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Member Voice for May 6
The holiday of Cinco De Mayo, The 5th Of May, commemorates the victory of the Mexican militia over the French army at The Battle Of Puebla in 1862. Celebrated mainly in the state of Puebla and the United States.
Celebrating Cinco de Mayo has become increasingly popular along the U.S.-Mexico border and in parts of the U.S. that have a high population of people with a Mexican heritage. In these areas the holiday is a celebration of Mexican culture, of food, music, beverage and customs unique to Mexico.
Commercial interests in the United States and Mexico have also had a hand in promoting the holiday, with products and services focused on Mexican food, beverages and festivities, with music playing a more visible role as well. Several cities throughout the U.S. hold parades and concerts during the week following up to May 5th, so that Cinco de Mayo has become a bigger holiday north of the border than it is to the south, and being adopted into the holiday calendar of more and more people every year.
I am combining two totally different themes for this shoot out. This way, everyone will find material for the shoot out.
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- What is a 3% raise?
- How do you calculate the percent difference?
- How do you calculate precision?
- What is accepted value in chemistry?
- How do you find the percent range in chemistry?
- How do I find the percentage between two numbers in Excel?
- How much is 5 percent off?
- How do I find the difference between two numbers in Excel?
- How do you calculate a 5% increase?
- How do u find the mean?
- Is a 5% raise good?
- How do you calculate the percent error in chemistry?
- How do I get a percentage of two numbers?
- How do I find the percentage of two numbers without a calculator?
What is a 3% raise?
$25.75 is the new wage, with a 3% increase.
Remember, when you convert the percentage to a decimal, you need to move the decimal point TWO spaces to the left.
If you move it only once, you’ll end up giving a 30% raise instead of a 3% raise.
That’s because 0.3 is ten times as much as 0.03.
$25 x 1.3 = $32.50..
How do you calculate the percent difference?
Percentage Change | Increase and DecreaseFirst: work out the difference (increase) between the two numbers you are comparing.Increase = New Number – Original Number.Then: divide the increase by the original number and multiply the answer by 100.% increase = Increase ÷ Original Number × 100.More items…
How do you calculate precision?
Find the difference (subtract) between the accepted value and the experimental value, then divide by the accepted value. To determine if a value is precise find the average of your data, then subtract each measurement from it. This gives you a table of deviations. Then average the deviations.
What is accepted value in chemistry?
In science, and most specifically chemistry, the accepted value denotes a value of a substance accepted by almost all scientists and the experimental value denotes the value of a substance’s properties found in a localized lab.
How do you find the percent range in chemistry?
Subtract the minimum value from maximum one to calculate the range. In this example, the range is $41.12 – $34.68 = $6.44. Divide the range by the average value, and then multiply the result by 100 to calculate the relative percent range.
How do I find the percentage between two numbers in Excel?
Find the percentage of change between two numbersClick any blank cell.Type =(2500-2342)/2342, and then press RETURN . The result is 0.06746.Select the cell that contains the result from step 2.On the Home tab, click . The result is 6.75%, which is the percentage of increase in earnings.
How much is 5 percent off?
Sale Price = $95 (answer). This means the cost of the item to you is $95. You will pay $95 for a item with original price of $100 when discounted 5%. In this example, if you buy an item at $100 with 5% discount, you will pay 100 – 5 = 95 dollars.
How do I find the difference between two numbers in Excel?
Calculate the difference between two numbers by inputting a formula in a new, blank cell. If A1 and B1 are both numeric values, you can use the “=A1-B1” formula. Your cells don’t have to be in the same order as your formula. For example, you can also use the “=B1-A1” formula to calculate a different value.
How do you calculate a 5% increase?
How to calculate percent increase. Percent increase formula….How do I add 5% to a number?Divide the number you wish to add 5% to by 100.Multiply this new number by 5.Add the product of the multiplication to your original number.Enjoy working at 105%!
How do u find the mean?
How to Find the Mean. The mean is the average of the numbers. It is easy to calculate: add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are. In other words it is the sum divided by the count.
Is a 5% raise good?
A 4% or 5% annual pay increase may not sound substantial, but in today’s environment, it’s better than most. Remember, that over time relatively small raises will compound and may very well result in a very nice salary.
How do you calculate the percent error in chemistry?
Steps to Calculate the Percent ErrorSubtract the accepted value from the experimental value.Take the absolute value of step 1.Divide that answer by the accepted value.Multiply that answer by 100 and add the % symbol to express the answer as a percentage.
How do I get a percentage of two numbers?
Learning how to calculate the percentage of one number vs. another number is easy. If you want to know what percent A is of B, you simple divide A by B, then take that number and move the decimal place two spaces to the right. That’s your percentage!
How do I find the percentage of two numbers without a calculator?
If you need to find a percentage of a number, here’s what you do – for example, to find 35% of 240: Divide the number by 10 to find 10%. In this case, 10% is 24. Multiply this number by how many tens are in the percentage you’re looking for – in this case, that’s 3, so you work out 30% to be 24 x 3 = 72.
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Part of a series on the
|History of Thailand|
Tambralinga was an ancient kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nagara Sri Dharmaraja (Nakhon Si Thammarat). Early records are scarce but its duration is estimated to range from the seventh to the fourteenth century. Tambralinga first sent tribute to the emperor of the Tang dynasty in 616. In Sanskrit tambra means "red" and linga means "symbol", typically representing the divine energy of Shiva.
By the end of the twelfth century, Tambralinga became independent of Srivijaya as the empire suffered a decline in prestige. At its height between the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century, Tambralinga had occupied most of the Malay Peninsula and become one of the dominant Southeast Asian states. By the end of the fourteenth century, Tambralinga was recorded in Siamese history as Nagara Sri Dharmaraja Kingdom.
References to a country named Poling appear in Chinese chronicles from the Tang period (618-907) down to the early Ming period (1368-1644). They had sent tribute in 640, 648, 818, 860 and 873. Many scholars identify Poling with Maling, and Danmaling () was one of the member-states of Sanfoqi (Srivijaya in Chinese language) in the central part of the Malayu Peninsula or now a day southern Thailand. Consequently, Poling may also be equated to Javaka in Sri Lankan materials, Savaka in Tamil inscriptions, Zabaj and Zabaka in Arabic records, Tambralingam and Tambralingarath (rath meaning country) that appear in Indian sources.
Although geographic location of Holing has been never mentioned in the reports of the pilgrims who had visited the kingdom, there are several reasons that suggest a location on Thai southern coast, which is precisely where the Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy said that the main port city of Takola Emporium was located during the first century.
References to the Tang's Chronicles (618-907), at Holing on the day of the summer solstice (June), an eight-foot vertical stake of sundial would cast a shadow that was around two feet long at the time of local noon that fell to the south side of the stake. By this information some scholars can determine that Holing was located at the latitude of 6 degrees, 8 minutes north. The only part of Southeast Asia that reaches this particular latitude is located in the central part of southern Thailand above the Equator.
In 671, the Chinese monk Yijing had a journey to seek the Pali Canon in India. After sailing for twenty days, his ship arrived in Foshih, the capital of Srivijaya Buddhist kingdom, where he "...landed and stayed six months, gradually learning the Sanskrit grammar. The king gave me some support and sent me to the country of Moloyu ...."
According to his record, Holing and Foshih were on nearly the same latitude but Holing was due east of the city of Foshih at a distance that could be spanned by a four- or five-day journey by sea while Moloyu was at a distance of fifteen-day journey by sea and had a location near to the Equator.
Tambralinga was mentioned again in Tanjore inscription stone. At Brihadisvara temple in Thanjavur, the ancient city of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu are inscriptions dating from 1030 which mentions the victory of Rajendra Chola I over the Southeastern countries of Srivijaya kingdom. The countries that Rajendra Chola I conquered were 13 countries including Madamalingam (or Tambralingam).
This inscription mentions the name of Srivisayam as the capital of the kingdom and Mevilimbangam (assumed Palembang) is another city. From Jue-Tang-Chu and Sin-Tang-chu chronicles in Ming period (1368-1644) described the location of Sanfoqi (Srivijaya) that "the west bordering Topoteng, the north bordering Chenla, the south bordering Tomosang island and east bordering Po-li or Ma-li".
The boundary of this country is explained as follow:
|North to Chenla||Chenla is known as ancient Khmer Empire.|
|East to Po-li or Ma-li||Poli or Poling, Mali or Maling - Danmaling is known as Tambralinga or Nakorn Sri Dharmaraj.|
|West to Topoteng||Topoteng is known as Thap Thiang, one of Tambons (subdistrict) in Trang, southern Thailand.|
|South to Tomosang Island||Tomosang is known as Temasek or Singapore in the fourteenth century.|
According to the inscription no.24 found at Hua-wieng temple in Chaiya near to Nakhon Si Thammarat, the ruler of Tambralinga named Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja was the king of Patama vamsa (lotus dynasty).:184 He began to reign in 1230, he had the Phrae Boromadhatu (chedi in Nakhon Si Thammaraj, from Sanskrit dhatu - element, component, or relic + garbha - storehouse or repository) reparation and celebration in the same year. Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja brought Tambralinga reached the pinnacle of its power in the mid-thirteenth century. From the Sri Lankan and Tamil materials, this Chandrabhanu was a Savakan king from Tambralinga who had invaded Sri Lanka in 1247. His navy launched an assault on the southern part of the island but was defeated by the Sri Lankan king.
