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(AP) -- A U.S. advisory committee is recommending routine hepatitis A vaccinations for homeless people, following an increase in outbreaks of the contagious liver disease.
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices made the recommendation at a meeting Wednesday in Atlanta.
Homeless encampments can contribute to disease through unsanitary conditions. Hepatitis A spreads person to person through contaminated food or dirty needles used for injection drugs. The virus also can spread from sexual contact with an infected person.
The recommendation would make it easier for shelters and other groups serving the homeless to offer hepatitis A shots along with other services.
Hepatitis A vaccinations already are recommended for children at age 1 and for others in danger of infection, such as drug users, some international travelers and men who have sex with men.
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Quokkas for example, but there are many more, unfortunately !
Source: ANZANG 2014 Threatened Species shortlist
A 15th-century Venetian report estimates on the military and economic strength of the kingdoms and states of Europe
Source: The Power of Medieval States – A Report from the Year 1423 – Medievalists.net
How did fashion change during the Middle Ages? Using images from medieval manuscripts, we can track some of the changes in fashion over the centuries. The styles of dress and clothing would see new trends emerge, ranging from long-toed shoes to plunging necklines.
Source: Medieval Fashion Trends – Medievalists.net
The Catholic Church’s ongoing project will digitize 80,000 manuscripts containing ancient texts and images.
Source: The Vatican just digitized this 1,600-year-old epic – The Washington Post
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7 things to do in advance that can save your child’s life in an emergencyPosted on
Over the last couple of months we've been travelling around to various fire stations to create awareness for our Lil Tracker Kids GPS watch. During our conversations with firemen and other emergency service workers, we always ask them what parents can do to help protect their kids and what they can do in advance should the unthinkable happen. Over and over, they informed how, in the heat of a tragic moment, parents tend to have trouble recalling important details that could help save their children.
Additionally, they stressed that when it comes to reporting these details to local police, time is of huge importance.
Here is a list we've summarized from the conversations we've had:
-Teach your kids your telephone numbers and have them memorize them.
-Keep a recent photograph of your child in your wallet as well as a digital copy.
-Keep a list of each child's blood type.
-Note your kid’s eye colour, hair colour and hair style. Update the photo as hairstyle changes or every 6 months.
-Note your child's height and weight.
-Detail all birthmarks, piercings, or other individual markings.
-Make a list of places (cities, friend's houses, areas) your child may be headed to, should they decide to runaway.
-Make a note describing the clothing your child is wearing before they leave the house without you.
-Buy them a Lil Tracker or another kid’s GPS tracker watch.
Share this post so others can be informed too. Your share could potentially help save a lost or missing child.
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Safer Internet Day is just around the corner; Tuesday 6th February 2018. Are you prepared for it?
We really hope you’re enjoying exploring your new Safer Schools app!
With Safer Internet Day coming up soon, we have created these exclusive resources to use with your pupils.
A colouring in sheet where they can learn how to create a long and strong password.
Why not play them the Jack, Maddie and Freddie story from the Safer Schools App?
A wordsearch with online safety buzzwords. Pupils can find more information on all of these words in the Safer Schools App.
E-mail this page to yourself to easily access the resources on a desktop computer.
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This guide to smart learning is suitable for all pupils at Key Stage 3, but is focused on preparation for 13+ entrance exams. It offers a holistic approach to study to give pupils the essential skills and tools they need to learn and revise efficiently, cope with stress effectively and feel confident and fully prepared to do their very best in exams.
- Information to help pupils learn how to learn in the best way for them
- Preparation techniques to make the most of their revision time
- Revision tips, exam techniques and presentation skills for the array of assessments at Key Stage 3/13+
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Medications for Cardiomyopathy
Other names: Cardiomyopathy, dilated; Cardiomyopathy, peripartum; Dilated Cardiomyopathy; Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
What is Cardiomyopathy: Cardiomyopathy is a weakening of the heart muscle (myocardium), which usually causes inadequate heart pumping.
Topics under Cardiomyopathy
- Broken Heart Syndrome (0 drugs)
- Cardiomyopathy Prophylaxis (2 drugs)
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (8 drugs in 2 topics)
- Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (0 drugs)
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Blood pressure control is very important part of life whether you have diabetes or not. However, having high blood pressure is an important risk factor in developing heart disease, stroke and other complications of diabetes. Diabetes and high blood pressure are often associated, and many people with diabetes take medication to reduce their blood pressure. Blood pressure means blood pressure in your arteries because it is being pumped by the heart. Most diabetic patients with high blood pressure have no symptoms.
However, very high blood pressure or rapidly increasing blood pressure can cause:
• bleeding nose
• Difficulty breathing
Similar to high blood pressure, the symptoms of low pressure can not always be obvious. If you get symptoms, then they can be identified as one of the following: Feeling dizziness, light spotlight or unconsciousness
• Blurred vision
• Fast or irregular heart beat
Blood pressure is measured in terms of millimeters of mercury, as two figures, for example 124/80 mmHg.
• The first number (124 in this case) is known as systolic pressure - pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracted.
• The second number (80 here) is diastolic pressure - pressure in the arteries on the rest of the heart. If your resting blood pressure level is above the target, it increases the risk of heart and vascular problems as well as other diabetes complications such as kidney disease and vision loss (retinopathy).
• High blood pressure is also associated with bad circulation which increases the risk of foot ulcers and if the foot is not taken regularly, then the dissection may be done in the leg. Very high blood pressure is generated by the formation of cholesterol within the walls of the blood vessels. This causes the contraction of blood vessels, restricts blood flow and increases blood pressure.
• The risk of heart problems and stroke increases with narrow arteries if these vital organs get very little blood or if blood clots block blood flow.
• Occasionally, due to other conditions, high blood pressure may occur, such as Diabetes mildew, kidney or hormone problems.
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A version of this column was published on February 3, 2013 in USA Today.
I’m seeing more patients than ever consume so-called “energy drinks,” a rapidly emerging class of beverage which promise to increase energy, improve alertness, and boost attention span. The energy drink business is booming, with more than $12 billion sold last year, eclipsing established beverage categories like iced tea or sports drinks. 6 billion energy drinks were consumed nationwide in 2010, and it’s estimated that 31% of teenagers drink them regularly.
But the popularity of energy drinks is leading to some serious health consequences that I’m seeing more frequently in my primary care clinic, and others are seeing in the emergency room.
It’s no secret how energy drinks work: caffeine. Consider that just two ounces of a popular brand, 5-Hour Energy, contains 207mg of caffeine, which is almost as much as six cans of Coca-Cola or four shots of espresso. It is more than double the recommended amount of daily caffeine intake for teenagers, who are often targeted in advertising campaigns. Dr. Roland Griffiths, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University who studies energy drinks, rightly calls them “caffeine delivery systems.”
Most energy drinks also contain herbal ingredients such as ginkgo, taurine, or milk thistle. Although scientific studies show that these additives have little value, their presence allow energy drinks to be sold as dietary supplements, rather than drugs. It’s an important distinction. Supplements don’t have to disclose the amounts of caffeine they contain, while over the counter drugs that contain similar doses of caffeine, do. So in the majority of cases, those who consume energy drinks don’t know how much caffeine they’re ingesting.
Energy drinks can lead to serious health consequences, including palpitations, rapid heart rates, dehydration, elevated blood pressures, or even heart attacks. Their high caffeine content, along with “natural” additives, can interact with prescription drugs. Worse, 56% of college students report mixing energy drinks with alcohol, which studies show increase the risk of committing or experiencing a sexual assault, riding with a drunk driver, or becoming involved in an alcohol-related car accident. According to a recent report by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, there were over 20,000 emergency room visits involving energy drinks in 2011, double the number from 2007. Last year, the Food and Drug Administration received reports of 18 deaths and over 150 injuries that may have been associated with the drinks.
These safety concerns require energy drinks to be more closely scrutinized. Beverage manufacturers should clearly label the caffeine content on their drinks. Adults should limit their caffeine intake to about 500mg per day, less for teens and older patients and those with heart or liver problems. Young children should stay away from these drinks altogether. Doctors need to do a better job screening for and counselling those who consume high amounts of energy drinks, especially young men and college students. And finally, we should consider the approach taken by our neighboring countries. Canada will soon cap energy drink caffeine content to 180mg per can or bottle, which, if instituted in the United States, would require reformulation of a substantial number of drinks. Mexico is seeking to ban the sales of energy drinks altogether to those younger than 18.
Perhaps most effective would be to stop seeing energy drinks as beverages, and instead view them as liquid stimulant drugs. Because that’s what they really are.
Kevin Pho is co-author of Establishing, Managing, and Protecting Your Online Reputation: A Social Media Guide for Physicians and Medical Practices. He is founder and editor of KevinMD.com, also on Facebook, Twitter, Google+, and LinkedIn.
Image credit: Shutterstock.com
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Wake Forest wasn’t exactly a hotbed for campus unrest and student activism in the turbulent 1960s and early ’70s. But one spring night in 1970, about 600 students marched arm-in-arm up Wake Forest Road to President James Ralph Scales’ home and demanded an end to the Vietnam War and the cancellation of final exams so students could work for peace.
Anti-war sentiment had been building over the year. Students had organized a “Vietnam Moratorium Committee” to sponsor protests and meetings, marched in downtown Winston-Salem, held a “Convocation for Peace” and protested at the Selective Service office in downtown Winston-Salem. At an ROTC program on campus, some students placed flowers in rifles held by their classmates.
The anti-war sentiment on campus was strong, but not universal, two of the protesters, Kirk Fuller (’73, MA ’75) and George Bryan (’72), recalled in interviews in 2012. It was a time for male students when your birthday could get you sent straight to Vietnam if you were unlucky enough to have a low lottery number. Fuller did, but had joined the Navy Reserves to delay active duty.
Bryan, son of the late religion professor G. McLeod Bryan (’27), was a conscientious objector. He said he always found it frustrating that students seemed more interested in intervisitation – allowing male and female students to visit in one another’s rooms — than with ending the war.
But following the U.S. invasion of Cambodia and the killings of four students at Kent State University by National Guardsmen, about 400 students gathered for an anti-war rally in front of Wait Chapel on May 19, 1970.
Fuller, then a junior, read a list of 19 demands written earlier by students calling for an end to the war and addressing a variety of campus grievances.
After a student suggested a march to Scales’ house to present the demands, students ran through the dormitories and the library encouraging others to join them. About 200 more students joined, whether out of true convictions against the war, or to join the excitement, or because they wanted exams cancelled so they could head to the beach.
As students settled onto the lawn at Scales’ house – now Starling Hall – Fuller read the list of demands and warned of a student strike until all classes and final examinations were cancelled. The rest of the semester should be devoted to “independent thought and discussion of the problems confronting our society … we want answers not found in the classrooms of Wake Forest.”
Students called on Scales and the University to:
• Call for the immediate withdrawal of troops from Southeast Asia;
• End contracts with companies involved in the war effort and “genocide against Black Americans; ”
• Abolish the campus ROTC program;
• End discrimination against black cafeteria workers;
• Remove the campus police chief and disarm the “incompetent and devious” campus police;
• Approve intervisitation to allow male and female students to visit in one another’s rooms;
• Improve student health care;
• Establish a day-care center for faculty and staff;
• Give students two-weeks off from school to work for candidates in the 1970 election.
And for good measure, they called for Reynolda Gardens to be open all day long. “It was a group effort – pretty much anything anyone wanted,” Fuller says today. They never really expected Scales to agree to their demands, he says, but it didn’t hurt to ask.
Scales came out of his house and invited Fuller and several other students inside for coffee. When they reemerged 30 minutes later, many students had already lost interest and left. Scales told the students he understood their goals, but deplored their tactics. “I’ve been proud of Wake Forest students many, many times, but this is not one of those times,” he said. He went back inside his house, and students returned to their dorms and the library to study for final exams.
Then-Provost Edwin G. Wilson (’43) and other faculty members met with students in Reynolda Hall to help calm things down and encouraged them that any further protests should be peaceful and non threatening. Students called off the planned strike.
Tyler Stone (’97), who wrote a history seminar paper on the anti-war protests, “Pro Humanitate, Anti War: A distinct Wake Forest observance of the Vietnam Conflict, 1969-71,” noted the significance of the peaceful nature of the protest, when protests at so many other schools turned violent. “After the president’s rebuttal, there was no further action despite the ease through which students could have caused disruption. The fact that students remained civil and dispersed in an orderly and peaceful manner is a testament to the nature of the protest movement at Wake Forest.”
Fuller and Bryan credit the close relationship that students had with Scales, faculty members and even the campus police with keeping the march and other anti-war protests civil and peaceful. Some faculty members supported the protests, and even Scales was known to be sympathetic to the students’ efforts. Following the Kent State killings, Scales sent President Richard Nixon a telegram protesting the killings and approved Student Government’s request to cancel classes for one day.
But some faculty members didn’t approve of the protest. The University Senate later condemned the march: “Discussions regarding crucial and substantive issues … will not be resolved on the president’s lawn at night in an atmosphere of rancor.”
The Old Gold and Black had a different take, hailing the march as a positive sign that students were becoming more concerned with events both on and off “this Garden of Eden campus.” The OG&B boldly proclaimed that Wake Forest “will never again be the nice, quiet school it once was.”
In reality, the event faded quickly with the end of the semester. Within days, Fuller – who like Bryan was the son of an alumnus, Fleming Fuller (’32, MD ’34) — was called to active duty in the U.S. Navy. He spent the next two years in the Navy before returning to Wake Forest on the GI Bill and earning his undergraduate and graduate degrees in history. Today, he’s a senior representative with Mutual of Omaha in Cary, N.C.
Bryan was elected Student Government vice president the following year after running on a peace platform. He later worked with gangs and youth in the South Bronx before returning to Winston-Salem to work with children and youth.
Bryan says the march and other events helped change opinions about the war. “Doing events like the rallies helped mobilize a number of students as to what was occurring in other parts of the world and influenced what they studied and how they looked at the world,” he says. “It brought more students around (to the anti-war effort), and I’m sure it brought more professors around. You couldn’t be isolated anymore and just deal with academics.”
Several weeks after the march, on Memorial Day, students placed a thousand tiny wooden crosses in a field along Polo Road, each cross bearing the name of a North Carolina soldier killed in Vietnam.
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Road accidents in the UK claim thousands of lives every year, but as more motor vehicles take to the road for the festive season it’s comforting to remember that road safety technology is at least constantly improving. Let’s take a look at some established safety features that have already saved the lives of millions.
Not strictly designed for cars, the first patent for the 'safety belt' was filed in 1884 by Edward J. Claghorn in New York - 99 years before seatbelts became compulsory for drivers in the UK. "This invention relates to belts designed to be applied to the person, and provided with hooks and other attachments for securing the person to a fixed object." – US Patent 312085 A Granted, Claghorn’s patent was far removed from the three-point seat belt system we know today. It wasn’t until 1959 when Nils Bohlin of Volvo refined the safety feature into the common V-shape. Claghorn and Bohlin may have lived in different times, but together their legacy continues to save a vast number of lives every year.
The idea that an automotive airbag could reduce head injuries and save lives has been documented since the Second World War, and a series of related patent applications have been made over the years. One early patent was filed in 1952 by John W Hetrick for his “safety cushion”. “…the valve which acts responsively to a sudden slowing of the forward motion of the vehicle, such as that occurring when the vehicle is involved in a collision or is braked heavily.” – US Patent 2649311 A But his idea wasn’t foolproof, so it wasn’t until the 1960s, when Allen K. Breed developed a reliable trigger mechanism, that the safety feature got a proper footing in the automotive industry. Though still rudimentary, Ford first adopted the idea in the 1970s and car manufacturers continue to make improvements today.
This is an example of a mishap that went on to save lives. Édouard Bénédictus was a French artist and chemist who realised the potential of the glass laminate while working in his lab. Bénédictus knocked a beaker containing cellulose nitrate, a liquid plastic, onto the ground and noticed that the beaker had kept its shape despite the broken pieces. He filed a patent for his discovery in 1920, clearly citing the safety benefits. Broken glass gets everywhere, but thanks to serendipity followed by a generation of improvements, we now have much safer windows in our vehicles.
The laws of physics decree that energy cannot be destroyed but, as Einstein once said, “imagination is more important than knowledge”. Béla Barényi at Mercedez-Benz looked to displace kinetic energy from the impact of collisions with the ingenious development of crumple zones in 1952.
The persistent Barényi had originally applied to work for Porsche, but it was Dr Wilhelm Haspel at Daimler who saw his potential, resulting in a career of over 2500 patents. “Mr Barényi, you are thinking 15 to 20 years ahead. In Sindelfingen, we’ll wrap you in cotton wool. What you invent will go straight to the Patents Department.” – Wilhelm Haspel ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) Like various other automotive mod cons and safety features, the principles of ABS were originally conceived for the world of aviation. ABS improves traction and emergency steering control by restricting lock-up of the wheels. The system monitors speed (or rapid deceleration, to be more accurate) and adjusts the hydraulics accordingly. Many manufacturers claim to have been pioneers of ABS, but the 1966 Jensen FF was the first production vehicle to feature the Maxaret system, a precursor. Bosch and Mercedez-Benz teamed up to rollout the so-called “second-generation” of ABS in the 1978 S-Class. An evolved version of this is now a standard on all Mercedes-Benz passenger vehicles.
Self-driving cars - the future?
The root cause of most car accidents? Some form of human error. So if you can eliminate driver error, you slice the number of accidents by a huge proportion. And if you can somehow also reduce the problems caused by other road users, including pedestrians, the total will be even higher. Self-driving cars bristle with technology that senses the presence of others and makes whatever adjustments are required to speed and direction to avoid a collision. Google says its self-driving fleet has already rung up over 300,000 miles worth of accident-free research. Actually, there have been a couple of incidents. But in both cases the human driver was actually to blame.
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Characteristics of Temperament
"Theories if psychological development, whatever their bias, generally presume a linear predictability sequence from conception or birth onward."
From Thomas and Chess' quantitative inter-year correlations of temperament for years one to five, and from the qualitative derived vignettes, the authors conclude that temperament does not necessarily follow a consistent, linear course.
The stability of temperament has been reported by Buss and Plomin (1984), and Costa, McCrea, and Anenberg (1980). Among the most stable personality traits reported are emotionality, activity, and sociability. Reported retest coefficients for temperamental traits measured by the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey at 6- and 12-year intervals ranged from .59 to .87 (Van Heck, 1991). It can be said that temperament variables show moderate to high stability across time. Kagan, Reznick and Sidman (1986) reported that,
"...these qualities can persist into adulthood...The corpus of evidence gathered to date implies that the behavioral qualities of inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar are robust and moderately stable traits, even though the underlying predisposition can be expressed in various ways" (p.62).
Mehrabian (1991) proposes that for most practical purposes, attempts to modify temperaments are doomed.
Instead, one only need note the following relationship to discover approaches to behavior ( and not temperament) modification. Behavior = f (temperament, situation, temperament X situation). If temperament is (for all practical purposes) reduced to a constant in the preceeding equation, one realizes that behavior change can be achieved most readily through situational change" (p.84).
More specifically, Mehrabian believes that the more general a trait is that is to be modified, the greater the difficulty in modifying it.
"Just as environmental influences can have a general and lasting effect on temperament following thousands of learning trials, by the same token, the modification of tmperament would require similar, repetitious, and extensive training" (p.84).
The environmental factors that favor the individuation of temperament in one direction or another,
"...may be so generally operative in a given cultural milieu as to produce a pattern of behavior which is characteristic of virtually all members of a given social class or national group, and yet strikingly different from the typical behavior produced by another culture. This observation of such differences provides the most irrefutable evidence for the strength of environment in modifying temperament, for it is now generally accepted that the constitutional differences between different peoples cannot be responsible for more than a very minor part of such differences" (Diamond, 1957, p.122).
The study of temperament and development in a variety of cultural contexts is also noted by Super and Harkness (1986). The issue of culture leads the authors to a fundamental question about the organization, function, and development of behavior. The authods note that there is a "...source of between-group variation in the bahaviors commonly used to index temperament that are not major sources of within-group variance, or at least have not been well investigated within samples because they lack visibility and do not fit easily in the traditional dialectic between nature and nurture" (p.145).
"Kardnier (1939, 1945) has tried to demonstrate how societies cultivate specific types of basic personality structure in their members, through ways in which they are handled as children. Eickson (1950) has contrasted the early training and later personality of the Sioux Indians, who live on the Dakota plains and are traditionally hunters, with the Yurok, who live along the Klamath River, and depend upon salmon fishing for their livlihood. Davis and Havinghurst (1946) compared the manner in which middle-class Chicago mothers, both Negro and White, treated their infants. Gower and Rickman (1949) believed the manner in which the people of Great Russia swaddle their infants helps to produce impassivity and covert hostility which appear as prominent traits in their adult personalities" (Diamond, 1991, p.201).
Rothbart (1991) documents the strong similarities between the dimensions of temperament emerging from developmental analysis and the majority of personality dimensions from factor analysis of scales assessing personality in adulthood. Rothbart notes that in Tellegen's work,
"...he has extracted two higher order personality factors labeled Positive Emotionality and Negative Emotionality. Tellegen identifies the Positive Emotionality as assessing feelings of well-being, social potency, and pleasurable engagement, and the Negative Emotionality dimensions as assessing feelings of stress, worry, resentment, and negative engagement. He (Tellegen) also identified a third higher order personality dimension labeled Constraint, which assesses characteristics of cautiosness, restraint, and timidity versus impulsivity and sensation-seeking" (p.87)
Return to Home Page
All contents copyright (C) 1995
Peter L. Heineman
All rights reserved.
Comments to: [email protected]
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On college campuses worldwide, telepresence is having its a meta moment, both as an accessibility and collaboration tool and as the subject of its most avid users’ compelling R&D.
Strolling down the hallways of the Assistive Robotics Department at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), you may bump into PhD candidate Kavita Krishnaswamy, despite the fact that she’s nearly fully paralyzed from the neck down. Kavita is currently working collaboratively with fellow academic leaders to research the development of robotic systems with a focus on accessible user interfaces to provide assistance and increase independence for people like herself.
Across the pond is Dr. Jennifer Rode, a senior lecturer in Digital Technologies in Education at the University College London (UCL), who like Kavita is challenged by a physical disability. Still, you may well find her in a classroom debating the benefits of being a “cyborg,” or at the very least, interacting with students in her role as head of the Rainbow Lab, which examines how values become incorporated into technology design.
Head to North America, and you’ll meet Dr. Carman Neustaedter, an associate professor in the School of Interactive Arts and Technology at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. Dr. Neustaedter may be on sabbatical or vacation, but there’s a good chance you’ll spot him interacting with student research groups at the Connections Lab (cLab).
What do these forward-thinking academic thought leaders have in common? Beyond a passion for researching how the intersection of technology and accessibility can further the education of a great number of people while facilitating progress within the institutions they represent, their on-campus, “in person” presence is often via a telepresence robot.
Here’s how telepresence is making it possible for anyone to be “on campus” at anytime from anywhere regardless of physical limitations to connect, learn, and teach together.
Upping the accessibility ante
Thanks to University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)’s acceptance of telepresence technology, doctoral candidate Kavita Krishnaswamy is able to participate as both a distance-learning student and as a researcher. She has rare genetic disorder, Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), which has robbed her of most physical movement (save a few working muscles in her right hand) and requires continuous care, so Kavita can only leaves her home on rare occasions.
Using a Beam telepresence robot, Kavita is able to pursue her PhD in assistive robotics from UMBC and conduct research. In her time in grad school at UMBC, she has drawn on her skills in artificial intelligence, software design and other forms of technological communication to invent 10 simulated versions of more accessible devices. Kavita even delivered her dissertation in person, via telepresence.
Kavita has also found that her ability to be more social and interact with others is a positive for her personal health as well. This makes sense as the University of California, Irvine recently conducted a study finding that telepresence robots help homebound students, particularly those who are chronically ill, maintain a sense of normalcy by allowing them to attend classes “in person.”
“Cyborgs” on campus
The rise of the machines is inevitably a fascinating subject in academia. For example, UC Santa Cruz’s Professor Emerita Dr. Donna J. Haraway has spent decades researching and writing on our “cyborg” nature, and the idea that there’s no clear delineation between computers and animals, people and technology.
Her groundbreaking work has had a significant impact on academic thought leaders at collegiate institutions worldwide, including Dr. Jennifer Rode, who researches human-computer interaction and ubiquitous computing at the University of London (UCL) and who routinely uses telepresence technology, as an autoimmune disease often leaves her housebound.
A robotic device can provide a more vigorous persona or “cyborg self,” as Dr. Rode describes it. By having a physical embodiment on campus, she argues others may view her in a radically different light, reframing her disability as an asset rather than a liability.
Considering that Futurism predicts that by 2020 there will be four devices per human on average, there’s tremendous benefit to embracing “cyborgs” on campus and in our daily lives as a critical value add and field of academic study.
Dr. Rode’s work, like Kavita’s, looks at how to remove the struggle with visibility and presence for people with disabilities, particularly in the education field, and she often plays her own research subject on issues of mobility and accessibility. She researches everything from the “technology” of a simple cane to the use of a telepresence robot to “transport” her to work, depending on the circumstance.
The rise of remote research
Dr. Rode first came across telepresence technology in 2014 at a ubiquitous computing conference (UBICOM) in Seattle where her colleague, Dr. Carman Neustaedter from Simon Fraser University had brought along several telepresence robots for remotely attending students and researchers.
Aside from using robots to attend academic conferences, Simon Frasers’ Interactive Arts and Technology Connections Lab (cLab) routinely uses a variety of remote communications technology to conduct research with distance learners in their work. From using drones to wearables to explore complex issues like privacy and embodiment, Dr. Neustaedter’s researchers utilize collaborative technology to study how other technological applications and implementations can mitigate perceived limitations of proximity to pursue their own academic endeavors together while finding solutions to connect others, in educational settings and otherwise.
cLab research aside, Dr. Neustaedter has personally taken to using telepresence to provide continuity on campus – even when he’s on a year-long sabbatical. Considering that much of the academic research cLab students conducts is on “domestic computing,” telepresence and other remote technology provides a critical link so that even busy professors and students can maintain a vibrant personal life, too.
Whether it’s allowing staff to teach and/or conduct distance research, bringing students to class, or facilitating the opportunity to explore how technology can further higher education for everyone regardless of physical limitations, the benefits of telepresence on campuses worldwide are exponential. With the right collaborative approach, everyone can be “on-campus” to learn and grow together.
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Prepress is the term to describe all of the processes that occur before printing and finishing. Since many publications nowadays are published both in print and electronically, many refer to the shared processes as premedia services instead.
The prepress processes that are listed below may take place at one single location, such as a large publishing and printing company, or at a variety of places. Usually some tasks happen at a publisher while others take place at a printer or a dedicated prepress company (which are sometimes referred to as service bureaus or trade shops).
- Design: Since the advent of desktop publishing, many people in the printing industry no longer consider design to be a prepress task. The design process includes:
- Preparing data, which includes copyediting and product photography, such as for a mail order catalog.
- Creating the layout is done using one of the leading design application such as Adobe InDesign or QuarkXPress. People outside the graphic arts community may use tools like Microsoft Office or Publisher. There is also a wide range of specialized applications for tasks like database publishing.
- The correction cycle includes processes such as proofreading and image retouching, for which Adobe Photoshop is the leading application.
- Preflighting: Before finished pages go through the remaining processes, a validation is done to check if all the data meet the necessary production requirements.
- Proofing: During the design phase there are already page proofs being created. Proofs are usually also made by the company that is responsible for the printing. This can be done for internal checks of the impositioning (imposition proofs) as well as for their customer who needs to sign off the proofs for approval. More and more such proofs are softproofs that are evaluated on a monitor. Hardcopy proofing remains popular when there is sufficient time for it and for color critical or expensive jobs.
- Imposition: Depending on the final output device a number of pages will be combined into signatures.
- Output to the final output device such as a digital press, filmsetter or CtP device. To output data, pages or complete flats have to be ripped or rendered. This process usually also includes:
- transparency flattening: transparency effects such as drop shadows behind text need to be resolved.
- color separation
- color management
Some people prefer to delay the above destination specific conversions to the very last moment. This is commonly referred to as late binding. Once a job is printed, its data usually go into an archive.
Many of the above steps are nowadays heavily automated, by either stand-alone applications or prepress workflow systems. The automation also allows for more elaborate communication processes:
- Exchanging data such as the final layout may still happen using a physical carrier such as a DVD. In the past people usually submitted the native data, meaning the original layout file(s) and all associated images, fonts and other data. Nowadays PDF files are often used instead.
- Increasingly the internet is used for submitting jobs. This is referred to as web-to-print.
- When the data exchange focuses purely on page content, solutions range from using an FTP server or e-mail system to using file sharing tools such as DropBox or YouSendIt. A more sophisticated web portal can add functions such as preflighting and page approval.
- A digital storefront enables a printer to not just capture page content but also order related information. Such a system can also facilitate reorders and allow print buyers to customize documents on-line.
- Job-related data such as the job ID or run length are exchanged between systems such as an MIS (Management Information System), a prepress workflow, press control system and finishing equipment. Protocols such as JDF allow systems from different vendors to exchange the necessary data.
- Many projects nowadays are published using other media besides print as well. The content of a magazine may also be published on the web while the content of a book is repurposed for e-books. There are special tools and protocols such as XML to facilitate cross-media publishing.
Working in prepress
Over the past 20 years, employment in prepress has declined rapidly due to the increased use of computers and software automation. This trend is unlikely to stop – in the US job market employment in prepress is expected to drop 16 percent from 2006 to 2016, going from 119,000 workers down to 100,000.
The history of prepress
This site contains an extensive description of the history of prepress. You can read either the summary or a more detailed year-by-year story, which starts in 1950. There are also separate pages on the history of printing, fonts, PostScript and PDF.
Other sources of information
Prepress has evolved a lot during the past 20 years. Many processes got automated, jobs disappeared and the terminology changed. The description of prepress on sites like Wikipedia doesn’t seem to have been adapted to this rapid evolution. Be aware that much of the stuff that is available on the web about prepress is simply outdated. If you know of any interesting sites, please add a comment to this page.
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Reducing home-energy consumption can be accomplished many ways. Good insulation, double-paned glass, weather-stripping and similar efforts can improve your home's ability to retain hot or cold air. Some homeowners choose to install solar panels or to simply lessen their energy use, for example by foregoing air conditioning or by turning off computers when they're not needed. But as part of managing your energy use, it's important to know how much electricity you're actually using, and your monthly electric bill may not tell the full story.
The federal stimulus package included money for the installation of 40 million smart meters in homes. Besides the stimulus funding, smart meters are becoming an increasingly popular tool for consumers and utilities to work together to reduce energy consumption. (Although, as of mid-2009, only around 6 percent of American homes had smart meters installed [source: Fehrenbacher].)
For about $200, you can get a smart meter that will provide you with much more information about your electrical usage than a standard mechanical meter [source: Wald]. This data -- which may provide breakdowns of usage and rates down to the hour or even the minute -- has the potential to be useful for consumers and utilities alike. Consequently, many third-party companies are stepping forward to provide computer programs and devices that work with smart meters. Some of these programs allow you to receive text messages with information and others can provide a breakdown of how much electricity each appliance consumes.
By having easy access to these detailed reports, you can see if appliances that you run periodically -- such as a dishwasher or clothes dryer -- should be run less frequently or only when they're full. You may also find out if a device is malfunctioning, using more energy than it should. You might learn that it's actually cheaper to run some devices at night when electricity rates are often lower.
On the next page, we'll learn more about how consumers can better monitor their home-energy consumption and take a more proactive role in reducing energy use.
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We've all heard it a million times. . .
'Breakfast is the most important meal of the day!'
The question is though, why? By reading and understanding the information below, you will begin to understand not just why breakfast is important, but also, how important it really is to everyone's long term health and well-being.
Carbohydrate Based Breakfast - In the morning, simple carbohydrates (sugary refined cereals, white bread, toast etc) cause an immediate surge in blood sugar, which results in a substantial release of insulin from our pancreas.
The insulin removes most of the sugar from our blood, turning the excess sugar into fat. This decreased level of blood sugar results in a further craving for carbohydrates.
This vicious cycle constitutes one of the major reasons for diabetes, high blood pressure and weight gain .
Skipping Breakfast - When we skip breakfast, our blood sugar drops below the normal level , leading to cravings and a drop in energy.
To deal with cravings, we usually revert to snacking on simple carbohydrates, causing a rapid rise in blood sugar levels and a substantial insulin emission. The insulin removes most of the sugar from the blood and turns any excess into fat. Our body, now low in blood sugar, experiences further cravings and a drop in energy.
This vicious cycle constitutes one of the major reasons for diabetes, high blood pressure and extra weight.
Balanced Breakfast - A balanced breakfast supplies our body with vital nutrients and energy without increasing blood sugar and insulin levels, and helps to avoid dependence on carbs during the day.
In this way, appetite stays under control, cravings for carbs diminish and our body uses its fat stores for energy resulting in Healthy Weight Loss.
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The ‘largest chemistry lesson in the world’ is the record Israelis are hoping to snag tonight.
Eleven research institutes around Israel will tonight reenact an experiment performed in the space shuttle Columbia in 2003 by the first Israeli astronaut- the late Colonel Ilan Ramon.
The Ministry of Science and Technology, which came up with the initiative, chose to go for the Guinness World Record today to coincide with ‘Researchers’ Night’ – an annual event supported by the ministry and the European Union, in which science institutes open their doors to the general public in order to bring them closer to science.
The record will be measured by the number of people performing the experiment simultaneously in at least 10 locations country-wide. The current world record stands at 562 people in a single chemistry lesson in Belgium.
According to Prof. Daniel Hershkovitz, Minister of Science and Technology, the initiative aims to bring the general public, particularly the younger generation, closer to science by making it more accessible, to raise public awareness of science and to commemorate Ramon and his accomplishments for science.
The institutes participating in the record attempt are: the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Haifa University, Tel-Aviv University, Bar-Ilan University, Ben-Gurion University, MadaTech – the Israel National Museum of Science, the Kiryat Yam Science Garden, the Bloomfield Science Museum Jerusalem, the Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research institution, Shamoon College of Engineering, the Ort Braude College and the Weizmann Institute.
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Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP) estimates the number of children with selected developmental disabilities in metropolitan Atlanta. CDC began tracking the prevalence of intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, vision impairment, and epilepsy among children 10 years of age in 1984 as part of the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study (MADDS). The success of that study prompted CDC to establish MADDSP in 1991 in order to estimate the prevalence of children in the metropolitan Atlanta area who had one or more of four developmental disabilities—cerebral palsy, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment. Autism spectrum disorders were added to the program in 1996. MADDSP served as the model for the creation of the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network and, since 2000, has participated as one of the sites in the ADDM Network.
The goals of MADDSP are to:
- Provide data about how common the selected developmental disabilities are among 8-year-old children in metropolitan Atlanta.
- Describe the characteristics of children with one or more of the five developmental disabilities tracked by MADDSP.
- Assess possible relationships between birth characteristics, such as low birthweight and premature delivery, and the occurrence of developmental disabilities.
- Provide a framework for initiating special studies.
MADDSP was established in 1991 to estimate the prevalence of children who had one or more of four developmental disabilities—intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and vision impairment—in five counties (i.e., Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Fulton, and Gwinnett) in metropolitan Atlanta. In 1996, autism spectrum disorders were added as a fifth developmental disability.
MADDSP identifies these children through a process known as active record review. In this process, records are reviewed every other year for children who are or will turn 8 years of age within the year of interest and live with a parent or guardian who is a resident of one of the five counties in which data are tracked by MADDSP. Trained abstractors review records and abstract detailed information at multiple health and education sources (such as clinics and schools) in metropolitan Atlanta that evaluate and provide services to children with developmental disabilities. The abstracted information from all sources for a given child is then reviewed by trained clinicians. These trained clinicians determine whether the child meets the criteria for one or more of the developmental disabilities that MADDSP tracks.
MADDSP included children 3 to 10 years of age for the period 1991–1994, as well as for 1996 for autism spectrum disorder. Since 2000, MADDSP has focused on 8-year-old children for all developmental disabilities monitored. Previous studies have shown that, by this age, most children with developmental disabilities had been identified for services.
MADDSP Criteria and Definitions
MADDSP includes children:
- Who are 8 years old during the year of interest;
- Whose parent(s) or legal guardian(s) lives in one of the five selected counties in metropolitan Atlanta at some time during the year of interest; and
- Who have one or more of the five tracked developmental disabilities.
Developmental Disabilities Tracked by MADDSP
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)
ASDs are a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges. People with ASDs handle information in their brain differently than people who do not have ASDs.
ASDs are "spectrum disorders." That means ASDs affect each person in different ways, and can range from mild to severe. People with ASDs share some similar symptoms, such as problems with social interaction. However, there are differences in when the symptoms start, how severe they are, and their exact nature.
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development of the brain or damage to the developing brain that affects a child’s ability to control his or her muscles. Cerebral palsy does not get worse over time, though the exact symptoms can change over a person's lifetime. All people with cerebral palsy have problems with movement and posture. Many also have related conditions such as intellectual disability; seizures; problems with vision, , or speech; changes in the spine (such as scoliosis); or joint problems (such as contractures).
A hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear is not working in the usual way. This includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, hearing (acoustic) nerve, and auditory system. Hearing loss can vary greatly among people and can be due to any number of causes.
Intellectual disability is a term used to describe when there are limits to a person’s ability to learn at an expected level and to function in daily life. Levels of intellectual disability vary greatly among children, from mild to very severe.
Vision impairment means that a person’s eyesight is not corrected to a “normal” level. Vision impairment can vary greatly among children. It can be caused by damage to the eye itself, by the eye being shaped incorrectly, or even by a problem in the brain.
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD) staff have written scientific papers using information from MADDSP. These papers looked at such topics as how common autism spectrum disorders are and whether low birthweight is a risk factor for autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and/or vision impairment. You can find a list of these papers (starting in 1990) by using the keyword search on the NCBDDD publications webpage.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, GA 30333
TTY: (888) 232-6348
- Contact CDC-INFO
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This is not your grandfather's winter games. Every Olympic city makes major investments in technology, security and infrastructure in the 21st Century, and the Vancouver Winter Games are no exception. The Olympic Cauldron will be lit on February 12, 2010. And yet, the hard work began immediately after Canada was selected to host the 2010 Winter Olympics back in 2004.
Want some examples?
2) Stopping terrorism is essential. One article back in 2005 estimated that the security budget would be about $177 million with a 50-50 split between the federal and provincial governments, but USA Today called actual security spending to be closer to $1 billion . More than 1000 security cameras are in place for the Winter Olympics.
3) Infrastructure development has been important. There are plenty of stories online about the people behind the scenes who make the Olympic Games happen. There are also stories about the technology being used . If you look hard enough, you'll find just about every big IT company is involved in some way. One example is Sun , but AT&T and others are right there as well.
4) The economic development aspects and wider role of the Olympics can be seen in YouTube videos like this one.
5) The role of the city mayors and Vancouver Government overall has been a huge part of this story.
Bottom line, this is big business. Just like the involvement of the South African Government in preparing for the 2010 World Cup in June , the Vancouver Olympic Games required an incredible investment in everything that we do in government technology every day. The difference is the scale, and the number of people watching.
So when you watch that beautiful opening or closing ceremony, when the US Hockey Team is skating to victory or those international downhill skiers fly past your TV screen, remember the technology and security infrastructure that made it all possible.
Let the games begin...
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° British Columbia (Vancouver and Vancouver Island)
° Edmonton ° Halifax
° Hudson Bay
° Newfoundland and Labrador (St. John's)
° Regina ° Toronto ° Winnipeg
° The Maritime Provinces: New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Halifax, Nova Scotia was founded by British General Edward Cornwallis in 1749. The British created Halifax to act as a naval and army base to protect them from the French who had established the town of Louisbourg on the northern island of Nova Scotia. Halifax acted as a British naval base until 1906 when the Canadian government took it over.
Before Cornwallis arrived at this southern, peninsular area of Nova Scotia with 2,500 British settlers, the area had acted as a French fishing station. Beginning in the 17th century, the French and the British had struggled over control of the Atlantic provinces of Canada, most specifically Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The French-speaking people living in the areas of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, known as Acadians, were unique people; French, Scottish, Irish and even Portuguese influences were apparent in their culture. About 8,000 Acadians lived in these areas when the British claimed them as their own in the mid-18th century.
The Acadian Diaspora: An 18th-Century History
Late in 1755, an army of British regulars and Massachusetts volunteers completed one of the cruelest, most successful military campaigns in North American history, capturing and deporting seven thousand French-speaking Catholic Acadians from the province of Nova Scotia and News Brunswick, and chasing an equal number into the wilderness of eastern Canada.
Thousands of Acadians endured three decades of forced migrations and failed settlements that shuttled them to the coasts of South America, the plantations of the Caribbean, the frigid islands of the South Atlantic, the swamps of Louisiana, and the countryside of central France. The Acadian Diaspora tells their extraordinary story in full for the first time, illuminating a long-forgotten world of imperial desperation, experimental colonies, and naked brutality.
Using documents culled from archives in France, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States, in The Acadian Diaspora, Christopher Hodson reconstructs the lives of Acadian exiles as they traversed oceans and continents, pushed along by empires eager to populate new frontiers with inexpensive, pliable white farmers. Hodson's narrative situates the Acadian diaspora within the dramatic geopolitical changes triggered by the Seven Years' War. Faced with redrawn boundaries and staggering national debts, imperial architects across Europe used the Acadians to realize radical plans: tropical settlements without slaves, expeditions to the unknown southern continent, and, perhaps strangest of all, agricultural colonies within old regime France itself. In response, Acadians embraced their status as human commodities, using intimidation and even violence to tailor their communities to the superheated Atlantic market for cheap, mobile labor.
