonic tissue and avoiding situations in which physiological immunity reaction mechanisms occurring in the mother’s body may become potentially harmful for the embryo.
That’s why it’s so important for future mums to maintain their microbiota (gut flora) efficient and properly balanced.
Diet is equally important: combine carbohydrates and protein at each meal, increase protein intake, opt for full grain cereals and be sure to eat plenty of fruit and vegetables.
Except in the presence of contrary advice given by your gynaecologist, constant physical exercise is recommended for the full 9-month term.
The following is a selection of Pegaso products that can provide valuable supplements during pregnancy.
Mother’s milk plays an invaluable role in supporting natural defence mechanisms, gut flora and the metabolism in general. From birth to weaning and beyond, there may be multiple reasons for dietary supplementation.
The use of food supplements is recommended in the case of prolonged dietary deficiencies or incorrect nutrition, if diet is based on low nutrient foods (pre-cooked, cooked, processed, or refined) and in all cases of unbalanced diet high in refined fats and sugars and low in vitamins, fibre and mineral salts. A properly composed diet will aid healthy and balanced growth for your newborn child.
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Of the many factors that led to the industrial revolution, two of the biggest and most significant were the embargo act of 1807 and the war of 1812. The industrial revolution was a great change which took place in europe in the 1700s and 1800s the term industrial revolution refers both to the changes that occurred and to the period. The industrial revolution was conceived in britain during the 1700s and soon after spread to other parts of europe and to north america in. Environmental impact of the industrial revolution urbanization 1 new districts of identical rows of houses built quickly and cheaply to house factory and. Find out more about the history of industrial revolution, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more get all the facts on historycom. Other social impacts, the impact of the industrial revolution, industrial revolution, sose: history, year 9, nsw introduction the industrial revolution dramatically.
The industrial revolution resulted in more efficient production processes, cheaper goods, increases in job opportunities and improved quality of life on the other. 23 the industrial revolution and its environmental impacts the environmental issues you have identified in your answer to the first exercise are likely to be. The positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution the industrial revolution had many positive and negative impacts on society the positive include cheaper clothes, more job. Positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution essay positive and negative impacts of the industrial revolution the industrial revolution was a change in the mid-18th century.
Nice, it helped me a lot and made my work 10 times easier the social impacts of the industrial revolution were quite vast. How the steam engine changed the world by factories that still relied on wind or water power to drive their machines during the industrial revolution were.
Definition of the social impact of the industrial revolution – our online dictionary has the social impact of the industrial revolution information from science and. What are the negative effects of industrialization a: the effects of the industrial revolution were vast and far-reaching changes in the political. Start studying industrial revolution: effects learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
The industrial revolution and its impact on european society 583 one reported: “we have repeatedly seen married females, in the last stage of pregnancy, slaving from. The industrial revolution brought about dramatic changes in nearly every aspect of british society, including demographics, politics, social structures and institutions, and the economy. The industrial revolution was marked by the introduction of power-driven machinery and ushered in a time of strong economic development learn how. The industrial revolution brought severe consequences to societyfactory owners, needing cheap, unskilled labor, profited greatly byusing children.
Impact of the industrial revolution arts during the industrial revolution there were many artistic movements during the period of britain's industrialization, each.
The fourth industrial revolution is changing how we live, work, and communicate it’s reshaping government, education, healthcare, and commerce—almost every aspect of life. The industrial revolution had immense effects creating an unprecedented amount of change as well has having great implications on modern society where the once. Global consequences of the industrial revolution global consequences of the industrial revolution whereas the impact of industrialization is easy to understand. Another negative result of industrialization is that it brought a negative impact on culture, values and morality of mankind pros and cons of industrial revolution. The industrial revolution in the us transformed the nation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries the technological advancements made during this period changed lives, made vast.
The effects of the industrial revolution the industrial revolution was absolutely beneficial to the progress of the world from the 1800s all the way to present day. The industrial revolution resulted in a great deal of negative (and positive) outcomes some negative outcomes have dissipated some are still playing out in developing countries some are. Free essay on effects of the industrial revolution available totally free at echeatcom, the largest free essay community. The industrial revolution was a change in the mid-18th century from small scale, domestic production of goods to machine-based, mass production of goods.
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Moretonhampstead was originally known as Mor Tun and was the major settlement of land within the boundaries of the rivers Teign and Bovey occupied by the Saxons soon after 682 AD. By 1086 AD the Manor of Moreton, with some neighbouring manors, supported more than five thousand sheep. The wool trade formed the basis of the town’s economy for more than 700 years. Towards the end of the 13th century a water-powered fulling mill was set up and the trade was firmly established.
The charter for a weekly market and an annual fair was granted in 1207 by King John
. At that time the rent was set as one sparrow hawk per year and the bird has become something of a symbol for the town. Morton grew steadily through the Middle until the end of the 17th century when the wool industry began to decline. However the town continued to be a local trading centre and a vital stage on the routes across Dartmoor
and from Exeter
and Newton Abbot
. Many of Moretonhampstead’s ancient buildings were destroyed by a series of fires in the last century, but much of the town is designated a conservation area and there are many buildings of architectural and historic interest. The whole town is within Dartmoor National Park
Dating from the mid 15th century, the granite Church of St Andrew
is situated on high ground adjoining the sentry. Cromwellian troops passed through the town but the church does not appear to have suffered from vandalism like so many neighbouring churches at that time. The church was restored and enlarged in and a handsome new screen, an organ. An organ chamber and vestry were added. There is also a very fine carved oak rood and some nice tracery in some of the windows.
The Cross Tree was immortalised by R. D. Blackmore in his book Christowell is represented by a cross minus its shaft and enclosed near the Alms Houses. The fine old elm, cut and clipped in the form of a punch bowl and around which the village lads and lasses used to dance, has long since disappeared. In its place a beech tree has been planted. It is recorded that French officers on parole from Princetown Prison during the Napoleonic Wars, assembled around the Cross Tree with their band.
Standing behind the Cross Tree are the famous granite Alms Houses
. 1637, the date on the outside, is when they were refurbished and research has shown that the basic buildings are at least two hundred years older. Early in the 19th century the facade was damaged and by 1938 they had fallen into disrepair. In 1952 they were purchased by the National Trust.
Not far away is Dartmoor’s Miniature Pony and Animal Farm which has more than 150 animals including not only the famous miniature ponies and donkeys but very friendly pigs, goats, calves and lambs.
Moretonhampstead boasts an impressive range of artists and studios and a new art gallery has recently opened, specialising in local contemporary artists, 18th and 19th century portraits, equestrian art, decorative antiques and contemporary pieces. The gallery is located in the restored former Natwest bank building, believed to have been designed by Lutyens
Moretonhampstead also has its own forge which is open to the public.
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Actually, no the volcanoes aren’t from space, but pictures of the volcanoes were taken from space. The NASA Earth Observatory has posted three more gems of volcanic activity taken by one of the fleet of earth imagers in orbit:
A recent image of Chaiten taken by EO-1. Image courtesy of the NASA Earth Observatory.
- There is a great image of the busy Kamchatkan Peninsula, where four volcanoes are seen erupting in a single image – Kliuchevskoi, Bezymianny, Shiveluch and Karymsky. The plume from Karymsky is especially prominent as a grey streak above the white snow of the Russian winter (albeit it already April 2 when this image was taken).
- The EO keeps presenting us with great shots of the Eyjafjallajökull-Fimmvörduháls eruption in Iceland. This one, taken April 4, shows both vents and the lava flows snaking down drainages out of the snow zone into the lowlands near the Fimmvörduháls Pass. Based on the activity last night, the eruption is still going strong. The Icelandic Met Office posted an image of the collected seismic data leading up to the eruption that shows the ascent of the magma as well.
- Finally, as we approach the 2nd anniversary of the Chaiten eruption in Chile, we have a new image (taken April 3) of the dome and surrounding landscape around the volcano. It is remarkable how much the new domes have filled in the caldera. Soon, the old caldera will no longer be a negative relief feature on the map and Chaiten will again be a “mountain” rather than a hole in the ground.
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One of the most interesting reptiles around us, snakes tend to inspire fear as well as excitement in anyone who sees them. When getting more information on rattlesnakes or pythons, understanding what separates them and what makes them the same is essential to create an interest in snakes within children. Some fascinating aspects of these creatures can help dispel myths and work towards conserving them.
15 Amazing Facts about Snakes for Children
Understanding the facts and different kinds of trivia about snakes can help you stay more informed and even get excited about them, whether you’re looking to have pet snakes or not. Here are some amazing facts about snakes that you ought to know.
1. There are Nearly 3000 Varieties of Snakes
Some of them are long, some of them are short, some are multi-coloured, some are pitch black. But most importantly, some can be venomous while some are totally harmless.
2. Snakes are Deaf and Cannot Hear Sounds
Snakes don’t have ears at all. Snakes stay close to the ground and slide flat to it as much as possible. This is because they sense and judge the movement through vibrations on the ground, using their jaws.
3. Most Poisonous Snakes Have Bright Colours
The bright colours are a great warning sign for any kind of predator to instantly realize that this snake could be poisonous and can kill them if they bite. However, a few non-venomous snakes have this quality and have bright colours on their scales, too. This fools the predators and keeps them safe.
4. Snakes Live Longer in Zoos Than in the Wild
One of the most interesting pieces of snakes information for kids on the internet to note is that snakes live longer in captivity and grow larger as well. An anaconda in South America has lived for nearly 28 years. Some anacondas are known to grow up to as long as 38 feet and can weigh upwards of 120 kg.
5. Snakes Eat Only When They Feel Hungry
Many snakes have different times when they feel hungry. Some can eat every 2-3 days, while others eat once in two weeks or even once a month. It all depends on their physical activity, which is why snakes in zoos tend to eat only a few times in the entire year.
6. Snakes Can Swallow Large Preys Easily
Most snakes have around 200 teeth that allow them to chew their food. The muscle tendons around their jaw allow them to open their mouth to eat something that is more than 3 times larger than them. Thus, they bite their prey and hold on to it, while slowly swallowing it down.
