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Has the role of technology changed the way we view comic books? Have you started to notice the change everything is created today? If you are an avid comic book fan, you have probably been seeing the changes in the looks of the comic books.
The pictures that we hold in front of us a much crisper and look sharper.
But is this what we truly want?
Does this technological element add or takes something away from enjoying comic books?
The Process of Creating a Comic Book
In the past, creating a comic book was a joint venture between a couple of people. The storyteller or the writer was the person that started it all. The design was left to the penciler who would then draw the comic. The next stages were left to the inker and the colorist if the comic was in color that is. Finally, the letterer would input the words. In modern times the role of an editor was added who will check if everything is fine. Finally, after everyone is done with their work, we have ourselves a comic.
But with the introduction of technology, the roles have shifted a bit. It is easier for some while it gets harder for the others.
The Modern Way of Doing Things
With the introduction of modern technology, the drawing process has changed. Drawers don’t have to use pencils or ink anymore. They only need a computer and pieces of equipment so they can draw the characters they want.
However, some illustrators still stick to the old way of doing things and think it more natural. If you draw everything with a computer it might take something away from the design. The human eye is not used to completely computerized images so it will be noticeable and unappealing for some.
But the job of a colorist is now complexly done using computers. One does not need to buy paint and brushes, you only need good hardware to complete your work. Of course, there are still people who like doing things the old-fashioned way like Alex Ross. But he too mixes things up and illustrates everything by combining methods.
The only roles that have not changed are the writer and the editor. They still complete the same role and type of work as they did before.
Finally, the letterer is not going to input everything by hand anymore. A computer program greatly helps to diminish the work. But this has also taken away the importance of being a letterer as this type of work becomes digitalized.
Is Technology Making Comics Better?
One might say that there are certain improvements when it comes it introducing technology to art. I am calling it art because comic books should be considered as pieces of art. The creation process is much faster and we are getting some beautifully illustrated comics books nowadays. Also, there are more of them as it does not take so much time to create one as in the old days.
However, there are certain takeaways. Some say that an entirely created comic book does not have a soul. When you start doing things the easier way you start losing the love of creating something.
Many artists are still holding on to their roots today and see that taking shortcuts is not going to breed success.
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Poisoning produced by eating food affected by ergot, typically resulting in headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and gangrene of the fingers and toes.
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- The use of ergot alkaloids is generally not advised during lactation, but this recommendation is based on a report of ergotism in an infant in a 1934 study and has not been confirmed by more recent detailed studies.
- One of the main illnesses treated at the hospital was ergotism (called ‘St. Anthony's Fire ’), a disease caused by ergot, a fungus that grows especially on rye.
- When 40,000 people died of ergotism (caused by a toxic mould on wheat) in southern France in AD944, nobody would have described it as a ‘food scare’.
Definición de ergotism en:
- el diccionario Inglés británico e internacional
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Rwanda. Of 80 seats in the lower house, 49 are held by women (61 percent), as are 10 of the 26 in the upper house (38 percent), according to an international organization of parliaments. Since 2003, the country has required that at least 30 percent of representatives be female.
Next is Bolivia, where a 2009 measure requires women to occupy at least 50 percent of elected positions. Women now hold 69 of the 130 seats in the lower house (53 percent) and 17 of 36 in the upper house (47 percent).
Cuba, which is third, uses “positive discrimination,” putting women in almost half the seats in the National Assembly.
Iceland, Nicaragua, Sweden, Senegal, Mexico, Finland and South Africa fill out the top 10. The U.S. is No. 104, with 83 women out of 435 representatives, and 21 of 100 senators.
“The size of your dreams must always exceed your current capacity to achieve them,” the Liberian president, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, told a Harvard graduating class in 2011. “If your dreams do not scare you, they are not big enough.”
Caryn A. Wilson contributed reporting.
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Wolves have had a difficult history with humans, and have been driven back to the least populated regions of the northern hemisphere. Their affinity for livestock has resulted in large numbers of wolves being trapped, shot and poisoned. Wolves are pack animals and can appear in various shades ranging from black to white. They are larger than most dogs, weighing up to 79.4 Kilogram. To draw a wolf head from the front can be a very powerful image that evokes an innate fear that humans have had of wolves for thousands of years.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Reference images
- Drawing paper
Find a detailed image of a wolf head from the front. Make sure you can clearly see the shape of the features, including the eyes and the area around the nose. Position the image so that you can quickly refer to it as you are drawing. Choose a well lit location so you can clearly see what you are drawing.
Draw the main outline of the wolf's head using short strokes in the direction of the fur. Draw the pointed ears, and indicate the position of the eyes. Draw the eyes about halfway between the base of the ears and the nose. Position them so that they are directly below the inner sides of the ears, where they attach to the head. Draw the outline of the nose positioned in the middle, below the eyes. Draw two short, curved lines to mark the sides of the mouth and the portion of the mouth just under the nose.
Continue drawing fur lines to outline the sides of the head and upper neck. Keep the outline of the head and neck about the same width, with the neck getting slightly wider further down.
Mark the border between light and dark areas of the head. Make sure you do this as accurately as possible in order to differentiate the snout from the neck.
Shade in the dark areas of the fur with short strokes to create the look of layered hair. Shade the top of the head beginning with the upper portion of the snout and below the eyes. Shade the outer edges of the ears dark and the centre of the inner ears as well. Keep the outer centre of the ears light.
Use a chamois to carefully blend the shaded areas into the white areas of the head. Make sure that the differences in colour remain defined by drawing more lines over the blended areas. Lighten areas that are too dark using the eraser. Refer to the image to continue detailing fine shade variations on the face of the wolf. Note the slight differences around the eyes.
Draw more detail by adding whiskers on either side of the nose, above the mouth. Detail the eyes so that they look focused and gaze in the same direction. Shade in the eyes carefully to make them look as realistic as possible.
Clean up any unwanted smudges to give the wolf a crisp and detailed appearance. Keep detailing the fur until you are satisfied with the drawing.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for
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You already track your calories, weight, water intake and fitness minutes on SparkPeople. Why? Because it helps you stay accountable, continue to improve, and see that you're really making valuable progress toward your goals. So why not track your other health measures—blood pressure, cholesterol and more—to see how well you're doing? Health achievements, like lowering your resting heart rate or stabilizing your blood sugar levels, are reasons to celebrate, too. And they show you that all your hard work in the gym and in the kitchen is really paying off.
That's why we recommend recording these health measurements at regular intervals. You can keep these as your own personal health records or share them with your health care provider to help manage and prevent a variety of health conditions. Here's what you'll need to know about measuring, tracking and interpreting your blood pressure, total cholesterol, resting heart rate and blood sugar readings.
Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded as two numbers—systolic (pressure on the arterial walls as the heart contracts) over diastolic (pressure on the arterial walls as the heart relaxes between beats), which is usually written as "120/80" (where 120 is the systolic number and 80 is the diastolic number). Most people get their blood pressure checked when visiting a doctor's office, using a sphygmomanometer, but gyms, personal trainers, and even pharmacies offer blood pressure screenings, too.
In addition, some people with home blood pressure cuffs can check their blood pressures multiple times per day, usually as instructed by a doctor. Knowing your blood pressure readings throughout the day—and day to day—can help you adjust your medication and therapy (for hypertension) throughout the day. As you lose weight on SparkPeople and your blood pressure improves, be sure to share your readings with your doctor and find out if you need to adjust your medication due to weight loss or blood pressure improvement.
Any time you receive a blood pressure reading, whether you're a healthy person who gets a reading at an annual physical, or you have hypertension and track your blood pressure more frequently, you can record it on SparkPeople to check your progress over time.
SparkPeople Health Measurements
Track Your Blood Sugar, Cholesterol, Blood Pressure and More!
Page 1 of 3 Next Page ›Got a story idea? Give us a shout!
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Pomegranates are one of the earliest recorded fruits of the ancient world, with references dating back to ancient Persia. This delicious plant was originally brought to America by the Spanish in 1769. While pomegranates are a hearty plant and can thrive in alkaline soils, the majority of commercially-grown pomegranates are produced in California and Arizona.
The Wonderful pomegranate was originally produced in Florida in 1896. This is the most common commercially-available breed due to its tough protective outer skin and its vinous flavor. This variety also produces the largest fruit, but takes the longest to ripen, sometimes requiring harvest as late as October. Currently, Wonderful pomegranates are the leading variety grown commercially in California.
The Early Wonderful variety of pomegranate matures two weeks ahead of the Wonderful pomegranate. When fully matured, it is a medium-sized bush that blooms late but is still quite productive. The flowers on this variety are a stunning orange-red color and very fertile.
The Sweet pomegranate's juice is much sweeter than the Wonderful varieties, and lighter in color. The juice is so sweet, in fact, that it is commonly used in fruit punches. The fruit is a bluish-red color when mature. This variety has thinner skin, matures earlier and has softer seeds than the Wonderful pomegranate.
Grenada are an extremely early maturing variety, with its fruit maturing an entire month before Wonderful pomegranates. The fruit and flowers of this bush are a deeper red and the final bush can mature to the same height as the Wonderful, but it produces a slightly less tart fruit.
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(Inside Science) – Knots are everywhere, from laces of shoes to stitches that seal cuts. Sailors and others have known since antiquity that some knots are stronger than others, but such knowledge came largely from intuition and tradition, rather than a fundamental understanding of what makes knots strong.
Now, experiments with wires have helped scientists develop an equation explaining the forces involved within one of the simplest knots around, the overhand knot. Such work could one day lead to a better idea of what knots work best for given applications, such as the stitches used in surgery and the steel cables used in construction, the researchers said.
"Now we can understand the basic principles underlying overhand knots, which are the most basic type of knots used in our everyday life," said study lead author Khalid Jawed, an engineer at MIT in Cambridge. "This can serve as a starting point to investigate the mechanics of more complex type of knots."
Minor differences in the way knots are tied can lead to major differences in strength. Imagine taking a rope, crossing both ends left over right, and then bringing the left end under and out, as if tying a pair of shoelaces. Repeating this sequence results in the relatively weak granny knot. But if one instead crosses the right end over the left, the result is the stronger reef knot.
Developing a scientific model of how a particular knot will perform has proven challenging because sharp turns generate forces that are difficult to calculate. Although straight rods and other linear structures often behave in a straightforward manner, twisted nonlinear structures can behave in unpredictable ways.
To avoid the extra complications involved in sharp turns, previous research exploring knot behavior analyzed simple cases, such as a rope wrapped several times around a rod and locked in place by friction. However, such structures are not true knots.
The new work experimented with knots made in metal wires. The stiffness of those wires kept them free of sharp turns. This simplified geometry helped reveal how a knot's configuration and the forces within it are related.
The wires were made of a hyper-elastic nickel-titanium alloy known as nitonol. The researchers experimented with the simplest overhand knot, the trefoil knot, made by creating a loop in the middle of a rope and then passing one end of the rope through the loop. Passing the rope through the loop more than once leads to longer braids with more twists.
The scientists clamped one end of each braid to a table and measured the amount of force a mechanical arm used to pull the knot tight. They found that a knot with 10 twists needed roughly 1,000 times more force to close than a knot with just one.
These findings contradicted previous research from study co-author Basile Audoly, a physicist at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, and his colleagues, who modeled overhand knots with just one or two twists. The new work revealed that for simple overhand knots with few twists, the effects of friction can largely be ignored. However, the more twists there are, the more friction plays a role, explaining why a knot with more twists is so much more difficult to tighten than a knot with fewer twists.
"This kind of research sometimes seems silly because it is cast in the form of tying your shoelaces," said theoretical physicist Christian Santangelo at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, who did not take part in this research. "But we know that friction isn't really well understood, especially when something complicated happens. The fact that the result is encapsulated in a single equation is downright amazing."
The scientists now plan to study more complex kinds of knots, perhaps including ones with sharp turns. They detailed their findings September 11 in the journal Physical Review Letters.
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Part 2—Process and Analyze the Images
Step 1 Launch ImageJ and Open the First Image
- Launch ImageJ by selecting it from the Start Menu or by double-clicking the icon that looks like a microscope. Once ImageJ is running, the following menu and tool bar will be displayed.
- To load the first image, choose File > Open, navigate to the Forests folder, and select image_1994.tif.
- This is what the image looks like when it opens. The roads, the dark bands, are cutting across the forest like the tributaries of a river.
Step 2 Scale and Process the Image
In these satellite images, each pixel (picture element, the smallest unit in an image) covers a square of the Earth's surface that is just 12.5 m x 12.5 m in size. That is a lot of detailed information in one very small space. In order to make the image easier for the computer to handle, you will use ImageJ to change the resolution to 50 m x 50 m so that each pixel in the image covers more surface area.
- Select Image > Scale... from the menu bar and the Scale window opens. To reduce the scale by 25%, input .25 for the X Scale and .25 for the Y Scale. Select Bilinear Interpolation (default) and check Create new window. Title the new image map1.tif and click OK.
- Select Image > Scale... from the menu bar.
- The Scale window opens. To reduce the scale by 25%, input .25 for the X Scale and .25 for the Y Scale. Select Bilinear Interpolation (default), and check Create new window. Title the new image map1.tif. Then click OK.
- The resulting image is now a lot smaller than the original one. Additionally, it looks a little smoother.
- Select Analyze > Set Scale.... Notice how .250 is showing as the Distance in Pixels. This is because the image was reduced by 25%. To obtain accurate measurements, the scale must be reset. Change the Distance in Pixels to 1.0 and click OK.
- Close the original image (image_1994.tif).
- Extract the deforested areas out of the image by applying the FFT Bandpass filters. Filter Large Structures Down to 40 pixels and Filter Small Structures up to 3 pixels. Check Autoscale After Filtering and Saturate Image When Autoscaling. Then click OK.
- Select Process > FFT > Bandpass Filter...
- An FFT Bandpass Filter window opens. Filter Large Structures Down to 40 pixels and Filter Small Structures up to 3 pixels. Check Autoscale After Filtering and Saturate Image When Autoscaling. Click OK.
- The bandpass filter makes the image even smoother, so that the image does not look noisy anymore. Your bandpass filtered image should look like this.
Step 3 Threshold and Measure the Image
- Divide the forest image into two classes using thresholding. Select Image > Adjust > Threshold. The Threshold window opens. Segment the image using the Maximum Entropy thresholding method. Click Apply.
- Measure the area of the image that is deforested. First, make sure that Area and Area Fraction are chosen in the Set Measurements window. Then choose Analyze > Measure. The Results window displays the measurements. In this case, it shows the total area of roads (in pixels) and the percent of the total area that is occupied by roads. Write these measurements down on a piece of paper. Do not close the Results window.
- Choose Analyze > Set Measurements.
- The Set Measurements window opens. Check Area and Area Fraction to collect those measurements. Click OK. Note: When you work with the 1995 and 1996 image, you will not need to set these measurements again. ImageJ will continue to collect these measurements until you choose other options.
- Choose Analyze > Measure.
- The Results window shows the total area of the image (in pixels) and the percent of the total area that is occupied by roads. Write these measurements down on a piece of paper. Do not close the Results window.
The threshold is a statistical value used to divide the image in two classes. In this case, these classes approximately correspond to deforested and forested areas.
Note: It is possible to select File > Save As... to export your results to an Excel file. However, since you only have two measurements, this is not necessary. Also, if you keep the Results window open, then additional measurements will accrue there.
Step 4 Save the Processed Image
- Make map1.tif active by clicking once on it. Then choose File > Save As.., navigate to your Forests folder and save the image.
- Close map1.tif.
Step 5 Prepare Additional Images
- Repeat Steps 1 to 4 above for the 1995 and 1996 images.
- At the end you should have three images labeled with their file names map1.tif, map2.tif, map3.tif .
- You should also have three measurements indicating the percent of the area that was deforested in 1994, 1995, and 1996.
Step 6 Compare Deforestation Across All three Years
- What was the percent deforestation in 1994? in 1995? in 1996?
- How has the fraction changed through the years?
It increased from 15.50% to 23.12%.
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When we think of technology’s current contributions to the field of fashion, we tend to think of when it is embedded into a fashion product, like smartwatches. However, it would be a mistake to ignore the developments that go on behind the scenes that not only inform fashion, but also alter its landscape entirely.
Let’s say it’s time to shop. You’re headed to the mall, a local boutique, or your favorite e-tail sites where products are branded, packaged, and styled with no trace or whiff of where they came from. This is because the supply chain – with over 100 stages from fabrication to shipment – is so vast and complex that very few of us have any idea where our purchases come from, nor are we aware of the human/environmental costs of production.
Denim, for example, is made from cottons that are sourced from all over the world, shipped back and forth as it is manipulated into fabric, sewn, dyed, washed, treated with chemicals to make it more stain-resistant, etc. Furthermore, from the first seed planted to the point when you’re taking a new pair of jeans home in a plastic bag, the water and carbon required is staggering. Extrapolate that by the fact that Bangladesh alone produces one and a half billion pairs of jeans per year, and you have an epic crisis on your hands.
Ethical fashion company Everlane set out to solve this problem of waste by creating a new line of flattering, sustainably made denim for men and women. The results are amazing. By partnering with an ethical factory in South Vietnam, Everlane was able to reduce the energy used to create denim. It also recycles the toxic sludge created by denim’s production by extracting it and sending it to a nearby factory to be mixed with concrete that builds homes.
This is but one of the many new methods that fashion companies are adopting and innovating in order to transform the industry from one of monstrous waste and ethical violations to one of responsibility and sustainability, guided by a moral compass. Read on for a list of the latest fashion innovations that are guaranteed to blow your mind.
At the multinational tech company IBM, a new cognitive system named Watson has been developed that will change the industry as we know it. In the words of Falguni Peacock, an Indian designer who partnered with IBM Watson to help create a collection for her label Falguni and Shane Peacock, “This is not just the future of fashion, this is the future.”
Peacock narrowed her focus to Bollywood for her forthcoming collection, and IBM Watson then scanned over 600,000 images to establish the dominant trends over the entire history of Bollywood filmmaking. Her ‘Cognitive Couture’ collection reflects the palette, silhouettes, and embellishments proposed by IBM Watson from the data it compiled. “It does not feel like technology,” Peacock confessed. “It feels like you’re communicating with a higher intelligence that gives you the answer you want fast – very fast.”
Jason Grech is an Australian designer who also crafted a ‘Cognitive Couture’ collection in partnership with IBM Watson. For his presentation, the cognitive system analyzed ten years of color data and presented him with a pastel palette, and analyzed photographs of architecture so that Grech could transform them into fashion designs. Grech said that IBM Watson offers up different points of view that a designer could be confident in pursuing for a collection because it predicts future trends with incredible accuracy.
See both results of these extraordinary ‘Cognitive Couture’ collections in the videos below.
As consumer habits continue to change and evolve, companies have been compiling data on new consumer behavior, expectations, trends, and more behind the scenes. However, as “Big Data” is collected from how you shop on your phone and computer, the majority of brands struggle to interpret the data so as to benefit their bottom line. Now, things seem to be falling into place in the fashion industry as Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being used to more comprehensively interpret consumer needs and wants, which helps companies streamline everything from design to the supply chain itself.
Fashion AI start-up Omnious is capable of “deep learning”, which means that it can take huge amounts of data, analyze it, and then formulate adjustments to supply and demand automatically. It can also analyze data so that customer service experiences can be curated to the individual and used to simplify the design process.
Speaking of design, AI has been used to assist design by creating programs that learn how to create virtual blueprints for clothes and accessories. Zalanda, based out of Berlin, is one such platform that worked with Google and Stink Digital to create Project Muze. Project Muze comprised a neural network injected with data by 600 fashion experts and the Google Fashion Trends Report, and is capable of making its own creative decisions when it comes to color, texture, and style preferences. Using this complex maze of information, users were able to create 3D designs, and each result is hyper-personalized. Some designers at Berlin Fashion Week took things a step further and transformed three Project Muze designs into real-life clothes.
In the AI “arms race”, Edited is a game-changer. This data analytics company specializes in fashion, relying on software that is capable of “learning” and recognizing apparel products from a database of 60 million fashion products, while a natural language processing software classifies the products in mere seconds.
Retailers like Net-a-Porter rely on Edited to provide real-time data in order to respond rapidly to price and stock fluctuations, buying trends, market trends, and more. This means companies that use Edited can rely on fast, flawless, predictive results, thereby removing human error from the equation. The future is robotic, and now is the time to innovate or be left behind to perish.
One of the ways that fashion is embracing a brave new future is in making sustainable materials of paramount value. As the second largest producer of waste in the world, the fashion industry has begun pursuing sustainability with new “technical” fabrics made from surprising ingredients as well as new ways of reinventing traditional modes of production that focus on reducing and recycling waste in ways that benefit humans and the environment.
Newlife by Sinterama takes 100 percent post-consumer recycled plastic bottles and transforms them into a high-quality polyester yarn. The process of spinning this special yarn uses 94 percent less water and 60 percent less energy than traditional polyester manufacturing methods. It also yields 32 percent less carbon emissions. In order to prove just how luxurious the results can be, Eco-Age Creative Director and Green Carpet Challenge co-founder, Livia Firth, wore an exquisite gown that Giorgio Armani created from Newlife textiles to the 69th Annual Golden Globe Awards.
Orange Fiber is yet another textile company on the way up, having received a new round of investing from progressive venture capitalists. Its extraordinary material is made from citrus-juice byproducts that were typically thrown away, magically transforming them into an array of refined fabrics. Salvatore Ferragamo was so excited by this innovative Italian brand’s textile development that it became the first fashion house to use Orange Fiber for an entire collection.
Bacx is the result of development by another innovative textile manufacturer in Italy called Centro Seta. This genius new blended silk textile is comprised of Newlife fibers, “Greenfiber”, certified organic silk, and silk yarn made from waste. Erdem Moralioglu was an early adopter of Bacx, using its duchesse satin for Erdem’s ‘Green Carpet’ collection in 2015.
Novozymes is an interesting company that has figured out a way to deploy enzymes to do many of the tasks that more labor- and resource-intensive processes have typically taken care of. It may not seem like a huge deal, but Novozymes has developed an enzyme that interacts with denim in such a way as to make it appear stonewashed. Going forward, this entirely eliminates the need for actual stone washing, which is a literal method using stones and multiple washes to create a uniquely distressed look. Using Novozymes’ enzymes saves water and does no damage to the denim, which means the fabric lasts significantly longer.
Stella McCartney has been a beacon of hope for the “conscious” fashion lover in search of sustainable luxury goods. By holding firm to her commitment to omit feathers, leather, fur, and animal skins of any kind from her collections, McCartney became “the first sizable global fashion brand rooted in sustainability” according to Business of Fashion.
Her company devotes a lot of time and money on researching viable, sustainable alternatives to traditional fashion fabrics. One of its most recent efforts includes the use of modacrylic or “modified acrylic”, which is a nearly identical replica of animal fur. Her faux-fur looks for Fall/Winter 2015 where so convincing that they sold out almost as soon as they hit the shelves.
Seacell is a really cool textile launched by smartfiber AG, made from actual seaweed and algae products. Not only does Seacell mimic the luxury fabrics that you’d love for your wardrobe and your home, but it also contains minerals, vitamins, and travel elements from the sea, meaning it’s actually good for your skin.
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How Long For A Solar Flare To Reach Us?
6 November 2018, 16:14
How long would it take for a solar flare to reach earth?
Name: Mark, Horsham
Question: How long would it take a solar flare to reach us here on earth?
Name: Matthew, Southampton
Answer: A solar flare is discharge of electromagnetic radiation from the surface of the sun. The protons from the sun take eight mins to get to earth. The protons and neutrons (which do the damage) will take five to eight days to reach earth.
Qualification: PHD in Solar Physics
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As we’ve outlined in recent blogs, homogenization is a process utilized for particle size reduction and works by employing mechanical force to break down particles or droplets in a liquid into smaller and more uniform sizes. The result of homogenization is a dispersion, wherein fine particles of one substance are scattered throughout another substance. Furthermore, dispersions are able to be classified by the sizes of these scattered particles: solutions, suspensions and colloids. In this blog, we’re focusing on the difference between suspension and colloids.
Simply defined as a heterogeneous mixture of two substances in which one is dispersed into the other, suspensions involve particles larger than those found in solutions, typically over 1,000 nm. The bigger particles of a suspension usually settle or separate out of a mixture upon standing or are able to be filtered out, although not through filter paper. Gravity is able to pull the visible particles in a suspension down if undisturbed, and they will stay that way unless being actively mixed. Examples of suspensions include oil and water, dust or soot in air, sand and water and muddy water.
Although a heterogeneous mixture of two substances like suspensions, colloids involve particles from 1-1,000 nm that do not separate upon standing and cannot be separated by filtration. The particles in a colloid land in size between those in a solution and a suspension and may be solid, liquid or gas. The two parts in every colloid mixture are its particles and the dispersing medium, and the particles are spread evenly in in the medium, which can also be solid, liquid or gas. Examples of colloids are foams (shaving cream, Styrofoam), gels (gelatin, jelly), emulsions (mayonnaise, lotion), aerosols (fog, insecticide spray, smoke) and sols (shampoo, gemstones).
Even though the particles in a colloid are very small in size, they can be seen through a process called the Tyndall Effect, the effect of light scattering in colloidal dispersion while showing no light in a true solution. This effect is used to determine whether a mixture is a true solution or a colloid.
Colloid mills, like homogenizers, are able to process particle reduction formulations, although each is preferential for certain applications. They are best used for samples comprised of solids immersed in a liquid suspension or a liquid suspended in another liquid because they can enhance the stability and/or reduce the size of suspended particles.
In summary, following are some of the main differences between a suspension and colloid:
- Particles in a suspension are usually more than 1,000 nm, while those in a colloid range from 1-1,000 nm.
- Unlike those in a suspension, particles in a colloid do not separate when sitting still.
- The particles in a suspension may be separated by filtration unlike those in a colloid.
- Colloids are able to scatter light, but suspensions cannot transmit light.
- Particles in a suspension can be seen by the naked eye, but those in a colloid must be viewed using a light microscope.
BEE International: The Clear Choice for High-Pressure Homogenizers
At BEE International, we not only offer a multitude of high-pressure homogenizers to handle almost any task in a laboratory, pilot plant or industrial setting, we help you sort through the technical jargon to find equipment that best addresses your specific needs. Our line of equipment is suitable for virtually every industry and can work in just about any environment, letting you focus on other important projects. To learn more about our technology and products, please contact us today!
If you’re interested in learning more about how you can break down particles in the best way possible, download our free eBook “How to Achieve Efficient & Consistent Particle Size Reduction” today:
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Keeping Safe Online
At Belgrave St. Peter's we take pupil safety online very seriously. As a result, we address Internet safety in a variety of ways including:
Safe Use of Technology for Parents and Children
Technological changes and advances mean that as parents, carers and teachers, it can be hard to keep up with the programmes, games, apps and websites that our children access. National Online Safety regularly produce fact sheets and guidance to help you, and your children stay safe and happy online.
Many of these sheets can be found below, and more will be added as they are produced.
Please take the time to read some of them, if only to familiarise yourself with the latest trends and risks.
Click on the links below for advice on how you can keep your child safe.
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Urban forests are critical to the health and quality of life within our cities. Unfortunately, they are constantly facing challenges such as urban expansion, invasive pests, changing climates and underfunded management and maintenance. Unlike their counterparts in natural settings, urban forests exist and are maintained only through human intervention.
American Forests is committed to raising awareness about the vital benefits our urban forests provide and the science-based tools that are out there to best assess those benefits. We are committed to offering a national perspective on what cities across the country are doing to improve their urban forests and to offering tools and resources to help cities better understand and speak up for their urban forests.
American Forests defines urban forests as “ecosystems of trees and other vegetation in and around communities that may consist of street and yard trees, vegetation within parks and along public rights of way and water systems. Urban forests provide communities with environmental, economic and social benefits and habitat for fish and wildlife.” Thus, urban forests are not only about the trees in the city, but rather, they are a critical part of the green infrastructure that makes up the city ecosystem.
Funding for some of American Forests’ Urban Forests work is being provided by Urban and Community Forestry, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The city of Clarkston, Georgia, located in a pocket of the Atlanta metropolis characterized by strip malls, auto-body shops and cheap low-rise apartments, has been called the most diverse square mile in America. Designated as a refugee resettlement area in the eighties, Clarkston accepts about 1,500 refugees annually, earning it the moniker “Ellis Island South.” Today, a third of town’s 13,000 residents were born in another country, representing 40 nationalities and 60 languages.
It’s also become known for its vegetables: at least a dozen farms and gardens in and around Clarkston provide space for newcomer families to work the soil.
“Many of these folks grew food back home as a way of life, if not as their primary source of income,” says Yarrow Koning, the community development program coordinator at Global Growers, which stewards 22 acres at eight sites in Clarkston and surrounding neighborhoods where newcomers are provided land access and tools.
Global Growers provides training — their growers, while horticultural experts need help adapting their skills to Atlanta’s climate. But most importantly, the organization provides market access, selling the produce through a farm share program, at local farmer’s markets and to chefs. The growers keep 75 percent of proceeds, which has allowed some to make “urban farmer” their full-time occupation.
Not all Global Growers’ gardeners are looking to make a living. For many, says Koning, working the land is simply a way to bond with other newcomer families and maintain a connection with their cultural roots, all while cutting down on their grocery bills. “We work with people who didn’t necessarily grow food in their country of origin, but they’ve become interested in it here because it’s so difficult to access the foods they are used to eating, especially at a cost affordable to someone who has just arrived as a refugee.”
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NFPA Releases Apartment and Home Fire Data
- Jul 06, 2011
The Boston-based National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) last week released new research showing many apartment and private home fires could be eliminated if occupants took more diligent care while engaging in a number of commonplace activities, including cooking, smoking and using space heaters.
“When we do this fire report, cooking continues to be the leading cause of home fires,” NFPA spokeswoman Lorraine Carli tells MHN. “And these cooking fires are the result of people leaving cooking unattended.”
Although cooking accidents are the leading cause of fires, smoking is the leading cause of residential fire deaths, in part because victims often fall asleep while smoking, Carli says. Fires from heating equipment like space heaters are the second leading cause of residential fire deaths, Carli says. Space heaters cause a smaller percentage of fires in residential settings, but result in a disproportionately high number of deaths. That, Carli says, is “because the victims are very close to the space heater, or because it ignites bedding or curtains that go up very quickly.”
The NFPA report covers five years from 2005 to 2009, inclusive. U.S. fire departments responded to an average of 373,900 home structure fires annually during that period, Carli says. Apartments made up 29 percent of all residential fires reported; the remaining 71 percent were in private homes. Seventeen percent of all deaths and 31 percent of injuries from fire were in apartments.
During the period researched, approximately one in every 310 households per year suffered a reported residential fire. An average of 2,650 civilians died each year in residential fires, or about seven per day, while 12,890 were injured yearly. The annual cost in direct property damage was $7.1 billion.
Not unexpectedly, the report pointed up the importance of smoke detectors. About two-thirds of the residential fire deaths occurred in settings where there were no smoke alarms present, or where smoke alarms were not actually working. “The big message there is that you have, and that you maintain, smoke alarms in your home or apartment,” Carli says.
To avoid fires altogether, the NFPA urges residents of both homes and apartments to follow several common-sense practices. First, make sure you take care while cooking, and don’t leave cooking unattended, Carli says. Second, ask any smokers in the household to smoke outside, and if that’s not possible, use deep and heavy ashtrays inside the home or apartment. Also keep space heaters at least three feet away from any material that could burn.
The NFPA is an international organization established in Boston in 1896. The organization reports its mission is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, and training and education.
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Understanding Risks, Warning Signs And Prevention Of Suicide After Communal Trauma
The Deerfield Beach High School community is mourning after losing three students to violent deaths in quick succession, two of which were apparent deaths by suicide. Most recently, 17-year-old Alexis Marion died earlier this week.
To share resources if you or someone you know is struggling, we are re-posting this interview from March 2019:
Mental health providers in South Florida are stressing the need for more trauma awareness and suicide prevention resources following the apparent suicide deaths of two young survivors of last year's shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.
Health News Florida spoke with Dr. Nicole Mavrides, child psychiatrist and professor at the University of Miami, about suicide as a public health issue. Mavrides is also a graduate of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.
Health News Florida: What are some of the signs that someone might hurt themselves?
Mavrides: We look for impulsivity or talking about self harm. We also have to look for the kids who are depressed, who are withdrawn, who are isolating themselves, who maybe are wearing long sleeves when it's 90 degrees out. Those are things that maybe there's some indication that they've either started to hurt themselves or are thinking about it.
When you say impulsivity, how do you know what's a teenager being a teenager and what's a teenager who is in danger of possibly hurting themselves or killing themselves?
It's hard but the impulsivity that we're looking for are risky behaviors. Staying out ridiculously late when they never used to. Or getting into trouble with drugs and alcohol. Stealing. Going on a lot of dates or sleeping with somebody—doing something that maybe is just really out of character. That maybe is not in the norm of the regular teenage behaviors.
And we've been encouraging people to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, 1-800-273-8255, or numbers like 211. What can people expect if they make that call?
There are certified counselors on the other line of the suicide hotline. Those are people who are trained to talk to kids or adults who are feeling suicidal or having those negative thoughts. They're going to find out whether or not the [callers] want to act, or is it just kind of these vague thoughts—and they can help direct them to go see a medical professional, call their hospital, call an ambulance, go talk to their parents. A lot of times it is just a kid who's having negative thoughts, and they're able to talk them down and kind of get them to the point where they're feeling safe.
Then 211 is more for giving them direction on how to get the help that they need. So they will provide the person who's calling them with information on mental health clinics or providers in their area.
At what point should you just call 911 if you or someone you know appears to be on the verge of potentially killing themselves?
If you're worried that this person is going to hurt themselves and there's imminent danger of them hurting themselves, or if they're actively doing something, you have to call 911.
These kids have shown that if they want to hurt themselves, they're going to figure out ways of doing it. So there's no way of keeping an eye on someone 24 hours a day. If there's even a consideration, it's much safer to call 911 or go to an emergency room and at least be seen by a mental health provider.
How much a threat is suicide to the MSD community and other communities that have experienced trauma?
We know that post-traumatic stress and catastrophic events can cause depression. And there can be suicidal thoughts. But we really now are seeing that there's a big risk and that's why we want to get these kids the help that they really need to make sure that someone is looking out for them.
Usually the first six months following an event are the scariest because it's the most acute. But then after that, it's anytime there's an anniversary. And anytime that there's something significant. But we still see that people who are affected, it can happen at any time.
My colleagues and I are aware of the suicide contagion effect—and this has been pretty well studied — that depending on how they're represented, stories about suicide can encourage people who are at risk of self harm. And there are some communication standards that we're working to follow. But, who's at risk of being triggered just by the news?
The kids who are at risk are the kids who were already thinking about it.
This is not going to put new thoughts into kids' heads who were never depressed. These are kids who had had the thoughts and maybe they're like, "wow, that person did this, they were brave." We want to prevent that from happening.
If you start to feel that the news is too much, if it's making you feel sad, or it's giving you negative feelings, that's the time to turn it off. That's also the time to go and talk to someone about those feelings. To talk to your parents. Talk to a mental health professional. To talk to even your friends.
If you know someone who's hurting, how can you support them?
Just letting them know that you're there. And also helping them to make that decision to tell someone else.
If you're a kid and you know someone in your classes that is suffering from depression or are suffering from cutting behaviors, or things like that—be there for them, but also maybe encourage them to go and talk to an adult.
If there's something that they're really concerned about, then they need to go and tell somebody for them. Because that could be saving their life.
We're in the middle of our state legislative session. What do you want the people who make policy and budgets to understand about the mental health needs of our community?
We need drastically more providers. So we need more money in the state budget to allow for more hiring. We need more programs that are going to train these providers. We need people who are going to get psychology degrees. And we need to be able to go into the school systems and have counselors who are trained in these things, to work with the kids who have been affected.
If you have been affected by the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, you can call 305-355-9021 to get an expedited appointment with Mavrides's practice.
Copyright 2020 WLRN 91.3 FM. To see more, visit WLRN 91.3 FM.
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Washington, DC - While the goal of a K–12 education was once high-school graduation, the focus has now shifted to college and career readiness.
While the goal of a K–12 education was once high-school graduation, the focus has now shifted to college and career readiness. Although this change has been painful, uneven, and revealing for many educators, there is good news: we are getting there. The better news is we know much more about how to achieve these new goals than ever before.
While there are many programs, initiatives, and actions an educator may consider to “implement” college and career readiness, there are three key priorities that offer immediate impact and can be easily accomplished with existing tools.
Know the Reading Level of Every Student
The increased complexity of nonfiction texts that students must read is the greatest shift in educational expectations. Because it’s critical that students therefore have a higher level of reading comprehension, it’s essential to measure and monitor students’ reading skills with precision and vigilance. By providing grade-appropriate texts at each student’s individual reading level, and then following up with direct instruction around grade-level complex text, educators can help students to build the close-reading skills needed to master more challenging materials.
For maximum accuracy, use Lexile® levels to measure both student ability and text complexity. Don’t trust publishers when they label materials as “below level” or “on level”—use Lexile levels to verify the complexity of every text.
Align with Today’s Digital Assessments
Ten percent of K-12 students nationwide underperformed on the new high-stakes assessments due to a lack of technology skills: they struggled with navigation, were unfamiliar with the technology-enhanced items, and reported challenges with online highlighting and editing tools.
In fact, one third of all students who took the online college and career readiness assessments in spring 2015 reported that the English language arts tests were more difficult than their class work, and 16 percent of students said they were unfamiliar with the types of tasks on the ELA assessments.
Now that we know what the new assessments look like, we need to align our instruction accordingly. Students need to become familiar with digital content that includes editing and highlighting tools. They also need practice with activities that resemble the types of tasks and technology-enhanced items they will see on the new assessments.
Focus on Deeper Comprehension
Students are expected to read more informational text than ever before, which means they need to develop comprehension strategies that allow for a deeper understanding of content. Fortunately, many activities that drive language acquisition and literacy growth can also be used to build advanced comprehension skills.
Encourage students to generate questions, summarize, and form opinions during class discussion, collaboration, and debate activities. Require students to focus on substantive issues in the text, use appropriate academic terms, and refer to relevant and sufficient evidence during augmentation. This type of targeted and accountable talk increases students’ vocabulary, deepens their critical-thinking skills, and improves comprehension.