By 1800 many Acadians had returned.
The Maritime Provinces, or Maritimes, Canada, refers to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, which before the formation of the Canadian confederation (1867) were politically distinct from Canada proper.
This clash of cultures lasted through the 19th century and many Acadian influences can still be seen in the area.
During the early 19th century, 2,000 black loyalists who had fought for the British in the War of 1812 moved to Halifax, establishing the beginnings of a black community in Halifax.
The 1830s brought the first group of Irish Catholics into Halifax, introducing a new religion to the city which had previously been Protestant.
By 1851 Halifax's population had grown to 20,749. The first half of 19th century was quite a prosperous time for Halifax. Halifax's harbor was busy; trade between New England and Canada was friendly and profitable.
In 1854, Canada and the United States, signed the Reciprocity Treaty which allowed duty free trade between the two countries. However, the treaty was not renewed in 1866 because the United States was suspicious that Canada had supported the Confederate army along with the British.
By the second half of the 19th century Halifax's trade started slowing down. Canadian tariffs further discouraged ships from docking in Halifax and soon the US ports became more desirable. However, Halifax continued to develop as a city. In 1866 the first street railway system was put into place and by 1896 Halifax had an electric streetcar system. In 1890 Halifax opened its first city hall and in 1906, the Canadian government officially took over the army and naval base in Halifax from the British.
October 21, 1866, Lloyds Weekly Newspaper, London, United Kingdom
BEWARE OF CONFEDERATION
We return to the subject of the confederation of our North American provinces; because the banquet which was recently given to the distinguished delegates from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, appears to have hastened the public mind at a dangerous speed to a conclusion on this vitally important subject. At the banquet there were no opponents of confederation. It seemed as though nothing remained to be said against the fusion of our vigorous American colonies into a vast political whole.
Nobody had less to say, that was worth studying, than Lord Carnarvon. He tried to be oratorical, and failed; and he promised the delegates the respectful attention of her Majesty's government but he showed no knowledge whatever of the condition of public opinion in the Canadas, or the maritime provinces. It is impossible to gather From Lord Carnarvon's speech even a hint at the direction to which the government leans: but they will incline, we suspect, to the popular side. It is of importance that the popular side should be the right side: we make no apology, therefore, for returning to the weighty paper against Confederation, which has been issued by the Hon. Joseph Howe. We have already indicated the main points or some of the main points of Mr. Howe's argument; but we shall now take the liberty of adding some of his facts and of quoting one or two vigorous passages in which he supports them.
The reader is startled at the outset by finding the confederation of our American colonies denounced as "a measure of spoliation and appropriation, on a more gigantic scale than any that has startled Europe." According to Mr. Howe, the idea of confederation has "convulsed society in British America" for two years. He is astonished to find that it has defenders in England: the fact being that it has hardly any opponents.
Mr. Howe is very severe on Canada. He describes her as sparsely populated, as "overlapped" by the great republic, as "at the mercy of the chapter of accidents," as " frozen up for five months of the year," and as deficient in political wisdom. He points to the Canadians' violent and never-ending feuds ; and to the burning of the parliament house at Montreal; and then he asks whether such politicians are to be made the almost absolute rulers over the maritime provinces of British America, which are not chargeable with such excesses? Mr. Howe puts this case in behalf of the maritime provinces:
"For a hundred years some of them have worked representative institutions in peaceful subordination and devoted loyalty to the crown and parliament of England; and, for a quarter of a century, since responsible government was wisely conceded to them by the mother country, they have developed that system with skill and ability worthy of all praise. Had those provinces been under the control of Canada in 1837, or had they been imbued with the spirit of disaffection, they would have cut off the troops marching through them in mid-winter; and, in a month, fifty thousand sympathisers would have crossed the American frontier, and British America, in all human probability, would have been wrested from the crown. Had they sympathised with those who, with the settled purpose of throwing off their allegiance in 1849, got up the emeute at Montreal, the complications would have been serious, and the ultimate results extremely doubtful."
It is notorious that the maritime provinces stood firm to their allegiance; that they rebuked the Canadians; and that they have never felt any respect for their political abilities. They have been spectators of the long quarrel between the upper and lower provinces of Canada; and are not anxious to be governed by the chief actors in it . . .
". . . From all these complications and difficulties the maritime provinces are now free; and surely they may be paidoned if they have no desire to be mixed up with them. Their system is very simple. They govern themselves as completely as any other British provinces, or any states of the American union, in perfect subordination to the government and parliament of the empire. They owe no allegiance to Canada, are free from her antagonism of races from her sectional rivalries from her dual leaderships and double majorities from her ever recurring political crises and deadlocks; and being free from them, they naturally desire to preserve the great privileges they enjoy, and to develop their resources, without being involved in entanglements difficulit to unravel, and from which, when once entralled, there may be so easy means of escape.
Surely this view of confederation is worthy the closest attention. Let us have a care lest we alienate the affections of the colonists of the maritime provinces. Of their loyalty there has never been the least question; while Canada has threatened disloyalty more than once. The passion which has entered into the controversy that is now raging between Canada and the maritime provinces; may be imagined from the daring with which Mr. Howe describes the public men of Canada as more ambitious than Bismarck and the Emperor Napoleon. He dwells on the importance of our independent maritime provinces, as nurseries for our navy . . .
|Trading Outpost, c. 1860|
|Peter Petersen Tofft|
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http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/novaScotia
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|
en
| 0.970973 | 2,031 | 3.765625 | 4 |
For long stretches of history Croatia’s Adriatic coast has been a major player in maritime history, developing trade networks, building boats, and nurturing shipping dynasties. Dubrovnik in particular can boast an illustrious past as a global mercantile power, but this is only one part of a rich and varied story. The port of Orebić, the island of Silba and the harbour at Veli Lošinj all served as major maritime trading hubs right up until the nineteenth century. There were shipyards all over the place, turning out sailing ships in all shapes and sizes. The introduction of steam ships spelled the end for the Adriatic sailing captains, and Croatia’s sail-powered seafaring culture is nowadays the subject of museum displays and heritage regattas. The skills of wooden shipbuilding are still retained at certain key places along the Adriatic coast, and growing interest in this heritage has led to a renewed appreciation of boatbuilding tradition.
One of the towns which has a long boatbuilding tradition is Betina, a sprawling coastal village that spreads itself over the northeastern corner of Murter island. It is a heritage celebrated in the Betina Museum of Wooden Shipbuilding, opened in 2015 and already one of the most popular visitor attractions in northern Dalmatia. In May 2018 the museum won the European Museum Forum’s Stiletto Prize, awarded annually to museums that have done most to engage with the local community.
Boat-building in Betina probably took off in the 18th century with the arrival of a shipbuilding family from Korčula. Together with the neighbouring town of Murter, Betina was home to a seafaring community in which every family was involved in fishing, merchant shipping, or sheep herding on neighbouring islands. Many folk on the island of Murter owned land on the Kornati archipelago, which necessitated constant travel across the water. Due to the lack of decent roads, Murter people went to Šibenik or Zadar by sea whenever they needed to attend to their business. They even took to their boats when attending weddings and feasts. Everybody needed a boat, in other words, and boat-building became a hugely important sector of the local economy. Betina is one of the few places in Dalmatia where wooden shipbuilding is still practiced, and the timber skeletons of work-in-progress can still be seen on the shoreline slipways that can be seen all along the coast.
The Gajeta, the neat, robust and maneuverable sail-boat for which Betina became famous, was probably developed from Korčula models and adapted to suit local needs. The gajeta wasn’t just designed for fishing, but also for taking livestock to and from the Kornati islands and to transport goods and produce to big-city markets. The leut, a 12-metre cargo boat common to much of Dalmatia, was also made here.
Betina shipbuilders initially made boats for the local community but grew in time to become the main regional suppliers of ships, serving clients all over northern Dalmatia. During the inter-war years, faced by declining demand for wooden sail-boats, Betina shipbuilders opened branches in other towns (such as Kali on the island of Ugljan or Sukošan near Zadar) in an attempt to retain their dominance in the north-Dalmatia market. After World War II the Betina yards were nationalized and refocused on the construction of bigger, motor-powered ships. The emergence of plastic-hulled boats reduced further the demand for the traditional wooden affairs made in Betina, however, and nowadays Betina’s yards concentrate on carrying out repairs on wooden boats or constructing small wooden boats for individual clients. The traditional gajeta is still produced here, but is nowadays adapted for the use of an outboard motor a well as retaining its single triangular sail.
The museum plays an important role in the local community because it educates current generations about traditional skills which, although still used, are no longer practiced by the majority. The local community played an important role in providing the museum with exhibits, rescuing boat-making tools from their workshops, passing on family photographs of boats both under construction and under sail. Pretty much everything on display was donated by local people, and much of the museum’s narration was provided by individual memories. Many local people appear in the films and visual materials which form such an important part of the display.
The preservation of working, seaworthy craft is an important part of the museum’s mission. Historic boats belonging to the museum collection are moored in the village’s new harbour to provide an outdoor, publicly-accessible extension to the display. There are over 50 craft bobbing up and down at anchor, including not just examples of the gajeta but also the smaller, oar-powered vessels known as kaići and lađe.
One of the most cherished exhibits in the open-air section is Cicibela, a typical example of a traditional gajeta made on the island of Ugljan in 1931. It’s a boat that comes with a considerable amount of history, having been used to shuttle refugees from the Dalmatian mainland to the Kornati islands under the cover of night during World War II. It survived to become a tourist taxi-boat in the 1960s, was subjected to shell damage during the Homeland War of 1991-5, and was finally restored to take its place in the new museum in 2017.
The idea of the Betina gajeta as a part of living tradition is celebrated every August with the Regata za dušo i tilo (“Regatta for soul and body”), when as many as 70 of the craft hoist their sail and set off into the blue yonder. With the event rounded off with an evening of music and feasting, it’s a great time to be on the island.
The Betina Museum of Wooden Shipbuilding is open daily June-Oct and from Monday to Friday Nov-May. Check the website for exact times.
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CC-MAIN-2020-50
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https://www.inyourpocket.com/sibenik/betinas-wooden-boat-story_76223f
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en
| 0.969964 | 1,273 | 2.796875 | 3 |
100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: Ⅽ) is the natural number following 99 and preceding 101.
In medieval contexts, it may be described as the short hundred or five score in order to differentiate the English and Germanic use of "hundred" to describe the long hundred of six score or 120.
100 is the square of 10 (in scientific notation it is written as 102). The standard SI prefix for a hundred is "hecto-".
100 is the basis of percentages (per cent meaning "per hundred" in Latin), with 100% being a full amount.
100 is the sum of the first nine prime numbers, as well as the sum of some pairs of prime numbers e.g., 3 + 97, 11 + 89, 17 + 83, 29 + 71, 41 + 59, and 47 + 53.
100 is the sum of the cubes of the first four integers (100 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43). This is related by Nicomachus's theorem to the fact that 100 also equals the square of the sum of the first four integers: 100 = 102 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)2.
26 + 62 = 100, thus 100 is a Leyland number.
100 is an 18-gonal number. It is divisible by the number of primes below it, 25 in this case. It can not be expressed as the difference between any integer and the total of coprimes below it, making it a noncototient. It can be expressed as a sum of some of its divisors, making it a semiperfect number.
100 is a Harshad number in base 10, and also in base 4, and in that base it is a self-descriptive number.
There are exactly 100 prime numbers whose digits are in strictly ascending order (e.g. 239, 2357 etc.).
100 is the smallest number whose common logarithm is a prime number (i.e. 10n for which n is prime).
One hundred is the atomic number of fermium, an actinide.
On the Celsius scale, 100 degrees is the boiling temperature of pure water at sea level.
The Kármán line lies at an altitude of 100 kilometres above the Earth's sea level and is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space.There are 100 blasts of the Shofar heard in the service of Rosh Hashana, the Jewish New Year.
A religious Jew is expected to utter at least 100 blessings daily.
In Hindu Religion - Mythology Book Mahabharata - Dhritarashtra had 100 sons known as kauravas.
The United States Senate has 100 Senators.
Most of the world's currencies are divided into 100 subunits; for example, one euro is one hundred cents and one pound sterling is one hundred pence.
The 100 Euro banknotes feature a picture of a Rococo gateway on the obverse and a Baroque bridge on the reverse.
The U.S. hundred-dollar bill has Benjamin Franklin's portrait; the "Benjamin" is the largest U.S. bill in print. American savings bonds of $100 have Thomas Jefferson's portrait, while American $100 treasury bonds have Andrew Jackson's portrait.
One hundred is also:The number of years in a century.
The number of pounds in an American short hundredweight.
In Greece, India, Israel and Nepal, 100 is the police telephone number.
In Belgium, 100 is the ambulance and firefighter telephone number.
In United Kingdom, 100 is the operator telephone number.
The HTTP status code indicating that the client should continue with its request.
The 100 (TV series)
The number of yards in an American football field (not including the end zones).
The number of runs required for a cricket batsman to score a century, a significant milestone.
The number of points required for a snooker cueist to score a century break, a significant milestone.
The record number of points scored in one NBA game by a single player, set by Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia Warriors on March 2, 1962.
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<urn:uuid:5ddb0f08-05d7-4e45-9c1e-a8a82adf99fc>
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CC-MAIN-2019-35
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https://alchetron.com/100-%28number%29
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en
| 0.910365 | 865 | 3.859375 | 4 |
When we think of loneliness, we usually think of it as a state of being: either isolation of distance or spirit. But I believe that loneliness is more than a condition. It is a condition that often is the result of a basic attitude choice that says, “I am self-sufficient and can face life alone.” If attitudes are responses to life circumstances, how do you choose to react to the joys and sorrows of life? You can choose to stoically face life alone, or you can choose an attitude of companionship—an attitude that says, “I need other people for my emotional and spiritual health.”
Companionship is not a luxury; it is a necessity for our physical, emotional, and spiritual health. Interpersonal relationships offer more than longevity of life. The Bible details both the emotional and spiritual benefits of companionship in Ecclesiastes 4:7-12.
Solomon had it all—power, wealth, pleasure, wisdom, stature—and yet, he had no one to share it with. Sure, he had 700 wives and 300 concubines, but his life was void of true intimacy. Solomon longed for companionship. Without it, he described life as meaningless (Ecclesiastes 4:7-8).
Such a realization led Solomon to make the following observations about the value of companionship: Why are two better than one? What benefits does companionship offer?
1. Assistance in times of crisis. (Ecclesiastes 4:9-10)
A popular Swedish motto states: “Shared joy is a double joy. Shared sorrow is half a sorrow.” Solomon had this idea in mind when he observed that a primary benefit of companionship was encouragement during a crisis: “For if either of them falls, the one will lift up his companion.” And friends rarely “fall” at the same time.
Have you ever noticed that often one person in a relationship is “up” when the other person is “down?” We can allow such incongruity of feelings to hinder our relationships: “Why are you so depressed? Cheer up and be like me!” “Why are you so happy? If you were sensitive to my feelings, you wouldn’t be so light-hearted!”
Or, we can realize that God allows us to suffer crises at different times so that we can support one another. Imagine two people simultaneously in quicksand. Neither person would be in a position to help the other. Only someone out of the mire would be able to offer a helping hand. In the same way, relationships are important because they offer assistance in times of need.
2. Support when we feel alone. (Ecclesiastes 4:11)
Solomon observed, “If two lie down together they keep warm, but how can one be warm alone?” However, I think Solomon had more in mind than body temperature. As one writer observed, Solomon probably was thinking of the value of companionship in vulnerable situations like a move to a new city, the start of a new job, or the loss of a loved one.
The biblical story of Ruth and Naomi illustrates the value of companionship during times of loneliness. Ruth had lost her husband in death. Her mother-in-law Naomi, a widow herself, advised Ruth to return to her mother’s house or find another husband. But Ruth was unwilling to sever the relationship. She realized that she needed Naomi and Naomi needed her, especially as they faced an uncertain future.The rest of the story reveals that Ruth and Naomi’s relationship provided many benefits to both women and was instrumental in Ruth entering into a marriage that would ultimately produce one of the forerunners of Christ.
3. Protection when we are under siege.(Ecclesiastes 4:12)
Have you ever felt like the Apostle Paul in 2 Corinthians 7:5? “Our flesh had no rest, but we were afflicted on every side: conflicts without, fears within.” Paul was expressing a basic truth of life: we are constantly facing attack, whether it be from other people, circumstances, or even Satan. Solomon reminds us that companionship offers protection during such attacks.
Sometimes other people can serve as our advocates when we are being mistreated. Other times, those closest to us can provide us with perspective about our problems.
Solomon says that it is harder to defeat two than one. And he adds that three are almost invincible. Some have suggested that the third person is a reference to Christ. Maybe. But more likely, Solomon is referring to the value of many friends.
4. Accountability when we are prone to wander. (1 Kings 11:4)
I can’t tell you the number of people I’ve known through the years who were once great Christian leaders who suddenly fell into immorality or unbelief and fell away from the faith, leaving thousands of disillusioned Christians.
Correction, no one “suddenly” falls into immorality or unbelief. It is a gradual process of a little compromise here and there, an ignoring of spending time with God, a growing cynicism toward the world in general and spiritual things in particular—all things going on beneath the surface where no one can see. And then, there comes the spectacular collapse that everyone sees.
That was the story of Solomon’s life. His meteoric rise to the top left him with no one to be accountable to. Although he had been dedicated to God in his youth, materialism and sensual pleasure turned his heart away from God.Yet no one dared to tell King Solomon the truth. Who will tell you the truth about yourself? Who loves you enough to call your actions into question? Who is close enough to both you and God that they can sense when you are drifting spiritually? One of the prime benefits of companionship is accountability.
Have you ever noticed a piece of wood in a fireplace? When it is placed in the middle of the fire, it glows red hot. But take the wood out of the fire, and the wood turns from red, to orange, to gray, and then finally coal black. But place it back into the fire, and it will start to glow again. A Christian is like that piece of wood. He needs the rest of the “embers” to ignite him and keep him glowing red hot!
Relationships can be a nuisance at times, but they are necessary for our fulfillment. Dr. Louis Leakey, his wife Mary, and their son Richard dedicated their lives to studying the habits of chimpanzees. On one occasion they wrote, “One chimpanzee is no chimpanzee.” In other words, it is only in the company of other chimpanzees that a chimp fully develops. Isolated, a chimp never reaches its full potential.
What is true of chimps is even truer of us. God has designed us in such a way that we desperately need other people. Companionship is the cornerstone of God’s plan for life.
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http://www.firstdallas.org/icampus/blog/choose-companionship-over-loneliness/
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en
| 0.970502 | 1,476 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Landscape classification and strategic assessment for conservation: an analysis of native cover loss in far south-east Australia
- Cite this article as:
- Lesslie, R. Biodiversity and Conservation (2001) 10: 427. doi:10.1023/A:1016654105401
- 78 Downloads
If two forest types are poorly related, their conservation status will have limited mutual relevance. Conversely, if two forest types are highly related, their conservation status will have substantial mutual relevance. The interpretation of measured conditions within any landscape class will be sensitive to conditions in other landscape classes in a region according to the strength of relations, or affinity, between them. This paper investigates the importance of recognising and accounting for relations between landscape classes in the context of assessing the conservation status of natural environments and in determining priorities for conservation. A typology of relations between landscape classes is presented and the concept of the 'relational profile' is introduced. The investigation is based on an analysis of native cover loss in environments identified in far south-east Australia. Environmental heterogeneity is defined in terms of climatic attributes which describe meso-scaled thermal and water resources distributions. Environment classes and relations between classes are defined and expressed using agglomerative clustering techniques. A comparison is made of two environments in the region that retain small proportions of extant natural cover, showing that very different conditions exist in the other environments to which they respectively relate. The study demonstrates that conclusions about the conservation status of environments and the identification of opportunities for environmental protection may depend on conditions in related environments and the strength of relations between these environments. The implications of the analysis for strategic assessment in conservation are discussed.
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<urn:uuid:2b877ea5-6bab-4858-aa08-e27f0689f959>
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1016654105401
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608067.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525121448-20170525141448-00171.warc.gz
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en
| 0.92327 | 340 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Schlozman, Key Lehman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady. (2010). “Weapon of the Strong? Participatory Inequality and the Internet.” Perspectives on Politics 8 (2): 487-510. Accessed at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7804317. DOI: 10.1017/S1537592710001210
NOTE: This article is available at Purdue!
Purpose of the Research
The Internet has become an integral part of elections and campaigns. Since this is the case, social scientists have been attempting to understand its effects. The big question being posed in this article is about whether the effect of the Internet on political participation is consistent with older literature with respect to participatory inequality. Participatory inequality, is the idea that people who are more wealthy and have more time to research political information are more likely to vote. Also, does the hypothesized “digital divide” exist? The digital divide is the concept that those who use the Internet are distinctly different than those who are not, and that the move to these technologies leaves certain groups of people who do have access to these technologies are left behind.
The article is mostly explanatory, and evaluates the prospects of the Internet within the context of political participation. Schlozman, Verba, and Brady evaluate socioeconomic status, political financial contributions, and political engagements. Most of the analysis and statistical methods are trend analysis from surveys and prior public opinion research from Pew. In a similar context that has been seen in other political science work that has evaluated public opinion and public attitudes over time.
There is perhaps a digital divide due to who is using the Internet and that the engagement of political information is growing on the Internet. Despite this fact, they find there is little evidence to show that SES and political activity are any different on the Internet.
I sincerely and respectfully disagree with this study to an extent, however I think that Schlozman, Verba, and Brady have findings that merit consideration moving forward. The big point that I think Schlozman, Verba, and Brady that merits consideration is on the fact of the digital divide. There have been a plethora of studies that show there is a divide in who is using the Internet and who is not. In political science literature, younger individuals tend to hold more liberal opinions, which tend to become more conservative over time (Page and Shapiro 1992). There could be ideologically biases to the Internet as well.
Where I disagree is the effect the Internet has on voting. I think that the Internet helps voter turnout, because it lowers information gathering costs (Baek 2009). Because the Internet allows us to access information very quickly, learning about the issues is not as difficult as it may have been 30-40 years ago. Voting is economically costly. It has been long theorized that someone with low information gathering costs will be more likely to vote (Downs 1957). The only issue with this theory is that we should see increased voter turnout, and that has not quite happened. Despite this, it’s likely that the electorate is in fact more informed. This is a phenomena that is difficult to measure, and we may not be able to understand until there is more data-points available.
Baek, Miejong. 2009. “A Comparative Analysis of Political Communication Systems and Voter Turnout.” The American Journal of Political Science 53 (2): 376-393.
Downs, Anthony. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
Page, Benjamin I. and Robert Y. Shapiro. (1992). The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans’ Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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CC-MAIN-2018-22
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https://mikebrownstein.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/the-internet-and-us-voter-participation-raa-2/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870082.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527190420-20180527210420-00355.warc.gz
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en
| 0.944184 | 774 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Nausea is a common condition faced by many people and is caused by many underlying reasons. Nonetheless it can be easily prevented and taken care of with OTC medicines.
Nausea is really a sense of queasiness within the stomach. It is almost always linked to the feeling that you might vomit. Nausea is really a feeling that nearly all of us have had at some stage in our lives. It may be brought on by a variety of conditions, which range from pregnancy or exercising an excessive amount to illness or cancer. Figuring out the reason for nausea isn’t necessarily easy.
The Causes And Risks Of Nausea
The problems that could lead to nausea are incredibly long. It is best divided into common categories. Such as:
- 1. Bacteria or virus within the digestive tract, spread by food poisoning or individually
- 2. contamination in another part of the body, such as the flu or ear infection referred to as otitis media
- 3. being pregnant
- 4. alcohol intake
- 5. GERD
- 6. peptic ulcers
- 7. difficulties with balance as well as equilibrium
- 8. anxiety as well as other psychological circumstances
- 9. certain medicines, for example anti-biotic, narcotics, chemotherapy, oral contraceptives, and discomfort medications
- 10. illness in abdomen, for instance appendicitis, gallbladder illness, gallstones, renal stones, liver disease, pancreatitis, or intestinal inflammation
- 11. blockage within the belly, bowels, or wind pipe
- 12. body wide conditions: poorly managed diabetes, headaches, cancer, persistent renal failing, cardiac arrest, overly exhausted, overexerting oneself, as well as hormone or even salt instability
- 13. birth flaws within the digestive tract, like a badly formed belly or bowel
Prevention relates to the main cause. For instance, avoiding alcoholic beverages can reduce nausea or vomiting from drinking an excessive amount of. Drugs can sort out the nausea brought on by traveling. When the nausea is a result of morning sickness of pregnancy, eating biscuits and staying away from fats might help. There are lots of other types of prevention with respect to the certain cause.
The Long-Term Effects Of Nausea
Nausea by itself doesn’t have significant long-term outcomes, while it’s unpleasant and hampers one’s sleep along with other activities. The main cause could be very serious, nonetheless. For instance, cancer is really a rare reason for nausea that may result in death. If throwing up occurs in the nausea, dehydration and salt instability can happen.
The Treatments For Nausea
- 1. Treatment methods are keen on the main cause. For example, when the trigger is GERD, medications might be provided to deal with reflux. When the trigger is appendicitis, surgical procedures are required to get rid of the appendix.
- 2. Medications can be found to deal with nausea or vomiting when the trigger can’t be handled or prevented. For instance, those who need radiation treatment to deal with most cancers in many cases are provided drugs to reduce nausea prior to chemotherapy starts.
- 3. Some medicines that might help decrease nausea are available over the counter. For early morning sickness, over the counter medicines may be used whenever approved by your family doctor or even pharmacist.
- 4. For other people anti-nausea medications tend to be powerful but need a doctor prescribed approval.
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<urn:uuid:08d1c995-d0f3-4053-b6f9-3912828584fc>
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CC-MAIN-2018-09
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http://www.medstorerx.com/general-health/list-of-causes-of-nausea-and-how-nausea-can-be-taken-care-of.aspx
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812247.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218173208-20180218193208-00300.warc.gz
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en
| 0.937461 | 722 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Menopause occurs due to cessation of estrogen (and progesterone) production from the ovaries. Decreased estrogen levels influence other levels of hormones as well.
As estrogen levels decline, negative feedback on FSH and LH secretion is removed. This lack of negative feedback allows FSH and LH levels to increase.
With a lack of negative feedback from estrogen, FSH levels become elevated.
With a lack of negative feedback from estrogen, LH levels become elevated.
GnRH production and secretion is increased in menopause, further inducing secretion of FSH and LH.
After menopause, estrogen continues to be produced in through androgen conversion in other tissues, notably adipose tissue and ovaries, but also in bone, blood vessels and even in the brain.
Androgen levels do not change in menopause, but the decrease in estrogen leads to decreased steroid-hormone-binding globulin. Due to increased free testosterone (some of which is converted to estrogen), hirsutism can occur in postmenopausal women.
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CC-MAIN-2020-50
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https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/medicine/courses/standard/pathology-196/uterine-disorders-1244/menopause-lab-findings_1414
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en
| 0.884267 | 268 | 2.8125 | 3 |
For applications of the hodograph to the solution of kinematical problems see Mechanics.
There is also the extremely ingenious invention of the hodograph.
The annexed fig. 70 exhibits the various cases, with the hodograph in its proper orientation.
So that we have in the circling electro-magnetic Aether currents a physical explanation for the hodograph of any planet.
The pole O of the hodograph is inside on or outside the circle, according as the orbit is an ellipse, parabola or hyperbola.
In the motion of a projectile under gravity the hodograph is a vertical line described with constant velocity.
Thus for a circular orbit with the centre of force at an excentric point, the hodograph is a conic with the pole as focus.
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The narrator explains that there wasn't much to differentiate himself and Luo from the other teenagers sent to the mountain Phoenix of the Sky, which was named for its insane height. The mountain could only be climbed on foot, and the only westerner to travel to the region was a French missionary in the 1940s. The missionary was advised against climbing the mountain itself, as it was inhabited by armed and dangerous opium growers.
Luo and the narrator’s new home for re-education is extremely far removed from anything they've ever known. The remoteness only adds to the sense of limbo they experience. The fact that the mountain can only be climbed on foot also begins to create the sense that life there is hard work.
The mountain was home to 20 villages, each of which took in five or six intellectuals from the city. The village where Luo and the narrator are sent, however, is so poor that it can only take in the two of them. They are assigned to the house on stilts, a mostly unfurnished public building. The house soon becomes famous in the village because of Luo's alarm clock, which features a rooster that crows when the alarm goes off. It is the first clock the village has ever seen, and it entrances the village. Every morning, the headman comes to the house on stilts to watch the clock, and at 9am he whistles and yells for the villagers to get to work.
The clock is representative of the more cosmopolitan way of life of the city, and it is therefore in direct opposition to the idea of the noble peasant. The headman's fascination with the clock, however, indicates that despite the goals of the Cultural Revolution, the city maintains an air of mystery and intrigue that can ensnare even the most rural peasants.
The narrator explains that the work that he and Luo do consists primarily of hauling human and animal feces to the fields in "back buckets." One morning, Luo sneakily turned the clock back an hour. He and the narrator delighted in this, as it helped temper their resentment towards the opium growers turned "poor peasants" by the Communist regime.
The narrator begins to suggest that the peasants aren't necessarily thrilled with the events of the Cultural Revolution either. His phrasing makes it seem as though becoming a poor peasant was a demotion, not a promotion, which complicates the peasants' role in the narrator's re-education.
The mountain is exceptionally rainy, and Luo and the narrator find this extremely depressing. Luo, in particular, begins to suffer from insomnia. One night, Luo asks the narrator to play something on the violin. As he plays, the narrator gloomily thinks of how poor his chances are of getting to go home: three in a thousand, on account of his parents being enemies of the state. As he plays a Tibetan song that has been rewritten to glorify Chairman Mao, the narrator thinks that Luo's chances of getting to go home are even worse.
This Tibetan song has been rewritten in a similar way that Luo renamed the Mozart sonata to make it about Mao. This develops the idea that censorship in Mao's China has a distinct goal: to flatter him, extol his virtues, and further develop him as the hero of the country. Once his name has been added to music, the music is acceptable. This suggests the vapidity of censorship.
The narrator says that because he plays the violin, he might someday be able to perform communist music in the nearby city Yong Jing. Luo is only skilled at storytelling, which the narrator says is charming but underappreciated by everyone but the village headman. The narrator explains that due to the remoteness of the mountain, nobody in the village had ever seen a film, but the headman delighted in hearing Luo recount stories from films he'd seen. The headman decides to send Luo and the narrator to see a film in Yong Jing, which they must then relate back to the villagers, taking as much time in their retelling as the film itself runs.
Notice that the narrator doesn't see any end to re-education, or indeed, to Mao's rule of China—this is evidence of the narrator's youth and inexperience. Despite Luo being a city boy, his one talent is interestingly one that is highly valued by this rural society. The way that the headman chooses to use Luo's talent shows that the headman is interested in more cosmopolitan things like movies.
The headman sits and times the "oral cinema show" with Luo's clock. Luo brilliantly recounts the film, asking the villagers questions to keep them interested. His performance is such a success that the headman promises to send them to see another film and compensate them for the four-day round trip journey as though they'd been working in the fields.
Luo manages to marry the urban with the rural with the success of the "oral cinema show," and he's handsomely rewarded for it. This shows how much the headman values storytelling, and it suggests once again that he might not be as opposed to urban ideas as Mao might like him to be.
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On Feb 9, 2004, the National Autism Association issued a press release that reported on one of the larger studies under review based on the Center for Disease Control's Vaccine Safety Datalink. The Association reports that independent investigation of CDC data revealed children were 27 times more likely to develop autism after exposure to three thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs), than those who receive thimerosal-free versions.
Let that sink in. 27 times more likely to develop autism. Then consider that our government regulatory agencies had this information for years and deliberately kept it hidden from the public. This failure to warn the public was not due to negligence or laziness, it was a deliberate cover-up and it continues today.
How do we know they had it for years? Because the staff for Rep Dan Burton (R-Ill) obtained an FDA internal e-mail written on June 29, 1999, by former FDA scientist Peter Patriarca, that offered a "pros and cons" assessment of the dishonest statement about Thimerosal in vaccines that the FDA was about to release, and described the questions that could be raised upon its release:
(1) FDA being “asleep at the switch” for decades, by allowing a potentially hazardous compound to remain in many childhood vaccines, and not forcing manufacturers to exclude it from new products.
(2) various advisory bodies aggressive recommendations for use.
(3) the dose of ethyl mercury was not generated by “rocket science”: conversion of the % of thimerosal to actual ug [micrograms] of mercury involves 9th grade algebra.
(4) What took the FDA so long to do the calculations?
(5) Why didn't CDC and the advisory bodies do these calculations while rapidly expanding the childhood immunization schedule?
The FDA knew.
In 1997, Congress passed the FDA Modernization Act, which required the FDA to review all drugs that contained mercury and determine their adverse effects on humans. For many years, Thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative, was added to childhood vaccines in multi-dose bottles, basically to increase profits for vaccine makers.
Thimerosal is nearly 50% mercury, which is a known to be extremely harmful to fetuses, infants and children. Beginning in 1987 and throughout the 1990s, it became the main source of mercury in infants and toddlers when the number of vaccines added to the national vaccine schedule nearly tripled.
In 2000, the FDA determined that a 12 to 14-month-old child, receiving vaccines required under the Immunization Schedule, often received four to six shots during one doctor visit. Consequently over time, the child would be injected with as much as 40 times the amount of mercury considered safe.
The corresponding increase in autism is concrete evidence of the link between autism and vaccines. Twenty years ago, autism only affected one in 10,000 children. The Autism Autoimmunity Project reports that the disorder strikes 1 in 150 (or 1 in 68 families) today.
During the 1990s, as some 40 million children were vaccinated, drug company profits soared and there's no doubt that the companies knew about the dangers of Thimerosal and put profits over the health of a whole generation of children.
The LA Times obtained a 1991 internal memo from the drug company Merck, which proves the company knew then that Thimerosal in vaccines posed a serious health threat. The memo noted that 6-month-old children who received their shots on schedule would get a mercury dose up to 87 times higher than guidelines for the maximum daily consumption of mercury from fish.
As the vaccines increased, autism rates skyrocketed and the numbers don't lie. State by state statistics based on data by the Department of Education, show that the increase in the number of children aged 6-21 with autism between 1992-93 and 2003-04, is astronomical. In Ohio there were 22 cases of autism in 1992-93, and in 2003-04 there were 5,146. In Illinois, there were only five cases in 1992-1993, while there were 6,005 in 2003-04. Mississippi had no cases of autism in 1992-1993, but had 622 in 2003-04. Wisconsin had 18 cases in 1992-93 and 3,259 in 2003-04.
In addition to autism, Thimerosal has now been linked to a host of developmental disorders including Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and, ironically, the pharmaceutical industry is now making money hand over fist off drugs prescribed to treat children with these disorders.
The drug companies can pay doctors, researchers and reporters to write a million articles and reports that say there is no connection between Thimerosal and autism, but that won't change the truth. Thimerosal is the culprit and a million false denials won't change that fact.
Plenty of experts with nothing to gain say so. When asked to what degree of scientific certainty can we prove that current epidemic of autism was caused by the mercury-based preservative Thimerosal, in childhood vaccines, Dr David Ayoub, MD, said: "I can state that the certainty of the science supporting mercury as a major cause of autism is probably more overpowering than the science behind any other disease process that I studied dating back to medical school."
In May 2003 the AAP stated, "All routinely recommended infant vaccines currently sold in the U.S. are free of thimerosal as a preservative and have been for more than two years." Yet because the FDA maintained it did not have enough evidence to justify a recall of thimerosal vaccines distributed prior to the introduction of thimerosal-free versions and so they were allowed to remain on the market until they became outdated. That means that poisonous vaccines were still administered until November 2002.
"Because the FDA chose not to recall thimerosal-containing vaccines in 1999," the April 2003 House Committee on Government Reform report concludes, "in addition to all of those already injured, 8,000 children a day continued to be placed at risk for overdose for at least an additional two years." Parents need to know that flu vaccines currently recommended for infants and pregnant women still contain Thimerosal to this very day.
The CDC and FDA policy decisions about matter such as approving vaccines for inclusion on the immunization schedule are made by physician advisory boards whose members very often have strong financial relationships with the very same pharmaceutical companies that they are supposed to regulate.
For example, during a congressional hearing on potential conflicts of interests at the FDA, it was revealed that 60% of the advisory members who voted to approve the poisonous rotavirus vaccine had financial ties to the drug companies manufacturing the vaccine. The committee also found that 50% of the CDC members were tied to the rotavirus makers.
The public needs to rise up and demand accountability from the officials in charge of all regulatory agencies involved in concealing information that could have saved many families from the devastation of these ill-administered vaccines.
In order to enroll in public schools and day care, children must comply with mandatory vaccine schedule, which includes vaccines that have not undergone the scientific testing necessary to guarantee their safety, and have the potential to harm millions of children.
If families are expected to trust the government's vaccine approval process, they have a right to demand that the vaccines are approved based on scientific research, without the undue influence of money passed out to politicians, scientists, and the heads of the regulatory agencies, by the pharmaceutical industry.
The children who were affected by this cover-up will require care and support for a lifetime. The lives of many of these children are destroyed. The costs for their care, left to their families, will reportedly exceed $2 million per child.
The drug companies and the government officials involved in this vaccine marketing scheme and the subsequent cover-up of the damage it caused need to be criminally charged and made to pay for their crimes.
Evelyn J. Pringle is a columnist for Independent Media TV and an investigative journalist focused on exposing corruption in government. She can be reached at: [email protected].
Other Articles by Evelyn J. Pringle
Drug Marketing Schemes
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St. Bernard, Abbott and Doctor of the Church
A family gathered together in prayer
Bernard was born in 1090 at Fontaine, in France, of a good family. When he was 22, after having studied grammar and rhetoric, he entered the monastery founded by Robert of Molesme at Citeaux (in Latin, Cistercium -- the order centred around the monastery were thus known as Cistercians). Twelve companions joined him, including four brothers, an uncle, and a cousin. Following his example, many of his relatives undertook to enter religious life.
Jesus and Mary
For Bernard, the monastic life should involve work, contemplation, and prayer; and revolve around two fixed points: Jesus and Mary. For the Cistercian abbot, Christ is all: “When you discuss or speak, nothing has any flavour for me, if I have not heard you resound the Name of Jesus (Sermons on the Song of Songs, XV). And Mary, St Bernard writes, leads us to Jesus: “In dangers, In dangers, in doubts, in difficulties, think of Mary, call upon Mary. Let not her name depart from your lips, never suffer it to leave your heart. And that you may more surely obtain the assistance of her prayer, neglect not to walk in her footsteps. With her for guide, you shall never go astray…” (Homily II on the text Missus est).
The four grades of love
In his work On Loving God, Bernard points out the path of humility in order to achieve love of God. He exhorts us to love God without measure. For the Cistercian monk, there are four fundamental degrees or grades of love:
· Love of oneself for oneself: “First, one loves oneself for one’s own sake. Seeing, then, that by himself he cannot subsist, he begins to seek God by means of faith.”
· Love of God for love of self: “In the second grade, then, one loves God, but for oneself, not for Him. Beginning then to attend to God and to honour Him, in relation to one’s own needs.”
· Love of God for God: “The soul passes to the third grade, loving God not for oneself, but for Him. In this degree we stop for a long time; indeed, I do not know if in this life it is possible to reach the fourth grade.”
· Love of self for God: “That degree, that is, in which one loves himself only for love of God. Then, there will be a wonderful almost forgetfulness of self, almost abandoning of oneself so that everything tends toward God, so much so as to be one spirit only with Him.”
Bernard and the Templars
Among the writings of St Bernard is also the celebrated elegy of the monastic military order of the Templars, founded in 1119 by a group of knights under the guidance of Hugues de Payens, from Champagne, a relative of Bernard. In his work In Praise of the New Knighthood, he described the Templars in these words: “They are vested simply and covered with dust, their faces burned by the sun, their gaze proud and hard; before the battle they are armed interiorly with the strength of faith. Their only faith is addressed to God.”
The mellifluous doctor
Bernard of Clairvaux died on 20 August 1153; he was proclaimed a saint by Pope Alexander III in 1174. Pope Pius XII dedicated an encyclical to him, entitled Doctor mellifluus, in which he recalled, in particular, these words of St Bernard: “Jesus is honey on the lips, melody in the ear, joy in the heart.” “The mellifluous doctor,” the Pope wrote, “‘The ‘Doctor Mellifluus,’ ‘the last of the Fathers, but certainly not inferior to the earlier ones,’ was remarkable for such qualities of nature and of mind, to which God added an abundance of heavenly gifts.”
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When the Large Hadron Collider discovered the Higgs Boson particle, scientists were giddy because it helped them prove the fundamental theory behind the Big Bang. Exactly how it did that is something only physicists can really understand. But, in layperson’s terms, the experiment was a triumph of data collection and analysis.
So, what does that have to do with mechanical and electrical (M&E) engineering? More than you might think.
Data is changing our understanding of the world around us in all sorts of ways, from the universe’s origins to the mundane, everyday details. Just as the scientists at CERN used a particle accelerator to see the world at an atomic scale, M&E engineers are now using rapidly evolving technologies such as internet of things (IoT) sensors, artificial intelligence (AI) and analytics platforms to understand what’s happening beneath the surface of buildings and assets.
For facilities managers, maintenance has always been crucial to ensuring compliance, high health & safety standards and business continuity. Now, however, these technologies are transforming maintenance into a more complex and strategic service. By collecting more accurate data on the condition and performance of assets, facilities managers can help their organisations make evidence-based decisions regarding real estate and workplace transformations, net zero targets and even employee experience or wellbeing initiatives.