7. Snakes Don’t Take a Bath
The skin of snakes is made of scales that are placed together so intelligently that dirt barely catches on to them. Therefore, they don’t tend to take a bath as such. On regular occasions, they do get rid of their skin to be replaced with a new one.
8. Snakes Help Keep Pests Away
One of the important python facts is that snakes like these end up eating rats, rodents, and other animals as well as insects that tend to destroy and ruin crops. Therefore, having a snake around is actually beneficial to many farmers and adjoining areas.
9. Snakes are Extremely Speedy
With their slender and agile bodies, snakes can slide quickly from one point to another. The black mamba, one of the most dangerous snakes, is known to slither at a speed of nearly 12km/hr.
10. A Few Snakes Can Fly As Well
Okay, snakes don’t fly like birds but they can flatten their bodies to trap air under them, allowing for a gliding movement when they fall from a height. Many snake species tend to do this.
11. A Snake’s Venom Has Multiple Purposes
The snake uses its venom while hunting in order to paralyse its prey or kill it making it easy for eating the food. But if the venom is extracted, then scientists can use its properties to make life-saving medicines as well.
12. Snakes Have Heat Vision
Although some snakes have eyes, they cannot see properly even in the day. Therefore, they make use of tiny holes in front of their mouth to sense the heat around them, allowing them to hunt even in the night.
13. Snakes Don’t Have Noses
Although they rely on the sense of smell, snakes don’t have noses. Their tongues, however, can pick up chemical molecules from the air and analyze them to understand their environment better.
14. Sea Snakes Breathe Through Their Skin
Amongst the fun sea snake facts, one of the most interesting ones is their ability to breathe underwater. They can do this partially through their skin, which allows them to hunt for prey for a longer time.
15. Snakes Respond to Movement and Not Sound
If you’ve seen a snake charmer, the music is just a distraction for the audience. The snake actually moves to the movement of the instrument and not the music.
Putting together some interesting king cobra facts for kids and even about other varieties of snakes helps your children dissolve the fear around the species and look at them from a scientific perspective. Snakes are animals in their own right and deserve to be cared properly, too.
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Design of artificial respirator made in DRC at the Loyola University of Congo
By José Minaku SJ
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, like so many other countries in the world, is currently going through the health crisis due to the Coronavirus pandemic. In the past two weeks the Loyola University of Congo (ULC), through its Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST) in collaboration with both internal and external partners, has had the challenge of making a model respirator at a low cost, using materials found locally.
The Coronavirus can cause a serious respiratory infection in affected people who would need to use artificial respirators to stay alive. With fewer than 1,500 artificial respirators for a population of over 85 million, the spread of Covid19 could lead to a shortage of artificial respirators in DR Congo. Touched by this serious situation, Professor Sandrine Mubenga, founder of STEM DRC Initiative at FAST initiated the design of a medical emergency ventilator. Many engineers and institutions have responded favorably to his call.
The prototype of this respirator has been assembled in the ULC laboratory, by its staff using local materials. The university is already in talks with the Congolese government and other partners to make efforts towards the production of a few models for experimentation outside the laboratory. It would be a remarkable local contribution towards the efforts of fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
The project’s objectives
The objective of the project is to meet the challenge posed by the coronavirus pandemic by offering an artificial respirator which would be a Congolese solution, less expensive, which can be manufactured quickly in large quantities in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
This project aims to save lives by producing respirators to relieve patients in respiratory distress during the COVID-19 pandemic and other pathologies if necessary. This initiative is a double contribution to the development of the Democratic Republic of Congo: on the one hand, by responding to the urgency of COVID-19; and on the other hand, by demonstrating the possibility of creating local units of respirators to meet the needs of the populations.
How to support us?
- Commit to supporting the DRC respiratory team by raising awareness among your loved ones or your audience.
- Make a donation in kind or make available to us your equipment, services, or laboratory likely to contribute to the realization of the project. Do not hesitate to contact us for more details here (www.respirateur-rdc.org)
- Make a financial contribution here (www.respirateur-rdc.org)
Other milestones made by the Loyola University of Congo towards the fight of COVID-19 pandemic
The Faculty of Agro-veterinary Sciences (FSAV) is also involved in the production of disinfectant gels, at a low cost while the Faculty of Philosophy, has put in contribution to share reflections grounded in our context on the post-COVID-19 period. The philosophical days will be devoted to the current crisis.
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|Middle East International Services||Commerce||Almusaafer||Higher Education|
|Language Services||Arabic Course||Resource Center|
Press to go back to:
To leave Jordan press:
The official language of Jordan is Arabic. English is widely spoken, especially in the cities, and many Jordanians have traveled or been educated abroad. French, German, Italian and Spanish are also spoken, but to a lesser extent.
There are several different conventions for transliterating Arabic into English, so the spelling of addresses, for example, may vary. In general, the sound of the words is a better guide than the spelling.
It's fun - and easier than you may think - to try speaking a few words of Arabic. Here are some to practice:
Yes - Na'am
No - Laa
Please - Min fadlak to a man, Min fadlik to a woman
Thank you Shukran
How much (price)? Aadesh?
If all else fails, try:
I don't speak Arabic Ana laa ahkee Arabee.
Arabic numbers are easy to read - indeed, Western numerals are derived from the Arabic system. Unlike the words, Arabic numbers read from left to right. Here are the digits:
1996 Al-Musaafer, L.L.C.
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|South Carolina Department of Archives and History|
|National Register Properties in South Carolina
Battle of Blackstock's Historic Site, Union County (off S.C. Hwy. 49, Cross Anchor vicinity)
| View of Patriot
| View of British
| Daughters of
| Tyger River
below Battle Site
(Blackstock’s Plantation) At Blackstock’s tobacco barn on the Tyger River, British troops under Colonel Banastre Tarleton battled with American militiamen under General Thomas Sumter on November 20, 1780. The Americans drove off the attacking British infantry and cavalry. Although the Americans dispersed and were unable to attack the British post at Ninety-Six as originally planned, they did serious damage to the morale of Tarleton’s Legion, as well as inflicting heavy casualties, demonstrating that the British did not have as firm a hold in South Carolina as believed. The Blackstock’s battlefield is located south of the Tyger River, immediately east of the Spartanburg County line, in a hilly, wooded region. In the eighteenth century much of the land of the battlefield was cleared, but has since overgrown with small pines and brush. No above-the-surface evidence remains of Blackstock’s barn or house, which were located in the area of the historical marker that designates the battle site, and there are no modern buildings in the area of the battlefield. Listed in the National Register December 16, 1974.
View the complete text of the nomination form for this National Register property.
Most National Register properties are privately owned and are not open to the public. The privacy of owners should be respected. Not all properties retain the same integrity as when originally documented and listed in the National Register due to changes and modifications over time.
Images and texts on these pages are intended for research or educational use. Please read our statement on use and reproduction for further information on how to obtain a photocopy or how to cite an item.
Images provided by the South Carolina Department of Archives and History.
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The leader of the Nazi party in Germany who carried out the murder of 6 million Jews in the Holocaust in Europe was a Catholic.
When he was growing up in Lambach Austria in 1897, Hitler attended a Catholic school located in an 11th-century Benedictine cloister.
Despite understandable efforts by the Vatican to hide the facts, historians have documented that Hitler had ongoing connections to the Catholic Church (condensed here from Wikipedia):
Hitler was raised by Roman Catholic parents... Hitler... never "actually left his church or refused to pay church taxes..." The historian Steigmann-Gall states, Hitler "can be classified as Catholic."More...
...In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage, German Christian culture, and professed a belief in an Aryan Jesus Christ, a Jesus who fought against the Jews. In his speeches and publications Hitler spoke of his interpretation of Christianity as a central motivation for his antisemitism, stating that "As a Christian I have no duty to allow myself to be cheated, but I have the duty to be a fighter for truth and justice."
Hitler, "adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organization, liturgy and phraseology in his politics."
According to Hitler's chief architect Albert Speer, Hitler remained a formal member of the Catholic Church until his death.... According to biographer John Toland, Hitler was still "a member in good standing of the Church of Rome despite detestation of its hierarchy, he carried within him its teaching that the Jew was the killer of God. The extermination, therefore, could be done without a twinge of conscience since he was merely acting as the avenging hand of God—so long as it was done impersonally, without cruelty."
...In 1941, according to the diary of Nazi General Gerhart Engel, Hitler stated "I am now as before a Catholic and will always remain so."
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Technical and Applied Sciences (TAS)
- An awareness of the influence technology has on people and their environment;
- Practical skills based on sound theoretical principles and knowledge
- The ability to communicate data, ideas and information in a variety of forms;
- Safe work attitudes and practices;
- A sense of purpose, enjoyment and personal satisfaction;
- A capacity to work co-operatively and responsibly;
- The ability to investigate, evaluate, analyse and solve practical problems.
Technology education integrates both procedural and conceptual knowledge based on a holistic view of learning. Students identify needs that have personal relevance, apply design theory and use design processes that encourage flexibility, resourcefulness and imagination in the development, communication and production of quality solutions.
Students learn about technologies and use a range of materials, tools and techniques relevant to the personal, commercial and global areas of human activity. Technologies assume increased importance when they are applied to solve real problems and to create ideas and solutions in response to needs and opportunities for customers, clients or themselves. They can be used to add functional, aesthetic and environmental value to products.
Students can further develop a fascination with, and enjoyment of, innovating and creating through making decisions and in their production of working solutions. They will experience a core of design processes and technological experiences. In the broader community, the application of this process can involve the consideration of factors relating to organisations, people, environments, sustainability, appropriateness, materials, machines and equipment, systems, communication infrastructures, social and ethical solutions.
Through practical experience it leads students to develop, select and apply technological skills involved in designing and producing. This includes processes of analysing, planning, producing, evaluating and maintaining the material and information needs of our society.
They will be given opportunities to learn how to function safely in a working environment and in a society driven by rapid technological change, communication and in a global society with increasingly competitive knowledge-driven economies.
The capacity to solve problems and generate ideas through the use of new conceptual approaches, models, drawings and information and communication technologies, and the ability to develop, produce and implement quality solutions are keys to technological competence. These know-why and know-how capabilities often distinguish leading companies, innovators and regions from their competitors.