For Immediate—and Lasting—Impact
To ensure successful college and career readiness outcomes, use programs that measure the reading levels of your students and provide appropriately complex text. Study the released items for the new assessments and implement curricular tools that are aligned to the types of tasks on the tests. Find resources that are designed for, and supportive of, focused, collaborative discussion in the classroom. By prioritizing these kinds of instructional strategies, you can help all of your students get ahead on the path to college and career success.
Kevin Baird is the Chairman of the Center for College and Career Readiness and serves on the Achieve3000 Educational Leadership Council.
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Cancer Drug May Be Useful in Alzheimer’s StudiesThe Alzheimer's Site
Sometimes researchers aiming at a treatment for one disease end up hitting another. That appears to be the discovery of a team of scientists from the Yale University School of Medicine in Connecticut.
Researchers are experimenting with a drug originally developed for cancer therapy in the hope of finding a cure for Alzheimer’s disease. The drug, known as saracatinib, showed great promise in tests involving mice, and as of 2015, researchers are in the midst of assessing its safety and effectiveness on humans.
When people have Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid beta protein clusters build up in their brains, damaging and eventually destroying neurons. The patients lose synapses through which brain cells communicate and shape memories.
With mice displaying Alzheimer’s symptoms as the subjects, chief investigator and main author of the study Stephen Strittmatter and his team used saracatinib to target a kinase protein called fyn that has a key function in the destruction of brain cells by amyloid beta clusters.
When the researchers examined the mice after four weeks, they realized that their synapses were restored, and the mice had regained their memories and spatial learning.
The Yale scientists were able to move on to research with human subjects quickly due to backing by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Its New Therapeutic Uses program pairs research scientists with drugs that have already undergone initial research and development by pharmaceutical companies. Because the biopharmaceutical company AstraZeneca had already carried out initial safety research on saracatinib, the Yale team was able to move on to testing with human subjects within 18 months rather than the usual 10 years or more.
The National Institutes of Health, the academic research community and the pharmaceutical industry are hopeful that the New Therapeutic Uses program may allow scientists to combine their knowledge and resources to find new treatments for Alzheimer’s and other diseases.
“NEXT” to learn how another group of researchers is seeking a cure for Alzheimer’s.
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Over many million years of evolution, nature has created some most unusual and bizarre plants that attract, trap and digest animals. The list of animals that fall prey to these plants includes anything from small vertebrates and water fleas to nematodes and butterflies.
Famous as ‘carnivorous plants’, there are more than 600 of these fascinating species found all over the world. Having colonized a wide range of habitats, each type of plant is yet characterized by particular environmental conditions. Let's take a look at some of the most beautiful but deadly ‘meat-eater’ plant species.
Nepenthes are an interesting looking plant genus, native to the Old World tropics and featuring about 100 species. Also known as 'Asian pitcher plants', they colonize a wide variety of tropical habitats, ranging from sea level to cool mountain regions.
The traps of these plants are passive pitfall traps, shaped like a pitcher, that do not move. These remarkably stable traps are filled with liquid which contains surface active substances. This liquid ensures that the victims are completely wetted and cannot escape once they have fallen in.
Cephalotus has a very small area of distribution in southwestern Australia and it contains just one species, Cephalotus follicularis. It is also known as the 'Australian pitcher plant', as the plant has pitcher-shaped trap leaves.
It catches prey with the aid of pitfall traps. The whole process takes place in three different zones: the attraction zone, a slip zone, and a digestive zone. The trap opening is constricted by a collar, so once a victim falls into it, they are unable to climb back out again.
This long-lived, evergreen perennial herb that develops simple or branched shoots from a rhizome is none other than Heliamphora. Collectively known as 'sun pitchers', these plants have a well-developed root system. The tubular leaves of the plant serves as the trapping organ. The funnel-shaped pitchers are filled with water and formed as pitfall traps. When insects fall into this liquid and drown, they are digested with the aid of bacteria that live in the liquid.
Sometimes also called the 'rainbow plant', Byblis is a small genus of carnivorous plant which catches its prey using passive adhesive traps.
The leafy surfaces of rainbow plants are densely covered with glandular hairs, which are nothing but the traps. This trap secretes drops of mucilage to attract flying insects. As soon as the prey lands on this sticky slime, it gets stuck and then slowly starves to death.
First described in 1753, Utricularia is the most widely distributed genus of the carnivorous plants. Also famous as ‘bladderworts’, the tiny traps of this genus are the most complex and sophisticated found in carnivorous plants.
These little traps are bag-like structures which are suspended from the leaf braches. The trap opening is surrounded by snare-like antennae. Together with hairs and glands, the antennae attract the prey toward the valve opening. Once caught, there is no escape for the prey.
Found exclusively in eastern Northern America, this genus has about 8-10 different species. The most attractive feature of these plants is their tubular leaves with a wing-like seam.
Usually Sarracenia species trap insects using pitchers with nectar and the slippery footing around the lip. It is also observed that the pitcher fluid has an intoxicating and anesthetic influence on various insects.
With more than 80 species, the genus Pinguicula seems a bit plain at first glance. But these plants contain their own subtle beauty and complexities. Also known as ‘butterworts’, most of them are terrestrial and herbaceous rosette plants.
Leaves of butterworts have long-stalked glandular heads which produce sticky mucilage at their tip to ensnare the prey in ropy strands. Also, most Pinguicula species have a musty odor, which may serve to attract prey.
Similar to the genus Dionaea (see below), Aldrovanda species also use the snap-trap method to catch their prey. An herbaceous floating aquatic plant, typically pale green in color, it is also known as the ‘waterwheel plant’.
It contains leaves similar to those of the Venus flytrap. As suggested, to catch passing prey, a snap trap mechanism is used. The trap lobes are equipped with trigger hairs which cause the trap to close quickly and completely.
The genus Drosera comprises more than 150 species, which are certainly the jewels of the carnivorous plant world. Also known as 'sundews', these plants are capable of self-pollination and self-fertilization.
Sundews have active adhesive traps. Their prey is also attracted with the aid of optical signals. Using stalked mucilaginous glands covering its leaf surface, the plant captures insects. In fact, to catch the victim, all species of sundew are capable of moving their tentacles toward the blade center.
No one can deny the divine beauty of the ‘Venus flytrap’. Known as one of the most wonderful plants in the world, this species features probably the best-studied traps of all carnivorous plants. The genus Dionaea includes just one species, the Venus flytrap, a relatively small rosette plant which produces shoots in the spring.
The fast moving trapping leaves of the plant are snap traps with marginal bristles. As soon as the prey is sealed in, the trap closes and secures the prey; its soft parts are broken down, digested and absorbed. The digestion completes in about 10 days.
Today, it is hard to ignore the conservation status of some of the carnivorous plants. The growing interest in rare plant collection and habitat destruction are the two major factors affecting the survival of these incredible plants. Thus, combating illegal trade could help ensure their conservation.
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Sinusitis or sinus infection is a very common chronic illness with a substantial health impact. Sinus infection happens when the mucous membrane lining the nose and paranasal sinuses become swollen as an inflammatory reaction to the presence of viruses, fungi, or bacteria infection.
Sinusitis can seriously decrease quality of life
The paranasal sinuses are air spaces located inside the bones of the nose, forehead, cheeks, and eyes. These spaces influence breathing, speech, and smell. When sinuses are healthy mucus can flow freely and air can circulate. Sinusitis can seriously decrease quality of life and requires significant direct medical expenditures.
Traditional Chinese Acupressure, derived from acupuncture, is a non-invasive, safe, and effective technique that uses finger pressure at specific points in the body helps release stuck Qi and restore natural balance and circulation.
- Benefits of Acupressure for Sinus infections
- Research on Acupoints For Nasal Symptoms
- Chinese Medicine’s view of blocked sinus
Acupressure improves energy flow in the body and accelerates healing, works for draining and unblocking sinuses.
It also improves blood flow so that oxygen can reach all parts of the body, strengthens the immune system, and studies have shown that it can help patients with lower back pain, headaches, osteoarthritis pain, neck pain, musculoskeletal pain, menstrual pain, dental pain, fibromyalgia pain, pain before and after surgery, stomach pain and indigestion, gases and bloating, nausea-vomiting, and sleep disturbance. (1,2,3,4)
Research by Xue et al., (2002) conducted at the RMIT University in Australia and published in The American Journal of Chinese Medicine states that subjets receiving treatment in these acupoints had significant improvement in nasal symptoms (sneezing, watery rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, and itching nose) and non-nasal symptoms (itching eyes and eye-watering). “The effect is not associated with any side effects and usage of relief medications other than acupuncture given” (5)
Sinus infection is caused when the energy in the Lung meridian is weak and factors such as Wind, Cold, or Heat attacks occur, the meridian cannot repel them so they remain and concentrate in the head and nose, causing inflammation. Acupressure for congestion and other symptoms of Sinusitis can treat the root cause of it.
Acute and Chronic Sinusitis
TCM fundamentally differentiates two conditions: acute and chronic sinusitis.
Acute Sinus involves a nonspecific inflammation of the mucosa of the paranasal sinuses. It is usually characterized by headache, nasal obstruction, purulent rhinorrhea, and sometimes fever as well. Acute conditions positively respond to acupressure within a few days.
Chronic Sinus is often an evolution of the previous table in time. Sometimes as a consequence of treatment interruptions or relapses. It is associated with the retention of pathogenic factors due to the weakness of the Lung Qi and Spleen Qi.
Working on different acupuncture points for sinuses can offer comfort when conventional treatments don’t stop sinus symptoms.
Acupressure points for sinus infections
How to clear sinuses pressure points you should know:
YINGXIANG - Large Intestine 20 - L.I. 20
Location: In the nasolabial groove, on the level of the midpoint of the lateral border of the nostrils (in the hollow just outside each nostril)
Actions: Opens the nasal passages, expels wind, clears the heat. It is an effective acupressure point for blocked nose.
Method: If there is a lot of sensitivity in the nose, start with a less painful side. Apply firm deep pressure with inward direction. Apply pressure during exhalation and release during inhalation, several times for 1 to 3 minute cycles, rest and start over again. Do this 2 times a day every day for a week or until you feel better.
ZANZHU - Bladder 2 - BL 20
Location: with the tip of your thumb or index finger probe the area where the bridge of the nose meets the ridge of the eyebrows until you feel a slight dip.
Actions: Benefits eye congestion, expels external pathogenic factors such as wind, clears the heat, clears the head.
Method: Apply firm pressure in an upward direction. The initial painful sensation will soon begin to subside. Apply pressure during exhalation and release during inhalation, several times for 1 to 3 minute cycles, rest and start over again. Do this 2 times a day, every day for a week or until you feel better.
YINTANG - Ex-HN-3
Location: with the tip of your thumb or index finger probe the area between the two eyebrows until
you feel a slight dip, in the center is Yintang
Actions: Calms nerves and anxiety, benefits the nose, eliminates (internal) wind, opens the channel, and alleviates pain
Method: Apply firm deep pressure in an upward direction. Apply pressure during exhalation and release during inhalation, several times for 1 to 3 minute cycles, rest and start over again. Do this 2 times a day, every day for a week or until you feel better.
QUANLIAO - Small intestine 18 - Si18
Location: At the intersection of a vertical line through the outer canthus of the eye with the lower
border of the zygomatic bone, on the anterior border of the masseter muscle.
Actions: Eliminates wind, alleviates pain, clears the heat, reduces swellings.
Method: Apply pressure during exhalation and release during inhalation, several times for 1 to 3 minute cycles, rest and start over again. Do this 2 times a day, every day for a week or until you feel better.
Note: Please remember that this is a generalized example of treatment with acupressure points for sinusitis. Treatment should always be based on the patient’s symptoms and the seriousness of the affectation.
What else can I do to manage sinus
Sinusitis, according to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners, may aggravate by external or internal causes, as well as diet and stress. Since certain foods increase phlegms, diet is particularly important in any illness involving these. Cold, greasy, and too spicy foods should be avoided by the patient. Sweets aggravate the condition as well as dairy products, providing direct input from the sinuses in the form of increased congestion and discomfort.
In addition, cupping is also beneficial for the sinus. Cupping for sinus also work on stimulation of different acupressure points. Learn more about cupping points for sinus by having a consultation with our TCM specialists now.
Bi Yan Pian
Bi Yan Pian supplements by GinSen is a unique blend of herbs that offer relief from sinus, reduce inflammation, acute rhinitis, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing and mucus. Made from 100% natural herbs, these natural supplements clear the nasal passages. Bi Yan Pian are the go to supplements for nasal and sinus congestion due to common cold or allergies.
- Collins KB, Thomas DJ. Acupuncture and acupressure for the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 2004; 16 (2): 76-80.
- Tsay SL, Rong JR, Lin PF. acupoints massage in improving the quality of sleep and quality of life in patients with end-stage renal disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2003; 42 (2): 134-142.
- Klein AA, Djaiani G, Karski J, Carroll J, Karkouti K, McCluskey S, Poonawala H, Shayan C, Fedorko L, Cheng D. Acupressure wristbands for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults undergoing cardiac surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2004; 18 (1): 68-71
- Tsay SL, Chen ML. Acupressure and quality of sleep in patients with end- stage renal disease-arandomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2003; 40: 1-7.
- Xue, Charlie & English, Robert & Zhang, Jerry & Da Costa, Cliff & Li, Chun-Guang. (2002). Effect of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 30. 1-11. 10.1142/S0192415X0200020X.
For more information about how Chinese Medicine can help you, book your free consultation with our Chinese Medicine experts today
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. We can’t guarantee the treatment result, as the symptoms of conditions are unpredictable and vary greatly from person to person. The treatment length and recovery time also varies for individual. Please visit our clinics website: GinSen where a specialists will discuss your care and provide a consultation, and the treatment will be designed to meet your individual needs.
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Revealing the significance of religion in contemporary life, World Religions Today, Third Edition, explores eight major religious traditions--Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, East Asian Religions, indigenous religions, and new religions--as dynamic, ongoing forces in the lives of individuals and in the collective experience of modern societies. This unique volume accomplishes two goals; it connects today's religions to their classical beliefs and practices while also focusing on how these religions have responded to and been transformed by the modern world.
The authors combine thorough coverage of the historical background of each religion with up-to-the-minute discussions of its current practices. Each discussion opens with a contemporary scenario of religious experience that illustrates the tension between premodern views and modernity. The volume is enhanced by numerous pedagogical aids--timelines, maps, illustrations, discussion questions, a comprehensive glossary of key terms--and more than 200 photographs. An Instructor's Manual and a Companion Website featuring resources for both students and instructors supplement the text.
NEW TO THE THIRD EDITION
* Vivid four-color interior design that brings the material to life
* Updates that cover more aspects of the current international situation and developments in religious life around the globe
* "Tales of Spiritual Transformation" boxes that relate the stories of people whose lives have been changed by religious faith
* "Teachings of Spiritual Wisdom" boxes that introduce primary source material
Ideal for undergraduate courses in world religions and comparative religion, World Religions Today, Third Edition, emphasizes the interconnectedness of faith, culture, politics, and society, providing a peerless examination of the diverse ways in which contemporary human beings are religious.
World Religions Todayis also available as two separate volumes: Religious of Asia Today (978-0-19-537360-8) and Religions of the West Today (978-0-19-537361-5).
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Scientists have found that a gene that controls brain growth and development is heavily involved in promoting the most common form of kidney cancer, a finding that could lead to new strategy to treat the disease.
The study by researchers from Mayo Clinic in Florida shows that the gene NPTX2, plays an essential role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, which is resistant to common chemotherapy and has a five-year overall survival rate of less than 10 per cent in patients with metastatic disease.
The study not only shows that NPTX2 is active in kidney cancer, but is the first to reveal that the gene is over-expressed in any human cancer. The researchers are now looking whether NPTX2 may act in other cancers.
“We found that a gene known to play a role in the healthy brain is also the No 1 gene associated with this most lethal of all urological cancers,” said the study’s senior investigator and molecular biologist John A Copland.
“We also have very promising ideas about how to attack the NPTX2 protein – which may provide a much-needed new strategy to treat this kidney cancer,” said Copland.
Because the NPTX2 gene is not expressed in normal kidney tissue, a drug designed to target its protein would provide a highly focused treatment, Copland said. The team is working on several different approaches to an NPTX2 inhibitor.
Lead author Christina von Roemeling, a graduate student at Mayo Clinic, used genomic profiling of nearly 100 kidney cancer patient samples to identify genes that were either over-expressed or under-expressed as compared to patient matched normal kidney tissue samples.
Von Roemeling and the research team then individually silenced each of the top 200 altered genes to see the effect on tumour growth.
They found 31 genes were important to growth of the cancer or its ability to survive, and from this group they determined NPTX2 was a key gene to cancer viability.
The study was published in the journal Cancer Research.
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Using hip-hop to tune in positive qualities
Anything can come to life with a beat, a rhythm and a rhyme. Watch as world-renowned artists Paige Hernandez and Baye Harrell use hip-hop elements to “remix” lessons on creativity, respect, understanding, cooperation, effort and self-care. All The Way Live!, co-commissioned by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, uses an audience-powered boom box to help children tune into the frequency of positive thoughts and feelings. This highly-interactive experience gives young people tools to “broadcast” their best selves and the power to control what they “receive” and “transmit.”
For families with children, ages 5 to 12.
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- Agronomic: clovers, radish (oilseed, daikon, forage)
- Animal Products: honey
- Crop Production: beekeeping, pollination, pollinator health
- Education and Training: decision support system, extension, workshop
- Pest Management: economic threshold, field monitoring/scouting, integrated pest management, soil solarization, weed ecology
- Production Systems: dryland farming
Pests and diseases of pollinator-dependent crops can lead to damage or total crop loss, particularly if left untreated at or close to bloom. But bloom is also the time that beekeepers move honey bee colonies to pollinating these crops, leading to the prospect of the colonies being exposed to pesticides. The challenge of maintaining high crop yield without impact honey bee colony health is a challenge across the US and this prompted the Environmental Protection Agency to encourage state's to develop voluntary Managed Pollinator Protection Plans (MP3s) to better coordinate the activity of pesticide applicators and beekeepers. Although MP3s exist in most states, they can struggle to have impacts on pollinator health because they: (a) are based on best management practices (BMPs) may be too general to be meaningful to local growers and beekeepers; (b) are poorly articulated with extension activities, thereby being largely left to stakeholders to voluntarily adopt with little support; (c) lack metrics to measure progress towards reduced exposure of bees; and, (d) lack important tools that growers use to mitigate pesticide exposure around bees, particularly well-specified pesticide residual toxicity times. These shortcomings weaken the capacity of the MP3s to bring about improved bee stewardship.
Our proposal directly addresses these challenges by developing pilot Bee Protection Protocols for two high value seed crops in Oregon. The Protocols provide crop-specific guidance on how to manage pests in ways that minimize pesticide exposure to honey bees. The Protocols will be built around new data, generated through this project, on residual toxicity of pesticides used in these crops under different environmental conditions. Moreover, the Protocols will be shored up through extensive Extension and training activities that include evaluation methods that will track knowledge and adoption of the Protocols. Finally, through surveys of commercial beekeepers in Oregon we will be able to measure the impact of the Protocols towards increasing communication with growers and crop consultants and decreasing pesticide exposure to their bees.
Project objectives from proposal:
- Residual Toxicity – Sources of Variation. We would determine the sources of variation in the current assay for residual toxicity and determine the protocol that most reflects field conditions by 2020. These results would be used by growers, crop consultants, beekeepers and regulators to identify the types of pesticides whose residual toxicity values would be vulnerable to change according to environmental conditions.
- Residual Toxicity Estimates. We would establish 3h, 6h, 8h, 1d and 5d residual toxicity values for all widely used fungicide and insecticide treatments applied at bloom, as well as common tank mixes by 2021. These values would enable growers, crop consultants, beekeepers and regulators in making pesticide selections that minimize impacts to honey bees.
- Bee Protection Protocols. We would expand on an existing vegetable seed protocol by 2021 and create a new protocol for the Oregon clover seed industry by 2020. These Protocols would increase levels of communication among growers, crop consultants and beekeepers around pesticide use during pollination and reduce pesticide exposure of bees.
- Extension and Training. We would deliver two 60-minute face-to-face trainings on the Bee Protection Protocols to the seed growers and beekeepers, and two day-long workshops covering advanced topics in bee stewardship on farms in 2019 and 2020. We would also provide two YouTube videos and four podcasts that show case growers who have achieved excellence in stewardship by 2021. Finally, we would produce two new Extension publications, revise an existing publication and produce two infographic postcards. This training would translate into reduced pesticide exposure of bees in vegetable and clover seed.
- Measuring Increased Communication and Reduced Pesticide Exposure. We would implement grower and beekeeper surveys to assess the effectiveness of the protocols to improve communication and reduce exposure.
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Minerals in Candies, HERSHEY'S, ALMOND JOY BITES
Minerals are inorganic, which means they are not formed by living things. Your body needs larger amounts of some minerals, such as calcium, to grow and stay healthy. Other minerals like copper or iodine are called trace minerals because you only need very small amounts of them each day.
Potassium (306 mg), Phosphorus (129 mg) and Calcium (109 mg) are some of the minerals present in Candies, HERSHEY'S, ALMOND JOY BITES.
Nutrition Facts for 100g
Daily values based in a diet 2,000 kcal
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Scientists from the Australian National University (ANU) have designed AlGaAs-based nanoantennas that they say could be used to create lightweight night-vision glasses.
The nanoscale antennas work by interacting strongly with incoming light to transform its frequency, radiation, and polarisation patterns, according to their recent paper published in Nano Letters.
"The nano crystals are so small they could be fitted as an ultra-thin film to normal eye glasses to enable night vision," said Dragomir Neshev from the Nonlinear Physics Centre within the ANU Research School of Physics and Engineering. "This tiny device could have other exciting uses including in anti-counterfeit devices in bank notes, imaging cells for medical applications and holograms."
According to the research paper, the nanodisk AlGaAs antennas were able to emit second harmonic in preferential direction with a backward-to-forward ratio of up to five. They could also generate complex vector polarisation beams, including beams with radial polarisation.
Co-researcher Mohsen Rahmani said the ANU team's achievement was a big milestone in the field of nanophotonics. "These semiconductor nanocrystals can transfer the highest intensity of light and engineer complex light beams that could be used with a laser to project a holographic image in modern displays," said Rahmani, a recipient of the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Early Career Researcher Award based at the ANU Research School of Physics and Engineering.
PhD student Maria del Rocio Camacho-Morales (above) said the team built the device on glass so that light can pass through, which was critical for optical displays. "This is the first time anyone has been able to achieve this feat, because growing a nano semiconductor on a transparent material is very difficult," said Camacho-Morales from the Nonlinear Physics Centre at ANU.
The innovation builds on more than 15 years of research supported by the ARC through CUDOS, a Centre of Excellence, and the Australian National Fabrication Facility.
‘Nonlinear Generation of Vector Beams From AlGaAs Nanoantennas’ by Camacho-Morales et al; Nano Lett., 2016, 16 (11), pp 7191-7197
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Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
On-line version ISSN 1680-5348Print version ISSN 1020-4989
PAC-SA, María Rosario et al. Risk factors for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain. Rev Panam Salud Publica [online]. 2008, vol.23, n.5, pp.333-340. ISSN 1680-5348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892008000500005.
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk factor for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional population based study of Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) conducted in 2002 among adolescents from 13-14 years of age. The ISAAC questionnaire was used to define cases of allergic rhinitis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Participation was 66.8% (3 995 adolescents of the 5 981 total). The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in the last 12 months was 16.5% and the prevalence of nasal allergy at some point was 7.4%. Logistic regression showed that rhinoconjunctivitis was associated with being female (OR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.33-2.00); a mother who smokes in the home (OR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.08-1.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.51-2.70); and living on a street with heavy truck traffic (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.02-2.44). Likewise, nasal allergy was associated with a family history of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.62; 95%CI: 1.90-3.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.65; 95% CI: 1.77-3.96); a history of bronchitis (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.19-2.36); and social class, with a steady decline when comparing higher classes to lower classes. CONCLUSIONS: Various environmental risk factors were associated with the symptoms of nasal allergies, which points to the importance of implementing specific preventive measures.
Keywords : Rhinitis; hypersensitivity; adolescents; risk factors; Spain.
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The Women’s Revolution, as we have come to know it, began with sex.
Historically, mainstream religious doctrines have always forbidden women having sexual relations before marriage, but by the 1920s this started to lose its hold, with 10 percent of women having sex before marriage. By the 1950s this statistic rose to 40 percent and a decade later to 80 percent[i]. If we surveyed girls today, it would be rare for a girl to be a virgin on her wedding night at all.
In the 1950s women generally married in their early twenties. Those not married by the age of twenty-five were often viewed outrageously as damaged goods, sick, neurotic, to be avoided or viewed as immoral or unwanted. The pressure to wed would have been felt deeply by these young girls, and to rub salt into the wound even further, a national best seller[i] made the case that it was dangerous to allow single women to teach young children and called for an outright ban on their employment.
During this decade and many before, survival of the nuclear family depended on men being the providers and women tending to the home and children, but in the 1940s this changed when women joined the workforce while men served in the war. When the men returned, many women were forced to relinquish their positions and return to full-time domestic duties. For some, the taste of physical, social and financial freedom was difficult to give up. Placid mothers of the fifties began to tell politicians they wanted their daughters to graduate from college, go to work, and hold off on getting married. The inner rumblings of change had begun.
Having sex before marriage during the 1950s always came with a risk – pregnancy – and this could ultimately lead to illegal and unsafe abortion, a shotgun wedding, forced adoption, or single motherhood where the child was deemed ‘illegitimate’.
The first birth control pill went onto the market in the 1960s and it revolutionised life for women all over the world. The Pill was reliable, controlled by the woman herself and did not require the permission of her sexual partner. Within only a few years, millions of women were on the Pill, taking responsibility for their fertility[i].
Men, of course, benefited from this newfound sexual freedom but for them the change was not a big deal, for although the Church forbade sex before marriage, single men had always been able to avail themselves to sexual relations. To their benefit, the sexual revolution lowered the risk of accidental fatherhood and unwanted marriage, so it was welcomed at any rate.
The Pill allowed women to delay marriage and motherhood, while remaining sexually active. Women took advantage of these added carefree years to improve their position in the labour market.
For the first time in modern history, women were allowed to choose whether to dispense with men, or with marriage altogether, without giving up on sex, children or a loving relationship. Of course, most women continued to choose relationships with men, to marry men and have children with men, but they had a choice and this was liberating.
The nuclear family changed as a result of the changes in the economy in the 1970s, combined with other monumental social changes such as the Pill, the sexual revolution, feminism, increased levels of education for women and men and more acceptance of homosexuality. By the year 2000, the average family had only two children, one out of two marriages ended in divorce, mothers were generally in the workforce, and almost a third of the children were being raised by a single parent or an unmarried couple[i].
And now, here we are well into the 21st century, and what a great time to stop and reflect on where we are as women. --- - Where did the sexual revolution get us? - Are we where we want to be as women? - Are we living life in our fullness and do we feel amazing and vital in our day-to-day lives? - Are our relationships with partners and husbands intimate, delicate and beautiful and, in fact, while we are asking, how is our relationship with ourselves?
The milestones women have made during the 1900s are significant and we live the freedoms and benefits that we have today as a result of women before us who have paved the way. Many continue to advocate equality for women, but perhaps it’s time for each of us to stop and have an honest look at our lives.
Many women in my circle are not loving life, radiating joy nor enjoying living who they are. They are going through the motions, ticking the boxes of what a ‘successful’ woman must do, but they are burdened by the pressures of over-responsibilities and not living true to themselves.
All of this is in line with observations from numerous sources, including a study completed in 2010 by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention indicating women were more likely than men to:
often feel very tired or exhausted
twice as likely from 18-44 years to feel exhausted[ii, iii]
and that 49% of women state their stress has increased over the past five years[iii]
In this day and age, women are expected to be superheroes:
to work and develop a career,
continue to maintain the home,
pay personal bills and budget for the family,
be a great mother,
ensure the children do their homework,
taxi them to tutors,
sports practice and other commitments,
be a ‘good’ wife – lovely and attentive,
an amazing chef,
a sexual goddess in the bedroom,
go to the football,
jump to the needs of elderly parents,
and don’t forget the pets . . . and in all of this perhaps we have forgotten what it is that we need for ourselves.
What is the quality of life that we REALLY want to be living? What would we say No to if only we had the courage to honour ourselves and let the world fall away, as it should as a result?
The trouble is, that whilst the world can put upon us as women as many expectations, beliefs and ideals as it feels it can, even if contradictory to nature – it is each of us that buys into it. We don’t want to feel guilty for not living up to these expectations, so we push ourselves and avoid the criticism from other people who may point the finger. And even if we are not judged by another, perhaps our judgment of ourselves is harsh enough.
When I was a young girl in the 1980s, most had sex in their teenage years. No-one questioned saying No, we just inherited the way it was from those before us. No-one was having the tender discussion about truly honouring yourself and your body and only making love with a boy when it felt true and when there was a deep level of respect, intimacy and trust.
From conversations with young girls today, this hasn’t changed at all, but they have, just like in my era, shut down from their naturally tender, sensitive and delicate way.
We were given autonomy over our own bodies – to cherish and nurture – but as women we continue to sell out to an empty need that has us giving our bodies away in the lure of attention – not love, just attention. The movies have not supported us to love ourselves dearly, repeatedly showing scenes of women falling into the arms of a man and engaging in sex, but also longing to be loved. In the movie scene the man ‘appears’ to ‘love’ the woman, but how many times have women fallen for this in real life but to be left feeling the empty feeling inside. It wasn’t what she had hoped, and she prays that the attention might satisfy her enough, which usually it does not. Give the relationship enough space, and the cracks will form where the foundation is not solid.
In our focus for equality for women, perhaps we have buried something very special that we each know exists within – our sacredness.
We look for the man or our partner to honour our sacredness and it saddens us when they do not give to us what we so long for. And yet, isn’t it our responsibility to honour our own bodies and to choose to share it with another on our own terms, this is not referring to domination within the bedroom nor using sex to control, but deeply honouring and living true to the love that we are.
When we treat ourselves as less than this, we invite by open invitation all others to treat us in this way and so the cycle of lovelessness continues.
Isn’t it time for a true women’s liberation movement – and that revolutionary shift starts with each of us?
It’s a moment of honesty and an openness with ourselves to take the necessary steps to reclaim our lives and to live Love in its true essence and expression.
A love that starts with us having a loving relationship with ourselves first.
If we don’t stop and feel where we are at in our own lives and let go of any guilt or judgment on ourselves; if we don’t stop bowing down to societal pressures to be a certain way; if we don’t draw a line in the sand and say “this is my marker of Love and I will accept no less”; if we don’t begin to honour our bodies and pull back when it calls us to be more still; then we are setting our girls up in the next generation for a life of more disconnection than our own.
This is the real women’s revolution that is beckoning us forward – this is where our real power as women will come to the fore.
*First published on Unimed Living
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Citrus canker is a disease affecting citrus species that is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis. Infection causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus trees, including lime, oranges, and grapefruit. While not harmful to humans, canker significantly affects the vitality of citrus trees, causing leaves and fruit to drop prematurely; a fruit infected with canker is safe to eat but too unsightly to be sold.
The disease, which is believed to have originated in South East Asia, is extremely persistent when it becomes established in an area. Citrus orchards have been destroyed in attempts to eradicate the disease. Australia, Brazil and the United States are currently suffering from canker outbreaks.
is a rod shaped gram negative
bacterium with polar flagella. The bacterium has a genome
length approximately 5 Mbp
. There are a number of types of citrus canker disease caused by different pathovars
and variants of the bacterium:
- The Asiatic type of canker (Canker A), X. axonopodis pv. citri, caused by a group of strains originally found in Asia, is the most widespread and severe form of the disease.
- Cancrosis B, caused by a group of X. axonopodis pv. aurantifolii strains originally found in South America is a disease of lemons, key lime, bitter orange, and pomelo.
- Cancrosis C, also caused by strains within X. axonopodis pv. aurantifolii, only infects key lime and bitter orange.
- A* strains, discovered in Oman, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and India, only infects key lime.
Plants infected with citrus canker have characteristic lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit with raised, brown, water-soaked margins, usually with a yellow halo or ring effect around the lesion. Older lesions have a corky appearance, still in many cases retaining the halo effect. The bacterium propagates in lesions in leaves, stems, and fruit. The lesions ooze bacterial cells that, when dispersed by windblown rain, can spread to other plants in the area. Infection may spread further by hurricanes. The disease can also be spread by from contaminated equipment, and by transport of infected or apparently healthy plants. Due to latency of the disease, a plant may appear to be healthy, but actually be infected.
Citrus canker bacteria can enter through a plant's stomata or through wounds on leaves or other green parts. In most cases, younger leaves are considered to be the most susceptible. Also, damage caused by Citrus Leaf Miner larvae (Phyllocnistis citrella) can be sites for infection to occur. Within a controlled laboratory setting, symptoms can appear in 14 days following inoculation into a susceptible host. In the field environment, the time for symptoms to appear and be clearly discernible from other foliar diseases varies; it may be on the order of several months after infection. Lower temperature increases the latency of the disease. Citrus canker bacteria can stay viable in old lesions and other plant surfaces for several months.
The disease can be detected in orchards
and on fruit by the appearance of lesions. Early detection is critical in quarantine situations. Bacteria can be tested for pathogenicity by inoculating multiple citrus species with the bacterium. Additional diagnostic tests (antibody detection, fatty-acid profiling, and genetic procedures using polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) can be conducted to confirm diagnosis and may help to identify the particular canker strain.
All species and varieties of citrus have not been tested for citrus canker. Most of the common species and varieties of citrus are susceptible to citrus canker. Some species are more susceptible than others, while a few species are resistant to infection.
Citrus canker outbreaks are prevented and managed in a number of ways. In countries that do not have canker, the disease is prevented from entering the country by quarantine measures. In countries with new outbreaks, eradication programs that are started soon after the disease has been discovered have been successful; such programs rely on destruction of affected orchards. When eradication has been unsuccessful and the disease has become established, management options include replacing susceptible citrus cultivars with resistant cultivars, applying preventive sprays of copper
, and destroying infected trees and all surrounding trees within an appropriate radius.
Distribution and economic impact
Citrus canker is thought to originate in the area of Southeast Asia-India. It is now also present in Japan
and Central Africa
, the Middle East
, the Pacific Islands
, some countries in South America, and Florida
. Some areas of the world have eradicated citrus canker and others have ongoing eradication programs, but the disease remains endemic in most areas where it has appeared. Because of its rapid spread, high potential for damage, and impact on export sales and domestic trade, citrus canker is a significant threat to all citrus-growing regions.
The citrus industry is the largest fresh-fruit exporting industry in Australia. Australia has had three outbreaks of citrus canker; two were successfully eradicated and one is ongoing. The disease was found twice during the 1900s in the Northern Territory
and was eradicated each time. The state and federal governments have ordered that all commercial orchards, all non-commercial citrus tress, and all native lime trees (C. glauca
) in the vicinity of Emerald be destroyed rather than trying to isolate infected trees.
Citrus is an important domestic and export crop for Brazil
. Citrus agriculture is the second most important agricultural activity in the Brazilian
state of São Paulo
, the largest sweet orange production area in the world. There are over 100,000 orchards in São Paulo, and the area planted with citrus is increasing. Of the ~2 million trees, greater than 80% of the trees are a single variety of orange, and the remainder is made up of tangerine and lemon trees. Because of the uniformity in citrus variety the state has been adversely affected by canker, causing crop and monetary losses. In Brazil rather than destroying entire orchards to eradicate the disease, contaminated trees and trees within a 30 m radius are destroyed, up to 1998 over half a million trees had been destroyed.
Citrus canker was first found in the United States
in 1910 not far from the Georgia
- Florida border. Subsequently, canker was discovered in 1912 in Dade County
, more than away. Beyond Florida, the pathogen spread throughout the Gulf States
and reached as far north as South Carolina
. It took more than 20 years to eradicate that outbreak of citrus canker, from 1914 through 1931, $2.5 million in State and private funds were spent to control it—a sum equivalent to $28 million in 2000 dollars. In 26 counties, some 257,745 grove trees and 3,093,110 nursery trees were destroyed by burning. Citrus Canker was detected again on the Gulf Coast of Florida in 1986 and declared eradicated in 1994.
The most recent outbreak of Citrus Canker was discovered in Florida in 1995. Despite eradication attempts, by late 2005 the disease had been discovered in many places distant from the original discovery, for example, in Orange Park, FL 315 miles (500 km) away.
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Around one million men in the UK can claim to be direct descendants of the Romans, scientists have revealed.
The Roman army invaded Britain in 43 AD and left around 400 years later, in the early 5th century. But historians and scientists claim that the legions left behind their legacy in the genes of many Britons.
A study by BritainsDNA, a commercial DNA testing company, compared Y chromosome markers found in men in Britain with those found in modern Italy. The results found five major types of DNA which were likely to have come from the Roman legions.
The first, known as Alpine, was found in 13% of Italian men, 6.5% of men in England and Wales, 4.3% in Scotland and 1.8% in Ireland.
As Ireland was never conquered and Scotland was only occupied for a short time, the researchers said these figures suggested this DNA was a "probable candidate" to be linked to the Romans.
When applied to the total population of the UK, it was estimated that 1.6 million men carried the Alpine marker, of which half a million may be descended from the Roman armies.
When the researchers included the four further markers - known as Balkan, Ancient Caucasians, Herdsmen-Farmers and Anatolian - they calculated that at least one million British men may be direct descendants of the Romans.
The study concluded: "Since the number of Italians or descendants of Italians in the legions did reduce very much over time, we estimate conservatively that one million men in Britain descend from Romans in the direct male line.
"What this fascinating piece of research shows is that the Romans did indeed do something for us, for about a million of us in fact."
The results of the research, carried out by Alistair Moffat, historian and BritainsDNA managing director, and Dr Jim Wilson, BritainsDNA chief scientist, will be discussed at the Who Do You Think You Are? Live family history event at Olympia, in London.