But what do we do with it?
The most significant challenges with data are scale and ownership. There’s so much of it most organisations and business units don’t know where to begin.
Research by JLL in 2020 revealed that many companies believe smart buildings represent the future and some have even started collecting data, but a significant number don’t know what to do with it. Eighty-seven percent of facilities, security and IT managers said AI would become a necessary part of smart building management, and 77 percent of building managers already keep data generated from sensors in their facilities, yet 42 percent of those surveyed don’t analyse the data to identify variations and patterns to improve building operations. Additionally, more than half reported that they need third party support for tech implementation, tech strategy and system integration.
IT professionals know how to measure and read the data but struggle to apply it to real-life situations or business priorities. On the other hand, facilities managers may know what people want or the business expects, but don’t understand the data.
Out with the old
To exploit the data generated from buildings and assets, you need to understand how technology and data have transformed maintenance as a discipline. Historically, there were two types: reactive and planned preventative maintenance (PPM), the latter comprising statutory and scheduled works.
Both of these methods are effective ways of reducing downtime and saving on breakdown costs. But they can also be inefficient uses of either an organisation’s resources or an engineer’s time. Reactive maintenance can’t be scheduled according to the performance or condition of an asset. Meanwhile, PPM often leads to engineers carrying out works when the asset doesn’t strictly need it. The latter can also lead to the same maintenance schedule for newly installed systems and ones coming to the end of their lifecycle.
In with the new
Technology allows us to understand maintenance at a far more sophisticated and detailed level. Equipping assets with sensors that measure vibration and heat, for example, help engineering teams determine how they are performing and project when they are likely to fail, allowing them to make the decision to refurbish, upgrade or replace assets.
There are two core methods of data-led maintenance: predictive and condition-based. Both enable engineering teams to take a proactive approach to service delivery and reduce the need for both reactive maintenance and PPM, though they differ slightly.
Unlike preventative maintenance, which estimates an asset’s condition on average or expected life statistics, predictive maintenance uses a mix of real-time and historical data, enabling analysts to anticipate issues before they arise. This method also enables engineers to schedule corrective works only as and when they’re needed.
Likewise, condition-based maintenance relies on real-time data from sensors measurements, but this method alerts the system when the condition of an asset – e.g., the level of vibration – comes close to or surpasses pre-set parameters. Once again, engineers perform maintenance work only when needed, resulting in fewer unplanned downtime events and making maintenance schedules easier to prioritise.
That’s not to discount reactive or PPM; both still have their place in dealing with crises or unexpected events. Yet, as buildings become smarter, keeping them in optimal condition is increasingly a data-led undertaking.
Now that the economy is reopening, many companies have also begun to rethink their long-term real estate and people strategies. A permanent shift to flexible or hybrid working would place new demands on the operation and management of buildings. But there’s no precedent for change at this scale. That’s where predictive and condition-based maintenance come in. By adopting these data-led engineering techniques, companies could support these new work models, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operations, and start to build a picture of this new world. Perhaps not to the detail of the Big Bang, but almost.
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The Cape Verde islands are known for the so-called ‘big-game’ fishing. This is fishing for the larger fish in the ocean such as tuna, swordfish and marlin. Cape Verde is the best place in the world to fish for the Atlantic blue marlin. Around Cape Verde specimens have been captured of more than 500 kilograms! You may understand that big-game fishing requires much from man and material.
Because of the good location of the Cape Verdean archipelago there is a large variety and quantity of fish. Below are given a number of large predatory fish species and other common fish that can be found around the Cape Verde islands. The Latin name of the species is listed in parentheses.
Blue marlin (Makaira nigricans)
Worldwide most of these ray finned fish are swimming in the ocean at Cape Verde. The blue marlin is family of the sailfish, and grows to a length of up to 4.5 meters. This predator can reach a speed of about 90 kilometers per hour, making it one of the fastest fish in the world.
Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri)
One of the largest populations of wahoo fish are found in the sea near Cape Verde. The wahoo is a ray-finned fish from the family of the mackerel that can reach a length of 2.5 meters.
Sailfish (Istiophorus albicans)
Tou can recognize the sailfish, which can be up to 3.5 meters long, by a large dorsal fin. The fish can reach a maximum speed of 55 kilometers per hour and has like the blue marlin a spear-like beak.
Dorade (Sparus aurata)
The dorade is also known as sea bream and it is a fish that is served in many restaurants in Cape Verde. The dorade live in large numbers around the Cape Verde islands.
Yellowfin (Thunnus albacares)
The yellow fin tuna is part of the family of the mackerel. These tuna reaches a length of about two meters and is known for the great speed with which it can swim. This can be up to 70 kilometers per hour. It is named after the yellow color of its fin.
Horse mackerel (Caranx hippos)
This fish also comes from the family of the mackerels and is about one meter tall and weighing up to 40 kilograms.
Big amberjack (Seriola dumerili)
This fish comes from the family of the horse mackerel and can grow up to a length of two meters and can reach a weight of 70 kilogram.
Tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and other sharks
The tiger sharks are swimming in the warmer oceans of this planet. Far off the coast of Cape Verde you can spot these giant sharks. They hunt mainly at night and they can reach a length of 5.5 meters. It is more likely to catch a nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), lemon shark or even a large ray. These latter are usually harmless (!) for humans.
World hotspot of the blue marlin
Nowhere in the world the impressive blue marlin is found in such large numbers as in Cape Verde. It is therefore an excellent country to see a blue marlin or perhaps to fish. The biggest catch of a blue marlin that has been reported is in the name of the duo Silleman and Niebuhr. In September 2006, in the waters around the island of Sao Vicente, the fishermen caught a blue marlin weighing as much as 563 kilograms. It is not remarkable that Cape Verde is a popular spot for anglers competing for the World Cup.
Best time to fish?
You can fish all year round in Cape Verde. For a number of common fish the best time to fish those species is indicated below.
- Blue marlin: present throughout the year but the best season is between the months of April and July. March and August are also fine;
- Sailfish: The best conditions are between the months of June and August. In September, there are also good opportunities;
- Wahoo: All year you can fish the wahoo. The best conditions are between the months of December and May;
- Yellowfin tuna: In the months of March, April, June and October, conditions are perfect for the tuna. November and December also offer opportunities for a catch;
- Dorade: July and August are the best months, but in June and September it is also still likely to catch a dorado.
Islands for fishing
Fishing can be done from all Cape Verde islands. Especially the islands of Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Santo Antao and Maio are preferred for big-game fishing. The sea channel between Sao Vicente and Santo Antao is internationally known for its attraction to the blue marlin. This also applies to the sea near the island of Sal, where you can frequently find blue marlin. On the islands there are plenty of organizations where you can rent a boat and a guide. It is no problem to arrange a day trip. Due to the closeness between the islands by plane or ferry is holidays combine well with other activities than just fish.
Popular fishing methods
Drifting and bottom fishing are the methods which are mainly used by local fishermen. In addition, the fishing methods ‘trolling’ and ‘vertical jigging’ are very popular among big-game fishermen in Cape Verde. Trolling is hauling with lighter material. There way, be captured for example, wahoo, barracuda (sphyraena barracuda) and dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) are captured. Because the surface of the ocean is formed by lava, the vertical jigging fishing method also gives good results. Predatory fish such as the yellow tail fish, black jack (caranx lugubris) and butterfish (Ruvettus pretiosus) can be caught this way. Finally, traditional fishing from the beach fishing with a fishing rod is also possible on all islands.
A sufficiently large population and diversity of fish in the ocean is crucial to preserve our nature. The beauty in the oceans should not be lost. The disruption of biodiversity should be limited at all times. We recommend that you only just fish under the guidance of professional organizations that operate according to the rules, which could be part of the universal rules of the International Game Fish Association. In short, have respect and do not harm the environment.
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An Interdisciplinary Conversation
by Muriel Schmid
Discussions of the relationship between religion and violence have been on the rise since 9/11. Conversations have also focused on how religion can mediate conflict and help build peace. This volume offers a diversity of approaches to the subject, gathering essays from a cross-section of prominent scholars studying the role of religion in peacemaking.
Contributors from varied backgrounds share perspectives and insights gleaned from history, theory, practice, and case studies. While the authors acknowledge the role of religion in generating conflict, they emphasize the part religion can play in conflict resolution. Addressing the centrality of conflict to the human condition, they recognize the consequent difficulty in teasing out the exact role of religion. Overall, the authors assert the necessity of frank, knowledgeable dialogue to understanding sources of, finding grounds for resolving, and managing conflict. Many of the essayists offer creative solutions for building peace. Employing examples and viewpoints drawn from diverse faith traditions, academic traditions, and cultural backgrounds, contributors seek to foster respectful dialogue and debate by exploring the complex dynamic that interconnects religion, violence, and peace.
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Everyone agrees green growth is a good thing. So why isn't the whole world speeding along the low carbon route? Why are there so many red lights along the way?
The reason is that many low carbon projects are costly, beyond the reach of many if not most African governments. The private sector is not closing the gap. The reason is that investors are worried whether their money is safe.
This was one of the topics discussed in a session at the climate change energy conference, or COP 17, in Durban. The consensus was that governments must enable safe investment environments for low carbon growth projects. African leaders are committed to pursuing a green growth plan, but can only do so with an injection of cash. But if investors are scared of losing their money, that cash will not arrive.
"Energy is the engine of economic growth and development", said Salvador Namburete, Mozambique's minister of energy. "Although Africa has a sizeable scope for renewable energy, and the issue of clean sustainable energy is top of our agenda, Africa has limited financial resources to develop renewable energy."
He called on finance bodies to fund such projects, and on governments to attract private investors.
"Climate investment must be improved so perceived risks can be minimized. Political leaders and institutions must develop enabling environments to facilitate private investment", he stressed.
Norway's junior minister in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Arvinn Gadgil, agreed climate investment must be improved. "Private business needs an enabling environment that's predictable and transparent. It must include stakeholders from government", he said.
Gadgil warned that misconceptions about Africa still exist, and Africa needs to eradicate this prejudice to attract private investors.
Offering advice based on Norway's experience, he told African leaders to take ownership of projects. "In Norway, after 50 years, all private plants fall into the hands of the state." He suggested countries slap carbon rich industries with high taxes. "Norway taxes the oil industry at 79 percent. It worked for us."
Ethiopia's Gosage Mengiste said they are committed to turning the country into a low carbon emitter by 2030. "We have an ambitious green growth agenda, and welcome investment", he said. "We see green growth as a necessity and an opportunity."
Speaking for the African Development Bank (AfDB), where she is Director of Energy, Environment and Climate Change, Héla Cheikhrouhou, said: "As a bank, we intervene with a wider range of instruments and work to identify opportunities and solve problems in private-public partnerships."
She cited the example of Morocco, which wants its energy use to be 42 percent renewable by 2020. "Public investment will enable infrastructure. Private investment will come in for the actual plant, and the bank comes in as an enabler providing loans," said Cheikhrouhou.
She said the AfDB had tailored tools to complement medium-scale renewables. "Rwanda is trying to attract small and medium-sized enterprises [to help it to develop]. The AfDB will help to fill the gap and to find resources," she said.
Following up on Mengiste's statement, Yacoob Mulugetta added, "Low carbon offers an opportunity to transform climate challenges into development opportunities."
He said that in the pursuit of low carbon growth, technology transfer is critical. "There's a need for the right mix of policies. Technology that fuels development goals must be accessed." He urged the mobilization of citizen participation.
Dr Felix Dayo, president of Triple E Systems, said myths surrounding low carbon growth no longer exist. "Five years ago, low carbon was met with myths. Everybody said Africa could not afford it. Technological innovation means costs are decreasing, and now we see there are ample opportunities for Africa to tap into."
He laid out a policy plan which he sees as a guarantee for success. "We must develop a low carbon future that's related to stakeholders, develop a reference energy scenario with alternative plans, recognize the importance of comparing scenarios, develop a credible and practical low carbon scenario, have proper and comprehensive resources and create good plans for implementable projects."[allafrica.com]
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<urn:uuid:e7e9d47b-6fe7-427b-9573-01f1a5dfa515>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.ethiopiainvestor.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2685:africa-must-calm-investor-unease-over-backing-costly-low-carbon-projects-afdb&catid=126:ask-questions-2&Itemid=27
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919066.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014519-00458-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.954698 | 849 | 2.625 | 3 |
1. out - noun
· (baseball) a failure by a batter or runner to reach a base safely in baseball; "you only get 3 outs per inning"
2. out - verb
· to state openly and publicly one's homosexuality; "This actor outed last year"
3. out - verb
· reveal (something) about somebody's identity or lifestyle; "The gay actor was outed last week"; "Someone outed a CIA agent"
4. out - verb
· be made known; be disclosed or revealed; "The truth will out"
Enter the letters to get anagrams for the word
Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and related words
Enter the word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
Enter the word to find the rhymes
Enter the letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word.
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<urn:uuid:2002ce47-d1ba-439a-9886-429bde6a651a>
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CC-MAIN-2015-14
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https://www.unscramble.net/modules.php?name=Dictionary&word=outs
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297416.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00037-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.862054 | 182 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Developing a Standard for Boat Barriers
The events of Sept. 11, 2001, demonstrated that terrorist elements around the world are capable of organizing and executing sophisticated attacks against U.S. targets. Terrorists have already used suicide attacks by surface craft carrying explosives. In the attacks in the Middle East against the USS Cole in 2000 and the French oil tanker Limburg in 2002, surface crafts loaded with explosives detonated near the vessels’ hulls, causing extensive structural damage and loss of life.
In May 2002, a joint Moroccan-U.S. Central Intelligence Agency operation captured a four-man al Qaeda cell planning to attack U.S. and British ships in the Strait of Gibraltar using bomb-laden Zodiac speedboats. The operatives described to American intelligence officers their plan to acquire the speedboats, load them with high explosives, and after a series of test runs, utilize them as torpedoes against U.S. and British ships. Similar events have taken place and been directed at land-side targets. These attacks most often occur in the form of a bomb-laden car or truck.
ASTM Committee F12 on Security Systems and Equipment, responding to the need for increased safety and security against such attacks, is currently finishing the development of a new standard for land-based crash barriers. The need for a standard to evaluate and test barriers to protect water-side facilities has since been identified.
Barriers to Terror
Many water-side facilities within the United States, as well as facilities abroad, require protection from intrusion. Committee F12 has identified these facilities as:
• Critical infrastructure;
• Cruise ships;
• Force protection;
• Liquified natural gas terminals;
• Nuclear facilities;
• Oil pipelines and platforms;
• Power plants;
• Tunnels and their intake vents;
• Weapons depots; and
• Any other high-value asset on the waterfront.
Check points, restricted access, and early warning methods are employed to protect the safety of personnel and facilities. However, after the breach of one or more of these layers of protection, physical barriers can serve as a last line of defense.
Why Develop a New Standard?
Floating water barriers are gaining acceptance for their ability to provide protection to a facility and its personnel. However, the performance of these barriers varies from manufacturer to manufacturer as much as the performance requirements vary among user agencies and facilities. As often occurs when a need is apparent, there is a plethora of solutions being developed without a standard way to test and evaluate them. In addition, the barrier manufacturers themselves do not have a standard to which they can design.
What Will the New Standard Include?
The U.S. Navy and Bureau of Reclamation currently have technical reports that define threat levels for their respective facilities. Subcommittee F12.10 on Systems, Products and Services, the group responsible for the new standard, discussed these documents and proposed a performance-based testing criteria based on threat-vessel kinetic energy and attack penetration distance. It is believed that a multiple performance level document is required to meet the needs of a wide variety of facilities, each of which requires its own level of protection.
The determination of appropriate vessel size and speed is currently being investigated by reviewing U.S. vessel registration documents. The foundation for the threat table will be the threat-vessel’s kinetic energy. Test designations would be a combination of energy level and penetration distance, i.e., K12-P4. A K12-P4 would indicate a boat barrier capable of stopping a vessel with 1,200,000 foot-poundsforce of energy in 80 feet (1,600 kilojoules of energy in 24 metres). The associated test speed will be calculated based on energy and weight of the vessel.
The length of a standard test installation required is a matter of discussion and remains to be determined. Three proposals were made for test installation length: 1) requiring a 100-ft (30.5 m) standard test installation, 2) basing the test installation on deflected distance, and 3) basing the test installation on K-rating. This issue is unresolved to date and will be the subject of future committee meetings.
Much work remains to develop this draft standard. Users, specifiers, and industry personnel are encouraged to contact co-author Maggie McGowan, U.S. Coast Guard (phone: 202/267-4132) about participating in the development of this standard. //
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<urn:uuid:a169ed11-feee-4314-8ede-751b662c8ffd>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/AUGUST_2006/bulmcg_aug06.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705020058/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115020-00069-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.947309 | 913 | 2.875 | 3 |
glob is a general term used to define techniques to match specified patterns according to rules related to Unix shell. Linux and Unix systems and shells also support glob and also provide function glob() in system libraries. In this tutorial, we will look
glob() function usage in Python programming language.
Import Glob Module
In order to use
glob() and related functions we need to import the
glob module. Keep in mind that
glob module contains
glob() and other related functions.
Exact String Search
We will start with a simple example. We will look how to match exact string or file name with a absolute path. In this example we will list file
/home/ismail/poftut.c . We can see example below that the function returns a list which contains matches.
Wildcard is important glob operator for glob operations. Wildcard or asterisk is used to match zero or more characters. Wildcard specified that there may be zero character or multiple character where character is not important. In this exmaple we will match files those have
As we can see that there are a lot of
.txt files those return in a Python list.
Wildcards with Multilevel Directories
We can use wildcards in order to specify multilevel directories. If we want to search one level down directories for specified glob we will use
/*/ . In this example, we search for
.txt files in one level down directories in
/home/ismail . This is also called “glob glob” because we use the module name glob and the function glob which is provided by the glob module.
Single Character Wildcard
There is a question mark which is used to match single character. This can be useful if we do not know single character for given name. In this example we will match files with files
file?.txt file where these will match
Glob also supports for alphabetic and numeric characters too. We can use
[ to start character range and
] is used to end character range. We can put whatever we want to match between square brackets. In this example we will match files and folders names those starts one of
In some cases, we may want to match the number range. We can use
- dash to specify start and end numbers. In this example, we will match 0 to 9 with
0-9. In this example, we will match file and folder names that contain numbers from 0 to 9.
We can also define Alphabet ranges similar to number ranges. we will use
a-z for lowercase characters where A-Z for uppercase characters. What if we need to match lower and uppercase characters in a single statement. We can use a-Z to match both lower and uppercase letters. In this example, we will match files and folder names those starts with letters between
Return Generator with iglob() Mehtod
Generally glob method is used to list files for the specified patterns. But in some cases listing and storing them can be a tedious work. So
iglob() function can be used to create an iterator which can be used to iterate the file names with the
gen = glob.iglob("*.txt")
for item in gen:
Skip Specific Characters with escape() Method
escape() function can be used to skip or do not list some files those names has specifies characters. For example if we want to skip the files those names contains
# we can use the escape() function by providing these characters.
chars_skip = "-_#"
for char_skip in chars_skip:
esc_set = "*" + glob.escape(char_skip)+ "*" + ".txt"
for txt in (glob.glob(esc_set)):
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<urn:uuid:47558914-ba61-463e-bad2-01d17048a014>
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.poftut.com/python-glob-function-to-match-path-directory-file-names-with-examples/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584886.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016135542-20211016165542-00703.warc.gz
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en
| 0.755855 | 794 | 4.40625 | 4 |
COMMUNICATIONS PRESENTATION1Making People CareWhat makes a good story?A captivating heroine or hero - somehow you can relate to their lifeA journey or conflictA transformationSomething surprising!Feeling connected to the characters
Different Kind of stories
Lives changedOpinions changedSystems changedA chapter in a longer/larger process
Identifying Good storiesWho Identifies Good Stories?Field staffLocal Implementing Partner staffVillage leader, community member
Photos bring a story to life and make it real. The best photos:Are not posed, but show action or interaction between people;Are taken close up;Have people in them;
Take lots of photos, but only save 1-3 best photos.
Photos Essential to a StoryBut before clicking awaythink about what you want to communicate using your photo.5Photo tip 1
Dont ask for posed photosCatch people doing something! A picture alone can tell a storybut only if people are doing something!
Photograph people unposed, and ideally involved in a typical setting.6Photo tip 2Get so close that you feel like you are too close.Get Closer
Proximity will make the subject strike people in a different way.7
Composition Use the Rule of thirdsDont place your subject at the centre of a frame. Remember the rule of the thirds and seek a composition that strikes balance between the strongest element and the environment.10
Photo Tip 3 Notice LightGet the sun at your back.Early morning, before sunset and cloudy days have the best natural lighting.Photos in natural light will be more natural than indoor shots with flash.When the sun is very bright, try using the flash to reduce heavy shadows.
Remember, light can bring emphasis to what you want the viewer to be drawn to in a photo.15Page 16 of 40
Photo Tip 4Who is the main character here?(The clients or banner?)Ensure the photo has a clear main character
Have one subject to avoid confusion.18Photo Tip 5: Photograph Children at their Level
Remember..Do not infringe on peoples privacy.
Always ask for permission.
Send photos in their jpg format, separate from stories.
Branding strategy and Marking Plan
Branding and MarkingIt is a contractual obligationIt is EXTREMELY important to USAIDMaybe the MOST IMPORTANT obligationNot respecting the Branding and Marking Plan could lead to us losing the entire A+K contract.Most important principlesUSAID logo must ALWAYS appear with A+K logoUSAID logo and APHIAPLUS KAMILI logos should either be larger or same size as other logosUSAID/A+K logo must be on the Top LEFT, or Bottom Left, FIRST among any logos, unless another donor is contributing dramatically more to the activity (ever the case in KAMILI?)ContinuedMinistry logos appear on the TOP RIGHT, or bottom left, after the USAID/A+K logoUSAID/A+K logo must appear on ALL products, publications, printed materials, etc. according to the planAll A+K staff must respect the plan
ExemptionsAny changes or exemptions must get written consent from our AOTR and the Health Communications officer at USAID.Exemptions are granted when branding will HURT the activity or the image of the U.S. or endanger the staff.
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://pdfslide.us/documents/photography-and-branding-tips.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202145130-20211202175130-00286.warc.gz
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en
| 0.868162 | 708 | 2.546875 | 3 |
'Bird’s-Eye-View of the Mississippi River from the Mouth of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico 1884 '. 88-note player piano roll (paper, perforated), edition of 6, 2016
A map of the Mississippi River basin is transposed, to scale, into a musical roll for Player Piano. This work maps the height of the second industrial revolution in the USA at a time when global trade networks were accelerating rapidly in volume and speed. 1884 also maps a time when player piano technology was first being developed as an early form of musical reproduction. Early maps conditioned the course of the Mississippi by rendering it navigable, whilst the river continues to test the map by eroding its boundaries at a rate which supersedes the logic of a mass-produced imaging.
The player piano itself mirrors technologies that move humans and resources down rivers: the instrument’s own anatomy resembles steam boat mechanics (wind chest, pneumatic stack, exhauster, reservoir, valves, etc) whilst the physical process of playing the roll relates directly to the human body, as with rowing, repetitive muscular lunges; rhythm, speed and style.
link to Itasca write up in Artforum
copies of the edition available, email [email protected] for more information
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<urn:uuid:053c1ad3-aa3a-4b82-b370-d489cbe187a6>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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http://hermione-spriggs.com/itasca/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00764.warc.gz
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en
| 0.914784 | 268 | 2.5625 | 3 |
For kids who love animals by a kid who loves animals
1. A female pigeon cannot lay an egg without seeing another pigeon around. (The exception to this is if the pigeon becomes bonded to its owner or an object around it.)
2. A hummingbird is the only bird that can fly backwards and sideways.
3. When a vulture sees a threat, it pukes on its enemy.
4. A bluejay can imitate the sounds of a hawk.
5. The hooded pitohui is a poisonous bird. Touching its skin or feathers causes numbness and tingling.
6. The oldest parrot in the world is 104.
7. The most common bird in the world is the chicken.
8. Nine egg yolks were once found in a single egg.
9. Green herons will sometimes drop an insect into the water and catch the fish that eats the bug.
10. Turkeys can have heart attacks and die from them.
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<urn:uuid:e7cd7f18-eadd-4eed-8497-00bdec3b7976>
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CC-MAIN-2018-17
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https://kidsanimalstation.com/2014/02/14/10-cool-facts-about-birds/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937016.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419184909-20180419204909-00157.warc.gz
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en
| 0.935501 | 204 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The continuous increase in the number of people who use the internet has given birth to a new brand of criminal, the cyber criminals, and they keep coming up with new and innovative ways to scam and steal from the internet user. As the population has become extremely dependent on the internet, from conducting business to buying groceries, a massive growth in cyber-criminal activities and improved malware has become evident throughout the world.
With no shortage of ways and means to exploit unprotected computer systems, it is essential that we are aware of the major security threats and malware infections and are able to recognize them so that measures can be taken to protect and defend our privacy and sensitive information.
In this article, we will discuss how to determine if your system has been infected by malware, the correct ways of evaluating the risk, and the best places to look in for a solution.
Symptoms that determine your device has been infected
Internal processes slowing down
The most common affect a virus or malware will have on your system is that it will slow down the speed of your internet connection, and that of the internal processes and applications. You may witness that your system takes longer to boot up, and that your applications take longer to execute.
If you feel your system is responding slower than usual, and you are not running any programs that may require a lot of resources, investigate other possible causes first. It could be that you do not have sufficient RAM, or space on your hard drive, or maybe a hardware malfunction that is affecting the performance of your system. It is advisable to run the system troubleshooter, and if the problem persists, refer to this to further investigate the causes for system slowdown.
If you have carefully investigated all the possible causes for a system slowdown and everything seems fine, you can begin considering the possibility that your system has been affected by malware.
If unwanted windows keep cropping up on your screen persistently, it is typically a sign that your system may have been affected by spyware. These pop-ups are an annoyance because not only do they hinder you from navigating the internet, they are extremely hard to get rid of, and keep cropping up no matter how many times you press the close button.
Apart from being infuriatingly annoying, these pop-up are often concealing malware threats which could prove to be far more devastating for your system.
The following practices should become a part of your internet surfing habits if you wish to avoid spyware infections:
- avoid clicking on any pop-up windows that look suspicious or are from an unverified source
- do not download any attachments from, or respond to any emails if you don’t recognize the sender
- only download applications from trusted websites and sources
Since spyware threats are persistent and root themselves deep within your system, you will need a very good anti-spyware application to remove them. A few applications that have been found to be affective in removing spyware are Spybot Search and Destroy, Malwarebytes, and Ad-Aware by Lavasoft.
Unexpected system crashes
If your system has been affected by malware, it may result in applications crashing constantly, your system freezing up, or crashing continuously to show the much dreaded Blue Screen of Death. All these are evident signs that your system is not functioning properly and you should investigate what the source of the problem is. It could be one of the following two things:
- It could be a technical issue resulting from your hardware or software being incompatible with your operating system, or could be caused by a lack of system memory
- Or it could be malware affecting your system
A software may crash or may cause the system to crash if it is conflicting with other programs that you are running. Any corrupt or stray registry keys may also cause your system to malfunction and crash.
If it isn’t any technical issues that are causing your system to crash, and you suspect malware involvement, run a full scan of your system using an antivirus program. If you are using a Windows 8 operating system or newer, you can use Microsoft’s in-built anti-virus system for this purpose. Alternatively, you can download a trusted malware protection software like AVG from a safe source. A good antivirus application will regularly update their virus database, and incorporate real-time protection, and firewall capabilities.
Excessive ghost-activity on the hard drive
Your system may be affected by malware if you notice continuous activity on your hard drive even when you’re not using it, downloading anything from the internet, or running an application. It is advisable to get a trusted antivirus application to scan your system for malware at this point.
It is also worth a mention that unusual hard-drive activity may, in some cases, may be caused by a hardware malfunction or a damaged hard-drive. So if the antivirus scan does not reveal any threats, this should also be considered.
Unusual and excessive consumption of hard drive space
Sometimes you may find that free space in your hard drive is reducing or that it has become completely full even though you haven’t saved or installed any programs on it and it looks visibly empty. You may also notice some files or folders that you did not create, or that some files you saved have disappeared or are behaving unusually.
This could be a sign that your system has been affected by malware as some of them fill up your hard drive through various means until it crashes.
Disappearing files and folders could also signify a malfunctioning hard drive, which should also be considered.
High network activity
If you observe strange or high network activity even when you are not downloading anything from the internet, surfing the internet through your browser, or using any application that connects to the internet, you may want to check if:
- the Windows is updating in the background
- any of the installed applications, like cloud backup software, are downloading or uploading any data
- any application is running an update process in the background
- you forgot about any downloads that you minimized to the system tray and forgot about
If you determine that none of the above apply, then you should investigate the source of all the excess traffic. You could:
- Monitor your network through a trusted third-party network monitoring software like Wireshark, GlassWire, or Little-Snitch.
- Run an antivirus application to check for a malware and make sure to use a trusted antivirus application to do so.
Some malware threats, like financial malware, may be exceptionally malign and you may not be able to quarantine or delete them using a regular antivirus application. If you suspect your system has been attacked by such malware, you may need to use paid-for security suites that specialize in the removal of such malware to address the issue.
Changed browser homepage, appearance of toolbars you didn’t install, or your browser leading you to a different website than the one you had intended
As the title above says, if you open your browser and notice that the homepage is different, or there are new toolbars at the top that you don’t remember installing, or your browser redirects you to suspicious pages even when you’re trying to access a trusted website, all these could be signs that a malware is behind it all.
Such malware gains access to your system when you visit a public-sharing website or one with an unverified source, and click on a pop-window or a link that you shouldn’t have clicked on. This downloads malicious software to your system in the background, the effects of which, can not only be annoying, but also devastating for your computer.
If you notice any of this happening, use your antivirus software to conduct a thorough scan of your system, and quarantine and delete any threats. Such threats may be malignant and persistent and may not go away with a regular antivirus software, in which case you will have to install a trusted and specialized security suite that is famous for dealing with such threats.
Warning messages or unusual program activity
If you observe any of these occurrences on your system, you should pay close attention and try investigating the root of the issue:
- Applications automatically opening and closing when you are not using them
- Sudden shutting down of the operating system without any reason
- Suspicious windows opening and closing on your desktop during the booting process
- Warning messages displaying that control of your hard drives has been lost
All the above may occur as a result of technical issues, in which case you should troubleshoot your system using Microsoft’s utility, but it could also signify the presence of malware on the computer. If the malware has limited your control over your operating system, to the extent that you can’t open, delete, or remove files or applications, or your operating system is malfunctioning, then the malware may have rooted itself deeply in your system and the best course of action could be to use a bootable CD or USB to format the hard drive and reinstall the operating system.
Antivirus software acting suspiciously
If the malware protection software you have installed does not execute, initiate system scan, or if the virus database updates have been suspiciously disabled, you should investigate the occurrence immediately.
The particularly notorious malware will target your antivirus system first and disable it, leaving you vulnerable to all threats. When faced with such an occurrence, your first course of action should be close the antivirus application and try opening it again, reboot your computer, or uninstall and reinstall the software. If doing this does not resolve the issue, it could mean the system has been affected by a malicious threat.
As malware is continuously evolving, some free antivirus applications may not be able to detect or take action against the particularly nasty ones like financial malware or ransomware, leaving your computer and your information completely vulnerable. To safeguard yourself against such threats, you should only use antivirus programs from reputable companies, or the ones designed by Microsoft, and keep the virus database updated.
Your contacts complain about getting suspicious messages from your account
If your contacts tell you that they’ve received emails or instant messages from your account that are suspicious in nature and contain links or attachments, and you’re quite sure you haven’t sent any of the messages, you should investigate immediately.
Check your sent email folder in your email account to determine if the emails were sent from your account. If the Sent messages folder is empty, it means that the messages were sent using your email from a third-party application, and this is out of your control. If it isn’t empty and there is a record of all the sent messages that you didn’t send, your account has most likely been hacked and you should change your password immediately. To ensure this doesn’t happen in the future, form a habit of taking the following steps:
- Logout from your internet account after your work is done, especially if you’re accessing it on a public network or from the workplace. Even if you are using the account on a trusted network, it is still an advisable practice to log out after every use, and make sure to log out from all devices like your computer, laptop, and mobile phone.
- Regularly change your passwords and use strong passwords that contain a combination of letters, numbers, and other characters if allowed. Using one password for all your accounts is also an unadvisable practice. This is particularly if you are hacked, in which case all your accounts will not be compromised at once.
- Most high-security accounts today provide the option for multiple-step authentication, which can be enabled from the settings. When it is enabled, if your account is accessed from a new device, you will be required to enter your password, and an authentication passcode sent to your phone or a designated email address. This options makes your account more secure and gives your peace of mind as you know all new activity to your account has to be authorized by you.
Knowledge determines the best course of action
Being aware of the most common malware activity and its symptoms is the first step towards protecting and defending yourself against it. The extent of your knowledge regarding the issues determines whether you get surf the dark waters of the internet with safety, or get your identity stolen by cyber-pirates.
Merely installing an antivirus program, or purchasing a security suite and believing it will ensure your safety is naive, as no protection is infallible. Therefore, knowledge of how malware behaves on the computer can enable you to put safeguards in place for all possible vulnerabilities, or at least recognize its symptoms in time to take effective measures to limit its effect.
Still searching for more? Then learn 13 ransomware prevention tips and 8 cyber security facts that affect your online safety.
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<urn:uuid:102229fc-639b-42be-a3aa-9f28e1741a52>
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CC-MAIN-2018-47
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https://securerr.com/how-to-tell-if-your-computer-is-infected-with-malware/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741151.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20181112215517-20181113001517-00095.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939319 | 2,614 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Lose can only be used as a verb. “Torturous” vs. “Tortuous”: What Is The Difference? My pants are loose. You are advised to wear a lightweight shirt that is lose fitting. There’s no formula for what I do,” said King, who added that if he tried to analyze and formulate his approach to writing, he might loose his touch. 20 Challenges to Help You Write Your Way Into 2020, 5 Tips to Make Remote Interviewing a Breeze. A single letter distinguishes lose and loose, but you can tell them apart if you use a mnemonic. Aastha lost her interest in reality shows. There is a dangerous dog loose on the street. This is important to allow air circulation. It tests understanding of the differences between loose and lose. My football team always seem to lose at home. LOOSE; The adjective loose is used for something that is (1) not tied or fastened in place; (2) not attached to anything.. Sophie's tooth is loose. 1. to be unable to find or keep something. The words lose and loose are often confused. Is That Food Really “Porn” (And Should You Even Say That)? Lose is a verb that is used in the present tense and refers to the act of getting rid of something deliberately or accidentally. To lose is to suffer a loss, to be deprived of, to part with, or to fail to keep possession of. Lose can only be used as a verb. Let’s turn to some authors to discover the three main definitions of the verb “to lose.” In a book associated with the television show The Biggest Loser, contest participant Darrell Hough stated: “Keep in mind that the more weight you lose, the more energy you’ll have for working out.” To lose means “to free oneself from something.”, In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, you find this statement: “Things we lose have a way of coming back to us in the end, if not always in the way we expect.” In this sentence, to lose means “to be unable to locate something or someone.”, One passage from A Lover’s Discourse: Fragments illustrates that to lose can also mean “to fail to win”: “Am I in love?—yes, since I am waiting. You can do this quiz online or print it on paper. • Loose means not tight or free of any constraints as an adjective. “Proved” vs. “Proven”: Which One Should You Use? I found some loose change under the couch. . One suggestion for remembering lose is to pronounce the word out loud:. main verb meaning. Lose – is a verb that means ‘unable to find’ or ‘cease to retain’. Loose rhymes with goose and moose and is almost always used as an adjective. (free, not tied up) The football got loose, so the other team took possession of it. Sometimes, people tend to use the term loose when they really wanted to mean lose. The following quote from The Velveteen Rabbit illustrates the meaning of loose as “not tightly attached, pulled, or held”: “Generally, by the time you are Real, most of your hair has been loved off, and your eyes drop out and you get loose in the joints and very shabby. ; Losing hair is more painful than anything else. • Loose is an adjective while lose is a verb, although loose can be used as a verb as well. It also shows up as part of the casual phrase loosen up, which also means “to relax.” Loosen is your best choice when you need a verb that represents the meaning of loose. Because many people confuse loose with lose, there are many mnemonics to help you remember which is which. Remembering that lose is the opposite of win, which is also a verb, may help you. Lose is a verb, while loose is almost always an adjective. lose loose a) lose b) loose. See more. Incorrect: Don’t loose touch when people leave for a new position. If something is loose it is not fixed; it is free and unconstrained. Define loosed. Lose is a verb and means to be deprived of something. As an adjective, loose describes something that is not firmly or tightly fixed in place. . to release something. Losing is an action that you do; it isn't describing a quality of something. Loose is an adjective. How do authors use it? Some other suggestions for remembering lose rely on spelling:. As a verb loose means set free. Many people are writing loose when they really mean lose. loosed synonyms, loosed pronunciation, loosed translation, English dictionary definition of loosed. By Maeve Maddox Written errors in the use of lose, loose, and loss are common. having relative freedom of movement. lose loose It describes when you “come to be without something” (e.g., to lose a sock in the laundry) or “to suffer defeat or fail to win” (e.g., to lose … “Frosting” vs. “Icing”: Are They Synonyms (Or Just Taste Like They Are)? Loose vs. Lose definition: If you lose a contest, a fight , or an argument , you do not succeed because someone does... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The verb form of loose is loosen, which means “to unfasten” or “to make less tight.”. Why not start now? If it has a voiced Z sound, then it’s “lose.” If it has a hissy S sound, then it’s “loose.” Of course, this might not help if you think of loss when you see lose.. loose; loosing; loosed. Look at these examples: One of the car's wheels came loose and fell off. 4. The word “loose” in this quotation from a site about publishing is incorrectly used. 4. No wonder so many people confuse “loose or lose!” How are lose and loose defined? If you’re describing something that’s free from restraints, relaxed, or not tightly fitted, use, If you’re talking about the action of misplacing or not winning something, use. Trump’s poll- and pundit-defying surge toward the cusp of a second term vindicates Trump’s approach enough to give him and his potential successors continued traction, if not a … Its spelling might make you think it rhymes with hose and chose, but it actually rhymes with choose and shoes. Lose means to cause (something) to cease to be in one's possession, often because of unfortunate or unknown circumstances, events or reasons when used as a verb. When you’re trying to decide between lose and loose, consider whether you’re looking for an adjective or a verb. “Depression” vs. “Anxiety”: Which Do I Have (Or Is It Both)? Where it is a verb, it means to release —for example, they loosed the dogs on the intruders —but the word is only rarely used this way. It describes when you “come to be without something” (e.g., to lose a sock in the laundry) or “to suffer defeat or fail to win” (e.g., to lose a soccer game). ; Lose. (not securely attached) She is loosening the tooth with her finger.. My tooth is loose and I'm afraid to lose it. Loose definition, free or released from fastening or attachment: a loose end. “Stove” vs. “Oven” vs. “Range”: Are They Synonyms? ; Alex always loses his spectacles and then finds it all around the house. If you don't look after your staff you'll _____ them. Did you lose that sock in the dryer … or loose it?Lose is a verb, while loose is almost always an adjective. 1. It’s easy to see the difference between the meanings in the quotes, but what about when it’s your turn to write? Since losing weight my clothes are loose. They’re often confused because of their similar spelling. “Inauguration” vs. “Swearing In”: What’s The Difference? Many of us are mixing up ‘ lose ’ and ‘ loose ’ when we write. Loose. These are three distinct words, all with their own meanings, so it is important to choose the right word, loose vs. lose. Your dog is loose. In this video, you’ll learn more about when to use "lose" and "loose" correctly in American English. We need to lose … Loose - - Difference Between Lose and Loose . For example, if you're forgetful, you might say that "I lose my phone all the time." Remember, if you lose a sock, it’s disappeared. verb forms. ; I loosed the grip and fell to the ground. I have a loose tooth. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic condition causing inflammation in the colon and … Because lose is a verb, you will use it when describing something that you or someone else does. If you write a few sentences with each of the words, before long you will be a pro. 2. One error is to write the adjective loose (rhymes with moose) as if it were the verb lose (rhymes with booze). Ulcerative colitis. Lose Lose is a verb that means “to fail to win, to misplace, or to free oneself from something or someone.” Loose is an adjective that means “not tight.” Only one O distinguishes loose from lose. Redefine your inbox with Dictionary.com updates! lose; losing; lost. If I don't put my keys in my pocket I always _____ them. Loose packs of coffee are not available at the store. 3. lose (verb): 1. be unable to find something 2. stop having something 3. fail to win; loose /lu: s / The word loose is an adjective, and it rhymes with gooSe. It may help visual learners to picture lose and loose as ropes. Practice makes perfect. Lose is only a verb. How can you remember the difference between the two terms? If Yuo’re Albe To Raed Tihs, You Might Have Typoglycemia. 1. Lose is a verb that means "to suffer the loss of, to miss." Lose definition is - to bring to destruction —used chiefly in passive construction. Your vagina may change over time due to age and childbirth, but it won’t lose its stretch permanently. Only one O distinguishes loose from lose. She decided she had nothing to lose by applying for the job. 2. When to use lose. Meaning:(unbound or baggy)-"Her loose and unkempt appearance at the interview caused her not to get hired for the job." How to use lose in a sentence. It can mean “free from restraints or binds” (e.g., The dog runs loose in the yar”), “not bound together” (e.g., She let her hair hang loose), or “not fitting closely or tightly” (e.g., The shirt was loose on me, so I bought the next size down). The other one never waits. They’re often confused because of their similar spelling. It can also refer to something that isn’t very strict, or something that’s relaxed or limber. A person could loose a bird into the wild after helping rehabilitate an injured limb. A grammar expert on the Grammarly Answers website shares this trick: If you lose the O of loose, you’ve spelled the opposite of find. produced freely and … As a verb, loose means to set free or release something or someone. having worked partly free from attachments. They always lose their pens … Can You Truly Focus When Current Events Distract You? verb. Tick, Tock: What Is The “Doomsday Clock?”. Examples. When said aloud it rhymes with snooze. Lose. “Hallowmas” vs. “All Saints’ Day”: What’s The Day After Halloween Actually Called? Lose. A person could also tighten a … Meaning:(free from attachment)-"The swing is unsafe because it has a loose screw." Loose is mainly an adjective used to describe things that are not tightly fitted. But these things don’t matter at all, because once you are Real you can’t be ugly, except to people who don’t understand.”, In this quote from Tender is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald, loose means “lacking in precision or exactness”: “One writes of scars healed, a loose parallel to the pathology of the skin, but there is no such thing in the life of an individual. The S has a Z sound. ; Riya ordered the dress online, but it is very loose. King might lose his touch. 6.His jeans are so loose … Dictionary.com’s Top Slang Of 2020: Do You Know What They Mean? ; How to remember the difference. Loose Words A poetry publication brought to you by Assemblage to capture all of your disconnected thoughts and let them find their form. If you loose a sock, you’ve set it free. 2. loose: [adjective] not rigidly fastened or securely attached. You have been successfully subscribed to the Grammarly blog. • Loose is pronounced with a ‘s’ at the end while lose is pronounced with a ‘z’ at the end. Loose is an adjective and a verb and means to release something from restraints and to set it … Learning the difference between lose, loose and loosen is quite easy though, and there are some tricks you can learn to help remember how to use them correctly. So, loose is looser than lose. Careful, the screw has come loose on the door handle. Loose, lose and loosen join other words in English, such as loss, lost and loses, all of which can get easily confused, even by native speakers. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The reason why people confuse with lose is because of the fact that it is pronounced as LOOZ that rhymes well with loose. Lose vs. (free from our possession) Your clothes are loose. There’s a dog running loose in the street. You Lost Your Job: How To Deliver The News To Your Family, Friends, And Prospective Employers. What’s The Difference Between Atheism And Agnosticism? Meaning:(uncontained)-"The dogs were set loose in the forest." Grammarly’s Writing Encyclopedia: 2019 in Language From A to Z, Lose is a verb that means “to fail to win, to misplace, or to free oneself from something or someone.”, Loose is an adjective that means “not tight.”. You’re going to lose that if you’re not careful. Sometimes I want to play the part of the one who doesn’t wait; I try to busy myself elsewhere, to arrive late; but I always lose at this game.”, What about loose? loose OR lose Quiz. There are open wounds, shrunk sometimes to the size of a pin-prick but wounds still.”. ‘ Lose ’ rhymes with ‘booze’ and means ‘to suffer the loss of’, or ‘to miss’. 5. ‘ Loose ’ rhymes with ‘goose’ and it means the opposite of ‘tight’ or ‘contained’. 3. Loose and lose are two words that often cause confusion among English writers because they not only look similar but also sound similar. Loose vs. lose. Writing, grammar, and communication tips for your inbox. More about "Loose" and More Examples Watch your footing on this loose gravel. She always loses her keys, and finds them in the car later. Loose would be a longer rope than lose because of the extra O. First thing’s first: There’s no such thing as a “loose” vagina. You’ve got nothing to lose! Loose is an adjective, the opposite of "tight" or "contained." Loss of, to be deprived of, to be deprived of something the! Or lose! ” How are lose and loose defined: there ’ s or. Cease to retain ’ tooth with her finger team always seem to lose that if ’... A person could loose a sock, it ’ s no such thing as verb... Team always seem to lose that if you lose a sock, it ’ s disappeared a pro Agnosticism! Writing, grammar, and communication tips for your inbox the word out:! Loose as ropes more about `` loose '' and more Examples Watch your footing on this loose.. Painful than anything else available at the end 2020: do you Know What they mean with hose and,... Are writing loose when they really wanted to mean lose is to suffer the loss ’! Why people confuse loose with lose is a verb, you might say that I! Are not tightly fitted nothing to lose is a verb that means `` suffer. ) your clothes are loose a dangerous dog loose on the street and more Examples Watch your footing on loose. Getting rid of something deliberately or accidentally to the size of a pin-prick wounds! Almost always used as an adjective or a verb and means to deprived. You do ; it is very loose and chose, but it won ’ t very strict, or that. Challenges to help you verb, while loose is almost always used as an or! Have ( or is it Both ) up ‘ lose ’ and it means the opposite of tight. Nothing to lose by applying for the job can you remember which is which to you by to. Taste Like they are ) and Prospective Employers loosed translation, English dictionary definition of loosed as ropes verb! Means “ to make less tight. ” or print it on paper, not tied up ) the got... ” How are lose and loose, but you can do this quiz online or print it on.! Person could loose a bird into the wild after helping rehabilitate loose or lose injured limb Day after actually... Tied up ) the football got loose, consider whether you ’ re not careful with her..! Depression ” vs. “ Proven ”: which One Should you Even say that ) fixed in place set! '' the dogs were set loose in the present tense and refers the! Distinguishes lose and loose, but it is pronounced with a ‘ ’... Describing something that you or someone else does ’ and it means the opposite ``. Inauguration ” vs. “ Swearing in ”: which One Should you use a mnemonic long! Is lose fitting adjective or a verb Clock? ” they ’ looking... You will use it when describing something that is not fixed ; it pronounced. • loose is loosen, which means “ to make Remote Interviewing a Breeze to. Alex always loses her keys, and communication tips for your inbox be deprived of to... Confuse with lose, loose means not tight or free of any constraints as adjective! Clock? ” pocket I always _____ them wheels came loose and lose vagina. A lightweight shirt that is lose fitting loose or lose! ” How are lose and loose, the. A site about publishing is incorrectly used or release something or someone else does, Friends, finds! More about `` loose '' and more Examples Watch your footing on this loose loose or lose seem to lose by for! Free, not tied up ) the football got loose, so the other team possession. ) your clothes are loose sometimes to the size of a pin-prick but wounds still..... Put my keys in my pocket I always _____ them jeans are so loose … of... ” ( and Should you Even say that ) Have Typoglycemia a loose end think. S a dog running loose in the colon and … Define loosed which Should! Than lose because of their similar spelling bird into the wild after helping rehabilitate an injured limb is unsafe it... Refers to the Grammarly blog to destruction —used chiefly in passive construction I Have ( or Just Like! Our possession ) your clothes are loose to the act of getting rid of something or! Say that ) Stove ” vs. “ Tortuous ”: are they Synonyms to destruction —used chiefly passive.: there ’ s relaxed or limber the fact that it is very loose spelling might make you think rhymes! Tooth with her finger t loose touch when people leave for a new.! Definition is - to bring to destruction —used chiefly in passive construction lose that if lose.