Composition of Classes
The TAS faculty encompasses a wide range of courses. Stage 4 involves the students in a 200 hour course which rotates on a semester basis, between four different design specialisations. This process allows students to experience different materials, tools and techniques and also experience a variety of teaching styles and personalities from within the TAS staff.
Allows students to undertake a 200 hour elective course as part of the School Certificate studies. Students have the ability to select form a broad range of courses including Wood, Metal and Drawing Technology, Design and Technology, Building and Construction, Textiles and Food Technology.
Involves students in the selection of a course of study which contributes to their Higher School Certificate. Currently students can select from a range of subjects including Food Technology, Textiles Technology, Design and Technology and Engineering Studies, which is offered as an online course.
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| 0.932133 | 639 | 2.921875 | 3 |
You might see electrolytes mentioned on sports drinks or expensive bottled water, but what exactly are they and do you really need them to stay hydrated? Let’s look at some of the facts and theories behind electrolytes and hydration.
What are electrolytes?
An electrolyte is a particle that carries an electric charge and can conduct electricity when combined with water. In this context, we’re talking about essential minerals, such as sodium and potassium, that allow things like our muscle tissues and nerve cells to function properly. They are necessary to allow our muscles to contract and our nerves to send signals.
Important electrolytes include:
How are electrolytes linked with hydration?
Electrolytes also play an important role in hydration. If you don’t drink enough fluids or eat enough food, or if you lose a lot of fluids through excessive sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea, then you can experience an electrolyte imbalance. Imbalances can cause mild to severe symptoms, from fatigue, weakness, and muscle twitches to confusion, seizures, and an irregular heartbeat.
This is because your body loses both fluids and electrolytes when you sweat or excrete fluid in other ways. So, it’s important to replace those electrolytes just like you replace your fluids to stay hydrated.
How to replace electrolytes
Most of our electrolytes come from the food that we eat. For example, two common electrolytes are sodium and chloride, aka table salt. Of course, salt is one of the substances that we need to consume in moderation for the sake of heart health and other aspects of our health, but it is still necessary to a degree.
Are sports drinks or electrolyte water necessary for staying hydrated and replenishing your electrolytes? For most people, the answer is no. Elite athletes or those who take part in long events such as marathon running can benefit from electrolyte drinks to maintain the balance in their bodies. However, most people will simply be able to restore their electrolytes by eating a healthy snack or meal after their workout.
Also, most water contains trace amounts of electrolytes (except for filtered water), so you’re still topping them up slightly if you drink enough water during your workouts. Even if it’s water straight from the tap!
Mountain Park Spring Water are here to keep you hydrated with our bottled water delivery service and water dispensers and filtration systems. Get in touch to find out more about our services across North Carolina and Virginia.
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Anyone have good ideas for science experiments kids enjoy. I am planning and activity days with science experiments and just wanted other people ideas I've done a bit or research and thought of doing the volcano, floating egg. Illumianting water, any other ideas. I would greatly appreciate it!!! Thanks so much.
Science Experiment FUN Activity Days
Cleaning pennies (I don't remember what you clean them with but I'm sure it's online).
Bats are just mouse angels.
My 3 c/s kids:DD (7) DS (5) DD (1 1/2)
thanks! that a good idea i will search it. anymore, anyone? I want like 5 or six.
DH and I made an egg incubator together. It was a load of fun! (you can purchase fertilized eggs, and arrange for a farmer to take the chicks once they have hatched).
It doesn't take long to make the incubator, but the eggs take a little under a month to hatch.
"When I tell the truth, it is not for the sake of convincing those who do not know it, but for the sake of defending those that do." -William Blake
Make goo- Borax and glue and food coloring
Cleaning with vinegar and baking soda
Soak bones in vinegar to make them rubber
Check out some science experiment books from the library.
Cooking is science- like yeast or separating an egg or what different ingredients do (baking soda and powder act as a levening), Cornstach acts as a thickener, etc.
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en
| 0.943291 | 326 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Section 504 Students with Disabilities
What is a Section 504 Plan?
This plan falls under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. This is part of the federal civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against public school students with disabilities. That includes students with learning and attention issues who meet certain criteria. Much like an IEP, a 504 plan can help students with learning and attention issues learn and participate in the general education curriculum. A 504 plan outlines how a child's specific needs are met with accommodations, and other services. These measures "remove barriers" from learning. A student with a 504 plan typically spends the entire school day in a general education classroom.
Who Qualifies for a 504 Plan?
Section 504 defines a person with a disability as someone who:
- Has a physical or mental impairment that "substantially" limits one or more major life activity.
- Has a record of the impairment.
- Is regarded as having an impairment, or a significant difficulty that isn't temporary.
Having a disability doesn't automatically make a student eligible for a 504 plan. First the school has to do an evaluation to decide if a child's disability "substantially" limits his ability to learn and participate in the general education classroom. This plan can either be initiated by the parent or the school. If the school initiates the evaluation, it must notify the parents and get the parents' consent to evaluate a child for a 504 plan. If the school wants to move ahead without the parents' consent, it must request a due process hearing to get permission to work around the parents' refusal.
When doing an evaluation for a 504 plan, the school considers information from several sources, including:
- Documentation of the child's disability (such as a doctor's diagnosis)
- Evaluation results (if the school recently evaluated the child for an IEP)
- Observations by the student's parents and teachers
- Academic record
- Independent evaluations (if available)
Section 504 requires evaluation procedures that prevent students from being misclassified, incorrectly labeled as having a disability or incorrectly placed.
For more about the 504 process, please check with your school Administrator or Counselor.
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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| 0.932014 | 445 | 3.390625 | 3 |
This is a very simple program. It will print text to the screen, and then exit.
put "Hello, world!"
Pretty simple, eh? As you probably deduced,
put prints text. For now, we'll be using it to output to the screen.
Next, we'll learn how to gather input from the user using
get. We'll also declare two variables, name and age. The program will get the user's name and age, and repeat it back to them.
var name : string %A string is text var age : nat %Natural number put "What is your name?" get name put "" put "How old are you?" get age put "Hello, ", name, " you are ", age, " years old!"
First, we have to declare two variables. Turing lets you declare variables anywhere in the program, but it's usually a good idea to declare them at the top.
Now why was age a natural number? Why not an integer? Well, in Turing, natural numbers are all positive integers, including zero (0,1,2,3...). Integers, however, include negative numbers as well as positive numbers. The user's age shouldn't be a negative number, so it doesn't need to be an integer.
Second, did you notice the
% followed by some text? Those are called comments. They start at the percent-sign and continue until the end of the line. They are meant to be messages to you, the programmer, about your program. Turing doesn't care about them. They have no meaning except to the person reading the code, of which they may well be of great importance. It is important that you use meaningful comments. When you come back eight weeks later, or someone else reads your code, you may have no idea what that code you wrote meant.
After we have two variables set up, we proceed to ask the user their name...they have to know what to enter!
Then we say
get name. This means, "Let the user type in a string, and store it under the variable
name for later use. Same for age.
Finally, we regurgitate the information back to the user. Make sure you put spaces before closing the quotation marks, or else there won't be any spaces before and after their name and age!
One last thing: Turing uses token-oriented input. This means that when the user inputs a space, it is treated the same as a line break. But we don't want this in our program, because what if the user enters their first and last name? Therefore, we tell turing "only get the next variable when they press enter."
To do this, replace
get name with
get name : *
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<urn:uuid:0b8a5d4b-8c6a-4974-9cb1-e8cf72fd0db4>
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https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Turing/Hello_world
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| 0.948066 | 569 | 4.25 | 4 |
Preserving and Sharing the Gifts of Native Knowledge and Culture
The shaping of the Coachella Valley has many historic chapters. The Cahuilla people contribute volumes of historic knowledge about these precious lands, their Native culture, and Tribal influences on life today in Palm Springs and the surrounding region. Their story – or, more accurately, their centuries of stories – enrich the lives of Coachella Valley residents and visitors every day and form a living archive of Tribal history.
Preservation of these stories is critical. Making them accessible – together with Tribal artifacts and the unique signatures of the Agua Caliente Band’s way of life – is the primary role of Agua Caliente Cultural Museum. To fulfill its mission more fully, the Museum’s Board of Directors has launched a Capital Campaign to fund construction of a new museum facility in the heart of Palm Springs.
The new facility will make it possible to:
- expand educational, community outreach, and other public programs especially for schoolchildren
- increase Native and non-Native participation in Museum programs and activities
- expand the Museum’s permanent exhibition
- increase the number, size, and types of temporary and traveling exhibitions offered to the community
- provide expanded research and archival resources to teachers, artists, and scholars
- contribute to the economic development and cultural vitality of the Coachella Valley, attracting an estimated 150,000 visitors annually
Capturing a New Day
An elegant contemporary echo of traditional Cahuilla culture – basketry, pottery, and architecture – distinguishes the new Agua Caliente Cultural Museum, designed by Jones & Jones Architects & Landscape Architects. This firm includes Johnpaul Jones (Cherokee/Choctaw), who was lead designer for the National Museum of the American Indian of the Smithsonian Institution. A complement to its desert surroundings, the Museum will draw travelers to the heart of the Coachella Valley and provide a congenial environment for guests and residents who come again and again.
"Through You, My Ancient People, I Am"
This message will greet visitors to the new Agua Caliente Cultural Museum and set the stage for the dramatic story of a culture that has struggled, persevered, and transformed. The many facets of this message that will emerge through the permanent exhibition are based on five central themes – land, knowledge, struggle, adaptation, and identity.
The new Museum includes:
- An energy efficient building
- A permanent exhibition gallery that will provide visitors with multi-media and interactive displays exploring ancient and contemporary Cahuilla culture.
- A changing exhibition gallery that will enable the Museum to showcase indigenous arts and culture from around the globe from the past to the present. A variety of exhibitions will include those that result from the Museum’s affiliation with the Smithsonian Institution, those from other museums, as well as exhibitions created from the Museum’s own collections.
- An education center with facilities for the Museum’s educational programming.