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the authors of the 2000 Europa report calculated NXs, or the number of organisms estimated to survive and grow in the target environment, summed across each physiological class, where
NX0 = Number of viable cells on the spacecraft before launch,
F1 = Total number of cells relative to cultured cells,
F2 = Bioburden reduction treatment fraction,
F3 = Cruise survival fraction,
F4 = Radiation survival fraction,
F5 = Probability of landing at an active site,
F6 = Burial fraction,
F7 = Probability that an organism survives and proliferates,
F7a = Survivability in exposure environments,
F7b = Availability of nutrients,
F7c = Suitability of energy sources, and
F7d = Suitability of environment for active growth.
Figure 2.1 shows how the Coleman-Sagan factors are mapped to the different phases of a planetary mission.
The example calculation in the 2000 Europa report shows that the value of NX (summed across all four physiological classes) had a combined probability of 3.8 × 10–5, i.e., below COSPAR requirements of 10–4. This approach, which seeks to identify conditions that constrain the sum of NXs below 10–4, identifies multiple factors that could influence contamination of solar system objects, but only if each factor represents an independent process and their values and variances are known.
The committee departs from the conclusions of the 2000 Europa report by claiming that not all bioload reduction factors are independent, and with the possible exception of F5 (probability of landing at an active site) current knowledge makes it impossible to confidently assign values for these factors within orders of magnitude of their true value. Multiplication of uncertain overestimates of bioload reduction factors can lead to unsubstantiated, low estimates of likely contamination. Alternatively, underestimates of bioload reduction coupled with overestimates of bioload on the spacecraft and the flawed assumption that any organism delivered to the target body will grow (Pg = 1), would impose unnecessary and possibly unachievable planetary protection demands. The vast majority of different terrestrial microbes have specific requirements for growth that rarely occur in nature or in manipulated laboratory environments. The assumption that Pg = 1 in any environment inclusive of icy bodies is conservative. However, the expectation that all microbes can grow anywhere is not supported by available scientific data.
In the example calculation for the NRC’s 2000 Europa report, the bio-reduction factors F3 (cruise survival fraction) and F4 (radiation survival fraction) have a combined bio-load reduction of 10–6 to 10–11 for the different physiological classes. Yet F3 and F4 represent highly correlated, non-independent mechanisms of sensitivity to radiation and vacuum. A significant fraction of the organisms lost due to the combination of ultrahigh vacuum
FIGURE 2.1 Mapping the Coleman-Sagan factors to the different phases of a planetary mission. The initial cell counts and cleaning are performed during spacecraft assembly. The survival fraction to irradiation and deep-space conditions corresponds to interplanetary cruise; and the characteristics of the planetary destination, either in orbit or within the planetary environment, dictate the remaining factors.
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In her paper Open Young Hearts and Minds Machado (2014) describes how teachers can use VoiceThreads to create hybrid border spaces that support learning. Please explore the VoiceThread page on Dr. Machado’s PLN which is available here: https://cmachadolearns.wordpress.com/teaching/21st-century-teaching-tools/voicethread/
Visit the VoiceThread website and identify 2-3 really good VoiceThread examples for the grade level you currently teach/hope to teach. Include links to these in a thoughtful post and explain why you thought they were great examples. Describe 3 different approaches to using VoiceThread in your classroom.
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A business is defined by Wikipedia as being a institution or well organized enterprise possessing deals with all the general population in a different public industry. A company can be privately run and owned or operated, openly exchanged, or collectively manage businesses. The expression “organization” refers back to the actions and prepared efforts of folks to make and then sell on products to gain earnings. Businesses is usually considered partnership, partnership, firm, unique and correlation and cooperative society.
A number of companies are available currently that will help you provide services to people, for example cleaning up,safety and security and landscaping design, and bookkeeping. Some types of companies are retail store eateries, accommodations, making and outlets and banking institutions. Others include things like real estate investment organizations, writing households, tradecharitable organizations and businesses, educational facilities,manufacturers and franchises, doctors’ offices, presentation businesses, travelling companies,brokerages and inventors, manufacturers’ associations,media and telecommunications, development market, retail store sales, program areas, and intercontinental businesses. Allow me to share 15 examples of business exercises that give rise to oursociable and monetary, and politics situations.
A joint venture is a form of organization company just where two or more persons get into a contract of relationship. Partnerships could be voluntary or pressured. Partnerships may be just formanufacturing and producing, and marketing goods, creating other relevant systems, delivering joint endeavor products and solutions, and serving as advisers. A number of business types meet the requirements as relationships.
A limited partnership can be a organization that exists for the advantages of several registered masters. A restricted partnership exists should there be no unique liability for the obligations of your spouses. Otherwise known as a restricted accountability corporation (LLC), a small partnership might be set up to do business beneath the name of some other firm. Other relationships include things like common relationships, limited obligation partnerships (LLP), and community reduced partnerships (LP). Limited relationships are distinct from reduced accountability providers and firms, who have different tax ramifications.
A company is actually a different legitimate entity from its entrepreneurs. A company may choose to perform beneath a unique charter, by owning reveals within the stock or through the use of its cash. The most well-liked sorts of company types that opt to use their very own capital consist of relationships, exclusive proprietorships, and enterprises. Corporations will often be the most extremely appreciated kind of business system. They are also the most effective in terms of becoming the principle economic system in most towns.
A bottom proprietorship is a type of company construction through which more than one consumers are really the only owners. It exists when a number men and women possess the full organization without other state is the owner of any part from it. Partnerships and minimal partnerships are examples of bottom proprietorship. A lone proprietorship is easily the most common type of small business owner. A restricted joint venture or maybe LPO is a form of small business operator-member of staff joint venture in which staff get involved in the market as an example, a member of staff who has her own business and operates to be a guide, but remains an employee with the organization.
An LPO is regarded an individual culpability online business sort because it eliminates personalized legal responsibility. An individual might create his or her own very little legal responsibility business and is not required to indicator around his management to everyone. She or he still have to review the net profit or reduction coming from the online business each year to the IRS. Limited businesses and partnerships help you reap the benefits of personalized legal responsibility protection though however preserving your possession risk.
There are numerous even more unique variations of small enterprises, including relationships, constrained culpability provider, and firm which have numerous differences. Before you decide on a distinct type of business design for your own personel wants, you will want to chat with a local legal professional. Your lawyer or attorney will help you assess your readily available alternatives and answer any questions you might have. In advance of making a final determination.
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The Neuro Team
Christopher Pack, PhD
Dr. Christopher Pack studies the visual cortex, trying to find out how neurons communicate information about the visual world. Using electrophysiological techniques, his laboratory records the activity of individual neurons as they process information about the visual world and relay it to their neighbours. These conversations are a type of code, in effect the software that makes the brain’s hardware capable of vision. One of the goals of this research is to develop a quantitative understanding of this neural code, by combining neurophysiological data with mathematical modeling. These models are then combined with data on perception and behaviour to infer the link between neural activity and conscious experience. In particular, the laboratory is interested in eye movement behaviour, with a focus on the smooth pursuit eye movements that allow animals to track moving objects. Future work will combine these electrophysiological, mathematical, and behavioural approaches with reversible inactivation techniques, with the goal of understanding the interactions among the various cortical regions that underlie vision.
Page last updated: Sep. 7, 2013 at 11:56 AM
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What Are The Kinds of PTSD? Ptsd Specialist…
Fundamentally, Article Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD manage experiencing a traumatizing occasion. In many cases, PTSD may occur due to inherited personality features. The kinds of PTSD are primarily based on the sort of reactions to distressing events. Below are the sorts of PTSD:
Uncomplicated PTSD: An individual with uncomplicated PTSD might be connected to a substantial traumatizing occasion. This kind of PTSD does not take care of multiple occasions. For example, it may only be linked with a particular crash or all-natural disaster. Furthermore, this condition might involve relentless returning of the terrible event. Specialists may discover straightforward PTSD as even more straightforward to deal with than the various other kinds. If you have uncomplicated PTSD, you might experience some symptoms such as recalls, headaches, as well as mood swings. If you feel any of these indications, please seek advice from a specialist. BetterHelp provides qualified professionals that can help you via those troubles.
Comorbid PTSD: Unlike various other sorts of PTSD, Comorbid PTSD manage more than one mental problem. People with this condition usually have substance abuse issues. Comorbid PTSD is quite usual due to the fact that lots of people usually struggle with over one problem. Examples of such problems include anxiety, panic attack, and the sort. Another name for this disorder is “co-occurring disorder” since it co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions. Lots of people with Comorbid PTSD may be lured to treat it on their own by using medications. Nevertheless, a therapist might be the very best alternative. Specialists usually come close to the therapy of Comorbid PTSD corporately apart from individually.
Typical Tension Reaction: This stress feedback usually happens prior to PTSD Sometimes, people with “normal anxiety reaction” may not create PTSD. However, some may have PTSD depending on just how the specific gets aid. Regular stress and anxiety responses prevail, as well as individuals normally see much better results when dealt with early. These feedbacks may develop because of events like ailments, surgical procedures, high quantities of stress, as well as accidents. One of one of the most reliable methods to improve can be from speaking with a liked one. Asides speaking to an enjoyed one, treatment can be a crucial step as well. A support group can likewise show to be practical.
Intense Tension Problem: This kind of condition additionally happens before PTSD. It might take place in people who experience an event that made them feel they were mosting likely to shed their lives. Examples of such occasions may include the death of an enjoyed one, near-death incident, natural calamity, unemployment, as well as more. This tension problem usually takes place shortly after these occasions as well as can wind up becoming PTSD. It still acts as among the usual concerns that cause the development of PTSD. Most cases of intense tension disorder last for a month. Nonetheless, when it surpasses a month, it might be called PTSD. Symptoms of intense anxiety disorder include frustrations, sweating, upper body pain, palpitations, nausea, and also tummy pain. Luckily, intense anxiety can be dealt with, also. Support system, therapy, or medications prevail means of treating this disorder.
Intricate PTSD: This sort of PTSD is different from the other kinds since it takes care of several distressing occasions. A lot of people with this type of disorder experienced abuse or residential violence. Sometimes, complicated PTSD might happen in individuals that experience an unexpected loss. Other events that can lead to complex PTSD consist of consistent war experiences and also community physical violence. Symptoms of complicated PTSD consist of nightmares, recalls, state of mind swings, and irritation. Nevertheless, the treatment of complicated PTSD may be quite various from other kinds. Borderline character, antisocial personality condition are various other possibilities of problems related to intricate PTSD. Individuals may reveal aggression, drug abuse, and impulsivity also.
Preventing Anxiety Disorders Consisting Of PTSD.
Stressful events can be tough to get rid of. Lots of people might find it difficult to stop thinking of these occasions. Due to this, concern, temper, anxiety, as well as stress and anxiety might embed in. A lot of these sensations are indicators of trauma. Fortunately, most people do not develop long-term PTSD. If you experience any of these, you might take into consideration speaking with relied on member of the family or friends that could be of help. Consulting a specialist will certainly likewise be a helpful action to preventing PTSD.
Getting Over PTSD Signs
Post-traumatic problems come with numerous symptoms that present themselves as testing to deal with. Many people with this disorder have a tendency to transform towards drugs or alcohol. These dealing devices are quite undesirable and might result in other wellness complications. Not surprisingly, PTSD can be severe, mainly because it raises sensations of worry, stress and anxiety, as well as depression. If you have challenges getting over PTSD signs, please consult a psychological health and wellness expert for assistance.
no strings attached and see how you like it um so what is better help better help is an online therapy service that is kind of an alternative to in-person therapy a subscription to better help gives you access to a therapist basically whenever and it consists of unrestricted text audio and video messaging in addition to a weekly live session now I have actually attempted this out and my therapist said that you can kind of break up those weekly sessions however you please – so she stated you can have maybe 3 20-minute sessions or a one-hour session it’s kind of whatever fits your schedule and whatever fits your requirements the best so I myself have actually tried it out like I said I have a therapist through better help and it’s truly truly simple communicating with them they have a website that’s really easy to connect with as well as an app on your phone that you can send out immediate messages through you can you can voice call through
you can even video chat through and it’s actually truly simple to navigate so I want to talk to you a bit more about my experience with better help to kind of provide you a concept about what it resembles using it so it took me a while to discover the ideal therapist if I’m being sincere so um I tried out a couple of therapists to begin with none really felt like a good fit and that’s actually important I believe even when finding a therapist out in the real life with in-person interactions is that you need to really work at discovering one who’s going to be a truly good fit for you and there’s this it’s no exception for better help either so do not be afraid to check out various therapists if the very first one you get doesn’t seem like the best fit you can keep searching up until you find like you have a really excellent connection with the therapist.
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Experiential, holistic learning at CPEMS
Chandrakant Patil School is an educational project that promotes holistic learning. The emphasis is on learning rather than teaching. The process of learning is experiential with real-life meaningful links. Children are active agents in the construction of their knowledge. There is an atmosphere of freedom that mentor children to become responsible and to (re)discover the joys of learning. Here children have a platform for active learning, where they are encouraged to explore, experiment, discover, do and express themselves in a non-threatening environment.
We touch the future, we teach!
The school aims to create compassionate global citizens concerned about others and their environment. Children are actively involved in community service and development projects that include teaching at local government schools, fund-raising for community development projects, cleaning places of tourist and archeological importance.
The educational framework at CPEMS
The theoretical framework of the school is based upon an experiential, constructivist approach in which the learners are looked upon as architects of their own learning experience. Through our project-based approach, learning is guided not by subjects but by challenges and the need to overcome them. Through an understanding and application of these educational frameworks, the school offers liberal education to its students.
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Girls equal boys in Mathematics skills
July 28, 2008: Sixteen years after Barbie dolls declared, 'Math class is tough!'
girls are proving that when it comes to math they are just as tough as boys. In
the largest study of its kind, girls measured up to boys in every grade, from
second through 11th.
Parents and teachers persist in thinking boys are
simply better at math, said Janet Hyde, the University of Wisconsin-Madison
researcher who led the study. And girls who grow up believing it wind up
avoiding harder math classes.
"It keeps girls and women out of a lot of
careers, particularly high-prestige, lucrative careers in science and
technology," Hyde said.
That's changing, though slowly. Women are now
earning 48% of undergraduate college degrees in math; they still lag far behind
in physics and engineering. But in primary and secondary school, girls have
caught up, with researchers attributing that advance to increasing numbers of
girls taking advanced math classes such as calculus.
Hyde and her
colleagues looked at annual math tests required by the No Child Left Behind
education law in 2002. Ten states provided enough statistical information to
review test scores by gender, allowing researchers to compare the performances
of more than 7 million children. The research was released Thursday in the
The researchers found no difference in the scores of
boys versus girls - not even in high school. Studies 20 years ago showed girls
and boys did equally well on math in elementary school, but girls fell behind in
"Girls have now achieved gender parity in performance on
standardized math tests," Hyde said.
The stereotype that boys are better
at math has been fuelled, at least in part, by suggestions of biological
differences in the way little boys and little girls learn. This idea is hotly
disputed; Lawrence Summers, then the president of Harvard, was castigated in
2005 when he questioned the "intrinsic aptitude" of women for top-level math and
Joy Lee, a rising senior at Thomas Jefferson High School for
Science and Technology in Alexandria, Virginia, says she always felt confident
about math, but remembers how it felt to walk into a science class full of boys.
"Maybe I was a little bit apprehensive about being the only girl, but that
didn't last for very long," said Lee, president of a school club that tries to
get young girls interested in science and technology, along with engineering and
Still, while there are fewer women in science and technology,
there are more women in college overall. To Hyde and her colleagues, that helps
explain why girls consistently score lower on average on the SAT: More of them
take the test, which is needed to get into college. The highest-performing
students of both genders take the test, but more girls lower on the achievement
scale take it, skewing the average. For the class of 2007, the latest figures
available, boys scored an average of 533 on the math section of the SAT,
compared with 499 for girls. On the ACT, another test on which girls lag
slightly, the gender gap disappeared in Colorado and Illinois once state
officials required all students to take the test.
Back in 1992, Barbie
stopped saying math was hard after Mattel received complaints. So far, while her
current career choices include baby doctor and veterinarian - and Dallas Cowboys
cheerleader, too - Barbie has not branched out into technology or engineering. Ap
Post your comments
Government stops PPSC examination for ACE posts
Lahore: The Punjab government has stopped the Punjab Public
Service Commission (PPSC) examination for posts in the Anti Corruption
Establishment (ACE), sources said on Saturday.
Secretary Zahid Hussain said that the Services and General Administration
Department had issued a letter to the PPSC in which the commission was directed
to stop examinations for ACE's advertised posts until further notice.
According to government statistics the PPSC advertised 81 ACE Department
posts on March 9, 2008. The posts advertised were on a permanent basis and had
been advertised during the tenure of the caretaker provincial government. About
25,000 people applied for the posts.
The posts advertised include two
Grade-18 posts of deputy director (technical), seven posts of assistant director
(AD) (investigation), 37 posts of AD of legal/prosecution, two posts of AD
(technical), one Grade-17 post of AD Forensic Lab, two Grade-11 posts of
sub-engineer (civil), 13 Grade-16 posts of inspectors/circle officer, three
Grade-11 posts of draftsman and 14 Grade-9 posts of assistant sub
The applicants criticised the government for stopping
recruitments at the advertised posts. They said that they had been preparing for
the examination for four months.
According to government sources, the
Punjab government does not want to credit postings and reforms in the ACE to the
caretaker government. Sources added that the government did not want to appoint
applicants on a permanent basis and might instead fill the vacancies on a
deputation basis, as was previously done.
Public Relations Officer to the
Chief Minister and Punjab government Spokesman Abid Noor Bhatti said that the caretaker government was not authorised to take decisions regarding
recruitments. He said that according to the law, the caretaker set up was only
bound to conduct elections, while major policymaking decisions like permanent
recruitments had to be made by an elected government. He said that the Punjab
government had abolished the permanent posts due to technical flaws within the
ACE Department. He added that the department was however not being
abolished. Daily Times
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Nowhere on earth is the junction between the European and American tectonic plates in the Earth’s crust as clear as on the Reykjanes peninsula in the southwest, and at Þingvellir: the plates diverge here by as much as 2 cm per year. But the gap is constantly being filled, as volcanoes have been erupting regularly throughout Iceland’s history.
The boundaries of this area are drawn at the glacial lagoon Jokulsarlon in the East, and fishing and ferry town Thorlakshofn in the West. Towns, villages, places of interest and recreation are mentioned above and below.
The South is both densely and sparsely populated. Between the town Hofn and the river Markarfljot are vast alluvial or outwash plains, lava fields and narrow strips of lowlands, which limit agricultural activities, but the western part contains the largest and fertile agricultural area of the country and a few townships.
The landscapes of the lowland and highland areas contain many of the most interesting and beautiful spots of the country. The southern central highlands boast of the largest glaciers, most active and largest volcanoes and eruptive fissures, rhyolite intrusions and hyaloclastite mountains. There are many very active geothermal areas in the mountains and lowlands between the middle of the area all the way to the western boundaries. One of the two main seismic areas of the country streches from Mt Hekla across town Hveragerdi to the end of the southwest peninsula Reykjanes.
Must do and see in South Iceland
1. Thingvellir National Park
Þingvellir (Icelandic "Þing": parliament, "vellir": plains) is a place in the southwest of Iceland near the peninsula of Reykjanes and the Hengill volcanic area.
It is famous for two reasons:
a) As one of the most important places in Icelandic history. In the year 930 the Alþingi, one of the oldest parliamentary institutions of the world, was founded. The Alþingi met yearly, where the Lawspeaker recited the law to all of the gathered people and decided disputes as well. In the year 999 or 1000 the Lawspeaker Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði made Christianity the official religion of Iceland. After the conversion it is said that, upon returning from the Alþingi, Þorgeir then threw his statues of the old Norse gods into the waterfall that is now named Goðafoss ("Waterfall of the Gods"). At this historical place, the independence of the Republic of Iceland was proclaimed on June 17, 1944.
b) As a national park (since 1928) because of the special tectonic and volcanic environment. The continental drift can be clearly seen in the cracks or faults which are traversing the region, the biggest one, Almannagjá, being a veritable canyon. This causes also the often measurable earthquakes in the area. Þingvellir is situated on the northern shore of Þingvallavatn, the biggest lake of Iceland. The river Öxará traverses the national park and is forming a waterfall at the Almannagjá, called Öxaráfoss Together with the waterfall Gullfoss and the geysirs of Haukadalur, Þingvellir is part of the most famous sights of Iceland, the Golden Circle.
Þingvellir is a designated UNESCO World Heritag Site
Thingvellir, 50 km (31 miles) to the east of Reykjavík, is the national shrine of Iceland. Icelands most historic site, and one of its most beautiful places, it is also part of The Golden Circle tour. The oldest existing parliament in the world first met here in AD930. The Alþing met here every year to enact laws, including the law passed in AD1000 to introduce Christianity into the island. It has always been the focal point for the country, and whenever a major event is to be celebrated, thousands of people come here. At the celebration of the 1,100th anniversary of the first settlement in 1974, more than 60,000 people packed into Thingvellir.
Nearby Lögberg is the cliff overlooking the place where the Alþing (assembly) met, and speakers stood to address the gatherings from this point. Nearby is Drekkingarhylur (The Drowning Pool), where mothers of illegitimate children were drowned. It is sited in the river Öxará in Almannagjá, a lava gorge, which with the Öxarárfoss waterfall, is an impressive sight.
Peningagjá (The Money Chasm) is a deep fissure filled with crystal clear spring water; people throw coins into it from the bridge that lies across. The coins give off strange reflections as they drop through the water, it is said that if you can follow the coin all the way down until it comes to rest on the bottom, your wish will come true. Scubadiving and snorkeling in wet suits is becoming increasingly popular here.
The lake is part of the Þingvellir National Park. The volcanic origin of the islands in the lake is clearly visible. The fissures around it - the famous Almannagjá is the biggest of them - indicate that here the tectonic plates of Europe and The Americas are in a conflict. In this lake, the large quantity of sulfur and salt, the lake is extremely light and the water seems to be in less weight than other lakes.
2. Jökulsárlón Glacier lagoon
Check our article about Jökulsárlón Glacier lagoon
The main lagoon measures about 7 square miles (20 km2) and until 1932 was covered in thick glacial ice. Then the glacier started to retreat, and nowadays more than 300 feet (100 m) of ice breaks away each year to reshape the lagoon and fill it with spectacular icebergs.
The lagoon is open to the sea and so contains a mixture of salt and freshwater, giving it a unique blue-green color. There are hundreds of seals here in the winter and the lagoon supports many species of fish including krill, herring, trout and, occasionally, salmon.
3. Gullfoss Waterfall
Gullfoss is actually two separate waterfalls, the upper one has a drop of 11 metres and the lower one 21 metres. The rock of the river bed was formed during an interglacial period.
Water flows over Gullfoss at an average rate of 109 cubic metres per second. The heaviest floods have recorded a flow of 2000 cubic metres per second. During the summer the flow is 130 cubic metres per second, which would take only 3 seconds to fill this building. People were eager to exploit the power potential of Gullfoss and many plans for hydroelectric developments on the river Hvítá have been proposed.
Check the article call "Iceland's favorite Waterfalls"
4. The great Geysir
One of the greatest natural attractions of Iceland and part of the famous "Golden Circle Tour", The Great Geysir, or Stori-Geysir, has been dormant since 1916 when it suddenly ceased to spout. It came to life only once in 1935, and as quickly went back to sleep. Since then its repose has sporadically been disturbed by the dumping of tons of carbolic soap powder into its seething orifice in order to tickle it to spout.
It is not exactly known when Geysir was created. It is believed that it came into existence around the end of the 13th century when a series of strong earthquakes, accompanied by a devastating eruption of Mt. Hekla, hit Haukadalur, the geothermal valley where Geysir is located. What is known is that it spouted regularly every third hour or so up to the beginning of the 19th century and thereafter progressively at much longer intervals until it completely stopped in 1916. Whether its silence is eternal or temporary no one knows. When it was alive and shooting, it could thunderously blast a spectacular jet of superheated water and steam into the air as high as 60 to 80 meters according to different sources. Its opening is 18 meters wide and its chamber 20 meters deep.
One reason for cessation is believed to be the accumulated rocks and foreign objects thrown into it by thousands of tourists throughout the years. Though definitely damaging, this however could not be the only reason for its dormancy. The Great Geysir was among the most notable geysers in the world, such as those in Yellowstone Park, New Zealand and North Iceland. The English word "geyser" is derived from the Icelandic word "geysir" which means gusher. Though the Great Geysir itself is now more or less inactive, the area surrounding it is geothermically very active with many smaller hot springs.
The attraction of the area is now Strokkur (The Churn), another geyser 100 meters south of the Great Geysir, which erupts at regular intervals every 10 minutes or so and its white column of boiling water can reach as high as 30 meters. The whole area is a geothermal park sitting on top of a vast boiling cauldron. Belching sulphurous mud pots of unusual colors, hissing steam vents, hot and cold springs, warm streams, and primitive plants can all be found here.
A short distance away to the west stands the small Laugarfjall Mountain with a panoramic view overlooking the Geysir area. King Christian IX of Denmark visited the area in 1874 and by the foot of the mountain are the rocks where he leaned while his hosts tried to impress and amuse him by boiling eggs in the hot springs. The rocks are now called Konungssteinar ("The King's Stones").
5. Eyjafjallajokull Glacier
Eyjafjallajökull is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of Mýrdalsjökull. The ice cap covers the caldera of a volcano with a summit elevation of 1,651 metres (5,417 ft).
It derives its name from the Island Archipelago off the south coast, The Vestman Islands. This mountain massif is actually the result of continuous eruptions during thousands of years and a vast crater on top has probably been active a few times during historic times of this country. The only documented eruptions took place in 920, 1612, which was seen all the way to the northern part of the country, and during the period 1821-23. The latter two eruptions caused at least damage to property by glacier bursts (floods) and ash fall.
The latter caused a three hours’ flood, covering the wide valley floor north of the mountain. Before and around the turn of the last century, an increased earthquake activity and escaping gasses were watched closely. This volcano, and many others, is within the most active 50 miles wide zone of the country.
The volcano has erupted relatively frequently since the last glacial period, most recently in 2010.
The icecap on top is the sixth largest of the country, and is relatively easily accessible from the mountain saddle Fimmvorduhals, the farms Seljavellir and Mork, and from the north at Stakkolt and Langanes. Nowadays it is not considered a great deed or too much of an adventure to conquer the glaciers in specially equipped and modified jeeps or other vehicles.
Two aircraft have crashed on the icecap. In 1952 an American rescue plane, with five on board, went down and only one body was found on location. The other four obviously had survived and walked away, not to be found during the next few years. Twelve years later, another body was found and a wedding ring of another. The glacier tongue delivered the remaining three bodies in the summer of 1966. Scrap and pieces from the plane have been appearing gradually in and by the sides of the glacier. In 1975, an American couple crashed and lost their lives.
6. The Vatnajókull region
In the magnificent nature of the Vatnajokull Region, everyone can find enjoyable recreation. There are options for adventure trips as well as relaxing trips; for summer as well as winter; for children as well as the elderly and everything in between. Tourists in the Vatnajokull Region can choose from a variety of activities, scenic views, historical sites and points of interest.
You can choose from a variety of outdoor activities such as golf, bird watching, fishing, horseback riding, boat tours, kayak tours, mountaineering, trekking, ice climb, glacier walk, kayak tours, boat tours, snowmobile tours, super jeep tours or ATV tours.
Visit the Thorbergur Center of Culture or the Art gallery in Höfn. Take a swim in the geothermal-heated swimming pool in the town of Höfn or relax in the geothermal hot tubs in Hoffell. Here below you can search for options based on type or location.
7. Westman Islands
Westman Islands is one of the best kept secrets in Iceland and you haven't seen Iceland until you have visited Westman Islands. Westman Islands is one of the wonders of nature, surrounded by mountains, islands, volcanoes and seabirds. Westman Islands also has one of the most beautiful and extraordinary 18 hole golf course in the world.
A common mistake that visitors make when coming to Westman Islands is that they stop for one day. We haven't met a tourist yet that didn't want to stay longer so our advise to you is, spend at least two days and then you might be able to experience all the great things about Westman Islands.
The island is surrounded by rocky mountains, volcano and 14 other small islands which are all in different size and shape. In Westman Island you can find one of the most beautiful and extraordinary golf course in the world, if you like golf you can't let this one pass you by. To enjoy what the island has to offer, we recommend that you take a guided tour around the island and you should take the boat tour, that is truly a spectacular experience where you sail around the islands, into caves, by other small islands/skerries and experience the buzzing birdlife that is in Westman Islands and who knows maybe you will see a flock of killer whales swimming by. Furthermore we recommend that you take a hike :) and walk to Skansinn, Eldfell, Hamar or just walk up the next mountain, you can also rent a scooter if you want to cover more ground.
The Landmannalaugar area is a popular tourist destination and hiking hub in Iceland's highlands. The area displays a number of unusual geological elements, like the multicolored rhyolite mountains and expansive lava fields, not far from the service center. The many mountains in the surrounding area display a wide spectrum of colors including pink, brown, green, yellow, blue, purple, black, and white. Two of the most popular mountains among hikers are Bláhnjúkur (meaning "blue peak") and Brennisteinsalda (meaning "sulphur wave").
Tourists visit the area from June through late September, after which time the road is closed. A mountain lodge, in operation since 1951, can accommodate 78 people and has basic amenities. It is located centrally near natural geothermal hot springs, also popular with tourists.
Check our article about Landmannalaugar
9. Climbing Hekla
Trip Difficulty 3 out of 5 possible
Mt. Hekla is undeniably Iceland’s most famous mountain. It is the second most active volcano in Iceland and has erupted frequently in historic times. Last eruption occurred in February 2000. The mountain towers over South Iceland at roughly 1500 meters. The height changes due to movements of the earth crusts and seismic movements. For hundreds of years the mountain was believed to be the gateway to hell and no one dared climbing it. Until, Eggert Ólafsson, a famous Icelandic biologist, decided to throw caution to the wind and succeeded in summiting the mountain in the summer of 1750.
Since then hiking to the top of Mt. Hekla has become a popular route. The terrain is rough lava fields and then ice and snow as we get closer to the peak. It usually takes 3-4 hours to get to the top and there you´ll get your reward. The view from the top of Mt. Hekla is wide and beautiful; you can see all of Fjallabak mountains, up to Vatnajökull glacier (Europe’s biggest glacier) not to mention all the evidence of recent and longstanding volcanic activity.
Dyrhólaey is located at latitude 63° 27 N and longitude 19° 06 W. The Icelandic name ending on -ey might indicate that it is an island, which it is not; its a promontory, reaching out into the ocean. It is thought to have been created during a submarine volcanic eruption approximately 80 thousand years ago.
The eruption, which formed Dyrhólaey and the pillars around it (originally parts of it), presumably took place in the same way as other submarine and subglacial eruptions. In the beginning, a major tephra eruption took place and later, when the crater reached the surface of the sea, the lava started to flow and thus ensured its existence. Dyrhólaey is a promontory reaching out into the ocean on the south coast of Iceland. It is the southernmost part of the country and is around 120 m high. Off Dyrhólaey, there are rock pillars, that are unique natural formations.
The roaring Atlantic and its foamy waves wash the black sands at the foot of Dyrhólaey. From there you can enjoy the sight of the varied and fantastic scenery of the Mýrdalur valley, fresh green fields and pastures. Above them, moors and tuff mountains of different shapes, and the mountains of the highland pastures, high and awesome, cut by deep ravines and gorges. Behind them, the white glacier reaches a height of almost 1450 m.
To the west the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago is clearly visible, when visibility is good, and also the mountains Eyjafjöll and the glacier Eyjafjallajökull. Not far off the coast to the west of Dyrhólaey is the Kamburinn, much further out and more to the west is the stack Máfadrangur, where the Gannet colonized a few decades ago.
To the south of the promontory is the stack Lundadrangur with a sizable cave, into which you can go by boat, when the weather is nice and the ocean is calm. To the east is the sheer stack Háidrangur (56 m), which the daredevil Eldeyjar-Hjalti was the first human to climb in 1893, as far as we know. The southernmost part of Dyrhólaey reaching into the sea is called Tóin, and there is the famous opening, which gives it its name Portland in English.. The surroundings are all amazingly beautiful and ever-changing from different viewpoints. A very rich birdlife can be enjoyed, and inquisitive seals are seldom far away.
Few places in the country offer better opportunities for enthusiastic birdwatchers than Dyrhólaey. The various species of seabirds are most prominent in the promontory itself, and not least in the stacks. On some days the rock walls of the promontory and the stacks are almost covered with seabirds.
11. Katla Geopark
Katla Geopark includes geological features of global significance. Over 150 volcanic eruptions have been recorded in the area since the 9th century. The eruptions created the landscape and influenced where people settled. Through the centuries, man and nature have affected the region’s history. The area is constantly changing due to the volcanic activity.
A geopark is defined as a territory, which includes a particular geological heritage and a sustainable territorial development strategy to promote development. It must have clearly defined boundaries and sufficient surface area for true territorial economic development.
The Geopark covers about 9% of Iceland, 9542 km2, and follows the borders of three municipalities, Skaftárhreppur, Mýrdalshreppur and Rangárþing eystra. About 2700 people live within the Geopark. GeologyIceland lies astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where tectonic plates move apart from each other, causing a rift zone. A mantle plume exists below the country, centred beneath Vatnajökull ice cap. In South Iceland the interaction of the rift zone and the mantle plume results in complex and diverse volcanic activity. Volcanic activity and its widespread effect on the area’s nature and landscape make Katla Geopark very special.
The Geopark is in the most volcanically active area of Iceland, and the volcanic systems at Eyjafjallajökull, Katla, and Grímsvötn are particularly active. The region is characterised by central volcanoes, eruptive craters and fissures, rootless cones, lava fields, table mountains (tuyas), and hyaloclastite ridges which trend SW-NE, like the rift zone.
Ice caps are prominent in the landscape, topping the highest volcanoes. Outlet glaciers and glacial rivers flow from them and glacial landforms, e.g. moraines and ice-dammed lakes, occur in the area. Large floods, usually glacier outbursts associated with subglacial eruptions, have formed outwash plains in the lowlands. The oldest bedrock in the area is about 2.5 million years old, and can be found at the base of Lómagnúpur, an old sea-cliff (671 m). Other interesting features in the Geopark are fossil-bearing xenoliths, and tephra layers which are useful for dating (tephrochronology).
12. Skaftafell National Park
The second national park, Skaftafell, established in 1967 (400-500 square kilometres), contains some of the most precious natural pearls of the country. The rugged landscapes, mountains and glaciers, the flora and the fauna have a magnetic influence on the visitors.
In 1984, it was increased in area (1736 square kilometres) including a considerable part of Glacier Vatnajokull. In November 2004 the area of the park was still increased to 4,807 square kilometres. It now comprises the Laki Area as well as about half of Euorpe's largest icecap, Vatnajokull. There are no roads in the park, but a network of trails offers the opportunity for differently extended hikes. The camping grounds are large but it is difficult to hammer the tent pegs into the gravel surface. Among the services rendered in the park are toilets, washing machines, a restaurant, a small shop and a very interesting Visitors Centre.
The park wardens offer regular guided walking tours and daily bus tours tours from the park to the volcanic Laki area and Jokulsarlon as well as the daily schedule. A comprehensive brochure with maps and hiking trails is available at the Visitors' Centre. The distance from the capital is about 340 km.
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Computer Basic NotesWhat is a Computer
A computer is a programmable machine that responds to instructions in a set manner. It can execute a program.Types of computers:
(1) MAC (Macintosh platform)
(2) PC (IBM platform)
Computers have the following components:
- Hardware - is all physical components of a computer system such as the case and monitor. Anything you can see or touch.
- Software - a set of electronic instruction for the computer that helps you do something useful. You cannot see or touch software.
- Input - act like the eye and ears of the computer. They accept information and convert it into a format the CPU can work with. EX> Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, camcorder.
- Process - The CPU (central procession unit) uses the computer’s electronic memory to help carry out instructions from the application software and accomplish a task.
- Output - information processed by the CPU is sent to an output device or storage device. Output devices convert the computer language into a format we can work with. Ex. Monitor, printer, speakers
- RAM - random access memory - the electronic memory of a computer which is used to temporarily hold information. This information is erased as soon as the power is turned off.
- MB - Megabyte - a measure of memory or storage. The more you have the better.
- MHz - Megahertz - a measure of processing speed. The higher the value the faster the computer.
- CDROM - Compact disk Read only memory. You can only read from a CD not record to a CD ROM.
- Binary code - a code system which combines a sequence of on and off impulses in which the computer can understand.
- Saving files - when saving a file you should save in the correct period number folder which is a subdirectory of the Classdoc. Directory which is located in the C:/drive. The name of your file should include which activity you are on and your initials.
- Storage devices
5.25 floppy disk can hold 72K
3.5 floppy disk can hold 1.44 megs
Hard disk an internal storage device. The storage size is usually from 1 gig and up
ZIP disk can hold 100 megs
CD Write can hold 650 megs
- The computer understands on and off. A code system called binary code combines the on and off sequences to create a language the computer understands. Binary code consist of eight on or off. Each on or off is called a bit.
The smallest amount of information is a bit
Byte = 8 bit
Kilobyte = 1,000 bytes
Megabyte = 1,000,000 bytes or 1,000 kilobytes
Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 or 1,000,000 kilobytes or 1,000 megabytes
The disk drive determines the path by which you send and receive information to the computer. Information stored on a disk is measured in bytes. Think of a byte as a letter of the alphabet.Mouse
is an acronym for Manually Oscillating Utensil Sonically Engaged. It is the electronic finger of the computer. It is used to point at items in the window environment. The mouse arrow indicates your position on the screen.
is the computer’s screen or display. Monitors come in sizes from 14 inch, 17 inch, to as large as Gateway’s 36 inch monitor.
is another means of sending information to the computer.Modem
is a mechanical means of translating computer information or retrieving information from the Internet via a phone line.Computer “No-No’s”
1. Never turn the computer off in the middle of a program or in the window environment. Always close all programs, click Start, click Shut Down, click Shut down, the computer, and wait until you see the screen “It is now safe to turn off your computer”.
2. Never remove a diskette from drive A: or CD from the CD ROM drive when the light is on. Always wait until the light is off.