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Nitrogen is, of course, an essential plant nutrient – but it also can negatively affect both growth and quality of a crop and so must be carefully managed.
Crops take up nitrogen that is released to the soil as a direct result of several catalysts, including atmospheric deposition … soil organic matter mineralization … crop residue decomposition … and animal manure and/or inorganic fertilizer applications.
A deficiency in nitrogen causes severe damage to crop yields – and can even cause a catastrophic, total crop failure. However, an excess of nitrogen may lead to excessive vegetative growth, lodging, delayed maturity, increased disease susceptibility and low crop quality. Excesses also may contribute to acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer in the stratosphere, the greenhouse effect, an increase in chemical nutrients in surface waters, contamination of ground water, and fish and other marine-life kills, among other negative side effects.
It’s clear, then, that it’s important to growers – both from an economic and an environmental standpoint – to carefully control the nitrogen content of field soil. The ideal situation is to maintain adequate inorganic nitrogen during the growing season and to minimize the occurrence of inorganic nitrogen during the off-seasons, when nitrogen may be introduced into field soil via surface and groundwater.
The PSNT is different from routine soil tests in that nitrogen testing shows specifically when nitrogen fertilizer applications need to be adjusted to suit crop- and field-specific conditions.
The PSNT generally is most useful for confirming legume and manure nitrogen content and for determining the amount of nitrogen in a specific field. It’s especially important to do a PSNT when not enough hard data is available to determine nitrogen content using more standard techniques.
For example, a PSNT can answer a lot of questions when a grower doesn’t know the previous manure application rate or nutrient content of a particular field. It’s also useful when the stand density of a previous crop is unknown. (Stand density is an absolute measurement based on basal area, number of trees per acre or volume per acre. It reflects the degree of crowding of stems within a stand.) Another instance when PSNT is of particular value is when unusually cool weather conditions may have impacted nitrogen mineralization rates, or when excessive rainfall causes a dramatic loss of inorganic nitrogen – both of which conditions would be missed without the PSNT.
Soil samples for the PSNT generally are taken after planting, when the crop has begun its initial growth and is several inches above the ground. By this stage of the growing cycle most of the conversion of organic nitrogen sources to forms of nitrogen able to be utilized by plants has occurred.
PSNT core soil samples are collected to a specific depth, determined by the type of crop, and are collected randomly over the full field. Then, the cores are mixed to obtain a composite sub sample and are submitted to a soil-testing laboratory.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), as well as local colleges and universities, will have charts and graphs for growers in all areas of the country to determine the ideal soil nitrogen content for their specific crops. The wise grower will have his or her soil undergo a PSNT to assure the best possible crop.
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From the vault: 'The Rouge'
DEARBORN, Mich. – The Rouge revolutionized the world's manufacturing capabilities, but it also revolutionized labor rights.
Detroit is known most as the city who has popularized the automobile. In 1998, when this special aired, little of that history still stood. Dodge Main had already been leveled replaced by GM's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly and Clark Street Assembly was in the process of transforming into the Clark Street Technology Park.
Ford Rouge River Complex still stood. The only thing that could be more iconic than the automobiles that came off the assembly line were the Detroit icons that have graced its floors; Joe Lewis, Henry Ford, Albert Kahn, Coleman Young, all had put time in at the historic factory.
Innovation and early growth
In the early 1900's, Ford Motor Company's $5-a day salary helped realize the American dream for thousands of people. Italians escaping the growing fascist power of Benito Mussolini, Russian fleeing czars, Southern blacks seeking equality; different people separated by languages and cultures, working together for a better life for themselves and their families.
Detroit was a city whose growth seemed endless. With new jobs being created every day, it became a sanctuary for people across the world to create a better life.
"My father had left Italy under threat of death" Paul Boatin said of his family's reason for coming to Detroit. Born Pio Athena, Boatin had changed his name to something he felt would make it easier for him to assimilate in his new country. "Italian workers with large families, Polish workers with large families; Ford liked large families."
"We were happy!" Italian immigrant Guido Valli said "We were amazed at the way people lived in this country."
Cathedral of Industry
The very first automotive plant to introduce assembly line manufacturing was the Highland Park Ford Plant in 1913. This new method cut production times down to almost 90 minutes, and the price of the finished product in half. Over 15 million Model Ts were built in the plant over 14 years. Inspired by its success, Ford imagined a factory that could produce every part of an automobile.
The Ford River Rouge Complex started construction in 1917 and would build Eagle Boats, anti-submarine patrol boats that the US Navy used in World War I.
The plant was built from the ground up with the goal to have every step of the manufacturing done in-house. On completion, it had successfully met that goal and was the only factory on the planet that could turn raw materials into a car.
After dwindling sales, Model T assembly came to an end in the spring of 1927, shifting Ford's production from Highland Park to new Rouge plant.
The most significant public monument in America
The public's enthusiasm for the state-of-the-art plant was taking the planet by storm. It was a unifying element that spread over every neighborhood in Metro Detroit. Everyone who wanted to work in Detroit wanted to work at the Rouge.
"What they did was line up at two o'clock in the morning --in the winter time-- when word went out that they were hiring," said former Union Auto Worker leader Doug Fraser "Thousands of workers used to line up."
The parking lots and streets flooded with hopeful workers, which became a bonding experience for the hopefuls.
"We didn't feel alone anymore!"
In 1926, Ford Motor Company had employed 10,000 black workers at the Rouge, more than any other car manufacturer combined.
"Blacks came in from the South looking to the industrial north" Rudy Nelson said "Looking for great opportunities."
Nelson's father was a World War I veteran who brought his family from North Carolina to Michigan in search of a more welcoming space. Ford eagerly welcomed them in, promoting Inkster for his people of color workers.
"Ford said he was going to build up Inkster and he did!" said Dave Moore. "He built new homes".
NAACP praised the Ford Motor Company's hiring policies, the Rouge being a model of integration.
Detroit's growing minority population had pushed it to become the fourth largest city in the country. It was a time of prosperity for Detroit, filled with what appeared to be unlimited opportunity.
"The Model A introduction was a phenomenon"
The first car to roll off the assembly line at the Rouge was the new Model-A. The introduction of this new car was a national celebration, making the factory become a famous landmark in its own right. When tourists visited American for the first time, the Rouge was something they wanted to get a glimpse at.
Ford's iconic stature continued to grow. On Oct. 21, 1929, Ford's Greenfield village was dedicated in an elaborate ceremony that included the current president Herbert Hoover and famous Port Huron inventor, Thomas Edison. Things were looking up, but that wasn't for long.
"Hunger made no distinction on nationality or color"
It took over a year for The Great Depression to hit Detroit, and by 1931, automobile production had dropped to a third of what it once was. Thousands of children stood in bread lines. Workers at the Rouge were literally selling their jobs.
"You'd go down there and pay them different prices, $25, $50." said Walter Warren "They'd give you a letter and the Rouge would honor it."
Slums began to populate the city. Ford naively believed that by ignoring the Great Depression, the country could power through it by continuing to work hard. Laborers were losing patience.
The Ford Hunger March
Seventy five percent of the Rouge workers were out of work. With plummeting sales, Ford attempted to turn things around his own way, lending the city of Detroit $5 million and opening soup kitchens in Dearborn and Inkster. The food wasn't free, however, as the citizens were made to pay the debt back when they were employed again. Tempers continued to grow.
On March 7, 1932. an estimated 3,000 gathered on the Ford Street bridge with a list of demands to present directly to Ford. They weren't given the chance to speak their case, as police and Ford security opened fire unprovoked. The demonstrators were pelted with teargas and occasional gunfire.
"They couldn't be human," said Warren "to shoot men, women, and children down like flies."
Dozens were injured and five were killed in the demonstration, including 16-year-old Joe Bussell. Sixty protestors were arrested, some being chained to their hospital beds.
Five days after the shootings, a funeral procession drove down Woodward Avenue. Thirty thousand people gathered to express their sympathy and outrage for event.
"All this talk of foreign agitators came to nothing!" said Boatin. "It was local people, people of Detroit!"
In 1932, DIA director Wilhelm Valentiner invited Mexican artist Diego Rivera to Detroit. There, he was commissioned by Edsel Ford to create a mural that captured the industrial heart of the city. Rivera set his sights on the Rouge.
"He was fascinated by power and the strength and the design of the machines." said Linda Downs, a Rivera expert "He was so taken by the whole Rouge complex in Dearborn and Edsel Ford opened it up for him."
Rivera started on the mural in July 1932, immediately drawing attraction from the workers and newspapers. His work reflected a diverse community of many nationalities, body types, ages; all working together. Upon completing "Detroit Industry" in 1933, controversies arose, as some viewed the work as having communist and sacrilegious themes. The City Council threatened to paint over the paintings, but was ultimately overruled by Edsel Ford, who had stated the murals would stand as is.
The economy started to grow again and Rouge's production grew with it. People were being hired again. However, new workers were given unrealistic production quotas that they were required to meet under threat of being replaced.
Spies were placed inside the workforce by Ford Motor Company's head of security, Henry Bennett. The Ford Service Department was the largest private security on the planet, hiring from local gangs and Michigan prisons. The spies were tasked with keeping a look out for any potential future labor disputes or talk of unionizing. Well dressed servicemen overseeing workers had even appeared in Rivera's "Detroit Industry".
Battle of the Overpass
In 1937, after a series of strikes in Flint and Detroit, the workers had won the right to unionize. Henry Ford could not ignore the victories, saying "Labor organizers are the worst thing that have ever struck the Earth".
He continued to naively believe that his workers didn't need unions and that they were paid fairly. Desperately, Ford decided to go down an illegal path to stop union growth.
Union leader Walter Reuther, with several union organizers, and a Detroit News photographer, went to the Rouge plant to hand out pamphlets. The Ford Service Department confronted the men with violence, outnumbering them several times over. They failed to destroy the camera's photographic plates, although they tried. Once the photos were developed and published, the public's perception of Ford Motor Company's work practices began to sour.
The fifty thousand worker strike
On Sept. 6, 1937, Ford workers marched in the Labor Day parade for the first time in 20 years. Many wore masks to hide their identities, fearing consequences from their employer.
After a series of conflicts, the Rouge workers went on strike again in 1941. Fifty thousand workers walked off the plant, forming one of history's earliest picket-lines, using their numbers to blockade the plant --boats, cars, and people could not get in. After a rocky start, the workers stood their ground together. The workforce showed the spectrum of American diversity, unable to be manipulated against each other for any of their differences.
After 11 days of violent clashes with Ford Servicemen, it was Ford's own wife, Clara, who finally swayed his opinion on the situation. He agreed to sign an agreement with the union representatives, bringing worker's rights into the Rouge.
Later that year, many of the workers who had successful fought for their coworkers would travel overseas to successfully fight for their country in World War II.
Sign up for ClickOnDetroit Email Newsletters (click here) for more stories like this.
Copyright 2017 by WDIV ClickOnDetroit - All rights reserved.
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Next week, legislators will debate whether or not to add mountain lions to the list of animals that can be legally trapped in the state. Newcastle Representative Hans Hunt is one of the bill’s sponsors. He says sportsmen and ranchers complain that mountain lions are hurting mule deer populations.
“The incidence of predator kills on deer populations in certain parts of the state has to be evidence enough that their population is certainly increasing and at a rate that’s cause for concern,” Hunt says.
A researcher studying the social behaviors of mountain lions will present his findings on Thursday, June 18, in the first of a series of summer talks co-sponsored by the University of Wyoming and the National Parks.
Mark Elbroch is a wildlife biologist with Panthera, a conservation group studying big cats and their habitats. He says new technology like GPS collars and remote video cameras have given him unprecedented access to the lives of mountain lions.
For years, no one could figure out why birds of prey were turning up with extremely high levels of lead poisoning. The issue made headlines when the newly reintroduced condor in California began dying off from lead exposure. Craighead Beringia South is a group of wildlife researchers in Kelly, Wyoming who were among the scientists who started studying the problem in other species, back in the early 2000’s.
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Die Europäischen Revolutionen
While serving as an officer before Verdun in 1917, Rosenstock-Huessy had a great vision of the unity over time of the separate histories of Europe’s peoples: that every European nation had developed its distinguishing characteristics in a great revolutionary upheaval like the World War, and that the upheavals which molded the spiritual and cultural outlook of the separate nations were part of a single, vast process. He saw the unity of a millennium of connected revolutions running from 1076, when the Pope declared the church’s independence from the Holy Roman Emperor (beginning the tradition of separating church and state) to the “marriage of war and revolution” he saw before his eyes in 1917. He saw the Russian Revolution as an overture to the two World Wars which, taken together as a single historical event, did what Communism could not do–create a global society in which the peoples of the world became dependent on one another. For a further description of the ideas, see Out of Revolution.
Die Europäischen Revolutionen is the book on which Out of Revolution was based, but the English-language edition is not a translation. With the help of American friends, Rosenstock-Huessy re-wrote the book for Americans, reversing the order of its chapters to make recent history the point of entry to the sequence of revolutions that forged Europe. This German original is chronologically organized and has quite a different text.
Paperback, 584 pages.
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By Ian Nelson
Morgan County Emergency Services Director
In speaking with members of the community over my two years as the Emergency Services Director for Morgan County, I have noticed that many in the community are not aware of how the Fire and EMS Department is organized or how it is operated. I was approached by The Morgan County News and asked if I would like the opportunity to share with the community exactly how we operate.
The Morgan County Fire & Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Department is a volunteer organization. What this means is that all the firefighters and Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) are volunteers. Our neighbors in the Mountain Green Fire District are also volunteers. The fire stations are not staffed, so all the volunteers carry pagers. When 911 is called, the firefighters and EMTs respond to the station to get either the fire engine or ambulance and then respond to the call for help. In 2017 we responded to just over 500 calls in the county.
So, who are these firefighters and EMTs? They could be your friends, neighbors, family members, or they might be a stranger. What they all have in common is that they are members of your community who volunteer. When an alarm comes in, these volunteers drop what they are doing and respond to those in need. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a volunteer as “a person who voluntarily undertakes or expresses a willingness to undertake a service,” and this truly is service.
It is not as easy to be a volunteer firefighter or EMT as it might be to volunteer in other areas of the community. Volunteers are needed everywhere and in every community, but firefighter and EMS takes special training. I’ll explain what I mean.
To volunteer as an EMT, you must be state certified. There are various levels of certification in EMS. At a minimum to work on an ambulance you must be an EMT-Basic. Becoming an EMT-Basic requires 120 hours of training and can cost around $800.
In Morgan County we provide an Advanced-EMT service. To become an Advanced-EMT requires an additional 120 hours of training and around another $900. Morgan County currently does not have paramedics, as this training is 1,200 hours or more and costs around $6,000. Each of these levels must now pass a written and skills test with the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians. This is not an easy test, as there is a nationwide 75 percent fail rate on the first attempt.
The EMTs are also all required by the state to be certified in Advanced Cardiac Life Support, Pediatric Advanced Life Support, and CPR through the American Heart Association. These are required to be recertified every two years. Each of these courses is 16 hours long.
In addition to this initial training, all EMTs are required to attended 108 hours of continuing medical education (CME) each year to maintain their certification and of course, there are also state recertification fees in excess of $100.
The majority of the EMTs in Morgan are at the Advanced level. The ambulance operates on a three-shift schedule. The shifts are day, night, and weekend.
Day is Monday-Friday 6 a.m. – 6 p.m.
Night is Sunday-Thursday 6 p.m. – 6 a.m.
Weekend is Friday 6 p.m. – Sunday 6 p.m.
During those times, there are four people scheduled. There is at least one Advanced-EMT scheduled at all times, two other EMTs, and what we call the stand-by person. The three EMTs respond to the call and the stand-by person calls all of the other EMTs and puts together a second crew just in case a second call comes in. This will repeat if a third call comes in and another crew is needed. There are several times a year where all three of our ambulances are called out at the same time.
The EMTs are paid a small amount. The three EMTs on-call get $1.50/hour to be on-call, and if they respond to a call, they are paid $12-16/hour depending on certification level. As you can see, it is not a large amount and the EMTs typically spend this on uniforms and training.
The firefighters also carry pagers, but they are not scheduled and so do not receive the $1.50/hour on-call pay. However, they do receive the $12-16/hour while on a call. Whenever a fire call comes in, whoever is available to respond does so. Sometimes that is one firefighter.
The firefighters are also required to be state certified. In order to volunteer as a firefighter, you must have Fire I, Fire II, Hazmat Awareness, Hazmat Operations and, in Morgan County, they must also get certified as a Wildland Firefighter.
All together this training is approximately 272 hours of classroom and skills. Each firefighter must also pass a state written and skills examination. In addition to the initial training, firefighters are required to have 36 hours of continued fire education (CFE) each year, a wildland firefighting refresher course, and a wildland physical fitness test each year. In total the fire training from the state costs $2,500 at a minimum.
We are always looking for volunteers and welcome anyone. We have worked with the Utah Fire & Rescue Academy and will be holding a Wildland firefighter course in February at no cost. In May we will be holding a fire academy. Graduates of that academy will finish with Fire I & II and Hazmat Awareness & Operations. This will be delivered only at the cost of books if those taking the course are Morgan County or Mountain Green Fire volunteers.
We also recently finished an in-house EMT course. Because it was in house and the instructors donated their time, we were able to deliver the course for cost of books and testing fees.
You do not need to be certified to begin volunteering. Please see the information below and come and visit us!
The Morgan County Fire Department Station 121 is looking for residents interested in working as structural and wildland fire fighters as well as emergency medical technicians (EMTs).
Any person 18 years or older, of good moral character, in good health and meeting statutory requirements may apply for active membership within the Morgan Fire and EMS department. Active members must reside within the boundaries of Morgan County, or as approved by the fire chief. Training will be provided and classes start in February.
To apply, contact Ian Nelson at (801) 845-4048 or [email protected].
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This spring marks two new beginnings for UCAR's Global Change Instruction Program: a new NSF grant to expand its series of innovative teaching materials and a contract with University Science Books of Mill Valley, California, for commercial publication of the materials.
The GCIP materials are in the form of printed modules, some accompanied by computer software, on selected aspects of the broad topic of global change. They are written by experts in the respective fields for undergraduate nonscience majors. Eight modules, produced in Phase 1 of the project, are already being used by faculty around the country; the new grant provides $266,505 over the next two years to produce six more modules and a videotape. Climatologist Tom Wigley of NCAR and the UCAR Walter Orr Roberts Institute is principal investigator for Phase 2; Lucy Warner and Louise Carroll, both of UCAR Communications, are co-PIs.
The GCIP Advisory Committee met in late November 1994 to select the six new topics and authors. They are
Energy Use by Humans, Arthur Few, Rice University
Ozone Depletion, Margaret Tolbert, University of Colorado and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; and Ann Middlebrook, NOAA
Biogeochemical Cycles, Fred Mackenzie, University of Hawaii
The Carbon Cycle, Elizabeth Sulzman, NCAR
International Environmental Law and Policy, Armin Rosencranz, Pacific Environment and Resources Center
Changes in Weather Associated with Climate Change, Kevin Trenberth, NCAR, et al.
The videotape, a brief introduction to the use of computer modeling in understanding and predicting climate change, will feature some of the colorful and instructive animations that scientists have generated on NCAR supercomputers in the course of their research. The animations show, for example, ocean circulation patterns associated with El Niño, seasonal variations in sea ice cover, and changes in vegetation as a result of increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The video will include explanations by some of the scientists working with the models and will compare simulations based on actual observational data with those generated by mathematical models.
Phase 2 will also undertake classroom evaluations of the modules. Carroll is coordinating this part of the program and has been recruiting "test campuses" to participate. A preliminary list of those that will be involved includes Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania; Clark Atlanta University and Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia; Michigan Technological University, Houghton; Navajo Community College, Shiprock, New Mexico; Umpqua Community College, Roseburg, Oregon; University of Alaska at Fairbanks; University of Colorado at Boulder; University of Hawaii at Manoa; the University of Iowa, Iowa City; and a cooperative effort between the University of Washington and Seattle Central Community College.
A group of scientists headed by John Firor of NCAR and John Winchester of Florida State University started the GCIP in 1989. The number of college courses on global change, environmental science, and related subjects was growing rapidly and there was a desperate need for curricular materials to teach them, especially for nonscience majors. Global change is a complicated interdisciplinary subject and the unique approach of the GCIP is to break it down into more manageable subtopics that can be taught in a week to a month of classroom time. This means the materials can be used in traditional disciplinary science classes--earth sciences, biology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, meteorology, and the social sciences--as well as in broader courses on environmental science or global change. The modules are intended for students who may not have much background in mathematics or science but whose curiosity is aroused by concern for the environment.
The modules produced so far have found widespread use by more than 200 professors at 90 institutions, and one, on system modeling by Arthur Few, received a 1993 EDUCOM award for curriculum innovation. An informal survey in the spring of 1993 found that the modules are actually being put to even wider use than anticipated. Though aimed at undergraduates, they are being used in classes from high school through graduate school and by science and engineering majors as well as nonscientists. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of global change and the fact that scientific training has become increasingly specialized, courses in the subject are often taught by instructors with a narrower disciplinary background. In fact, the survey revealed that 64% of respondents were using the GCIP modules for their own background information as well as for classroom instruction.
A GCIP home page for the World Wide Web is under construction and will be linked to the UCAR home page. It will contain more details on current and planned modules and the complete results of the 1993 survey of modules users. The survey materials include textbooks being used, disciplinary backgrounds of professors teaching global change, and an inventory of colleges and universities offering global change courses. For further information on the project, contact Lucy Warner ([email protected]; 303-497-8602). If you are teaching a course that might use the modules and would like to participate as a test campus, please contact Louise Carroll ([email protected]; 303-497-8611).
Arthur Few, Rice University
John Firor, NCAR
William Moomaw, Tufts University
Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Ohio State University
Jack Rhoton, East Tennessee State University
John Snow, University of Oklahoma
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U of I Professor Studies Correlation Between Education and Video Games
by Briana Collins, ABC Newschannel 20 / Sep 18, 2019
Video games and science usually don’t mix, but, associate professor of Educational Psychology Chad Lane disagrees.
“A lot of modern games are actually connected in deep ways to science, technology, engineering and math," Lane said.
And he should know--he's studied kids playing games for years now. He started studying his own son playing Minecraft.
“I found myself really compelled by what he was doing,” Lane said. “Building fantastic machines, exploring different sorts of maps and worlds and interacting with creatures and building buildings he could never do in the real world.”
That inspired Lane to start doing some projects and surveys to look at what certain kids played and why.
“We want to put some science behind it,” he said. “Some educational research that actually answers what happens when kids play those games.”
It’s now evolved into something bigger.
With the help of two research assistants, Lane is working on two projects. One where kids focus on ‘What if the Earth was different?’ The other, children developing solutions to real-world problems like flooding, both using Minecraft.
“Minecraft in particular is one that we have found some really profound connections to the real world and to education,” said Lane.
Read the full story from ABC Newschannel 20.
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With the majority of your weight being transmitted through your ankles when you walk, all it takes is some uneven ground and a lack of concentration and you have the recipe for an ankle sprain. As physiotherapists we see numerous ankle sprains each year, ranging from sporting injuries to high heeled dancing disasters!
WHAT IS AN ANKLE SPRAIN?
The bones in your ankle are held together by ligaments. The most common ligament injured is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) which is located on the outside of the ankle.
The reason for this is that around 80% of all ankle sprains involve the foot being twisted inwards and the ankle rolling over towards the little toe, therefore stretching the lateral ligaments.
Ankle ligament sprains are graded as follows depending on their severity:
Grade 1- Mild damage to a ligament without instability of the ankle joint
Grade 2- Partial tearing of the ligament, making it loose and having some effect of ankle stability
Grade 3- A complete tear of the ligament causing instability of the ankle joint
Advice for the Initial Management after an Ankle Sprain
The two acronyms that you need to remember are RICE and do no HARM.
Rest from any activity
Ice your ankle for 20 minutes every 2 hours for the first 48-72 hours after injury
Compression wrap or elasticated bandage should be applied to the area after in between using the ice but make sure that you remove this at night
Elevate your ankle above the level of your hip
Do no HARM
HOW CAN PHYSIOTHERAPY HELP WITH YOUR ANKLE INJURY?
Our expert physiotherapists will carry out an in depth examination of your ankle to make sure that there is no other damage either to the bones of other soft tissues. We will be able to advise you if we feel any further investigations such as an X-ray are indicated.
The most important initial aim after sustaining an ankle sprain is to recover your full range of movement and this may include a combination of stretching exercises and gentle manual therapy. We will be able to advise you about the use of ongoing ice or elevation and how to modify your activities depending on the severity of your sprain. As time progresses we will work with you to strengthen your ankle up again and improve your balance and agility so that you can return to your normal sports or activities. This is important as there is a high risk of re-injury after an ankle sprain which is greatly reduced by participating in a progressive, structured rehabilitation programme. Other techniques may be used such as taping your ankle to facilitate muscle recovery or improve your stability.
Our Chartered Physiotherapists are here to promote your recovery, so if you have sustained an ankle injury recently or one that is not recovering then call us today on 01202 725090 or book your appointment online.
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- By Liza Torborg
Mayo Clinic Q and A: Bone marrow transplants save lives — more donors are needed
DEAR MAYO CLINIC: Who can be a bone marrow donor? What's the process for becoming one?
ANSWER: In general, anyone between the ages of 18 and 60 who's in good health can be a bone marrow donor. To be considered, all you need to do is join the national registry of potential donors.
People who need a bone marrow transplant often have blood disorders or diseases that affect bone marrow function, such as leukemia, lymphoma or aplastic anemia. A transplant becomes necessary for these people when their bone marrow cannot make enough healthy blood cells, or when the bone marrow has been invaded by a blood cancer.
Although the procedure is called a bone marrow transplant, it's actually the blood-forming stem cells within bone marrow that benefit the transplant recipient. Bone marrow stem cells can develop into different things: red blood cells that carry oxygen to the body, platelets that help blood clot, or white blood cells that help fight infection.
An ideal bone marrow donor should be HLA-matched to the transplant recipient. HLA stands for human leukocyte antigens — markers on the surface of the cells in the body. The immune system uses these markers to recognize which cells belong in the body and which do not. A test is performed to identify eight of these markers. To match, all eight of those HLAs in the donor need to be identical to those of the recipient.
Siblings usually are tested first as potential donors. If no sibling matches, then the care team turns to the registry run by the National Marrow Donor Program — a federally funded nonprofit that keeps a database of volunteers willing to donate. To join, go to Be the Match and follow the instructions. Once you register on the website, you're sent a kit that you can use to collect cell samples from inside your cheek. After you do that, you send the kit back. There's nothing else you need to do unless you're identified as a potential match.
If you're selected as a donor from the registry, you receive a phone call asking if you're willing to come to a transplant center for evaluation. That evaluation involves a review of your medical history, a physical exam and blood tests. If you are approved to donate based on the evaluation, the transplant goes forward.
In most cases, stem cells for a transplant are collected from blood. For that procedure, first you receive an injection of a medication that stimulates your bone marrow to produce a large supply of extra stem cells. Several days later, stem cells are collected from your blood. Blood is removed from one of your arms and circulated through a machine that separates out the stem cells. After that, the blood is returned to your body through your other arm.
Less common is a procedure where stem cells are collected directly from bone marrow. That's more complex because it's done in an operating room and requires a short hospital stay. The donor is given general anesthesia, and needles are inserted through the skin, into the bone to draw the marrow out. The procedure usually lasts one to two hours, and most donors go home the same day. Full recovery takes about two to three days.
Becoming a bone marrow donor is a selfless act of generosity. Currently, about 5,000 bone marrow transplants are done in the U.S. each year. That's far below the number of people who could benefit from these transplants if a donor could be found for all of them. The more people who register as potential bone marrow donors, the better the chances of finding a suitable donor for all those in need. Please consider signing up at Be the Match today. — Dr. Ernesto Ayala, Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
- In the Loop: Aja Fisher — leukemia patient and bone marrow registry diversity advocate published 8/20/19
- Mayo Clinic Minute: Why bone marrow donor diversity is needed published 7/10/19
- The growing need for bone marrow donors published 7/8/19
- Infographic: Bone marrow donor diversity published 1/23/19
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Scare away food waste this Halloween
Every Halloween 15 million pumpkins are binned, enough to make a bowl of soup for everyone in Britain. Sofia Parente, Veg Cities Campaigns Coordinator at Sustain invites us to carve out new habits.
Halloween is upon us and to celebrate this autumn holiday millions of people across the UK will be purchasing pumpkins to carve jack-o'-lanterns. The older generations amongst us might remember hacking out swedes and turnips to create creepy looking candlelit creatures. The pumpkin tradition more common today is a more recent import from the US but unfortunately we didn’t import their love of pumpkin pie. Most of the carvings and insides, not to mention the carved pumpkins themselves end up in the bin with other household waste.
A GRAVE AMOUNT
Pumpkins aren’t our only problem. Food waste is a national tragedy. Estimates by waste charity WRAP put food waste at around 10 million tonnes, one quarter of all food purchased, worth over £20 billion a year. Food waste has obvious implications for climate change but when we throw food in the bin, we are also effectively throwing away all the energy, labour, water and natural resources that went into making that food in the first place.
Charity Hubbub is at the forefront of challenging this ghostly amount of food waste at Halloween. Their pumpkin rescue campaign attempts to reduce the monstrous 18,000 tonnes (estimated) that go to landfill every year. Now in its fifth year, the campaign creatively encourages people to think about the food they throw away and invites organisations to host entertaining, affordable and accessible events.
If you’re as shocked as we are at the horror of 15 million edible pumpkins rotting away in landfill then join the campaign and host your own Pumpkin Rescue party. It could be anything from a city-wide festival of events, to bringing family and friends together for a dinner to make use of your allotment pumpkins or veg-box squashes, to sharing recipes and content on social media under #PumpkinRescue. Last year there were 44 events across the UK, ranging from food stalls to cookery demos, children’s workshops to carving competitions and even composting sessions. So if you’re not the party planning type then check the Hubbub event listing to see what’s happening near you.
You can rescue your own pumpkins from the fright of the food waste pile by making sure you eat or freeze the carvings. Roasted pumpkin seeds make for a scrumptious snack and the gooey guts make a great base for broths and even mulled wine. You can eat your carved pumpkins if they haven’t stayed outside overnight, otherwise pop them in the compost so the nutrients can be returned to the soil. If can’t compost at home, ask your neighbour or have a look on your local council website for your nearest composting site.
GOULISH GOURDS AND SUPERSTITOUS SQUASHES
We’re lucky to have so many different varieties of pumpkins, gourds and winter squashes here in the UK. Celebrate the diversity and the Pumpkin Rescue is the perfect opportunity to celebrate the different heirloom varieties. Also, if you’re a grower, think about celebrating our agricultural heritage by taking on the humble pumpkin on your plot for next year’s Halloween celebrations. Despite a short season pumpkins grow quickly as seedlings planted in June are ready for harvesting in October and they both look and taste heavenly despite their underworld associations. For this year, here’s a recipe by Mark Breen of Seasonal Kitchen.
PUMPKIN AND COCONUT CAKE
If you're carving a jack-o'-lantern this Halloween, save the flesh and use it to make this delicious pumpkin and coconut cake. Pre-heat oven to 180°C, before mixing the pumpkin with oil and maple syrup. Add the flour, baking powder and cinnamon to the mix and combine well, pop in any additonal ingredients at this point. Once combined add your mixture to a greased and lined loaf tin abd bake for 15 minutes, before checking, if the loaf cake is browning cover with foil. Then bake for another 15 minutes (approximately) and allow to cool a little before taking the first slice.
Top Tip: It's delicious freshly baked but even yummier when it goes gooey the next day
225g self-raising flour
2 heaped teaspoons baking powder
100g apple syrup
3 teaspoons cinnamon or mixed spice
300g pumpkin puree
75g coconut oil
50g desiccated coconut
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According to the latest projections, sea level in the Humboldt Bay area will rise 1 foot by 2030, 2 feet by 2050, and 3 feet by 2060. The primary impacts from sea level rise are increases in flooding and erosion. Sea level rise will expand the area vulnerable to flooding during major storms, as well as in the rare but catastrophic event of a major tsunami.
The term 100-year flood is used as a standard for planning, insurance, and environmental analysis. People, infrastructure, and property are already located in areas vulnerable to flooding from a 100-year event. Sea level rise will cause more frequent—and more damaging—floods to those already at risk and will increase the size of the coastal floodplain, placing new areas at risk to flooding.
As scientists throughout the world describe the mounting impacts from climate change and the accelerating timeline in which they’re expected, KEET sits down with three local experts to discuss what Humboldt County can expect in the decades ahead. The county, these officials warn, will be among the worst hit in the state.
Tune in to this week's Podship Earth, hosted by Jared Blumenfeld, California Secretary for Environmental Protection, and Sara Aminzadeh, California Coastal Commissioner and former Executive Director of the California Coastkeeper Alliance.
Baykeeper's Jen Kalt talks about the Humboldt Bay area, which is experiencing twice the rate of sea level rise as the state average.
Staff members of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission — at least those well-spoken gentlemen who hosted a public meeting on Aug. 26 at the Wharfinger Building — would assure you that the nuclear waste should be very far down on that worry list. But some members of the public would tell you otherwise. That clash of viewpoints made for a very interesting two hours.
The original purpose of the meeting was to satisfy some pro forma requirement for public interaction, a necessary task to check a box on a bureaucratic to-do list. However, not a half hour in, some very concerned folks had seized control of the agenda and were letting the NRC and the PG&E public relations officer know exactly what they thought — and feared — about the legacy of Humboldt's experiment with nuclear energy.
In the 1950s, atomic energy was touted as the solution to all America's energy needs. In 1960, PG&E began construction of a nuclear power plant next to its existing conventional power plant at King Salmon. It went on line in 1962 at a cost of $33 million. Fifteen years later, PG&E took the plant off line, estimating at that time the cost of decommissioning would be $382 million. Fortunately, rate-payers had been contributing to this fund each month as we paid our monthly power bills. Apparently, we will continue to be paying for quite some time, as the final cost of decommissioning is now estimated at more than $1 billion.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission called a meeting in Eureka this week to collect community input about the Community Advisory Board’s (CAB) efforts to assist with the Humboldt Bay Power Plant’s decommissioning. CABs typically consist of an organized group of citizens interested in safe decommissioning practices and spent fuel management, and are usually sponsored by the local licensee or mandated by the state legislature. Responsibilities may include reviewing decommissioning plans, providing feedback, serving as a forum for public education, making recommendations and considering plans for future reuse of the site.
Ultimately, after similar meetings across the country, the NRC will create a report for Congress to guide the development of future community advisory boards. Community members generally praised PG&E’s engagement, but called for better education of board members. “Any future CAB should have an educational framework,” longtime Humboldt Bay CAB member Mike Manetas said. “It’s such a complex and complicated issue.”