However Chandrabhanu was able to establish an independent regime in the north of the island over the Jaffna kingdom, but in 1258 he was attacked and subjugated by the south Indian Emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan.:185 He was compelled to pay a tribute to the Pandyan Dynasty of precious jewels and elephants. In 1262 Chandrabhanu launched another attack on the south of the island, his army strengthened this time by the addition of Tamil and Sinhalese forces, only to be defeated when Pandya sided with the Sri Lankan side; this time Jatarvarman Sundara Pandyan's brother Jatavarman Veera Pandyan intervened and Chandrabhanu himself was killed in the fighting. Chandrabhanu's son Savakanmaindan inherited the throne and submitted to Veera Pandyan's rule, received rewards and retained control over the northern kingdom. His regime too had disappeared following Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I's ascension to the Pandyan empire's throne and another invasion of the island by the army of the Pandyan Dynasty in the late 1270s. Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I installed his minister in charge of the invasion, Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan, an Aryachakravarti as the new king of Jaffna.
In at least two senses, the rapid expansion of Tambralinga is exceptional in the history of Southeast Asia. In the first place, Candrabhanu's invasion of Sri Lanka and occupation of the Jaffna kingdom marks the only time that a Southeast Asian power has launched an overseas military expedition beyond the immediate Southeast Asian region. In the second place, in the historiography of Southeast Asia the southern Thailand has generally played a secondary role to that of places like Java, the Malacca Strait region (Srivijaya in the seventh~eighth century, Melaka in the fifteenth century), Cambodia, Champa, Vietnam, and Burma. Tambralinga's sudden appearance on centre-stage in the thirteenth century was thus highly unusual.
By the end of the fourteenth century, Tambralinga had been submerged by the Sumatran Melayu Kingdom which had the backing of Java. Finally, in 1365 Majapahit Kingdom of Java recognized Nakorn Sri Dharmaraja as Dharmanagari written in Nagarakretagama. Despite its rapid rise to prominence in the thirteenth century, that is, by the following century Danmaling, or Tambralinga, the former member state of Sanfoshih - Javaka, had become a part of Siam.
The city chronicle already mentions a fortification when the town was refounded in 1278. The Ram Khamhaeng inscription of 1283 lists Nakhon Si Thammarat as one of the tributary kingdoms of Sukhothai. In the Palatinate law of King Trailok dated 1468, Nakhon Si Thammarat was listed as one of eight great cities (Phraya maha nakhon) belonging to the Ayutthaya Kingdom. During the reign of King Naresuan (r. 1590-1605) it became a first class province (Mueang Aek). After the fall of Ayutthaya, Nakhon Si Thammarat enjoyed a short period of independence, but quickly subdued by King Taksin on his mission to reunite Siam. In 1896, the semi-autonomous mueang was integrated into the Siamese central state created by King Rama V's and Prince Damrong Rajanubhab's Thesaphiban () reform. It was absorbed into the Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat which was put directly under the control of the Ministry of Interior (Mahatthai)
The walls spread 456 m from East to West, and 2238 m North to South, thus enclosing an area of about one square kilometre. The northern wall had only one gate, called Pratu Chai Nuea or Pratu Chai Sak, also the southern wall had only one gate. To the east there were three gates, which connected the town with the sea. To the west were five gates. Today only the northern gate still exists, together with a short stretch of the northern city wall.
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'Branalcane' tonic, London, England, 1895-1930
Related Themes and Topics
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Vessels having a neck and mouth considerably narrower than the body, used for packaging and containing liquid and dry preparations
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An acute highly contagious infection, generally affecting the throat but occasionally other mucous membranes and the skin. Diphtheria has been largely eradicated due to world-wide vaccination efforts.
Material used for killing germs, bacteria, or spores.
A yeast infection that affects the mouth, gut and vagina. Usual symptoms include redness, soreness and itching.
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These illustrations of tree leaves were published by A. Hunter in 1776. They were emgraved by the English engraver John Miller who was born in London around 1750. Miller devoted himself to designating a system of Linnaeus which was the classification of different varieties of plants and animals. Between 1770 and 1789 he illustrated and published two books on this subject. The set of eight prints published by ARC exemplifies the descriptive illustration required to convey accurately the character of different varieties of leafage from the Elm and Walnut trees to the Holly and Lime.
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Grace your dinner table with an easy-to-grow, elegant onion cousin: the leek. Sweet and mild, leeks are gentle on the digestive system and play the role of onion in dishes, only toned down. Unlike onions, leeks don’t produce bulbs, but stash their flavor in thick, juicy stems that look similar to giant scallions. Leafy stems are pretty, and growing leeks doesn’t require much room in the garden.
In the supermarket, leeks cost a premium; harvested from the garden, they’re a bargain. Leeks are most famous for leek and potato soup, but they’re also good steamed like asparagus, oven-roasted, chopped in quiche, or wrapped in ham and baked (perhaps with a little cheese on top).
Frost-tolerant leeks thrive in cool weather. In zones 7 and warmer, plants can overwinter in the ground, making them perfect for fall planting. In northerly zones, tuck plants into beds in early spring, as soon as soil can be worked.
Soil, Planting, and Care
Plant leeks in a sunny spot in soil that is fertile and well-drained. Leeks thrive in traditional garden beds, raised beds, or even in tall containers, so choose whatever works best for you. Space leeks 6 inches apart when planting.
Leeks need two things to thrive: lots of nitrogen and consistent soil moisture. If possible, add compost or organic fertilizer to the leek bed the season prior to planting. Otherwise, work make a point to work organic matter into the ground a few days before planting.
To produce a succulent white stem, leeks must be blanched — in other words, covered or hidden from the sun. To do this, plant leeks into deep holes. (Deeper planting yields a more drought-resistant plant, too.) Create a narrow trench 6 to 8 inches deep, then tuck seedlings into the trench, adding soil back so it comes up to the base of the first green leaf. Water well.
After planting, mulch the bed with straw or some other organic material to help soil retain moisture. Soak newly planted leeks with a liquid fertilizer such as Bonnie Herb & Vegetable Plant Food. Water leeks as needed until plants are established. After that, plants require an inch of water a week, either through rainfall or irrigation. Inconsistent moisture yields tough stems. Continue fertilizing plants with liquid plant food every week or so during the growing season.
As leeks grow, mound the soil from the trench around stems, beginning when stems are 1 inch thick.
Soil that tumbles into leaf folds can wind up trapped between skin layers in the stem. To keep this from happening you can slip a section of paper tube, such as from toilet tissue or paper towels, over the plants while they are still young as early as planting time. The tube will rot over the growing season, but will help prevent soil from getting into leaf bases during early growth.
On young plants, slugs can be devastating. Gather them at night, set traps, or use biological control. If there is a lot of rain in winter or early spring, leaf rot can set in. Rot shows as white spots on leaf tips that eventually shrivel. At this point there is not much you can do except pull the rotted plants and thin the planting to increase air circulation.
In summer, orange pustules on leaves indicate leek rust, which is worse in wet growing seasons. Remove affected foliage; later maturing foliage will be healthy.
Because they are so cold-hardy, you could find that you still have leeks left in the garden that have made it though the winter, planted many months before. At this point, dig them because they will throw up a bloom stalk that ruins the fleshy texture of the stem.
Harvest and Storage
You can start pulling leeks from the ground just about anytime. Typically, you’d let them get least 1 inch or larger in diameter for the big white stems, but you can dig young ones to eat like scallions. If the soil is moist, they may just pull right out of the ground. If they resist, use a spading fork to loosen soil and then gently pull leeks by grabbing them at their base.
In zones 7 and warmer, you should be able to harvest leeks all winter long.
In colder areas, extend the harvest season by mulching deeply around plants (up to 1 foot deep) before a hard freeze. You could continue harvesting leeks until they are locked frozen into the ground, but don’t let that happen. Dig them first and store.
Wash the stems thoroughly to remove soil and grit that may have collected between the leaves.
For short-term storage (up to one week), tuck stems into an airtight plastic bag and place in the refrigerator crisper. For longer storage in coldest zones, dig leeks with roots attached. Cut leaves back until just an inch of green remains on each leaf. Place stems in a box (root side down) and pack with sawdust, clean sand, or vermiculite. Keep the packing moist and store in a cool place. Stems will keep up to 8 weeks.
To freeze leeks, wash, slice, and blanch for 1 minute in boiling water. Drain, drip dry, and toss into plastic freezer bags. Add the frozen leeks to soups, stews, and other dishes.
Should I just plant the pot of leeks like I do with other Bonnie plants?