3. Never turn a computer off and on without waiting at least 60 seconds.
4. Never use a magnet around a computer, monitor, or diskette.
5. Never force a diskette into the drive.
6. No food or drink should be near the computer.
7. Turn the computer off before connecting new hardware.
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Reading Their Eyes Were Watching God — Understanding Dialect
One of the most difficult aspects of the Honors English III Summer Reading assignment — Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston — is understanding the dialogue, as the dialogue is written mostly in dialect. Dialect, as you may know already, is a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary. Below, I’ve given some examples and explanations of each of these dialectical components using examples from the first chapter of the novel.
- An example of dialectical pronunciation in Their Eyes Were Watching God is the way that Pheoby says “Lawd” on pg. 3. “Lawd” is, of course, “Lord.” (This is an example of dropping the intervocalic /r/.)
- Pronouns are prominently rendered in dialect in this novel as well: Y’all (you all), Ah (I), Ah’m (I’m), yo’ (your), mah (my), youse (you are), yuh (you). All of these pronouns can be found on pg. 3–4.
- Altered verb forms are a primary characteristic of the dialect in this novel. Pheoby says to Janie on pg. 5, “Ah knowed you’d be hongry.” “Ah knowed” is “I knew”; the verb “know,” an irregular verb, is regularized by adding an -ed to indicate past tense (instead of the irregular conjugation, “knew”).
- Negatives don’t follow standard written English conventions, either. In standard written English, double negatives (“There isn’t no other way to fix this.”) sometimes work out to a positive (“There’s only one way to fix this.”) However, in this novel, double (or, multiple) negatives usually serve to emphasize the negative. For example, on pg. 5, Janie says, “Good Lawd, Pheoby! ain’t you never goin’ tuh gimme dat lil rations you brought me?” (Good Lord, Pheoby, aren’t you going to give me the food you brought me?) Janie is hungry and knows that Pheoby brought her something to eat and is wondering when Pheoby is going to give her the food.
- As this novel was written in 1937, there will be vocabulary that is unfamiliar to some modern readers, and the dialectical vocabulary may present additional challenges. But if the reader understands the context of the vocabulary, understanding the meaning of the vocabulary will be easier. For example, on pg. 3, the porch sitters express curiousity about where Janie has been. In the midst of this conversation, Pheoby tells the porch sitters that she’s going to take some food over to Janie. The reader already knows that it’s evening when Janie walks by (pg. 1, “The sun was gone…”). And so when Mrs. Sumpkins offers to walk to Janie’s house with Pheoby, using the excuse, “It’s sort of duskin’ down dark,” (pg. 4), the reader understands “duskin’ down dark” to mean that it’s literally getting dark.
- On pg. 3, the porch sitters are discussing Janie’s absence as well as the fact that Janie ran away with Tea Cake, a “young boy.” Pheoby is defending Janie, but Lulu Moss says, “’Tain’t no use in your tryin’ to cloak no ole woman lak Janie Starks…” Modern readers would probably be familiar with the word “cloak” as a noun, meaning a large jacket or cape worn over other clothing. However, Lulu Moss is using cloak as a verb: “to cloak.” She is accusing Pheoby of trying to protect Janie.
As I wrote in the Summer Reading instructions, if you are finding yourself inordinately challenged by the dialect, I suggest that you listen to an audio recording of the novel as you read. (I found the entire audio book on YouTube.)
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<urn:uuid:287fe265-a84c-4c00-8696-5845a16079db>
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CC-MAIN-2018-05
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https://medium.com/@robin.newton/reading-their-eyes-were-watching-god-understanding-dialect-896949a994c3
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886860.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117082758-20180117102758-00323.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925142 | 943 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Not sure the sport bottle you drink from or the container you ear your lunch out of is safe? There has been a lot of hype in the media lately about this. I did some digging and found a great article written by Mimi Brodeur of Newhouse News Service that explains what those numbers, and others, really mean to the average consumer.
J.B.Anderson Inspections Inc.
Some hard plastics may pose health risks while some lightweight plastics are recommenede for a single use only and some plastics are problem free. When it comes to plastic bottles, the clue is the number that lies at the bottom of the container inside the triangular recycling symbol
Number 1: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). A lightweight plastic that is used to make a slew of beverage bottles from soft drinks to water. PET bottles are intended for SINGLE USE because PET is known to break down with use and therefore cannot be properly cleaned. The concern therefore with PET products is not so much that they contain toxins, rather, the buildup of bacteria due to infrequent or insufficient cleaning. Scratches and imperfections in the plastic may host bacteria. The good news is that these plastic bottles are the most viable for recycling.
Number 2: A high-density polyethylene (HDPE) made from petroleum, this plastic is pliable, opaque and versatile. Its many uses include sport bottles, cloudy milk jugs, cereal box liners, trash and shopping bags, shampoo and cleaning supply bottles to name a few. There's low risk of leaching, and it's also curbside recyclable.
Number 3: Along with Number 7, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is ONE OF THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL plastics. These containers should probably be set aside for nonfood usage. Number 3 has been deemed the "toxic plastic" in many circles due to the softeners (DEHA) that with long-term exposure are carconegic. PVC is sometimes found in food containers, and often it is used in making plastic wrap.
Number 4: Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is the plastic material used for bread bags, frozen-food bags, and squeezable bottles, It transmits no know chemicals into food and it is recyclable.
Number 5: Polypropylene (PP) is not as recyclable as number 1 and 2, but this plastic is another good option when choosing safe, toxin-free food and beverage containers. This omnipresent plastic is used in yogurt containers, syrup bottles, straws and medicine bottles.
Number 6: Polystyrene (PS). Like its name implies this material is used in making Styrofoam. It can also be found in plastic tableware and take out containers. This plastic MAY LEACH STYRENE COMPOUNDS, a possible carcinogen.
Number 7: A clear, hard, shatterproof plastic that is made with polycarbonate compound called bisphenol-A, which is a synthetic hormone. IT MAY POSE SERIOUS HEALTH RISKS. The popular and colorful Nalgene water bottles were a good example of this reusable plastic. The Nalgene company has replaced these water bottles with a bisphenol-A free version. Studies conducted on laboratory animals revealed that even small amounts of bisphenol-A may be linked to breast, uterine and prostate cancers.
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<urn:uuid:ee587ad7-65aa-4bae-94c2-a3144c5b6ae7>
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CC-MAIN-2014-42
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http://activerain.trulia.com/states/MN/cities/Blaine/communities/Northtown
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507448218.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005728-00250-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.939048 | 704 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The population of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) breeding on the lower Alaska Peninsula represents the southern extremity of the species' range and is uniquely nonmigratory. We used data on recaptures, resightings, and recoveries of neck-collared Tundra Swans on the lower Alaska Peninsula to estimate collar loss, annual apparent survival, and other demographic parameters for the years 1978–1989. Annual collar loss was greater for adult males fitted with either the thinner collar type (0.34) or the thicker collar type (0.15) than for other age/sex classes (thinner: 0.10, thicker: 0.04). The apparent mean probability of survival of adults (0.61) was higher than that of immatures (0.41) and for both age classes varied considerably by year (adult range: 0.44–0.95, immature range: 0.25–0.90). To assess effects of permanent emigration by age and breeding class, we analyzed post hoc the encounter histories of swans known to breed in our study area. The apparent mean survival of known breeders (0.65) was generally higher than that of the entire marked sample but still varied considerably by year (range 0.26–1.00) and indicated that permanent emigration of breeding swans was likely. We suggest that reductions in apparent survival probability were influenced primarily by high and variable rates of permanent emigration and that immigration by swans from elsewhere may be important in sustaining a breeding population at and near Izembek National Wildlife Refuge.
Additional Publication Details
Age-specific survival of tundra swans on the lower Alaska Peninsula
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<urn:uuid:f42fa53f-3762-4b80-a0f3-070ced655d3a>
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70045538
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464303.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00010-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.920381 | 351 | 2.734375 | 3 |
FDA Mulls Pap Tests Versus HPV Screenings
CBS Pittsburgh (con't)
Affordable Care Act Updates: CBSPittsburgh.com/ACA
Health News & Information: CBSPittsburgh.com/Health
PITTSBURGH (KDKA) — The regularly scheduled pap smear — for many women, it’s a routine part of getting a checkup.
This screening test has markedly decreased the incidence of cervical cancer and death.
“There was a 75 percent reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer with the usage of pap smears from about 1990 on,” says Forbes Hospital gynecologist Dr. Mark Rubino.
But for women 25 and older, a newer type of screening could be used instead — the human papilloma virus, or HPV, test.
“This would represent a radical shift in our thinking,” says Dr. Rubino. “The usage of the HPV testing, along with the Pap smear right now seems to be the standard of care.”
With a Pap test, the doctor takes cells from the cervix, or opening of the womb, with a spatula. The cells are checked under the microscope for any signs of cancer.
With the HPV test, cervical cells are removed with special brushes and put into fluid. The fluid can then be analyzed for any trace of HPV DNA.
Used together, they can be powerful detectors of the virus, which is directly related to cervical cancer, which kills 4,000 women a year.
But Dr. Rubino wouldn’t be comfortable abandoning Pap tests and doing HPV tests alone.
“They’re limiting it to the two most virulent strains, strains 16 and 18. Unfortunately, we consider there to be about 15 high risk strains right now. And it wouldn’t be checking for those,” says Dr. Rubino.
An advisory panel to the Food and Drug Administration is recommending the change. It usually goes along with what the advisory panels say.
The FDA has purview over the test, but how it’s used? That’s up to the American Cancer Society, the United States Preventative Services Task Force, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
“The recommendations for HPV screening don’t start currently until the age of 30,” Dr. Rubino points out.
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<urn:uuid:c709d0d9-4068-4b16-9fdc-7ead60e38f89>
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CC-MAIN-2015-32
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http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2014/03/13/fda-mulls-pap-tests-versus-hpv-screenings/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989042.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00034-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.913468 | 497 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Name the hydrate MgSO4.7H2O?
Concepts and reason
The concepts used to solve this problem are the concept of chemical nomenclature as well as the concept of molecular mass. The correct naming of a chemical compound is represented by the chemical nomenclature. The chemical nomenclature represents certain rules to determine the systematic nomenclature and is developed by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).
The molecular mass (also referred as the molecular weight) represents the sum total of the atomic weight of each constituent part (element), which is multiplied by the number of atoms of that particular element in its molecular formula. The moles of any solute is represented by the given weight of solute per molecular weight of the solute.
In the case of the nomenclature for the polyatomic substances/compounds (formed by polyatomic ions), two parts should be differentiated first. These parts are cation (positive part) and anion (negative part).
The name of the cation part is written on the left side followed by the name of anion part on the right side. The compounds containing polyatomic ions are written in parenthesis. The number of atoms is mentioned in the subscript.
In the case of the nomenclature for hydrates, two parts of a hydrate are taken into consideration, that is, an anhydrous salt and the water of hydration. The anhydrous salt is named first and the prefix is determined based on the number of the water molecule. The word hydrate is added to the end of the prefix.
The molecular mass is calculated by adding the atomic weight of each constituent part (element), which is multiplied by the number of atoms of that particular element in its molecular formula. The moles of any solute (n) are calculated as follows:
Here, m is given weight and M is molecular weight.
The correct nomenclature for a hydrate is Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate.
Upon heating 12g of ,5.78 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate will remain.
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<urn:uuid:f2b1e0e6-d4af-4ef9-b94d-2d56eedcd918>
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://ask.learncbse.in/t/name-the-hydrate-mgso4-7h2o-if-12-0g-of-mgso4-7h20-is-thoroughly-heated-what-mass-of-anhydrous/22841
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500664.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207233330-20230208023330-00236.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925198 | 454 | 4 | 4 |
Date of birth: 18 January 1908
Place of birth: Stanmore, NSW
Date of death: 7 November 1986
Place of death: Sydney, NSW
Lyndon Raymond Dadswell was the first sculptor to be appointed an official war artist of the Second World War. Born in Stanmore, New South Wales, he attended the Julian Ashton School from 1923 to 1925. In the following four years he was a student of the influential British sculptor and teacher Rayner Hoff at East Sydney Technical College. In 1929, at the age of 21, Dadswell worked as an assistant to Paul Montford on the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne. He was responsible for the 12 sandstone panels of the inner frieze in the Shrine's interior. In 1933 he won the Art Gallery of New South Wales’ Wynne Prize. With a reputation as one of Australia’s promising young sculptors, Dadswell travelled to London in 1935 to study at the Royal Academy. He returned to Sydney two years later to take up a teaching position at East Sydney Technical College (later the National Art School), which he continued to do intermittently until 1967.
Following the onset of the Second World War, Dadswell enlisted in the 2nd Division Australian Imperial Forces on 29 April 1940 (service no. NX13548). With the rank of acting corporal, he embarked for the Middle East on 30 August 1940 and fought with the 2/3 Battalion in Greece, Libya and Syria. On 22 June 1941 he sustained gunshot wounds to the head and left leg while fighting the Vichy French in the Syrian campaign. For several months prior to his injury, Dadswell’s supporters back in Australia had been advocating the Commonwealth Arts Advisory Board, the Department of Information, and the Australian War Memorial, for his appointment as an official war artist. In September 1941 Dadswell was promoted to lieutenant and commissioned as an official war artist.
Based in Cairo, Dadswell created sculptures of his war time experience serving with the Australian infantry in the Middle East. He made stand alone pieces, as with Soldier in summer dress and Bomb thrower. These works echo the heroic, but egalitarian intention of sculpture from the First World War. However Dadswell’s stylistic transition is clear. Through a dramatic reduction in detail Dadswell has removed any sense of naturalism. There is a greater emphasis on the voluminous form of the human figure and depicting unified movement. Greece, a group of three soldiers of the 16th Brigade, 6th Division, demonstrates Dadswell’s stylistic and symbolic intentions. He has transcended his personal sense of the futility of war to create sculptures that express great admiration for the determination and courage of the soldiers he fought alongside.
Dadswell returned to Australia in 1942, and resigned from his commission as an official artist in December. He resumed teaching, and was a major influence on the next generation of Australian sculptors. Dadswell continued to produce and exhibit his own work, and also secured several major public commissions including King George V Memorial, and the Newcastle Memorial Newcastle War Memorial Cultural Centre.
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<urn:uuid:f19b922d-f5b9-445b-ae13-4b4aa0e5ffbe>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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https://www.awm.gov.au/people/65045/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999645422/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060725-00076-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.964438 | 639 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The majority of a rabbit's diet should be hay. Free feed of timothy hay is very important to a rabbit's health. It contains necessary nutrients and roughage to help control hairballs. Alfalfa hay may be given occasionally as a treat but timothy hay should be made available at all times (see below for info on timothy hay as the litter box material). Alfalfa hay is very high in calories, protein, and calcium and can lead to obesity and/or kidney problems.
Carrots, carrot tops, broccoli, apple slices (no seeds as they are toxic!), banana slices, parsley, watercress, mint, cilantro, frisee, radish tops, alfalfa sprouts, kale (occasionally), bok choy, celery, chicory, collard greens, dandelion, green leaf and romaine lettuce (no head lettuce!!), pea pods (flat), tiny amounts of unsweetened cereals, and bits of bread are some of the additional food items that are acceptable for a rabbit to eat. Fruit should be limited to one tablespoon per day.
One thing to avoid is sugar; as it increases the bad bacteria in their intestines and can cause disease resulting in diarrhea and loss of appetite. Also avoid spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, raw beans, potato peals, rhubarb, or any spoiled food.
Fresh water should be available at all times. Change bowls and/or bottles at least once a day even if they are not totally empty! Heavy ceramic food and water bowls are recommended because they cannot be overturned. Wash bowls and bottles frequently to remove any buildup of scum.
Use commercially produced pellets purchased from a feed or pet store to insure that the quality of the food is consistent. Never purchase over an eight week supply of food at a time or it may spoil and cause the rabbit to stop eating. An adult rabbit will consume about five to ten pounds of food in this time period. Also, once a particular brand of food has been chosen, stick with it. Sudden switching of food can be detrimental to your rabbit's health. If a change in pellets is necessary, gradually change from one type to another by mixing them together until the old food is finished.
Protein: Short haired rabbits should eat pellets containing 16% protein, while Angoras should get 18 to 20%.
There is a controversy about the amount of pellets to feed a rabbit. Our experience is that pellets should be rationed. If your rabbit has a weight problem, restrict the amount of food to 1/4 cup per day (for an 8 pound bun) until his/her weight is normal. Experimentation will be necessary to determine the proper amount to feed.
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<urn:uuid:ea7e635c-a2ff-489b-ac7a-2f44944401f8>
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CC-MAIN-2016-22
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http://drkreger.com/index.php?page=Rabbit_Diet
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464050919950.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524004839-00143-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.925781 | 562 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Jennifer Hicks, Contributor
I write about science, robotics & innovative technologies in Europe.
I kid you not, science is alive and well at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), especially at the Center for Bits and Atoms.
MIT researcher and renowned physicist, Dr. Andreas Mershin, figured out a way to make electricity-generating solar cells from green grass.
Here is the recipe he and his team discovered: organic material, like grass clippings or agricultural waste, is mixed with a stabilizing peptide powder and from that protein is extracted from the materials, stabilized. Protein is essential for photosynthesis. This mixture is then spread onto a glass or metal surface and through photosynthesis, it keeps on generating electricity. Thus, leaves and plants become nature’s solar panels.
Dr. Mershin says that by using agricultural waste and inexpensive materials, like grass clippings, to create solar panels, electricity could become affordable and more available to rural places and developing countries. He also says that if we manage to hijack the molecules responsible for photosynthesis in plants and use them to generate electricity for our own needs it becomes a great, disruptive new step in the way we generate solar power in general.
Imagine your grass clippings could become part of a solar panel you could use at home. At the moment, Dr. Mershin and his team can convert 0.1% of solar energy.
You have to start somewhere.
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<urn:uuid:3978a8e8-d34c-4512-9529-73ad6e30bf8f>
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2012/02/21/grass-grass-clippings-turned-into-solar-cells-by-mit-scientist/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00643-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.945846 | 300 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Date of this Version
This study 1) looked at how weather patterns are predicted to change as a result of global climate change, 2) considered how these changes could affect the survival of Piping Plovers, Interior Least Terns, and Whooping Cranes and 3) considered the importance of managing wildlife in the Great Plains in light of the predicted consequences of global climate change. Correlation (Spearman rs) tests were completed to compare the abundance of each species of birds and the amount of water flowing in the Platte River. Piping Plovers and Interior Least Terns have a specific amount of water that is not too high or too low, where their survival and reproduction is optimized. Both species rely on the same habitat on the Platte River for survival. The number of Whooping Cranes has been steadily increasing since they were placed on the endangered species list in 1985; they exhibit less reliance on the Platte River than do the plover and tern.
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<urn:uuid:e8ec1920-bec8-4743-8c66-c4fc9a246757>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses/116/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103167.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817092444-20170817112444-00556.warc.gz
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en
| 0.94044 | 200 | 3.40625 | 3 |
As the nation begins the process of electing a new president, the roles of the Republican and Democratic parties are undergoing fundamental shifts that are threatening their impact on both elections and policy.
Built in the 19th century, grown dominant in the 20th, they are largely out of date in this new age.
They still control the ballot and machinery such as the primaries. But they do not hold the loyalty of the people. The largest party in America now is no party — with the ranks of people calling themselves independents at the highest level in more than 75 years of polling. The parties do not control the message. People learn about politics from social media instead of traditional means such as mailings or campaign rallies. And the parties are no longer the sole banker of politics. Big-money interests now effectively create shadow parties with extensive networks of donors of their own.
The result: People are tuning out and turning away.
In 2012, average voter turnout for statewide primaries for president, governor and U.S. Senate plunged to its lowest level since the modern primary system became popular in 1972.
“No one likes political parties anymore,” said Jan Leighley, who studies voter behavior at American University, where she is a professor of government.
“They no longer have to work through the political process,” added Will Marshall, president of the Progressive Policy Institute.
It’s a historic change in voter behavior. The Democratic and Republican parties have dominated American politics since the mid-1850s. They grew and prospered as inclusive coalitions that tolerated diverse views for the sake of winning elections and then consolidating power.
Ironically, changes aimed at bringing even more people into the process in the 1970s, such as more primaries and caucuses, have not only outlived their original intent, but they have wound up allowing unprecedented polarization to strangle party progress. Activists became adept at turning out their own ideological bases, leaving the broad middle on the sidelines.
“Americans’ attachment to the two major political parties in recent years is arguably the weakest Gallup has recorded since the advent of its polls,” Gallup reported in January.
Just 29 percent called themselves Democrats last year, it found, “making it safe to conclude that the current (number) is also the low point in Gallup polling history.” Republican loyalty was only 1 percentage point above its recent low of 25 percent three years ago.
The bloc of independents reached 40 percent in 2011, and it has stayed at or above that level ever since.
42% Percentage of people saying they’re independents in Gallup’s 2015 survey.
The parties’ challenge is clear in states of all sizes. In New Hampshire, site of the first primary election, at least 40 percent register as “undeclared,” meaning they have no formal affiliation with a political party.
Most indifferent to parties: young Americans. Nearly half the millennials identified as independents in 2014, Pew found, more than the combined total of those willing to be called either Democrats or Republicans.
“I never want to write down that I’m a Republican,” said Rebecca Sorensen, a sophomore at Penn State. She leans Republican but is reluctant to openly identify with the party because she supports abortion rights.
Historically, children adopted their parents’ political views, including identification with the two major parties. Not anymore.
We grew up in two different time periods. I go with what I believe in.
Kristina Sosa, a junior at Penn State, on why she may not share her parents’ political views
Millennials get information from sources other than from family dinners, neighbors or campaign brochures. If something piques their interest, they turn to Twitter, text messaging, The Skimm and other modern forms of instant communication.
“If I want to know more, I Google it,” said Jayla Akers, a sophomore at Penn State University.
Political parties are seen as too narrowly focused, too interested in keeping incumbents in office.
They gerrymander congressional districts to maximize their chances so that election after election only a handful of House of Representatives races are true contests. Of the House’s 435 seats, 402 incumbents are considered safe bets for re-election this year, said the nonpartisan Rothenberg & Gonzales Political Report.
Those safely partisan seats help keep Washington gridlocked — and turn off more Americans.
“Both parties get so concrete in their values they don’t see any other perspective,” said Bill Corbett, studying to be an auto body technician at Central Pennsylvania Institute of Science and Technology.
It’s a far cry from freedom from party or faction that the Founding Fathers envisioned.
“This two-party system quashes independent thought and the courage to take a stance on positions and kills the free market of ideas our country was supposed to be founded on,” said Ellen Read, a political activist in New Hampshire.
Parties for generations did welcome differing views and broader membership.
“The Republican Party, both in this state and nationally, is a broad party. There is room in our tent for many views,” Ronald Reagan, then governor of California, said in 1967.
Indeed, the divergence of views is one of our strengths.
Ronald Reagan in 1967
The parties now thrive by firing up the fringes. Republicans once had a strong bloc of abortion rights supporters, for example, but in 1976 the party formally included in its platform support for a constitutional amendment “to restore protection of the right to life for unborn children.”
It’s now unmistakably the anti-abortion party, the comfortable home for conservatives and therefore the party that dominates the South and the Rocky Mountain West. Democrats are the party of the Northeast and the West Coast.
“It was easier 30 years ago to say, ‘I’m an Alabama Democrat or I’m a Massachusetts Republican,”’ said John Fortier, director of the Democracy Project at Washington’s Bipartisan Policy Center.
Some in the parties do see the growing problem.
The Republican Party’s 2013 self-examination conceded, “Young voters are increasingly rolling their eyes at what the party represents, and many minorities wrongly think that Republicans do not like them.” Since then, officials have made intense efforts to bond with younger and minority voters.
What’s a party chairman going to say in 2017 to our donors and our grassroots if we’re looking at 12 or 16 years out of the White House?
Republican Chairman Reince Priebus at the GOP’s 2016 winter meeting
Democrats also were critical of their own tactics. A high-level party study last year found that too often, many of its candidates “were not connecting with voters and lacked some fundamental infrastructure and support to convey their message.”
“It’s true that today’s multifaceted political landscape changes the footprint of national parties,” said Democratic Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz.
But she noted that “in the primaries, we set the rules for the nomination and nothing can replace the unique ability of the national parties to effectively organize and mobilize voters,” and their role in the general election is so detailed it “cannot be replicated externally.”
Sanders leads Clinton, 51.8% to 39.8% in the latest RealClearPolitics average of New Hampshire Democratic presidential polls.
While independents are gaining clout, so are the big-money groups that now operate as virtual political parties.
Take Freedom Partners, an organization sponsored by brothers Charles and David Koch of Wichita, Kan.
Last year, the group committed to spend $889 million on politics and policy in 2015 and 2016.
The total would surpass the $404 million spent by the Republican National Committee and the $319 million spent by the Democratic National Committee in the 2012 campaign, according to opensecrets.org, which monitors political spending.
And that total would rival the $1 billion spent by all three major Democratic Party committees and the $1 billion spent by all three major Republican Party committees.
And the Koch network does more than just spend money. Twice each year it hosts about 400 executives, who pay dues of $100,000 each, for meetings on politics and policies. And its spending goes beyond the planned $250 million to help candidates, to include grants to organizations to help promote small-government policies as well as college scholarships and fellowships.
Other alternatives to the parties also are gearing up.
In that world, everyday voters ask, how can they ever be heard? Not through the Republican or Democrats parties, say increasing numbers of voters.
As Peter White, a cabin manager in Nottingham, New Hampshire, put it, “You feel the two parties both work for Wall Street and don’t care who wins.”
This version changes the reference to the rise in independents in California to say voters without a party affiliation.
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<urn:uuid:482a59e5-5d43-49d5-bd8c-fefdd924ab69>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article56995453.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320915.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627032130-20170627052130-00464.warc.gz
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en
| 0.951286 | 1,869 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another, including objects ranging from atoms and photons, to planets and stars. Since energy and mass are equivalent, all forms of energy (including light) cause gravitation and are under the influence of it. On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects, and the Moon's gravity causes the ocean tides. The gravitational attraction of the original gaseous matter present in the Universe caused it to begin coalescing, forming stars – and for the stars to group together into galaxies – so gravity is responsible for many of the large scale structures in the Universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become increasingly weaker on farther objects.
Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915) which describes gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass. The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a black hole, from which nothing—not even light—can escape once past the black hole's event horizon. However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which describes gravity as a force which causes any two bodies to be attracted to each other, with the force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental forces of physics, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong force, 1036 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 1029 times weaker than the weak force. As a consequence, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles. In contrast, it is the dominant force at the macroscopic scale, and is the cause of the formation, shape and trajectory (orbit) of astronomical bodies. For example, gravity causes the Earth and the other planets to orbit the Sun, it also causes the Moon to orbit the Earth, and causes the formation of tides, the formation and evolution of the Solar System, stars and galaxies.
The earliest instance of gravity in the Universe, possibly in the form of quantum gravity, supergravity or a gravitational singularity, along with ordinary space and time, developed during the Planck epoch (up to 10−43 seconds after the birth of the Universe), possibly from a primeval state, such as a false vacuum, quantum vacuum or virtual particle, in a currently unknown manner. Attempts to develop a theory of gravity consistent with quantum mechanics, a quantum gravity theory, which would allow gravity to be united in a common mathematical framework (a theory of everything) with the other three forces of physics, are a current area of research.
Modern work on gravitational theory began with the work of Galileo Galilei in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In his famous (though possibly apocryphal) experiment dropping balls from the Tower of Pisa, and later with careful measurements of balls rolling down inclines, Galileo showed that gravitational acceleration is the same for all objects. This was a major departure from Aristotle's belief that heavier objects have a higher gravitational acceleration. Galileo postulated air resistance as the reason that objects with less mass may fall slower in an atmosphere. Galileo's work set the stage for the formulation of Newton's theory of gravity.
In 1687, English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton published Principia, which hypothesizes the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. In his own words, "I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must [be] reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve: and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her Orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth; and found them answer pretty nearly." The equation is the following:
Where F is the force, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects interacting, r is the distance between the centers of the masses and G is the gravitational constant.
Newton's theory enjoyed its greatest success when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune based on motions of Uranus that could not be accounted for by the actions of the other planets. Calculations by both John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier predicted the general position of the planet, and Le Verrier's calculations are what led Johann Gottfried Galle to the discovery of Neptune.
A discrepancy in Mercury's orbit pointed out flaws in Newton's theory. By the end of the 19th century, it was known that its orbit showed slight perturbations that could not be accounted for entirely under Newton's theory, but all searches for another perturbing body (such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury) had been fruitless. The issue was resolved in 1915 by Albert Einstein's new theory of general relativity, which accounted for the small discrepancy in Mercury's orbit.
Although Newton's theory has been superseded by Einstein's general relativity, most modern non-relativistic gravitational calculations are still made using Newton's theory because it is simpler to work with and it gives sufficiently accurate results for most applications involving sufficiently small masses, speeds and energies.
The equivalence principle, explored by a succession of researchers including Galileo, Loránd Eötvös, and Einstein, expresses the idea that all objects fall in the same way, and that the effects of gravity are indistinguishable from certain aspects of acceleration and deceleration. The simplest way to test the weak equivalence principle is to drop two objects of different masses or compositions in a vacuum and see whether they hit the ground at the same time. Such experiments demonstrate that all objects fall at the same rate when other forces (such as air resistance and electromagnetic effects) are negligible. More sophisticated tests use a torsion balance of a type invented by Eötvös. Satellite experiments, for example STEP, are planned for more accurate experiments in space.
Formulations of the equivalence principle include:
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In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of a force. The starting point for general relativity is the equivalence principle, which equates free fall with inertial motion and describes free-falling inertial objects as being accelerated relative to non-inertial observers on the ground. In Newtonian physics, however, no such acceleration can occur unless at least one of the objects is being operated on by a force.
Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called geodesics. Like Newton's first law of motion, Einstein's theory states that if a force is applied on an object, it would deviate from a geodesic. For instance, we are no longer following geodesics while standing because the mechanical resistance of the Earth exerts an upward force on us, and we are non-inertial on the ground as a result. This explains why moving along the geodesics in spacetime is considered inertial.
Einstein discovered the field equations of general relativity, which relate the presence of matter and the curvature of spacetime and are named after him. The Einstein field equations are a set of 10 simultaneous, non-linear, differential equations. The solutions of the field equations are the components of the metric tensor of spacetime. A metric tensor describes a geometry of spacetime. The geodesic paths for a spacetime are calculated from the metric tensor.
Notable solutions of the Einstein field equations include:
In the decades after the discovery of general relativity, it was realized that general relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics. It is possible to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory like the other fundamental forces, such that the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of virtual gravitons, in the same way as the electromagnetic force arises from exchange of virtual photons. This reproduces general relativity in the classical limit. However, this approach fails at short distances of the order of the Planck length, where a more complete theory of quantum gravity (or a new approach to quantum mechanics) is required.
Every planetary body (including the Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field, which can be conceptualized with Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet, the strength of this field at any given point above the surface is proportional to the planetary body's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the body.
The strength of the gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of objects under its influence. The rate of acceleration of falling objects near the Earth's surface varies very slightly depending on latitude, surface features such as mountains and ridges, and perhaps unusually high or low sub-surface densities. For purposes of weights and measures, a standard gravity value is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, under the International System of Units (SI).
The standard value of 9.80665 m/s2 is the one originally adopted by the International Committee on Weights and Measures in 1901 for 45° latitude, even though it has been shown to be too high by about five parts in ten thousand. This value has persisted in meteorology and in some standard atmospheres as the value for 45° latitude even though it applies more precisely to latitude of 45°32'33".
Assuming the standardized value for g and ignoring air resistance, this means that an object falling freely near the Earth's surface increases its velocity by 9.80665 m/s (32.1740 ft/s or 22 mph) for each second of its descent. Thus, an object starting from rest will attain a velocity of 9.80665 m/s (32.1740 ft/s) after one second, approximately 19.62 m/s (64.4 ft/s) after two seconds, and so on, adding 9.80665 m/s (32.1740 ft/s) to each resulting velocity. Also, again ignoring air resistance, any and all objects, when dropped from the same height, will hit the ground at the same time.
According to Newton's 3rd Law, the Earth itself experiences a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that which it exerts on a falling object. This means that the Earth also accelerates towards the object until they collide. Because the mass of the Earth is huge, however, the acceleration imparted to the Earth by this opposite force is negligible in comparison to the object's. If the object doesn't bounce after it has collided with the Earth, each of them then exerts a repulsive contact force on the other which effectively balances the attractive force of gravity and prevents further acceleration.
The apparent force of gravity on Earth is the resultant (vector sum) of two forces: (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference. The force of gravity is the weakest at the equator because of the centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation and because points on the equator are furthest from the center of the Earth. The force of gravity varies with latitude and increases from about 9.780 m/s2 at the Equator to about 9.832 m/s2 at the poles.
Under an assumption of constant gravitational attraction, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where m is the mass of the body and g is a constant vector with an average magnitude of 9.81 m/s2 on Earth. This resulting force is the object's weight. The acceleration due to gravity is equal to this g. An initially stationary object which is allowed to fall freely under gravity drops a distance which is proportional to the square of the elapsed time. The image on the right, spanning half a second, was captured with a stroboscopic flash at 20 flashes per second. During the first 1⁄20 of a second the ball drops one unit of distance (here, a unit is about 12 mm); by 2⁄20 it has dropped at total of 4 units; by 3⁄20, 9 units and so on.
Under the same constant gravity assumptions, the potential energy, Ep, of a body at height h is given by Ep = mgh (or Ep = Wh, with W meaning weight). This expression is valid only over small distances h from the surface of the Earth. Similarly, the expression for the maximum height reached by a vertically projected body with initial velocity v is useful for small heights and small initial velocities only.
The application of Newton's law of gravity has enabled the acquisition of much of the detailed information we have about the planets in the Solar System, the mass of the Sun, and details of quasars; even the existence of dark matter is inferred using Newton's law of gravity. Although we have not traveled to all the planets nor to the Sun, we know their masses. These masses are obtained by applying the laws of gravity to the measured characteristics of the orbit. In space an object maintains its orbit because of the force of gravity acting upon it. Planets orbit stars, stars orbit galactic centers, galaxies orbit a center of mass in clusters, and clusters orbit in superclusters. The force of gravity exerted on one object by another is directly proportional to the product of those objects' masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The earliest gravity (possibly in the form of quantum gravity, supergravity or a gravitational singularity), along with ordinary space and time, developed during the Planck epoch (up to 10−43 seconds after the birth of the Universe), possibly from a primeval state (such as a false vacuum, quantum vacuum or virtual particle), in a currently unknown manner.
According to general relativity, gravitational radiation is generated in situations where the curvature of spacetime is oscillating, such as is the case with co-orbiting objects. The gravitational radiation emitted by the Solar System is far too small to measure. However, gravitational radiation has been indirectly observed as an energy loss over time in binary pulsar systems such as PSR B1913+16. It is believed that neutron star mergers and black hole formation may create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation. Gravitational radiation observatories such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) have been created to study the problem. In February 2016, the Advanced LIGO team announced that they had detected gravitational waves from a black hole collision. On 14 September 2015, LIGO registered gravitational waves for the first time, as a result of the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light-years from Earth. This observation confirms the theoretical predictions of Einstein and others that such waves exist. The event confirms that binary black holes exist. It also opens the way for practical observation and understanding of the nature of gravity and events in the Universe including the Big Bang and what happened after it.
In December 2012, a research team in China announced that it had produced measurements of the phase lag of Earth tides during full and new moons which seem to prove that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light. This means that if the Sun suddenly disappeared, the Earth would keep orbiting it normally for 8 minutes, which is the time light takes to travel that distance. The team's findings were released in the Chinese Science Bulletin in February 2013.
In October 2017, the LIGO and Virgo detectors received gravitational wave signals within 2 seconds of gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes seeing signals from the same direction. This confirmed that the speed of gravitational waves was the same as the speed of light.
There are some observations that are not adequately accounted for, which may point to the need for better theories of gravity or perhaps be explained in other ways.
Unit names are normally printed in Roman (upright) type ... Symbols for quantities are generally single letters set in an italic font, although they may be qualified by further information in subscripts or superscripts or in brackets.
Variables and quantity symbols are in italic type. Unit symbols are in Roman type.
|Look up gravity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
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|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Gravitation.|
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Olson's Scientific Vocabulary
From the Forward: Dr. Theodore A. Olson’s “The Scientific Vocabulary” dictionary was a constant companion for the University of Minnesota’s environmental health graduate students during the 50’s, 60’s and 70’s. For those of us who survived the rigors of biometry, epidemiology, the “topics” course (which consisted of a series of formal presentations), three “Plan B” papers and a dissertation, a good scientific vocabulary was an absolute necessity. The faculty would inculcate us with a sense of exactness in the way we presented the spoken and written word. We were expected to read scientific journals from other disciplines as part of our instruction. With exposure to each new discipline, we had to learn and understand its own and unique scientific language. In a small but important way, Dr. Olson dictionary made our academic passage a bit less imposing. Little did we realize its value until the rigors of scholarship demanded that we learn word roots to help with our own reading comprehension and writing proficiency.
Click to View Olson's Scientific Vocabulary
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38. The Book of Joel
The name Joel means, “The Lord is God.” Nothing is known about his personal life. Twelve other men in the Old Testament have this name, none of whom can be identified with the author of this book. His father, Pethuel, is mentioned nowhere else in the Bible.
From this book, we can see that he was acquainted with the land, the farming and the geography. Also, it is clear that he lived and prophesied in Judah since he mentions Judah and Jerusalem, and he is thoroughly familiar with the temple and its ministry.
Joel must have lived during the early Eighth Century B.C., and prophesied in Judah during the days of King Uzziah (792-740 B.C.), because he does not mention Assyria, Babylon or Persia. Assyria was in severe decline from 782-745 B.C., and Babylon and Persia had not yet come on the forefront of history. Also, the events, the general attitude of the people, and the literary themes he presents in this book reflect the early Eighth Century B.C. atmosphere.