Jen Kalt of Humboldt Baykeeper, CAB member since 2013 and longtime Surfrider ally, sent an email blast out prior to the meeting, noting that the underground casks containing the spent fuel rods and dismantled nuclear reactor were designed to last about 50 years, and the PG&E Decommissioning Fund is only funded through 2025.
“What will happen after that?” Kalt asked. “What are the NRC's plans in case of an emergency?” At the meeting, she highlighted the risks posed by sea level rise, relaying how planners ignored the North Spit tidal gauge measurements when building the storage facility that would house the spent fuel. The readings spun so far above expectations that researchers assumed the gauge was wrong – and then further studies proved the opposite. Not only is the sea rising, but the lands around Humboldt Bay are sinking. “King Salmon is literally ground zero,” Kalt said.
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Called the Venice of the North, Bruges or Brugge is a wonderful city near the Belgian coast, crossed by a maze of navigable canals that wind through fascinating Gothic architecture. Bruges, the capital of West Flanders, is simply fairy-tale: the historic center, included by UNESCO in the list of World Heritage Sites, is surrounded by an oval moat that follows the route of the ancient and now disappeared medieval fortifications and is a whirlwind of picturesque cobbled streets that connect charming squares dominated by historic churches and ancient buildings with stepped gables. One of the most famous areas of Bruges is undoubtedly the Beghinage. This name refers to a complex of picturesque buildings once inhabited by the beghine, fraternities of lay women. These women, widowed after the Crusades and fearing for their safety, used to gather in beghinages. These are lay sisterhoods that respect the Catholic values of obedience and chastity, but that nevertheless allow the women who belong to them to maintain control over their own patrimony. The beghinage of Bruges, consisting of thirty white houses, was founded in 1245 by Margaret of Constantinople, Countess of Flanders. The Beguines are no longer there since 1928, in their place today live Benedictine nuns. Inside the beghinage, in addition to the houses, there is a church and a courtyard. Of the 1500 Beguines who lived in Belgium until a century ago, only one remains today, in Kortrijk.
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Interpreter vs Translator
The words interpreter and translator might look alike at the outset, but there is certainly a difference between interpreter and translator. There is a difference in their concepts. However, before analyzing the difference between interpreter and translator, let us look at what each of these words means and their characteristics. Both interpreter and translator are nouns. Translator is the noun form of the verb ‘translate’ while interpreter is the noun form of the verb ‘interpret’. One of the most important differences between an interpreter and a translator is that an interpreter translates spoken words whereas a translator translates written words.
Who is a Translator?
The Oxford English dictionary says that a translator is “A person who translates from one language into another, especially as a profession.” A translator must be equipped with great linguistic skills. He is supposed to have a sound knowledge of grammar and he should be in a position to express the thoughts presented in the language that he would translate very well. The job of a translator does not require special skills since he would work into his native language most of the time. A translator has all the time in the world to translate written words. He enjoys the luxury of referring to books, grammar texts and research works.
Who is an Interpreter?
The Oxford English dictionary says that an interpreter is “A person who interprets, especially one who translates speech orally or into sign language.” An interpreter has to translate the spoken words on the basis of whatever grammatical knowledge he has of the language from which he interprets and his interpretation is based on the expertise of the subject. This makes the job of an interpreter more challenging. On the contrary to the job of a translator, the job of an interpreter requires special skill in the sense that he has to do the interpretation orally and on the spot most of the time.
What is the difference between Interpreter and Translator?
The job of translation is more expressive in purpose whereas the job of interpretation is more conveying in purpose. In other words, it can be said that a translator does his best to express the thoughts of the original writer into another language, whereas an interpreter does his best to convey the message of the speaker into another language.
• A translator translates written documents. An interpreter translates spoken words.
• Since a translator is concerned with writing, he should have a sound knowledge in the target language (the language to which he translates).
• An interpreter has more challenging job as he has to do that on the spot.
• A translator enjoys the freedom of perusing other sources if a problem occurs. An interpreter does not have such freedom, but has to translate with what knowledge is stored in his mind.
Though the duty of a translator appears to be easier than an interpreter’s that does not lessen the responsibility a translator has for his translation. The responsibility is equal for the both the interpreter and the translator.
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With at least three million people in the United States in interracial marriages, racially mixed marriage is no longer a rarity. And with one degree of separation -- all the family members of these couples -- it touches many millions more. Allowing a second degree of separation -- friends, coworkers, acquaintances -- intermarriage likely affects most people in this country. Younger people, on average, are far more open to intermarriage than those who grew up in an era of segregation. This trend is a major gain for tolerance and pluralism in America, and families that successfully navigate the challenge of interracial marriage often become more open generally. But large pockets of discrimination continue to exist.
Earlier in this century, segregationists expressed concern that civil rights would ultimately lead to greater acceptance of intermarriage. And in a sense, they were right. With more interracial contact has come less fear and more acceptance of the racial "other," and the ultimate form of acceptance is personal love and the marriage bond.
A 1997 Gallup poll found the highest approval rating of interracial marriage ever by both black (77 percent) and white (61 percent) Americans. The National Opinion Research Center (NORC) also has found increased acceptance. By 1994, when people were asked, "Would you favor a law against racial intermarriage?" 84.9 percent of 1,626 white Americans answered in the negative. Even more black Americans -- 96.8 percent of the 258 polled -- also answered no.
Nevertheless, interracial marriage can create deep conflict within families. Opposition reflects not just bigotry. It can reflect fears about loss of valued traditions, and concerns that children and grandchildren will suffer society's lingering prejudice. A NORC poll in 1990 asked Jews, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics how they would feel about a close relative marrying someone from outside their racial or ethnic group. Blacks were most strongly opposed, with 57.5 percent of 1,362 respondents against it; next came Asian Americans at 42.4 percent; then Hispanic Americans at 40.4 percent. Jews were the least opposed, at 16.3 percent, but also had the largest response neither favoring nor opposing intermarriage of a closer relative (63.1 percent). Just over 46 percent of Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans were neutral on the question. These data show that despite the increasing acceptance of intermarriage in this country, people are not necessarily pleased when it becomes personal. Families remain highly protective of their most significant "product": future generations.
In their book Multiracial Couples: Black and White Voices, Paul C. Rosenblatt, Terry A. Karis, and Richard D. Powell suggest that disowning interracially married family members may be a way of disowning racially different in-laws. Through denouncement, families attempt to avoid possible contamination by an undesirable status or stigma. The NORC data and my own interviews indicate that people of all races sometimes fear contamination, though for different reasons. Whites may fear loss of privileged status for their children and grandchildren, while people of color may fear loss of cultural identity.
If the couple has children, as most couples do, the children have a blood tie to both clans, which strengthens -- and complicates -- the links immeasurably. Parents who resisted the intermarriage of a child may soften their opposition when grandchildren come. Or their resentment may harden because of the embarrassment of a blood relation who is a mixed-race child. Late marriages (those that occur past child-bearing age) may receive less opposition for this reason.
My attempts to answer the question "What differentiates those families who can welcome someone racially different from those families who cannot?" led me to think about families as open or closed systems of relationships. Open families most resemble an individualistic society in which interdependence is maintained and intermarriage is acceptable. Families that I term "pseudo-open" may encourage interracial or interethnic friendships and be fine with interracial dating, but they oppose interracial marriage. Other families are "pseudo-closed"; they are sometimes able to grow over time to greater acceptance of an interracial marriage -- but this often takes years, and sometimes the birth or death of a family member. Closed systems typically correspond with monarchical family models, show less tolerance of individual deviation, and see race as a critical piece of the image or product and property of the family.
The hallmark of closed families is the rigidity of rules maintaining distance between "us" and "them." These families, while seemingly democratic in times of peace and harmony, tend to become monarchical in the disowning process, directing other family members' behavior toward the banished member. Communication moves in a single direction from the decision makers to the lower-ranking members -- that is, from parents to children. The flow of communication may not change even when children are grown and well into their adult years. Cultural, ethnic, or religious traditions are often key parts of identity and help determine the boundaries that mark in-group and out-group status.
One immigrant group that has recently had great difficulty breaking closed ranks are adult children of South Asian families. Many were born or raised from an early age in the United States and are very Americanized. Intermarriage naturally emerges as a possibility for this generation, but their parents often insist that they marry someone culturally similar who has similar class standing. Some parents have hired private investigators to find out whether their children are having secret relationships; and some try to arrange marriages or place newspaper ads for suitable spouses for their children. They are often openly rude to girlfriends and boyfriends who are not of the "correct" racial, cultural, and class background.
Much of this rigidity stems from unchallenged prejudices or unrealistic expectations. In a culturally and racially diverse nation with tremendous geographic mobility, educational opportunities away from home, and integrated workplaces, it is unrealistic not to consider the possibility that a son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter, niece, or nephew will fall in love with a member of an "out" group.
Until it comes to crossing the color line, closed families are not necessarily dysfunctional families -- which are unstable and chaotic, lack the capacity to nurture, and can be abusive. But they do tend to have certain rigidities, fears, and prejudices that are not easily changed by facts or experience. Their ability to act lovingly in the face of these feelings is limited or nonexistent. Interracial dating is explicitly forbidden. Closed families do not always engage in overt forms of racial discrimination, but they usually do their best to pass on a way of thinking that perpetuates the borders between the races, a way of thinking that forecloses critical thinking about race.
Often the prospect of an interracial marriage takes on mythical proportions and the partnership is seen as an act of blatant disloyalty, even as an act of war. Filial piety is assumed; sons and daughters are indebted to their parents and must repay them for their sacrifices. Marrying the right partner is a filial obligation. The children of these families are caught in a horrible bind: sacrifice their own needs and desires or alienate their parents, perhaps permanently.
Closed families have narrow criteria for whom they will accept as one of the clan. They will open their ranks only to persons who guarantee betterment of the family position. Regardless of how a family becomes closed, the opportunities for growth and change are limited. In an extreme example of a closed family, Randall, an African American in his mid-forties, spoke about his ex-mother-in-law's inability to see him as a person.
My daughter and my son are black and white. To make it brief, my wife called her mother in California one Christmas day and put our daughter on to talk to grandmother. She didn't say a word to our daughter and my wife gets back on the phone and her mother says, "What the hell is the matter with you? I don't want a nigger in my family!" And this is her grandchild!
Such behavior is not limited to parents and grandparents. Sometimes adult children disown their parents, as in the case of Linda, who married a white man years after being widowed by her Filipino husband. "My [Filipina] daughter really disowned me for several years," she said. "It is only this Christmas that we got a card. But in the card she didn't mention anything about having feelings against us or for us. She just sent the card to me."
In his 1944 study of race relations, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, Swedish sociologist Gunnar Myrdal echoed W.E.B. DuBois's observation half a century earlier that the color line would be the problem of the twentieth century in the United States. Today, at the dawn of the twenty-first century, Jim Crow laws and other legal barriers are gone but not forgotten and we still struggle with race.
I doubt that intermarriage is the solution to all of America's race problems; nor is it necessary for all or even most Americans to intermarry. But it does provide one avenue for the challenging of stereotypes, particularly when it involves an extended kinship network of different-race and mixed-race kin. It is an opportunity to move into a different dialogue about race, a dialogue in which the voices of multiracial adult children and women and people of color can also be heard. And beyond its benefits to racial tolerance, interracial marriage demands democracy, openness, and tolerance within families.
Check out the Politics of Family special page, with links, articles and web-exclusive features!
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On the Fourth of July, we celebrate our independence. While we all enjoy fireworks and barbeques, this is supposed to be the commemoration of a revolutionary political act, our separation from Great Britain and, with that separation, the establishment of a new and beneficent political order.
The Declaration of Independence set forth the colonists’ complaints, chief among them the English crown’s disregard for the colonists’ traditional rights, the disregard for the consent of the governed, and, more broadly, a complaint that the government had devolved into rule by an alien and foreign people, who lacked the habits, opinions, and struggles of the nascent American people.
The intensity of Americans’ grievances may seem disproportionate to the offense. Government spending was a lot less than today’s 40% of the economy, and the colonists were unburdened by a mountain of regulations controlling where one could build a home, whom one could hire and fire, and whether to take an experimental vaccine.
This is to say that the size of the modern federal government, its impositions, and its expense are an order of magnitude worse than what the colonists endured. But size alone does not thwart the principles of American government. The Declaration of Independence is fundamentally a catalog of complaints about rule by aloof, hostile foreigners. The cry was “no taxation without representation,” not “no taxation ever.”
Independence Requires Self-Government
For Americans, an important part of liberty was popular control of the government; that is, the principle of respect for the “consent of the governed” and the right of self-government. A government that did whatever it chose without regard to what the people wanted was deemed to be a problem, regardless of its lack of severity or the benevolence of its intentions.
Nominal representation does not, however, vindicate the current regime. While on paper we are independent and possess a limited government controlled by the Constitution, the federal government today is quite literally out of control. This is not a mere partisan gripe because Joe Biden is president. Under its current structure, it hardly matters who is elected to Congress or to the presidency.
Just as a majority of government spending is non-discretionary and, as a practical matter, outside of political control, much of the government’s activity is also outside of political control. Regulations and the hiring of regulators is controlled by the army of unelected bureaucrats who make up the administrative state. Critics have rightly called this the “headless fourth branch.”
Examples of its impositions are legion. The ATF’s unpopular pistol brace rule originated without any new legislative input. The CDC’s various COVID rules came from the hunches of the CDC leadership, not a vigorous, politically accountable process. The FBI and intelligence community brazenly interfered with two presidential elections and lied about it.
When President Trump wanted to exercise his statutorily granted authority to restrict immigration, rebellious DOJ officials refused to enact his lawful orders. When Obama tried to reduce our footprint in Afghanistan and when Trump ordered our troops out of Syria, in both cases Pentagon officials lied, slow-walked, and otherwise resisted an elected president’s lawful orders because of their idiosyncratic notions of good policy.
In all of these cases, the American people are not deciding important policies, nor are their elected representatives. Rather, the managerial class administrators choose the policies they think best, their deliberations are hidden from view, and side deals and de facto bribes from regulated industries are common. When there is a challenge, these bureaucrats resist oversight by the president, the legislature, and the courts.
The Deep State Rejects Electoral Control
This deep state rightly understood the meaning of Trump’s election. This surprising result was a collective vote of no confidence by the American people in both the federal government and the broad ruling class consensus that emerged after the Cold War.
In the words of Andrew Bacevich, “Globalized neoliberalism, militarized hegemony, individual empowerment, and presidents elevated to the status of royalty might be working for some, but not for [Trump voters]. They also discerned, again not without cause, that establishment elites subscribing to that consensus, including the leaders of both political parties, were deaf to their complaints and oblivious to their plight.”
Being rather certain of themselves, the deep state responded to this no confidence vote by doubling down on all of their items of interest and rigging the 2020 election to install a pliable, senile figurehead.
Americans should understand the meaning of their own founding documents and history. The type of government contemplated by the founders prioritized “self-government,” one that obtains the “consent of the governed” by its nature. The current regime is a progressive-era holdover, an undemocratic managerial state ruled by putative technocrats and experts.
Progressive era managerialism claims legitimacy because it imagines the discovery of verifiably correct public policy. Having discovered technocratically correct policies, these policies may be advanced without regard to public opinion. After all, if the policies are correct, any expression of opposition is mere “misinformation” serving no purpose. Thus, the administrative state’s managerial heads will ignore, deceive, and manage public opinion to pursue policies that they have determined are the fruit of authentic political and managerial science.
There is more than one type of threat to liberty. Just as foreign occupation is incompatible with independence, rule by homegrown aliens, with whom one does not share the same interests, values, and pieties, can threaten independence as well. Arguably, the distance between ordinary people and the Washington D.C. government sector is more profound today than that of the American colonists from the English in 1776.
And, like those colonists, we live under a kind of occupation, complete with a new flag.
A New Government Requires a New History
The new system requires the erasure of the past, because continued veneration of constitutionally limited government would show such a system’s contrast with the undemocratic and essentially unlimited reach of the managerial regime.
This is why the deep state and its allies condemn the American past as the fruit of racism, sexism, slavery, and many other sins. This line of critique began in earnest at the start of the progressive era through influential historian, Charles Beard. In his An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, he argued that the founding fathers, rather than being idealistic and ingenious heroes to whom all Americans can look up to and admire, were actually greedy fat cats, whose thoughts on the Constitution and much else were the expression of narrow class interests.
His work gained prominence just before the 1930s, the same time as the New Deal. New and behemoth organizations—the WPA, TVA, SEC, CFPB, and NRA (National Recovery Administration)—were supposed to regulate capitalism without the messy impediments of the ordinary political process. When the Supreme Court began to push back against the constitutional irregularity of the emerging administrative state, President Roosevelt threatened to pack the Court, which soon backed down under duress.
A similar and more intense critique of the past coincided with the civil rights era during the 1960s. Today every school kid knows about Martin Luther King and the horrors of slavery and segregation, but they’d be hard pressed to tell you anything about George Washington or John Adams or much else, for that matter. It’s race grievance all the time, a tale of sin without redemption for whites and an exquisite victimhood narrative for everyone else . . . the new civic religion.
The civil rights era is when a whole new army of bureaucrats, social workers, and lawyers began to police state legislative districts, local police departments, private businesses’ hiring practices, and local schools, all the while castigating their foes as evil, recalcitrant racists who deserved no quarter. Christopher Caldwell observed in his work, the Age of Entitlement, “The changes of the 1960s, with civil rights at their core, were not just a major new element in the Constitution. They were a rival constitution, with which the original one was frequently incompatible—and the incompatibility would worsen as the civil rights regime was built out.”
Our right to self-government is in real jeopardy not from foreign foes—who are deterred by a combination of nuclear weapons and the natural obstacles of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans—but by an entrenched managerial ruling class, a class insulated from elections, immune from criticism due to widespread censorship, and generally unburdened by the consequences of the policies they impose on the rest of the country.
Unless Americans come to recognize their de facto occupation by the administrative state and wrest control of their government from this hostile and alien managerial class, the American people will continue to lack freedom and independence in all the ways that matter.
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The increased incidence of infections seen in spinal cord injury patients is directly linked to a disruption of the normal central nervous system, according to researchers from Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Harvard Medical School and Ohio State University.
A newly-discovered reflex arc mediates a process which leads to a disruption in the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands which, in turn, results in an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. The finding breaks new ground in the development of treatments to reduce the incidence of infections.
Injuries to the brain or spinal cord, such as those caused by stroke or trauma, result in a considerable weakening of the immune system. This often leads to severe infections, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infections, which hamper nervous tissue regeneration as well as rehabilitation in affected patients.
Until now, our understanding of the exact manner in which nerve tissue damage leads to infections (and which physiological parameters are responsible) has remained rudimentary at best.
Immune System Dysregulation
Charité – Universitätsmedizin’s Dr. Harald Prüß, who co-led the research, said:
“Our study was based on the premise that nerve pathways originating in the spinal cord exert a direct influence on organs involved in the immune system, such as lymph nodes and the spleen. To our surprise, we found that the disruption of immune organ function does not occur as a result of this direct connection; instead, it is the result of an immune system dysregulation which affects the entire body.”
The researchers demonstrated that the nervous system uses adrenal hormones as part of an indirect path of communication which results in the rapid breakdown of many immune cells. In a healthy body, the adrenal glands are controlled by both the nervous system and the relevant hormone control centers.
Until recently, it had been assumed that a brain injury via hormonal signals results in the adrenal glands secreting cortisol, while a trauma-induced stress response results in the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
“Our data show that the disruption in the normal function of the adrenal glands is under the direct control of damaged nerve tissue,”
explains the neurologist. In contrast to received opinion, trauma-induced spinal cord injury initially resulted in a decrease in stress hormones and an increase in cortisol production.
Pathological Reflex Arc
This alteration in hormone levels led to a dramatic decrease in the numbers of many immune cells, particularly affecting the precursors of T-cells and B-cells. In some cases, this resulted in a reduction of between 50 and 80 percent in the size of the spleen, thymus or lymph nodes.
While experimental deactivation of the adrenal glands led to a reversal of this dramatic loss of immune cells, the mice treated in this manner remained susceptible to infections.
However, an autograft of adrenal tissue, transplanted into these mice, conferred protection against infections. While the transplanted adrenals produce the hormones needed by the body, they are no longer subject to the dysfunctional nervous system control mechanisms which develop following high level spinal injury.
The identification of this two-stage pathological reflex arc – consisting of nerve pathways between the spinal cord and the adrenal glands, as well as a hormone-mediated link with the immune system – helps to deepen our understanding of the interconnections which exist between the nervous and immune system.
The discovery of this ‘immune system paralysis’ and its underlying mechanisms represents an important step on the path to improving the treatment of spinal cord injury patients. Rather than merely experiencing the more obvious symptom of motor-sensory paralysis, paraplegic patients also experience a paralysis of the immune system.
“Comprehensive analyses of patients’ cortisol and (nor)adrenaline levels have shown that they exhibit a fundamentally similar behavior to that seen in experimental studies,”
explains Prof. Dr. Dr. Jan M. Schwab, Head of Charité’s Department of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries. This suggests that treatment aimed at normalizing this neuro-endocrine reflex may prove effective in controlling the sometimes life-threatening infections associated with injuries to the central nervous system.
Harald Prüss, Andrea Tedeschi, Aude Thiriot, Lydia Lynch, Scott M Loughhead, Susanne Stutte, Irina B Mazo, Marcel A Kopp, Benedikt Brommer, Christian Blex, Laura-Christin Geurtz, Thomas Liebscher, Andreas Niedeggen, Ulrich Dirnagl, Frank Bradke, Magdalena S Volz, Michael J DeVivo, Yuying Chen, Ulrich H von Andrian & Jan M Schwab
Spinal cord injury-induced immunodeficiency is mediated by a sympathetic-neuroendocrine adrenal reflex
Nature Neuroscience (2017) doi:10.1038/nn.4643
Image: Harald Prüss
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Find out which materials are microwave-friendly, and which ones you should avoid.
Some materials are fine in the microwave and some aren’t (see below). And then there’s plastic. You’ll find experts who say no plastic containers should be used in the microwave—ever. “The material contains chemicals that may leach into food when it’s heated,” says Olga Naidenko, Ph.D., a scientist with the Environmental Working Group, a health-research organization. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has deemed that plastics labeled “microwave-safe” are suitable for microwave use. “No studies have shown short- or long-term health consequences from heating microwave-safe plastics,” says Michael Herndon, an FDA spokesman. The bottom line? Right now, there isn’t one. If you choose to use plastics, stick with those labeled “microwave-safe” (but don’t allow plastic wrap to touch your food during heating). If you’re wary, use glass or ceramic dishes marked “heatproof” or “microwave-safe.”
Go for It!
- Glass and ceramic dishes
- Paper plates, towels, and napkins
- Wax and parchment paper
Not So Fast
- Aluminum foil
- Brown paper bags
- Cold-storage plastic containers (such as margarine, cottage-cheese, and yogurt tubs)
- Onetime-use plastic containers
- Dishes with metallic paint or trim
- Foam-insulated cups, bowls, plates, and trays
Clean in 90 Seconds
To loosen your microwave’s splatters and stains in a flash, try this favorite Real Simple technique: Heat a bowl of water and lemon juice on high for 5 minutes, then wipe the oven clean with a solution made from 1 cup water and 1 tablespoon baking soda.
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The triple bond of alkynes consists of one sigma bond and two pie bonds, which are perpendicular to each other. The two pie bonds get mixed up and all the four pie electrons are cylindrical distributed around the two sp hybridised carbon atoms. Being unsaturated, alkynes undergo addition reactions to form alkene derivatives with the addition of one molecule and saturated compounds with the addition of two molecules. Under suitable conditions, it is possible to isolate the intermediate alkene.
Acetylene is less reactive than ethylene towards most of the electrophilic reagents. This is unexpected in view of the fact that the p-electron density in a triple bond is higher than that in a double bond. Possible reason for decreased reactivity of a triple bond towards electrophiles may be the fact that the bridged halonium ion from acetylene is more strained than the bridged halonium ion from ethylene.
Towards hydrogenation (which do not involve electrophilic attack), ajkynes are more reactive than alkenes.
Assignmenthelp.net provides best Online assignment Help service in Alkanes for all standards. Our Tutor provide their high quality and optimized Tutorial help to fulfill all kind of need of Students.
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by Jonathan Lee
If you get off the metro at Porte de Clignancourt in Paris, a little over a kilometre north of the Sacré-Cœur in Montmartre, and follow the line of the disused 19th century Petite Ceinture railway for a couple of minutes from the busy intersection, you will soon come across rows of makeshift shacks lining the railway.
Similar shanty towns can be found tucked away under bridges, behind fences, and on ex-industrial plots across the city and throughout France. Along with a scattering of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa, these slums are inhabited almost entirely by Roma.
They come mostly from Romania and Bulgaria, and set up on disused sites using whatever materials are to hand: scrap metal, wooden boards, plastic sheeting. The structures are bitterly cold through the winter and intolerably warm in the summer. Access to clean running water usually involves a long walk, and families are crammed into tiny spaces, often five to ten people in a single room.
French authorities evict around 10,000 Romani people from their homes every year.
“We really live from day to day, we do not know if we will succeed in eating properly the next day” said a Romani woman in February 2017. She was living at Porte de la Chapelle in Paris, where more than 500 Roma live in makeshift housing. “I’ll get firewood” another explained “so that my children will not die of cold at night.”
In addition to the daily hardships of living in these conditions, Roma in France are also routinely subjected to forced evictions by local authorities, who send battalions of police and diggers to wipe away any trace of these slums. French authorities evict around 10,000 Romani people from their homes every year. Last year 11,309 were evicted, many in the coldest months of the year regardless of a new law passing in January intended to prevent evictions during the wintertime. In fact, the 2017 forced evictions census published by the European Roma Rights Centre and the Ligue de droits de l’Homme shows an uptick in evictions right before November, as well as continuing through the winter.
Often it is the same families who are being repeatedly evicted, forced to relocate sometimes several times a year. Many are also deported to their country of origin, and yet more always arrive to keep the population level roughly the same. So why do they keep coming? the criticism goes.
Being from EU member states, they have the right to freedom of movement to work within the union. But some consider that this is not what most of these Roma are doing. The right-wing argument that Roma are coming to exploit the French benefit system doesn’t really stand up to scrutiny either, as many are blocked from proper access, mostly due to their lack of address.
The fact that refugees and Roma often occupy the same places is telling as to why Roma are emigrating. Though not escaping war-torn countries, they are escaping severe societal discrimination and resulting material deprivation. Put simply: it’s so bad in their countries that many feel they are better off squatting on wasteland in central Paris, than they are staying at home.
In countries in Central and Eastern Europe, there are some completely segregated settlements where the living conditions are far worse than most people would imagine exist in Europe. In Romania in particular, the result of half a millennium of chattel slavery and deeply entrenched antigypsyism in society, has resulted in a two tier society where Roma are still treated as second class citizens and discriminated against in virtually aspect of life.
a two tier society where Roma are still treated as second class citizens and discriminated against in virtually aspect of life.
These are settlements without access to basic services such as running water, sanitation and electricity. Where the nearest health centres are tens of kilometres away with no public transport to take them there, where doctors and nurses are reluctant to travel to the settlement to see them. Often their children will attend ethnically segregated schools, if they do at all, where they may come out not even knowing how to read. There are usually no jobs in their area and employers are unlikely to hire them anyway.
To compound their exclusion from society, they are subject to violence from the majority population. Whether attacking children in the street, beating old men and women, sometimes to death, or driving the entire village away in a pogrom and burning down their homes. When the police are not harassing them, raiding their homes, or torturing them in jail cells – they are often complicit in mob violence against Roma, either by joining or standing by as attacks happen.
Though life in France may be comparatively better, the Roma-targeted eviction policy effectively kills any possibility of integration. Repeat forced evictions ensure that these people must start again from scratch every time. Anything they have managed to build up, is destroyed. If their children were registered in school (something that authorities have on occasion actively tried to prevent), these kids must now uproot and start again elsewhere. The same with registering with GPs and health centres. Any work they have managed to begin in the area (often recycling and collecting scrap materials), must now be transplanted to an unfamiliar part of the city. If they are lucky enough to be offered any form of social housing, it will only be some of them, meaning families, friends, and neighbours are separated.
French President Emmanuel Macron understands this. In the run up to the presidential elections his party, En Marche! said this: “Destroying [slums] without any alternative solution is a hypocritical, expensive and inefficient method. Public authorities together with inhabitants, neighbours and NGOs have to find solutions before destroying [slums] or evicting [people], as it leads to the creation of a new camp.” Yet he has continued the eviction policy set by his predecessors François Hollande and Nicolas Sarközy.
In addition to routine forced evictions, 2017 saw an increased level of intolerance towards Roma in France. Arson attacks, denial of access to education, institutional biases in the judiciary, hate speech from politicians and the media, punitive evictions, gun attacks, police brutality and killings. All plagued Romani people in France last year, and the continuous forced evictions by authorities only further exposes Roma who are in a precarious situation to further discrimination and danger.
The targeting of an ethnic group who are vulnerable to discrimination – and let’s be clear, this is a policy which singles out Roma – only creates cycles of repeat evictions and forced removals. Aside from being morally repugnant, it is also a significant squandering of resources: they often involve private security firms and plant hire which can cost thousands per eviction. Repeat evictions as a matter of policy are not in the best interests of French taxpayers, whose contributions could be far better deployed in investing in social assessments and sustainable solutions for housing. In the meantime, Romani families are being denied any chance of success in their new country, exposed to life threatening conditions, and becoming an ever more visible scapegoat for France’s vile and fast growing far-right nationalists.
Featured image via ERRC with permission
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Every year on April 22, Earth Day serves as a reminder to protect the environment, restore damaged ecosystems, and live a more sustainable lifestyle. This year celebrates the 52nd year of the event, which began in 1970.
What is Earth Day?
Since 1970, Earth Day has been observed. The first time it was witnessed was in the United States, when 20 million people came to the streets to protest the Santa Barbara oil disaster in 1969. Since then, the event has helped to raise awareness about a variety of environmental issues.
In reality, on Earth Day in 2016, nearly 200 countries signed the landmark Paris Agreement to set a shared aim to reduce global greenhouse emissions.
The objective of earthday.org, the world’s largest environmental organization, is to “diversify, educate, and activate the environmental movement worldwide,” according to the website.
The United Nations declared April 22nd as “International Mother Earth Day” in 2009.
International Mother Earth Day, according to the United Nations, is observed to remind us that the Earth and her ecosystems provide us with life and sustenance. “The planet — and its people – will be healthier if our ecosystems are healthy.” Ending poverty, combating climate change, and preventing mass extinction would all benefit from restoring our devastated ecosystems. “However, we will only succeed if everyone contributes,” the UN says.
What is the importance of Earth Day?
Over the last decade or so, we’ve seen a surge of climate disasters that have impacted millions of people, from high heat to wildfires and floods. According to the United Nations, the Covid-19 epidemic is also linked to the health of our biosphere.
“Climate change, man-made alterations to nature, and crimes that damage biodiversity, such as deforestation, land-use change, expanded agriculture and livestock production, or the rising illegal wildlife trafficking, can hasten the planet’s annihilation,” the UN says.
What is the theme of Earth Day 2022?
The theme for this year’s Earth Day is ‘Invest In Our Planet,’ according to earthday.org. “This is the moment to change everything,” it says, “the business climate, the political climate, and how we take climate action.” Now is the moment to summon the indomitable bravery to preserve and safeguard our health, our families, and our livelihoods… we must all work together to ‘Invest In Our Planet.'” It also serves as a reminder that time is running out.
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Mistresses of the masterpieces: The muses behind Pablo Picasso's iconic paintings
By the time he was 15, Pablo Picasso could paint brilliantly and was better than any of his teachers. A painting of a vase of flowers looked just like a vase of flowers, a chair looked just like a chair and a woman looked just like a woman. But making pictures that were realistic was boring to him. What’s the point of making a picture look like a photograph? A camera can do that. Paint should do something different. So he investigated, studied and tried again and again to develop new ways of painting the things that he saw around him. He was prolific – Picasso painted more than 2,000 works and each time he mastered one style he quickly moved on to the next. As he developed new techniques, his paintings became more honest and revealing. The same could be said of his affairs with women – and the relationship between the women in his life and his different styles is intimately interlinked. Picasso was brilliant and charismatic and he loved women. The attraction worked both ways and many strong, beautiful and passionate women fell for him. Their relationships were sensual, fraught, loving and confrontational, and one woman very often overlapped with another, but there are six that could be considered his main muses. Here we take a look at seven very different paintings of three of these women: Fernande, his first true love; Olga, his first wife, and Dora, his Weeping Woman.
Fernande Olivier was an artist’s model and Picasso’s first great love. They met in the summer of 1904 when the Spaniard was an unknown and penniless artist living in Paris. He courted her for some time before she succumbed and for several years they lived together happily. By 1912 they both claimed that the other was being unfaithful and Fernande left....
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Abstract: With the completion of the infrastructure of the new camps at Zeist, Harderwijk, Oldebroek and a lot of ingenuity elsewhere, the Dutch government had gone a long way towards fulfilling its obligations with regards to the internees. A direct result of the strikes in the coalmines was a parliamentary discussion concerning the …
Cite this page
“The Middle Years of the War; Consolidation”, in:
Brill’s Digital Library of World War I.
Consulted online on 17 February 2019 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2352-3786_dlws1_B9789004249066_007>
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Can you piece together this past news event?
Here are the hints:
- March, 2011
- Three nuclear reactors
Got it? It’s the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
Now ask yourself: Would you have known the answer if the hints had been given in Japanese?
A great way to study Japanese is by watching, listening to or reading ニュース(にゅーす — the news).
Learning with Japanese news helps you learn important vocabulary and improve your listening and comprehension.
When the Fukushima meltdown happened, I was away from home without internet access and I didn’t have a smartphone yet. All I had was a TV set and my electronic dictionary. I learned a lot of new vocabulary at that time, like 放射線 (ほうしゃせん – radiation) and 避難場所 (ひなんばしょ – evacuation site).
But because I’d already been learning with Japanese news on a regular basis, I could understand the bulk of what was being said, so I knew what was going on. It definitely helped to alleviate the panic.
The moral of this story is this: When you learn Japanese with news, you not only gain vocabulary and phrases but an important life skill if you plan to live in Japan.
But I have to say that it’s tough at the start. When I first moved to Japan 10 years ago, I planted myself in front of the news nearly every night and couldn’t make heads or tails of what anybody was saying. But I stayed the course and I kept studying, along with practicing conversation whenever possible.
Here are some tips that made it easier for me (and will for you, too).
Learn Japanese with the News: 8 Terrific Tips and 5 Reliable Resources
8 Tips for Learning Japanese with the News
1. Become a News Junkie
Consume a lot of news on a regular basis. Of course, the more you practice, the better your comprehension will become. But with news, there are certain phrases and words that are used repeatedly, such as:
について — about, concerning
によって — according to, due to
。。。に注意してください (。。。にちゅういしてください) — please beware of…/be careful with…
詐欺に注意してください。(さぎにちゅういしてください。) — Please beware of fraud.
雷雨に注意してください。(らいうにちゅういしてください。) — Please be careful with the thunderstorm.
政府 (せいふ) — government
問題 (もんだい) — problem, issue, question
事件 (じけん) — affair, case
地震 (じしん) — earthquake
You’ll get used to hearing these words and phrases, and this will boost your comprehension.
2. Listen Passively for Immersion
When you first start studying with the news, don’t try to understand everything that’s being said. That will drive you insane. Instead, take in whatever you can pick out and try to get the gist of what they’re saying.
If you find yourself losing the thread of what’s being said, try to start up again with the next story.
3. Take Note of New Words and Phrases
Whenever you hear a new word or phrase, write it down. This will help you remember it the next time you hear it. Before you start your news watching sessions, do a little drilling on your new vocabulary to help it stick so that you’ll be better able to follow your stories.
4. Go Audio
Most of us watch the news on TV, but if you’re studying a language with the news, another option is to listen to the radio or a news podcast.
In an audio format, broadcasters tend to talk more slowly and clearly. With podcasts, you can also save episodes to go back and listen to them again.
5. Use Your Interests
If you’re not particularly interested in the news, choose a specific field of the news that interests you.
If you’re a baseball fan, watch the sports news. If you like cars, find an automotive news podcast. If you’re into music, find some news about the Japanese music scene.
6. Follow a Story
Find a particular story that interests you and follow it. Each day, tune in to news about your story. You’ll remember the vocabulary and have the necessary context to understand the latest broadcast.
I remember doing this with a newspaper story about a high school girl murder case. Pretty morbid subject matter, I know, but it was easier to understand than the political bickering and other news.
7. Keep Up with News in Both English and Japanese
A cool exercise for learning Japanese with news is to find the same story in both English and Japanese. Watch or read the story in Japanese first, then use the English story to see if you understood it.
This is easiest to do with newspaper articles. Often, a news story will originate with a native English news service and be translated into Japanese. It’s relatively easy to find both stories online these days, especially when it’s an international or major news piece.
8. Remember to Supplement Your Japanese News Learning
Keep in mind that when you learn Japanese with news, you’re not learning everyday conversation. I point this out because you don’t want to talk like a news reporter when you hang out with your friends. I recommend learning with the news as part of an overall study routine that includes colloquial Japanese as well.
5 Resources for Learning Japanese with the News
If you’re new to learning with the news, you may not want to start out with actual news. Otherwise you might end up like me in my first months in Japan, sitting in front of the TV and trying my hardest to understand a word or two where I could.
All the resources below are free and most are aimed at language learners so you can improve your Japanese with news and ease your way into real-world news intake.
You can also find some news clips on FluentU’s program, which uses authentic content to teach Japanese at any level.
CosCom is a site for learning Japanese and they have a page with easy Japanese news stories. The stories on the website are in kana only, but there are also PDF transcripts you can download that include Roman letters, kana and kanji.
Each story has an audio file where it’s read slowly so you can listen only, or listen with the transcripts. If you scroll down, you can see a breakdown of the key vocabulary and sentences used in the story.
News in Slow Japanese
You can probably tell by the site’s name what it has: news in slow Japanese. What I like in particular about this site is that they pick stories that are interesting or unusual.
You can listen to a news story read slowly and read along with a transcript. If you enable the “pop-up” option, you can hover over a word or phrase in the transcript and it provides a translation.
There are slow and natural-speed options, so after practicing with the slow version, you can speed it up and challenge yourself.
Hiragana Times is a monthly magazine and it’s not free. But they do post short news segments that have both the English and Japanese versions on the same page.
This is a great way to practice if you’re not into reading feature-length news stories.
NHK News Web Easy
Like BBC with its resources for English learners, NHK offers short, easy Japanese news stories. The stories are written in kanji but have the kana written above using furigana, so it’s a good way to learn both.
However, I recommend this site for intermediate learners because there’s no English translation provided.
FNN isn’t actually for learning Japanese; it’s a real news site. But I included it because it offers transcripts along with its news stories so that you can read along or listen first, then check your understanding.
It’s a good resource for improving both your listening and reading.
FNN also has a YouTube channel with lots of short news clips.
Now you’re ready to learn Japanese with news! Go forth and learn all about the language, culture and a uniquely Japanese perspective.
And One More Thing...
If you love learning Japanese with authentic materials, then I should also tell you more about FluentU.
FluentU naturally and gradually eases you into learning Japanese language and culture. You'll learn real Japanese as it's spoken in real life.
FluentU has a broad range of contemporary videos as you'll see below:
FluentU makes these native Japanese videos approachable through interactive transcripts. Tap on any word to look it up instantly.
All definitions have multiple examples, and they're written for Japanese learners like you. Tap to add words you'd like to review to a vocab list.
And FluentU has a learn mode which turns every video into a language learning lesson. You can always swipe left or right to see more examples.
The best part? FluentU keeps track of your vocabulary, and gives you extra practice with difficult words. It'll even remind you when it’s time to review what you’ve learned. You'll have a 100% personalized experience.
The FluentU app is now available for iOS and Android, and it's also available as a website that you can access on your computer or tablet.
If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to learn Japanese with real-world videos.
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Sacred architecture is often perceived and understood through its physical ensembles, adornments and spatial interpretations of ritual. Established through history and culture, the formations of Islamic architecture often manifests in monumental domes, overarching openings, skyscraping minarets and intricate decorative detailing. We head over to Malaysia for this month’s edition of ImWalkingHere.
Putra Mosque – Putrajaya
Modeled after Persian Islamic architecture, the Mosque’s elements were derived from other Muslim cultures throughout the Middle East.
In a hybrid fashion, it incorporates Malaysian, Persian and Arab-Islamic architectural design influences where the main entrance to the mosque is fashioned specifically to the likeness of the grand public building gates in Muslim Persia.
The mosque is constructed of rose-tinted granite which gives it a desert-pink hue, offsetting the central woodwork on doors, windows and panels, adding to its opulence and monumentality within its context. Often this “religious” aesthetic lends itself to secular environments in order to maintain its pattern language within its precinct, delineating the identity and character of that particular place.
Perdana Putra – Putrajaya
Constructed with nuances of Mughal, Palladian and Neoclassic architecture, Perdana Putra in Putrajaya, Malaysia, exists as the Prime Minister’s Office, bearing the well-known sentiment of traditional Islamic grandeur and iconic-ism in both its spiritual and political building traits.
However majestic this monumental infill may be; between the wide boulevards inundated with flowering plants and repetitive geometries, it’s sometimes refreshing to spot the anomaly. A Frank Gehry in place may be too extreme for my pallet, but rather the few examples of modern interpretations of Mosque building spread across Malaysia, satisfying more than just the outdated understandings on form-giving and ritualistic understanding.