Will leeks grow in pots?
Just how cold hardy are leeks?
If I don’t blanch my leeks are they still edible?
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Scotch derricks – their use in Hong Kong construction projects
Ian Wolfe: The second photo shows construction of the basement of the Old Bank of China in progress with a Scotch [also known as a stiff-leg] derrick as the only means of rigging heavy steel sections, which was required for the excavation and lateral suppport (ESL) work when this was getting deeper.
Scotch derricks were common in the old days when tower cranes were not popular, this type of crane can be found in local dockyards, casting yards and container handling yards as late as in mid-80s.
Jointing of the last bridge segement at mid-span of Ting Kau Bridge made use of Scotch derricks, imported from Britain as second-hand equipment. Four were operated simutaneously to get the job done, probably the last time Scotch derricks were used in Hong Kong.
Elsewhere in Bangkok, Taipei and Tokyo, Scotch derricks with modern safety devices and control consoles can still be seen, thanks to the popularity of building highrise structural framing that made use of steel sections.
The major shortcoming is that Scotch derricks can only slew 270 degrees maximum, it is forbidden to install a derrick boom within the quardrant between two raking struts.
As far as I am aware, the last time Scotch derricks were deployed on a construction site in Hong Kong was when the Ting Kau Bridge was being built. The last bridge segments were lifted from barges and had to be installed by four Scotch derricks in order to join the bridge sections together. These were old second hand cranes from Britain probably scrapped from shipyards etc.
Ian adds: The Admiralty C1900 image was believed to be an accident investigation record photo. The derrick at the front had collapsed probably due to overloading or misuse !
“The stiff-leg derrick is one equipped with a vertical mast that is shorter than the boom. This support member is tied into the framework of other members, which are the angling legs extending from the peak of the mast toward the boom to form a triangle with the mast’s base at the bottom frame level.
This derrick is a piece of erection equipment to consider where there is a strong base level to support the entire horizontal under-frame. It may be used on level ground, a boat deck, or the more-or-less horizontal chord members of a bridge. In the latter case the derrick’s width between the bottom of the angling support legs would have to equal the bridge width between trusses with a cross member equal to that width. A stiff-leg derrick could also be used for higher lifts by having it supported at a higher level on a triangular tower with vertical legs under the mast and bases of the angling support legs. This would be called a tower derrick. Generally, the whole supporting frame for the derrick is moved on rollers by winching under its own power along beams or rails, but not when it is hoisting a load.
In order to avoid taking too much area at the base level and to keep the supporting legs relatively short, it will be necessary to use counterweights or ballast on the base frame around the mast bottom of the stiff-leg derrick. This is somewhat similar to the arrangement for a mobile crane. It is done to avoid negative reaction under the mast that would indicate the derrick is about to tip over in the direction of its boom.
Any negative reactions must be counteracted by the derrick weight and counterweights on the base supporting frame. These reactions, which can be readily calculated, act as vertical loads on the bearing surface. They are vertical forces, but the axial forces in the angling support legs will be larger. In the case of a tower derrick the vertical legs will have to support these reaction loads as their axial force.(1)
This article was first posted on 5th October 2016.
Images of Scotch derricks are also found, but not featured, in these posts by Ian:
- Kai Tak cinema
- Third generation HSBC building
- Kai Tak bund
Related Indhhk articles:
- Chung Wah Shipbuilding & Engineering Company a Scotch derrick can be seen to the right of Ian Wolfe’s photo labelled c1970s
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Arthroscopy is a procedure that is employed to diagnose and treat joint problems. Under this procedure, a narrow tube attached to a fiber-optic video camera is inserted through a small incision.The view from the camera of the inside of the patient’s joint is transmitted to a high-definition monitor. This procedure makes it possible for the surgeons to see inside a patient’s joint without having to resort to a large incision. Some types of damages can also be repaired with Arthroscopy, with the use of pencil thin surgical instruments that can be inserted through other small incisions.
Why is it done?
Arthroscopy is used to help in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of joint conditions. The most common areas where Arthroscopy is used include:
Often arthroscopy is used as an additional procedure, when other imaging tests and studies like X-rays have left some diagnostic questions unanswered.
The conditions that can be treated through surgery using Arthroscopy include:
- Torn or otherwise damaged cartilages
- Loose bone fragments
- Joint infections
- Inflamed joint linings
- Scarring within the joints
- Torn ligaments
The complications that may occur in an arthroscopy are rather uncommon, but may include:
- Tissue damage, the movement and the placement of the procedural instruments in the joint can possible damage the structure.
- Infection, as is possible with any type of surgery, arthroscopy also may cause some infection.
- Blood clots, through rare, any procedure that lasts for more than an hour carries the risk of blood clots forming in the lungs or the legs.
Cost of Treatment/Estimate of Treatment
To know more about the orthopedicians, joint specialists, sports injury specialists and the cost and estimate for joint replacement, hip replacement, shoulder replacement, fracture, bone injury, please share your request and reports at [email protected]
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LAURENS COUNTY, GEORGIA
At the dawn of the history of Laurens County settlers, sought out the prized lands along the Oconee River. Small rafts and canoes were the only method of traveling along the river. Over a half dozen ferries were established during the first decade. Laurens County lies near the upper end of the navigable portion of the Oconee River. While Milledgeville is generally regarded as the terminus of the navigable river, actually boatmen found that Rock Landing was as far as they could travel. At the southern end of the river was Darien, a prime seaport in early Georgia history.
Furs and hides were highly sought and were shipped to markets in New York and Philadelphia. Many were brought in by Indians to Fort Wilkinson. Rates were set at 50 cents per hundredweight for down-river trips and 75 cents per hundredweight for up-river trips. By 1803 there were 16 boats engaged in the shipment of corn, tobacco, and cotton.
In 1805 the Oconee Navigation Company was granted a charter by the legislature. The Company sought to make navigable that portion of the river north of Milledgeville to Barrett Shoals near Athens. Despite the best efforts of its incorporators the company failed. The pole boat remained the only way to travel on the Oconee for over a decade. The inhabitants of Dublin would flock to the river when a boat pulled up to the banks loaded with supplies and groceries from Darien.
The lack of good roads elevated river transportation as the primary means of hauling large quantities of agricultural products. In 1815, the Georgia legislature appropriated ten thousand dollars for the improvement of the Oconee. Two years later a statewide system of river improvements was implemented. Samuel Howard, who organized the Steamboat Company of Georgia, was granted a twenty year monopoly on Georgia Rivers. The United States Supreme Court outlawed the practice in 1824.
Before Macon became an established port on the Ocmulgee River, Dublin became the most important inland trading center of Central Georgia. George Gaines and Jonathan Sawyer had recognized the potential in this area a decade before. Gaines established the first ferry in Dublin about the year 1806. New York businessman Redolphus Bogart began purchasing some of the lands along the river in 1811. Two years later he purchased 174 acres for the unheard of sum of seven thousand dollars. In those days seven thousand dollars would be the cost of ten to fourteen thousand acres of undeveloped land. Bogart sold the property to Gilbert Aspinwall in 1814 at a profit of three thousand dollars.
During the 1815 session of the Georgia Legislature, $10,000.00 was appropriated for the clearing of the Oconee below Milledgeville. Among the five commissioners appointed to oversee the operations was Gen. David Blackshear, who had just completed two years of fighting the British and the Indians during the War of 1812. Blackshear and his colleagues Zachariah Lamar, James Alston, Richard A. Blount, and Jacob Robinson, expended much time and labor without any reward except the knowledge that they were working for the public good. The latter of these gentlemen may have been the same Jacob Robinson, who owned thousands of acres along the Oconee River in southern Laurens County. An additional ten thousand dollars were expended in 1817.
River boats began plying the waters of the Oconee about 1817. In that same year a wealthy Savannah mercantile firm purchased all of the land surrounding Gaines' Ferry for eight thousand dollars. The firm established a store in Dublin which it operated until 1835. The senior partner of firm was Andrew Low. His nephew, a Savannah merchant of the same name, was a central figure in Eugenia Price's Savannah novels. The younger Low's daughter-in-law, the former Miss Juliette Gordon, was the founder of the Girl Scouts.
"The Williamson" or "The Georgia" became the first steamboat to reach Milledgeville from Darien on April 13, 1819. Gradually Dublin and Milledgeville, the state capital, rose to prominence as river ports. The trip took 40 days due to troubles with low water and snags. Two years later Samuel Howard arrived in Milledgeville after a 18 day voyage from Darien. Milledgeville's importance was short lived as reliable transportation was only had during the late winter and early spring. Farish Carter and John T. Roland's bold plan to use several boats failed in 1824.
The government of Georgia realized the importance of river transportation and frequently appropriated large sums of money to clear the river of obstructions. An act was passed in 1826 to clear the river below Milledgeville. Among those commissioners appointed to oversee the operation were Farish Carter of Baldwin County and again David Blackshear of Laurens County. The project was revived in 1836 and again on January 19, 1852, when Hardy Smith of Laurens County was appointed as a commissioner to clear the river below Milledgville.