- A research library and archives to accommodate a collection of approximately 5,000 volumes of books, manuscripts, audiotapes, and videotapes on Cahuilla and other indigenous cultures. The Museum archives will preserve and maintain photographs and audiovisual collections as well as manuscripts, government documents, and maps, making this a premier resource for Cahuilla, southern California, and Native American research.
- A curatorial and collections center that will support the Museum’s mission to preserve, study, interpret, and care for collection items.
- State-of-the-art systems for temperature and humidity control, lighting, fire suppression, and security to provide the optimal preservation environment required for all collection items including baskets, pottery, paintings, textiles, and archival material for generations to come.
- A multi-purpose auditorium that will host theatrical presentations, including Native American dance and music performances, film screenings, lectures, workshops, and conferences.
- A Welcome Gallery whose design recalls the traditional Ceremonial House where generations of Tribal members gathered for community functions. The domed ceiling of the Gallery will dramatically depict the Cahuilla creation story. A terrace leading to the Gallery will be used for special receptions, performances, and demonstrations.
- A museum store retail center for outstanding Native American arts and crafts that include paintings, prints, baskets, pottery, masks, jewelry, books, music, and sculpture.
- The new Agua Caliente Cultural Museum will be a vital destination for tourists. It will make the City of Palm Springs and surrounding region proud of so distinguished a heritage, and will teach the important lessons that have come down through the ages.
For additional information about this project, please contact Executive Director Julia Bussinger at 760.833.8166 or [email protected].
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| 0.906635 | 988 | 2.65625 | 3 |
One of the cards games more diffuse and richer of varying
Some say the game was invented in Mexico and entered the southern United States at the end of the
Nineteenth Century. Then, the game traveled to England where it was called "Rum" and later "Rummy".
The Rules in short
Rummy is played with two decks of French playing cards with the Jokers (108 cards), distributing
a variable number of cards to each player one by one.
Remaining cards, face down, make the Stock.
The top card is turned face up, and placed to the side of the Stock to begin the Discard Pile.
Rummy's purpose is to order own cards to form combinations so as to close the round by melding all
the cards onto the table and, discarding or not last card, to compel the opponent to pay the equivalent
of the cards not grouped still in his possession.
These combinations, that must be composed at least of three cards, are of two type:
Cards of the same value:
- Three or Four of a kind: Three or four cards of different suit.
Cards of the same suit:
- Sequence: Three or more cards placed in sequence,
- Flush: All cards without any other criteria, without a Joker,
- Rummy: All cards in one sequence, without a Joker.
- The Jokers can take the place of any card in games melded.
- Every meld can contain only one Joker.
Course of game:
- Each player can take a card from the Stock or the opponent's discard from the Discard Pile.
- If a player can close places all the cards as melds onto the table discarding or not a card.
- Every round ends when a player, puts down all his cards as melds (or knocks, if allowed).
Play Rummy against the computer
In setting up this game, I have followed the principles of the game
according to the instructions of a specialised book on the matter:
In order to realize this game I have used the images of the cards of the Company
Teodomiro Dal Negro S.p.A.
that has authorized their reproduction.
With this version of Rummy you will be able to establish:
- to play with one or two decks of cards, with or without the Jolly,
- how many cards for any player (7, 9, 10 or 13),
- to play "at Points" or "at Rounds" establishing the score to get to in the game or the
number of rounds to close to win the game,
- if the closing must be "at zero" putting down all the cards or "at points" (5 o 10)
leaving in own hand one or more cards of which addition don't exceed how choosed,
- if assign or not bonus to the player that closes the round,
- the disposition of the cards, in your hand and in your opening, increasing or decreasing,
- to play with or without special effects (music, sounds, noises and other computer effects),
- the speed of the game and of the cards played by the computer,
- the background of the playing table and the style of the cards.
The computer will take care of saving interrupted games (even mid-play!) and to memorize
who all the players were, their scores and classification.
At this point, the game is in your hands and I can assure you the computer does not cheat!
though it does play rather well...
Download Rummy now and try the demo version which will allow you to try it out.
If you enjoy it, you can purchase it directly by the game.
Please, read carefully the page "Purchase information and prices".
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CC-MAIN-2015-22
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http://www.alberosa.net/ramrum_ml.asp?Lang=En
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|
en
| 0.953071 | 791 | 2.9375 | 3 |
THE REVENGE OF GEOGRAPHY: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate. By Robert D. Kaplan. Random House. 403 pages. $28.
‘Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it” is an oft-quoted variation of Santayana’s famous statement about the past. As geography is inextricably linked to history, a corollary might be “those that fail to learn from geography are doomed to be lost in it.”
This is the lesson that Robert D. Kaplan strives to explain in his new book, “The Revenge of Geography.” One could say that his central theme is a counterpoint to that of Thomas Friedman’s book, “The World is Flat.”
Despite how technology has brought us in close contact with others around the world, there remains the Earth with its geography: its continents, oceans, mountains, deserts, forests, climates, resources and, of course, its inhabitants, human and otherwise. As Kaplan writes, “Geography is the backdrop to human history itself.”
The author wants us to consider geography in all geopolitical matters. By having a better grasp of geography and how it has affected geopolitics throughout history, we can better understand why things are, and perhaps apprehend the forces that are driving conflicting powers forward.
Kaplan, a respected foreign affairs expert named by Foreign Policy magazine as one of the world’s top 100 global thinkers, is a foreign correspondent for The Atlantic, the chief political analyst for Stratfor, and the author of more than a dozen books. Kaplan also served on the Defense Policy Board from 2009 to 2011.
“The Revenge of Geography” begins by examining the ideas and writings of numerous geopolitical writers and historians from Herodotus to Braudel. Kaplan subsequently devotes chapters to Europe, Russia, China, India, Iraq and the former Ottoman Empire. He describes the importance of each area, and the impact that geography played in the flow of history, economics and politics of different countries.
Finally, he examines “America’s Destiny,” as he puts it, discussing the North American continent. Here, he focuses primarily on Mexico in relation to the U.S. as pivotal to how our future plays out.
This is provocative and interesting. Canada is essentially relegated to an American annex, which Canadians may take issue with, but his point is to focus on the volubility of Mexico and the importance of American policy with Mexico in the coming decades. He makes good points, and his possible scenarios of the future with Mexico merit to be taken seriously.
A major deficiency in Kaplan’s book is that he largely ignores two major continents: South America and Africa. This seems amazingly short-sighted because there is so much to consider in the very complex and diverse geographies and geopolitics of both continents. It is hard to imagine that we will not witness major influences on events and conditions originating from both of those areas.
While his history is sometimes sketchy, it is because Kaplan paints it with a broad brush. The breadth of history he references makes it impossible to go into great depth and is simply beyond the scope of the book. But from these broad strokes, juxtaposed against geography, are created patterns that Kaplan believes help us to more clearly see current events and have informed analyses of future ones. His is not a vision of geographical determinism, but he understands that geography is often given short shrift in geopolitical thought and planning. And he makes a compelling case.
If there is a historical context to human events, there is also a geographical one. The author writes, “geography is the preface to the very track of human events.” For anyone interested in global politics and geopolitical strategy, “The Revenge of Geography” is essential reading.
Reviewer Michael Nelson is a writer and editor based in Charleston.
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en
| 0.962143 | 818 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Dying whales, municipal sewage dumping, invasive species, marine conservation, fisheries allocation and petroleum exploration — these are but a few examples of contested and interconnected environmental issues in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in need of attention. Our existing management efforts are limited, and new mechanisms are needed to meet 21st-century marine environmental challenges.
The Gulf of St. Lawrence is a complex biological and social system. It is an inland sea of vast proportion, three times the size of Lake Superior, and borders on the shores of five provinces. Connecting the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes basin to the North Atlantic, the Gulf serves as the main transitway from the ocean to Canada’s industrial heartland in central Canada. Some 800,000 people inhabit the near-shore belt, many of whom are dependent on its resources. These characteristics underline the critical interplay of location and political jurisdiction.
Current management of the Gulf’s marine environment falls short on three grounds.
First, the penchant for administrative specialization, while good in theory, has led to poor outcomes. The issue is that the Gulf is not treated holistically; rather, the responsibility for policy development and delivery is divided among multiple departments, thus creating competition for statutory authority and scarce dollars. Here, closed networks of decision-makers controlling policy are the norm, limiting cross-sector responses to environmental challenges.
Second, there is a pronounced tendency for the federal and provincial governments and the five provincial governments to operate in isolation. Even though the government of Canada holds a predominant role in open water, the sensitive coastal belt involves provincial authorities. Federal-provincial collaboration is often required, yet a willingness to broker such interaction across departments and between levels of governments is elusive.
Lastly, avenues for popular participation are lacking. No one speaks for the Gulf as a whole, as a biophysical and sociocultural community, so policy agendas are tilted toward established institutional interests. The representational gap is a familiar one in environmental politics. The pattern of political and public involvement remains episodic and reactive and dependent largely on agendas being determined elsewhere. In this sense there is a democratic deficit when it comes to political mobilization and decision-making in the Gulf of St. Lawrence bioregion.
We propose three ways to address these failings in the existing governance framework. Although new ideas are needed, Gulf environmental governance cannot and should not be refashioned on a blank page. Rather, modifications should build on successes, where they do exist. If the Gulf of St. Lawrence is a “sea of many voices,” to paraphrase Cynthia Lamson, then it is important to respect and include these diverse voices.
Countering administrative specialization
There are sound reasons for administrative specialization in the era of modern government. Yet it needs to be recognized that specialization multiplies boundaries, reducing complex wholes to collections of parts. While the approach works well in some fields, it can amplify problems in other parts of ecosystems and allow difficulties to grow without getting enough attention.
Boundaries come in various shapes and sizes. Consider the approach of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), which divides the Gulf among three territorial “regions” or DFO field bureaucracies. Each of these regions is led by a director-general who reports to the senior executive staff in Ottawa. Within each regional bureaucracy there are multiple area offices, and each regional headquarters houses technical specialists who deliver a range of fisheries and oceans programs.
There is room for debate about the suitability of this structure. It reflects the reality that there are three distinct shoreline regions that have historically, by reasons of distance, culture and language, been estranged from one another. But is it effective in addressing the larger Gulf environment? We need to engage a range of policy measures to bridge the divides, including memorandums of agreement, joint coordination and review committees, legally mandated cross-agency consultations and shared sponsorship of action plans.