When you think of King Uzziah, you remember the prophet Isaiah’s call, “The year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord seated on a throne, high and exalted” (Isaiah 6:1). What Isaiah indirectly was saying is that with the death of King Uzziah, Judah lost the king, lost the golden period of the monarchy, and there was no real king left in Judah after Uzziah. At that time, Isaiah saw the real King, seated on a throne, high and exalted.
This means that the prophet Joel lived during the golden period of King Uzziah’s 52 years extended rule. His was the time of great expansion in every aspect: militarily, administratively, commercially, and economically. It was a period of great expansion and solidification. It is noted about him that, “His fame spread as far as the border of Egypt, because he had become very powerful,” and “His fame spread far and wide, for he was greatly helped until he became powerful” (2 Chronicles 26:8, 15). It was a period of peace and prosperity second only to Solomon’s time.
Joel indirectly talks about their prosperity. Their vine vats were overflowing, the fig trees and the pomegranates and apples, all the fruit trees were loaded down; their land was fertile, and barns were filled to the brim and olive oil was flowing like a river (1:10, 17). Their cattle never failed, their herds were multiplying, and flocks were plentiful (1:18).
What does material prosperity bring? Spiritual poverty and religious formalism. Moses had already warned them long time ago:
When the Lord your God brings you into the land he swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, to give you – a land with large, flourishing cities you did not build, houses filled with all kinds of good things you did not provide, wells you did not dig, and vineyards and olive groves you did not plant – then when you eat and are satisfied, be careful that you do not forget the Lord who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery (Deuteronomy 6:10-12).
This is exactly what had happened during Joel’s time. Much of their time was spent in merrymaking and drinking orgies as Joel tells them, “Wake up, you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine; wail because of the new wine, for it has been snatched from your lips” (1:5).
There is nothing wrong in enjoying life and the material blessing as a gift from God. But when that becomes the goal in life, “Meaningless! Meaningless!” says the Teacher. “Utterly meaningless! Everything is meaningless,” and “Nothing was gained under the sun” (Ecclesiastes 1:1; 2:11).
Of course, people do want to keep God happy and appeased lest all the material benefits are taken away. Remember Satan’s accusation about Job?
Does Job fear God for nothing? Have you not put a hedge around him and his household and everything he has? You have blessed the work of his hands, so that his flocks and herds are spread throughout the land. But stretch out your hand and strike everything he has, and he will surely curse you to your face (Job 1:9-11).
Of course, that was not right in Job’s case. But only God knows how many times that is just what it is in many who are called by His name.
The people in Joel’s time were bringing their grain offerings and drink offerings as required by the law (1:9). They did rend their garments and had extended sessions of fasting and weeping and mourning (2:12-13). But their heart was not in that. This is exactly what the Lord indicted them for through the prophet Isaiah, who came right after Joel,
The multitudes of your sacrifices – “what are they to me?” says the Lord. “I have more than enough of burnt offerings, of rams and the fat of fattened animals; I have no pleasure in the blood of bulls and lambs and goats. When you come to appear before me, who has asked this of you, this trampling of my courts? Stop bringing meaningless offerings! Your incense is detestable to me. New moons, sabbaths and convocations – I cannot bear your evil assemblies. Your new moon festivals and your appointed feasts my soul hates. They have become a burden to me; I am weary of bearing them” (Isaiah 2:11-14).
So, like in Isaiah’s case, it took the death of the king to be able to see who the real King was, in the same way for Joel’s time it took a natural disaster of epic proportion to wake people up. God has His ways to bring His people around. He cannot let them go, because He loves them so much.
Joel provides very vivid and poetic descriptions of the locusts. First, he describes them in the form of the agricultural devastation:
A nation has invaded my land, powerful and without number; it has the teeth of a lion, the fangs of a lioness. It has lain waste my fig trees. It has stripped off their bark and thrown it away, leaving their branches white. … The fields are ruined, the ground is dried up, the oil fails. Despair, you farmers, wail, you vine growers; grieve for the wheat and the barley, because the harvest of the field is destroyed. The vine is dried up and the fig tree is withered; the pomegranate, the palm and the apple tree – all the trees of the field – are dried up” (1:6-7, 10-12).
Second, he describes them as a marching army:
They have the appearance of horses; they gallop along like cavalry. With a noise like that of chariots they leap over the mountaintops, like a crackling fire consuming stubble, like mighty army drawn up for battle. At the sight of them, nations are in anguish; every face turns pale. They charge like warriors; they scale walls like soldiers. They all march in line, not swerving from their course (2:3-7).
The description of the locusts is very vivid and poetic, but not unrealistic. This is a very common phenomenon in that part of the world, even today. I grew up in a small farming community in a remote village in India, and I have seen with my own eyes the devastation that the locusts can make. When the people in my area heard the news of locusts coming, they all would come out of their homes and beat pots and pans with sticks, making a loud noise to scare them away. At least once we saw the widespread devastation by the locusts. For a few days, we heard rumors of locusts eating away the flesh of young babies who were laid out on coats under the open sky. That would give a chill to anyone.
As if that is not enough, Joel describes the drought, “The seeds are shriveled beneath the clods. The storehouses are in ruins. The granaries have been broken down, for the grain has dried up” (1:17).
1. All the material blessings are taken away (1:7, 10-12).
2. All the religious sacrifices are taken away. “Grain offerings and drink offerings are cut off from the house of the Lord” (1:9).
For a Hebrew, cutting off the religious sacrifices was far more serious than the loss of the material blessings, because the religious sacrifices guaranteed them the covenant relationship with the Lord. As long as they were able to offer the sacrifices, they thought that the Lord was bound by His covenant to keep His part and continue to take care of them in every way. But, when the sacrifices are taken away, there is no guarantee of any blessings from the Lord.
3. The joy is taken away. “Surely the joy of mankind is withered away” (1:12). That is how it is with the joy that is based on material blessing and religious formalities.
When man trusts in other things and turns away from the Lord, even the very ground is taken away from under his feet to make him realize how shaky the ground is upon which he stands.
Joel’s concern, however, is not limited to these disasters. He sees them as symbols of deeper significance – the Day of the Lord. It may be that the hordes of locusts that covered the sky and blotted out the sun and the moon and the stars (2:10) caused the prophet to reflect upon the Day of the Lord (2:2). The locusts’ plagues were just a sign of future judgment.
The locusts are described in terms of the Day of the Lord, “Alas for that day! For the day of the Lord is near; it will come like destruction from the Almighty” (1:15). “Blow the trumpet in Zion; sound the alarm on my holy hill. Let all who live in the land tremble, for the day of the Lord is coming” (2:1). Verse 2:11 is transitional; it indicates more the future day of the Lord than the locust army:
The Lord thunders at the head of his army; his forces are beyond number, and mighty are those who obey his command. The day of the Lord is great; it is dreadful. Who can endure it?
What Joel is saying is that you ain’t seen nothin’ yet.
Five of the 19 explicit references to the “day of the Lord” in the Old Testament are found in this short book (1:15; 2:1, 11, 31; 3:14).
First, the call for repentance is given after the invasion of the locusts, “Put on sackcloth, O priests, and mourn; wail, you who minister before the altar … .” And, “Declare a holy fast; call a sacred assembly, summon the elders and all who live in the land to the house of the Lord your God, and cry out to the Lord” (1:13, 14).
Second, the call for repentance is given after the more intensive description, “Even now, declares the Lord, return to me with all your heart, with fasting and weeping and mourning” (2:12). Not just an outward show, but genuine repentance: “Rend your heart and not your garments” (2:13).
Priority of repentance is given to the priests and the religious leaders, “Put on sackcloth, O priests, and mourn; wail, you who minister before the altar.” And, “Let the priests, who minister before the Lord, weep between the temple porch and the altar” (1:13; 2:17). Then, they called the rest of the people, from the oldest to the youngest, “Bring together elders, gather the children, those nursing at the breast. Let the bridegroom leave his room and the bride her chamber” (2:16).
The prophet’s call is, “Blow the trumpet in Zion; sound the alarm on my holy hill” (2:1), where Zion is a symbol of the people of God who take the lead. The spiritual condition of the nation at any given time in history was the barometer of the spiritual condition of Zion.
It is the same with the church today. Does the spiritual condition of the nation reflect the spiritual condition of the church? As Paul writes,
Now you, if you call yourself a Jew (Christian); if you rely on the law and brag about your relationship to God; if you know his will and approve of what is superior because you are instructed by the law; if you are convinced that you are a guide for the blind, a light for those who are in the dark, an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of infants, because you have the law the embodiment of knowledge and truth – you, then, who teach others, do you not teach yourself? You who preach against stealing, do you steal? You who say that people should not commit adultery, do you commit adultery? You who abhor idols, do you rob temples (or, God as in the sense of Malachi's statements)? You who brag about the law, do you dishonor God by breaking the law? As it is written, 'God’s name is blasphemed among the Gentiles (non-Christians) because of you (Romans 2:17-24; italics added)
The Scripture puts the responsibility on the people of God,
If my people, who are called by my name, will humble themselves and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin and will heal their land (2 Chronicles 7:14).
If the land is in broken condition, it is not because the heathen are acting as heathen, but because the church is not acting as the church.
Verse 2:18 begins with “Then,” just like 2 Chronicles 7:14 above. If the people, the people of God, will turn to Him in true repentance, “Then the Lord will be jealous for his land and take pity on his people” (2:18). The prophet describes fourfold blessing as a result of their genuine repentance.
1. God will heal their land for their material abundance (2:18-27). The blessings are described in the same agricultural terms as the devastation because of the locusts described earlier. “I am sending you grain, new wine and oil, enough to satisfy you fully” (2:19). And, “The threshing floors will be filled with grain; the vats will overflow with new wine and oil … . You will have plenty to eat, until you are full … ” (2:24-26).
However, the emphasis is not on the material blessing; it is on the Lord Who provides the material blessings, on the relationship with and the knowledge of God, that provides the full satisfaction. It is the Lord Who is sending the grain and new wine (2:19): “Surely the Lord has done great things” (2:21). “Be glad, O people of Zion, rejoice in the Lord your God for he has given you autumn rains in righteousness” (2:23), and “You will praise the name of the Lord your God who has worked wonders for you; never again will my people be ashamed” (2:26).
The ultimate purpose of God for blessing His people is that they would want to know Him and grow in their relationships with Him. God says, I will bless you: “Then you will know that I am in Israel, that I am the Lord your God, and that there is no other; never again will my people be shamed” (2:27). The purpose of blessing and meeting all our needs overabundantly is not that we get into enjoying the gifts and forget the Giver, but that we would find our joy, our fulfillment, our satisfaction in Him alone, because, as David said, “You will fill me with joy in your presence, with eternal pleasures at your right hand” (Psalm 16:11).
Repentance, as defined in the English dictionary, usually means “to feel sorry or self-reproachful for what one has done or failed to do,” or “to feel sorry, contrite, or self-reproachful over an error, sin, etc.”282 However, when the prophets preached repentance, it was not always repentance of a particular sin in a person or community’s life. Repentance in the Old Testament does not always mean being sorry for a particular sin, because that word is used for God Himself (e.g., Genesis 6:6; Exodus 32:14; Psalm 106:45; Jeremiah 18:8, 10; etc.). The basic idea in repentance is to turn about, changing the course, making a U-turn, changing life goals and priorities. This is what the people of God, people who call themselves Christians, need to do today. Instead of running after the material things, they need to seek after the kingdom of God and His righteousness. Instead of finding happiness in the things of the world, they need to seek the true joy, fulfillment, and contentment in relationship with the Lord. The ultimate purpose of God for blessing us is that we seek Him and desire to know Him more and more and love and serve Him more and more.
2. God will pour out His Spirit for their universal spiritual restoration (2:28-32). After speaking about their material blessing because of their turning back to God, Joel speaks of their spiritual blessing. In the New Testament, Peter applied this to the outpouring of the Spirit at the beginning of the church (Acts 2:16-21). Paul applied 2:32 for the salvation available to all,
For there is no difference between Jew and Gentile – the same Lord is Lord of all and richly blesses all who call on him, for, Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved (Romans 10:12).
Although the ultimate fulfillment of this will be at the Second Coming of Christ, it already has been partially fulfilled, as all believers have the indwelling Spirit and can experience the fullness of the Spirit as they are filled with the Spirit in the sense that Paul speaks (Ephesians 5:17-20).
3. God will judge the wicked and establish His eternal Kingdom (3:1-21). Joel speaks of God’s wrath and ultimate punishment of all the nations that oppressed God’s people. They will be judged and ultimately destroyed, e.g., Edom. The wrath of God on the unbelieving nations is described as God’s trampling of the grapes in the winepress (3:13). As the Apostle John describes in the Book of Revelation,
The angel swung his sickle on the earth, gathered its grapes and threw them into the great winepress of God’s wrath. They were trampled in the winepress outside the city, and blood flowed out of the press, rising as high as the horses’ bridles for a distance of 1,600 stadia (180 miles) (Revelation 14: 19-20).
Then, the Kingdom of God will be established, and God’s unlimited blessings will flow to His people,
In that day the mountains will drip new wine, and the hills will flow with milk; all the ravines of Judah will run with water. A fountain will flow out of the Lord's house and will water the valley of acacias (3:18).
4. The ultimate blessing. The book ends with a note of the ultimate blessing, “The Lord dwells in Zion,” the Lord’s eternal presence with His people as described in Revelation:
And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Now the dwelling of God is with his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God. He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away” (Revelation 21:3-4).
However, for a Christian, a partial fulfillment of this blessing has already taken place, because “The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us” (John 1:14). We can enjoy the presence of the Lord in our life right now. We can experience His guidance, His provision, His abundant blessing in the sense that David talks in Psalm 23 right now. “Surely goodness and love will follow me all the days of my life, and I will dwell in the house of the Lord forever” (Psalm 23:6).
So, Joel begins with the devastation of the locusts and ends with the eternal blessing of the presence of the Lord with His people forever. Those who have trusted the Lord and committed their lives for His glory, and those who long to fellowship with Him and seek to know Him more and more, enjoy all these blessings right now.
Two of the oldest writing prophets, Obadiah and Joel, speak about the Second Coming and the millennial Kingdom without speaking about the first coming. Why? One of the reasons is that they did not have the full revelation, and they did not have the clear picture and the distinction between the two comings.
However, the more important reason is that, as Peter tells us, “It was revealed to them that they were not serving themselves but you” (1 Peter 1:12). And, as Paul writes, “These things happened to them as examples and were written down as warnings for us, on whom the fulfillment of the ages has come” (1 Corinthians 10:11). With the Cross and more than the Cross behind us, the Christian now needs the exhortation of the Second Coming of Christ and to be prepared to meet Him, which the Old Testament prophets provide more than anything else.
We look back to the cross with gratefulness for what God has done for us, and live a life that expresses that gratefulness, and look forward with boldness and great expectation to His Second Coming. Like Paul, every believer should be able to say near the end of his life,
I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith. Now there is in store for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, will award to me on that day--and not only me, but also to all who have longed for his appearing (2 Timothy 4:7-8).
281 This is the edited manuscript of a message delivered by Imanuel Christian, guest speaker at Community Bible Chapel, on August 5, 2001.
282 Webster’s New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition.
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This book reports on the results of the Australian Government's Values Education Program that illustrate the vital role played by relationships of care, trust and respect with teachers if students are to achieve both academically and more broadly.
Some revision of public schooling history is necessary to challenge the dominant mythology that public schools were established on the grounds of values-neutrality. In fact, those responsible for the foundations of public education in Australia were sufficiently pragmatic to know that its success relied on its charter being in accord with public sentiment. Part of the pragmatism was in convincing those whose main experience of education had been through some form of church-based education that state-based education was capable of meeting the same ends. Hence, the documents of the 1870s and 1880s that contained the charters of the various state and territory systems witness to a breadth of vision about the scope of education. Beyond the standard goals of literacy and numeracy, education was said to be capable of assuring personal morality for each individual and a suitable citizenry for the soon-to-be new nation. As an instance, the NSW Public Instr- tion Act of 1880 (cf. NSW, 1912), under the rubric of "religious teaching", stressed the need for students to be inculcated into the values of their society, including understanding the role that religious values had played in forming that society's legal codes and social ethics. The notion, therefore, that public education is part of a deep and ancient heritage around values neutrality is mistaken and in need of se- ous revision. The evidence suggests that public education's initial conception was of being the complete educator, not only of young people's minds but of their inner character as well.
Acknowledgements About the Contributors Introduction: Values Education - A Brief History to Today by Terry Lovat and Ron Toomey Chapter 1: Values Education and Quality Teaching: Two Sides of the Learning Coin by Terry Lovat Chapter 2: Perspectives from Research and Practice in Values Education by Neville Clement Chapter 3: Student Action Teams, Values Education and Quality Teaching and Learning - Case Study from Manningham Cluster, Victoria by Judith Chapman, Sue Cahill and Roger Holdsworth Chapter 4: Placing Values at the Centre of School Policy and Classroom Practice - Case Study at Modbury School, South Australia by Colin MacMullin and Lina Scalfino Chapter 5: Moving Values Beyond the Half Hour: Peer Leadership and School Vision - Case Study of Townsville Cluster, Queensland by Angela Hill and Malcolm Vick Chapter 6: Valuing Diversity in Children's Voice - Case Study of the Western Australian Cluster by Kathryn Netherwood, Jenny Buchanan, David Palmer, Laura Stocker and Barry Down Chapter 7: Values and Quality Teaching at West Kidlington School, UK by Neil Hawkes Chapter 8: A Perfect Match: Living Values Educational Program and Adventura City of Excellence School, USA by Kathy Shea and Katherine Murphy Chapter 9: The Double Helix of Quality Teaching and Values Education and Its Implications for the Professional Lifelong Learning of Teachers by Ron Toomey References Subject Index Author Index
Über den Autor
Terry Lovat is Professor of Education and Pro Vice-Chancellor at The University of Newcastle. He is chief investigator on the Australian Government Partnerships Project in Values Education with the Australian Council of Deans of Education, and is a consultant on several other Values Education projects funded by the Australian Government.
Ron Toomey is an Adjunct Professor in the Centre for Lifelong Learning at Australian Catholic University. He manages the Australian Council of Deans of Education Values Education Project as well as the research aspects of the Values Education Good Practice Schools Project for Curriculum Corporation Australia.
Presenting ground breaking research on the relationship of values education and quality teaching
The theory presented in this book is a truly international innovation based on the best educational research findings
Has impact on teaching and schooling across the globe
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An allergy is defined as a type of hypersensitivity caused by the extreme reaction of the immune system. Whenever the body encounters a specific allergen immunoglobulin E (IgE) that regulates the hyperactivity of white blood cells, it results in various forms of allergic and inflammatory responses.
Allergies can be caused by many things, such as foods, medicines, pet dander, insect bites and other seasonal allergens like grasses, molds, yeasts, weeds, pollens, smoke, etc. These will trigger the release of histamines in the bloodstream. The people who are experiencing the allergies, they suffer from certain symptoms like hives, rash, wheezing, sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes and throat, etc.
Never ever neglect the treatment for the allergies as this could lead to anaphylaxis, where you have difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, dizziness or even death.
Turmeric for Allergies:
Turmeric is a spice that belongs to the ginger family. It is a natural nutritional supplement that helps to cure many beauty and health problems, including allergies, due to the following properties:
- It contains curcumin, a compound that acts as a decongestant.
- It acts as an anti – histamine which helps in reducing the mast cell de-granulation or histamine – release.
- It can treat both tonic and acute allergies effectively.
- It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-bacterial properties that help to cure allergies and other health problems.
- Curcumin, when mixed with other effective herbs like licorice root or extract of boswellia, it becomes very effective in giving relief from immunological reaction to clear allergies.
- It acts as a natural leukotriene inhibitor for allergies, which is related to a particular form of allergic condition called bronchial asthma and other lung problems.
1. Turmeric Powder
- Turmeric powder
- Add a sufficient amount of turmeric powder to your foods while cooking.
- Like: milk, curries, fries, rice items, salads, etc.
- Include this turmeric regularly in your diet plan.
2. Turmeric Milk
This process is used to cure allergies and the itchy throat symptoms. Try this method regularly either in the morning or at night time.
- Turmeric powder – 1/2 teaspoon
- Boiled milk – 1 cup
- Black pepper
- Add turmeric powder, black pepper and honey to boiling milk.
- Stir well until the turmeric has mixed properly in the milk.
- Drink on an empty stomach or before going to bed.
- Regular intake of this turmeric milk for 2 – 3 times a day will help to clear the allergic reaction.
3. Turmeric Juice with Honey
The turmeric has anti – bacterial and anti – inflammatory properties that help to cure allergies, while honey helps to soothe the allergy infected areas.
- Turmeric juice – 1 teaspoon
- Honey – 2 tablespoons
- Mix turmeric juice and raw honey in a bowl.
- Consume a spoonful of this mixture.
- Consuming this mixture regularly until the allergy has gone.
This mixture has powerful anti – inflammatory property that helps a lot in removing the excess mucus, heals respiratory tissue and thus clears the allergic reaction in the body
- Powdered turmeric – 4 tablespoon
- Honey – 6 tablespoons
- Clean glass jar
- Mix powdered turmeric and raw organic honey until it forms a paste in a bowl.
- Consume a teaspoon of this mixture and store the rest in a clean glass jar for further use.
- Repeat 3 times a day.
4. Turmeric Paste
It is used to treat many beauty and health ailments including the allergies.
- Turmeric powder – 1/2 cup
- Water – 1 cup
- Air tight container
- Pour turmeric powder and water in a small saucepan over the stove.
- Stir it well until it becomes a smooth paste.
- Boil it while stirring frequently.
- Reduce the heat and allow the mixture to simmer until it thickens.
- Take off the heat and allow it to cool.
- Store in a container and keep refrigerated.
- Consume this by adding in fruit juices or any liquids.
- Regular consumption will yield better results over allergies.
5. Turmeric Tea
- Turmeric powder – 1 to 2 teaspoon
- Honey – 1 to 2 teaspoon
- Warm water – 1 cup
- Add turmeric powder to warm water and mix well.
- Add honey and stir it in.
- Drink this turmeric tea regularly to treat seasonal allergies.
6. Turmeric with Lemon and Honey
This process is exclusively used to treat sinus allergies and helps to relieve you from pain and the discomfort caused by sinus allergies due to its anti-inflammatory property.
- Turmeric root – 2 big pieces
- Lemon – 1
- Honey – 1 tablespoon
- Cayenne pepper – pinch
- Banana (optional)
- Blend turmeric roots to get ground turmeric.
- Add freshly squeezed lemon juice from a whole lemon.
- Add honey, cayenne pepper and a little of water.
- Stir well to make a turmeric smoothie.
- You can also add a piece of banana for additional taste.
- Drink this turmeric smoothie regularly to preventsinus allergies.
7. Turmeric with Sandalwood Paste
This process is used to treat facial swelling that can be caused by allergies.
- Turmeric powder
- Red Sandalwood
- Lukewarm water
- Add equal quantities of red sandalwood and turmeric powder into little water.
- Mix to make a fine paste.
- Apply on the face gently with your hand.
- Let it sit for about 30 – 40 minutes and then rinse off with lukewarm water.
- This process gives a soothing relief from redness, tenderness and swelling.
- Repeat regularly.
8. Turmeric with Lemon, Apple Cider Vinegar and Honey
- Ground turmeric – 1 tablespoon
- Lemon zest – 1 teaspoon
- Raw apple cider vinegar – 2 tablespoons
- Honey – 1/4 cup
- Black pepper
- Mortar and pestle
- Whisk ground turmeric in a mortar and pestle to make a fine powder.
- Place in a bowl and add raw honey, lemon zest, organic, unfiltered apple cider vinegar and a pinch of black pepper.
- Mix well until smooth.
- Consume a tablespoon of the mixture.
- Store the remaining mixture in an airtight container and keep refrigerated. It will last about a week.
- Alternatively, mix a tablespoon of turmeric mixture in 12 – 16 ounces of warm water and drink.
- Or add a tablespoon of turmeric mixture in your smoothies.
- You can also take a teaspoon of paste and spread it on the top of the toast.
- Continue daily to get complete relief from the allergies and boost immune system.
9. Turmeric with Olive Oil and Water
- Turmeric powder – 1 to 2 teaspoons
- Olive oil – 1/4 teaspoon
- Water – 1 glass
- Black pepper powder
- Mix turmeric powder and olive oil to water.
- Add a pinch of black pepper powder and mix all ingredients together.
- Consume this daily to get relief from the seasonal allergies and asthma.
11. Turmeric Water
- Turmeric – 1 teaspoon
- Water – 8 oz glass
- Add pure organic turmeric powder to water.
- Stir well and drink regularly.
- You can also take vitamin C enriched fruits and vegetables to enhance the immune system.
Turmeric Supplements for Allergies:
You can also take turmeric in supplement forms like capsules or pills to get rid of seasonal allergies. Most people take 500 mg of turmeric capsules once a day on a regular basis to clear up the problem. Make sure to consult your doctor before taking these capsules. You can also use this in tinctures, smoothies or drink with nut milk.
Tips and Precautions:
- Avoid using turmeric milk if you’re allergic to dairy products. Use soy milk as a replacement.
- Sprinkle black pepper on turmeric recipes to assimilate turmeric more effectively.
- Make sure to check if turmeric is suited for your skin and body, as some people are allergic to turmeric.
- Turmeric can causes stains on both clothes and body.
- Make sure to consult your doctor before using these methods as the U.S Food and Drug Administration has not regulated these herbal remedies for treating allergies.
Consult the herbal practitioner or your doctor before using turmeric for allergy treatment to know about the dosage and the timing along with your present health condition for more effective results.
Do you know any other turmeric methods for allergy treatment? Then feel free to share your experience with us.
Hi everyone, this is Rajee!
I live the beautiful city of Baltimore, where my husband works.
I’m from India. I have been visiting India on and off for past few years and my mom was an inspiration for me to start this site. She has a wealth of knowledge on home remedies for a large number of health problems, and we grew up in an environment where frequent visits to the doctor just wasn’t logistically or financially feasible.
Despite this, she managed to raise a family of healthy kids, and my goal here at Home Remedies for Life is to pass on some of her knowledge of natural remedies.
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Although Wales spans just 8,000 square miles, it once possessed four hundred castles – that is one castle for every 20 square miles – earning it the title ‘Castle Capital of the World’.
One hundred of these medieval castles are still standing today. They vary from those that have been fully or partially restored to those that can be explored as ruins.
A walk through history
Wales, with its castles, is the perfection destination for those who wish to immerse themselves in the past, and experience the settings of power struggles, and royal intrigue during The Middle Ages and the English Civil War.
Raglan Castle: Begun in the 1430s, which was rather late for castle building in the Middle Ages, Raglan Castle was built for show rather than battle in mind. Still it held off parliamentarian forces for thirteen weeks in one of the last sieges of the Civil War. The castle was eventually taken and destroyed by parliament although enough remains to still be imposing.
Dinefwr Park and Castle: Dating back to the 12th century Dinefwr Castle possesses a majestic hilltop location above the Tywi valley. The site of the castle and park is forever associated with the Princes of Deheubarth, the kingdom in south-west Wales. In this stunning location, you can stroll among the deer as you explore the castle’s ruins.
Laugharne Castle: Built in the 13th century by the de Brian family, probably atop an earlier Norman ringwork castle, the ruins of Laughrane Castle look out over the Taf Estuary. The castle once provided inspiration to the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, who spent time in the castle’s summerhouse while working on poems and short stories.
Caernarfon Castle: A mighty fortress of polygonal towers, King Edward I created Caernarfon Castle, one of the most impressive Welsh castles, on the original site of a Norman motte and bailey castle, and before that a Roman fort. The birth of Edward I’s son in 1284 in the castle marked the instigation of the first English Prince of Wales, and a means by which Edward I displayed his royal supremacy in Wales. In 1969 the current Prince of Wales, HRH Prince Charles’s investiture took place at Caernarfon Castle.
Caerphilly Castle: The largest castle in Wales, this stone behemoth is surrounded by a series of moats and watery islands. Today, it offers panoramic views of the lush Welsh landscape.
Conwy Castle: Set against the mountains of Snowdonia, Conwy Castle looks like it came straight out of a fairy tale. Built for Edward I, by Master James of St George, the castle is amongst the finest surviving medieval fortifications in Britain.
Powis Castle and Garden: Powis Castle is set high on a rock overlooking its celebrated gardens laid out in French and Italian styles and overhung with clipped yews, and sheltering rare plants. There is also a deer park before you enter the castle’s opulent galleries and encounter the richly – designed staircases inside.
Cilgerran Castle: This Norman castle offers a great view of the River Teifi, which also provided it with a natural defence.
Chirk Castle: Both the interior and exterior of Chirk Castle are still in good condition since it is the last castle of its kind still lived in today. The castle is situated on the Welsh / English border as a final and stark statement of English supremacy by King Edward I. An exploration of its opulent interior provides an insight into how the gentry lived in days gone by.
Why not immerse yourself in the age of chivalry and stay in some of Wales’ most romantic castles?
Castell Coch: Located a few miles outside of Cardiff, Castell Coch (Red Castle) is a nineteenth century Gothic Revival castle surrounded by lush countryside. Its beautiful interiors provides the quintessential romantic setting. The perfect castle within which to profess true love!
Ruthin Castle: One of seven castles in Denbighshire, Ruthin Castle is a 700-year-old structure that has been converted into a hotel. A beautiful retreat, nestled in stunning countryside, Ruthin Castle is the dream setting for the perfect wedding.
Brecon Castle: Originally built in 1038 Brecon Castle is now a hotel, possibly the oldest hotel in Wales. Overlooking both the River Honddu, and the River Usk, its picturesque setting makes it the perfect romantic destination for all couples.
Contact us to know more about Welsh castles. Depending on your interests, we can customize a guided tour through Wales for you, one that takes you through scenic Welsh castles that are rich in history. You will be chauffeured in a luxury vehicle, so you can enjoy your trip in style.
Call 800.832.1848 or 212.757.5797 to talk to one of our destination experts or browse our itineraries here and start planning your trip today.
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Handheld XRF guns have become the instrument of choice for soils analysis when characterizing, remediating and monitoring contaminated soil sites. With just 30-60 seconds per sample, fast, accurate data can be obtained in hours rather than weeks, ensuring that your project meets its deadline and does not go over budget. XRF is nondestructive. Sampling density is the key factor in profiling contamination. Best practice includes sending 5% of these very same samples analyzed with the XRF in the field to the lab for confirmation.
Send us a message now to find out now how Bruker’s S1 TITAN can save you time and money on your site characterization or remediation project!
The S1 TITAN is compliant with the following regulations and protocols:
- For expediting site characterization, remediation and managing decision uncertainty, handheld XRF is a critical tool in the TRIAD Approach
- EPA Method 6200. Analyze all 26 elements and more, from Magnesium (Mg) to Uranium (U)
- Analyze all 8 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Ag and Hg
- Of the 13 Priority Pollutant metals in soil, 12 can be easily detected with field portable XRF (FPXRF) guns, namely Antimony (Sb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni), Selenium (Se,) Silver (Ag), Thallium (Tl) and Zinc (Zn) (the exception being Beryllium (Be)).
Archeometric Soil Analysis Soil Lab Alternative Mineral Lab
How to Test Soil
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The Home Ranch
The house that stands here was built by a family that played an important role in the growth and shaping of Carson Valley, Nevada. Heinrich Friedrich Dangberg was only eighteen when he came to America in 1848. He came west in 1856, where he built a log cabin, cleared and irrigated his landclaim, and married Margaret Ferris, the daughter of a noted American family. A self-made man, his hard work, foresight and leadership lead to prosperity and influence. The cabin grew into a house as he and Maggie raised five children, who inherited one of the largest ranches in western Nevada. In 1902, the family formed the Dangberg Land and Livestock Co. and over the next few decades the second generation expanded the family’s holdings to almost 50,000 acres supporting cattle and sheep production, along with vegetable crops and other products. In 1905, the family founded the town of Minden and there, in partnership with other ranchers, established several businesses focused on agriculture, banking and a hotel. Today, the Dangberg Home Ranch Historic Park preserves this essential chapter in Nevada’s history.
The Family and the Collection
Four generations of Dangbergs lived at the Home Ranch, and they each help in understanding the changes that occur in the histories of American ranching families. They also left a fascinating collection of artifacts, photographs and documents dating from the early 19th century all the way to 1990. Many of these connect with daily life in Carson Valley, and many others show the family’s private lives.
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Little black ants are common in wooded areas. In yards, they nest under rocks, in rotting logs, and under piles of bricks or lumber. Indoors, nests are located in woodwork, wall voids, decaying wood, masonry, and behind facades.
Size: These are typically large ants up to 5/8-inch long. Carpenter ant queens are about 3/4-inch in length, while the males are smaller at 1/2-inch.
Color: Their color varies from black, brown & black, red and black, to light brown depending on the species. The two most common pest species are black in color.
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Module 9: The Old Testament Witness to Christ and His Kingdom
Lesson 1: The Promise Given Lesson 2: The Promise Clarified Lesson 3: The Promise Personalized Lesson 4: The Promise Universalized
The Spirit-breathed Scriptures are anchored on the witness of Jesus of Nazareth. He and he alone provides unity, continuity, and coherence to both the Old and New Testaments, and no one can claim a holistic or accurate view of the Bible without him being central in all phases of exegesis. He is the Bibleís theme (John 5.39-40). In this module we trace some of the significant markers of the OTís witness to Messiah, and see how those markers provide us with a strong handle on the meaning of the entirety of Scripture.
In the lessons included in this volume we examine the relationship of the Old Testament to the New Testament through the idea of progressive revelation, as well as consider how the events, institutions, and persons of the OT represent an analogy where we can understand the larger relationship of God with all of the redeemed through Jesus Christ. Specifically, we will study key character types in the OT with Jesus' roles as a prophet (Moses), priest (Melchizedek), and king (David). Finally, we consider the nature and scope of OT Messianic prophecy as it relates to providing us with a clear witness to Jesus of Nazareth as the fulfillment of the promised Christ and his coming Kingdom.
The Spirit-breathed Scripture is anchored on the witness of Jesus of Nazareth. He and he alone provides unity, continuity, and coherence to both the Old and New Testaments, and no one can claim a holistic or accurate view of the Bible without him being central in all phases of exegesis. He is the Bibleís theme (John 5.39-40). In this module we trace some of the significant markers of the OTís witness to Messiah, and see how those markers provide us with a strong handle on the meaning of the entirety of Scripture.
In our first lesson, The Promise Given, we will examine the relationship of the Old Testament to the New Testament through the idea of progressive revelation. We will look at the complimentary connections which exist in the OT and NT as they relate to the person of Christ and his Kingdom, and consider the unique motif of promise and fulfillment, and how this integrates and makes one the teaching of Scripture on the person of Jesus Christ. This unity of truth is seen in Godís marvelous promise to send a redeemer to humanity through whom Godís enemy would be destroyed, and humankind would be redeemed. In the protoevangelium (i.e., the first telling of the Gospel in Genesis 3.15), through the covenant promise of Abraham and its extensions we see how the Messianic hope is the unifying principle of the OT and the joyous fulfillment of the New, all finding their climax in the person of Jesus Christ. He is both the seed of the woman and the seed of Abraham.
In lesson two, The Promise Clarified, we explore the biblical typology that reveals how the experience of Israel, the descendants of Abraham and the people of God, represent an analogy where we can understand the larger relationship of God with all of the redeemed through Jesus Christ. We will look at the roles of types and analogies in our study of Scripture, and explore four distinct moments within Israelís history which can help us understand the OT essentially as a witness to Christ and his kingdom reign (i.e., the Exodus, the conquest of Canaan, the entering into the Promised Land, and the restoration of Israel from the Babylonian Captivity). In this lesson we will also see further how the OT provides witness to Christ in the OT sacrificial system. Jesus of Nazareth is the substance and fulfillment of the Tabernacle, the Levitical Priesthood, the Temple sacrifices, and the feasts and festivals of Israel. In a real way, all of these personages, events, and institutions prefigure the person and work of Jesus Christ as the fulfillment of Godís promise to Abraham.
Lesson three focuses on The Promise Personalized, whose aim is to see how many of the character types in the OT point to and illustrate the ministry of Jesus Christ in the NT. We will explore the types in the OT which point to Jesusí roles as a prophet, priest, and king, considering Moses as a type of Christ in his prophetic role, Melchizedek as a type of Christ in his priestly order, and David as a type of Christ in his role as King of Godís people. We will also look at several cases of character types which deserve special mention because of their significance in understanding Christís role as head of humanity, redeemer of his kinsmen, and warrior in Godís conquest. These characters represent the person of Adam, Joseph, and Joshua. In these figures the promise of God for redemption and restoration are made personal and visible for all to see.
Finally, we will close our module with lesson four, The Promise Universalized. Here we will consider the nature and scope of OT Messianic prophecy as it relates to providing us with a clear OT witness to Christ and his Kingdom. We will provide the rationale of OT Messianic prophecy, and quickly outline the OT Messianic predictions which are repeated in the NT, specifically predictions fulfilled in Jesus Christ concerning his birth, his person and life, his death, his resurrection, and coming glory. We will also consider the significant issue of how God has extended the promise and blessings of Abraham, a promise extended in the apostlesí teaching, to include all peoples. We will also look carefully at the OT predictions about the Messiah in Acts and the Epistles, and a picture will emerge for usĖthat God Almighty, the true and living God, has not only fulfilled his promise for salvation to Abraham, but he has also included Gentiles in that salvation.
No greater work can be done on earth than becoming a workman or work woman of the Lord in regard to his sacred text: "Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a worker who has no need to be ashamed, rightly handling the word of truth" (2 Tim. 2.15). The accurate handling of the text demands a Christo-centric orientation that discovers and cherishes the OT witness to Jesus Christ. My sincere desire is that the Holy Spirit will reveal to you the glory and majesty of the picture of Jesus in the OT text, and that this picture will transform us, even as Paul suggests: "And we all, with unveiled face, beholding the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from one degree of glory to another. For this comes from the Lord who is the Spirit" (2 Cor. 3.18).
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Editorial: What is 'automation' and will it affect me?
Automation: it might be the buzz word of 2017. But what does it really mean?
To be honest, there are a number of applications for the term, and in different industries automation can mean very different things.