Although cotton production went up rapidly, river transportation practically died until 1836 when "The Wave" began running up the Oconee from Darien. It took 5 to 6 days to make the trip to Dublin from the seaport city. Two other Baldwin County men, Richard J. Nichols and George L. Denning, evidently never succeeded with their Oconee and Atlantic Steamboat Company which was incorporated in 1837.
The State of Georgia once again renewed its plans to improve navigation along the Altamaha, Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers in 1851. Ten thousand dollars was appropriated under the management of a board of commissioners. The commissioners in charge of the Oconee River were Hardy Smith of Laurens County along with William Joyce, John McArthur and P.H. Lowd (sic) of Montgomery County.
In the 1840s, shippers turned to the railroads to transport their goods. The Central of Georgia Railroad bridged the Oconee twenty five miles or so above Dublin at Raoul Station. The trip covered twenty two miles over sandy hills and bad roads and on average took two and one half days to complete. An old black man, known as Free Isaac, did most of the hauling with his six mule wagon. Dublin and Laurens County would remain without a railroad for nearly a half century to come. In 1859 there was a 12 by 26 foot boat loaded with 500 bales of cotton transporting cotton from Milledgeville to Dublin. Just before the Civil War the men of Dublin decided to build their own boat for use on the Oconee. Freeman H. Rowe and David Robinson built "The George M. Troup". Rowe and Robinson named their boat in honor of Gov. George M. Troup who had recently passed away. Ironically, it was Gov. Troup who so bitterly fought the route of the Central of Georgia railroad through Laurens County which would have alleviated the need for river transportation. Bob Roberson was the captain of the boat. His crew was composed of three slaves. Shade, the pilot, was hired in Savannah. Elex, a slave belonging to F.H. Rowe, was the cook. Moses, the property of Roberson, kept the deck in order.
After the Civil War broke out, the “George M. Troup” was given or sold to the Confederate government for blockade running. One river boat, "The Everglade", a Savannah River steamboat, was sold to the Confederate government in 1861. The boat was refitted and named "The C.S.S. Savannah", the first Confederate steamer. In 1863 a new "The C.S.S. Savannah" was built. The old steamer was renamed "The C.S.S. Oconee." "The Oconee" sunk off the coast of St. Catherine's Island in a hurricane.
During the war years and beyond the Reconstruction period, river boats were seldom seen on the Oconee. Once again, cotton had to be hauled to market. The Central of Georgia Railroad was eventually rebuilt, but some cotton planters carried their cotton directly to Savannah. S. Yopp sold his cotton for gold in 1865. Sam Yopp carried his to Savannah and brought home one hundred and fifty dollars. "The Charles Hardee", "The Two Boys", "The Clyde", and "The Halcyon" made a few trips up the Altamaha and Oconee to Dublin. In the summer of 1867, citizens of Savannah and others living along the Altamaha, Oconee, and Ocmulgee Rivers formed the Altamaha, Ocmulgee, and Oconee Steamboat Company. The stockholders of each county were to appoint there own directors. Col. Jonathan Rivers, a Dublin lawyer and former Confederate colonel, represented Laurens County. Other local representatives were W.T. McArthur, Montgomery Co.; M.N. McRae, Telfair Co.; and Norman McDuffie, Pulaski County. Meanwhile, hundreds of miles to the northeast in Wilmington, North Carolina, the most radical change in the county's transportation methods was beginning. Colville and Company were building a new boat to replace "The Caswell" which was getting too old for service. The seventy foot stern wheeler, "The Colville", was named in honor of the company's senior owner and was piloted by Capt. Robert C. Henry.
Capt. Robert C. Henry, a native of North Carolina, became the father of river boating in Laurens County. Capt. Henry served in Company A of the Third North Carolina Cavalry during the Civil War. At the age of forty Captain Henry, for some unknown reason, left North Carolina for Dublin in 1878. He brought "The Colville" and fellow captain, Samuel Skinner, with him. John Colville, the builder of the boat which bears his name, died in 1902 at the home of his neice in Eastman. Captain Henry would go on to make a fortune in the riverboat business. He turned his interest to timber and banking in the late 1880s. In 1892 Captain Henry became the founding president of Dublin's first bank, The Dublin Banking Company. Five years later he built an elegant two story building at 101 West Jackson Street in Dublin. The building became the home to the bank, when it received its state charter in 1898. Captain Henry and his wife, the former Miss Louisa Gibbs, were founding and faithful members of the First Presbyterian Church. Captain Henry was chosen as a director of the Dublin Cotton Mill in 1897. Captain Henry died in 1900 and was buried in the old City Cemetery. Years after his death his body was re- interred in the Burgaw Cemetery in North Carolina near his home.
River transportation lived and died with the rain. The wet season usually ran from mid-fall to mid-spring. "The Colville" set out for Raoul Station in June of 1878. Its return depended on the amount of rainfall in the Oconee Basin. The owners of "The Colville" went to great expense in clearing the river upstream. The dangers of the river were never more apparent on November 20, 1878. "The Colville" set out for Raoul Station on the Central of Georgia Railroad with a load of cotton. Three miles above Dublin the boat struck rocks which cut seven holes in the hull causing it to sink in five feet of water. The boat hands set the cotton off on the banks and worked three days to set the damaged boat afloat. Capt. Henry brought his boat back to Dublin to repair the damage.
Captain Henry joined forces with Dublin lawyer and newspaper owner, Col. John M. Stubbs to form the Oconee River Steamboat Company. The Company purchased a site for their wharf from Hayden Hughes for $35.00 on February 5, 1879. The one acre tract was located along the northern margin of Town Branch where it empties into the Oconee River. The company secured an ideal site within a few feet of the Dublin Ferry. Today the site is just a few hundred feet north of Riverwalk Park in Dublin. "The Colville" once again was grounded in the water with a cargo of 200 barrels of rosin in July of 1879. Captain Henry secured a flat boat, "The Cyclone", to accompany his boat and to carry heavy loads of guano fertilizer. Unfortunately the flat boat sunk on February 20, 1880 with twenty tons of T.H. Rowe's guano on board. Captain Henry took advantage of the situation, going back home to marry Louisa.
The company was granted a charter by the Georgia legislature on September 17, 1879. Other founders of the company were local merchants, William H. Tillery and William Burch. The company was granted the power to navigate along the Oconee River with boats and barges to own, build, buy or charter vessels propelled by steam, or other power. Captain Skinner remained with the company only a few years before returning to Wilmington.
When the water was low, boats couldn't move. Merchants complained. Farmers complained. Everyone complained. One hungry customer set out his frustrations in a poem.
"The Colville" is coming! Awaken,
Ye draymen of Dublin and start,
To bring up the longed for bacon,
In haste on your wagons and cart.
For weeks we have fasted in sorrow,
No bacon or lard was the cry.
We ate all the meat we could borrow
and promised to pay bye and bye.
But the hungry farmers are starving
For western grown shoulders and sides.
And the Joneses while smiling and carving
Take greenbacks and cotton and hides.
Thus Dublin is left without bacon,
While farmers are fed from the store.
Nothing short than a railroad to Macon,
Will keep us from being ashore.
Ate bullbats, catfish, and suckers
And eels from a foot to a yard.
While the "Wool Hats" with Dan, Mose and Tuckers
Were feasting on bacon and lard.
I've talked to the meat hungry planter
Adjured him with tears in my eyes.
He raised the jug and decanter
An his lard and bacon he buys.
Let's haste then thro' hogweed and thistle
To the steamer for a ration of meat.
Ere the farmers hear "The Colville's" old whistle
And take off the good things to eat.
A Hungry Customer
September 9, 1882.
With no railroad within 25 miles, river traffic was flourishing. Henry, much to the dismay of Dubliners, was banned by federal regulations from carrying kerosene on "The Colville" in 1882. With Dock Anderson at the wheel a round trip to Raoul Station still took the better part of a day. Captain Henry began work on a new steamer in April of 1883. The 100 foot gunnel boat was powered by two Crockett engines built in Macon. A new flat was constructed to hold the bulk of the freight. Henry's company put the second boat, "The Laurens" on the river in August of 1883.,
R.L. Hicks, a Dublin school teacher, a partner in the firm fo Hicks, Peacock, and Hicks, and rival newspaper editor, launched the "William M. Wadley" in August of 1883. The boat was named for the president of the Central of Georgia railroad. The boat made only a few trips during its first six months of operation. The "Wadley" soon became the fastest boat on the river, easily beating the fast "Cumberland" in a 111 mile race from Gray's Landing to Doctortown. In March of 1884 "The Wadley" brought a 150 ton load of groceries, hardware, cloth, and supplies into Dublin. It was the largest load ever brought here. In one year of service "The Wadley", after lying idle for three months, made 62 round trips covering twenty thousand miles. It carried twelve million pounds of freight without a single accident. Unlike many other boats, only five dollars in repairs were made that first year. "The Dublin Times", edited by Mr. Hicks often made snide remarks about "The Colville", calling her "that North Carolina Tub". Hicks cried foul about the Oconee River Steamboat Company's exclusive contract to haul freight to and from the Central Georgia Railroad. When "The Colville" sunk in shallow water on September 19, 1883, Hicks lamented her return and regretted that she failed to commit suicide. The sinking was a mystery which resulted in the loss of three to four hundred dollars to the freight and furniture on the boat. The "Cyclone" was tied to the "Colville" and met a similar fate.