Formal designation of shared jurisdictional responsibilities in the Gulf
The Gulf’s environmental challenges extend farther than any one government’s reach. But governments seem to find it harder to acknowledge shared responsibilities than to defend their jurisdictional autonomy.
A statement by first ministers is a policy tool that carries considerable weight. The challenge is to find an occasion for first ministers to endorse the sharing of responsibilities in the Gulf. The Atlantic premiers should invite the first minister of Quebec to join them at a special session. Ottawa should be invited as well. Such sponsorship would signal that the five provinces, in concert with Ottawa, aspire to be leaders in Gulf environmental management.
While such a meeting and statement would seem to be a simple and virtuous step, no one should underestimate the barriers. For one, Quebec remains ambivalent about the authority of the federal Oceans Act. For another, political leaders are reluctant to commit to agendas where the costs and instruments are not fully within their control. However, a carefully crafted joint statement could be aspirational rather than programmatic. It would signal recognition that the Gulf of St. Lawrence represents a complex and urgent field for environmental review.
A Gulf of St. Lawrence marine environmental council
A third approach would be to create a Gulf of St. Lawrence marine environmental council as an instrument for popular political involvement and partnership. It would address the severe underrepresentation of civic interests in Gulf environmental matters and amplify civic participation. The council would have three principal roles: enhance public awareness, broaden policy deliberations and offer policy advice.
Representation would be flexible and drawn from each of the five provinces, including from the ranks of fishers, watershed groups, First Nations, small craft harbour users and conservation groups. The council could have yearly meetings at sites that rotate within the Gulf region, as well as coastal caucuses to bring together various actors. A moderated online network could be maintained, to explore issues and to offer a medium for information exchange.
A council could provide a multilevel structure that encourages environmental conversations at the community, coastal and pan-Gulf scales, with activity that never stops. Field reports would filter in from citizen observers. A pre-established list of environmental priorities would determine the agendas for annual council gatherings. Meaningful preparatory work would be shared in advance. Channels of communication would flow upward as much as downward, as well as horizontally between representatives and members. To underscore the council’s legitimacy, an endorsement of its mandate by the relevant federal and provincial authorities would be essential, as would core funding.
Gulf environmental management does not end with these three proposals; other possibilities can and should follow. It is crucial to reshape the structures of power in the Gulf of St. Lawrence — to acknowledge the urgency of this marine challenge, to diminish the costs of administrative roadblocks and to alter the imbalance between state and society in Gulf politics.
Do you have something to say about the article you just read? Be part of the Policy Options discussion, and send in your own submission. Here is a link on how to do it. | Souhaitez-vous réagir à cet article ? Joignez-vous aux débats d’Options politiques et soumettez-nous votre texte en suivant ces directives.
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en
| 0.940985 | 1,469 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Perhaps you’re one of those writers who instinctively organizes content into a clear framework. (Yes, the rest of us are turning green.)
But if you’re not … It is precisely at this point where you may hit the proverbial writer’s block. Don’t panic. Instead, take a look at these simple how-to’s. You’ll get some ideas to jumpstart your writing project and get organized so you can get writing.
Review your list of ideas and look for patterns. Sometimes the outline format is evident right away. If not, ask yourself two questions:
The answer to one or both of those questions can give you an indication about how to organize your information.
Use this list to see which type of outline format works best for your content.
This outline format organizes content in a list of topics or categories, arranged without hierarchy or sequence. The List outline is sometimes called a “listicle.” It’s simple and clear. One example is the post you’re reading right now: “6 Outline Formats: Different Ways to Write an Outline.”
Here, your content presents a problem (the cause) and an outcome (effect). This format is helpful to use in in persuasive writing when you introduce a topic to your reader and present a solution (or set of solutions). Check out “Does Your Headline Do Its Job?” which points out the need to hook your reader with an engaging headline (the problem or cause) – and presents a set of ways to do so (the outcome or effect).
Content with a built-in structure is easy to put into an outline. The structure may be chronological (X happened, followed by Y, followed by Z) or a series of steps (First do Step A, then Step B, then Step C). The Sequence Outline is a good choice for how-to’s, such as “How to Write an Outline.”
This format is particularly useful for organizing content that complicated or confusing for the reader. You present one idea, followed by another that offers more detail, and another. The content is cumulative. In the end, the reader has a clearer understanding of the problem. One example of the Simple-to-Complex outline is “The Writing Process,” which opens with first step of writing a piece of content (getting ideas) and leads the reader to the finished product (proofreading.)
A Whole-to-Parts content outline Introduces a big picture point first and then explains the different parts individually – and how they connect or relate to each other. For instance, “How to Write Devotionals: Use a 3-Part Structure” opens with a summary about this genre’s format. The rest of the article goes on to explain each of the three parts of that structure and what each contributes to a devotional.
With this approach, your ideas are organized to show how they are alike and how they are different. The Comparison outline shows two sides of the story. Here’s an example: “Writing Blogs vs. Writing Articles: What’s the Difference?”
More Tips for Content Writing
As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
Grab your exclusive FREE guide, "5 Simple Writing Tips You Can Put to Use in 10 Minutes or Less"
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|
en
| 0.903919 | 705 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Choosing a color theme will give your container garden a "pulled together" look. To choose a theme, consider:
Think about the particular setting when picking out your plants and containers. The background might be other plants, patio-paving steps, fences, balcony rails, architectural siding, trim, or foundation materials. Photographing the background location of your container garden may help you when picking out coordinating containers and plants. Regardless of background, plants add a refreshing touch.
In the plant world, your palette of neutral colors broaden to include green, and brown, as well as the typically designated neutrals such as gray, black and white. These "neutrals" include both plants and architectural materials. Sometimes the background is red brick or blue siding. Take this into consideration when choosing a color scheme.
Different background colors affect how the same color looks. For example, gray, purples or greens looks different against gray siding than they do against red brick. They look different still against tan limestone or white vinyl.
A color wheel helps us to think about how colors work together. Look at the color wheel to see how combinations of colors interplay. Your living floral arrangement will have a pulled together look if you choose one of the following popular combinations:
Many books and references go into detail about effects of colors and color combinations in the garden and are useful to explore as you think about color.
Lighting affects how your living floral arrangement is perceived and enjoyed. Often people who work during the day take pleasure in white edged leaves and white or pastels flowers for their evening impact. The white "pops" at night. These same pale colors may appear washed out in bright light. However, in the dim light of the morning or evening, whites and pastels really show up. Deep colors are lost in darkness. When you are out and about, notice how light patterns in sun or shade affects how warm and dark colors look.
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en
| 0.929093 | 397 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Booker T . Washington , educator, reformer and the most influentional black leader of his time (1856-1915) preached a philosophy of self-help, racial solidarity and accomodation. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity.
“A lie doesn’t become truth , wrong doesn’t become right & evil doesn’t become good, just because it’s accepted by a majority.” -Ayn Rand.
“ Character is power ; it makes friends, draws patronage and support and opens the way to wealth, honor and happiness.” John Howe. Dictionary.com defines character as: 1. The aggregate of features and traits that form the individual nature of some person or thing.
Quote by Booker T. Washington: “A lie doesn’t become truth , wrong doesn’t becom”
Washington came in 1903 when black leader and intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois published an essay in his book, The Souls of Black Folk. Du Bois rejected Washington’s message and instead called for political power, insistence on civil rights, and the higher education of African-American youth.
Washington designed, developed, and guided the Tuskegee Institute. It became a powerhouse of African-American education and political influence in the United States. He used the Hampton Institute, with its emphasis on agricultural and industrial training , as his model.
Booker T . Washington (1856-1915) was born into slavery and rose to become a leading African American intellectual of the 19 century, founding Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (Now Tuskegee University) in 1881 and the National Negro Business League two decades later. 7 дней назад
Up from Slavery is the 1901 autobiography of American educator Booker T. Washington (1856–1915).
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.quotesever.com/motivational-quotes/quote-from-booker-t-washington.html
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en
| 0.938386 | 407 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Learning by Doing in Wind Power
Each additional ... wind project that the developer and the manufacturer build together decreases unit costs by about 0.25 percent.
China's wind power industry has developed rapidly during the past ten years, in part because of financial support through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM is a project-based carbon trade mechanism that subsidizes the users of climate-friendly technologies and encourages technology transfer between developed and developing countries. In The Learning Process and Technological Change in Wind Power: Evidence from China's CDM Wind Projects (NBER Working Paper No. 19921), Tian Tang and David Popp examine the determinants of technological change in wind power in China. Using pooled cross-sectional data on 486 registered CDM wind projects in China that started construction from 2002 to 2009, the authors assess whether technology transfer and learning drive down renewable energy costs in China.
They test the effects of learning through different channels: learning-by-searching through R&D in wind turbine manufacturing, learning-by-doing from previous experience of installation, and learning-by-interacting through collaboration between wind turbine manufacturers and project developers.
Their findings suggest that experience matters. Learning-by-doing by developers significantly reduces the project unit costs. Given the average size of a CDM wind project, a developer's completion of a typical CDM project reduces the future unit costs for similar projects by the same developer by around 0.23 percent. However, what reduces project costs the most is repeated collaboration experience between a developer and a manufacturer: the learning-by-interacting effect. Each additional CDM wind project that the developer and the manufacturer build together decreases unit costs by about 0.25 percent. These results suggest potential cost benefits from recent trends toward integrating turbine manufacturing with wind project development in China's wind industry. Interestingly, the learning-by-interacting effect is strongest when collaboration occurs between domestic developers and foreign manufacturers. Cost savings are almost four times as high in this case as when the collaboration is between domestic firms, suggesting that knowledge transfer between foreign manufacturers and project developers is important.
In contrast to the learning-by-interacting effect, the learning-by-searching effect, while significant, is relatively small. One more patent by a manufacturer reduces unit costs by just 0.04 percent. The authors explain that the small effect might be attributable to the short time frame of the analysis. It may take a substantial amount of time for patents to be commercialized and to have their full effect on costs.