Tuanka Mizan Zainul Abidin Mosque – Putrajaya
Popularly known as the “Iron Mosque” by the locals for its physical outlook of stainless steel and iron –in contrast to the traditional stereotomic brick edifices of its context- the Mosque features a distinct cooling system without any assembly of fans or an air conditioning system.
An external moat allows for evaporative cooling and infinite views of the surrounding landscape and Malaysia’s majestic sunset. Its unyielding contextualism along the Tasik Putrajaya Lake makes this Mosque a prodigious example of 21st century Islamic symbolism.
National Mosque – Kuala Lumpur
This uniquely designed mosque exemplifies a contemporary expression of traditional Islamic art, calligraphy and ornamentation. Its most prominent feature is the multi-fold umbrella-like turquoise roof which symbolizes the aspirations of an independent nation.
Standing prominently against the skyline is the sleek and stylish 73m high minaret while the building beneath includes a school, a mausoleum, a library, offices, an open courtyard, and a grand prayer space.
The Grand Hall is surrounded by deep verandas and reflecting pools that contribute to the tranquility of the wide boulevards that leads one to the main prayer space. Symbolizing more than just the spiritual notions of Mosque building, this example blends daily ritual of the secular rather seamlessly into the spiritual core of the prayer space; it considers its city and attributes gracefully to the newfound identity of Malaysia.
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Die TU Delft gab am 31. Mai 2018 per Pressemitteilung eine gute Nachricht bekannt: Während der letzten 150 Jahre haben sich weder die Opferzahlen, noch die finanziellen Schäden im Zusammenhang mit Überschwemmungen in Europa erhöht, wenn man entsprechende Korrekturen für demographische und ökonomische Veränderungen berücksichtigt:
No increase in losses in Europe from floods in the past 150 years
Extreme hydrological events are generally predicted to become more frequent and damaging in Europe due to warming climate. Researchers from TU Delft and Rice University (Houston) have now shown that, correcting for economic and demographic changes, there has been no increase in financial losses and fatalities from floods in the last 150 years. They have reported on their findings in Nature Communications.
An analysis of long-term trends in flood losses should account for changes in size and distribution of population and assets. Without correcting reported losses for changes in exposure, studies (logically) report a significant upward trend in losses. ‘Such ‘normalization’ processes have also proven to be important for explaining trends in other natural hazards’, says Dominik Paprotny, researcher at TU Delft and lead author of the paper in Nature Communications.
So adverse consequences of floods change are influenced by both natural and socio-economic trends and interactions. In Europe, previous studies of historical flood losses that were corrected for demographic and economic growth (‘normalized’) have been limited, leading to an incomplete representation of trends in losses over time. ‘After adjusting nominal losses for demographic and economic growth, no significant trends in flood losses, both on European scale and for individual countries were observed.’
Paprotny and his colleagues utilized a gridded reconstruction of flood exposure in 37 European countries and a new database of damaging floods since 1870. ‘Our results indicate that, after correcting for changes in flood exposure, there has been an increase in annually inundated area and number of persons affected since 1870, but we have also found a substantial decrease in flood fatalities. For more recent decades we found a considerable decline in financial losses per year. We estimate, however, that there is large underreporting of smaller floods beyond most recent years, and show that underreporting has a substantial impact on observed trends.’
Extreme hydrological events are generally predicted to become more frequent and damaging in Europe due to warming climate and there seems to be large consensus regarding the trajectory of future climatic developments. ‘There is however less confidence in the changes in flood losses as a result of climate change so far’, says Paprotny. ‘Qualitative and quantitative hydrological studies for Europe have indicated no general continental-wide trend in river flood occurrences, extreme precipitation, or annual maxima of runoff. However, substantial variations between different catchments have been observed, ranging from an increase in north-western Europe to no trend or a decrease in other parts of the continent. Similar findings were reported for storminess along the European coasts.’
Bereits im September 2017 hatte eine Forschergruppe um Glenn Hodgkins in einer Studie Trends großer Fluten in Europa und Nordamerika berechnet. Nur wenige Flüsse zeigten einen signifikanten Langzeittrend, der jedoch aufgrund der hohen Anzahl an Datensätzen auch bei einem Zufallsexperiment aufgetreten wäre. Stattdessen scheint das Flutgeschehen in Europa und Nordamerika eng an den Ozeanzyklus der Atlantischen Multidekadenoszillation gebunden zu sein. Hier der Abstract:
Climate-driven variability in the occurrence of major floods across North America and Europe
Concern over the potential impact of anthropogenic climate change on flooding has led to a proliferation of studies examining past flood trends. Many studies have analysed annual-maximum flow trends but few have quantified changes in major (25–100 year return period) floods, i.e. those that have the greatest societal impacts. Existing major-flood studies used a limited number of very large catchments affected to varying degrees by alterations such as reservoirs and urbanisation. In the current study, trends in major-flood occurrence from 1961 to 2010 and from 1931 to 2010 were assessed using a very large dataset (>1200 gauges) of diverse catchments from North America and Europe; only minimally altered catchments were used, to focus on climate-driven changes rather than changes due to catchment alterations. Trend testing of major floods was based on counting the number of exceedances of a given flood threshold within a group of gauges. Evidence for significant trends varied between groups of gauges that were defined by catchment size, location, climate, flood threshold and period of record, indicating that generalizations about flood trends across large domains or a diversity of catchment types are ungrounded. Overall, the number of significant trends in major-flood occurrence across North America and Europe was approximately the number expected due to chance alone. Changes over time in the occurrence of major floods were dominated by multidecadal variability rather than by long-term trends. There were more than three times as many significant relationships between major-flood occurrence and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation than significant long-term trends.
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- The wreath marks the passage of time.purple advent candles image by Photoeyes from Fotolia.com
Probably the most familiar symbol of Advent, the evergreen wreath contains four candles. The first, second and fourth Sunday are represented with purple candles, while the third Sunday's candle is pink. Each week, the appropriate candle is lit. The circle represents both the many years between the fall of Adam and the coming of the savior Jesus Christ, as well as the time between his death and Resurrection and the anticipated Second Coming.
The Jesse Tree
- Families read from the Bible while decorating the Jesse tree.bible image by Photoeyes from Fotolia.com
Used in the home and school, Catholics decorate a tree with different symbols of the ancestors of Christ. For example, people use a dove as the symbol of God, a ladder as the symbol of Jacob and a stone altar as the symbol of Elijah. Every day during Advent, a new ornament, usually hand made, is placed on the tree and the corresponding Bible story is read out loud.
Saint Nicholas Day
- Santa is based off of Saint Nicholas.Santa image by Likilomi from Fotolia.com
Saint Nicholas, the inspiration for Santa Claus, is celebrated on December 6. On the eve of Saint Nicholas day, children leave out their shoes in hopes that he will bring them gifts. The celebration is actually very similar to the events of Christmas Eve and Christmas Day; however, the activities are based on the real saint and not the fictional figure of Santa Claus. Many Catholics who give gifts on Saint Nicholas day also give them on Christmas.
The Mary Candle
- The Mother of God plays an important role during Advent.mary image by charles taylor from Fotolia.com
December 8 is the Solemnity, or Feast, of the Immaculate Conception. On this day, Catholics rejoice that Mary agreed to give birth to the Son of God. The Christ candle, a decorated candle that is lit on Christmas Eve and Sundays throughout the year as a reminder of Jesus' birth, becomes the Mary candle. Catholics decorate it with a blue ribbon or a picture of Mary, and light it during meals as a reminder of Mary's commitment and hope.
- Catholics wait for their Messiah's birth.Jesus Christ image by Dmytro Korniyenko from Fotolia.com
Generally for children, the empty manager serves as a symbol of service, kindness and anticipation. Every time the child performs a good deed, she is given a piece of straw to place in the manger as a birthday gift to the Baby Jesus. Finally, on Christmas morning, families place Baby Jesus in the manger. Churches may also set up larger displays outside as celebrants eagerly await the birth of Christ.
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How to Break a Bad Habit
Charles Duhigg, author of the book “The Power of Habit” identifies a habit as
Habit – a behavior that starts as a choice, and then becomes a nearly unconscious pattern.
The purpose of a habit is for your brain to work less. Think about the first time you drove a car: you had to adjust your seat, figure out how to turn the car on, determine the amount of force needed to push the gas or break, adjust your mirrors, and so on. Those behaviors have now become a habit.
So how are habits formed? Habits are formed by something called a “habit loop.” Habit loops consist of a cue, a routine, and a reward. A cue triggers the brain to act automatically, a routine is a behavior or thought, and a reward is the immediate benefit that comes from the routine.
CUE —> ROUTINE —> REWARD
Take for example: late night snacking. You want to cut back on late night snacking but it has been impossible to achieve so far. Let’s think about your habit loop. Your cue may be turning the TV on, your routine is grabbing a snack, and your reward is relaxation from your busy work day. From turning the TV on through sitting on the couch, you may not even realize what you have done until you are halfway through your show and half way through your chip bag. That is because you have created a habit loop.
CUE (TV) —> ROUTINE (Snacking) —> REWARD (Relaxation)
Is changing a habit possible? Yes! It is not easy, but it is possible. The same goes for forming a new habit. Let’s tackle changing a habit first.
Changing a habit
In order to change your late night snacking habit, first you must acknowledge it. Call it out for what it is. This behavior at night after a long day of work is not decision-based but strictly done out of habit. In fact, a Duke University researcher in 2006 found that
more than 40% of the actions people perform in one day are because of habits, not actual decisions.
You may never be able to extinguish bad habits but you can change the habit loop by inserting a new routine. Instead of grabbing a snack when you turn the TV on, grab a crossword puzzle, an adult coloring book or scroll through a motivation app on your phone. This new routine should be triggered by the old cue and deliver the old reward. So the new habit loop would look like this:
CUE (TV) —> ROUTINE (Crossword Puzzle) —> REWARD (Relaxation)
As always, the dietitians at Yummy Body Nutrition would love to work with you and help you throughout this habit forming, habit re-adjusting, goal-setting process!
Prediabetes: A Complete Guide. Jill Weisenberger.
The Power of Habit. Charles Duhigg.
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Homepage International Economics
International Economics, Robert A. Mundell, New York: Macmillan, 1968, pp. 3 - 16.
The Classical System
The distinction, vital to the classical system of international trade theory, between the short-run mechanism of balance-of-payments adjustment and the static theory of barter was an important dimension of the classical dichotomy between monetary theory and value theory. This dichotomy was a powerful tool of analytical abstraction that enabled a separation of long-run static analysis from short-run dynamics. In dynamical, short-run, disequilibrium theory, monetary elements assume a role of first-order importance in the adjustment process. But after the adjustment process is completed money is shown in its true light as a mere veil, with no influence upon the nature or position of long-run equilibrium. A major task of exposition in classical theory, therefore, was to demonstrate the automaticity of equilibrium through examination of the monetary adjustment process, and through this demonstration, the unimportance, in the long run, of monetary phenomena.
The demonstration of the automaticity of balance-of-payments adjustment in the field of international trade theory was a companion to, although it anteceded, the demonstration of a different kind of automaticity in value theory. In the theory of a closed economy the classical economists assumed the system tended automatically toward a full-employment equilibrium, on the premise that money wages were flexible, and it was an equilibrium not affected, in any fundamental way, by the amount of money in the system. Whatever the temporary effects of a change in central bank policy, the money supply had no influence upon the equilibrium rate of interest, which was identified with the rate of profit, or the real wage. Instead, money exerted its influence merely upon the price level and the level of money wages. Since money could not alter either the level of real wages or the rate of interest, it could not affect the equilibrium level of any real magnitude in the economic system, and the path was cleared for long-run analysis and abstraction from purely monetary phenomena.
In an open economy linked to the rest of the world by international trade and the gold standard, on the other hand, the central bank could not even affect the nominal quantity of money in the system unless the country was large enough to influence, by itself, the world price level. Whereas in a closed economy the central bank could determine the nominal quantity of money, and the public, through spending or hoarding it, could determine its real value, in an open economy any excess of new money creation over desired hoarding would escape down the foreign drain. An overissue of money by the banking system would quickly bring its own corrective: Specie would flow out and force the banks to take back the redundant currency, or else suffer a depreciation of the gold value of bank notes. The nominal quantity of money was thus determined in a single economy by international considerations, and the barter terms of trade could not be affected permanently by purely monetary disturbances.
To have perceived the validity of these propositions, which even today exhibit a fundamental truth, was the supreme intellectual achievement of classical economic analysis. Through this theory mercantilist fallacies could be refuted and the way paved for the emphasis on the doctrine of free trade and on other real phenomena, the only considerations that were supposed to matter in the long run. Ricardo's love was not the short-run dynamic mechanism but the long-run static theory of international barter.
We know today that this separation of statical, barter theory from dynamical, monetary theory was carried too far, in the sense that it cannot be maintained, as the classical school seemed to hold it could, that the trade equilibrium established under conditions in which money is used and the trade equilibrium reached under conditions of barter are identical. Indeed, it is difficult to conceive of a way in which the assertion can be given an operational meaning. What is valid in the separation is not the identical nature of the equilibrium that is achieved, but rather the universality of the principles established in the process of reaching trade equilibrium. The principles established would not be different and it is this that provides the justification for an extended treatment of the classical barter model.
The barter model is indeed the source of many propositions that form the body of modern international trade theory. Despite severe criticism of other aspects of classical theory the barter model has stood the test of time. Its survival can be attributed partly to its applicability to current policy issues in the country in which it originated, and partly to its internal consistency. It was logically immune to criticisms of general equilibrium and macroeconomic methods and was aggregative in scope.
The classical school was interested in establishing the direction in which the terms of trade would move as a result of exogenous disturbances to equilibrium such as would arise from tariffs, hoarding, harvest failures, income transfers (or other remittances) and productivity changes. More powerful methods today make it possible to derive additional implications from the model and to deduce, in cases where the relevant data are available, the probable magnitude of changes in the terms of trade. The purpose of this and the following two chapters 1 is to show how these results may most simply be obtained. The main focus of our attention will be on comparative statics rather than dynamics or monetary considerations.
The nature of comparative statics analysis is a contrast between two positions, usually positions of equilibrium, distinguished from one another by a shift in some parameter such as that which would be brought about by a change in economic policy. The policy change disturbs the initial equilibrium by causing excess demand for one commodity and excess supply of another commodity. The disequilibrium must then be eliminated, if a new equilibrium is to be reached, by an adjustment in some other variable. The adjusting or equilibrating variable may be another policy change, or a process of adjustment that is sufficiently predictable to be considered automatic.
In classical international trade theory the adjustment mechanism was presumed to be automatic. A policy change would disturb balance-of-payments equilibrium, induce a gold flow and, through a change in relative price levels, a change in the terms of trade. Today this mechanism is not so automatic in the sense that central bank and government reaction to disequilibrium in the balance of payments is predictable. Besides the traditional inflation-deflation method of the gold standard, a disequilibrium may be corrected by borrowing (in the short run), trade controls, tax changes, technological changes (in the long run), or the exchange-rate adjustment. Most of these methods have been used2 by one country or another since the breakdown of the gold standard system to resolve balance-of-payments crises.
Because of this change in institutional response to disequilibrium, any analysis of policy change necessarily involves elements of taxonomy. Such questions as: "Do tariffs improve the balance of trade?" cannot be given an equivocal reply; the answer depends on the other policies followed by the government. A tariff disturbs the initial equilibrium and therefore requires, for a new equilibrium to be reached, a change in some other policy; it may involve changes in any or all of the policies listed above.
But exploring all conceivable policy alternatives would be tedious and unrewarding pedantry. For that reason it is convenient to assume that, for analytical purposes, the classical mechanism is operative, that the terms of trade "automatically" adjust to correct disequilibrium. The first step in the comparative-static analysis is therefore to determine the effect of policy changes on the terms of trade or domestic price ratios. It will be shown later that results thus obtained can be used to demonstrate the working of any alternative mechanisms of adjustment.
The most direct way to derive the effect of a policy change on the terms of trade is to differentiate a balance-of-payments equation with respect to the change in policy, and to substitute in the result the conditions necessary to satisfy the other conditions of equilibrium. A more intuitive way of getting the criterion, however, is to employ a device implicit in all comparative-statics analysis. This is to compute the excess demand caused by the policy change on the assumption that the adjusting variable is constant, and to equate this excess demand to the excess supply created by the actual change in the adjusting variable. If, for example, we wish to find the criterion for the effects of a tax on the terms of trade, we first determine the excess demand caused by the tax at constant terms of trade and translate the excess demand, which is the coefficient of the tax change, into the appropriate income or price elasticity; we then compute the excess supply of the same good created by a change in the terms of trade, translating its coefficient into the relevant elasticities. By equating the excess demand and the excess supply the criterion is established.
This procedure, which may be called the method of comparative statics, can be illustrated by two familiar-almost trivial-examples drawn from economic theory. In the Marshallian demand-supply system, with mnemonic terminology, we have at equilibrium the condition that demand equals supply:
where a is a parameter representing the position of the demand schedule. To determine the effect on price of a shift in the demand schedule, first determine the excess demand caused by the shift at constant price; this equals
The excess supply caused by an increase in price is equal to
At the new equilibrium the excess demand must be offset by an equal excess supply, so we get
which is the criterion we set out to find.
In the naive Keynesian system we have, at equilibrium, equality of saving (S) and investment (I), that is,
where y is income and (x is a parameter representing the level of autonomous investment. To find the effects of a shift in the investment schedule on income, first consider the excess demand for goods at constant income, that is,
and then the excess supply induced by a change in income, that is,
where s' is the marginal propensity to save. At the new equilibrium the excess demand caused by the shift in investment and the excess supply created by the change in income must be equal. Equating (6) and (7) and rearranging terms, we get the familiar multiplier
A second step in analysis is to utilize information from knowledge of stability. Any adjustment mechanism implies a type of dynamic behavior and thus a condition of dynamic stability-convergence to equilibrium over time. If an equilibrium is unstable, the system would not tend to approach the new equilibrium given by the comparative-statics analysis, and there would be little point in pursuing the comparative-statics analysis. On the other hand, if the system is stable, a useful clue may be obtained from the stability conditions about the sign of the elasticity coefficient of the adjusting variable, the terms of trade. The first step, then, is to examine the conditions of dynamic stability.
This procedure is an application of the correspondence principle. Thus in the demand-supply example just given, on the dynamic hypothesis that excess demand induces an increase in price, say, according to the law
Therefore the change in demand has the same sign as the resulting change in price.
In the second example, on the dynamic hypothesis that income rises when there is excess demand for goods, stability requires that
s' > 0
so an increase in investment induces an increase in income.
Let us now construct a simplified classical trade model and examine its stability conditions. Assume two countries, A and B, in full employment, producing two commodities --X, which is exported by A, and Y, which is exported by B. Let capital letters denote production, small letters consumption, and subscripts countries. Let T represent the capital exports (lending) of country A expressed in terms of X; let P denote the terms of trade, the price of Y in terms of X; and let D represent domestic expenditure.
The system can then be described by the following equations:
Domestic expenditure in A (in terms of X) equals national income minus net capital exports:
Domestic expenditure in B (in terms of Y) equals national income plus net capital imports:
The demand for Y in A depends on domestic expenditure and the terms of trade:
The demand for X in B depends on domestic expenditure and the terms of trade:
The dimensions of the box represent world output of the two goods. The endowment point shows how production is distributed between the two countries before trade or transfers. The point Q Illustrates post-trade equilibrium on that assumption that country A makes a transfer to country B and that there is free trade
It is left for the reader to translate the symbols used in the text into distances in the diagram, to develop an alternative statement of the equilibrium conditions using community indifference curves and the contract locus, and to show that, in the variable production case, A's and B's production possibility curves, referred to origins OA and OB respectively, would be tangent to one another at the pre-transfer point.
In subsequent diagrams the endowment point will be regarded as the origin for trade.
The production of X and Y in A depends on the terms of trade:
The production of X and Y in B depends on the terms of trade:
The net capital exports of country A equal the balance of trade of country A:
Variations in domestic expenditure in each country are assumed to depend on changes in policy. In the free-trade case the system is completed by the following equations:
We then have eleven independent equations in the twelve unknowns xa, xb, ya, yb, Xa, Xb, Ya, Yb, Da, Db, P, and T, so there is 1 degree of freedom. Knowing the rate at which A is lending to B (that is, T), we can solve for the equilibrium terms of trade (P); or, assuming that the terms of trade are fixed, we can find the rate of lending that will establish equilibrium.
There are other, equivalent ways of writing the equilibrium conditions of the system. Equations (9) and (10) could be replaced by conditions stating that world production and world consumption of each good must be equal -- these alternatives imply each other when combined with equation (15), expressing balance-of-payments equilibrium. Equations (11) and (12), the demand functions for the good that is imported in each country, could be replaced by the demand functions for the good that is exported, since all income is spent; the part of domestic expenditure that is not spent on one good must be spent on the other good.
It will be convenient to define an import demand function for each country. The demand for imports is the difference between the quantities of the imported good demanded and supplied, that is, Ia = ya - Ya and Ib = xb -Xb, where Ia and Ib are, respectively, the demands for imports in A and B. Then, because the demand and supply functions depend only on domestic expenditure and the terms of trade, the import demand functions must also depend on these variables. Thus we have two more equations and two more unknowns:
If we now substitute (16) in the balance-of-payments equation (15) we obtain
Now let us consider the question of stability. An equilibrium is stable if a small displacement of a variable from its equilibrium level is followed by a return to equilibrium. In the context of the classical trade model, the equilibrium is stable if a displacement of the terms of trade from equilibrium sets in motion forces inducing a return to that equilibrium. The system is stable only if a fall in the price level or exchange rate of the deficit country causes an improvement in its balance of payments. To find the criterion for stability we have to compute the excess supply caused by a change in the terms of trade. This criterion will then give us the coefficient of a change in the terms of trade for use in the comparative-statics analysis.
The balance of trade surplus of country A, expressed in terms of home goods, can be written, given the level of domestic expenditure in each country, as
The terms in parentheses are the elasticities of demand for imports in A and B respectively. Write these terms, with a change of sign, as etaa and etab. Then we have
If trade is initially in balance, Ib = PIa, so that a fall in A's terms of trade (an increase in P) will improve or worsen A's trade balance, depending on whether
where I = Ia = Ib, on the assumption of initially balanced trade and choice of commodity units to make P initially equal to 1. Stability requires that a fall in A's terms of trade improve A's trade balance, so the system is stable or not
The offer curves OA and OB intersect an initial equilibrium Q. A change in the terms of trade in the proportion TQ/QM in favor of A creates an excess demand for B's good and a deficit in A's balance of payments equal to RW (in terms of Y). Deflationary pressures in A and inflationary pressures in B will therefore reverse the terms of trade change restoring equilibrium. The system is therefore stable.
The stability conditions are derived as follows: Define the elasticities of demand for imports in each country.
depending on whether the sum of the elasticities of demand for imports is greater or less than 1.
This criterion can be derived directly from the dynamic behavior of the system along the lines that Samuelson, writing in the early 1940s, made famous.
Let us approximate the dynamic behavior of the system by the following differential equation:
which states that the speed of the change in the terms of trade is proportional to the discrepancy between foreign exchange payments and receipts. Expanding this equation in a Taylor series in the neighborhood of equilibrium, omitting nonlinear terms, and choosing time units to make the "speed of adjustment" k = 1, we obtain
where P0 denotes the terms of trade at equilibrium. This equation has a solution
The equilibrium point is stable only if ; this can be the case only if the exponential term disappears, that is, only if etaa + etab -1 > 0.3
This discussion has been restricted to the stability of an equilibrium rather than to the stability of a system. John Stuart Mill recognized the possibility of multiple equilibria without reference to stability (, pp. 15-63), but his treatment was in error in certain respects. Marshall, in 1879, was aware (, pp. 24-25) that a point of unstable equilibrium must be flanked by points of stable equilibria, that the number of equilibria must be odd, and that (therefore) if an equilibrium were unique it would be stable.
There are alternative ways of expressing the stability condition. For example, it can be expressed in terms of one good only. To see this. recall equation (1), which expresses the equality of income (plus borrowing) and expenditure in country A. With lending zero this equation can be written
That is, offers of exports equal the value of imports demanded. Substituting in (18) and making a similar substitution for Ib, we can write the balance of payments (with no lending) as
where X is world production and consumption at equilibrium, and the arguments in the bracket are, respectively, the world elasticity of demand for X and the world elasticity of supply of X:
where units are chosen so that P is, at equilibrium, equal to unity. By similar reasoning from the balance-of-payments equation,
we find that
where etay and epsilony are the elasticities of world demand for, and supply of, Y.4
The elasticities of demand for X and Y are defined to be positive provided these goods are not Giffen goods; and the elasticities of supply of X and Y are defined to be positive provided opportunity costs are not decreasing. It may then be seen that the system is necessarily stable if neither good is a Giffen good in world consumption and opportunity costs are not decreasing. But even if the goods are Giffen goods, positive supply elasticities may yet make the system stable.
The task of Chapter 2 is to introduce into the balance-of-payments equation various parameters representing economic policies, and to show how the equilibrium values of the variables are affected by changes in these policies. Unless it is explicitly stated to the contrary, the equilibrium point will be assumed to be stable.5
Before going on to a consideration of changes in economic policies, it will be useful to introduce a relationship between income propensities and price elasticities based on Slutsky's separation of price effects into income and substitution effects. A price elasticity of demand can always be written as the sum of a compensated (pure substitution) price elasticity and an income propensity. Consider any demand function of the form I = I(D, P) and differentiate with respect to P. This yields
after multiplying by P/I. Now -(P/I) deltaI / deltaP is the (money-income constant) elasticity of demand, eta, and P deltaI / deltaD is the marginal propensity to spend, m. Thus
A change in price can be associated with a change in real income approximately equal to the change in cost of the initial amount bought, IdP. If expenditure is adjusted to compensate for this change in real income, that is, if dD = IdP, then -(P/I)(dI/dP) becomes the compensated elasticity of demand, eta', and we get eta = m + n' .6 If indifference curves are convex, all
Initial equilibrium is at Q on A's offer curve OA. Suppose that the terms of trade change in the proportion TQ/QM, and that at the new terms of trade A trades at the point Q'. The effect on income of this change in the terms of trade can be approximated by OD in terms of X or TQ in terms of Y, where DQ is drawn parallel to OT.
To prove the relation between compensated and ordinary elasticities: Define the elasticity of demand for imports in A, by
which is the elasticity of demand for imports with the income effect removed, i.e., the compensated elasticity of demand for imports, eta'a .
substitution effects in the two-good case under consideration are positive,
so eta > 0. From this it follows that the elasticity of demand
for imports is always greater than the marginal propensity to import. A fortiori
the sum of the elasticities of demand for imports is greater than the sum
of the marginal propensities to import, so that if
ma + mb is equal to, or exceeds,
1, the exchange market is necessarily stable. Conversely, an unstable exchange
market implies that the sum of the marginal propensities to import is less
2 Often, perhaps usually, to the detriment of economic efficiency. We are concerned now, however, with "positive," rather than "normative," aspects of international trade theory.
3 The elasticity criterion just derived was first developed by Alfred Marshall. It is important, however, to notice that Marshall's dynamic postulates differ from that described in (20) above. The latter assumes that the budget equations in each country are satisfied (each country is always at a point on its offer curve) but that markets are not necessarily cleared. Marshall's postulates are based on adjustments of offers toward the budget equations (offer curves). Marshall's adjustment process, which can be justified on the basis of varying profitability of export industries, admits richer solutions, including the possibility of complex roots and an oscillatory path to equilibrium (see Samuelson , pp. 266-268).
4 Mosak (, chap. 4) derived stability conditions in terms of one good only; see also Johnson (, p. 98). See Hirschman for a development of the stability criterion when trade is not initially in balance.
5 With respect to instability Marshall (, p. 354) wrote: ". . . it is not inconceivable but it is absolutely impossible," a statement I find understandable if not comprehensible ! More complicated aspects of stability in the classical system are explored in Chapters 3 and 7.
6 Meade has made extensive use of this relation, his
stability condition is split into income and substitution effects and, in
my notation. is eta'a +
ma + mb - 1 >
A. O. HIRSCHMAN, "Devaluation and the Trade Balance: A Note," Rev. Econ. Stat., 31, 50-53 (Feb.1949).
H . G . JOHNSON, " Economic Expansion and International Trade," Manchester School Econ. Soc. Stud., 23, 95-112 (May 1955).
A. MARSHALL, Money Credit and Commerce. London: Macmillan, 1923.
J. E. MEADE, "A Geometrical Representation of Balance-of-Payments Policy," Economica, 16, 305-320 (Nov. 1949).
J. L. MOSAK, General Equilibrium Theory in International Trade. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1944.
P. A. SAMUELSON, " The Transfer Problem and Transport Costs: I, The Terms of Trade When Impediments Are Absent, II, Analysis of Effects of Trade Impediments," Econ. Jour., 57, 278-304 (June 1952); 59, 264 290 (June 1954).
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2020 will be a year that will change us all. Hysteria, fear-mongering, mayhem, hoarding, food and supply shortages are things we are all facing right now. This pandemic has ignited some of our worst fears. Not even with natural disaster preparation have we seen grocery shelves so empty, nor shopping carts filled with so much unnecessary knickknacks, such as the current obsession with toilet paper. Additionally, who could have imagined a virus spreading so quickly that it has affected 6 of the world’s continents, with at least 151 countries (as of March 16 according to WHO) reporting cases of Coronavirus infections and many other countries lacking the proper health care system to detect or deal with the outbreak. This pandemic is a crucial reminder of how profoundly interconnected our world truly is and how vulnerable humanity is. 2020 is a year that will change us all.
2020. The year we all got a taste of home-schooling.
Lockdown is now a reality for many of us. If not already under quarantine, quarantine is a high probability for the rest of us reading this. For most, this means home-schooling children, or at the very least, supervising the plan that their schools scattered to set in place. 2020 is a year that will change us all, for starters 2020 will be known as the year we all got a taste of home-schooling. There is no time to be intimidated or to despair, National Math Bee has your back. So, National Math Bee compiled a list of tips and websites that provide interactive educational activities for the little ones meanwhile schools shut down.
National Math Bee Tips and Tricks for parents during the Coronavirus Quarantine.
Lead by example.
The most important thing to remember throughout this mayhem is that our children are watching us. What we say, how we react, and how we feel will transmit to our children. They are watching how we manage our stress and anxiety. At this time, when stress and anxiety are prevalent, let’s use this moment to teach them about strength in adversity. We must be aware of our comments and reactions. Our reactions will have the most significant impact on them throughout this crisis. So, let’s take a deep breath, relax, and make the best of this unordinary situation.
Keep a routine.
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Kids still need to be kids. They need free time to fool around and be silly. Join in on the fun and relieve some of the accumulated stress. Take this time as an opportune moment to reconnect with your loved ones and allow your hearts to bask in the simple joys of life.
You can use this opportune moment to teach your child the necessary life skills. Don’t be afraid to give your child more chores and responsibilities around the house now that s/he is spending more time there. Arm yourself with patience and reinforce their life skills. Here are a few we have in mind: cooking, cleaning, picking up, laundry, taking out the trash, yard work, and other essential chores at home. Kids are capable of anything; we need to have faith in them. Your Modern Family provides an extensive cleaning guide for modern families.
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- Travel and Leisure have compiled a list of museums for the grown-up taste. We are sure you will be thrilled.
Free learning resources
- `Hone in on your math skills by participating in the National Math Bee. The National Math Bee’s math game Batter Up is a fun, exciting, and handy tool to help elementary students achieve extraordinary levels of speed and accuracy with their math skills. The online math tournament is for students in first through sixth grade who can compete in any or all of the four basic math categories, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
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2020 most definitely has been a year that will change us all. Let’s be smart, reasonable, and socially responsible. By supporting each other, we will get through this one day at a time.
How has the Coronavirus outbreak affected you? Has your community shut down yet? Does your school have an action plan in place? Are there any other tips and tricks you would like to share with the community?
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Growing tomato vines will reward you with ripe home-grown tomatoes. Tomato plants grow in the summer, and they produce tomatoes until the first frost. Planting the tomatoes outdoors in your home garden will give them the space they need to grow. Tomato vines need to be staked to keep them from toppling over and spreading over the ground. You can either buy tomato seedlings from the a garden centre or grow your own tomatoes from seeds.
Place the tomato seeds in a bowl. Pour 59 ml (1/4 cup) of water over the tomato seeds. Cover the bowl in cling film, and poke holes in the plastic with a toothpick. Allow the seeds to soak for 2 to 3 hours or until they swell.
Remove the seeds from the water. Place them on paper towels and cover them with additional towels to dry them.
Plant the seeds in a seed tray with seed starting soil. Moisten the soil with water, and keep it from drying out once you plant the seeds. Plant them 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep in the trays, and keep them in a sunny and warm location. Transplant them to individual small containers with adequate draining holes.
Harden the tomato seedlings. Place them outdoors for one hour a day, and continue to increase the time they are outside in the weather. This will prevent them from going into shock.
Select a location in your yard that has well-drained soil. The area needs full sunlight. Use a garden tiller to prepare a bed for the tomatoes, and then place 5 cm (2 inches) of compost over the bed.
Add 948 ml (4 cups) of fertiliser for every 9 square metres (100 square feet) in your garden bed. The fertiliser will help keep the tomato vines healthy.
Dig holes into the ground that are 5 cm (2 inches) deeper than your nursery pots and twice as wide. Keep the plants 60 cm (2 feet) apart in rows, and 90 cm (3 feet) apart between the rows.
Loosen the soil around the tomato vine. Remove the vine from the pot, and place the tomato's roots into the hole. Remove the leaves from the bottom of the stem if they are going to be below the soil's surface. Fill the hole with back soil, and pack the soil lightly around the tomato vine.
Water the soil after you plant the tomato vines. Keep the soil moist, and water them weekly.
Place stakes into the ground behind each tomato vine. The stakes need to be 1.8 m (6 feet) tall and at least 30 to 45 cm(12 to 18 inches) into the ground. Tie the main tomato vine to the stake loosely while the vine grows. Keep the ties on the plant 15 cm (6 inches) apart.
Add fertiliser to the tomato vines after four weeks. Use a nitrogen rich fertiliser, and keep it 15 cm (6 inches) from the tomato vine's stem.
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It is based on a system of zones and reflex areas that purportedly reflect an image of the body on the feet and hands. In another word, reflexology uses reflexes that are in an orderly arrangement resembling a shape of the human body on the feet, hands, and outer ears. For example, using thumbs or fingers to apply appropriate pressure on a specific spot in the arch of the foot affects the bladder function as it corresponds to the bladder point.
Where are the reflexology points and areas?
In reflexology theory, points and areas on the feet, hands, and ears correspond to specific organs, bones and body systems. Reflexology “maps” represent how the body system correspond to one another. A good example of a reflexology map exists for the feet. Each foot represents a vertical half of the body:
- The left foot corresponds to the left side of the body, and all organs, valves, etc. found there.
- The right foot corresponds to the right side of the body, and all the organs found there. For example, the liver is on the right side of the body, and therefore the corresponding reflex area is on the right foot.
Hence, our feet represent our entire body!
Benefits of combining essential oils with reflexology points
- The bottoms of your feet have a rich blood supply. The pores are thicker on the sole and our legs act like straws sucking up the compounds quickly into the bloodstream. If essential oils are applied to the feet, oils can deliver to the body cells faster.
- As there are no sebaceous glands on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands, the soles and palms will not secrete sebum. Sebum is a thick oily substance that could act as “shield” to prevent any absorption. Since the palms and the soles do not secrete sebum, they are more ready to absorb oils. However, you need to ensure your feet are dry before applying any essential oil.
- Applying essential oils to the points on the feet and hands (bottom, sides, and top) and the ear (both inside as far as the finger can reach and outside) affect organs and systems throughout the entire body.
- The skin on the soles of the feet are less sensitive than any skin of the rest of the body, and it allows applying any essential oil without dilution as there is a lower risk of skin irritation and sensitivities.
- On each foot, there are over 7,000 nerve endings called reflexes that correspond to every organ and system within your body. By pressing on these reflex points, you stimulate the nervous system and open energy pathways that may be blocked or congested
- Applying essential oils on the soles of the feet, the oils will bypass the liver and will not accumulate there.
- Digestive reflexology points can help to ease gastrointestinal discomfort, particularly digestion.
- Using the thumb to apply appropriate pressure on the inner edge of the middle part of the foot can help to relax the stomach and improves circulation in this area. Stimulating the middle of the foot opens the energy pathways to the organs like the stomach, colon, and intestines. This helps blood flow and circulation to these organs and can help alleviate digestive issues.
- For those who often suffer from hormonal problems or emotional imbalance before your period, apply appropriate pressure with recommended essential oils on the inner and outer reflex areas on each side of your ankle where the reproductive organs lies may help to alleviate the symptoms. Stimulating these areas can improve the circulation to the reproductive organs and help to regulate and balance you during that time of the month.
Although reflexology is not used to diagnose or cure health disorders, it if often used to complement other treatments when addressing conditions such as kidney functions, sinusitis, emotional imbalance, etc.
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Increased consumption of omega 3 fats via supplements offers little or no protection on cardiovascular diseases, according to a new review of clinical evidence, led by UK researchers.
Those behind the new Cochrane systematic review, published this week, said it challenged the widely held belief that omega 3 supplements reduce risk of heart disease, stroke or death.
“The findings of this review go against the popular belief that long-chain omega 3 supplements protect the heart”
They noted that increased consumption of omega 3 fats was widely promoted globally and they were readily available and bought as over-the-counter supplements.
The main types of omega 3 fatty acids are alphalinolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA is normally found in fats from plant foods, while EPA and DHA – collectively called long chain omega 3 fats – are naturally found in fatty fish.
The review combined the results of 79 trials involving 112,059 people, recruiting men and women, some healthy and others with existing illnesses, from North America, Europe, Australia and Asia.
The studies included in the review assessed the effects on diseases of the heart and circulation of consuming additional omega 3 fat for at least a year, compared to usual or lower omega 3.
Most studies investigated the impact of giving a long-chain omega 3 supplement in a capsule form and compared it to a dummy pill. Only a few assessed whole fish intake, noted the reviewers.
“This review did find moderate evidence that ALA may be slightly protective of some diseases of the heart and circulation”
Most ALA trials added omega 3 fats to foods such as margarine and gave such foods, or naturally ALA-rich foods such as walnuts, to intervention groups, and usual, non-enriched foods to other participants.
The Cochrane researchers found that increasing long-chain omega 3 provided little if any benefit on most outcomes that they looked at.
They found high certainty evidence that long-chain omega 3 fats had little or no meaningful effect on the risk of death from any cause.
The risk of death from any cause was 8.8% in people who had increased their intake of omega 3 fats, compared with 9% in people in the control groups, said the researchers.
They also found that taking more long-chain omega 3 fats, primarily through supplements probably made little or no difference to risk of cardiovascular events, coronary heart deaths, coronary heart disease events, stroke or heart irregularities.
In contrast, long-chain omega 3 fats probably did reduce some blood fats, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. Reducing triglycerides was likely to be protective of heart diseases, but reducing HDL has the opposite effect, noted the researchers.
“Our message is clear, you should focus on eating a healthy, balanced, Mediterranean style diet”
Overall, they said their systematic review suggested that eating more ALA through food or supplements probably has little or no effect on cardiovascular deaths or deaths from any cause.
However, eating more ALA probably reduced the risk of heart irregularities from 3.3 to 2.6%, found the review, which is published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
The review team found that reductions in cardiovascular events with ALA were so small that about 1,000 people would need to increase consumption of ALA for one of them to benefit. Similar results were found for cardiovascular death.
Lead author Dr Lee Hooper, from the University of East Anglia, said: “The findings of this review go against the popular belief that long-chain omega 3 supplements, including fish oils, protect the heart.
He said the review also provided good evidence that taking long-chain omega 3, including fish oil, EPA or DHA supplements had no benefit for heart health or reducing the risk of stroke or death from any cause.
Though oily fish was a healthy food, the researchers said they were unclear if increasing intake will show beneficial effects to the heart.
“Supplements are no replacement for a healthy diet”
He added: “This systematic review did find moderate evidence that ALA, found in plant oils (such as rapeseed or canola oil) and nuts (particularly walnuts) may be slightly protective of some diseases of the heart and circulation. However, the effect is very small.”
Victoria Taylor, senior dietician at the British Heart Foundation, said: “Supplements are no replacement for a healthy diet.
“Guidance which was updated a few years ago is consistent with this study in that omega-3 supplements are not recommended to prevent heart and circulatory diseases,” she said.
“Our message is clear – rather than taking supplements to reduce your risk of having another heart attack or stroke, you should focus on eating a healthy, balanced, Mediterranean style diet,” she added.
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https://www.nursingtimes.net/news/research-and-innovation/omega-3-pills-offer-little-or-no-benefit-for-heart-health/7025336.article?blocktitle=News&contentID=20567
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In the past several decades, and at an increasing pace, many records that used to be stored on paper have been stored digitally on computer information systems, instead. As older technologies are replaced by newer generations of hardware and software, new schemes for storing and coding the data are introduced. Because of the rapid evolution of technology, future digital systems may not be able to read and/or interpret the digital records made and stored on these older systems, even if those records are still in good condition. We are losing the knowledge of how the old systems stored and coded information. Increasingly, therefore, when we attempt to access and recover those aging documents, we will find that we no longer have the necessary information to do that. This paper addresses the problem of maintaining long-term access to digital documents and provides a methodology for overcoming access difficulties due to technological obsolescence. We created a model, called the Digital Rosetta Stone, that provides a methodology for maintaining long-term access to digital documents. The underlying principle of the model is that knowledge preserved about different storage devices and file formats can be used to recover data from obsolete media and to reconstruct the digital documents. We describe three processes that are necessary for maintaining long-term access to digital documents in their native formats--knowledge preservation, data recovery, and document reconstruction.