Competition for the hauling of freight heated up. The Dublin and Wrightsville Railroad was being built from Wrightsville to Dublin. Capt. Henry built a 16 by 80 foot barge to haul 100 bales of cotton during low water. The railroad reached Dublin in September of 1886. The Dublin and Wrightsville Railroad, which later merged with the Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad, was owned by the Central of Georgia. Raoul Station on the Central was abolished. The railroad entered into an agreement with the Oconee River Steamboat Company that allowed the riverboats to use the rail facilities in Dublin in exchange for agreeing to haul goods between Dublin and Mt. Vernon only. When the W&T built its railroad bridge and the county its passenger bridge, the bridges were built to turn their center spans to allow the steamers to pass through. Boat landings were established at the present site of Riverwalk Park, the railroad bridge, and a block below the railroad bridge.
Changes were being made in the Oconee River Steamboat Company. Captain Henry was succeeded by Jeff D. Roberson, followed by T.B. Hicks, George B. Pope and A.B. Jones. "The Laurens" sunk after a collision with a log raft at a double bend in the river on June 9, 1887. The company suffered a complete loss of $10,000. Engineer John Graham and pilot Norman McCall were carrying 185 barrels of rosin. Norman McCall, minister of the First African Baptist Church, was known to be a giant of a man. McCall anchored a pole in the river and managed to save 150 barrels by retrieving the barrels and swimming to the surface while holding on to the pole. The company temporarily secured a new boat. With "The Colville" being sold and put on the Ocmulgee River, The Oconee River Steamboat Company went out of business, selling its wharf to Foster and McMillan, brick manufacturers, on July 15, 1887.
J.C. Blaine, master boat builder of Columbus, Georgia, was hired to construct a new boat for Dublin in the late winter of 1887. The new boat was designed to hold 60 bales of cotton in 15 inches of water. It was a sternwheeler with two engines, a boiler, and two smoke stacks. The 115 foot long boat was constructed from Laurens County timbers at the Dublin Ferry with its engines being built at the Columbus Iron Works. Unfortunately the name of the boat is not known.
A new company, The Louisa Steamboat Company, was incorporated on September 21, 1891. The organizers included J.D. and M.E. Robeson of Laurens County. The bulk of the $10,000.00 in capital stock was provided by H.W. Howard of New Hanover County, W.S. Cook, W.A. Robeson, R.M. Nimocks and R.H. Tomlinson of Cumberland County, North Carolina. The Louisa Company was authorized to ply the waters between Dublin and Red Bluff, Montgomery County. Other routes, if expedient and profitable, were authorized by the Georgia Legislature. H.W. Howard was the original president of the company with J.D. Robeson and M.E. Robeson serving on the board of directors. (Louisa left)
"The Gypsy" and "The Rover" were built by the Forest and Stream Club, but were used by Col. Stubbs for hauling freight. Captain William Willard Ward was in command. Capt. Ward, a native of Florida, was one of the few men of Laurens County to enlist in the army during the Spanish American War. In 1901, Capt. Ward went in to the business under the name of the Gem City Steamboat Company. "The Gypsy", the main boat of the Gem City Company was launched in late July of 1901. Capt. Ward went into business with John Miller Graham. Graham, a native of Laurens, was unequalled in Georgia for his skill in building light draught boats used on the upper portions of southeastern rivers. Graham built or supervised the building of most of the light draught steamers used in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina during this period.
The railroads were now too strong with three railroads coming into Dublin and two more on the way. Competition between the steamboats and the railroads was never more heated than during the summer of 1902. The Macon, Dublin, and Savannah Railroad decided to stop accepting shipments of freight at their dock on the river just below the railroad bridge. Captains Ward and Graham sought and were granted an injunction which required the railroad to repair the hoist and begin accepting deliveries from the steamboats. While five railroads were bringing in freight into Dublin, "The Rover" of the Louisa Steamboat Company, remained tied up at Blackshear's Ferry. The water level at Dublin was 14 inches below zero. No boats could move.
When they boats were moving there were often tragic and severe consequences. Wash Jenkins, an employee of the Louisa Steamboat Company drowned while attempting to carry a barrell of water from the shore to "The City of Dublin." Two months later the boat sunk after striking a rock at the mouth of Deep Creek opposite Cow Hell Swamp. The boat was refloated only to sink two weeks later. Once again the boat was refloated by plugging the hole with a mattress and pumping the water out.
It was 1906. There were good times and bad times. "The Rover" sunk in the spring and was a total loss. In Mid October, "The R.C. Henry" sunk at Bonnie Clabber. The owners enlisted to the aid of "The Southland", the boat of the Simmons Lumber Company - later the Southland Lumber Company. "The Southland" was put into freight service until a new boat could be secured. The Louisa Steamboat Company with no boats followed the course of the Gem City Steamboat Company and went out of business. Dublin was without a boat. The good news was the renewed interest by Congressmen W.W. Brantley and Thomas Hardwick along with Senator A.S. Clay in securing funds for improvement of river navigation.
The Oconee River Association was formed in a meeting at Dublin in November, 1906. The group requested $110,000.00 to improve the river, citing the loss of two boats during the previous six months. While the meeting was going on, Capt. P. J. Keating continued to dynamite snags along the river. It had been nearly two decades since local congressmen James H. Blount and Charles F. Crisp secured federal money to help in clearing the river.
Dublin's businessmen got busy and formed a new boat company. J.E. Smith, Jr., William Bales, O.G. Sparks, J.R. Broadhurst, D.S. Brandon, E.R. Orr, D.L. Emerson, and Izzie Bashinski formed the Dublin Navigation Company. They hired Capt. Ward to pilot their new boat. The organizers entered into an agreement with the Altamaha Navigation Company to keep freight moving to and from the Altamaha along the Oconee River. Before a new boat could be constructed the Altamaha Company sent "The Nan Elizabeth" on a temporary basis. The Dublin Navigation Company in short order completed "The New Dublin" once again giving Dublin its own boat. The boat was pronounced the best boat ever built on the river. "The New Dublin" was sold in 1909 and was put into service on the Savannah River. "The Nan Elizabeth" returned to Dublin. The legendary boat builder, John M. Graham, died just before Christmas.
As Dublin and Laurens County prospered, pleasure trips along the Oconee were common. Many of the freighters were quickly converted into passenger boats. J.A. Jackson, owner of "The Nina" gave trips up the Oconee to the mouth of Big Creek, a favorite swimming hole. Champagne, claret, and other liquids were served. When a large group of visitors came to town they were often treated to boat rides down the river to the mouth of Turkey Creek, Well Springs, or Bonnie Clabber. The ladies of the Episcopal Church sponsored a moonlight boat ride on the Oconee. The price of a ticket was 50 cents. With the sinking of the unsinkable "Titanic" in 1912, river steamboats were no longer allowed to carry passengers on excursions.
Mrs. Harry Hill had fond memories of her trip up the Oconee River from Lothair to Dublin. In a November 21, 1963 article, Mrs. Hill remembered riding on “The City of Dublin” from Poor Robin Landing. “Captain Fitchett was the master of the vessel and stopped every few miles to take on cords of wood for his wood burner and freight to transport to Dublin. She fondly recalled the delicious meals cooked by Uncle Joe Hudson, who later owned a popular restaurant on North Jefferson Street. “Uncle Joe and Captain Fitchett kept a flock on hens on board for eggs to serve the passengers and crew, and every time the boat docked they would let the chickens off. When it came time to pull anchor the whistle would blow and the hens would obediently run scramblingly and squawkingly back to the boat and into the pen provided for them,” Mrs. Hill said.
Dublin experienced a tremendous industrial growth during the first decade of the 20th century. Many of the companies involved in wood and wood products used their own boats. "The Nan Chappell" was put into service by the Georgia Cooperate Company in January of 1910. The Simmons Lumber Company and its successor, The Southland Lumber Company used their own boat, "The Southland" to bring in hardwoods cut from the banks of the Oconee. J.A. Kelley, Dublin's premier builder, built "The Nan Allen" for the stave plant to ship its hardwood timbers in and the barrel staves out to market. Kelley also built the last boat, "The Katherine S." which made its maiden voyage in 1917. "The Dorothy T", the new steamer of the Southern Cotton Oil Company, was commissioned here in 1923. Emily Rentz, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. A.T. Coleman, christened the boat which was named for Dorothy Tennille, daughter of the Vice President of the Southern Cotton Oil Company. It was used for hauling timber to the stave mill of the cooperage department of the company. Capt. Woolvin was in charge of the construction with help from Capt. W.W. Ward.