-- Claire BrunelThe Digest is not copyrighted and may be reproduced freely with appropriate attribution of source.
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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https://www.nber.org/digest/jul14/w19921.html
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en
| 0.933934 | 535 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Thursday, April 13, 2006
Leading the national news today is that FEMA announced its long-awaited guidelines for rebuilding homes in the New Orleans area. Although complicated by many details, the basic requirement is that new homes or those which were significantly damaged by hurricane Katrina probably will have to be raised three feet above the ground in order to qualify for federal assistance.
Three policy issues stand out. First, the relatively mild requirements show a federal recognition that it is catastrophic levee collapse, not intense rain or wind, that poses the greatest danger. If the levees are to withstand powerful storm surges – and floodgates like those proven to be effective in the Netherlands should do much to ensure this – even houses in low-lying areas would be safe from serious flooding if built three feet above the ground.
Second, the rules would make it feasible to rebuild in nearly all of New Orleans neighborhoods. Had the rules made it impracticable to rebuild in some districts, advocates would have howled that FEMA was discriminating unfairly against low-lying neighborhoods, which tend to be poorer than higher sections. Calming citizens is a goal of all governmental authorities today.
Third, the three-foot rule would apply even in districts above sea level, such as the French Quarter and neighborhoods near the Mississippi River that experienced little flood damage from Katrina. While it may seem unnecessary to impose the rule region-wide, the perception of being even-handed is as important as the requirements of hydrology.
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<urn:uuid:d742e7d4-675a-4032-a5a8-6ba6e084bea7>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/land_use/2006/04/new_orleans_thr.html
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en
| 0.971063 | 297 | 2.71875 | 3 |
plural: intermediate filaments
A type of cytoskeleton characterized by having a diameter ranging from 8 to 12 nm
Cytoskeleton is a cytoplasmic structure composed of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm, and has a role in controlling cell shape, maintaining intracellular organization, and in cell movement. In eukaryotes, there are three major types of cytoskeleton, namely (1) microfilaments, (2) microtubules, and (3) intermediate filaments. For an overview of the differences between them, see table below.
|type of cytoskeleton||Features||Functions|
|Microfilaments||helical polymer of actin sub-units
Cell locomotion (via filopodia, pseudopodia, or lamellipodia) Intracellular movement or transport Cytokinesis (by aiding centrosomes at opposite poles) Muscle contraction (with myosin filaments) Cytoplasmic streaming
|Microtubules||tubular structure with a diameter of 25nm and length ranging from 200nm to 25μm; exhibits polarity; in cilia and flagella, 9+2 microtubular arrangement
(e.g. alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin)
Cell locomotion (as axoneme of cilia and flagella) Intracellular transport of organelles (e.g. mitochondria) via dyneins and kinesins Spindle fiber formation
|Intermediate filaments||two anti-parallel helices or dimers of varying protein sub-units with diameters ranging from 8 to 12 nm||Cell shape (by bearing tension)
"Scaffolding" for cell and nucleus Nuclear lamina formation Anchor organelles Cell-cell connections (when with proteins and desmosomes)
The intermediate filaments are the type of cytoskeleton whose diameter is intermediate of the other two types. Its diameter is about 10 nm (or ranges from 8 to 12 nm) as opposed to the narrower diameter of microfilaments (i.e. about 7 nm) and the larger diameter of microtubules (i.e. 25 nm). An intermediate filament is comprised of two anti-parallel helices or dimers of varying protein sub-units. It may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. Intermediate filaments are stretchable. They can be extended manifold their initial length. With the exception of nuclear lamin, the intermediate filaments are cytoplasmic.
Unlike microfilaments and microtubules, the intermediate filaments do not exhibit polarsity. This means that they do not have a minus (-) end and a (+) end. Also, the intermediate filaments do not have a binding site for a nucleoside triphosphate.
There are six types of intermediate filaments based on the similarities in amino acid sequence and protein structure:
- Type I – acidic keratins
- Type II – basic keratins
(N.B. type I and type II intermediate filaments bind to each other forming acidic-basic heterodimers, which associate to form, in turn, a keratin filament.)
- Type III – includes desmin (structural components of sarcomeres), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, in astrocytes and certain glial cells), peripherin (in peripheral neurons), and vimentin (in fibroblasts, leukocytes, endothelial cells)
- Type IV - includes alpha-internexin, neurofilament proteins (in neuronal processes), synemin, syncoilin
- Type V – includes nuclear lamins
- Type VI – includes nestin
Other intermediate filaments that have yet to be classified are filensin and phakinin.
Common biological reactions
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments assemble into non-polar unit-length filaments (ULF). ULFs that are identical associate laterally forming antiparallel and staggered tetramers. The tetramers associate head-to-tail into protofilaments that pair up laterally into protofibrils. Four protofibrils wind together to form an intermediate filament. During the compaction step, the ULF tighten and thereby causing the diameter to be narrower, about 8 to 12 nm.
The intermediate filaments are involved in providing cell shape by bearing tension. It also acts as scaffolding" for cell and nucleus. It anchors organelles. It is associated as well with nuclear lamina formation. It enables cell-cell adhesion particularly as keratins that interact with desmosomes, and cell-matrix adhesion when interacting with hemisdesmosomes (via adapter proteins).
- Wikipedia Contributors. (2019, July 9). Intermediate filament. Retrieved from Wikipedia website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filament
© Biology Online. Content provided and moderated by Biology Online Editors
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Intermediate_filaments
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| 0.860978 | 1,053 | 3.09375 | 3 |
You are given a sequence of real numbers. And you ought to sum them all. And don’t forget to output the result.
The first input line contains a number of the sequence elements N (N ≤ 1000). The next N lines contain the elements in exponential notation with 19 significant digits in mantissa. All the numbers are in a range from 10−100 to 10100.
You are to output the only number which is the sum of all the input numbers. This number is to be presented in an exponential notation with 19 correct digits in mantissa.
Problem Author: Alexander Klepinin
Problem Source: Ural State University Personal Programming Contest, March 1, 2003
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http://acm.timus.ru/problem.aspx?space=1&num=1248
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| 0.786361 | 139 | 3.359375 | 3 |
There is no substantial quality difference between organically and conventionally produced eggs, a new study by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has found.
ARS food technologist Deana Jones and her team in the agency's Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit in Athens, Ga., found that the biggest difference was the size of egg within a carton between brown and white eggs.
Though brown eggs weighed more, white shell eggs had higher percentages of total solids and crude fat.
About 6.5 billion dozen shell eggs are produced each year in the United States, with a value of about 7 billion dollars, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Service.
Jones and her team conducted a survey of white and brown large-shell eggs with various production and nutritional differences such as traditional, cage-free, free-roaming, pasteurized, nutritionally-enhanced, and fertile. The goal was to determine if physical quality and compositional differences exist among these different eggs.
Among the claims most often addressed on shell egg cartons are: husbandry practices, hen nutrition, enhanced egg nutrition (omega-3), organic and fertile
This research was published in the journal Poultry Science.
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CC-MAIN-2021-39
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https://www.medindia.net/news/no-difference-in-quality-of-organically-and-conventionally-produced-eggs-71108-1.htm
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| 0.946876 | 251 | 3.171875 | 3 |
While the electrical current from bacteria is unlikely to reach the density required to power a car, there are possible applications in the generation of biofuel.
Researchers say bacteria could generate power from domestic or agricultural waste.
U.K. researchers make a breakthrough in the quest to generate clean electricity from bacteria, finding that proteins on the surface of bacteria can produce an electric current simply by touching a mineral surface.
The study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows it is possible for bacteria to lie directly on the surface of a metal or mineral and transfer electrical charge through their cell membranes.
Lead researcher Tom Clarke from the University of East Anglia’s School of Biological Sciences says this means it is possible to “tether” bacteria directly to electrodes, a step closer to creating efficient microbial fuel cells or bio-batteries.
Clarke says in an email to WardsAuto that while the current from bacteria is unlikely to reach the density required to power a car, there are possible applications in the generation of biofuel.
“Microbes such as yeast are already used to convert sugars into bio-ethanol in fuel, and these electricity-generating bacteria could also be modified so that instead of producing electricity, they use electricity to generate biofuel,” he says.
“We are about to start a project that will use these bacteria to generate formic acid from carbon dioxide using a cathode. Should this prove successful, we can then try to convert the formic acid into another carbon intermediate that could either be used as fuel or as a chemical base for something else.”
Clarke’s team collaborated with researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Washington on the project, funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the U.S. Department of Energy.
The research team created a synthetic version of the marine bacteria Shewanella oneidensis.
“These bacteria show great potential as microbial fuel cells, where electricity can be generated from the breakdown of domestic or agricultural waste products,” Clarke says in a statement.
“Another possibility is to use these bacteria as miniature factories on the surface of an electrode, where chemical reactions take place inside the cell using electrical power supplied by the electrode through these proteins.”
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CC-MAIN-2015-48
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http://wardsauto.com/technology/researchers-coax-clean-electricity-bacteria
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en
| 0.904375 | 468 | 3.84375 | 4 |
More and more Kiwis are becoming distressed about their inability to put good food on the table for their families.
Dr Kristie Carter from Otago University's Public Health department told TV ONE's Breakfast 16% of New Zealanders have reported feeling "food insecure".
Carter says people suffering from food insecurity are those who have used food banks or food grants in the last 12 months, forgone food to pay bills or regularly gone without fresh fruit and vegetables.
"It's a lack of access to safe food ... the study shows that this is a big problem," she said.
Carter is not surprised by the findings with the soaring cost of living.
The price of milk, meat and fresh fruit and vegetables are all on the rise and Carter says this is leaving many families stressed.
"It sort of makes sense that if you can't afford to feed your family you feel stressed," she said.
Carter says people suffering from food stress have feelings of hopelessness, nervousness, and sadness.
Young people, non-European ethnicities, multi family homes and low income families are the most likely to feel insecure about food, Carter said.
She adds that women are affected more, but the feelings are still significant in men.
"That could be around different roles, women are more likely to buy the food for their family or cook the food for their family," she said.
Providing more support for low income families in the way of food grants and easier access to food banks are solutions according to Carter.