Is it a robot? Kind of. Is it a process? In some instances, yes. But generally, automation is the blending of technology within our lives, in a way that mimics and starts to understand human behaviour.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines automation as “The use or introduction of automatic equipment in a manufacturing or other process or facility.” But that might be a little narrow as, in the tech world, automation is moving quickly into the realm of artificial intelligence, with makes the OED’s version seem a little ‘dumb’.
Here is a quick user’s guide to automation in 2017.
1. Email and marketing
Here, automation is very much centred around campaigns. Software is now smart enough to know if you’ve opened and email and whether you’ve engaged with a service.
A great example might be a gym. The system knows that it’s been six months since you last swiped your membership card at the front desk.
Accumulated data shows that (maybe) 68% of members who have not visited in 90 days will attempt to cancel their membership. The system auto-generates an email to lures you back – say with a 50% discount on a massage.
When you return to the gym, the system loads your discount into the POS system at very the moment you swipe your card at the entry. You work out, enjoy a rub, and feel refreshed and committed to your membership.
This shows the depth at which the software can work to anticipate human behaviours and protect the revenue of the business. Similar systems exist in online retail (prompting you on items you may have left in a cart before deciding not to purchase), or sending targeted ‘specials’ based on your shopping behaviour (through campaigns such as ‘Fly Buys’)
2. Home assistants
These objects are an extension of the personal assistant that resides on your phone (the most famous being ‘Siri’). The idea is that home assistants are always-on-always-listening to give you quick responses to requests such as “What’s the temperature today?” or “Play me 10 tracks by Lorde” or “Find a recipe for pavlova.”
How comfortable you feel about having an internet-connected speaker constantly eavesdropping on the activities in your home is entirely up to you. Given the fallout of the Snowdon leak, some customers may not be excited to invite the NSA directly into their living room.
What’s clear is that these devices are going to provide a hub for the Internet of Things that is beginning to encroach into our homes. You will shortly be able to set heating and cooling levels, turn on lights or activate the oven from your smartphone and via one of these units.
In this context, automation is about personalisation and comfort. The machines will learn about you and your habits, come to understand different people’s needs simply from the sound of their voice, and adapt the surroundings to suit.
3. The White Collar impact
Since the days of Henry Ford, blue collar workers have felt the constant threat of robots taking their jobs. However, it’s proved difficult to produce a robot that can efficiently lay brings or laying electrical cable through a new building.
Where the big changes are happening is at the top end of town.
Billions of financial transactions occur every minute (Wall Street effectively runs on a series of algorithms), JP Morgan can now do in seconds the same amount of work that legal aides used to take hundreds of thousands of hours to complete.
Lawyers are next in the firing line – the argument being that, once all precedents are loaded into an algorithm, decisions should be rapid and reasonably accurate. The Courts might find themselves to simply be a place for review in rare cases where the decision is not as refined. But, once reviewed, the decision is returned to the algorithm in order to improve the next similar decision.
The savings and efficiencies for these sorts of businesses and institutions are massive. In 20 years’ time, what it means to be a lawyer or an accountant be something very to what it does today
These are just three examples of how automation is changing the way that we work and play. While there is plenty of hype in this area, the idea of having the fridge order your groceries for the week still feels as unlikely as a truly paperless office.
Autonomous cars are a great example of how lives can be improved through progress. Safety improves, environmental impact is lessened, and time is saved - all through implementing automation to a traditionally manual process.
Technology is a balancing act. The art is in manging the space between what is possible and what is actually wanted. All you really need to know is that the future is arriving a lot faster than you can imagine.
Have you considered taking your product or service to an overseas market
The National Press Club is holding a Local Gin Degustation dinner on Sat
Join Jayne Hrdlicka, president and chair of Tennis Australia, and Louise
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Francis Bacon's New Organon, published in 1620, was revolutionary in its attempt to give formal philosophical shape to a new and rapidly emerging experimental science. It challenged the entire edifice of the philosophy and learning of Bacon's time, and left its mark on all subsequent discussions of scientific method. This volume presents a new translation of the text into modern English by Michael Silverthorne, together with an introduction by Lisa Jardine that sets the work in the context of Bacon's scientific and philosophical activities.
Back to top
Rent Francis Bacon 1st edition today, or search our site for Francis textbooks. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Cambridge University Press.
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Most sound practitioners know that low-frequency wavelengths are much longer than high-frequency wavelengths. But because we can’t see them, to what level do we really understand them?
This is an important subject because understanding the nature of wavelengths can aid in optimally setting up and operating the various types of sound systems that most of us come in contact with.
Let’s look at the physical differential between low frequencies and high frequencies. They are quite radical, in the sense that we do not often encounter such a degree of variance in other fields.
A 20 Hz wavelength is about 60 feet long, or 720 inches. A 20 kHz wavelength is 0.055 feet long, or 0.66 inches. That’s an enormous differential, a ratio of 1091:1, or three orders of magnitude.
What does the length of a wave really mean? In two words, a lot. Sound travels at the relatively low speed of approximately 760 miles per hour in air, compared to light, which travels at approximately 671 million miles per hour.
A long, low-frequency wavelength requires some time to propagate, which means that it must first develop in the atmosphere before the sonic energy can be perceived as a note or tone. A 20 Hz wavelength takes 1/20th of a second to propagate, which is equal to 50 milliseconds.
By contrast, a short, high-frequency wavelength takes very little time to propagate and become audible, and can do so in small spaces, whereas a low-frequency wavelength needs adequate space in which to develop. This is why studio control rooms and other critical listening environments, particularly those that are on the smaller side, will often use bass traps to even out the bass response. Bass traps are acoustic energy absorbers designed to dampen low-frequency energy in order to provide a flatter, more even, low-frequency room response by reducing LF resonances.
Low-frequency (above) and high-frequency waves.
When low frequencies propagate into an echoic room, which describes all rooms that have reflective surfaces, they generate standing waves. Standing waves are pressure nodes created when a sound wave reflected from a wall collides with the direct sound from the loudspeaker. At some frequencies the reflections will reinforce the direct sound, creating an increase in level, while at other frequencies the reflections cancel the direct sound, thereby lowering the level.
One or more bass traps, often located in the corners of the room for maximum effectiveness, will absorb the LF energy rather than let it reflect outward. Non-parallel walls and an angled ceiling can also help reduce standing waves. Incidentally, one reason that early trapezoidal loudspeaker enclosures were developed was to reduce internal cancellations. Within limits, the trapezoidal shape does exhibit certain advantages.
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Assessment is an integral part of all teaching and learning. At All Souls, we aim to ensure that:
- Every child knows how they are doing, what they need to do next to improve and have an understanding of how to get there.
- Our teachers are well equipped to make accurate judgements about pupils’ attainment and progress and to use this information to plan the next steps in each child’s learning journey.
- We have put in place a structured and systematic assessment system for making regular, useful and accurate assessments of pupils and their progress.
During the course of each term, pupils are assessed in a variety of different ways.
- In every lesson, there will be on-going, formative assessment of the children’s learning which helps to move them forward. Formative assessment is integral to the teaching and learning at All Souls as it informs our lesson planning and identifies the next steps children need to take in order to improve.
- Assessment for learning is part of this process; pupils will make the greatest improvements if they understand the aim of their learning, where they are in relation to this aim and what they need to demonstrate in order to improve.
- Summary assessments such as spelling tests, times tables tests and end of topic tests which measure each pupils’ attainment at that particular point after a period of learning.
At All Souls there are 3 Assessment Points (AP) in the year (November, March, May/July) where all the assessment information is gathered and recorded in order to enable tracking of attainment and progress of individual pupils and groups of pupils. This information is used to set new targets for improvement and to identify any pupils who may require extra support with their learning in the following term.
Teachers meet termly with a member of the Senior Leadership Team to discuss assessment and progress in their class. Termly parent meetings also take place after each AP so that parents receive regular updates and information on their child’s learning.
At the end of EYFS, KS1 and KS2 the pupils are assessed under statutory national frameworks. In EYFS, all these assessments are based on pupil observations collated over the course of their time in EYFS. In KS1 and KS2 a combination of teacher assessment and testing takes place. Children in Y1 also participate in a the national phonics screening programme.
Marking and Feedback
As part of our assessment process children at All Souls receive regular feedback, either verbally through discussion and conferencing, or visually through marking of their written work. Work that demonstrates the pupil is meeting the objectives of the task is marked with a yellow high lighter. Occasionally adults will use a pink highlighter for errors, especially if it is for something the child should be working on to improve. Improvement points, or next step marking, may be made at the end of a piece of work in green pen.
Children may sometimes mark their own work (in a blue pen) and they will complete any responses to marking in blue too.
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Thinking about the future in decision making and planning processes is critical. In this article we look at one of the best tools to do this: Scenario planning.
Thinking about the future reveals many questions
When we think about how our own lives will change in the future, it is full of uncertainties. Missed or taken opportunities. Unexpected offers. Then turning of the years brings with it new challenges and benefits.
But when we think about how a city will develop, it is the tale of all of its inhabitants. How will they live? Where will they work? And how will they get there?
These are a few of the more obvious questions related to urban development. The answers are a mixing pot of an individual’s choices. They are choices based on many things including:
- the region’s economic development
- migration rates
- policy decisions.
When we put all these factors together, the future starts becoming uncertain.
“The more likely future isn’t.” – Herman Kahn
This quote (1967) summarises the challenges of considering the future. When we forecast for the ‘most likely’ future, we know that the future won’t turn out to be the ‘most likely’. A memo by Lin Wells (of the Pentagon) in 2000 to Donald Rumsfeld summarised the challenges of prediction in regards to defence planning. He concluded with,
‘All of which is to say that I’m not sure what 2010 will look like, but I’m sure that it will be very little like we expect, so we should plan accordingly.’
But how do we plan ‘accordingly’?
In the Intelligent Water Decisions Research Group, we use several methods for attacking challenges to infrastructure or strategic planning.
For infrastructure problems, we look to develop robust or adaptive systems. Those systems must be capable of reaching their performance requirement under various future conditions. An example is the article here by Jeff Newman on the optimisation of water systems.
For broader strategic challenges we help by developing exploratory scenarios. We see how they can be integrated into scenario planning approaches.
Exploratory scenarios begin with the question, what could happen? The exploration of the future is based on two things. The first is a consideration of the main drivers of a system. The second is plotting out various coherent timelines for each driver. We use the latter to create diverse, and creative but plausible futures of a system.
Scenario plannning: Adelaide’s five cities of 2050
We recently developed and delivered a scenario process with members of South Australia’s State Mitigation Advisory Group. This group advises cabinet on a range of natural and man-made hazards. The process involved a series of workshops. It was developed andfacilitated by members of IWDG. We developed five scenarios for Greater Adelaide in 2050.
The scenarios mapped out various drivers and how they would interact. They showed how risk would change over the next 35 years. See a recent article in Fire Australia on some of the work.
How the scenarios worked
The scenarios were built on two questions. The first was how effective mitigation policies would be. The second was how resilient the community would be. Framing the exploration of the future on these questions allowed the scenarios to focus on the policy responses available to government.
The process used an integrated model that we developed with our colleagues in the Netherlands, RIKS. The model allowed five stories of the future to be translated to quantitative inputs. Using this model, we also explored how various land uses and developments progressed over the time period. It considered how these developments would impact on future risk. (You can learn more about this by reading my previous article, which was on the importance of including exposure in risk assessments).
The importance of considering the future in decision making and planning processes is critical. Scenario planning is a great tool to use for considering the strategic challenges faced by governments and private companies. The process is valuable because it brings stakeholders together in complex decision-making environments. Yet it also the parties involved to build trust and consensus.
To explore how a scenario planning process could help you in your work, please contact me at [email protected].
This article was written by Graeme Riddell and was originally published in Intelligent Water Decisions.
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The Children's Interactive Story of Art The Essential Guide to the World's Most Famous Artists and Paintings, by Hodge, Susie
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781783121304 | 1783121300
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 4/5/2016
Showcasing the world-famous collection of paintings housed in London’s National Gallery, this engaging introductory guide provides a first look at art, as well as an unprecedented interactive experience through a free app that allows kids to create their own virtual gallery at home. Although it touches upon a wide range of works, the heart of the book focuses on the movements and artists of the Western European tradition between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. Each spread is filled with glorious images of famous paintings and informative, bite-sized chunks of text that enhance understanding of each painting’s historical and cultural impact. “Did you know?” and “Art Lesson” feature boxes appear throughout to offer an extra level of information that includes art theory, fun facts, and projects.
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Updated advice on duration of treatment for common infections
Prevention of development and spreading of antimicrobial resistance remains a global health priority. It should be achieved by improving awareness of the problem, strengthening knowledge through surveillance and assessment, reducing the incidence of infections, and optimising the use of antimicrobial agents (1). Numerous resources, toolkits and pieces of guidance have been developed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Public Health England (PHE), Royal Colleges and other bodies to support governments, health organisations and prescribers in tackling the problem of antimicrobial resistance (2).
The latest Medicines Evidence Commentary published by NICE in June this year concentrates on the duration of antimicrobial treatment for the most common infections treated in thecommunity. Despite published guidance, a recent study that looked at prescribing data from over 900,000 consultations in England between 2013 and 2015 found that the majority of cases resulted in overprescribing of treatment. More than 80% of prescriptions for the most common infections like acute cough and bronchitis, acute sore throat, acute otitis media and acute exacerbations of COPD were issued for a longer duration than recommended (3).
In the past, it was thought that longer antibiotic treatment would prevent development of resistance as the main concern was with the microorganism causing the infection. The more recent approach shifts focus to the resistance developing in the common commensal bacteria as longer exposure may lead to selection of resistant strains with greater risk of resistance in future infections. Excess use of antibiotics is also associated with increased risk of side effects such as diarrhoea, rash, thrush and C. Difficile infections, as well as increased cost and waste (2).
NICE and PHE have jointly published antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for a range of common infection topics, which include recommendations on the choice, dosage and course length of antibiotics. The guidance reminds prescribers to use the shortest effective course (4).
The current recommendations for duration of antimicrobial treatment (where appropriate) for the most common indications is summarised in Figure 1 (see below).
NICE has also published guidance on antimicrobial stewardship which aims to change prescribing practice and advise practitioners, carers and the general public to protect current antibiotics and ensure their effectivity for the future (5).
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Japanese scientists produce first 3D-bioprinted, marbled Wagyu beef
The world of lab-grown meats is fast filling with all kinds of tasty bites, from burgers, to chicken breasts, to a series of increasingly complex cuts of steak. Expanding the scope of cultured beef are scientists from Japan's Osaka University, who have leveraged cutting-edge bioprinting techniques to produce the first lab-grown "beef" that resembles the marbled texture of the country's famed Wagyu cows.
From humble beginnings that resembled soggy pork back in 2009, to the classic steaks and rib-eyes we've seen pop up in the last few years, lab-grown meat has come along in leaps and bounds. The most sophisticated examples use bioprinting to "print" living cells, which are nurtured to grow and differentiate into different cell types, ultimately building up into the tissues of the desired animal.
The Osaka University team used two types of stem cells harvested from Wagyu cows as their starting point, bovine satellite cells and adipose-derived stem cells. These cells were incubated and coaxed into becoming the different cell types needed to form individual fibers for muscle, fat and blood vessels. These were then arranged into a 3D stack to resemble the high intramuscular fat content of Wagyu, better known as marbling, or sashi in Japan.
In a technique inspired by the production of bite-sized Japanese Kintaro-ame candy, these stacks were then sliced in a perpendicular direction to produce cuts of lab-grown beef. The process allows for a high degree of customization within the complex meat structure, in this case allowing the scientists to recreate the famous texture of Wagyu, but potentially opening the door to cultured meat with highly controllable amounts of fat.
“By improving this technology, it will be possible to not only reproduce complex meat structures, such as the beautiful sashi of Wagyu beef, but to also make subtle adjustments to the fat and muscle components,” senior author Michiya Matsusaki says.
It certainly sounds promising, especially if it ends up tasting like the real thing and costing the environment, and the consumer, less. Time will tell.
The research was published in the journal Nature Communications.
Source: Osaka University via EurekAlert
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Wednesday, February 18, 2015
Canada's Languages Mapped
You might be surprised to learn that in the far north of Canada, in the Northwest Territories, the most spoken language (after French and English) is Arabic.
The 10 and 3 has mapped the most prevalent languages, besides French and English, spoken in Canadian homes. Using data from the 2011 census the site has mapped the most prevalent non-official languages in each census division.
Canada’s Far-Flung Language Enclaves shows the results of the analysis on a Google Map. The map colors each census division by the most prevalent language. You can mouse-over each division on the map to view the percentage of the population which speaks the most prevalent language (after French & English).
Using data from the 2011 Canadian census CBC has mapped Quebec's English speakers.
The Where are Quebec's Anglos? map shows the number of people in Quebec's census districts who self-indentify as Anglophone. Users can select from regions in the map sidebar to zoom the map to specific locations. The map displays a heat map of census results showing where English was given as the mother tongue or the language most used at home.
The highest density of English speakers (although small in total population) seems to be among the hardy folk living on the Côte-Nord.
Global News has also used the language data from the 2011 Canadian census to create mapped visualizations of the leading mother tongues by census tract in a number of cities.
The Google Map for each city allows users to view the percentage of different language speakers in each census tract. The maps also include other census topics, such as age, gender and the number of children.
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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A Linnean genus of Procellariidæ, or petrels, formerly conterminous with the family, later variously restricted, now usually confined to the very small black-and-white species known as Mother Carey's chickens, as P. pelagica, the stormy petrel: in this restricted sense synonymous with Thalassidroma of Vigors. See cut under petrel.
- n. type genus of the Procellariidae
“During these periods, I have been for hours watching the motions of the "stormy petrel" (_procellaria pelagica_), called by sailors, "mother Carey's chickens.”
“One of these was the _procellaria maxima_ (the _quebrantahuessos_), and the other, which was little more than half the size, seemed to be of the”
“(_procellaria glacialis_,) and shearwaters, (_procellaria puffinus_,) and not unfrequently saw shoals of grampusses sporting about, which the”
Looking for tweets for procellaria.
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A tree with a circumference of 47 metres beggars belief.
But it exists. Sitting, squat and stout in Modjadjiskloof in Limpopo Province, South Africa, it has a still more incredible facet to its existence: it is reputed to be 6,000 years old. You can take a look inside here.
The baobab tree is one of nature’s metaphors. Humans and trees have always had an affinity; we each have trunks, and we are but a skip, and jump and a myth away from trees which move around. As Dunsinane Woods would prove. Look at their branches: and then take a look at the human lung. With trees, we share the very way we breathe.
We share alveoli. Nature has put a tree upside down inside us, close to the heart of our being.
So it is little wonder that the baobab, with its extraordinary longevity and great strong, stable stem, has become an emblem in the new South Africa.
The order of the Baobab, created to be awarded by the President of South Africa, was instituted in 2002. It is awarded to South African citizens for distinguished service in business and the economy, science, medicine and technological innovation, and community service.
Trees weave their branches through our mythology, as they do through our lives and thoughts. The Greeks told stories of humans pursued by gods who sought refuge by coming trees – Daphne escaped from Apollo in just such a way. The Japanse had the gods dig up and decorate a sakaki tree, to tempt the goddess Amaterasu to come out of the cave, look at her reflection, and restore light to the world. And many of us, right now, have one in our main reception room, hung with glittering glass.
The World Heritage List of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) contains several sacred forests: the Aboriginal forests in Queensland, the Forest of the Cedars of God in Lebanon; the sacred forests of the mountain rice terraces of Luzon, in the Phillipines.
Trees R us. They breathe in what we breathe out. We are intertwined by the very gases which swirl around this globe. Their stems are our stems.
And in the fourth lesson from Nine Lessons and Carols, there is the tree once again. And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a branch shall grow out of his roots.
A story does not ever get firmer roots than that of a tree. It begins with something tiny and small and helpless, and grows into something mighty, and living, and stout, and wide, and breathing.
As this holiday season begins, whatever creed we are, there will be some tree or other in our traditions. Over the next weeks, may you stretch out your legs beneath its mythical wide branches.
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People often ask me how to instill the principles that Sandy and I teach in their children. However, first I want you to be clear about one thing Your kids will buy what you're selling when you are living what youre selling. Your children may do what you tell them to do; however, ultimately they end up modeling your behavior.
Harvest the good
Teach your kids to harvest the good in everything they encounter.
Let them know that there’s good in EVERY situation. Tell them their job is to look for it. The more they look for good, the more they’ll find.
Children get it much faster than adults if …
… the adults learn to give them the right information.
Whether the child is 3, 6, 12, or 17, you can talk to them the same way you’d talk to me. The only differences are their experience and their vocabulary. You’ve got to make sure that you use words and situations that they understand and relate to.
For instance, if you’re talking to a 4-year-old who is anxious about a future event, you might suggest that they close their eyes and look into the future and come up with something they’d really like to happen. Get them to engage their imagination because it is so rich at that age. Then, you might encourage them by saying that the two of you can work together to make it—or something similar—happen.
This kind of approach is very effective for young children; however, when they get older and go to school they’re taught not to daydream or fantasize. So you’d need to take another approach with a 7- or 15-year-old.
3-Year-Old with a Poor Self-Image
Before the child goes to sleep at night, put your hands on her and repeat things that will help her develop a better self-image.
Here are a few examples of things you might say:
I am so happy and grateful now that everyone likes me.
I am so happy and grateful now that I am good at everything I do.
I am so happy and grateful now that I am smart.
As you repeat the statement(s) over and over, try to get your child to repeat them back to you.
This method is very effective because you’re talking to the child while her mind is in a twilight state, which is a receptive state. You will be depositing these suggestions directly into her subconscious mind, which is totally subjective. It will take whatever you give it.
6-Year-Old Who Hits Others
First, let me say that no matter what your child’s age is, if they have a behavioral problem, don’t react to what they do—respond to it.
Rather than discussing the problem, talk to her about the behavior you want her to exhibit. That is key. You always want to focus on the desired behavior.
You can also have her write and repeat the following statement several times a day, “I’m so happy and grateful now that I’m loving and kind to my brother,” or substitute another behavior that you want her to exhibit. You might also repeat the statement to her as she falls asleep at night.
12-Year-Old Who Feels Neglected
In this case, I suggest that you cut a deal or negotiate with her. Sit together and decide exactly what will work for both of you.
For instance, you might say something like the following:
I want you to be happy, and I want to have a great relationship with you, and I’m betting you feel the same way. So let’s work it out together. Maybe we can both give up a little so this works out well for both us.
How does that sound to you?
Listen to your daughter’s responses and keep discussing it until you’ve come up with a deal that you’re both happy with.
17-Year-Old Who is Negative/Always Complaining
As a teenager, he is old enough for you to give him honest feedback. Your ultimate goal is to let your child be who he is, but also to let him know that his moods, attitude, and words all have an impact. Giving him honest feedback sets your own boundaries while respecting his.
Also, look at your expectations. If you’re expecting your son to be disparaging, frustrated, or verbally abusive, then that’s what you’re going to get. Change your perspective, think about who your son really is, and start to expect more positive things from him. Then, work on giving off a positive and peaceful vibe. And instead of complaining, praise the positive things about him.
Finally, encourage him to make a gratitude list each morning or before he goes to sleep at night. If and when he does that, he’ll start to notice different things than he notices now. He’ll start to attract new friends, see opportunities instead of obstacles, and get different results.
Full story on proctorgallagherinstitute.com
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Raising achievement, enhancing learning and empowering staff
This section looks at the next steps for the use of teaching assistants in your school.
As we draw the course to a close, thoughts inevitably turn to what comes next. How do you take the ideas and guidance outlined here and translate them into effective change in your school?
Strategy plays a big part.
By strategy we mean a clear, well-conceived plan which can underpin your drive for change. Without a strategy, there is a risk that you will start well but then run out of steam. Or, you might get going, only to find yourself uncertain about where to go next in a few months’ time. The strategy you create should take account of your school’s context, as well as the different aspects of the guidance. It needs to include the creation of a TA development team and clarity over what success will look like.
A strategy document doesn’t need to be lengthy and cumbersome. In fact, it is often best when the reverse – concise, specific and easy to use.
To assist you we have produced a process for Acting on the evidence, which Senior Leadership Teams have previously found useful in managing changes in TA deployment and use.
The steps in the cycle relate to other resources we have referred to in the course, all of which are summarised here. The icon in the top right hand corner tells you which stage in the process the resource refers to.
Here is an example of a skeleton strategy, sketched out across twelve months, to help you get started
- Month 1 – Complete the course; share the guidance with staff across school; show videos in briefing.
- Month 2 – Lead staff meeting about the guidance; develop a vision; create a TA development team.
- Month 3 – Discuss the vision with TA development team; develop, modify and amend it; define what success will look like; communicate the vision to all staff.
- Months 4 - 6 – Identify the most pressing areas for change; start to implement changes (for example, in deployment); meet regularly with TA development team to reflect on and monitor impact of changes.
- Months 7 & 8 – Formal review of changes; critical discussion with TA development team about where you are, where you were and where you want to go next.
- Months 9 - 11 – Existing changes are tweaked; second set of changes introduced; communicate to whole staff; continue to work with TA development team.
- Month 12 – Detailed review of where you are at; analysis of what has changed and how these changes have impacted on staff and pupils; joint decision over next steps.
Finally, as you are looking to embed new approaches you may want to create a policy document articulating a shared understanding of TA deployment, use and training in your school. The template below provides a starting point for this, with some suggestions of areas you might want to cover (e.g. recruitment, performance review, deployment).
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| 0.940558 | 608 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Solid Waste: Introduction
The disposal of solid waste is primarily within the jurisdiction of municipalities and largely governed by municipal by-laws which determine the legal and administrative arrangements for collection and disposal. At the time of compiling this document, major legislation is being prepared to facilitate recycling of solid waste.
Siting of waste disposal locations is within the authority of municipalities and subject to the Planning and Building Law and Regulations as well as the National Outline Scheme for Solid Waste. Plans are underway for comprehensive solid waste legislation. In addition, the following laws are relevant.
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Filed under: Patent @en
The ideas are protected by patents. Only in this way the inventor acquires an exclusive right over your idea and may prevent a third party to copy without your permission. Patenting may seem simple but it is not.
First you have to know the conditions under which an idea is patentable. Three.
Once we have checked that the idea / invention meets the patentability requirements all necessary documentation to apply for a patent must be prepared. The documentation must be done well since otherwise the patent may disclose the invention without achieving the desired protection. It all depends on the wording of the patent document.
While one can draw up the patent document, only patent and trademark agents, as Volartpons, ensure not to leave any crack in writing to allow a third party to copy the invention modifying a detail.
The patent document consists of several parts; analysis, specification, and claims graphics. Each of these parts must be made following a series of formalities that if they are met not delay or even prevent your patent is granted.
In this post we explain a few tips to write a good patent document.
The wording of the patent document can not be easily modified as much protection will limit the invention initially requested.
Once we have prepared the documentation necessary to make an application to the Patent and Trademark Office. The Patent Office shall immediately issue a receipt of application will be the starting point of the rights granted by the patent.
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| 0.908602 | 296 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Mesopotamian Stone Idol Head
An ancient Mesopotamian stone head from an abstract idol with large circular eyes, pointed head, looped ears, and a necklace carved below the chin, likely representing Astarte.
Ca. 3rd - 2nd Millennium BC.
Ishtar (Akkadian), Astarte (Phoenician), or Inanna (Sumerian) was the most important female deity in Mesopotamia through the second millennium BC. She was identified with the planet Venus, and the sunrise. She was the goddess of both sexual love and warfare. The Greeks identified her with Aphrodite.
Formerly in a New York private collection.
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https://hixenbaugh.net/gallery/detail.cfm?itemnum=8104
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The Linnaeus Garden
The Linnaeus Garden is a reconstruction of Uppsala University Botanical Garden the way it looked during Linnaeus´ days.
The Uppsala University Botanical Garden is the oldest botanical garden in Sweden. It was first laid out in 1655 by Olof Rudbeck the elder, professor of medicine. The picture to the right is from the book "Atlantica" written by Olof Rudbeck in 1679. At the end of the century the garden housed more than 1 800 species, many of which were cultivated for the first time in Sweden. A huge fire in 1702 destroyed large parts of the garden and it was left unattended for a period of 40 years.
In 1741, Carl Linnaeus´ was appointed professor of medicine and became responsible for the garden. The cultivated area was increased and a new and larger orangery was built. The designs were drawn by the architect Carl Hårlemann, but it was through the influence of Linnaeus that the garden developed into one of the foremost of its time.
The garden played an essential role for Linnaeus as scientist and teacher. This is where he made scientific observations and taught his students. Each part of the garden reflects his ideas and each plant was carefully chosen to serve an educational purpose. Throughout the garden, the Linnaeus´ sexual system is illustrated as well as his interest in phenology (the seasonal and daily changes in nature), the use of indigenous and exotic plants in medicine and dietics. The garden is a living complement to his writings.
The Linnaeus Garden is located close to the river Fyrisån. In Linnaeus´ days the area was swampy and not very well suited for a garden. In addition, by the end of the 17th century the garden had become to small for its purpose. In 1787, Carl Peter Thunberg, Linnaeus´ disciple and successor, persuaded King Gustaf III to donate the Uppsala castle garden to the university so that it could be used as a botanical garden. In 1807, all plants and animals had been moved to the new location and the new botanical garden was inaugurated on May 21th, 100 years after the birth of Linnaeus.
The old garden was in a state of neglect for more than 100 years, until 1917, when the Swedish Linnaeus Society began reconstructing Linnaeus´ garden. This was possible thanks to Linnaeus´ detailed plant lists and garden maps. The old residence has been turned into a museum and is still managed by the Linnaeus Society. The responsibility for the garden has been handed over to Uppsala University.
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Bivalve molluscan shellfish concentrate contaminants from the water column in which they grow. These contaminants may then cause illness to humans when the bivalves are eaten. For microbial contaminants, the risk is enhanced by the fact that these shellfish are often eaten raw (e.g. oysters) or relatively lightly cooked (e.g. mussels). Limiting the risk of illness depends partly on sourcing the shellfish from areas in which such contaminants are at relatively low levels. The risk may be reduced further by appropriate treatment following harvest.
Depuration (purification) is a process by which shellfish are held in tanks of clean seawater under conditions which maximize the natural filtering activity which results in expulsion of intestinal contents, which enhances separation of the expelled contaminants from the bivalves, and which prevents their recontamination. Depuration was originally developed as one of a number of means to address the problem of a large number of shellfish-associated outbreaks of typhoid (caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi), which caused illness and death in many European countries and in the United States of America at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century.
Depuration is effective in removing many faecal bacterial contaminants from shellfish. As currently commercially practised, it is less effective at removing viral contaminants such as norovirus and hepatitis A. It is not consistently effective, or is ineffective, in removing other contaminants such as naturally occurring marine vibrios (e.g. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus), marine biotoxins (such as those causing paralytic shellfish poisoning PSP, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning DSP and amnesic shellfish poisoning ASP) or heavy metals or organic chemicals.
Effective depuration requires the shellfish to be properly handled during harvest and pre-depuration transport and storage. It also requires proper design and operation of the depuration systems to meet the requirements identified above for removal and separation of contaminants. Likewise the establishments in which the system or systems are located need to be operated to good levels of food hygiene in order to prevent crosscontamination between, or recontamination of, different batches of shellfish.
This document is intended to provide a basic introduction to the public health problems that can be associated with shellfish consumption and to provide guidance as to how a depuration centre, and the associated systems, should be planned and operated. It also includes guidance on the application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plans and associated monitoring. The document is intended to be of use to members of the shellfish industry with no or limited experience in the area and to fishery and public heath officials who may be involved in providing advice to the industry. Supplementary material may be found in the publications given in the bibliography.
|You can view the full report by clicking here.
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| 0.951061 | 596 | 3.75 | 4 |
Walls are built to stay strong over a long period of time, but a changing landscape of harsh weather conditions can cause a wall to weaken. Building a retaining wall in front of an existing wall can help protect the old structure while giving you double the protection. Installing a retaining wall properly is essential; failure to do so can lead to the wall crumbling, which may cause injury. Do not attempt to build a retaining wall that is over 4 feet in height without consulting a contractor or your local building department.
Things You'll Need
Dig a trench that is 1/10 the final height of the retaining wall. Make the trench so it is 12 inches away from the original wall.
Add 1 inch of sand to the trench to level the soil out. Compact the soil with a tamper to prevent settling.
Lay down a layer of concrete blocks into the trench. Set a carpenter's level on top of the blocks to ensure they are level.
Lay a new level of concrete blocks on top of the first layer 3/4-inch back from the front of the first layer. This creates a step look to the wall.
Insert a retaining pin into each concrete block and hammer it into the block below with a rubber mallet.
Pour gravel between the retaining wall and the wall behind it after each layer is set down. Compact the gravel. The gravel allows drainage behind the wall.
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| 0.889803 | 284 | 2.875 | 3 |
Due Week 9, worth 200 points
Business managers use written communication every day. Opportunities for written communication in the business world include everything from reports, memos, and documentation to emails, instant messaging, and social media. Effective written communication can help build and grow business relation- ships, accelerate results, solicit input and feedback, and rally personnel toward shared goals. Your ability to write messages that are clear and concise, while positioned strategically and presented professionally, will distinguish you
in your field.
In this assignment, you will develop a written communication for the challenge or opportunity scenario you have identified. The written message needed to fulfill this assignment will depend on your scenario.
Compose a written communication based on your Strategic Communications Plan.
1. Develop Your Written Communication a) State your key message clearly
i. Do not “bury the headline” — the main point should be presented directly
ii. Your key message must be clear and concise b) Provide the necessary information and build credibility
i. Provide an appropriate amount of background information for the audience, given the type of communication
ii. Get to the point without unnecessary verbiage
iii. Build your position as an expert or trusted colleague c) Support your key message with three or four supporting
i. Supporting points should be appropriate for the context
and needs of the audience
ii. Reasons should be compelling and relevant
d) Employ either the Consult/Join or Tell/Sell techniques
e) Clearly relay to the audience an actionable request 2. Write Professionally
a) Communication should be clear and concise
b) Communication should build logically
c) Sentences should flow smoothly, using appropriate
transitions and varying sentence structure
d) Employ appropriate formatting for ease of reading and clarity
of message (headers, bullet points, etc.) 3. Demonstrate Professional Presence
a) Be authentic and genuine in your communication
b) Use the appropriate tone and vocabulary for your audience c) Establish rapport to connect with your audience and
grow the relationship
4. Channel and Style
a) Explain why you chose the specific channel you used for the
b) Explain what style you employed in your written communication
and why (Sell/Tell or Consult/Join)
5. Use Feedback to Refine Your Communication
a) Describe or list the feedback you received on your written communication from the week 6 Discussion Board
b) Explain how you used the feedback to revise and improve your message
PROFESSIONAL AND APA FORMATTING REQUIREMENTS
Your assignment must follow these general APA formatting requirements:
Your document must be typed, double-spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, your name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date.
The business written communication portion should be consistent with professional standards. For example, a business memo will have a subject line, does not indent paragraphs, etc. A business email will have a relevant subject line and will include a greeting, paragraphs,
perhaps a bulleted list, a signature line, etc.
Grading for this assignment will be based on the following criteria and evaluation standards:
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
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https://mynursingpaper.com/written-communication/
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| 0.84697 | 669 | 2.53125 | 3 |
At A Glance
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), one of the most common inflammatory autoimmune conditions in children, describes a group of chronic joint disorders.
- JIA-associated uveitis is a common manifestation of the disease that can lead to severe vision loss if patients are not observed closely.
- Routine eye examinations are important in the management of patients with JIA. This is an example of the potential for ocular health evaluations in the pediatric population to lead to systemic diagnoses.
As primary eye care providers, optometrists are on the front lines of diagnosing and treating ocular diseases in pediatric patients that may have systemic origins. It is therefore crucial that we are able to rapidly identify conditions that may have underlying consequences beyond the visual system and to communicate effectively with the child’s pediatrician.
Many systemic conditions can present first with ocular manifestations. They range from diabetes mellitus, which can lead to retinopathy, to more obscure conditions such as Wilson disease, which can result in a Kayser-Fleischer ring in the cornea.
Another is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Left untreated, JIA can have sight-threatening complications.1,2 This article reviews the classifications of JIA and presents appropriate screening measures and treatment strategies.
JIA is one of the most common inflammatory autoimmune conditions in children. JIA describes a group of chronic joint disorders, and it may be divided into five subtypes: systemic, oligoarticular, polyarticular, juvenile psoriatic, and enthesitis-related JIA.1
Oligoarticular JIA presents as arthritis in four or fewer joints, most often in large joints such as the knee or elbow. Polyarticular JIA presents as arthritis in five or more joints, usually smaller joints of the hands and fingers. Juvenile psoriatic arthritis occurs in conjunction with psoriasis that typically precedes the onset of joint inflammation. Enthesitis-related JIA occurs at the junction where a tendon meets a bone.
JIA-associated uveitis is the most common extraarticular manifestation of JIA.3-5 The type of uveitis typically associated with JIA is a recurrent nongranulomatous anterior uveitis. In 3% to 7% of children with JIA, diagnosis of uveitis can precede diagnosis of the systemic condition.
Several risk factors make a child with a diagnosis of JIA more likely to develop anterior uveitis. The patient’s sex, JIA subcategory, age of onset, and results of antinuclear antibody and human leukocyte antigen B27 blood testing are useful in determining appropriate follow-up. In female patients with JIA, younger age of onset, oligoarticular subtype, and the presence of antinuclear antibodies are risk factors for the development of chronic anterior uveitis.3-5 In male patients with JIA, the presence of human leukocyte antigen B27 and enthesitis-related arthritis are risk factors for the development of uveitis.
The polyarticular JIA subtype may be subdivided into positive and negative rheumatoid factors based on blood testing.1 Children with a positive rheumatoid factor test result are far less likely than those with a negative result to develop uveitis.3-5
Clinicians must bear in mind that children with uveitis are usually asymptomatic. They rarely present with symptoms of adult uveitis such as limbal hyperemia, pain, or severe photophobia. Often, children remain asymptomatic even after their VA has been drastically compromised. For this reason, we must routinely examine pediatric patients with a diagnosis of JIA at the slit lamp.