J.E. Smith, Jr., Dublin's premier businessman, formed his own company, The Oconee Navigation Company in 1911. A new steamer was built and named in honor of Smith's daughter, Clyde. "The Clyde S" was captained by J.F. Pritchett and W.W. Mobley. The 96 feet by 24 feet boat with a tonnage capacity of 124 tons was built by W.W. Ward. Clyde Smith, daughter of the company president, christened the new boat with a bottle of grape juice, since she was a member of the temperance movement. It worked in connection with "The Katie C.". Within two months the boat nearly sank when it struck a snag in the river. A hole in the boat was plugged with a mattress but nearly 200 sacks of guano were lost. "The Clyde S." was rebuilt in 1915, making it the first boat designed especially to carry passengers. Before long "The Clyde S." met her inevitable fate. She was beached on the east bank of the Oconee just below the ferry. Today you catch a glimpse of her remains opposite the River Walk.
The river men made one last attempt to improve river navigation with the organization of the Oconee River Improvement Association in the winter of 1911. During World War I and the severe economic depression which followed the old river boats died away. During the next two decades one might see a pleasure boat or a boat loaded with plywood plying its way along the waters of the Oconee. The sound of the whistles were gone forever.
ALONG THE OCONEE
On down the noble Oconee they sped,
The boats well rationed and freighted,
Under skies wondrous fair and serene overhead,
Through winds with fragrance well weighted -
Two human cargoes,
From whose hearts then arose
A greeting to friends and forgiveness for foes!
On past the white cypress, the willow and gum,
On past the grand poplar supernal,
On, on with a song and a shout and a hum,
With the shriek of a whistle infernal -
On, on did they speed,
Past the brush and the reed,
To explore and behold scenic beauty indeed!
On past the broad acres, both fertile and grand,
On past the by-brooks and the streams,
On past the broad bars of spotless white sand,
On, on, on their journey of dreams -
Of sin there was dearth,
But the gladness and mirth
Encircled the waters and painted the earth!
When the landing was reached and they rambled away,
'Mongst the scenes of wild beauty around,
They thanked the great God for the birth of that day -
For His works of nature profound;
Then the birds up above -
Both the mocking and dove,
Burst out in a greeting of joy and of love!
Then the aged, bent cypress - historic sublime,
Tall, towered above the old gum,
and majestic like poplars, the markers of time,
Now swayed in an effort to hum;
And the twisted bamboo,
Prone to rock and to woo,
But muttered in unison, "Remember me too!"
When at last, at a signal, they boarded the boats,
To return on their trip of delight,
With uncovered heads and moss-entwined coats,
They looked on the fair and the bright,
And the zephyrs that strayed,
Through the locks of the maid,
Soon had on her cheeks rarest roses arrayed.
On, on, past the willow, now weeping with joy,
On past the white cypress they sped,
On, on, with the hopes of the man and the boy,
As the green leaves sighed for the dead -
on, onward they pressed,
With the sun to the west,
As it gave benediction to the day it had blessed!
But the journey is over! The whistles are blown;
A loud, ringing cheer is now heard;
The passengers land, and the song of the bird,
Now stilled, is rembered , I own,
And the joy of that ride,
In our hears will abide,
For 'twas grand and inspiring, and noble, beside!
(Boat ride given the County School Commissioners of Georgia, upon the Oconee River, Wednesday afternoon,
May 4, 1904, by the people of Dublin.)
Bonner, James C., Milledgeville, Georgia's Antebellum Capital,
Mercer University Press, Macon, GA 1985 Reprint Edition.
Coleman, Kenneth, A History of Georgia, University of Georgia
Press, Athens, GA, 1977.
Cowart, D.T., Thought You Might Be Interested in Knowing,
Laurens County Historical Society Collections.
Goff, John H. "The Steamboat Period in Georgia", "Georgia
Historical Quarterly, Vol. 12, 1928.
Hart, Bertha Sheppard, The Official History of Laurens County
Georgia, 1807-1941, Agee Publishers, 1987 Reprint
Miller, Stephen, Memoir of General David Blackshear, J.B.
Lipincott & Co., Philadelphia, 1858.
Georgia Historical Quarterly, Georgia Historical Society,
Vols. 12, 18.
The Southern Recorder, Milledgeville Newspaper.
The Dublin Post, The Dublin Courier Dispatch, Dublin
Georgia Laws, 1812, 1836, 1837, 1851, 1879, 1891.
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- Public sector bodies should act to improve the public’s understanding of the issue, equipping citizens with the skills and knowledge required to make informed decisions about how their data should be leveraged to improve their digital experience. An informed public means that individuals can intelligently decide how open they want to be with their data, and where they want to live on the spectrum from data hermit to digital extrovert.
- Businesses and public sector organizations alike have a responsibility to educate their customers about how their data is being used and to what benefit. Transparency must lie at the heart of data collection, storage and analysis, but it is not enough. We must go beyond transparency to clearly explain the risks and the benefits, so that customers can be equipped to make the informed decisions we think lie at the core of a functioning, respectful data economy.
- Governments must ensure that privacy regulations imposed on industries are economically feasible and fair. As the all-IP infrastructure that powers the smartphone revolution has leveled competitive barriers around the planet, it’s essential that privacy regulation reflect this new reality. Regulations should apply equally to products and services providing equivalent functionality to consumers: same service, same rules. If the phone company is expected to collect customer communications data and make it available to law enforcement when legally required, then so should any communications provider, no matter what their technological underpinnings.
- Businesses must wholeheartedly embrace the need to protect their customers’ data. As more and more data is collected, a richer and richer target is created. Businesses have a responsibility to be at the leading edge in protecting this resource, and to innovate in giving customers control over how this resource is leveraged on their behalf.
We’re in the midst of a data revolution enabled by the smartphones that are with us 24/7, the cloud to which we are always connected, and a plethora of digital sensors and technology that will enable our digital world to be more and more proactive on our behalf.
The revolution is accelerating and, as with any revolution, it’s only natural that challenges and issues will emerge. As a society, we need to ensure that while we’re open to embracing technology and all that it can deliver, we do so in a way that keeps people at the center and protects their fundamental civic rights.
The future we should all want stands for empowering people, not exploiting them. If industry, government and society can work together to navigate the data revolution wisely, we can all look forward to a future in which we each enjoy a unique life experience that is digitally enriched by data – data that is used in ways that we understand, that we benefit from, and that ultimately we each have control over.
This article was written by Ian Small from The Next Web and was legally licensed through the NewsCred publisher network.
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<urn:uuid:4b7752ff-a52b-498e-b0cb-4b773b9463b8>
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://www.content-loop.com/big-data-and-privacy-getting-the-balance-right/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218194600.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212954-00329-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947617 | 1,227 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Background: Marin County, California has one of the highest rates of vaccine refusal in the country. The reasons for this are not socioeconomic, but rather appear to be based on fixed, false beliefs that the MMR vaccine causes autism, contains “toxins,” has mercury, or is associated with outcomes other than measles immunity. Exhaustive educational attempts via doctors, school officials, the CDPH (California Department of Public Health), the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) and some main stream media outlets have had minimal impact on the understanding of vaccine ingredients and safety in this vaccine refusing cohort. We assessed the impact of a poster created by two fifth grade students with educational information about measles and the MMR vaccine on beliefs about vaccine safety on attendees of an elementary school science fair at a school in Marin County with a 7.1% personal belief exemption rate.
Methods: Two fifth grade students were given educational material about the measles and the MMR vaccine and set about creating a poster containing information they thought would be helpful. The poster board was a standard Office Depot tri-fold display board with a red background (the color was chosen by the students).
The two children were given a power point presentation on measles created by a board certified infectious diseases physician and selected the information that they felt was relevant. Information about measles on the poster included the annual number of measles cases, measles-related hospitalizations, and measles-related deaths pre-vaccine (Image 1), and information about the contagious nature of the virus as well as an artistic rendering of the virus (Figure 2).
Information about the MMR included the impact of vaccination, specifically reducing the risk of acquiring measles if exposed from 90% to 1-3%, a graph of the impact of vaccination on the number of cases of measles annually in the United States (Figure 3), information on vaccine safety, and the fact that the measles vaccine has never contained mercury (the parent advisor suggested the mercury information although the children questioned this as they had no idea why they should mention something that had never been in the vaccine in the first place).
Data on percentage of children requiring vaccination for herd immunity and the MMR vaccine rate at the school were also included (parental suggestion). Science fair attendees were asked to vote with pennies in jars on whether the poster had any impact on vaccine safety beliefs. The jars were marked as follows: A) No, I already thought it was safe B) Yes, I feel safer and C) No, I still have concerns. Adults and children voted independently. No IRB approval was obtained as that was not a requirement of the school science fair.