She believes the government has a huge part to play.
"We're highlighting inequalities in our population ... we need to improve the lives of our low income population," she said.
The study analysed 19,000 responses to questions about food over an eight year period.
Are you feeling stressed about increasing food prices? Leave your thoughts on the messageboard below.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://tvnz.co.nz/health-news/more-kiwis-experiencing-food-stress-4100020
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en
| 0.967929 | 383 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Introduced pine sawfly
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba
Damage, symptoms and biologyThe larvae of the introduced pine sawfly, an exotic defoliator insect, are greenish yellow in colour and have a double longitudinal stripe on the body. Their sides are yellow and white and their heads are shiny black. A sign confirming the pest’s presence, aside from direct sightings of larvae or adult insects, is the remains of hollowed out, yellowed needles. Introduced pine sawflies produce two generations during the growing season. An initial hatching of larvae occurs in the early summer. The young larvae form into groups and feed solely on the external, tenderer parts of needles, which are always old needles. However, the young larvae disperse rapidly and the damage they cause is not concentrated in one sole area of the tree. Older larvae disperse throughout trees and devour needles in their entirety. Second-generation larvae, which are usually more numerous, emerge in early August and feed until September. If bivoltinism (two generations in one year) occurs, trees can be completely defoliated in one season, which is sufficient to kill them. Damages in the Prairie provinces have been minor as compared to these in eastern Canada.
Other informationFirst detected in Canada in 1931 near Oakville, Ontario, this insect is thought to have been introduced into the United States from Holland in about 1914. It is well adapted to North America and has spread far and wide in the eastern and central United States, Quebec and south of the Great Lakes. Occasionally there are outbreaks of pine sawflies that attack several pine species, and, in particular, white pine in plantations or natural stands. Despite their rate of reproduction (two generations per year), the damage caused by pine sawflies has so far been relatively limited. No doubt this is because the insects have natural enemies that seem to limit their propagation, particularly parasites and a parasitoid wasp that develops and lives inside the pupa and eventually kills it. Some of these parasites have been introduced from Europe.
Canadian Forest Service Publications
Diet and feeding behaviour
: Feeds on the leaves of plants.
- Free-living defoliator: Feeds on and moves about freely on foliage.
Information on host(s)
- Date modified:
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CC-MAIN-2018-09
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https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/insects/factsheet/6552
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en
| 0.959647 | 476 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Despite a 33% drop in juvenile crime since 1993, two thirds of the American public believe that juvenile crime is onthe rise. Youth face zero tolerance policies in courtrooms, classrooms, neighborhoods, and prisons. Between 1992 and1997, some 47 states enacted laws making it easier to transfer youth from the juvenile justice system to the criminaljustice system. School boards brought police departments into the schools. And in the streets, youth, and especiallyyouth of color, face fear from civilians and harassment and violence from police.
According to a recent ABC poll, 82% of the people who perceive crime as a national problem say that their assessmentis based on what they see in the news, while only 17% say that their view is based on personal experience.
Young people who are the target of stereotypes are well aware of the connection between prejudice and the influence ofthe media.
When the national media training and strategy center, "We INTERRUPT This Message", held media trainings with youthorganizations across the country, young people said that they wanted to learn not only how to get their message intothe media, but how to document the prejudice of the media outlets and hold them accountable.
So "We INTERRUPT This Message" joined forces with Youth Force, a youth-led South Bronx organizing group, to study howyouth crime gets reported. Two weeks ago, after a year’s work, the groups published their final report, "In BetweenThe Lines: How the New York Times Frames Youth."
- Shaquesha Alequin, member of Youth Force and student at the Schomburg Satellite Academy.
- Joseph Vazquez, member of Youth Force and student at Arturo Schomburg Satellite Academy.
- Pia Infante
, We INTERRUPT This Message.Related link:
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<urn:uuid:be5cac11-a3c8-4298-b79f-b071a29c94ee>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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https://www.democracynow.org/2001/2/9/how_the_new_york_times_frames
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| 0.936993 | 371 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In the wake of last week’s tragic fire in a London tower block we think now is a good time to pay attention to fire safety and remind ourselves of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 which sets out the law on construction site fire safety, including escape from fire.
The CDM Regulations 2015 includes the requirement to prevent risk from fire by assessing the fire risk from site activities and taking precautions to control:
·Combustible materials – the quantity of combustible materials on site should be kept to a minimum and all such materials must be safety stored and used.
·Ignition sources – action must be taken to eliminate, reduce and control ignition sources on site.
As you would expect, construction of timber frame buildings requires significant additional measures to those described here there is specific guidance on this below.
A number of serious fires occur on construction sites and building undergoing refurbishment every year and many of these incidents could be avoided with careful planning and control of the work activities. Any fire threatens the safety of those on site and people in surrounding properties. Fire is a particular hazard in refurbishment projects when there is a lot of dry timber and also during the later stages of building jobs when flammable materials such as adhesives, insulating materials and soft furnishings are present.
It only takes a source of ignition (which could be a small flame or even an electrical spark) together with air to start a fire. Preventative action includes:
·Quantity: risk can be reduced by controlling the quantity of combustible material in the work area until it is needed
·Flammability: if possible, specify materials that are less combustible. Don’t forget some, materials can be more easily ignited when being worked on e.g. solids turned to dust or crumb
·Storage: combustible materials should be stored outside buildings under construction, especially volatile materials e.g. LPG. Internal storage must be planned and located where it will not put workers at risk
·Rubbish: good housekeeping and site tidiness are important to prevent fire and to ensure that emergency routes are not obstructed
·Volatile flammable materials: extra precautions are needed for flammable liquids, gases and oxygen cylinders especially when stored internally
·Coverings and sheeting: protective coverings and scaffold sheeting may add to fire risk. This can be reduced by use of flame retardant materials;
·LPG: liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is widely used in construction e.g. in connection with bitumen boilers and site accommodation. LPG has been involved in many serious fires and explosions, particularly where there have been leaks in confined areas. Strict precautions are required where LPG is stored and used
·Tanks and services: demolition projects can involve an increased risk of fire and explosion. Dismantling of tank structures may cause ignition of flammable residues or disruption and ignition of buried gas services
Next week, we’ll take a closer look at ignition sources when it comes to fire safety on construction sites.
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CC-MAIN-2017-51
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http://www.safetyfabrications.co.uk/blog/fire-safety-construction-sites
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| 0.934382 | 629 | 2.703125 | 3 |
3 Surprising Benefits of Echinacea
Used for more than 300 years by Native Americans to treat infections and pain, echinacea – a group of flowering plants known as coneflowers – gained widespread popularity as a traditional herbal remedy in the United States and Europe in the early 20th century.
While nine species of the echinacea plant exist, only three are widely used as an herbal supplement – Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea.
Everything from the leaves, flowers, and roots of these three species contain beneficial chemicals such as polysaccharides, essential oils, alkamides, and flavonoids, all of which have healing effects.
Here are just a few of the ways echinacea can help to remedy common ailments.
Treating the common cold. While echinacea can’t prevent cold or flu symptoms, some studies report that it may help reduce the length of a cold by boosting the body’s immune system and acting as a mild antibacterial.
Healing skin conditions. Echinacea has been shown to activate certain chemicals in the body that can decrease inflammation, which is a common side effect of psoriasis and eczema – two chronic disorders that produce raised or itchy lesions on the surface of the skin.
Containing yeast infections. This tidbit isn’t only for the ladies out there, because yeast infections affect more than just the vagina; they can also develop in others areas including your mouth or blood. The good news is that the chemicals in echinacea appear to attack yeast, candida, and other fungi in the body.
While there are no food sources containing echinacea, it can be found in many forms as an over-the-counter supplement. The herbal plant can be taken as a liquid extract, capsule, tablet, dried root tea, and as an ointment. So much to choose from!
How has echinacea helped you heal your body?
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<urn:uuid:0a8997eb-57c5-4ba8-91aa-ecb1c9450ab5>
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CC-MAIN-2018-39
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http://www.wellnesstoday.com/nutrition/3-surprising-benefits-of-echinacea
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| 0.938658 | 415 | 3 | 3 |
Do you have a morning meeting? This year, I decided to commit to morning meeting. I was reluctant to add it to our schedule because we are always pressed for time but this year, I thought it would be the perfect way to start the day. School officially starts at 7:55 and we try to have our morning meeting from 8-8:10.
To lead morning meeting, I elect a "Speaker of the House." I choose this student strategically (a child who would benefit from the spotlight of leading the meeting and is someone who does not typically take on leadership roles.) Morning meeting provides an easy structure for the Speaker of the House to follow and a way to engage in appropriate conversations with their classmates.
First quarter, we used morning meeting to go over the classroom goals we are working on. At the beginning of the year, we were working on 1-walking down the hall quietly and 2-making sure that no one in the class felt like a "Big Al" (Have you read Andrew Clements book Big Al? Big Al didn't fit in with the other fish, but he wanted to. The book taught us to reach out to others to make sure everyone felt included.) I tried my best to make it seem like students had negotiated these goals all on their own. I gave the Speaker of the House sentence starters to help them lead the conversation. They say "We are working on.....How do you think we did yesterday? Anything we could do better?" We post our goals on index cards on this file cabinet:
We also use morning meeting as the time to reflect on our behavior from the day before. I started using a marble jar system with my students because negative reinforcement wasn't working and I felt like I was constantly issuing empty threats (because my students are so nice, wonderful, and well-behaved in general, it's hard to punish them--and I am not a softy!). So, I decided they might respond better to starting the day with 10 marbles and trying to hold on to them. I simply write "10 Marbles" on the board and subtract as necessary. Each morning, we add the number of marbles from the previous day to the marble jar. It's an understood rule that if they maintain less than 7 marbles, they don't earn any marbles for that day.
Now that these routines are in place (it's second quarter), we can spice it up a little. Here's my new daily routine for morning meeting.
Monday: Smile Moments: Pictures that make us smile or a funny video to start off "grumpy Monday" with some smiles and laughter (follow my pinterest board to find some Smile Moment pictures) We squeezed in quite a few "smile moments" last quarter.