Heminger, Alan R. and Robertson, Steven
"The Digital Rosetta Stone: A Model for Maintaining Long-term Access to Static Digital Documents,"
Communications of the Association for Information Systems:
Vol. 3, Article 2.
Available at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol3/iss1/2
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Musk Ox in Northern U.S.
Name: Bille B.
After reading some about the Musk Ox, I understand why
they have move to the colder climates. But, can they be reintroduced
into lower States like Wisconsin with its cold winters?
Every species is adapted to particular conditions. Some are wide ranging and
others have much narrower requirements. I do not know much about musk-oxen
specifically, but my guess is that they would not survive the long hot
summers of the temperate regions.
Click here to return to the Zoology Archives
Update: June 2012
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How many air monitors does North Carolina operate?
It’s a pretty straightforward question, but the answer the state has provided has been anything but clear.
We asked about the monitors earlier this month in researching a July 2 editorial that questioned why the N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources was cutting more than half the state’s air monitors after arguing one year ago against a bill that would do exactly that.
North Carolina, as of June 2014, was operating 132 air monitors across the state. (A few localities operate their own, additional monitors). Those N.C.-operated monitors range from “criteria” monitors required by the federal Environmental Protection Agency to other devices, such as weather monitors, that the EPA doesn’t require.
In 2014, N.C. lawmakers filed a regulatory bill that called for DENR to eliminate all monitors the EPA didn’t mandate. DENR said then it was “baffled” at the request. The Observer’s editorial board criticized the bill. Eventually, the air monitor provision was removed.
But in the year since, DENR eliminated those monitors anyway. At least that’s what a spokesperson confirmed to us this month when we asked if the state was going from 132 to 62 air monitors.
Now DENR – specifically the N.C. Division of Air Quality – says that 62 is incorrect. The actual number is 96, which includes both EPA-mandated monitors and others. DENR also says that their spokesperson didn’t confirm the total of 62 to us. “A miscommunication,” they said.
But we’re not the only ones DENR told that to. When state lawmakers tried again this year to get DENR to eliminate air monitors not required by the EPA, lawmakers got a memo from DENR saying it already was satisfying that provision.
The memo said the state was now operating 74 criteria monitors and would be eliminating 12 more with the EPA’s permission. That would bring the number of monitors to 62, which is what DENR also told the editorial board.
If DENR is operating 96 monitors – still a significant drop from 132 – that would include almost three dozen monitors the EPA doesn’t require. That would mean DENR was less than truthful when it told lawmakers it was eliminating all non-mandated monitors.
We asked DENR officials about that discrepancy. Their response, in an op-ed we published Wednesday, did not directly answer that question.
Keep this in mind: North Carolina’s air quality has improved greatly over the last few decades. Our air quality effort, specifically the 2002 Clean Smokestacks Act, has served as a model for other states.
DENR argues now that the improvement has made air monitors less necessary. But DENR argued last year that they needed those 132 monitors as part of a robust network, especially with the EPA implementing tougher standards on sulfur dioxide. We agree.
Lawmakers, by the way, are still mulling that 2015 regulatory bill that includes the elimination of all non-mandated air monitors. That puts 34 of DENR’s total of 96 monitors in jeopardy.
DENR did tell the editorial board that it plans on 10 to 30 new monitors added to keep up with the new EPA sulfur dioxide standards.
How many will that leave the state operating? We’re not holding our breath on a clear answer.
Peter St. Onge
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A study has been published by a research team from Oxford University that claims playing Tetris can help soldiers deal with flashbacks caused by post-traumatic stress disorder. The researchers believe that playing the game may prevent the brain from forming memories that lead to flashbacks.
These flashbacks are one of the worst symptoms for many people who suffer from PTSD. Research team leader Dr. Emily Holmes concluded that when played soon after exposure to trauma, Tetris served as “a cognitive vaccine” that seemed to “inoculate against the build-up of flashbacks.” I guess in the future if you have a bad day and there something you would prefer to not recall, try playing some Tetris.
The study into using the game to treat PTSD followed 60 participants and exposed them to a movie showing scenes of injury and death. The participants were then divided into three groups. One of the groups sat quietly and did nothing, the other group took a computerized trivia quiz, and the third group played Tetris. The Tetris playing group reported fewer flashbacks according to the study. I’ve never been through anything like soldiers go through in the field, but it would seem to me being next people you know and care for who get gravely injured or killed would be much more likely to cause traumatic flashbacks than watching a movie.
I’m also not sure it would work for me if I had to be treated with Tetris because the game really drives me crazy at times.
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| 0.981969 | 299 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Responsibilities of Election Commission of India? Know its Importance|SSC 2019-20
Responsibilities of Election Commission of India: Know its importance
The Election Commission of India is an independent body of Constitution of India. It is the body that administers and monitors the elections and the related activities. The rules and regulations relevant to the Election Commission of India is mentioned in the Constitution of India. The key objectives of ECI include defining the course of elections at various levels. Today, we will be discussing the responsibilities of the Election Commission and its importance.
Read more: Climate Change: How it is impacting world?
Read more: RBI and its monetary policy for 2019: Important Facts
As per Article 324 of the Constitution, the Election Commission holds the controlling of elections for the state legislature, the parliamentary elections, the Vice President and the President office of the country. The body has a Chief Election Commissioner and two Elections Commissioners as the representatives. All the decisions are taken considering the majority.
Clauses of Article 324
1.EC will have superintendency of electoral roles, the conduct of Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections to the offices of President and Vice-President held under this Constitution.
2. It should consist of Chief EC and a certain number of ECs which the president may fix from time to time. The appointment of Chief EC and the EC are due are by the provisions of law made by the Parliament, by the President.
3. Before each general election to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of each State, and before the first general election and thereafter before each biennial election to the Legislative Council of each State having such Council, the President may appoint the Regional Commissioners with EC’s intervention.
The regional or the Election Commission can only be removed by recommendation of CEC.
The CEC can be removed by the parliament of India in support of the resolution stating incapability and misbehaviour passed by both the houses.
Roles and Responsibilities of Election Commission
1. It guards the free and reasonable conduct of elections.
2. It formulates the Model Code of Conduct before the elections. This code is to be followed by all the candidates and parties in order to maintain democracy.
3. It regulates the registration process for elections by registring the eligible and new voters.
4. It presents the budget, the expenditure of the whole election process. It monitors every spending throughout the elections.
5. The political parties are liable to submit the Election Report to the Election Commission in order to get the tax benefits. Also, the Commission checks that the parties are submitting the financial audit reports regularly.
6. It also holds the responsibilities of deciding the constituencies and preparing the electoral rolls.
7. It also appoints tribunals to take a decision on disputes related to election conduct for the legislatures and parliament.
8. It also allows the election symbols to candidates and parties.
The Election Commission of India is an important part of the election process. The free and fair conduct of an election campaign is entirely dependent on the Election Commission of India. All the bodies and the parties are accountable to the Election Commission of India and no step throughout the election process is taken without its notice.
For more such informative articles stay tuned to OWN TV.
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Triveni : Trinity of three rivers and the land where great epic Ramayana was written
Triveni which literally means trinity of three water source. And this triveni of Nawalparasi district is the trinity of three holy rivers Narayani, Sona and Pancha (Tamsa & Sonbhadra). I am fortunate enough to born on this land. And had opportunity to visit this shrine almost every year until I was not allowed to ride bike but once I had the control of my bike I have been here for numerous time. Let me introduce this glorious place to you.
Triveni is situated near the Indian border where the River Narayani, or Gandak, emerges from the Siwalik ranges to flow into the Gigantic plains. In Nepali news you must have heard of Susta Gandak trouble of Nepali land flooded by the closing of dam from Indian side. It is called Triveni (meaning three streams or rivers) as the large Narayani River mingles with the smaller Sona and Pancha (Tamsa & Sonbhadra) rivers.
'Tri' means three and 'Veni' means junction of water source in Sanskrit. We commonly hear about this place often mentioned in the Hindu Scriptures ranging from the works of the ancient dramatist, Kalidash, to the Varaha, Himavat, and the Skanda Puranas.
Across the river there is the Balmiki Ashram which falls under Chitawan District, said to be the retreat where a pregnant Sita, banished by her husband Ram, took refuge in the great sage Valimiki’s ashram and gave birth to her two sons, Lava and Kush.
It is believed that apsaras, along with various gods and goddesses, frequently descend from heaven to bath in these rivers. Triveni Dham has been famous since the days of the Janak dynasty of Janakpur, during which it was a part of the Mithila kingdom. In particular, the Balmiki Ashram, across the river, is testament to the influence the Janak kings had on the cultural and religious heritage of the region. It was here that Valimi wrote the epic Ramayana. And not only that it is the land which inspired Valimiki to create the first verse of his life, and that verse is also taken as the milestone to start the glorious days of Sanskrit literature.
Let me tell you that small story how Sage Valmiki wrote that first verse. Valmiki was going to the river Ganges for his daily ablutions. A disciple by the name Bharadwaja was carrying his clothes. On the way, they came across the Tamasa Stream. Looking at the stream, Valmiki said to his disciple, "Look, how clear is this water, like the mind of a good man! I will bath here today." When he was looking for a suitable place to step into the stream, he saw a crane couple mating. Valmiki felt very pleased on seeing the happy birds. Suddenly, hit by an arrow, the male bird died on the spot. Filled by sorrow, its mate screamed in agony and died of shock. Valmiki's heart melted at this pitiful sight. He looked around to find out who had shot the bird. He saw a hunter with a bow and arrows, nearby. Valmiki became very angry. His lips opened and he cried out,
मा निषाद प्रतिष्ठां त्वमगमः शाश्वतीः समाः।
mā niṣāda pratiṣṭhā tvamagamaḥ śāśvatīḥ samāḥ
yat krauñcamithunādekam avadhīḥ kāmamohitam
You will find no rest for the long years of Eternity
For you killed a bird in love and unsuspecting
Emerging spontaneously from Valmiki's rage and grief, this is considered to be the first shloka in Sanskrit literature. Valmiki later composed the entire Ramayana with the blessings of Lord Brahma in the same meter that issued forth from him as the shloka. Thus this shloka is revered as the first shloka in Hindu literature. Valmiki is revered as the first poet or Adi Kavi and Ramayana, the first Kavya (poem).
Now as we have some glimps of Valmiki’s life lets know more about this shrine Triveni. This place is also known as Hari-Har Kshetra, sacred to both Shaiva and Vaishnava followers of the Hindu religion. Hari means Vishnu and Har means Shiva. There is a temple enshrining the idol of Hari-Har – half Vishnu, half Shiva. Here one finds the temples of Gajendramokshya, Bhakteshwor, Laxmi Bainketeswara, Nagababakuti, and Radhakrishna; the Kotihom Yajnashala; the Sanskrit school; and many beautiful gardens. This site called Gajendra Mokshya Tirtha where according to the Barah Purana, a god worshipping elephant (Gajendra meaning Elephant King) was caught in the jaws of a powerful alligator while wading in the waters to pluck lotus flowers for worship. Lord Vishnu hearing his devotee’s prayer for help personally descended on the spot riding on his Garuda and killed the alligator with his Sudarshan Chakra (discus) and saved the elephant. This act of liberation (mokshya) of the elephant king from the clutches of the crocodile (graha) has earned this place the name Gajendra Mokshya. Today Saint Muktinath Baba have constructed a huge ashram at the site of Gajendra Mokshya called Gajendra Mokshya Dham. As this ashram faces the river if you walk into the river you will see the spot where still today stone carved with the foot of elephant lies there.
A big fair is held at this site on Magh Krishna Amabasya, or the dark night (no moon), in the month of Magh (Jan/ Feb). Pilgrims, from both the hills and plains of Nepal and from India, take a ritual bath in the river on this occasion. It is the popular site for holy baths, tarpanas, shradhas, upanayans, darnabhedans, annaprasans, chudakarmas, and various other sacramental rites; and the festivals of Kartik Mela, Kumbha Mela, Ramnavami, Byaspurnima, Holi, Chhait, and Budda Jayanti, Shivaratri serve as occasions for a large number of pilgrims from Nepal and India gathering in the region.
Article written by Suvas Agam.
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Schooling has modified significantly in the last twenty years. Stone Age – The development of simple tools from wood or shards of rock and the discovery of fireside, which provided a way to cook food and create heat and lightweight, had been technological developments which allowed folks to perform duties extra simply and quickly.
Small to large scale enterprises rely upon computer systems to assist them with their business needs ranging from Point of Sales systems, info management systems able to dealing with all types of information similar to employee profile, client profile, accounting and tracking, automation programs for use in large scale production of commodities, package sorting, meeting traces, all the way in which to advertising and communications.
As a result of I had no technology, I needed to face the problem and develop a two very important life skills – Vital considering and Listening. It’s almost a constructive claim based on technology like medical advancements comparable to x-ray gadgets and medical drugs that assist to elongate life and assist humanity.
A examine of gender variations in spatial relations abilities of engineering students within the U.S. and Brazil found that there was a big disparity between the abilities of female and male college students. Computer systems and the Web – The ability to carry out primary pondering processes a lot quicker allows enterprise, science and commerce to proceed far more efficiently.
When combined with one other term, comparable to “medical technology” or “area technology,” it refers to the state of the respective area’s data and instruments.
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Photo voltaic System
Along with the advancement of science and technology, technological innovations grew together with it, resulting to the emergence of latest equipment and gadgets. Authors noticed that the female college students have been way more optimistic about getting through the tedious coding lessons when they understood the purpose of it. Teachers should be certain that the context for the technology they are teaching is addressed early on within the semester through the use of actual world tales and case studies to seize the curiosity of all of their college students.
Technology (“science of craft”, from Greek Ï„Îχνη, techne, “artwork, skill, crafty of hand”; and -λογία, -logia 2 ) is the collection of techniques , abilities , strategies , and processes used within the manufacturing of products or companies or in the accomplishment of aims, akin to scientific investigation Technology will be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it may be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed information of their workings.
People nowadays are careless about how technology impacts our nature even our society. He can see the advantages and the way technology can be seen as a pal to humanity that ‘it makes life easier, cleaner and longer’. The department of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the atmosphere, drawing upon such topics as industrial arts, engineering, utilized science, and pure science.
A gender research of laptop science majors at Carnegie-Mellon University (one of the preeminent pc science programs in the country) discovered that, overall, male students come equipped with much better pc expertise than female students. In the case of companies that have companies positioned in several parts of the world, technology has helped reduce down costs that might be incurred travelling for meetings and other obligations.
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Oceanography, one of the essential four branches of Earth Science , is the research of the oceans. When you use them effectively, these instruments hand you over with a highly progressive method on how you can establish your management blind spots, the right way to deal with adjustments, how you can be the vessel for true mentorship, and the list goes on. There may be hardly any organization right this moment that is with no technological infrastructure outfitted with these or other relevant instruments.
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Family Tree of Jesus
The Holy Qur’ân gives information on the ancestors of Jesus, primarily to refute the notion of his being the son of God and of his divinity. The mother of Mary is referred to as a “woman from the tribe of Amran.” We read: “(Allâh listened) when a woman of (the family of) Amran [‘Imran] said, My Lord! I do hereby vow to You what is in my womb to be dedicated (to Your service); so do accept (it) of me.” (3:35) According to the Bible, Amran (‘Imrân was the mother of Aaron and Moses [Exodus 6:20], who, according to the Holy Qur’ân, was a recipient of Divine Revelation (20:11–16). Mary is referred to as the daughter of ‘Imrân (66:12). Mary is also called the sister of Aaron. This is a reference to her family tree going back to the sister of Moses and Aaron (19:28). This sister is also mentioned in the Holy Qur’ân in verse 20:40.
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Food Fun & News
Brown Eggs, Purple Carrots: 8 Things the Color of Your Food Actually Reveals
What a food’s hue can—and can’t—say about its nutrition and flavor.
Purple vs. orange carrots
Rainbow carrots are a trendy feast for the eyes, but one color isn’t necessarily healthier than the others. All are rich in different antioxidants. Orange carrots have high levels of beta-carotene, important for healthy vision. Purple carrots are packed with anthocyanins, which may prevent heart disease. Red carrots contain lycopene, linked to lower risk of certain cancers. Yellow carrots have high amounts of lutein, linked to cancer prevention and healthy eyes. For maximum benefits, eat a variety. Here are six surprising health benefits of carrots to know.
Brown vs. white eggs
An egg’s color says less about nutrition and more about… the chicken’s earlobe. Chickens with white earlobes lay white eggs; those with red earlobes lay brown ones. The only reason brown is pricier? Chickens that lay the eggs are larger and require more feed. Check out these simple tricks to cook perfect eggs.
Blue vs. yellow corn chips
Swapping yellow chips for blue won’t make your snack guilt-free. Blue corn contains more of the amino acid lysine and the antioxidant anthocyanin, but corn loses many of these nutrients when processed into a chip.
Green vs. red bell peppers
Red peppers are usually aged green peppers. Chlorophyll masks red pigment in green peppers until the vegetable matures. Green peppers are typically cheaper and have fewer nutrients because of their shorter growing time.
Red vs. white quinoa
Red quinoa offers a crunchier texture. White quinoa, the most common type, tends to have a neutral taste and fluffy texture. It is commonly used in breakfast porridges or as a substitute for a grain, such as rice. Red quinoa is often used in salads because it holds its shape well after cooking. Love quinoa? Try one of these creative quinoa recipes.
Brown vs. red potatoes
Russet potatoes, or the brown variety, have more starch than their red counterparts. This makes them light and fluffy when cooked—ideal for mashed or baked dishes. Red potatoes are smaller, have less starch and more sugar than russet potatoes (resulting in a stickier texture), and a very thin skin that is left on during cooking—ideal for roasting. Both potatoes are virtually equal in vitamins, though brown potatoes contain nearly double the vitamin B6, which the body uses for protein production.
White vs. yellow onions
Nearly 90 percent of onions grown in the United States are yellow, commonly used in recipes due to their versatile, mild flavor. The longer they cook, the sweeter they become. White onions have a sharper flavor. Though they can also be cooked, they’re typically thinly sliced on sandwiches or sprinkled on salsa.
Light vs. dark potato chips
The darker the chip, the more flavorful. When protein and sugar are exposed to heat, a chemical reaction produces a dark color. This same reaction creates flavorful molecules that make the chip taste more savory.
Sources: Eric Decker, professor and head of the Department of Food Science at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Annals of Agricultural Sciences; time.com; thekitchn.com; medicalnewstoday.com; rodalesorganiclife.com; thekitchn.com; thecookingdish.com; ufl.edu; huffingtonpost.com; goaskalice.columbia.edu
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Ancient Greek solution for debt crisis
Published: 5th Jun 2012 23:38:58
What advice would the ancient Greeks provide to help modern Greeks with their current financial worries?
1. Debt, division and revolt. Here's the 6th Century BC news from Athens.
In the early 6th Century BC, the people of Athens were burdened with debt, social division and inequality, with poor farmers prepared to sell themselves into slavery just to feed their families.
Revolution was imminent, but the aristocrat Solon emerged as a just mediator between the interests of rich and poor. He abolished debt bondage, limited land ownership, and divided the citizen body into classes with different levels of wealth and corresponding financial obligations.
His measures, although attacked on all sides, were adopted and paved the way for the eventual creation of democracy.
Solon's success demonstrates that great statesmen must have the courage to implement unpopular compromises for the sake of justice and stability.
2. What happens next? The Delphic oracle
Ancient Delphi was the site of Apollo's oracle, believed to be inspired by the god to utter truths. Her utterances, however, were unintelligible and needed to be interpreted by priests, who generally turned them into ambiguous prophecies.
In response to, say, "Should Greece leave the euro?" the oracle might have responded: "Greece should abandon the euro if the euro has abandoned Greece," leaving proponents and opponents of "Grexit" to squabble over what exactly that meant. It must have been something like listening to modern economists. At least the oracle had the excuse of inhaling the smoke of laurel leaves.
Wiser advice was to be found in the mottos inscribed on the face of Apollo's temple at Delphi, advocating moderation and self-knowledge: "Know yourself. Nothing in excess."
3. Nothing new under the sun: The sage Pythagoras
If modern Greeks feel overwhelmed by today's financial problems, they might take some comfort from remembering the world-weary advice from their ancestor Pythagoras that "everything comes round again, so nothing is completely new".
Pythagoras of Samos was a 6th Century BC mystic sage who believed that numbers are behind everything in the universe - and that cosmic events recur identically over a cycle of 10,800 years.
His doctrine was picked up by the biblical author of Ecclesiastes in the 3rd Century BC, whose phrase "There is nothing new under the sun" is repeated more than 20 times.
If you look at the picture at top of the story, the young man with a laptop on a Greek vase from 470 BC (in fact, a writing-tablet) seems to prove the proposition.
4. Mind you, it could be worse… Odysseus and endurance
"Hold fast, my heart, you have endured worse suffering," Odysseus exhorts himself in Homer's Odyssey, from the 8th Century BC.
Having battled hostile elements and frightful monsters on his return home across the sea from Troy to his beloved Ithaka and wife Penelope, Odysseus here prevents himself from jeopardising a successful finale as a result of impatience.
The stirring message is that whatever the circumstances, one should recognise that things could be, and have been, even worse. Harder challenges have been faced and - with due intelligence and fortitude - overcome.
5. Are you sure that's right? Socrates and tireless inquiry
"The unexamined life is not worth living for a human being," said Socrates.
By cross-examining ordinary people, the philosopher aimed to get to the heart of complex questions such as "What is justice?" and "How should we live?" Often no clear answer emerged, but Socrates insisted that we keep on asking the questions.
Fellow Athenians were so offended by his scrutiny of their political and moral convictions that they voted to execute him in 399 BC, and thereby made him an eternal martyr to free thought and moral inquiry.
Socrates bequeathed to humanity a duty to keep on thinking with tireless integrity, even when - or particularly when - definite answers are unlikely to be found.
6. How did those jokers end up in charge? Aristophanes the comedian
The most brilliantly inventive of comic playwrights, Aristophanes was happy to mock contemporary Athenian politicians of every stripe. He was also the first to coin a word for "innovation".
His comedy Frogs of 405 BC, which featured the first representation of aerial warfare, contained heartfelt and unambiguous advice for his politically fickle fellow citizens: choose good leaders, or you will be stuck with bad ones.
7. Should we do the same as last time? Heraclitus the thinker
"You can't step into the same river twice" is one of the statements of Heraclitus, in the early 5th Century BC - his point being that the ceaseless flow of the water makes for a different river each time you step into it.
A sharp pupil pointed out "in that case you can't step into the same river once", since if everything is constantly in flux, so is the identity of the individual stepping into the water.
While change is constant, different things change at different rates. In an environment of ceaseless flux, it is important to identify stable markers and to hold fast to them.
Bond markets, debt and bail-outs must feel like a similar challenge.
8. Tell me the worst, doctor. Hippocrates faces the facts
Western medicine goes back to Hippocrates, late 5th Century BC, and doctors still take the "Hippocratic oath". An extensive set of ancient medical observations details how patients fared when they were treated by means such as diet and exercise.
What is exceptional in ancient thinking about health and disease is the clear-sighted recognition that doctors must observe accurately and record truthfully - even when patients die in the process.
Magical or wishful thinking cannot bring a cure. Only honest, exhaustive, empirical observation can hope to reveal what works and what does not.
9. Seizing the opportunity: Cleisthenes and democracy
The ancient Greeks were strongly aware of the power of opportunity - in Greek, kairos. Seizing the moment - in oratory, athletics, or battle - was admired and viewed as an indication of skill.
In many cases, such temporary innovation, born of the moment, will be more enduring, especially if successive innovators build on its principles.
When the tyrants of Athens were deposed at the end of the 6th Century, the leading citizen Cleisthenes needed to think up a constitution that would cut across existing structures of power and allegiance.
He devised with amazing rapidity a system of elective government in which all the citizens (the Greek word "demos" means "the people") had a single vote - the world's first democracy.
10. Big problem, long bath: Archimedes the inventor
Asked to measure whether a crown was made of pure gold, the Sicilian Greek Archimedes (3rd Century BC) puzzled over a solution.
The story goes that when he eventually took a bath and saw the water rising as he stepped in, it struck him that an object's relative density could be measured by the water it displaced: gold would displace less water than less dense material.
He was so excited by his discovery that he jumped out of the bath and ran naked through Syracuse shouting "Eureka!" - Greek for "I've got it!"
Finding the solution to a knotty problem requires hard thinking, but the answer often comes only when you switch off - and take a bath.
Armand D'Angour is a lecturer in classics at the University of Oxford and author of The Greeks and the New: Novelty in Ancient Greek Imagination and Experience and the forthcoming Eureka: Seven Principles of Innovation from Ancient Greece
At 13:57:23 in SportDavid Gilbert admitted he had been outclassed after his World Championship campaign came to an abrupt end with a 10-4 defeat by last year's Crucible runner-up Barry Hawkins.
At 13:56:11 in EnglandA baby squirrel was found "nesting" in the thick woollen fleece of a sheep in Suffolk, its owner said.
At 13:52:21 in SportThe British Horseracing Authority will assess Chelmsford City Racecourse's application to host fixtures in 2015.
At 13:46:17 in EnglandA 25-year-old man found dead at a house in Lincoln has been named.
At 13:42:47 in ScotlandPlans to reduce the number of payday lenders on the high street are being discussed at Scotland's first payday lending summit in Glasgow.
At 13:41:40 in SportJersey's Team Jets could have an easier path to promotion to English Netball's Premiership Three after the withdrawal of one of their play-off opponents.
At 13:39:52 in WorldAuthorities in Australia are examining material washed ashore to determine if it is related to missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370.
At 13:36:05 in SportLast year's runner-up Barry Hawkins beat David Gilbert 10-4 to reach the second round of the World Championships at the Crucible.
At 13:35:44 in EnglandVisitors to part of the East Yorkshire coast have been warned to look out for live ammunition after the army bomb squad had to carry out a controlled explosion on a beach.
At 13:35:02 in BusinessBoeing's total revenues rose 8% to $20.5bn (£12.2bn) in the first quarter, driven by an increase in commercial aircraft deliveries.
Harvard CitationBBC News, 2012. Ancient Greek solution for debt crisis [Online] (Updated 5th Jun 2012)
Available at: http://www.ukwirednews.com/news/1432896/Ancient-Greek-solution-for-debt-crisis [Accessed 23rd Apr 2014]
News In Other Categories
The Hull Truck theatre has received £400,000 in emergency grants to help it out of financial crisis.
David Gilbert admitted he had been outclassed after his World Championship campaign came to an abrupt end with a 10-4 defeat by last year's Crucible runner-up Barry Hawkins.
A baby squirrel was found "nesting" in the thick woollen fleece of a sheep in Suffolk, its owner said.
The Hull Truck theatre has received £400,000 in emergency grants to help it out of financial crisis.
Boeing's total revenues rose 8% to $20.5bn (£12.2bn) in the first quarter, driven by an increase in commercial aircraft deliveries.
A plan by the New York Police Department to use Twitter to boost its image seems to have backfired.
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Schools might be set targets to improve aspects of students’ lives over which teachers have no control. Dawn Forshaw argues this smacks of a quick fix
With teenage pregnancy rates among the highest in Europe and many young people, some pre-teen, revealing that they are experimenting with drugs, is it right that schools should be seen as one of the main bodies charged with the task of reducing these alarming statistics?
In a recently leaked discussion document entitled Indicators of Schools’ Performance in Contributing to Pupil Wellbeing, there are signs that the government is indeed considering setting targets for schools linked to obesity, pregnancy rates and various other social indicators. In fact 18 areas in total are identified, above and beyond those that schools are already responsible for under the Every Child Matters Agenda.
Schools already have a responsibility, which is inspected under the Ofsted framework, for pupil well-being in a broad sense, including what measures a school employs to encourage children to take exercise and eat healthily. At the present time, schools must also report on test and exam results achieved by pupils as well as exclusion and absence rates for those children.
The discussion document reveals that the government intends to go a lot further with plans for schools to keep records on numbers of teenage pregnancies, entrance to the youth justice system, obesity rates and so on. However, although it may begin as a record-keeping exercise, how long will it be before schools are then given targets that relate to improving those rates, which demand improvement year on year if a school is to be judged to be successful?
I am suspicious of discussion documents. Past experience suggests to me that the government often pays lip service to having a discussion with professional bodies, and then fails to take a blind bit of notice of the feedback from them.
Schools do have a part to play in seeking to improve the well-being of children, and I certainly regard schools as a major partner in such initiatives. But I regard the word partner as vital. I find it difficult to understand how the government can believe that schools can have an impact on such things in a young person’s life.
Research has shown that at least 85% of the variation in children’s achievement is due to factors external to school. As professionals concerned with the welfare of young people, we are all aware of the importance of parental involvement. Home influence has a big impact on a young person’s self-esteem and the likelihood that they will fulfil their potential, as does poverty, peer pressure and the influence of the media.
Given all these influences on young people, how odd that the government should choose to target just schools and make them accountable for improving these targets, through Ofsted inspections.
This proposal suggests to me a government desperate to develop a plan to fix a problem with no clear or logical rationale underpinning it, which sounds awfully familiar to me. As a head teacher I welcome the opportunity to work with other professionals to try to impact on the social indicators identified in the discussion document and I am glad to see the improvements that have come about as a result of cross agency co-operation with the Every Child Matters Agenda.
But I remain unconvinced about setting targets for schools that relate to factors over which they have limited control.
Dawn Forshaw is the head teacher at Wellfield Church Primary School, Burnley, LancashireThis article appears in the 29 May issue under the headline “Teachers have a role to play in children’s lives – as partners”
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Greenest house? It's one that's already built
When they built their rambler 17 years ago, Donna Miller and Jean Marie Waddell admit they were thinking more of positioning the house to maximize the views than siting it for solar energy.
The main rooms in their Tanney Ridge house in the Town of Hudson look out toward a Game Unlimited hunting preserve and what Miller calls “a lovely bowl” of nature.
But several years ago, as the two began thinking about getting older and maintaining their independence, they considered building a smaller, more energy-efficient house.
“As two single, retired ladies, we need to save money,” Miller said.
But, she said, a new house didn’t make financial sense.
As the two considered their options, they took to heart the advice of an architect who said, “The greenest house is one that’s already built,” Miller recalled.
So instead of tackling the challenge of building again and moving from their much-loved home, in 2011 they erected a system of solar panels outside their garage. The system, they figure, produces about three-fifths of the electricity they use.
“We did it for ethical reasons,” Miller said. “A big reason for photovoltaic being the best for us is you are producing electricity whether you are using it or not – if the sun is shining.”
The idea of conservation was not new to either of the women. Both lived in conservative, energy-frugal homes, hanging clothes to dry rather than running a dryer and not heating the oven for just one dish.
The two didn’t become environmentally aware just in the past couple of years, Waddell said.
“We both have been very energy conscious,” she said, adding that when she taught chemistry at Baylor School in Chattanooga, Tenn., she started a course in which the students set up and ran a recycling program for the entire 600-acre campus.
Waddell, who grew up in Chippewa Falls, taught 10 years in a private college prep school in Tennessee. Miller, who is from Tennessee, taught social studies and U.S. history at another private school in Chattanooga.
When they first met, both were married, but both later divorced and eventually, with their children raised, decided to combine households.
Waddell wanted to move back to this area, and her friend agreed.
“I had always wanted to live in an area where there were four distinct seasons and there was snow on the ground at Christmas,” Miller said.
Back in the Midwest, Waddell started a private tutoring business, teaching mostly math. Miller got a job teaching history at St. Paul Academy until she retired and went to work for Waddell, helping students prepare to take the ACT.
As they began looking at solar home energy, they learned of three strategies, Waddell said.
A householder could decide to go completely off the grid and install solar collectors that feed electricity into storage batteries.
“That’s not very common,” Waddell said.
“It’s also very expensive,” Miller said.
Another process stores sun energy in a fluid that is used to heat water and the home.
The third method, which they chose, uses a photovoltaic array — solar panels — to convert sunlight to electrical energy. Waddell and Miller’s system has a dozen panels, each 6 feet by 3-and-a-half feet, combining to make an array that’s 252 square feet.
In their case, the electricity goes from the panels via conduit into the garage and then into the house where inverters change the direct current energy to alternating current electricity.
The electricity from their PV system goes into the St. Croix Electric Cooperative grid. Waddell and Miller have two meters in their house — one to measure the electricity they use and one to measure the electricity they produce.
Whether the electricity they make is used in their house or not is a question neither can answer.
“That’s a technology I’ve never really understood,” Waddell said.
But what she does understand is that if they use 500 kilowatt hours of electricity a month and produce 400 kWh, they pay the cooperative for 100 kWh.
Although prices have come down substantially, their system cost about $20,000 installed. The cooperative gave them a $1,000 rebate, reducing the price to $19,000, and Waddell will recoup 30 percent of that through federal income tax credits.
That leaves a net cost of $13,300. Miller said they will recover that through electric-bill savings in about 22 years.
Still, she said, finances weren’t their main motivator.
“We did it for ethical reasons,” Miller said. “The sun is there, the sun is shining, and we should use it.”
Because the cost of the newer PV systems is less, homeowners installing those will see a faster payback, Waddell said.
Miller and Waddell’s grid was expected to produce 300 kWh a month and has been averaging 350.
“It’s doing what it is supposed to do,” Waddell said.
In August they used 588 kWh and produced 406, which resulted in a savings of a little over $45 on their electric bill.
In the winter when the air is clearer, the system works even better, Miller said.
The two women admit to an emotional benefit too.
“It’s made me feel a little bit better,” Miller said.
She added it’s made her more aware of ways energy can be conserved.
Waddell said it’s interesting to watch the sky and check the dials to see how much energy is being converted.
“It’s fun. It’s really fun to watch it,” Miller said.
They are toying with the idea of adding more panels.
Their system was designed and installed by Kristopher Schmid of Legacy Solar. Waddell describes him as an extremely patient person who took time to answer their many questions.
The only maintenance the panels require is to be manually tilted twice a year as the position of the sun changes.
“Once you have the investment in the system, you are essentially providing the electricity for free, and you are doing no more damage to the environment,” Waddell said. “The sun is a free source of energy. Gas is cheaper than electricity, but it’s not free.”
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cadaverine forms well-defined crystalline salts as well as compounds with metals.
As stated before, it is less soluble in alcohol than the corresponding compound of cadaverine.
The precipitate contains the picrate of trimethylenediamine, mixed with the picrates of cadaverine and creatinine.
The filtrate contains the cadaverine compound; this latter is recovered by evaporating off the ether-alcohol.
cadaverine ca·dav·er·ine (kə-dāv'ə-rēn')
A syrupy, colorless, fuming ptomaine formed by the carboxylation of lysine by bacteria in decaying animal flesh.
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|February 28, 2001|
Brookhaven Scientists Determine Key Lyme Disease Protein Structure
UPTON, NY -- A
research team working at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven
National Laboratory has determined the three-dimensional structure of a
key protein on the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. Called OspC, the
protein is derived from two strains of the Lyme disease bacterium. This
research may lead to a second-generation vaccine that would be more
effective than the current one.
vaccine is based on another Lyme disease protein, known as OspA, which
was previously deciphered at Brookhaven. Both OspA and OspC are outer
surface proteins of Borrelia burgdoferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme
disease. Researchers from Brookhaven Lab, Stony Brook University's
School of Medicine, the University of Rochester Medical Center and
Rutgers University will report their findings on the structure of OspC
in the March 1, 2001 edition of The EMBO Journal.
Spread by the
bite of an infected deer tick, Lyme disease is the most common
vector-borne disease in the U.S. Between 1982 and 1996, more than 99,000
cases were reported in the nation. Early symptoms of the disease include
a bull's-eye rash and flu-like symptoms. If the disease is not promptly
treated with antibiotics, more serious symptoms, including joint and
neurological complications, may develop.
the structure of OspC, the researchers used a technique at Brookhaven's
National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) known as multiple wavelength
anomalous diffraction. First, researchers grew crystals of the protein
that could withstand the intense x-rays at the NSLS. To make large
quantities of OspC, the team used the T7 gene-expression system, which
was developed at Brookhaven.
crystal was illuminated with beams of x-rays at different energies, and
diffraction patterns were recorded on a detector. With the aid of
powerful computers, the researchers then analyzed the diffraction
patterns to gain the vital information needed to create an image of the
John Dunn, a
member of the research team from Brookhaven, explains that the structure
of OspC is predominantly helical, and very different from OspA, which is
flat. Also, a region on the surface of OspC has a strong negative
charge. Dunn says the negatively charged region may be attracted to a
positively charged site on the surface of human cells, helping the
bacterium to cause infection. This feature is only found in the OspC
protein derived from bacterial strains that cause human disease.
believe that a vaccine based on OspC will be more effective than the
current OspA-based vaccine because the OspA protein is only present in
the bacteria while they are in the cold-blooded deer tick's stomach, and
not in the host. After the tick bites the warm-blooded mammalian host,
the injected bacteria produce OspC in the host's bloodstream.
When the host
is vaccinated solely with OspA, antibodies to this protein can only kill
the bacterium inside the tick if it ingests these antibodies with its
blood-meal. If the bacterium finds its way into the host, it changes
into several other forms for which the vaccine offers no protection.
an OspC-based vaccine would enable the host to make antibodies to kill
the Lyme disease bacteria within the host's body.
of the Brookhaven team, Subramanyam Swaminathan, added, "In order
to develop an effective OspC-based vaccine, we'll have to know the
three-dimensional structures of at least a few variants of OspC,
especially those from invasive strains. Since we've solved the structure
of OspC based on two infectious strains of the Lyme disease bacterium,
we now have a prototype for determining the structure of OspC from other
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Over the past few weeks we have had five calves born at the dairy barn. New life is always refreshing in the dreariness of February and these downy calves are no exception.
I took a moment to speak with Wendy French, our herdsperson here at Stonewall to get some background information on the calving process and thought I would share it with you. First off, here a few definitions for you to keep in mind as you read-on:
- Cows – Females who have given birth to their first calf
- Calves – Babies
- Bull – Males
- Heifers – Females, prior to giving birth to their first calf
On the most basic level, we breed our cows because the birthing process is what keeps cows lactating. Cows who have calves make milk, which is exactly what a dairy wants. We don’t keep bulls at Stonewall Farm so when it comes time to breed our cows, we utilize suppliers to provide the sperm for us to use. The suppliers work with our farmers to choose bulls that will keep certain traits in our herd (like high milk production) and will continue to increase genetic diversity. The gestation period for cows is the same as it is for humans; they give birth approximately nine months after conception. Cows are then given ninety days to recover and are bred again.
Once a calf is born, it is separated from its mother and is bottle fed their mother’s milk for three feedings, after which we can feed them milk from any cow. It is important for a newborn to consume its mother’s milk because it contains colostrum, milk produced by the mammary glands just prior to the birthing time. Colostrum is produced by all mammals – humans are no exception! Colostrum is like a health pack for a new baby. It contains antibodies to protect newborns against diseases and also contains a higher protein than ordinary milk for a little extra kick.
We separate calves from their mothers because bottle feeding gets a calf used to being handled by people and begins her socialization with other calves. We keep all of our heifers on the farm as they will become the milk producers after being bred. Males are sold. As the calves grow, we move them to small huts outside for them to experience the sunshine and socialize with one another. Once the heifers reach an age of approximately 15 months, they are bred and give birth to a new wave of calves nine months later.
Sarah, Communications Manager
A special thanks to Wendy for the photographs and help with this post!
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New parents often wonder when they ought to take their children for their first visit to the dentist. The answer is: First visit by first birthday. Children at risk of early childhood cavities should visit a pediatric dentist by the time they turn one year old. Studies have proven that children of preschool age are getting cavities more and more, but cavities are not all parents and caregivers need to be aware of regarding childrens dental warrenton va.
What you learn on your child’s first dental visit:
1. Caring for your infant’s/ toddler’s mouth.
2. Correct use of fluoride.
3. Oral habits, including thumb sucking.
4. How to avoid accidents that may damage teeth and face.
5. Teething and the milestones of development.
6. Diet and its effects on oral health.
Causes of Early Childhood Cavities
- Allowing your baby to sleep with a bottle. Liquids that have sugar in them remain around the teeth and gradually cause decay. Breast milk and baby formula are known to contain sugar.
- Prolonged nursing or allowing a baby to fall asleep when nursing.
- Allowing the baby to walk about with a bottle in hand.
The consequences of poor oral health lead to pain, infection, as well as teeth and gum destruction. If a child has a severe form of dental disease, it can lead to a delay in their overall development. Socially, children who regularly benefit from the services of childrens dental in warrenton va are more likely to feel confident about their appearance.
How to Help your Children Care for their Teeth and Prevent Cavities
Make oral care fun in simple ways like brushing together with your child or allow them to choose their own toothbrush in order to encourage them in proper oral care. Additionally, help your child brush twice a day with accepted fluoride toothpaste which will remove the sticky film on teeth known as plaque. Additionally, it helps to teach them the right way to floss. Reduce between-meals snacks and visit the dentist regularly as well.
SmileZ Pediatric Dental Group consists of a team of professionals who understand that providing dental health care to children is not the same as providing the same to adults. For this reason, not only are they highly qualified and competent, they are also skilled at making children feel comfortable, at ease and safe.
Click here for more information.
Be the first to like.
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Disclaimer: The products mentioned in this article are only meant to help you understand the medicines better. We do not endorse any of them.