Results: Many adults and children spent time reading the entire poster and several high-fives were received from parents and school staff. A total of 29 adults and 22 children voted. Detailed voting results are found in Table 1.
Discussion: The 13 children who voted that they felt safer after reading the poster all were accompanied by a parent who read through the poster with them suggesting that parents can do a lot to help their children understand vaccine safety. The four children who voted that they still had concerns appeared more focused on the idea of a shot than any long-term consequences, either negative or positive. It appeared as if some of the eleven adults who voted that they felt safer may have been trying to reward the young scientists for their efforts rather than a true change in beliefs and so more research may be needed to understand whether numbers for this sub-group represent a true impact on knowledge or bias. The lack of responses from adults in the category “No, I still have concerns” was a curious finding leading the investigators to wonder if parents who oppose vaccination based on non-scientific beliefs are simply not the kind who attend science fairs. Alternate theories for the lack of voting in this category include peer pressure, that parents who oppose vaccination might not be open to information and thus simply passed the poster board by in favor of the volcano exhibit two posters down, or felt uncomfortable expressing their views in public as coincidentally the very morning of the science fair the school district e-mailed a letter indicating all unvaccinated children will be out of school for 21 days if there is a case of measles at the school.
Conclusions: Preparing and presenting a poster board on measles and the MMR vaccine greatly increased the knowledge on this subject of the two fifth grade students who did the work. Their conclusion was, “Why wouldn’t people get the shot?” The poster may have also impacted the knowledge of measles and the MMR vaccine of 13 kids and some parents attending the science fair in a county with a high rate of vaccine refusal. More studies on peer-to-peer education about vaccine safety in elementary schools are indicated. Other methods of reaching parents with vaccine concerns are greatly needed.
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<urn:uuid:4b8a68d6-c6d5-4697-a6d5-41585b69c966>
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CC-MAIN-2020-45
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https://drjengunter.com/2015/02/01/effect-of-a-science-fair-project-on-mmr-vaccine-beliefs-in-marin-county/?replytocom=29063
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107910815.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030122851-20201030152851-00427.warc.gz
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en
| 0.976883 | 972 | 3.59375 | 4 |
What is Kawasaki disease?
Kawasaki disease is a rare illness that most commonly affects children ages 0 to 5, but can sometimes affect children up to the age of 13. It is a type of vasculitis. Vasculitis means inflammation of the blood vessels. It can affect the whole body, including the blood vessels of the heart (coronary arteries). The cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown. Without treatment, affected children are at higher risk of developing problems with the coronary arteries. Other areas of the heart may also be affected. With timely treatment, most children recover with no lasting problems.
Who is risk for Kawasaki disease?Children of any race or ethnic group can get Kawasaki disease. It is more common in children whose families are from East Asia or Asian ancestry. Most children who get Kawasaki disease are younger than 5 years old. It occurs in boys more often than in girls.
What causes Kawasaki disease?The cause of Kawasaki disease is not known. Researchers think it may be the result of an infection.
What are the symptoms of Kawasaki disease?
These are common symptoms of Kawasaki disease:
- Fever of 102.0° F to 104.0° F (38.8°C to 40.0°C) that lasts for at least 5 days
- Red rash
- A swollen lymph node, usually in the neck
- Swollen hands and feet
- Red eyes
- Red and dry cracked lips
- Red tongue with white spots (called “strawberry tongue”)
- Fast heart rate
- Diarrhea or vomiting
- Skin peeling
The symptoms of Kawasaki disease can look like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
How is Kawasaki disease diagnosed?
Your child's healthcare provider can usually diagnose Kawasaki disease by his or her symptoms and physical exam.
To diagnose Kawasaki, other causes for the symptoms must be ruled out. A fever for 5 days must be present in addition to having 4 out of 5 of the following:
- Red eyes
- Changes in the lining of the mouth
- Skin changes in the hands and feet
- Swollen lymph nodes
Other recommended tests include:
Lab tests. Blood and urine samples are taken to check for signs of inflammation. These are also used to help rule out other health problems.
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG). This test records the electrical activity of the heart through small, sticky patches on the child's chest. The patches are connected to a machine with wires. The machine records the electrical activity. This helps check for problems with heart rhythm and heart structure.
- Echocardiography (echo). This test uses sound waves to create a picture of the heart. This can show problems with heart structure, valves, and heart function. This can also show problems with the coronary arteries.
How is Kawasaki disease treated?
Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. Treatment typically starts as soon as the problem is suspected. Your child may need to stay in the hospital for a few days or longer.
Your child's healthcare provider may prescribe aspirin or intravenous (IV) gamma globulin (IVIG). Corticosteroids and other medicines may also be prescribed if aspirin and IVIG don't work well.
Once your child is home, he or she may need to take low-dose aspirin for 6 to 8 weeks. Do not give your child aspirin without first talking with the child's healthcare provider.
If your child develops heart problems, the provider may send you to a pediatric cardiologist. This is a doctor with special training to treat children’s heart problems. Your child may need medicine, procedures, or surgery.
What are the complications of Kawasaki disease?
Most children with Kawasaki disease get better within a few weeks. But serious complications may occur. Those involving the heart include:
- Weakening of one of the heart's arteries (coronary artery aneurysm)
- Heart muscle that doesn't work well or heart attack
- Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), lining of the heart (endocarditis), or covering of the heart (pericarditis)
- Heart valves that don't work well
- Heart failure
Kawasaki disease may also affect other body systems. This includes the nervous, immune, digestive, and urinary systems.
How is Kawasaki disease managed?
If your child has a coronary artery aneurysm, he or she will need echocardiograms, sometimes for several years after the illness. Your child may need more treatment, including blood thinners to prevent clots. It is important to keep follow-up visits with your child's healthcare provider, even if your child is feeling well.
There is a risk for early coronary artery disease after having Kawasaki disease, including early heart attacks. Your child will need to follow a heart-healthy lifestyle for life. This includes eating healthy foods, getting regular exercise, and not smoking. Your child should have regular follow-up with a cardiologist throughout his or her life.
Talk with your child's healthcare provider about what to expect for your child.
When should I call my child's healthcare provider?
Call your child's healthcare provider if your child has the symptoms of Kawasaki disease. If your child is diagnosed with Kawasaki disease, keep all follow-up appointments. Also watch for signs or symptoms of complications, including:
- Poor feeding or eating
- Trouble breathing
- Chest pain
Key points about Kawasaki disease
- Kawasaki disease is a serious condition that affects young children. It can damage blood vessels throughout the body.
- Kawasaki disease is diagnosed by having certain symptoms. For example, a fever lasting at least 5 days.
- Your child’s healthcare provider will treat Kawasaki with aspirin, intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), or other medicines.
- A child with Kawasaki disease may have serious complications, especially ones affecting the heart.
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:
- Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
- Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
- At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.
- Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.
- Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.
- Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
- Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
- If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
- Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.
Online Medical Reviewer:
Bass, Pat F., III, MD, MPH
Online Medical Reviewer:
Kang, Steven, MD
Date Last Reviewed:
© 2000-2017 The StayWell Company, LLC. 800 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions.
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<urn:uuid:b0ae9c2b-1c0e-40e4-be0e-33ad60511a51>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://healthlibrary.nebraskamed.com/library/diseasesconditions/pediatric/90,P01801
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|
en
| 0.926169 | 1,586 | 3.609375 | 4 |
JOHN the Baptist reputedly sustained himself in the desert by eating carob seeds. Also known as St John's Bread, their place in history was sealed when ancient jewellers got into the habit of using them as weights. One carob seed was the smallest weight for a diamond, and the carob gave its name to the carat.
The idea is that all carob seeds are practically identical, making them perfect as standard weights. The trouble is, that turns out not to be true, as Lindsay Turnbull from the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and colleagues found out.
The team collected and weighed 550 seeds from 28 carob trees in Mallorca and found they are just as variable in weight as seeds from 63 other species of tree (Biology Letters, DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476).
So how did carobs come to be regarded as constant in weight? Turnbull speculates that people just selected the seeds they ...
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<urn:uuid:5e625fa4-c092-41a4-9167-3faf8ae010c5>
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CC-MAIN-2015-18
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http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19025505.100
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|
en
| 0.981393 | 198 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Mrs. Hillidge has been in working with year 4.
We began by discussing the different types of teeth and their functions. We observed each other eating and predicted what was happening with the food in our mouths.
We also looked at, and named the organs in our digestive system. We created our own digestive systems and stopped and discussed each step in detail.
We also watched short videos to help consolidate our learning before ending with a “beat the expert” game in which we were testing each other’s knowledge of what we have learned.
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<urn:uuid:82f90a1b-c213-4822-9ba6-403454dd956b>
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CC-MAIN-2018-17
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http://year4.stthomasblogs.co.uk/2018/01/10/science-digestive-sytem/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948950.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427021556-20180427041556-00550.warc.gz
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en
| 0.985358 | 113 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Few of us ever realize that when we fire up charcoal on the barbecue, we’re partaking in an age-old ritual that stretches from ancient Egypt to modern-day Japan. Charcoal has a fraught legacy: Is it a symbol of environmental degradation? Is it a symbol of healing?