Tuesday: Student Goal Setting Reflections: During report card conferences, students set a few goals. Now, they will make them a reality by reflecting on how they are doing each week. Here's my template:
Wednesday: Classroom Goals reflection: Now that we have our routines for morning meeting down, we can start reflecting on our classroom goals weekly instead of daily. If we have a day where we lose too many marbles, of course we will reflect on why. Our current classroom goals are: 1) persevering through challenges, 2) listening and following directions, and 3) making our transitions faster.
Thursday: Appreciations: Share appreciations for someone else in the classroom
Friday: Building Background Knowledge Videos: Last quarter, we were alternating "Smile Moments" and educational videos. I pull up videos from wonderopolis.org (If you haven't used this site, check it out! They have a daily wonder video with a follow-up nonfiction article. You can check out the archives and quickly find things that relate to your curriculum or that you just think your kids would find interesting.) Sometimes I see something on the news that I think would be good to share with students. For example, when the Chinese Olympic badminton team threw the game, I thought it would spark an interesting conversation about winning and sportsmanship.
I have also used Teachers Domain. They have some really great videos on Algebraic Thinking that we watched last quarter. This quarter, I also plan to use some of the School House Rock government video clips from youtube and a few youtube songs that related to what we are learning. Using this time strategically, I can squeeze in something that we might not get to during our content time.
Lastly, we use our morning meetings to resolve any conflicts that have come up. Two examples from our year that were serious conversations I needed to have with my students included: a really bad behavior report from Spanish and arguing and screaming at each other during recess.
You can download the reflection document for free by clicking on the image. I would love to hear more about your morning meetings and suggestions of how you make them work.
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Cooking is one of the most popular hobbies in the world. However, it can also be one of the most dangerous if not done correctly. Many potential hazards can occur when cooking. Hence, knowing about these potential problems and how to prevent them is essential. This can help you avoid any damage to the kitchen and your health. Listed below are some common kitchen hazards to know about.
Burns and Scalds
Burns and scalds are the most common kitchen injuries. They can be caused by hot liquids, steam, sharp objects, and even your body heat if you don’t wear proper clothing in hot weather.
Burns are classified into three degrees depending on how deeply they have penetrated your skin. These are the first, second, and third-degree burns. First-degree burns affect only the top layer of skin, while second-degree burns affect both layers of skin. First and second-degree burns cover 10% of the body.
Third-degree burns go through all three layers, epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat tissue below it. Scalds occur when liquid comes into contact with your body and causes pain or injury to parts of your anatomy other than your hands or feet.
Use oven mitts and pot holders when handling hot food utensils or cookware to avoid burns. They are made of thick materials to protect your hands from burns and also provide insulation. Use extra care when working with hot liquids like boiling water, soups, or beverages. Hold the handles of pots and pans securely and pour liquids away from your body to avoid accidental spills and scalds.
Pressure Cooker Explosions
Pressure cookers are a standard kitchen appliance used in almost every house. However, they can also be a hazard. The question that would arise in your mind here is can a pressure cooker explode? The answer is yes.
Pressure cookers can explode due to faulty manufacturing. In such circumstances, the manufacturers are to blame for the burns or any other health and property damage the exploding pressure cookers cause. Hence, you can file a lawsuit against these manufacturers to get compensated for the damages.
There are also other causes of pressure cooker explosions. According to TorHoerman Law, pressure cookers can also explode due to faulty gaskets, improper lid seals, faulty release valves, digital indication malfunction, etc.
Slips, Trips, and Falls
The first step to preventing slips, trips, and falls is wearing shoes with good traction. If you’re in an environment where you frequently walk on wet floors, such as a kitchen, consider using rubber-soled shoes instead of the more traditional leather ones.
Wet rags or clothes can also be hazardous. Make sure they are left to dry before they are used again. This will help prevent slips, falls, and bacterial contamination of food items stored nearby.
Wet mops can leave behind puddles that could lead to slips and falls. In this scenario, try using absorbent towels instead. This can prevent falls and hip fractures. Falls can easily lead to hip fractures. In fact, CDC data states that over 95% of hip fractures are caused by falling. This can significantly impact your medical expenses.
Every kitchen uses knives for cutting vegetables, fruits, etc. But these knives also lead to many unwanted cuts on your skin. Here are some knife safety tips to follow:
- Don’t use a knife to open cans. A can opener is designed to cut through the metal of a can, and it’s much safer than using your knife.
- Don’t use knives to remove bottle caps. The same goes for jars and screwtops; specific tools are made just for these purposes.
- Avoid cutting wire with your knife, especially if working in confined spaces like under sinks or behind furniture. If there’s no other option but to try this technique yourself, wear protective gloves before attempting anything else.
- And finally, Never try cutting rope using any kind of blade. This could lead down paths far worse than just getting hurt by an improperly used utensil. It could also cause severe damage elsewhere.
Fires in kitchens are a common scenario in the US. According to the U.S. Fire Administration, there were 170,000 cooking fires in residential buildings in 2021. These fires caused 135 deaths, showing how hazardous kitchen fires can be.
To prevent fires, you should:
- Keep an eye on the stove. Never leave a burner unattended or turn off burners before they have completely cooled down.
- Turn the pot handles inward. Ensure that all pots and pans are placed with their handles turned inward so they cannot be knocked over accidentally. Also, use flame-resistant oven mitts when handling hot items from ovens or stoves.
- Don’t get distracted while cooking; don’t let others do so. If you need help with something else while preparing food in the kitchen, ask someone else who isn’t busy preparing meals for assistance instead of doing it yourself. This way, everyone stays safe.
Food contamination is a serious concern when it comes to the safety of your food. Foodborne illness can cause severe vomiting, diarrhea, and other unpleasant symptoms that may require hospitalization. Recent data shows that around 128,000 people in the US are hospitalized annually due to foodborne illness.
To avoid this outcome:
- Never leave raw meat or poultry at room temperature for over 2 hours.
- Use separate cutting boards for meats and vegetables/fruit. Don’t use them interchangeably.
- Always wash your hands before handling uncooked foods, and keep them clean while cooking.
Electrical safety is also vital, as shocks can severely affect your health and may lead to death.
- Don’t use an extension cord. Extension cords are meant to be temporary and can cause safety hazards if you’re not careful. They also put more stress on your electrical system by drawing power from multiple outlets at once, which can overload your outlets and cause them to overheat or even catch fire.
- Don’t overload outlets with too many appliances plugged in at once. Don’t place any appliances near each other that might interfere with their proper operation.
- Avoid power strips as well. These devices increase the risk of electrical shock because they give off more heat than individual outlets when operating at total capacity. If you must use one, make sure it has its circuit breaker switch so that no matter how many plugs are connected, only one circuit breaker trips if there’s ever an issue with overheating or shorting out within the strip itself.
- Never use damaged cords or outlets. Ensure all wires are intact before plugging them into place. Also, keep any cords away from hot surfaces like stoves or sinks. They could melt under high temperatures like this one day soon enough anyway, without us having done anything intentional about it ourselves first.
Exploring the potential hazards of the kitchen is a crucial step in ensuring your safety and well-being while indulging in your love for cooking. By being aware of potential hazards such as sharp knives, hot surfaces, and electrical appliances, you can take proactive steps to minimize accidents.
Simple precautions such as using oven mitts, practicing proper knife handling techniques, and keeping flammable materials away from heat sources can go a long way in preventing injuries.
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| 0.933993 | 1,549 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Audience: Primary teachers/Reading Recovery/Specialists
Presenter(s): Judy Dougherty
Length: 80 minutes
Level: Primary Conceptual
Check, MSV, SC, What does it all mean? This session will demonstrate how to develop and implement a day-to-day plan based upon evidence from running records. Participants will analyze running records in order to provide appropriate praise, prompts, and teaching points.Through analysis of data, participants will discuss appropriate text selection with a focus on text complexity, variety of genre, and formats.
Judy Dougherty is currently the Reading Recovery Teacher Leader at SCSD2 where she works daily with teachers and at-risk first graders. She has experience teaching primary grades and was a Reading Recovery teacher for 10 years. Judy received her Master’s degree from the University of Wyoming and Reading Recovery Teacher Leader certification from the University of Arkansas Little Rock.
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| 0.933925 | 184 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Report on Colima (Mexico) — 20 March-26 March 2002
Smithsonian / US Geological Survey Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 20 March-26 March 2002
Managing Editor: Gari Mayberry
Please cite this report as:
Global Volcanism Program, 2002. Report on Colima (Mexico). In: Mayberry, G (ed.), Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 20 March-26 March 2002. Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey.
19.514°N, 103.62°W; summit elev. 3850 m
All times are local (unless otherwise noted)
Universidad de Colima reported that as of 23 March volcanism continued at Colima and more small explosion earthquakes were recorded than during the previous week. Incandescent lava avalanches, generated from the fronts of block-lava flows, continued to travel 2-3 km down Colima's S, SW, and W flanks, and also sporadically traveled down the volcano's E flank. Block-lava flows extended 550 m down the SW flank and 2 km down the W flank. Based on information from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that on 25 March at 1040 a steam-and-ash emission rose ~5-6 km a.s.l. and drifted to the E. The 6.5-km-radius exclusion zone around Colima remained in effect, with other restrictions to access out to 11.5 km from the volcano's summit.
Geologic Background. The Colima volcanic complex is the most prominent volcanic center of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt. It consists of two southward-younging volcanoes, Nevado de Colima (the 4320 m high point of the complex) on the north and the 3850-m-high historically active Volcán de Colima at the south. A group of cinder cones of late-Pleistocene age is located on the floor of the Colima graben west and east of the Colima complex. Volcán de Colima (also known as Volcán Fuego) is a youthful stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera, breached to the south, that has been the source of large debris avalanches. Major slope failures have occurred repeatedly from both the Nevado and Colima cones, and have produced a thick apron of debris-avalanche deposits on three sides of the complex. Frequent historical eruptions date back to the 16th century. Occasional major explosive eruptions (most recently in 1913) have destroyed the summit and left a deep, steep-sided crater that was slowly refilled and then overtopped by lava dome growth.
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| 0.915591 | 561 | 3 | 3 |
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