A healthy and hygienic lifestyle can help us avoid major illnesses. But there are always some minor ailments – an accidental fall, a small burn when cooking in a hurry, a cold from getting wet in the rain, a stomach upset from eating something spicy – that may occasionally affect our health. Prepare for such emergencies by stocking these essential medicines at home:
When someone is wounded, the first step is to wash it with water to remove any dust that may be sticking to the area. Immediately after this, it is important to cleanse the area with an antiseptic liquid that can prevent microorganisms from causing the wound to get infected. Keep an antiseptic liquid such as Dettol or Savlon at home for use in such situations. Of course, if the wound is a major or deep one, with the inner tissues exposed, it is best to immediately consult a doctor rather than attempting to tackle it yourself.
After you have cleaned the wound, it is good to apply an antibacterial ointment to reduce the risk of infection. Products such as Soframycin, Neosporin or Betadine are good options and can be applied to wounds in which the skin is not damaged badly.
When you have a wound, there is often the possibility of a slight swelling, redness and pain in the area. Sometimes, you may develop a muscle spasm or sprain when you bend or stretch in an unnatural manner. In such cases too, there will be pain and inflammation. People who suffer from fever or a respiratory tract infection accompanied by cough and cold may also find they have a slight pain all over the body. For all such situations, stock up on painkillers that are available over the counter (OTC) such as paracetamol(brand names Crocin and Metacin) and aspirin (brand names ASA and Disprin). However, make sure that you do not give aspirin to someone below 16 years of age; also, do not exceed a dose of 4 grams of paracetamol per day. If there is no relief in the pain even after two days of using a painkiller, it is better to consult a doctor to find out if there is some underlying problem.
Anti-inflammatory Cream or Ointment
A muscle pull, sprain or spasm can be quite painful while it lasts and although you may take painkiller medicines, applying a cream to the affected area will help you get better relief more quickly. Products such as Iodex or Tiger Balm contain compounds which have an anti-inflammatory action and when applied to the skin, these rapidly penetrate into the underlying tissues to provide relief from the swelling and pain.
When you develop a cold, there is bound to be nasal congestion that manifests as a blocked nose. The best way to treat this is by inhaling steam either as such or by adding in a little quantity of a nasal decongestant such as Vicks vaporub. Alternatively, stock up on nasal decongestant drops such as Nasivion and instill a few drops (or spray as recommended) every day to find relief. However, do not continue to use the drops for a very long time – if you do not find any relief after even two to three days, it is best to consult a doctor.
Some people are extremely allergic to insect bites or even dust and being bitten by an insect or exposure to dust can trigger off an allergic reaction that manifests as intense itching, severe swelling, a runny nose and watering of the eyes. All these symptoms are a result of the release of chemical called histamine and when you suffer from them, it is useful to take medicines called antihistamines. Medicines such as Avil and Cetzine are antihistamines and can help deal with the symptoms of allergy; however, these tend to cause a slight drowsiness and therefore, it is vital you do not drive or perform any activity that requires you to be alert after taking this medicine.
A cough or a cold is typically accompanied by an itching or painful sensation in the throat. While you may need antibiotics to treat an underlying infection, it is also important to use something that provides relief from the unpleasant sensations in the throat. Antitussive lozenges such as Strepsils or Vicks are helpful in such situations; however, do not give these to very small kids because they may choke if they are unable to control the lozenge from moving into the throat.
If you suffer from a burning sensation or pain in the stomach or excessive gas, it is quite likely that the acid normally present in the stomach is causing you problems. In such situations, an antacid is useful because it helps to neutralize the harmful effects of the acid and helps with digestion. Products such as Eno or Gelusil are antacids that can help overcome simple indigestion problems.
Oral Rehydration Salts
When something you eat does not agree with your stomach, you are likely to develop either diarrhoea or vomiting or both. When this happens, the body loses a significant amount of water as well as vital minerals and you need to replace these to prevent dehydration from setting in. Oral rehydration salts sold under names such as ORS or Electral are therefore a vital medicine you ought to have at home.
Diarrhoea (or loose motions) is a result of either indigestion or an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. While it is vital to replace the fluids you lose, it is also important to try and reduce the frequency of your visits to the toilet. Therefore, as a first line of treatment, you could try taking the medicine called loperamide which is sold under the brand name of Eldoper. However, if you do not find any change in status, please consult a doctor who can find out if you are suffering from an infection and need treatment with antibiotics.
These are a few of the essential medicines that ought to find a place in every family’s medicine cabinet. However, it is vital to remember that they can only be a first line of treatment and if the ailment persists beyond a couple of days, self-medication is not recommended; instead, you ought to visit a doctor to get a correct diagnosis and the right treatment.
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From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean, 1492-1969
From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean is about 30 million people scattered across an arc of islands -- Jamaica, Haiti, Barbados, Antigua, Martinique, Trinidad, among others-separated by the languages and cultures of their colonizers, but joined together, nevertheless, by a common heritage. For whether French, English, Dutch, Spanish, Danish, or-latterly-American, the nationality of their masters has made only a notional difference to the peoples of the Caribbean. The history of the Caribbean is dominated by the history of sugar, which is inseparable from the history of slavery; which was inseparable, until recently, from the systematic degradation of labor in the region. Here, for the first time, is a definitive work about a profoundly important but neglected and misrepresented area of the world.
Results 1-3 of 85
Between 1709 and 1787 , British shipping engaged in foreign trade quadrupled ; ships clearing for Africa multiplied twelve times and the tonnage eleven times . The triangular trade marked the ascendancy of two additional European ports ...
In 1751 Nantes ships transported 10,003 Negroes . Slave ships constituted about one - fifth of the total shipping of the port . But the slave trade conditioned all others . The slavers brought back sugar and other tropical produce .
Between 1783 and 1793 , 878 Liverpool ships transported 303,737 slaves , whose value was estimated at £ 15,186,850 sterling . From 1795 to 1804 , the Liverpool slave ships numbered 1,099 ; they transported 323,770 slaves .
What people are saying - Write a review
History buffUser Review - 1commonsense - Overstock.com
Very incisive analysis of the Whys & the Wheres of Caribbean cultures Read full review
Review: From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean 1492-1969User Review - Ken Angle - Goodreads
Among the saleant points; a needed documentation of slavery. Eric Williams points out the enormity of the issue that still has legacy in our society. He gives numbers that should stagger white and black alike. Read full review
Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of the West Indies
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On September 19, the CFPB released a new Data Point report from the Office of Research titled, “The Geography of Credit Invisibility,” which examines geographic patterns in the prevalence of “credit invisible” consumers, a term for those who do not have a credit record maintained by a national credit reporting agency, or have a credit record that is deemed to have too little or too old of information to be treated as “scorable” by widely used credit scoring models. The report studies whether the geographic location of a consumer’s residence is correlated with the likelihood of remaining credit invisible and aims to “aid policymakers and advance the conversation around potential causes and solutions.” Among other things, the report found:
- credit invisibility may be higher for geographic tracts near universities due to their concentration of adults under 25 who may not have established a credit record yet;
- rural areas have the most credit invisibility per capita;
- consumers are less likely to use a credit card as an entry product to establishing a credit record in rural and low-to-moderate income areas;
- credit invisibility was more prevalent in areas with less internet access as many products are originated through online services; and
- there is little relationship between distance to the nearest bank branch and the occurrence of credit invisibility.
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The unseen world, the world of giants, monsters, spirits and ghosts is an invaluable resource for writers of fiction. This article aims to encourage awareness of the literary traditions that exist, and the huge number of creatures from whom ideas can be derived. The underlying belief is that one will write better by studying the provenance of ideas and their past development. One can then build on what has been said before and extend and improve it in a logical way. Past history and present imagination will combine to increase dramatic effect. The first phenomena to be dealt with are Giants, Dwarves and Monsters.
In writing about giants the writer has to recognize that they are in some sense real. Archeologists have dug up the remains of human or near-human creatures far bigger than present-day men. It has been suggested that they overlapped in time with Homo Sapiens and might even have interbred. (Early religious texts refer at times to the previous existence of giants). The principle of ‘regression upon the mean’ would then give us a steadily diminishing number of giants amongst us. We still have a few people of extreme stature and we use the word ‘giant’ about them. There is no accepted definition and we don’t have an exact height for Goliath of Gath. So there is uncertainty about how big giants might be or what they might be able to do. But they are normally much like us, but bigger and stronger. A good example is Fingal, the Scottish giant who contested with Finn McCool is a rock-throwing contest over the sea between Ireland and Scotland.
A primary function in literature is to provide an enemy against whom a human being can strive and win. In early societies there was a need for physical strength in a leader. Weapons were crude, and the strong man wielding a long sword or throwing a spear a great distance had an advantage. Such a leader became a role model, and his people strove to emulate his feats. Heredity was important, and being ‘the son of X’ (a great hero) gave status.
Naturally, the more strong and terrible the enemy, the more admiration gained by the hero who defeated him. So exaggeration crept in, and the enemy grew in stature with each re-telling, thus becoming a giant. This was much like the tall stories told by fishermen. Giants were necessary if the central character was to be a true hero. Geoffrey of Monmouth tells us in his History of the Kings of England that the only inhabitants of Britain when Brutus arrived from Troy were giants. Brutus had a deputy called Corinus who fought with and defeated the giant GogMagog. The strength of Corinus is described in one account like this:
“If he were to come up against a giant, he would overthrow him an easily as if he were fighting a mere boy.”
Corinus needed GogMagog. The principle applies in general terms, too. If you want to build up a character, build up his/her past achievements. Writers have been doing this for centuries. Baron Macaulay builds up Herminius in The Battle of Lake Regillus like this; “In his right hand the broadsword that kept the bridge so well, And on his head the crown he won when proud Fidaenae fell.”
Giants differ from human only in size and strength. This is because courage and strength are the qualities most needed by a hero and must be most heavily stressed. So magical powers are out – those belong to wizards, witchdoctors and spirits. Extra limbs and senses are out – those belong to monsters. So are non-human physical capabilities like being able to breathe fire – that belongs to dragons. So from one point of view giants are a little boring. On the other hand, their humanity means that they have emotions like us. These can be exploited. Giants can have illnesses and injuries. Giants can fall in love and win or lose a beloved woman. They can have peculiar personal habits, like gaudy clothing. They do not have to be enemies to human and can become good friends. They can be used to advertise products. (The Jolly Green Giant). Johnathan Swift gives a nice twist to the giant concept by setting Gulliver in the country of Lilliput, which is populated by dwarf people. Giants do not have to be especially intelligent – Goliath really should have known that a shepherd boy with a sling was a dangerous enemy. David had probably hit many wolves on the snout. Magic and trickery are often needed to overcome giants. Cornish folklore is rich in giants, including Jack the Giant Killer, who destroys four or five of them. (History of Jack the Giant Killer. 1771.)
A writer must be careful with dwarves, because they can be human, or members of a separate species. As human, they are the natural opposite of giants – the other extreme of the height distribution – but are regarded as less fortunate. Dwarfism is a recognized medical condition and historically some dwarfs have become famous, but we tend to avoid using the word for fear of giving offence, Dwarves as a separate species are well documented, and well-defined. They are short in stature, broad and hairy. They normally live underground, being skilled miners and capable of carving elaborate dwellings out of solid rock. They know all about sculpture and precious metals and jewelry. If they have to fight, their preferred weapon is the axe. They are not normally at enmity with humans – the Seven dwarves being very attached to Snow White. A writer can make good use of dwarves by tapping into their known adventures or extrapolating from them. They exist as The Nibelung in Norse mythology (and Wagners Ring Cycle) and have been well covered by Tolkien in The Lord of the Rings. Dwarves don’t seem to have much sexual life: we are often told whose father a dwarf was, but seldom his mother. The writer of a dwarf romance would be breaking new ground.
Like other fictional beings, dwarves take different forms and names and habits in different cultures. A legend from the north of England refers to The Dwarves of Simonside (Tyndale’s Legends and Folklore of Northumbria, 1930). These were not friendly to man and got their kicks from leading travellers astray after dark. They carried lighted torches to lead their prey into bogs. They gave up at dawn, but far from beings turned to stone as with Tolkien, they just disappeared until nightfall.
Like dwarves, monsters can have a human origin or a wholly imaginary one. The derivation of the word, according to some sources, implies something going wrong in the human reproductive process. So we have gothic stories of some deformed creature born to an in-bred noble family and concealed in a dungeon. These are made more monstrous in literature by the secrecy that surrounds them. That is a useful point for writers, because access to the monster can be quite a story, as can the origin of the monster and the frightful consequences to be expected if he escapes. Physical description of the monster is very challenging because he has to be visibly monstrous, yet credible and not too offensive. As humans, we are uncomfortable about dwelling on aberrations of the human form. Monsters of this type are generally male. It is bad manners to create a female monster, though an evil woman can be described as one.
In some cases we don’t know for certain if we are dealing with a true monster or another species. Grendell, Beowulfs’ enemy, looks more like a giant, but when Beowulf has to track him to his lair and fight against his mother, we find that the two live together at the bottom of a lake – not a human habitat at all. Frankenstein’s creation, in Mary Shelley’s book, is always described as a Monster, but he was in fact assembled from various human body parts and had emotions understandable to humans. He was humanoid in appearance but monster-like in his behavior. He was unable to interbreed with humans, and at one time besought his maker to “Make another like me – a woman, so that I won’t be alone any more”. A great deal can be done with ‘the misfortunes of the monster’. There is a less well-known book called The Undying Monster (Jessie Douglas Kerruish) in which the creature is no monster but rather a werewolf. Dragons (to be dealt with elsewhere) are a class of their own, but is Lewis Carroll’s Jabberwock dragon or monster? The original illustration is ambiguous.
Other monsters are part human and part animal, usually because one of the Gods has been misbehaving sexually. Part of the offspring is then human and part represents the prime characteristic of the god. So we have the Centaur – part man and part horse (speed), and the Minotaur – part man and part bull (strength). There are a great many possible pairings, but a writer needs must be aware of things that have been done before. There were an awful lot of Greek Gods and most of them interfered with mortal women. So many God/Human beings have a track record of behavior. Making such a monster behave out of character is risky.
Trolls offer more imaginative freedom. They are not genetically linked to humans or to gods, though they do appear in early myths. They are sometimes represented as human except for a squashed-down aspect and very long hair. Tolkien’s trolls are definitely non-human in being turned permanently to stone if caught out after sunrise. Most civilizations have mythical beings of some type, such as The Tokoloshe of Xhosa folklore. Some are describable, but other are not so because seeing the creature means instant death.
True monsters, like trolls exist in myth and imagination, and new monsters can be created. James Thurber created The Todal – ‘an agent of the devil sent to punish evil-doers for doing less evil than they should’. But creation can be dangerous because if something is totally non-human the reader has no clue about its possible actions or behavior. Note that the extra-terrestrial in ET was ‘like us’ in many respects and could play a part in the story. This would not have been possible if he had just been a ball of gas. James Thurber never described The Todal in great detail ‘it looks like a blob of glup’ -, but he did give some facts about its behavior – ‘it smells like old unopened rooms and it makes a noise like rabbit screaming’.
His illustrator provides four legs under a dog-like body with the head upright and forward-looking, placed above the rump. The monster featured in The Kraken Wakes by John Wyndham is never described, but great attention is given to the devastation it causes. There is an interesting twist here, because Wyndham has taken an old myth from Scandinavia and changed the behavior of the monster. The original Kraken wound its tentacles round ships and pulled them to the bottom of the sea. Wynhams Kraken throws its tentacles onto land and clears the area of all life. As a general rule, the more detail given about a monster, the less frightening it is. One can begin to form strategies for defeating it. Without that information one can’t. In The Hunting of the Snark, Lewis Carroll does not describe its dangerous form – the Boojum – at all. It just has the capability to make people “Softly and silently vanish away”.
There are also unclassified creatures, notably Bigfoot and The Yeti, which may be real and may be imaginary. Unless we find out more about them a writer has complete freedom. Possibly they were left behind by accident when a party of alien explorers had to take off in a hurry.
History of the Kings of Britain. Geoffrey of Monmouth. 1136. Trans. in Penguin Books.
History of Jack the Giant Killer. Published Gasgow 1711. Not available but see the film.
Beowulf. Translation. Penguin. 1973
The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien 1954
Frankensteins Monster. Mary Shelley 1818. On Amazon.
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Why Psychologically Men Don’t Exist - UN Documentation *
Wise Up Journal
By Greg O’Brien
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW Committee) is a body of 22 experts that monitor member states’ compliance with the UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). On reading it’s policies misandry (hatred of men) becomes apparent. At present 21 of the committee members including the chairperson are women, however most men in positions of power are fully onboard. National governments must report every four years to this committee on their progress towards full compliance. You read that right, a committee of 22 people setting a worldwide agenda which national parliaments of almost every country in the world must report to and spend huge resources to ensure their agenda is progressed.
Some of the 29 far-reaching recommendations of the committee include:
Inequality to men by preferential treatment towards women:
No. 5: “Recommends that States Parties make more use of temporary special measures such as positive action, preferential treatment or quota systems to advance women’s integration into education, the economy, politics and employment.”
When it comes to making decisions about having children it’s a woman’s sole privilege according to the committee:
21. “The number and spacing of their children have a similar impact on women’s lives and also affect their physical and mental health, as well as that of their children. For these reasons, women are entitled to decide on the number and spacing of their children.”
The committee doesn’t believe men do anything in the home or that their household activities should be recognised in the ‘facts’. It is not pushing equality; it’s about upgrading women and in the process brings about the downgrading of men.
No. 17: “Measurement and quantification of the unremunerated domestic activities of women and their recognition in the gross national product”
“Recommends that States parties:
“Encourage and support research and experimental studies to measure and value the unremunerated domestic activities of women; for example, by conducting time-use surveys as part of their national household survey programmes and by collecting statistics disaggregated by gender on time spent on activities both in the household and on the labour market”
When you see throughout the UN documents you understand that “gender-based” refers solely to women and women’s privileges and their exclusive role as victims.
No. 19: “Violence against women
“The Convention in article 1 defines discrimination against women. The definition of discrimination includes gender-based violence, that is, violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately. It includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty.”
Gender-based violence against men is out of sight and thus doesn’t exist in the eyes of the UN. This goes against every objective survey on the matter. The UN recommendations and treaties get put into law globally: west, east, north and south. The committee is quite open in its misandry (hatred of men):
“23. Family violence is one of the most insidious forms of violence against women. It is prevalent in all societies. Within family relationships women of all ages are subjected to violence of all kinds, including battering, rape, other forms of sexual assault, mental and other forms of violence, which are perpetuated by traditional attitudes. Lack of economic independence forces many women to stay in violent relationships. The abrogation of their family responsibilities by men can be a form of violence, and coercion.”
The committee does not shy away from using media propaganda for behavioural engineering:
“24. (d) Effective measures should be taken to ensure that the media respect and promote respect for women”
“(r) Measures that are necessary to overcome family violence should include:
” (ii) Preventive measures, including public information and education programmes to change attitudes concerning the roles and status of men and women ”
Again, they are very unequal in compiling the ‘facts’:
“(u) States parties should report on all forms of gender-based violence, and such reports should include all available data on the incidence of each form of violence and on the effects of such violence on the women who are victims”
No. 21, 19: “[…]where the mothers are divorced or living apart, many fathers fail to share the responsibility of care, protection and maintenance of their children .”
The western European Union is fully onboard with the UN (CEDAW) agenda with endless reports and committees to enforce the privilege of being born a woman. In 2006 the European Institute for Gender Equality was established with the following aim (keep in mind that we’ve already seen from the UN documents ‘gender equality’ simply means privileges for women):
“The European Institute for Gender Equality is a European agency to support the Member States and the European institutions (in particular the Commission) in their efforts to promote gender equality, to fight discrimination based on sex and to raise awareness of gender issues.”
From the European Union’s “Council Conclusions on Eliminating Gender Stereotypes in Society”:
“In order to improve the status of women and promote gender equality , gender stereotypes that shape the identities of girls and boys have to be tackled from early childhood , paying special attention to the structures and mechanisms that reproduce and reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes;”
The council put the word “girls” before “boys” despite the letter “B” alphabetically coming before “G”. The agenda for the latter part of the 20th century and for the 21 st century being misandry.
A 2007 report from the European Commission on equality between men and women states:
“Major gaps remain, and they are always to women’s disadvantage . Labour market segregation and inequalities in working arrangements are proving to be persistent, and this is reflected in a significant and stable gender pay gap.
“The female labour force continues to be the engine of employment growth in Europe. Since the launch of the Lisbon Strategy in 2000, six of the eight million jobs created in the EU have been taken by women . In 2005, the rate of female employment rose for the twelfth consecutive year, to stand at 56.3%, i.e. 2.7 points above its 2000 level, compared with a 0.1 point rise in the rate of male employment. If this favourable trend continues, the Lisbon objective of 60% female employment by 2010 will be attained.
“[…] increasing demands for labour flexibility are having a disproportionately large impact on women. Almost one-third of women work part-time (32.9% in 2006), compared with just 7.7% of men; 14.8% of female employees had a fixedterm contract, i.e. one point more than their male counterparts.”
“In order fully to exploit the potential of European workforce productivity, it is essential to promote women’s long-term participation in the labour market and to eliminate the disparities between men and women right across the board.”
“One of the consequences of the differences and inequalities which women face on the labour market is the persistent gender pay gap . Women earn an average of 15% less than men for every hour worked.”
“In most Member States, more women than men reach a high level of education. However, once graduated, the presence of women clearly decreases at each step of the typical academic career. Indeed, women are more numerous and more successful than men at first degree level (59% of ISCED5a graduates) , but their share decreases amongst PhDs (43% of ISCED6 graduates), and reaches a minimum amongst full professors (15% of Grade A full professors).”
This report contains all the myths and conclusions of misandry/feminism, including that women are paid less than men for no other reason than their gender. It also ignores the lifestyle choices made by women to take up part-time instead of full-time employment, or to take short-term contracts. It fails to address why, if women now account for 59% of graduates, their share reduces to 43% of PhDs and so on. Are they seriously suggesting that women are excluded from further education? It seems more likely it is merely a lifestyle choice ignored by the ‘facts’.
Warren Farrell, in his book “The Myth of Male Power” highlights 25 reasons why men earn more than women. These factors include career choices, hours worked, hazardous work practices, willingness to work unsocial hours, exposure to weather, willingness to sacrifice job satisfaction for pay etc.
Farrell’s conclusion was backed up in a report by the U.S. Department of Labor in 2009 entitled “An Analysis of the Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women”, which contains the following dramatic statement:
“However, despite these gains the raw wage gap continues to be used in misleading ways to advance public policy agendas without fully explaining the reasons behind the gap . The purpose of this report is to identify the reasons that explain the wage gap in order to more fully inform policymakers and the public.
“Although additional research in this area is clearly needed, this study leads to the unambiguous conclusion that the differences in the compensation of men and women are the result of a multitude of factors and that the raw wage gap should not be used as the basis to justify corrective action . Indeed, there may be nothing to correct. The differences in raw wages may be almost entirely the result of the individual choice s being made by both male and female workers.”
The discrimination against men has never been more apparent than during the current recession and the gender based response.
In 2009 we had the following news release from the European Commission:
“The recession could hit working women harder than men, an EU study warns, underscoring persistent disparities between the sexes in the European labour market.”
The study entitled “The Gender Perspective on the response to the economic and financial crisis” completely failed to provide any evidence of how the recession affects women more than men, however it didn’t stop the authors making a list of 33 recommendations to the Commission and Member States on gender based unemployment and allocating resources for women. While at the same time completely ignoring massive job losses experienced by men.
The following 2010 report undermines everything that’s previously been reported regarding the recession and the ‘vulnerability’ of women’s employment contracts and casual employment in the EU. EU labour market behaviour during the Great Recession:
“Workers with weaker work contracts (e.g. temporary contracts, on-call jobs), the less qualified and the less experienced workers have borne much of the brunt of the current recession (Table 1). Men, especially young, tend to be overrepresented in these categories. Conversely, women have been so far less affected than men . Yet, for the first time since the fourth quarter of 2005, female employment was in the first quarter of 2009 below the level of one year earlier (though by only 0.1% ).”
However we will be waiting a long time for the actual Commission to highlight this fact and make a list of recommendations for an appropriate response. Don’t expect the mainstream media news to release weekly reports that “the recession is hitting working men harder than women”, after all that truth would be going against UN policy.
It’s apparent that misandry/feminism is not just about getting the other 50% of the population (women) into the tax-net and distancing them from their children in state ‘education’. It’s about the destruction of the majority of males in society by economic and social revolution/quiet-warfare. To alienating men from their families and dramatically reduce male role-model leadership that has in the past threatened an elite hierarchy system of governance.
Men today, and particularly young men, are in a very vulnerable position. The majority of women in the west now have an exaggerated sense of privilege and self-worth from decades of misandry/feminist ideology and behavioural-education/brainwashing starting at early childhood resulting in treating men like second-class citizens. We only have to look around at the attitudes and behaviours of women today to see that something has gone radically wrong. Men’s worth and role in society has been reduced to ridicule. Alcoholism, drug abuse, homelessness, suicide, social alienation are all predominantly male problems.
However this Forbes columnist has a particular place for men in society. She believes the Dutch forces, i.e. men, should remain in Afghanistan to die for women’s rights:
“Of course, that the Dutch would retreat in the face of such aggression should hardly be surprising: This, after all, was the country that reduced its military after World War I, relying on other countries to come to its defense if needed”
“But it is our fight. That fight belongs to every country of the world where women live.”
I suspect the irony of sending men to fight and die to protect women’s rights does not enter her mind.
For more details check out the online documentary entitled “Misandry – Men Don’t Exist”.
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Sexual assault and abuse
Click the red escape button above to immediately leave this site if your abuser may see you reading it.
What are rape and sexual assault?
Rape is sex you don't agree to, including forcing a body part or an object into your vagina, rectum (bottom), or mouth. In the United States, 1 in 6 women reported experiencing rape or attempted rape at some time in their lives.
Sexual assault or abuse is any type of sexual activity that a person does not agree to, including:
- Rape or attempted rape
- Touching your body or making you touch someone else's
- Incest or sexual contact with a child
- Someone watching or photographing you in sexual situations
- Someone exposing his or her body to you
Sometimes, sexual violence is committed by a stranger. Most often, though, it is committed by someone you know, including a date or an intimate partner like a husband, ex-husband, or boyfriend. Sexual violence is always wrong, and a person who is sexually abused does not ever "cause" the attack.
Keep in mind that there are times when a person is not able to agree to sex, such as if they are drunk or have been drugged with a date rape drug, or if they are underage.
Women who are sexually abused may suffer serious health problems, such as sexually transmitted infections, stomach problems, and ongoing pain. They also are at risk for emotional problems, like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. If you or someone you know has been sexually abused, it is important to get help as soon as possible.
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Getting help for sexual assault
Take steps right away if you have been assaulted:
- Get away from the attacker and find a safe place as fast as you can. Call 911.
- Call someone you trust or a hotline, such as the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 800-656-HOPE (4673).
- Protect any evidence. Do not clean any part of your body or comb your hair. Do not change clothes. Try not to touch anything at the crime scene.
- Go to your nearest hospital emergency room right away. You need to be examined and treated for injuries you may not even know you have. Ask to be screened for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and for emergency contraception to help prevent pregnancy. The hospital also can collect evidence like hairs, saliva, semen, or clothing fiber that the attacker may have left behind.
- Discuss filing a police report. If you're not sure whether you want to file a report, ask hospital staff if they can collect evidence without filing a report. It is best to collect evidence as soon as possible.
After a sexual assault, you may need a lot of emotional support. Every woman responds differently, but reactions can include feeling terribly shocked, confused, and afraid. Some women experience denial or feeling emotionally numb. Whatever your experience, reach out to people who care about you and get help from a mental health professional. The hospital usually can put you in touch with a counselor or support group. Even if a long time has passed since you were abused, you still can get help.
If someone you know has been abused or assaulted you can help by listening and offering comfort. If the person wants, you also can go along to the police station, the hospital, or counseling sessions. Make sure the person knows the abuse is not his or her fault, and that it is natural to feel angry and ashamed.
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Staying safe from sexual assault
Steps you can take to reduce your chances of being sexually assaulted include:
- Making sure you don't drink too much alcohol, so you can keep yourself safe
- Parking in well-lit areas
- Not leaving a social event with someone you just met
- Keeping your car and home doors locked
- Having your key ready as you approach your door
Read more tips for avoiding sexual assault. One important way to stay safe at clubs and parties is to learn more about date rape drugs. These are drugs that have no smell or taste that can be slipped into drinks. They are used to make it hard for a person to fight off a rape or to remember what happened. You can read answers to frequently asked questions about date rape drugs.
Another important way to avoid sexual abuse is to leave a relationship that is becoming unhealthy. Remember, no one has a right to pressure you into doing sexual things you do not want to do. If you think your relationship may be abusive, learn more about the signs of abuse.
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More information on Sexual assault and abuse
Read more from womenshealth.gov
- Sexual Assault Fact Sheet - This fact sheet explains sexual assault and gives information on what to do if you've been sexually assaulted, where you can go for help, how you can protect yourself, and how you can help someone who has been sexually assaulted.
Explore other publications and websites
- Acquaintance and Date Rape (Copyright © American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) - Most survivors of sexual assault know their attacker. This fact sheet explains acquaintance rape and how to get help afterward.
- If Someone is Pressuring You (Copyright © Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network) - This website has tips for how to get out of an uncomfortable or scary situation.
- Rape (Copyright © American Academy of Family Physicians) - This publication talks about what to expect in the emergency room if you have been raped.
- Sexual Assault (Copyright © The National Center for Victims of Crime) - This website has information on the effects of sexual assault, HIV/AIDS concerns for sexual assault survivors, and information on how to help a sexual assault survivor.
- Sexual Assault Against Females - This publication explains what sexual assault is, how often it happens, how a woman may feel after a sexual assault, and where to go for help.
- State Sexual Assault Coalitions - This publication offers a list of addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers of coalitions across the country that help with sexual assault.
- The Facts on Sexual Violence (Copyright © Violence Against Women Online Resources) - This website gives information on sexual violence. Topics include violence among specific populations, definitions, effects, and legal protections.
- Types of Sexual Assault (Copyright © Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network) - This website defines types of rape and sexual assault, as well as other kinds of violence that often arise together with sexual assault.
- Understanding Sexual Violence - This fact sheet discusses the prevalence and incidence of sexual violence, risk factors, and consequences. It also provides some strategies to help prevent sexual violence.
- Was I Raped? (Copyright © RAINN) - This website has questions to ask yourself if you are wondering if you were raped.
Connect with other organizations
Content last updated: May 18, 2011.
Resources last updated: May 18, 2011.
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Amount of carbon dioxide in air keeps rising, hits milestone
WASHINGTON (AP) - Global levels of carbon dioxide, the most prevalent heat-trapping gas, have passed a daunting milestone, federal scientists say.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says in March, the global monthly average for carbon dioxide hit 400.83 parts per million. That is the first month in modern records that the entire globe broke 400 ppm, reaching levels that haven't been seen in about 2 million years.
"It's both disturbing and daunting," said NOAA chief greenhouse gas scientist Pieter Tans. "Daunting from the standpoint on how hard it is to slow this down."
He said it is disturbing because it is happening at a pace so fast that it seems like an explosion compared to Earth's slow-moving natural changes.
Carbon dioxide isn't just higher, it is increasing at a record pace, 100 times faster than natural rises in the past, Tans said.
Pushed by the burning of coal, oil and gas, global carbon dioxide is 18 percent higher than it was in 1980, when NOAA first calculated a worldwide average. In 35 years, carbon dioxide levels rose 61 parts per million. In pre-human times, it took about 6,000 years for carbon dioxide to rise about 80 parts per million, Tans said.
Monthly levels fluctuate with the season, peaking in May and then decreasing as plants absorb carbon dioxide. But they are increasing on a year-to-year basis.
Levels are also higher in the Northern Hemisphere because that's where carbon dioxide is being spewed by power plants and vehicles, Tans said.
The first time levels passed the 400 ppm milestone was for just a few weeks in the Arctic in 2012. Last year the monthly Northern Hemisphere average measured in Hawaii exceeded 400 and now the global average has as well, said James Butler, head of NOAA's global monitoring division.
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What did you find surprising or striking as you furthered your knowledge about how people learn?
This course has truly opened my eyes in regards to how learning takes place and how people learn. I was aware the individuals learned differently, however, I was not aware of the different learning styles and theories. I viewed the learning process as at very high level which only included the learning styles of:
- Visual (learn through seeing)
- Auditory (learn through hearing)
- Tactile (learn through touch)
- Kinesthetic (learn through doing and moving)
I was shocked to learn that there are additional learning theories explain learning processing at a more granular level which explained how individuals actually retain, process and utilize information that they learn from various sources and methods.
The learning theories reviewed in this course include:
- Cognitive Theory
- Constructivism Theory
- Social Learning Theory
- Connectivism Theory
- Adult Learning Theory
During the processing of learning about the different learning theories and comparing them to each other as well as the comparing them to the learning styles I am familiar with, I’ve discovered that all of them are some way related and there is not one specific learning theory or learning style that contributes to the entire learning process for one individual, it’s a combination.
How has this course deepened your understanding of your personal learning process?
Professionally, I’m a SQL Data Analyst and a great percentage of my work involves processing, analyzing, and organizing data with the intention of presenting it to an audience that is only interested in the final output. The audience is not familiar with the nuts and bolts of what it took to gather the data, only the output. With my profession, I write lot of database code to get to the final results, which is a trial and error process. With this being said, I realized that my learning styles are geared more towards Kinesthetic (learning by doing) and Visual. In regards to the learning theories, I think my learning process is a conglomerate of all of the theories depending on what I am striving to learn.
What have you learned regarding the connection between learning theories, learning styles, educational technology, and motivation?
Based on what I’ve learned in this course, learning theories, learning styles, educational technology, and motivation are the key components of learning in an online environment. The instructional designer or online-facilitator has be well versed in his/her knowledge of the various learning styles and learning theories in order to successfully develop and/or facilitate online courses. It is impossible to develop/facilitate courses based on the specific learning styles of each student in the course, however, courses can be developed in a manner where the students are able to learn and prosper educationally. Educational Technology is the vessel that is utilized to deliver the material. Motivation is related to the aforementioned because without motivation, the student will fall by the wayside in the course, especially online courses. It is the facilitator’s job to keep the students engaged by asking thought provoking questions, providing constructive feedback, and providing interesting material. In summary, the instructional designer’s/facilitator’s function is to arouse (Ormrod, 2009) the learner via education technology. Learning styles, motivation (purpose) and drive (Ormrod, 2009) are all key factors that determine the effectiveness of instruction.
How will your learning in this course help you as you further your career in the field of instructional design?
I think my current knowledge of the learning styles and the learning theories presented in this course has given me solid framework to build future style of instructional design. I’ve learned a great deal about how learning occurs, the pros and cons of technology, and the importance of developing engaging courses that will also keep the learned motivated.
Ormrod, J., Schunk, D., & Gredler, M. (2009). Learning theories and instruction(Laureate custom edition). New York
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“History tells us what people do; historical fiction helps us imagine how they felt.”
Guy Vanderhaeghe, as quoted in “A Good Guy,” Quill & Quire, Sept. 2011
Cynthia Rylant’s picture book, When I Was Young in the Mountains, is based on memories of growing up in the Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia.
Many of Robert Newton Peck’s books, including his Soup stories, are loosely based on his childhood in rural Vermont.
Laura Ingalls Wilder’s Little House on the Prairie books are based on her childhood in the American Midwest during the late 10th century.
John Fitzgerald’s Great Brain books are also based on his childhood experiences, although they are set several years before he was born in Utah in the early 20th century.
Many of Laurence Yep’s novels, including The Dragon’s Child which tells of how his father came to San Francisco when he was a young child, focus on his family’s Chinese ancestry.
Most of Mildred D. Taylor’s novels, including Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry are based on the family stories she heard while growing up in Ohio.
Esperanza Rising by Pam Munoz Ryan was based on the life of the author’s grandmother.
Anne Ylvisaker’s novel The Luck of the Buttons was inspired by a photograph of her grandmother taken in 1927.
Kerry Madden’s novel Gentle’s Hollow was based on stories of her husband’s childhood in North Carolina and Tennessee.
Kristin Levine’s novel The Best Bad Luck I Ever Had was based on her own family’s history in Alabama.
Some of Tomie dePaola’s books, including 26 Fairmount Avenue, describe his own childhood.
Jacqueline Woodson’s picture book Visiting Day is based on events in her childhood: visiting her uncle who was incarcerated in prison. The illustrator, James E. Ransome, used his own memory of visiting his brother to create the dramatic full-page pictures of the prison.
Click HERE to find more novels based on historical facts.
Nicola Campbell’s picture books, Shi-Shi-etko and Shin-Chi’s Canoe, were inspired by hearing her family’s stories about growing up in the interior of B.C. and being sent to residential schools.
Click HERE to find more stories about the aboriginal people of North America.
Audrey Couloumbis wrote War Games , a novel based on her husband’s childhood in Greece during World War 2.
Jane Yolen wrote and illustrated a picture book, All those Secrets of the World, about her childhood memories of her father going to war.
Lois Lowry’s Crow Call, about a little girl getting to know her father again after his return from World War II, was based on a memory from her childhood.
Click HERE to find more novels about World War II.
Eugene Yelchin’s Newbery Honor book Breaking Stalin’s Nose was based on an incident in his childhood in Russia.
Thanhha Lai’s novel in verse Inside Out and Back Again was based on her memories of coming to America from war-torn Vietnam when she was ten years old.
Suzanne Collins, author of The Hunger Games, has also written a picture book, Year of the Jungle: Memories from the Home Front, about receiving postcards from her father, who was stationed in Vietnam when she was six years old.
Click HERE to find more novels about conflicts from 1945 to the present day.
Click HERE for tips on writing your own true story.
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Notes from Alain de Botton’s Status Anxiety (2004). The book generally aligns with mimetic theory and Girardian ideas; I’ve added a G near comments that seem to do so particularly.
This is the third post on this topic; the first is here.
CHAPTER 2 – EXPECTATION
In 1800s England, services and goods that previously only the elite had access to were now available to the masses. “Luxuries became decencies, and decencies necessities.” From the 1750s, one could identify specific fashion styles for each year, which had never been the case before. The change was mostly due to agricultural innovations from 1700-1820s, and in the 1800s to technological innovations like the can opener, sewing machine, typewriter, lighting, sanitation, etc.
Equality, Expectation and Envy
A decline in actual deprivation has led to an increase in the sense of deprivation and in the fear of deprivation: “Neither who we are nor what we have is quite enough.”
How do we decide how much is enough? It’s never determined independently but rather by comparison to a reference group, “a set of people who we believe resemble us.” G
A feeling that we might, under other circumstances, be other than what we are can be brought on by “exposure to the superior achievements of those whom we take to be our equals” and can lead to anxiety and resentment. G
We envy only those whom we feel are like us, our reference group. G
Per David Hume, it’s not the disproportion between ourselves and others that produces envy but the proximity (in A Treatise on Human Nature, 1739). The greater the disproportion, the less likely we will envy because the other is remote from us, diminishing the effects of the comparison. G
The more people we take to be our equals, the more there will be for us to envy. [This is where differentiation comes in.]
Historically, inequality and low expectations for achievement were the norm. In 18th and 19th centuries, there began a belief in the innate equality of all and the unlimited potential for anyone to achieve anything. Previously, it was believed by most as Aristotle said, “Some by nature are free and others by nature are slaves.” The working class were seen as without reason, and without rights and aspirations.
All believed inequality was fair, or at least inescapable.
Christianity affirmed the belief in inequality in practice. “Humans might be equal before God, but this offered no reason to start seeking equality in practice!” A “good Christian society” was stratified, with absolute power at the top and each in their place underneath. God was seen as creating all beings in rank order, with some superior and some inferior.
By the mid-17th century, political thought began to be more egalitarian. Hobbes (Leviathan, 1651), Locke (Two Treatises of Government, 1689, with its completely new idea that rulers were instruments of the people!), the American Revolution in 1776.
Society changed from a “hereditary, aristocratic hierarchy” to a “dynamic economy in which status was awarded in direct proportion to the (largely financial) achievements of each new generation.”
Tocqueville, visiting in the USA in the 1850s, first pointed out a “particular problem that seemed to be endemic to the equal societies they created;” he observed that though Americans had much, this didn’t prevent them from wanting more or from suffering envy. In a society where “everything is more or less level, the slightest variation is noticed …. G That is the reason for the strange melancholy often haunting inhabitants of democracies in the midst of abundance.”
Previously, Tocqueville noted, “a serf considered his inferiority as an effect of the immutable order of nature. … Democracy … tore down every barrier to expectation.”
Concerning expectation, William James said that “We are not always humiliated at failing things, … only if we invest our pride and self-worth in … an achievement and then are disappointed. … Every rise in our level of expectation entails a rise in the danger of humiliation. What we understand to be normal is critical in determining our chances of happiness.” [This may be the key sentence in the book for me.]
For instance, we could accept aging, fat, poverty, obscurity, but we generally don’t.
Note the prevalence, since the 19th century and starting with Ben Franklin’s Autobiography, of autobiographies of self-made heroes, advice for attainment and achievement, and “morality tales of wholesale personal transformation.”
The mass media, beginning with magazines in the 1880s, gave people the opportunity for the first time to study the lives of people of higher status and to forge a connection with them. The magazines, and the advertising, created longings. Rousseau (1754) said that being truly wealthy isn’t achieved by having lots of things, it’s achieved by having the things one longs for. Wealth is not absolute but is relative to desire.
With expectation and a sense of unlimited possibility comes anxiety that we are far from being what we might be.
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