Tables 1 and 2 present screening guidelines for children with a diagnosis of JIA who do not have a diagnosis of uveitis.3-5 Children should have their first screening within the first few weeks of their JIA diagnosis. The screening recommendation for enthesitis-related arthritis is 12 months because patients typically have acute anterior uveitis with symptoms that mimic those of adult uveitis, which would prompt a visit secondary to the appearance of the symptoms.4
The first line of treatment for anterior uveitis includes topical glucocorticoids and cycloplegic agents.4 Long-term steroid use can lead to cataract formation, increased IOP, and secondary glaucoma, but the benefits of short-term therapy with a glucocorticoid outweigh its risks. Patients with severe or sight-threatening uveitis may require a systemic steroid to control ocular inflammation.
If topical and systemic steroids fail to control ocular inflammation, the child’s rheumatologist may initiate a nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug. A combination of methotrexate and a monoclonal antibody tumor necrosis factor inhibitor is frequently recommended over monotherapy. In the Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases (SITE) cohort study, the use of nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressant medications decreased the risk of VA loss in patients with uveitis.6 Before systemic therapy is tapered, the child’s uveitis should be well controlled for at least 2 years.
AN OPPORTUNITY FOR COLLABORATIVE CARE
JIA presents as an opportunity for optometry to work closely with rheumatology to monitor and comanage the health of pediatric patients. JIA-associated uveitis is a common manifestation of the disease that can lead to severe vision loss if patients are not observed closely.
Our communication with the pediatric rheumatologist is pivotal to these young patients’ ocular and systemic outcomes. JIA management highlights the importance of routine eye examinations and demonstrates the potential for ocular health evaluations to lead to systemic diagnoses in a pediatric population.
1. Kim KH, Kim DS. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Korean J Pediatr. 2010;53(11):931-935.
2. Lim HW, Oh SY. Ocular manifestations of pediatric systemic disease. Hanyang Med Rev. 2016;36(3):182-185.
3. Clarke SL, Sen ES, Ramanan AV. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2016;14(1):27.
4. Angeles-Han ST, Ringold S, Beukelman T, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the screening, monitoring and treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71(6):703-716.
5. Heiligenhaus A, Minden K, Föll D, Pleyer U. Uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(6):92-100.
6. Kempen JH, Daniel E, Gangaputra S, et al. Methods for identifying long-term adverse effects of treatment in patients with dry eye diseases: the Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases (SITE) cohort study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008;15(1):47-55.
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JEE Main 2021 examination is about to be conducted soon. And, are you still worried about the right preparation strategy?
In Physics, if you can visualise the problem then you can apply the laws and easily solve it. Physics is a subject which can only be understood easily by those who are curious to know and explore things all around.
As the remaining time is very less, it is very important that you manage the time judiciously, balancing all the subjects together . Give more and more time to revision.
Do a thorough analysis of topics which are asked frequently in JEE Main Exam every year. Analyse the previous year papers well to get a gist of the questions asked in the exam. Focus on those topics more . Also understand the exam pattern well so that you have clarity about that before appearing in the final exam. Start with NCERT to build confidence and solve it on priority and skip to some other study material or books. Also prepare a sheet of Important Formulas of Physics for JEE and keep revising them.
Start with those topics for which you are very sure about, or the topics which have gone through previously and have some knowledge or idea about. This will help you boost up your confidence and you can mark checks in your list as completed.
Then, jump to those topics or concepts which you think you can understand and implement well.
Focus on Strengths : Focus on the topics that you feel confident about. Somebody may have mechanics as his/her strengths and somebody may have electromagnetism as his/her strength. Try to solve more questions on these topics.
Avoid Starting New Topics : In the last few days , you should avoid starting a new topic . Prioritise on revising the short notes , solve previously marked important questions and previous year questions. Starting a new topic may lead to stress as you may not be able to complete in the time left. You can brush up important formulas of all the topics.
Most Scoring Topics : Here is the list of several topics you can prepare at the last moment to secure at least 70+ marks in physics individually :
- Modern Physics
- Heat & Thermodynamics
- Current electricity
Keep enough time to read the question carefully while solving during the exam. There can be a possibility that you mis-read the question.
Books to be Prefered : Keep NCERT as the first priority. Concept given in NCERT is likely to be asked more . You can also practise previous year questions from various sites and can refer to books like HC Verma , DC Pandey, etc. Avoid starting Irodov at the last moment . You may lose confidence if you are not able to crack a few questions in these last days. Prefer conceptual questions rather than long calculative questions.
Work on Speed : As a limited time is available for each section in the paper . Work on your calculation Speed as well . Try to avoid silly calculation mistakes in order to save time.
Time management: Avoid wasting time. For that, you need to manage time in such a manner that you do not deviate from the set priorities. Avoid those questions which could cost you a lot of time . Be Smart in choosing questions . Make a schedule where you should give a minimum 3 hours to each subject.
Take mocks: The best thing you can do to polish your concepts and make better understanding is to take mock tests. Try to take the JEE Main Mock Test for Physics and complete it in a set time frame. And see the solutions and analyse the mistakes so that you do not do that in the final exam.
Don’t skip the topics: Cover the topics one by one rather than jumping on multiple ones at the same time and make a mixture of all the topics.
Positive Attitude: Keep an attitude that things will be done in your favor, avoid negative thoughts because they might lead you to over thinking and lest, you will end up doing nothing.You should avoid being anxious and panic at the last moments . It can hamper your performance.
Recommended for you: Homework area writing service
Balanced DIet and Proper Sleep : Focus on a healthy diet and a schedule with proper sleep hours to enhance the productivity of your mind . Avoid carbonated drinks , junk foods and prefer fresh fruits . It will keep your brian active.
Use the last 20 days judiciously and you will surely score 70+ in Physics in JEE Mains.
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The state of Washington, via state Senator Maralyn Chase, is seeking to require the labeling of foods that contain genetically engineered (GE) materials, or genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
According to The Institute for Responsible Technology, GMOs are “the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artifically forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal.” For the time being, there are no federal laws in the United States requiring labeling for GMOs or GEs.
This has reportedly been an issue in the works with Chase for many years, as she firmly believes labeling these important details on food products is about the “question of transparency and accountability.”
If the bill passes, all genetically engineered raw foods would be clearly labeled with the words “genetically engineered,” and processed foods would include a label that states the product may contain genetically engineered ingredients, along with a list of ingredients. This would be put in place by July 2014.
The Senator isn’t the only one in favor of this bill. Last year, Eastern Washington farmers brought forth a petition with 1,200 signatures to the Legislature, calling for these labels as well. Wheat farmer Tom Stahl started the petition, and has partnered with other local farmers to create the “Committee to Save Farm Markets.” They’ve sent petitions to local state representatives, and even Congress, but their calls have been ignored.
Stahl maintains that tests have shown that GMOs are a danger to animals health, but there hasn’t been enough in-depth research to determine the effects on humans, which is a growing concern. Major companies like Monsanto are promoting the production of GMO foods, producing the majority of genetically engineered corn, soy, cotton, and sugar beets.
Cary Condotta, another Washington official, supports a similar bill requiring GMO labels. The bills could be combined as the process begins to unfold.
Would seeing these labels on your food affect your purchasing decisions?
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Simple Painting, Lesson Plans Elementary Collections - In this lesson i brought figures and movement specifically dance moves. ?i confirmed a powerpoint of all extraordinary varieties of dancing. ?then the students created figures of their cartoon books that have been in one of a kind dance movements. ?they created monoprints out of those and then turn the monoprints into pages and created a leporello accordion style e book out of them.
Painting, Lesson Plans Elementary Top Easy Step-By-Step Dripping Watercolor Technique With Pics Solutions
Hello jenna phantasm unit 1 plan and others are very small once i click on them. I best located one which enlarged wherein i should study it. I took a image and am attaching it. I have clicked and dbl clicked and blown up but it is just fuzzy. Thanks for acknowledging my e-mail and thank you for any assist you may provide. Kimberly.
Painting, Lesson Plans Elementary Nice Fall Trees -, LESSON PLANS (Art Teaching Resource, Children, Kids, Adults) Ideas
Sure! I gave every student a sheet of plexi. We used alleviation printing ink (i did this in the wintry weather time and it changed into very dry air so the ink was drying extraordinarily rapid so that you can gradual down the dry time i boiled a few water to deliver moisture within the room. You need to apply inks or paints that will not dry super speedy because it takes the students time to format their layout before printing). Then i had them draw sketches in there caricature ebook of their dance movements and any props. I instructed them to simplify them and try and do silhouettes. Then they took transparencies and traced their sketches with a parmanent marker. They cut them out with exactos or scissors. Then with brayers hand inked the plexi for back ground and then inked the transparencies laying them out on top of the plexi and then putting paper on top and rubbing with palms or clean brayer. I'm hoping this is clean and beneficial! Glad printing!.
Painting, Lesson Plans Elementary Fantastic Jewel Drawn, Painted With Upper Elementary Kids... Do This With, Grade??? Galleries
I fixed the 3rd page of the lesson plan. You need to now not have a trouble clicking on it now. Also if you click on on a lesson plan it'll open up a web page then drag it to the computing device to shop it. In case you simply click on on it once more then it zooms in and makes it very large. Hopefully that makes feel. Exact good fortune. Allow me recognize if you have any similarly troubles!.
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Clinical trials will now be starting on a new vaginal ring that is expected to provide month's of protection against pregnancy, herpes and HIV.
The device, which is similar to birth control rings already on the market, delivers both an antiretroviral drug and a contraceptive which are slowly released over 90 days.
A report on the ring and how it was developed by scientists at Northwestern University is published in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS ONE.
The ring could offer women an alternative that eliminates the anxiety of missed pills and requires a lower dose of an antiretroviral drug aimed at preventing HIV since it is delivered at the point of transmission.
Scientists and AIDS prevention advocates have been trying to develop a ring like this for a long time, said Rowena Johnston, vice president and director of research at amfAR, the Foundation for AIDS Research.
"If you have something that is long acting that people don't have to think about every time they have sex but something that is in place, that is thought to be a boon," she told AFP.
While the ring is only designed to protect against transmission during vaginal sex, it could be a valuable tool for some women, she said.
"And it is probably not easily detected by the male partner, if that is important to you," Johnston added.
Both drugs released by the ring -- levonorgestrel and tenofovir -- are already used to prevent pregnancy and the spread of HIV.
Tenofovir -- which inhibits HIV and herpes replication in susceptible cells -- is taken orally by 3.5 million HIV-infected people worldwide.
It has been found to help prevent HIV infection as well, but so far only with pills that must be taken daily.
A gel which delivers tenofovir has been found to be somewhat effective in clinical trials but the gel needs to be inserted into the vagina before and after sex.
Many of the women in the clinical trials did not use the gel every time they had sex.
"Products only work when they are used," said study co-author David Friend, product development director at CONRAD, which develops reproductive health technologies for low-income countries and is affiliated with Eastern Virginia Medical School.
"By having a ring that can remain in the body for up to 90 days, our hope is that this ring will offer a solution to increase adherence, and therefore provide greater protection against HIV while also preventing pregnancy," Friend said.
The differences between the two drugs presented a "huge" design challenge, said Northwestern University biomedical engineer Patrick Kiser, who holds the ring's patent.
Tenofovir dissolves easily whereas the contraceptive drug levonorgestrel is highly insoluble. The drugs also had to be delivered in drastically different -- but consistent -- doses.
"A lot of engineering has gone into developing the ring," Kiser said.
The ring uses a new kind of polymer -- or chain of molecules -- that swells in the presence of bodily fluids and is capable of delivering up to 100 times more tenofovir than current intravaginal rings.
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I am fairly familiar with LPL and natural deduction. As I recall, elimination is regarded as one of the rules of inference. Aren't those regarded as axioms or axiom schemas? If so, those are assumptions. You're probably not going to be able to prove they are true within first order logic. However, it may have been proven that elimination is consistent with the other axioms/axiom schemas. I don't know all that's involved with that other than metalogic theorems. To me, elimination seems intuitively obvious: if something is true for all objects, then it's true for a particular object.
I am not familiar with the book, but I think this question make sense. The universal elimination rule is about syntax, while the question asks to prove that this inference rule is matches the semantics.I want to prove (using a formal proof) that ∀elim is sound.
I am not sure if the book uses natural deduction, but the ND universal elimination rule is where is not free in the formulas in . (I write to mean that may occur freely in the formula .)
Soundness theorem in general says the following: If then . Here means that every model of all formulas in is also a model of . This is equivalent to , i.e., the implication of the conjunction of formulas in and is valid. It is proved by induction on derivation. In order for the induction to go through for first-order logic, it has to be formulated more precisely: if then the universal closure of is valid, or, in symbolic form, . Here, for any formula with free variables , the universal closure of is .
What does this mean for universal elimination? For simplicity, assume that all formulas in are closed (i.e., no free variables) and has a single free variable . Then to prove that the rule is sound means to show that the validity of implies the validity of . This is proved using the definitions, especially those of validity and when a universal formula is true in a particular interpretation.
Does this mesh with what the book says, or do I use completely different concepts?
Some notation (if it doesn't match your book, then you can make any needed adjustments, since the basic concepts are pretty standard):
I'll use 'A' to stand for the universal quantifer.
'P[t|x]' stands for the result of replacing, in the formula P, all free occurrences of x with the term t.
't is free for x in P' means that no occurrences of variables are bound in P[t|x] that weren't already bound in P.
'v is a variable assignment per M' stands for 'v is function from the set of variables into the universe for the structure M'.
'|=_M P [[v]]' stands for 'the formula P is satisfied in the structure M with v (where v is a variable assignment per M).
universal-elim is the rule:
If t is free for x in P, then from AxP we may infer P[t|x].
To prove the soundness of universal-elim is to prove:
If t is free for x in P, and |=_M AxP [[v]], then
|=_M P[t|x] [[v]]
So v is a function that maps each variable to a member of the universe (by 'universe' I mean 'universe for the structure').
So, intuitively, |=_M P [[v]] says 'the formula P is satisfied (like 'true' except also covers the case where there are free variables in P) by M with v'.
So, intuitively, universal-elim is sound. That is, if P holds for every x in the universe, then P holds in particular for whatever object is named by t.
Let me know whether you think you can now prove this formally or whether you'd like further help.
But at least now you have an exact specification of the problem.
But sometimes we have open formulas (formulas with occurrences of free variables), so we need to consider the more general notion of satisfaction as opposed to the more speical notion of truth.
So an inference rule is sound iff whenever the premises of are satisfied in a model with an assignment for the variables, then the conclusion is satisfied by that model with assignment for the variables.
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Breathing Techniques for PTSD
Breathing techniques are vital for coping with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety and are great for overall wellbeing.
They help manage anxiety, anxiety attacks, dissociation, flashbacks and waking from nightmares.
Deep breathing was one of the first techniques I learned with my counsellor and I have used it since. Like with all PTSD techniques, it comes more easily with practise.
This is a link I have used often from About.com
Deep breathing can be an important coping skill to learn. It may sound silly, but many people do not breathe properly. Natural breathing involves your diaphragm, a large muscle in your abdomen.
When you breathe in, your belly should expand. When you breathe out, your belly should fall.
Overtime, people forget how to breathe this way and instead use their chest and shoulders. This causes short and shallow breaths, which can increase stress and anxiety.
Fortunately, it is not too late to "re-learn" how to breathe and help protect yourself from stress. Practice the simple exercise below to improve your breathing.
Time Required: 10 minutes
- Find a comfortable position either lying on your back or sitting. If you are sitting down, make sure that you keep your back straight and release the tension in your shoulders. Let them drop.
- Close your eyes.
- Place one hand on your stomach and the other on your chest.
- Take a few breaths as you normally would. Does your belly rise and fall with every inbreath and outbreath? If you can answer "yes," that is good. This is the natural way of breathing. If your belly stays still but your chest rises and falls with every breath, practice breathing by only allowing your belly to rise and fall when you breathe in and out.
- Continue to take deep breaths, concentrating on only moving your belly.
- Continue as long as you would like!
- It can take some time to re-learn how to breathe. The more you practice, the easier it becomes.
- Take some time each day to practice this exercise. You can do it anywhere.
-Try to practice this exercise at a time when you are already relaxed. This will make it easier to take deeper breaths.
- If you are having trouble taking deep breaths, try breathing in through your nose and exhaling through your mouth. Also, slowly count to five in your head as you breathe in and out.
Info from About.com.
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A short introduction to this website can also be found on YouTube as a 10 minutes video presentation. Click on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lvx945SP-RM
1. 1 General remarks on paradigms and their tenacity in the history of science
This website looks into the, in science extremely important, notions (/paradigms) on time, space and velocity.
(For you to eventually have a look at : at the end of this Introduction some references, as appearing in the Introduction text, are pointed to).
Human perceptions evolved during many centuries, from the philosophers (and scientists) belonging to the “ancient” Greeks , the Age of Rationalism (Reason), the Age of Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution and the contemporary area. According to Thomas Samuel Kuhn, as described in his book “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, many paradigms did evolve in the Modern Times. A paradigm typically shows a period of emergence, a period of culmination and often a period of decline during its shift to another, enhanced or even fully replacing, paradigm. During its lifetime, a paradigm is fiercely defended by its supporters (believers of the paradigm).
The wrong geocentric paradigm was an extremely long standing one in the history of science. It is known that it took 14 centuries of human conflicts before his extremely faulty geocentric paradigm was finally countered, even including harsh repressions by e.g. the Inquisition. The death of Giordano Bruno in 1600 (Singh, 2005, pp. 43; Law, 2007, p. 272) and the house arrest of Galileo Galilei in 1633 by that same Inquisition (Sing, 2005, pp. 70-74) can be mentioned. Giordano Bruno wrote many books, of which one had the title “About the infinite universe and the worlds” - “Dell’infinito universe e mondi” - and lectured in many places in Europe (Paris, Oxford, Marburg, Wittenberg, Prague, Helmstedt, Frankfurt) (Störig, 2008, p. 137). This all did not save him from the Inquisition’s death penalty after being betrayed by his host in Venice during an invited visit in 1593 and after being kept in jail for seven years by the Inquisition, without ever renouncing his views on a (heliocentric) universe. This again illustrates the ability of human minds towards completely conflicting views, up to the utmost extreme and revolting point of the destruction in those earlier times of the mind of the opponent in order to “protect”, to the extreme, a paradigmatic/dogmatic point of view.
Another abandoned paradigm was Descartes’ “mechanical” universe without a vacuum but space consisting of very small "particles", interacting in a pure mechanical way (through collisions). Descartes was convinced about the concept of streams of such interacting small particles in space in which a planet then drift as a boat floats on a river (Guicciardini, 2005, pp. 14-15).The findings of Newton regarding gravitational attraction forces between our sun and planets completely eradicated Descartes’ concept of space.
In his “Principia”, Newton defined as a man of genius absolute time, absolute space and absolute velocity. However he was unable to present experimental proof of their existence. The succeeding controversy by philosophers and scientists (e.g. by Mach) culminated in the rejection of absolute space. The Michelson and Morley experiment, as described within their paper “On the relative motion of the Earth and the Luminoferous Ether” (1887) is considered as one of the most important experiments on physics. The null-result from their experiment resulted in a new paradigm.
In science, graphical representations assist in describing the phenomena, occurring in reality. Such representations are indicated as models. John von Neumann stated : “The sciences mainly make models. By a model is meant a mathematical construct which, with the addition of certain verbal interpretations, describes observed phenomena”. Also Husserl reproached the situation in which science is wrongly considered by many people/scientists to "show the world as it is". Many scientists in fact only "think from within their box" (as a result from their training), without realizing any longer that science is merely a construction that tries to objectify the (outside) world. An extreme "thinking from within the box" can be compared to authoritative "dogmatic" thinking. For those scientists, paradigms as published in the scientific literature can not be disputed since in their minds, the paradigms are and can only be "true", since they are published and since they "believe" in them from specific experimental results.
The graphical/mathematical and linguistic (verbal) model approach in science is then expected to at least correspond as close as possible to reality (to save the phenomena). It is custom practice in physiscs/optics to graphically present light phenomena as “rays of light”, thus through a simple representation by geometrical lines. Consequently, if such a graphical representation would show an inconsistency regarding the real light (photons) phenomena, it should be possible to demonstrate that inconsistency experimentally. Indeed, as will be shown on this website and from a specific laser experiment, the approach of describing photon phenomena through geometrical lines or “rays of light”, shows to NOT save the photon phenomena. From Popper’s falsification principle, it is known that a paradigm becomes questionable (even obsolete) if a severe experimental anomaly can be presented which does not fit the paradigm. Such important anomaly was in fact registered in a laser experiment and is presented here.
1.2 Early history. Views of ancient Greek philosophers on matter, movement, time and space.
Profound philosophical reflections on space, time, matter and velocity already date from the early Greek philosophers in the pre-Socratic period. Anaximander described the earth as floating in space (Störig, 2008, p. 132). Leucippus and his student Democritus (born 460 BCE) believed that all matter consisted of indivisible elements, called “atoma” (Störig, 2008, p. 144). Next to atoma, Democritus also supported the existence of “void” (vacuum) since void allows the atoma to move. According to Democritus, atoma do not contain any void. He contradicted Parmenides (born 540 BCE) who believed that “movement” was impossible (Störig, 2008, p. 137). In Parmenides’ mind, the displacement of an object from one location to a new location would demand empty space, which the object could move to. However, he considered empty space as “nothing” and, since in his mind “nothing does not exist” he also denied the existence of movement. To Parmenides, movement was thus only an illusion in the human’s mind.
Parmenides’ student Zeno is famous for his paradoxes on movement (Störig, 2008, p. 138). One paradox by Zeno involved the tale of a contest between Achilles and a turtle. The distance between Achilles and the turtle would keep going on to be halved forever, to the extent that Achilles would never be able to catch on with the turtle (Hamlyn, 1993, pp. 29-30). Another paradox involves a flying arrow: according to Zeno, the arrow can be considered to be “at rest at each instant”. Therefore the arrow trajectory is merely a collection of positions “at complete rest”. Zeno concluded that movement is thus not existing. The philosophical purpose of Zeno’s paradoxes was to point to inconsistencies in opinions/views, in a way that human perceptions need to be questioned (Störig, 2008, p. 139).
It could be remarked that the Greek philosophers were in fact very near the concept of the division in infinitely small intervals of time or distance with respect to the movement of material objects (arrow “at rest at each instant” ; “forever halving” distance between Achilles and the turtle) along their trajectories. It is indeed a somewhat limited step from Zeno’s paradoxes to extend a reasoning towards a division of time into an infinitesimal small period “dt” and an according infinitesimal small distance “ds”, travelled by the material object. This results into the instantaneous travelled distance “ds” during the time interval “dt” resulting in the instantaneous velocity “v=ds/dt”.
As well Democritus as Parmenides and Zeno were reflecting upon the notions of “void” (space, vacuum) and movement of material objects but were opposed in conviction. This also illustrates the inconclusive way in which human minds function and still functions nowadays : individuals can produce completely opposing perceptions while arguing that their personal view is correctly representing the reality, outside their minds. Since there is only one single reality outside the human brain, it is thus clear that the simultaneous occurrence of (opposing) multiple models in the minds of philosophers or scientists are indicative for the limitations of model-approaches. From the fact of several conflicts of minds during the history of science, the historic existence of wrong paradigms is stressed and therefore also the need to oppose those. Wrong paradigms are indeed still plausible today.
Leucipus and Democritus believed in an “empty space” in which the “atoma“ (the “dense” particles without any void) are present and can move (Guth, 1998, p. 15). Needless to state that even nowadays there is no clear “what is” understanding of space or matter (particles). Modern science has used the word “atom” for the configuration of an extremely small “atom” nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons while electrons rotate in space around the nucleus. Since atom nuclei can be divided (nuclear fission) the word “atom” is somewhat doing wrong towards Democritus’ definition of “atoma” to be the smallest indivisible particles. Nowadays, e.g. leptons (Guth, 1998, p. 134) are considered to be elementary indivisible particles, which thus could meet the "definition" by Democritus. Even if such “elementary” particles in the end would be proven to be further divisible, the new “elementary” particle could then end up to be Democritus’ ultimate “atoma”.
The notions matter, space and movement in the minds of those early philosophers evidently were a source of inspiration for later philosophers when defining the concept of velocity of material objects (build from atoms). Philolaus (470 BC) already claimed that the earth rotates around the sun (Singh, 2005, p. 27). Aristarchos (310 BC) even expanded such vision into all known (at that time visible) planets rotating around the sun (even in the correct orbit order) while the stars are in a “fixed” position (Singh, 2005, pp. 27-29).
The heliocentric view of Philolaus and Aristarchos was however completely rejected by Plato (428 BC) and Aristotle (384 BC) (Sing, 2005, pp. 31-34). They supported a geocentric universe model, consisting of transparent crystal spheres rotating around a stationary earth while fixing the planets, sun and stars on the surface of the corresponding rotating spheres. Ptolemy added mathematical “models” to that perception of a geocentric universe on the basis of nested circles and epicycles (Singh, 2005, pp. 34-37).
1.3 History. Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton on motion and time. Mach's critique on absolute velocity.
Galileo (1564-1642) used rolling spheres on ramps, at different angles, in order to measure their trajectory travelling time intervals (Hamlyn, 1993, p. 144; Mugnai, 2005, pp. 90-91). He deduced from the data a mathematical relation between distance and the square of time. Galileo also pointed to the need of having a reference point when observing motion. He stated that a person who is travelling in a ship while being present in a windowless space, thus without any visual contact with the ship’s surroundings, is unable to conclude if and how fast (s)he is moving when sailing at a constant speed (Singh, 2005, pp.93-94). In that respect, Galileo introduced the concept of relativity (Singh, 2005, p.94). According to Galileo, movement of an object can only be characterized relative to a second material object ("at rest") as the reference.
A leap in the perception of velocity and time occurred when Isaac Newton defined his laws in his monumental work “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (1687). As many of his contemporaries, Newton was interested in the movement of planets and studied the views of Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. Newton reflected on the “fluent changes in time” of points in geometrical objects and from those reflections invented his fluxion method. He created the notion of momentarily velocity as an infinitesimal small displacement “ds” within an infinitesimal small time interval “dt”. Through his invention of infinitesimal calculus, Newton was able to describe our planet’s orbit and his laws on movement of material objects.
However, he ran into a serious problem since he needed to univocally define both parameter values “ds” and “dt” in the velocity equation. From Galileo’s relativity principle, the value of velocity depends upon the observer’s reference system. A person travelling in a train compartment considers her/his seat’s velocity equal to zero (since ds=0). This is obviously not the case for a person who is “at rest” beside the railway track and observes the travelling train: then the velocity of a seat is not equal to zero but equals the train’s velocity relative to the train track “at rest” (ds≠0). The definition of “velocity” thus invokes a profound philosophical problem. How solving the severe paradox, where ds=0 and ds≠0 are able to exist simultaneously in the minds of humans while there is only one single reality outside those human minds ? How to define time and how to define distance in space ? What is in fact time and what is in fact distance (as displacement in space) ?
Newton solved this paradox in a brilliant way by introducing the concept of absolute time and absolute space, thus also absolute motion (Newton, (1687), pp. 77-82). With respect to time, Newton stated: “The absolute, true and mathematical time flows on itself and is uniform, without any relation to whatever external material object”. Regarding distance, evidently being linked to space, he used the same approach by stating that space is absolute, also without any relation to whatever external material object. Space itself thus "has an absolute velocity equal to zero" since space is at perfect (absolute) rest, according to the definition of absolute space. When having a material object’s velocity in that absolute space, the object thus has also an absolute velocity according to Newton’s absolute “dt” and absolute “ds” values.
Absolute velocity of an object therefore can be considered as being measured against absolute space as the ultimate reference, since being at perfect rest. Such outstanding abstract approach by Newton’s mind testifies about Newton’s genius to consider such an ultimate reference. He was even aware of the immenseness of such abstract thinking since he stated himself “It is indeed a matter of great difficulty to discover, and effectually to distinguish, the true motions of particular bodies from the apparent ; because the parts of that immovable space, in which those motions are performed, do by no means come under the observation of our senses. Yet the thing is not altogether desperate : for we have some arguments to guide us, partly from the apparent motions, which are the differences of the true motions ; partly from the forces, which are the causes and effects of the true motions.“ (Newton, (1687), p. 82).
However, this invoked one of the largest conflicts within physics. Newton was not able to prove the existence of “absolute space” and could only suggest some indirect experiments (the rotating water bucket pending from a long torsional cord (Newton, (1687), p. 81) and the thought experiment involving the rotation in free space of two masses (globes), interconnected by a cord (Newton, (1687), p. 82) to support his theory. With respect to the thought experiment involving the two globes he stated “And thus we might find both the quantity and the determination of this circular motion, even in an immense vacuum, where there was nothing external or sensible with which the globes could be compared.” Despite the views of a genius, the lack of experimental proof (as he indicated himself by stating “because the parts of that immovable space, in which those motions are performed, do by no means come under the observation of our senses”) questioned Newton’s theory on absolute space and brought about an antithesis, supported by multiple philosophers/scientists such as Leibniz and Mach.
The thought experiment of Mach is well known in which he imagines the universe to be emptied of all material objects (stars, planets, galaxies, …) except for one observer floating freely in space. Mach then stated that the floating observer is unable to measure her/his absolute velocity without a method to measure absolute velocity against the “invisible absolute space”. In fact Mach only repeated what Newton already indicated himself; see Newton’s statement “where there was nothing external or sensible with which the globes could be compared”. Mach denied the existence of absolute velocity from the lack of a conclusive experimental measuring method which would be able to use “space at rest” as a reference. Mach therefore also simply denied the existence of absolute space.
A striking “Mach versus Newton” conflict description can be found in Greene (Greene, 2006, pp. 53-54). Greene indicates that the ideas of Mach were as a “gift being send from heaven”, finally offering him a theory where only relative motion had meaning. Greene continues that, instead of selecting Newton’s reference system for motion (an invisible something called absolute space), the choice by Mach of the reference system, being based on all the visible matter in the universe, is very clear to anyone. Greene then stresses that Mach’s view was THE answer and that he, as Einstein, belonged to a large number of physicists who were excited to learn about Mach’s vision. Greene also raises the question if Newton was that much carried away with the vortex within his water bucket experiment that Newton then came up with a watery conclusion on the existence of an invisible absolute space as the absolute and ultimate reference. Greene’s description is an interesting illustration of the philosophical conflict and disbelieve within physics with respect to the definition of absolute space by Newton.
It is however the subject of this website to indeed present an experimental method which enables Mach’s floating astronaut to measure her/his absolute velocity without the need of any reference to an external independent material object, while thus contradicting Mach’s view.
Human minds are able to produce faulty tenacious paradigms but in the end, tenacious human minds can also expose them.
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If you have been diagnosed with diabetes you probably have many questions and concerns about what is happening to you and what you can do to help yourself. Diabetes educators and other members of the diabetes education and management team can help you manage this disease.
Diabetes is a condition in which the body is not able to use carbohydrates (sugars and starches) properly. In order to use these sugars and starches to fuel the body, insulin which is a hormone secreted by the pancreas, is necessary. When you have diabetes, your body either has little or no insulin or the insulin that your body is producing is not able to do its work.
Anyone can get diabetes and the cause of diabetes can be complex; it depends on the type of diabetes that you have and it is usually not easily explained by any one single factor. We do know that for some types of diabetes there are multiple risk factors which include being overweight, having a family history of diabetes, being inactive and even being from a particular ethnic background. If you have diabetes the important thing to remember is that you can learn to manage it successfully.
There are 3 main types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas no longer makes insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to utilize the sugar that is in the blood as fuel. With this type of diabetes daily insulin injections along with control of carbohydrate foods is necessary to manage the blood sugars.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to its own insulin and/or it no longer makes enough insulin. This type of diabetes may be controlled by different means. All people with this type of diabetes will need to manage their food intake along with exercise and possibly some pills or combinations of pills. Some people with Type 2 diabetes will also require insulin injections to manage their blood sugars.
Gestational diabetes occurs only during pregnancy when the hormones of pregnancy cause insulin resistance. As a result blood sugars become higher and this extra sugar causes babies to grow faster than they should. This type of diabetes is frequently managed by controlling food intake and increasing physical activity; however sometimes injected insulin is required as well.
All types of Diabetes can be controlled. Well-managed diabetes allows the individual to carry on a full and healthy life. In order to manage diabetes it is important to learn about your diabetes and the "tools" you need to use in order to control blood sugars. The main "tools" include meal planning, exercise, medications/insulin and blood sugar testing. Diabetes management requires a balance between all of these things to be successful and how this balance is achieved may change over time. It is also important in diabetes to have good control of your blood pressure and of the blood lipids (fats) in your body.
If you have been diagnosed with diabetes you need to see a specialized diabetes education and management team. The core of this team is a registered nurse, a registered dietitian and your physician(s). These health care professionals will have specialty training in diabetes and can help you manage your diabetes well. This specialized team will teach you the information you need to get started with diabetes management. They will also support you through the learning process that will enable you to become an expert in the management of your diabetes. Other health care experts such as registered social workers (a core team member in the care of children and youth), pharmacists, child life specialists, optometrists, foot care specialists, exercise specialists and others may also become part of your diabetes education and management team.
This website provides you with information about these specialty programs funded by or through the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in Ontario and can help you find a program near you.
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Software development is a complex process that involves many different stages, from design and coding to testing and deployment. While it is important to focus on many aspects of software development, including functionality, reliability, and security, it is equally important to focus on user experience. User experience, or UX, refers to how users interact with and experience software applications and systems. In this article, we will explore the importance of user experience in software development and the key considerations for creating a positive user experience.
What is User Experience in Software Development?
User experience in software development refers to the way users interact with and experience software applications and systems. It encompasses a wide range of factors, including usability, accessibility, and design. The goal of UX in software development is to create software that is intuitive, easy to use, and provides a positive user experience.
The Importance of User Experience
User experience is critical in software development for several reasons. First and foremost, a positive user experience can increase user satisfaction and engagement. When users are able to interact with software applications in a way that is intuitive and easy to use, they are more likely to use the software and recommend it to others. Additionally, a positive user experience can also improve brand reputation and customer loyalty.
Another important reason to focus on user experience is that it can impact the success of a software product. If users are frustrated or unable to use the software effectively, they are less likely to continue using it or to recommend it to others. In contrast, software products that provide a positive user experience are more likely to be successful and to achieve widespread adoption.
Key Considerations for User Experience in Software Development
There are several key considerations for creating a positive user experience in software development. Some of these considerations include:
Usability: The software must be easy to use and understand. This means that the software should be designed in a way that is intuitive and straightforward, and that users should be able to complete tasks without difficulty.
Accessibility: The software must be accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. This means that the software should be designed to meet accessibility standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).
Design: The design of the software should be visually appealing and aesthetically pleasing. This includes the overall look and feel of the software, as well as the layout and organization of content and features.
Functionality: The software should be functional and provide all the features and capabilities that users need. This means that the software should be designed to meet user needs and provide a positive user experience.
The Benefits of a Positive User Experience
There are many benefits to creating a positive user experience in software development. Some of these benefits include:
Increased user satisfaction and engagement: A positive user experience can increase user satisfaction and engagement, which can lead to increased usage and customer loyalty.
Improved brand reputation: A positive user experience can improve brand reputation, which can lead to increased brand recognition and customer loyalty.
Increased software adoption: A positive user experience can increase the adoption of software products, which can lead to increased sales and revenue.
Better user feedback: When users have a positive experience with software, they are more likely to provide valuable feedback and recommendations, which can help to improve the software and create an even better user experience.
Challenges in User Experience Design
Despite the many benefits of a positive user experience, there are also challenges that must be overcome in order to create a successful user experience. Some of these challenges include:
Balancing design and functionality: Finding the right balance between design and functionality can be challenging, as the software must both look good and provide the features that users need.
Meeting accessibility requirements: Ensuring that the software meets accessibility requirements can be challenging, especially if the software is complex or has a large number of features.
Managing user expectations: Managing user expectations can be challenging, as users may have different preferences and requirements for the software.
Best Practices for User Experience in Software Development
To create a positive user experience in software development, it is important to follow best practices. Some of these best practices include:
Conducting user research: Before beginning the development process, it is important to conduct user research to understand user needs and preferences.
Incorporating feedback from users: During the development process, it is important to incorporate feedback from users to ensure that the software meets their needs and provides a positive user experience.
Testing the software: Before launching the software, it is important to test it thoroughly to ensure that it is functional, usable, and accessible.
Continuously improving the software: After launching the software, it is important to continue to improve it based on user feedback and to ensure that it continues to provide a positive user experience.
user experience is a critical aspect of software development that must be given careful consideration. A positive user experience can increase user satisfaction and engagement, improve brand reputation, increase software adoption, and provide valuable feedback. By following best practices, such as conducting user research, incorporating feedback, testing the software, and continuously improving it, software developers can create software products that provide a positive user experience and are successful in the marketplace
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Great Smoky Mountains National Park battling infestation of hogs
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. — National park biologists are trying to come to grips with a hog infestation in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
In 2009, the park's hog team removed 620 wild hogs, the third highest since the hog control program started in the late 1950s. Biologists say the hog population spiked last year because of a bountiful mast crop that enabled the sows to produce more than one litter.
Park biologist Bill Stiver told the Knoxville News-Sentinel the introduction of wild, semi-domesticated hogs into the park has made hog control even more difficult. "The speculation is that hunters are...
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Aspheres are becoming very popular in optical design for reducing size and weight of optical systems or even allowing for novel optical performance. Innovative manufacturing enables this trend. Unfortunately, due to the type of surface form deviation introduced by CNC based grinding and polishing processes, tolerancing an optical system with aspheric surfaces becomes very complicated. Especially for serial production it is critical to know just how “good” an asphere has to be in order to guarantee the optical performance needed without overdoing it. It will be demonstrated how to overcome this limitation up to a certain level.
U. Fuchs, U. Fuchs,
"Tolerancing aspheric surfaces in optical design", Proc. SPIE 9582, Optical System Alignment, Tolerancing, and Verification IX, 958205 (3 September 2015); doi: 10.1117/12.2186405; https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2186405
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Self-assembly is a type of process in which a disordered system of pre-existing components forms an organized structure or pattern as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external direction. When the constitutive components are molecules, the process is termed molecular self-assembly.
Self-assembly can be classified as either static or dynamic. In static self-assembly, the ordered state forms as a system approaches equilibrium, reducing its free energy. However in dynamic self-assembly, patterns of pre-existing components organized by specific local interactions are not commonly described as "self-assembled" by scientists in the associated disciplines. These structures are better described as "self-organized".
- 1 Self-assembly in chemistry and materials science
- 2 Self-assembly at the macroscopic scale
- 3 Consistent concepts of self-organization and self-assembly
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links and further reading
Self-assembly in chemistry and materials science
Self-assembly (SA) in the classic sense can be defined as the spontaneous and reversible organization of molecular units into ordered structures by non-covalent interactions. The first property of a self-assembled system that this definition suggests is the spontaneity of the self-assembly process: the interactions responsible for the formation of the self-assembled system act on a strictly local level—in other words, the nanostructure builds itself.
At this point, one may argue that any chemical reaction driving atoms and molecules to assemble into larger structures, such as precipitation, could fall into the category of SA. However, there are at least three distinctive features that make SA a distinct concept.
First, the self-assembled structure must have a higher order than the isolated components, be it a shape or a particular task that the self-assembled entity may perform. This is generally not true in chemical reactions, where an ordered state may proceed towards a disordered state depending on thermodynamic parameters.
The second important aspect of SA is the key role of slack interactions (e.g. Van der Waals, capillary, , hydrogen bonds) with respect to more "traditional" covalent, ionic, or metallic bonds. Although typically less energetic by a factor of 10, these weak interactions play an important role in materials synthesis. It can be instructive to note how slack interactions hold a prominent place in materials, especially in biological systems, although they are often considered marginal with respect to "strong" (i.e. covalent, etc.) interactions. For instance, they determine the physical properties of liquids, the solubility of solids, and the organization of molecules in biological membranes.
The third distinctive feature of SA is that the building blocks are not only atoms and molecules, but span a wide range of nano- and mesoscopic structures, with different chemical compositions, shapes and functionalities. Recent examples of novel building blocks include polyhedra and patchy particles. These nanoscale building blocks (NBBs) can in turn be synthesised through conventional chemical routes or by other SA strategies such as Directional Entropic Forces.
Important examples of SA in materials science include the formation of molecular crystals, colloids, lipid bilayers, phase-separated polymers, and self-assembled monolayers. The folding of polypeptide chains into proteins and the folding of nucleic acids into their functional forms are examples of self-assembled biological structures. Recently, the three-dimensional macroporous structure was prepared via self-assembly of diphenylalanine derivative under cryoconditions, the obtained material can find the application in the field of regenerative medicine or drug delivery system. P. Chen et al. demonstrated a microscale self-assembly method using the air-liquid interface established by Faraday wave as a template. This self-assembly method can be used for generation of diverse sets of symmetrical and periodic patterns from microscale materials such as hydrogels, cells, and cell spheroids.
SA extends the scope of chemistry aiming at synthesising products with order and functionality properties, extending chemical bonds to weak interactions and encompassing the self-assembly of NBBs on all length scales. In covalent synthesis and polymerisation, the scientist links atoms together in any desired conformation, which does not necessarily have to be the energetically most favoured position; self-assembling molecules, on the other hand, adopt a structure at the thermodynamic minimum, finding the best combination of interactions between subunits but not forming covalent bonds between them. In self-assembling structures, the scientist must predict this minimum, not merely place the atoms in the location desired.
Another characteristic common to nearly all self-assembled systems is their thermodynamic stability. For SA to take place without intervention of external forces, the process must lead to a lower Gibbs free energy, thus self-assembled structures are thermodynamically more stable than the single, unassembled components. A direct consequence is the general tendency of self-assembled structures to be relatively free of defects. An example is the formation of two-dimensional superlattices composed of an orderly arrangement of micrometre-sized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spheres, starting from a solution containing the microspheres, in which the solvent is allowed to evaporate slowly in suitable conditions. In this case, the driving force is capillary interaction, which originates from the deformation of the surface of a liquid caused by the presence of floating or submerged particles.
These two properties—weak interactions and thermodynamic stability—can be recalled to rationalise another property often found in self-assembled systems: the sensitivity to perturbations exerted by the external environment. These are small fluctuations that alter thermodynamic variables that might lead to marked changes in the structure and even compromise it, either during or after SA. The weak nature of interactions is responsible for the flexibility of the architecture and allows for rearrangements of the structure in the direction determined by thermodynamics. If fluctuations bring the thermodynamic variables back to the starting condition, the structure is likely to go back to its initial configuration. This leads us to identify one more property of SA, which is generally not observed in materials synthesised by other techniques: reversibility.
SA is a process which is easily influenced by external parameters: if this can make synthesis more problematic due to the many free parameters that require control, on the other hand it has the exciting advantage that a large variety of shapes and functions on many length scales can be obtained.
Generally speaking, the fundamental condition needed for NBBs to self-assemble into an ordered structure is the simultaneous presence of long-range repulsive and short-range attractive forces.
By choosing precursors with suitable physicochemical properties, it is possible to exert a fine control on the formation processes that produce complex structures. Clearly, the most important tool when it comes to designing a synthesis strategy for a material, is the knowledge of the chemistry of the building units. For example, it was demonstrated that it was possible to use diblock copolymers with different block reactivities in order to selectively embed maghemite nanoparticles and generate periodic materials with potential use as waveguides.
In 2008, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science published a study in which it was concluded that every self-assembly process in reality presents a co-assembly, which makes the former term a misnomer of a kind. The thesis is built on the concept of mutual ordering of the self-assembling system and its environment.
Self-assembly at the macroscopic scale
Self-assembly processes can be observed in systems of macroscopic building blocks. These building blocks can be externally propelled or self-propelled. Since the 1950s, scientists have built self-assembly systems exhibiting centimeter-sized components ranging from passive mechanical parts to mobile robots. For systems at this scale, the component design can be precisely controlled. For some systems, the components' interaction preferences are programmable. The self-assembly processes can be easily monitored and analyzed by the components themselves or by external observers.
In April 2014, Skylar Tibbits of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, demonstrated a combination of 3D printed plastic with a "smart material" that self-assembles in water. Tibbits refers to this as "4D printing".
Consistent concepts of self-organization and self-assembly
Self-organization and self-assembly are regularly used interchangeably. As complex system science becomes more popular though, there is a higher need to clearly distinguish the differences between the two mechanisms to understand their significance in physical and biological systems. Both processes explain how collective order is developed from "dynamic small-scale interactions" according to an article in a November/December 2008 issue of the journal Complexity. Self-organization is a nonequilibrium process where self-assembly is a spontaneous process that leads toward equilibrium. Self-assembly requires components to remain essentially unchanged throughout the process. Besides the thermodynamic difference between the two, there is also a difference in formation. The first difference is what "encodes the global order of the whole" in self-assembly whereas in self-organization these initial encodings are not necessary. Another slight contrast refers to the minimum number of units needed to make an order. Self-organization appears to have a minimum number of units whereas self-assembly does not. These terms are becoming more necessary as more is learned about natural selection. Eventually, these patterns may form one theory regarding the pattern formation in nature.
- Crystal engineering
- Langmuir–Blodgett film
- Pick-and-place machine
- Self-assembly of nanoparticles
- Wetterskog, Erik; Agthe, Michael; Mayence, Arnaud; Grins, Jekabs; Wang, Dong; Rana, Subhasis; Ahniyaz, Anwar; Salazar-Alvarez, German; Bergström, Lennart (2014). "Precise control over shape and size of iron oxide nanocrystals suitable for assembly into ordered particle arrays". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 15 (5): 055010. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/15/5/055010.
- Strong, M. (2004). "Protein Nanomachines". PLoS Biol. 2 (3): e73–e74. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020073. PMC 368168. PMID 15024422.
- "Structural Diversity and the Role of Particle Shape and Dense Fluid Behavior in Assemblies of Hard Polyhedra". Archived from the original on 2012-02-10. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- Whitesides, G.M.; Boncheva, M. (2002). "Beyond molecules: Self-assembly of mesoscopic and macroscopic components". PNAS 99 (8): 4769–74. doi:10.1073/pnas.082065899. PMC 122665. PMID 11959929.
- Whitesides, George M.; Kriebel, Jennah K.; Love, J. Christopher (2005). "Molecular engineering of surfaces using self-assembled monolayers". Science Progress 88 (Pt 1): 17–48. doi:10.3184/003685005783238462. PMID 16372593.
- Berillo, Dmitriy; Mattiasson, Bo; Galaev, Igor Yu.; Kirsebom, Harald (2012). "Formation of macroporous self-assembled hydrogels through cryogelation of Fmoc–Phe–Phe". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 368 (1): 226–230. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2011.11.006. PMID 22129632.
- Chen, Pu; Luo, Zhengyuan; Güven, Sinan; Tasoglu, Savas; Ganesan, Adarsh Venkataraman; Weng, Andrew; Demirci, Utkan (2014). "Microscale Assembly Directed by Liquid-Based Template". Advanced Materials 26 (34): 5936–5941. doi:10.1002/adma.201402079. PMID 24956442.
- Ozin, Geoffrey A.; Arsenault, André C. (2005). Nanochemistry: a chemical approach to nanomaterials. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-664-X.
- Denkov, N.; Velev, O.; Kralchevski, P.; Ivanov, I.; Yoshimura, H.; Nagayama, K. (1992). "Mechanism of formation of two-dimensional crystals from latex particles on substrates". Langmuir 8 (12): 3183. doi:10.1021/la00048a054.
- Lehn, Jm (Mar 2002). "Toward self-organization and complex matter". Science 295 (5564): 2400–3. doi:10.1126/science.1071063. PMID 11923524.
- Forster, Paul M.; Cheetham, Anthony K. (2002). "Open-Framework Nickel Succinate, [Ni7(C4H4O4)6(OH)2(H2O)2]⋅2H2O: A New Hybrid Material with Three-Dimensional Ni−O−Ni Connectivity". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 41 (3): 457. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20020201)41:3<457::AID-ANIE457>3.0.CO;2-W.
- Gazit, Oz; Khalfin, Rafail; Cohen, Yachin; Tannenbaum, Rina (2009). "Self-Assembled Diblock Copolymer “Nanoreactors” as “Catalysts” for Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (2): 576–583. doi:10.1021/jp807668h.
- Uskoković, Vuk (2008). "Isn't self-assembly a misnomer? Multi-disciplinary arguments in favor of co-assembly". Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 141 (1-2): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2008.02.004. PMID 18406396.
- Hosokawa K.; Shimoyama, I.; Miura, H. (1994). "Dynamics of self-assembling systems: Analogy with chemical kinetics". Artificial Life 1 (4): 413–427. doi:10.1162/artl.1994.1.413.
- Groß R.; Dorigo, M.; Mondada, Francesco; Dorigo, Marco (2006). "Autonomous self-assembly in swarm-bots". IEEE Transactions on Robotics 22 (6): 1115–1130. doi:10.1109/TRO.2006.882919.
- Groß R.; Dorigo, M. (2008). "Self-assembly at the macroscopic scale". Proceedings of the IEEE 96 (9): 1490–1508. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2008.927352.
- D’Monte, Leslie (7 May 2014) Indian market sees promise in 3D printers. livemint.com
- The emergence of "4D printing". ted.com (2013)
- Halley, J. D.; Winkler, D.A. (2008). "Consistent Concepts of Self-organization and Self-assembly". Complexity 14 (2): 10. doi:10.1002/cplx.20235.
- Book chapter "Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly", Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2007) 014109 (96 pages) (free download)
- Kuniaki Nagayama, Freeview Video 'Self-Assembly: Nature's Way To Do It, A Royal Institution Lecture by the Vega Science Trust.
- Paper Molecular Self-Assembly
- Paper Beyond molecules: Self-assembly of mesoscopic and macroscopic components
- Whitesides, G. M. & Grzybowski, B. (2002) Science 295, 2418-2421.
- Pablo F. Damasceno, Michael Engel & Sharon Glotzer (2012) Science 337, 453-457
- Rothemund PWK, Papadakis N, Winfree E (2004) Algorithmic Self-Assembly of DNA Sierpinski Triangles. PLoS Biol 2(12)
- Wiki: C2 Self Assembly from a computer programming perspective.
- Pelesko, J.A., (2007) Self Assembly: The Science of Things That Put Themselves Together, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
- A brief page on self-assembly at the University of Delaware Self Assembly
- Mohammadzadegan R, Sheikhi MH (2007) DNA Nano-Gears Molecular Simulation 33(13); 1071-1081.
- Structure and Dynamics of Organic Nanostructures
- Metal organic coordination networks of oligopyridines and Cu on graphite
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20 May 2012
Mumbai’s suffocating crowds, mounting filth, and the rampant abuse of antibiotics are creating deadly bacteria too strong for our medicines
SR Ramachandran, a senior citizen from Mulund, woke up to a pool of blood from a boil on his heel. After a few days of self-treatment, Ramachandran’s wife Shyamala noticed the wound was oozing pus and smelling foul.
The 69-year-old diabetic rushed to his doctor Ramesh Punjani, who scraped out infected tissue, analysed swabs of blackened skin and finally prescribed him some generic antibiotics.
Ramachandran’s bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity report threw up no cause for concern. But his wound, which should have healed in about 10 days, kept getting worse.
Six weeks later, the second report threw up a fearsome name - pseudomonas aeruginosa, a superbug notorious for its drug resistance and quick mutation.Dr Punjani says, “The bacteria were resisting many kinds of antibiotics and had made his heel their home.
A wound that should have taken 10 days to heal took 90.”
As he gets his wound dressed at a nursing home, Ramachandran shrugs, “I have no idea how I contracted such an infection.” Luckily for him, it was weeded out before it could cause serious damage. Others are not as fortunate.
An increasing number of patients are battling antibiotic drug resistance across the city’s hospitals, of which some are unable to survive them. Doctors peg Mumbai’s public hospital-acquired infections at more than 10 per cent, a chunk of which is caused by drug resistance.
While India gains notoriety for its abuse of antibiotics, Mumbai is emerging as the numero uno city cut out for serious trouble. It has everything it takes to bring on antibiotic Armageddon - a 1.25 crore plus crowd, staggering numbers of unqualified doctors, lack of sanitation and healthcare, among other things. Doctors agree that it has come to be the hyperactive nerve centre of drug resistance.
Antibiotic resistance, the Achilles Heel of modern medicine, is the ability of bacteria to become immune to a drug that once stalled them or killed them. The bacteria gather genes to evade the drug and multiply, mutate or share the resistant genes with other bacteria. What used to be a miracle cure has turned into a big scare and Mumbai, with its distinctive insouciance, is late in waking up to what it should fear deeply.
“It’s hard to establish how it is landing people in hospitals or causing so many deaths. But when a recuperating patient suddenly develops complications and doesn’t respond to most antibiotics, doctors know it’s a case of resistance,” says Dr Punjani, a laparoscopic surgeon at Fortis hospital. Dr Altaf Patel, a consultant physician at Jaslok hospital, says, “Antibiotics are increasingly failing in our hospitals’ infection-laden environment. You may suffer a heart attack and recover from it but catch pneumonia in the ICU and die of it.”
Big city, big trouble
Mumbai provides a near-perfect environment for bacterial proliferation. The weather is muggy, sanitation and hygiene poor, street food dodgy, drinking water suspect, hospitals choc-a-bloc, preventive measures non-existent and open defecation still a harsh reality.
Add to that indiscriminate prescriptions by fly-by-night doctors and eager popping of pills by patients in a rush and we’re set for disaster.
Instances of misuse abound. Last month, a 23-year-old Arts student from Ghatkopar was unhappy with the mild medicine her family doctor put her on for a fever. She switched to another doctor who hooked her on to a 10-day course of strong antibiotic injections. The woman thought she had recovered. But the day after she stopped taking them, she relapsed into meningitis and was rushed to a Ghatkopar hospital. Her recovery is taking weeks.
The trend of using antibiotics at every instance has spiralled out of control in the city in the past three years, Dr Amol Manerkar, a physician at Kohinoor hospital, believes. “Patients come in with viral infections and are given antibiotics even though these have no effect on viruses,” he says.
How an antibiotic is used is really important to its effectiveness. Dr Shivkumar Utture, Maharashtra Medical Council member and ex-president of the Indian Medical Association says, “It’s critical to prescribe the right dose for each case for the right amount of time, while keeping both body weight and age in mind.”
Dr A K Gvalani, head of General Surgery at KEM hospital, adds, “Non-MBBS doctors, who don’t understand the pharmacology of medicines or bacteriology, prescribe antibiotics blindly and help the bacteria grow smarter. Every time you take an antibiotic, weaker strains are destroyed and the stronger ones lurk. When you don’t complete your course, bacteria develop mechanisms to fight back against them and then multiply.” It sounds like we are fighting a losing battle. We are currently using the few antibiotics left effective.
The ideal response, many physicians say, is to let an infection run its course and treat it symptomatically. But our city conditions us to seek quick-fixes. Dr Manerkar says, “Pay cuts pinch, so patients want to recover instantly at the first chance. When a doctor doesn’t know what’s ailing the patient, he turns to antibiotics, the Ram-baan, as a cure-all because he is under pressure to deliver results.” Dr Vishwa Mohan Katoch, Director General of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), says, “It’s a case of too many doctors prescribing too many antibiotics.”
What we urgently need is a policy restricting the abuse of pills. Meanwhile, we can begin with a tiny change at home. Dr Manu Kothari, an anatomy professor at KEM, says, “People should tolerate smaller infections. We need a change of mindset.”
The family doc
At his 90-year-old Girgaum clinic, Dr Krishnakant Dhebri pulls out random statistics from dust-laden files. His father, R P Dhebri, was the founder of the General Practitioners’ Association (GPA) in the ’60s. He says that almost 50 per cent of Mumbai’s GPs are under-qualified or quacks. “The idea of GPA was to address doctors’ problems and evolve a consensus on important concerns, such as drug resistance. Unfortunately, nobody has a say on what these doctors prescribe,” he says.
With India’s Rs 620 billion pharmaceutical industry constantly pushing its brands, many GPs are reaching for broad-spectrum antibiotics that cost thousands even when a strip of Rs 30 would do the job.
“When you can kill it with a bullet, why call in a tomahawk missile?” wonders Dr Manerkar.
Dr Dhebri seconds this view. “For cold, fever or malaria, I prescribe Chloroquine which costs a rupee a piece and takes a day or two to get you on your feet again. Once a patient told me - Aap mujhe woh 200 rupye ka injection dijiye na. When I refused, he returned to the doctor who prescribes them.”
By turning to strong antibiotics, we are also throwing out the baby with the bath water. The human digestive tract is home to about 2.2 kg of ‘good bacteria’ or gut flora, which help in digestion and absorption. Dr Preeti Mehta, microbiology professor at KEM, points out that antibiotics flush out the good bacteria along with the bad. “Without the normal flora, the body is exposed to other pathogens,” she says.
The most alarming problem lies in the city’s gut. After taking antibiotics, we flush out billions of drug resistant bacteria into the sewers, aiding their spread and mutation. Dr Camille Rodriques, who heads Hinduja’s Microbiology unit, says, “Those defecating in the open also add to this. These bacteria find fertile ground, breed, multiply and become airborne, waterborne and sneak into our food chain. In the monsoons, there’s a bacterial explosion. Our close proximity to each other; at home, in local trains or in streets and markets, makes us easy targets.”
Not only are our streets crowded, so are our hospitals. And instead of being the solution, they have become hotbeds for drug resistant bacteria. Dr Abhay Chowdhary, Director of Haffkine Institute, says a common kind buzzing in our hospitals is Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), which causes painful skin infections and, if untreated, infects blood and organs and even causes death. “The situation is under our control right now but the future doesn’t look secure. A large outbreak of MRSA has the potential to turn pandemic.”
If doctors and staff follow strict practices, such infections can come down by about 80 per cent, believes Chowdhary. “Washing hands or a hand-rub with spirit after tending to each patient works wonders. While there is awareness, the staff is lax,” he says. In BMC and state-run hospitals, which have extra beds and even floor beds for the endless flow of patients, it’s hard to maintain sanitation.
For a country that has the highest TB cases and a quarter of the world’s pneumonia patients, India’s antibiotics-fixation is worrisome. A recent research by US-based Centre for Disease Dynamics shows that in six years, there has been a six-fold increase in the number of Carbapenems - powerful ‘last-resort’ antibiotics - popped by us.
Quinolones, which form the first and the most essential line of defence while combating tuberculosis are regularly sold without a prescription for everything from fever to the common flu. Such callous over-use of vital drugs have now rendered them useless for TB treatment.
Dr Zarir Udwadia, a consultant chest physician at Hinduja hospital who has extensively researched Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) and Totally Drug Resistant (TDR) tuberculosis in Mumbai, says resistance to fluoroquinolones has increased from 3 per cent in 1996 to 35 per cent in 2004. “This alarming hike tells us they should be reserved for treatment of TB in TB-endemic areas,” he says.
A survey of more than 106 listed physicians in the Dharavi area was taken to see how they prescribed antibiotics to patients with TB symptoms. “Of these, only 46 were qualified allopaths. The rest were trained in alternative medicines such as homeopathy, ayurveda or unani and yet more than 50 per cent of them practiced allopathy. Of these, only five could correctly list the prescription and dosage for the recommended duration for TB. The rest either listed the medication wrong, or the duration, or the dosage or all,” he says.
Dr Katoch, however, says it is possible to conquer drug resistance. “In 1982, leprosy’s multi-drug resistance was more than 20 per cent. But through the years, with patients being treated by only qualified doctors and using only two antibiotics, it now faces virtually nil drug resistance.”
The drug dilemma
The biggest challenge, however, lies in familial sentiments. The logic of staggered and judicious use of antibiotics is lost on the kin of a patient writhing on a bed. Dr Krishnakant says, “Sometimes, you can’t blame doctors who feel the need to use all the measures they can.”
Dr Manerkar cites his own insecurities. “Despite all I say and practice, my parental anxiety makes me contemplate antibiotics for my two-year-old son if he is down with high fever. But my wife, also a doctor, reassures me that there’s no need. We really need to change ourselves, each one of us.”
What is antibiotic resistance?
Reams have been written about the extraordinary ability of certain bacteria to develop drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance is an outcome of what comes most naturally to bacteria - survival. Being the first forms of life four billion years ago, they have mastered this art.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) says antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest health challenges mankind will face this century. WHO Director-General Margaret Chan, at a medical meeting in March this year, pointed out that mankind was hurtling towards an era where common infections will no longer have a cure. “Things as common as strep throat or a child’s scratched knee could once again kill. We’re on the brink of losing these miracle cures.”
Superbugs, the most drug resistant bacteria, don’t relent to the toughest of antibiotics. At the heart of the superbug anxiety is the menacing NDM-1 gene, short for New Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-1, a reference to the capital where five years ago, a Swedish man was hospitalised for an infection that resisted standard antibiotic treatments.
Just as other mutant genes, the NDM-1 transfers itself among and across many kinds of bacteria. With the mutant rogue genes having settled down in more than 40 countries, the West is increasingly pointing its finger at India, dubbing it the epicentre of the drug resistance problem.
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by AMACO brent
Clay animation combines the high tech equipment kids love to use with their ageless, timeless love for the tactile qualities of clay. It encourages teamwork and gives students the opportunity to learn through the hands-on process of creating. This engaging clay animation lesson incorporates art, academic curriculum, developmental skills, and multi-media technology and is appropriate for all grade levels. Students become involved in all aspects of this exciting lesson, and they will never again see a clay animation movie or video without understanding and appreciating the complexities of the process.
Clay Animation Video Tutorial
Use this quick video tutorial to help you get started making short and easy stop animation videos using a smart phone or camera!
The art teacher should introduce an overview of animation and clay animation, helping students to understand how complex the process is. Show examples of professional clay animation videos and commercials. Explain that a professional clay animation video is approximately 30 frames per second. A one- minute clay animation video seen on television requires 1800 individual stop-action frames. Using simple equipment — a camcorder, TV/VCR, and audio tape player — it takes 40 frames for 10 seconds of video, 240 frames for a one-minute video, and 14,400 frames for an hour video. A one-minute student created video will require that the characters and scenes be moved and shot by the students 240 times in sequence.
Talk to students about the teamwork and cooperation. Explain that each student must be and will be involved all aspects of the project and that each must do his or her share. Remind students that clay animation is a process that can only be accomplished if it is done step-by-step.
Demonstrate the process for the students. Show them how a story line, characters and background sets are created and how video taping is done.
Emphasize design, texture, relationship of materials, craftsmanship, and detail.
Theme, Story, Title, Storyboard
After a theme has been determined, students should choose a title and discuss the theme. If research is involved, ask classroom or subject teachers to help provide resources and assistance.
Using their imaginations, students should create a story line about the theme. Remind them to keep the story simple and to limit the number of scenes.
Determine the number of scenes. Create a storyboard from the story line and calculate the single frame movements necessary.
Teams for Scenes
Divide the class into the same number of groups as there will be scenes. Each group will work on all aspects within the scene, creating characters and background sets and video taping.
Scenes can be three-dimensional (vertical) like a stage or horizontal (flat, like a relief) where the characters and objects lay flat on the background. If the class is doing a number of scenes, have some be vertical and some horizontal.
The vertical background can be created from curved masonite. A curved, rather than right angle, seam gives an illusion of depth.
Explain that creating the background and sets is like creating a relief and that creating the characters and objects is like creating sculptures.
Backgrounds (sky, clouds, trees, sun, stars, etc.) are constructed by pressing small chunks of modeling clay on to the masonite board.
Use solid core copper wire as armature for the clay people and objects. The wire provides stability and ease of movement.
To make figures, show students how to mix and blend colors for flesh tones and other colors. For control and handling, form head and face over eraser of pencil.
Rehearsal and Filming
Once backgrounds, objects, and characters are finished, students should decide where the people and objects should go in the scenes.
The story is recorded onto video tape by moving the characters short distances and taking single frame pictures of the scene. This process is repeated over and over until each scene is completed.
Sound and Dialogue
Students should write a script that includes dialogue, narration, and background music. When the script is recorded, it is then dubbed onto the completed video tape.
Some successful ideas for clay animation videos include “How an Apple Grows,” the study of the life cycle by second grade students “Travels through Electricity,” the study of how coal is processed and generated into electricity by fifth grade students “Fun at the Amusement Park,” a creative writing language arts lesson by fifth grade students “Journey to Outer Space,” the study of planets by fourth grade students “Building a Rainbow,” a lesson in positive values and self esteem by elementary students “Afrocentricity on the Move,” a story about graduating from high school, overcoming obstacles, and succeeding in life by high school art students.
Show complete videos to student body and to parents and visitors at open houses and other school events.
Camera or Camera Phone
Video Editing Software or a Video Sharing App (like Instagram, Vine, ETC.)
Freezer Paper (for working surface)
Resealable Zipper Bags (for storage)
Potter's Needle Tool
- Hardwood Pony Roller Xacto Knife Wire
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The Physics Classroom: Electric Potential Relations
Physics Front Related Resources
Learn about the life, work and accomplishments of Alessandro Volta, regarded by most as the inventor of the battery.
Other Related Resources
Visit The Physics Classroom's Flickr Galleries and enjoy a photo overview of the topic of electric circuits.
What is a battery? How were they invented? Learn the answers here.
Learning requires action. Give your students this sense-making activity from The Curriculum Corner.
Equip yourself with a background knowledge of Volta's studies of metallic electricity and the development of the voltaic pile.
Present physics concepts with a historical context. Let The Physics Front's treasure box of catalogued resources help.
Create a new relation
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The men recruited by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) arrived at Catoctin with nothing. They were given everything they needed upon arrival including false identification documents. All trainees were to remain anonymous. Their mission, location, or true identity was to be kept secret. Trainees were given a name badge with a fictitious student name such as "Joe" or "Fred." OSS training films showed instructors and trainees wearing black masks to protect their identities. If the trainees went to Hagerstown or Gettysburg for an evening on leave they had to be careful not to divulge any information. All trainees were closely watched even outside of the camp.
The OSS facility known as B-2 needed physical- and weapons-training areas. The first obstacle course constructed in early 1942 was built along Owens Creek. It consisted of a wire stretched taught across the creek with a rope line tied several feet above the wire. Trainees with full packs were instructed to make their way along the wire holding onto the rope. As they navigated along the wire many recruits ended up in the creek waters. Along the "Demolition Trail" that went from B-2 to B-5 the instructors would set small explosive charges. The trainees learned to stay low and keep their heads down. Frank Gleason, a demolitions instructor at B-2, recounts that his only injury was a young officer who broke his jaw and lost several teeth on the demolition trail. He found out later that the injured agent was future CIA Director William Casey.
The Army Corps of Engineers leveled a 100 ft. x 100 ft. area within 15 cleared acres north of the old CCC Camp for demolitions training. The area was located in what is now Chestnut Picnic Area. It was used for training recruits in the use of grenades and rifle-propelled grenades before the B-5 range was constructed. Prior to the construction of the rifle range at B-5, trainees were sent to Fort Ritchie, an Army base located 5 miles northwest of the camp, for rifle and submachine gun training. Fort Ritchie was the headquarters for the Maryland National Guard and the US Army Military Intelligence School. At the end of 1943, a rifle range was constructed west of B-5 that had targets operated manually by men using a pulley system of ropes. Trainees were taught to operate both friendly and enemy weapons.
In April of 1942, munitions and explosives were stored in hand-dug caves. Weapons were kept in a wooden building located across the field in front of the Mess Hall at B-2. Later in 1943, the Army Corps of Engineers replaced the previous storage facilities with a cinderblock arsenal guarded by an armed sentry. It housed M-1 Garand semi-automatic rifles, Springfield 1903 bolt action sniper rifles, Thompson submachine guns, .45 automatic pistols, .33 automatic pistols, hand grenades and 60 millimeter trench mortars.
Last updated: November 25, 2015
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This is a legacy topic. View the most up to date content by selecting the exam board in the dropdown to the left.
Variation between members of the same species is called intraspecific variation. Members of different species are easily distinguishable as very different (interspecific variation), but variation is a key concept within the same species too. So if you were to collect samples of clovers in order to analyse their height, how would you go about making sure you don’t happen to pick up all the tall ones or all the short ones? Before you’ve even analysed them, how would you know what the average height would be?
Chance plays an important role in sampling. Chance cannot be eliminated, but the probability of variation being due to chance can be decreased by collecting a large sample, and random sampling. In this case, the height of clovers would be considered continuous variation, as opposed to discontinuous. Continuous means that the clovers can have any height between certain values e.g. 2.1cm, 2.2cm or 2.25. Could one clover have a height of 2.24cm? Yes, that’s perfectly possible.
An example of discontinuous variation is the number of toes. It’s either 10, or more rarely a couple more or a couple less. So it could be 8, 10 or 12. Could someone have 12.35 toes? No.
Back to the clovers. You’ve got the data, and if you were to plot it, then what you’d get is a normal distribution curve. This means that most clovers will have about the same height, with a few deviating from the mean. The extent to which deviation from the mean occurs is called the standard deviation. This shows the spread of data around the mean.
The middle value, which is the mean, will have the highest frequency, whereas the extreme values i.e. midget clovers and gigantoclovers will have the lowest frequency.
The first graph would show a sample of clovers where the vast majority have a similar height, and only a few deviate from the mean. The second graph would represent the heights of a clover sample where most have a similar height, and a significant number deviate from the mean.
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By Eric Hand of Nature magazine
Dragon, the privately built space capsule intended to haul cargo and astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS), is auditioning for another high-profile role. Its maker, SpaceX of Hawthorne, California, says that the capsule, which is set to make its first test flight to the ISS later this month, could be dispatched to Mars--drastically cutting the cost of exploration on the red planet. Together with researchers at the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, the company is working on a proposal for a first 'Red Dragon' mission.
In a presentation at a meeting of NASA science advisers in Washington DC on October 31, the group advocated repurposing Dragon and the SpaceX Falcon 9 launch rocket to send an ice drill that would look for life near the poles of Mars. The mission could launch as early as 2018 for a cost of $500 million, proponents say--well within the budget of NASA's least-expensive class of planetary missions.
"These are initial ideas," says James Green, head of NASA's planetary-science division, who invited the presentation. Although NASA officials are cautious, the fact that the proposal was presented at all is telling in a time of tightening budgets.
Christopher McKay, principal investigator at Ames for the Mars proposal, called 'Icebreaker', says that the mission would target polar terrain where ice is present near the surface, similar to that probed by the Phoenix spacecraft in 2008. Capable of piercing Martian permafrost a metre thick, the robotic drill would retrieve samples for an onboard lab that would look for DNA and enzymes.
The most challenging part of any Mars mission is taking a spacecraft through the Martian atmosphere at high speed and then slowing it down to a soft landing. Proponents of the Red Dragon concept say that this could be done using the eight small rocket motors that will be added to the capsule for escape from the Falcon 9 rocket--a requirement for carrying humans, in case of an aborted launch. These motors would slow the capsule's descent and allow it to land tail-first, says John Karcz, a space scientist at Ames who is leading NASA's evaluation of the concept.
Scott Hubbard, an aeronautical engineer at Stanford University in California and a former Ames director, is sceptical, questioning whether the retro-rockets alone could decelerate the capsule. All previous Mars landers have used parachutes. He notes that a capsule designed to operate near Earth will need extensive changes to cope with the communications challenges and temperature extremes in interplanetary space. "All space is not the same, and deep space is quite different."
Yet the prospect of a fast, cheap route to the red planet could be attractive for Mars scientists, whose other plans are falling foul of budget constraints. Another mission proposed for 2018, a rover that would gather rocks in the first part of a three-stage effort to bring samples back to Earth, would cost $2.5 billion--a figure that NASA hopes to split with the European Space Agency. But that hasn't been enough to placate US President Barack Obama's budget advisers, who are wary of the $8.5-billion total cost of the multi-launch project and are threatening to leave the missions out of future budget requests.
McKay says some colleagues are fretting that Red Dragon will undermine the push for the 2018 rover mission. "I can see how some people would see that as threatening," he says, but adds that if Red Dragon ends up as the cheapest way to Mars, it should get a fair hearing. He says that Ames and SpaceX will refine the proposal in preparation for a planetary-mission competition that could begin in 2013.
This article is reproduced with permission from the magazine Nature. The article was first published on November 7, 2011.
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Paul Schaefer, a former Nazi corporal, established the colony in 1961
The former Baptist preacher established the colony in southern Chile in 1961, after fleeing Germany to escape separate child abuse charges.
He had close ties to Chile's elite during Gen Augusto Pinochet's rule.
Schaefer denied allowing Chile's secret police to use the enclave as a centre for torturing left-wing dissidents in the 1970s and 1980s.
While under Schaefer's control, most of the commune's residents are believed to have been held there against their will.
A Chilean congressional report has said that Colonia Dignidad - which means Dignity Colony - operated as a "state within a state" during the Pinochet regime, thanks to Schaefer's close ties to the country's ruling elite.He had fled Chile in 1997 and was convicted of sex crimes in absentia. He was found hiding in Argentina in March 2005 and sent back for a fresh trial.
Chile's government took over the 13,000-hectare (32,000-acre) colony in 2005.
Former members said Schaefer forced children to live separately from their parents, banning contact with the outside world.
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Exactly one year after the rural Covid-19 infection rate first exceeded the urban rate, rural counties have moved back to the front edge of the pandemic.
The rate of new infections last week was a third higher in rural counties than urban ones, a Daily Yonder analysis shows. The current trend began the week of August 14.
The last time the rural rate of new infections was this much higher than the metro rate was the second week of August 2020. After surpassing the metro rate for the first time that week, the rural rate of new infections remained higher than the metro rate for nearly five months – through the end of 2020.
The number of new infections in rural counties grew by 17% last week, to 189,183 – the highest number since early January. Metro infections grew by 8%, to about 870,000 new cases.
The rural infection rate – which is expressed as new cases per 1,000 residents – was 411 last week. The metropolitan rate was 308.
The higher infection rate comes just as rural America surpassed 100,000 total deaths from Covid-19. The current death toll among rural Americans stands at 101,035. Last week, 1,779 rural Americans died from Covid-19, an increase of about 18% from two weeks ago.
Rural residents who contract Covid-19 are slightly more likely to die from the illness than metropolitan residents. While rural residents account for about 14.4% of all infections, they represent 16.2% of the nation’s Covid-related deaths. Previous studies have pointed to several factors that could raise risk for rural populations, including age and complicating conditions such as type 2 diabetes.
This week’s report covers Sunday, August 22, through Saturday, August 28. Data is from USA Facts.
- The Deep South remained the regional hotspot for the current surge, which is driven by the highly contagious Delta variant. But infection rates are up across the nation.
- Nine out of every 10 U.S. counties are on the red-zone list, meaning they have a weekly infection rate of at least 100 new cases per 100,000. The White House coronavirus task force has advised local governments to take additional mitigation measures when infection rates reach this level.
- Just two months ago, less than a fifth of U.S. counties were on the red-zone list.
- Fourteen states have all their rural counties in the red zone. (On the map, the red zone includes red [rural] and light red [metro] counties, plus black [rural] and gray [metro]. Black and gray counties have very high rates of infection – 500 or more new cases per 100,000 residents for the week.)
- An additional 12 states have more than 90% of their rural counties on the red-zone list.
- Just nine states (all but two of which are in the South) account for half of all new rural infections last week. These are Texas (14,822 new rural infections), Kentucky (14,635), Mississippi (11,701), Tennessee (11,701), North Carolina (10,829), Georgia (9,483), Indiana (7,520), Florida (7,222), and Ohio (7,071.)
- Florida had the nation’s worst rural infection rate, at more than 1,000 new cases per 100,000 residents. That means the equivalent of 1% of rural Florida contracted Covid-19 in just the last week.
- Kentucky was second highest, with a rural infection rate of 801 per 100,000, followed by Tennessee with 768 per 100,000. (Roll over the statewide map to see information on rural infection rates and more.)
- Connecticut, which has only one rural county, had the best new infection rate – 119 per 100,000 – still high enough to be in the red zone.
- Other New England states also had low rural rates of infection compared to the rest of the U.S. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, which are also near the top of the list in vaccination rates, had the next best rural rates of infection. Michigan had the fifth best rate, followed by Massachusetts.
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| 0.96099 | 872 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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