That uneasy history is the subject of this strange, oddly alluring, artistic exercise by Andrea Trimarchi and Simone Farresin of the Dutch design studio Formafantasma. At the behest of the Vitra Design Museum in Germany, Trimarchi and Farresin partnered with a glassblower and a wood carver to design a series of jars and sculptural charcoal filters that, as they tell it, “draw inspiration from the tension between the dystopian connotation of charcoal, causing pollution and destruction, while also being employed in healthcare and water purification.” The objects are on display, alongside 12 charcoal drawings of burning trees and polluted cities and black rain, in the Dutch design exhibition Confrontations, until September 2.
Charcoal, the carbonaceous substance that results from slowly heating wood, is commonly used to purify water in contemporary Japan–a widely hailed “natural” process that dates back to ancient civilization. But there’s a dark side here. Deeply rooted in Swiss tradition, charcoal was a common source of metallurgical fuel until the 20th century, when fears of deforestation and CO2 emissions persuaded officials to ban it. In some parts of the world today, charcoal is seen as a charming anachronism of sorts. “The passing of time has, in fact, morphed this elaborate production process into a nostalgic happening, often relegated to festive folk events,” the designers say. Elsewhere, it is still tapped for fuel, often to disastrous effect; in the Congo, illegal charcoal burning threatens the Virunga National Park, one of the nation’s largest nature preserves and the home of the critically endangered mountain gorilla.
Trimarchi and Farresin have distinguished themselves in the crowded Dutch design landscape by using design to tell complex cultural narratives. Their contribution to Confrontations is no exception. Their project gives us the unfiltered story of charcoal production, one in which there are no easy answers. At the exhibit’s opening, Trimarchi and Farresin invited visitors to sip charcoal-purified water and eat black charcoal bread (which is said to aid digestion), surrounded by objects and drawings that hint at the use, and misuse, of charcoal throughout history.
[Images courtesy of Formafantasma]
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<urn:uuid:21c4bf97-7b90-481d-a8e0-fc3a8625196c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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https://www.fastcodesign.com/1670065/sculptures-tell-an-unfiltered-history-of-charcoal-video
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110578.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822104509-20170822124509-00361.warc.gz
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en
| 0.940526 | 533 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Dear Professor Phil,
In one of our classrooms, the computers access the network by using Wi-Fi. We want to allow the use of student owned mobile devices to view downloaded video files. The files will be standard definition (640X480, mp4). The room will be limited to 20 students. However, initial trials have been far less than satisfactory. Our IT colleagues tell us the problem is our 802.11g access point that has a maximum bandwidth of 55Mb/sec. They want us to budget for an 802.11n access point. Is that likely to help? What other suggestion would you have?
—Vern, Nashville TN
- The difference between 11g and 11n may be a secondary factor. While there may be many features leading to the unsatisfactory trials, one fact seems to stand out. Using a single Wi-Fi access point in such circumstances is very likely not to work, regardless of its speed. Consider the following facts:
• File transfers, such as you are attempting, will likely obtain a throughput of 25-40% of the nominal speed of the wireless link even under good environmental conditions.
• If the students authenticate to a domain controller, there would probably be a multi-megabyte transfer to each student when they log in to the network. This may consume nearly all of the bandwidth available for 10 or more minutes.
• Such authentications are generally clustered relative to time, often close to the beginning of the class period.
There are other possible sources for potential hazards. The best steps to take seem rather clear. First, add several access points. Place the access points on different channels. Generally, Channels 1, 6, and 11 are used in the U.S. These are legal channels that have little cross channel interference. This will increase the access bandwidth to be at least a factor of three times. If the access points are strategically placed, as in the figure, bandwidth can be further increased. The interconnection of the access points should be to a Gigabit switch. Some access points allow control of the radio output level. These levels can be set so that a user device can reach only the nearest access point. This also will help.
Phil Hippensteel, PhD, has spent more than 40 years in higher education and now teaches at Penn State Harrisburg.
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<urn:uuid:c616e364-7e5b-4159-8537-a83e353ad023>
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CC-MAIN-2019-26
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https://www.avnetwork.com/avnetwork/bbc-world-news-selects-quicklink-skype-tx-for-broadcasts
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000613.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627035307-20190627061307-00231.warc.gz
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en
| 0.949973 | 476 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The lowdown on malware
Software written for malicious purposes, such as:
How does it get on my network?
- viruses, or programs that spread through altered or 'infected' data files
- Trojan horses, or software that poses as something else to get a computer user to execute its function
- spyware, or software that tracks the activities of a computer user and reports them back to the developer
- back-doors, or software that provides a way for a hacker to circumvent security and gain access to functions of the computer the software is installed on.
The most common approach to spreading malware is by e-mail, via attached files. Worm Trojans and viruses can hijack an infected computer's e-mail client to send hundreds or thousands of copies of itself to addresses in the user's e-mail address book or in any other files on the computer. Trojans such as the recent MyDoom disguise where they've come from by spoofing the address of a person found in the address book.
Another increasingly common approach is to exploit other weaknesses in operating system security. MSBlaster exploited a problem with Microsoft Windows' use of Remote Procedure Calls; Code Red used weaknesses in Microsoft SQL Server to spread itself.How much will protection cost me?
Depending on how thick you lay on the protection, it can cost as little as $20 per user per year, or as much as $100 per user for more complete protection.Must-know info?
The best approach is a defense in depth. This includes a mail scanner at the server or mail gateway to block incoming messages with viruses or Trojans, desktop virus scanners to stop viruses and other malware that get onto systems by other means, and management software to control access policies to desktops and quickly deploy patches to vulnerabilities.
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<urn:uuid:ca3ca839-373f-4c87-bd61-36913ea1c4d2>
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
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https://gcn.com/articles/2004/03/03/the-lowdown-on-malware.aspx
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130615.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001030529-20201001060529-00633.warc.gz
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en
| 0.938179 | 368 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Latest Measurement problem Stories
If the last page were ripped out of a murder mystery, would the reader be better off guessing what happened by reading only up to the fatal incident or by reading the entire book? The answer, so obvious in the case of the murder mystery, is less so in world of quantum mechanics, where indeterminacy is fundamental rather than contrived for our reading pleasure.
Until recently measuring a 27-dimensional quantum state would have been a time-consuming, multistage process using a technique called quantum tomography, which is similar to creating a 3D image from many 2D ones.
A colloquium paper published in EPJ D looks into the alleged issues associated with quantum theory. Berthold-Georg Englert from the National University of Singapore reviews a selection of the potential problems of the theory.
Like small children, scientists are always asking the question 'why?'. One question they've yet to answer is why nature picked quantum physics, in all its weird glory, as a sensible way to behave.
Researchers at the University of Rochester and the University of Ottawa have applied a recently developed technique to directly measure for the first time the polarization states of light.
A team of physicists at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, performed an experiment that seems to contradict the foundations of quantum theory – at first glance.
Many of the predictions we make in everyday life are vague, and we often get them wrong because we have incomplete information, such as when we predict the weather.
For millennia, writing has been the preferred way to convey information and knowledge from one generation to another.
In quantum mechanics, a vanguard of physics where science often merges into philosophy, much of our understanding is based on conjecture and probabilities, but a group of researchers in Japan has moved one of the fundamental paradoxes in quantum mechanics into the lab for experimentation and observed some of the 'spooky action of quantum mechanics' directly.
University of Toronto quantum physicists Jeff Lundeen and Aephraim Steinberg have shown that Hardy's paradox, a proposal that has confounded physicists for over a decade, can be confirmed and ultimately resolved, a task which had seemingly been impossible to perform.
- A morbid dread of being buried alive. Also spelled 'taphiphobia'.
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<urn:uuid:461c7ebb-bc80-49d4-8ae2-89c563a0139e>
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CC-MAIN-2015-11
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http://www.redorbit.com/topics/measurement-problem/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461216.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00279-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.95524 | 467 | 2.53125 | 3 |
David Trehane was the first person to grow blueberries in the UK.
In 1949, he read an article in the Gardeners Chronicle in which it was reported that a parson from Lulu Island, British Columbia in Canada was offering 100 free Blueberry plants to anyone in the UK.
He was one of only four people to take up the offer and he found that they grew successfully in his sandy, acidic soil.
In 1957, he sent his daughter, Jennifer, a telegram which simply read "1000 Blueberries arriving Queen Mary, Southampton. How about it?"
That was the start of the very first commercial Blueberry plantation in the country and the beginning of Trehane Nursery, as it was then decided to propagate from these plants in order to expand the future acreage.
Since then, the Dorset Blueberry plantations have gone from strength to strength, still producing many tons of fruit each year for supermarkets and other outlets. One of the original fields planted in the 1960's is now home to the immensely popular Trehane Blueberries PYO, the opening of which each summer is eagerly anticipated by blueberry fans throughout Dorset and beyond. And meanwhile the nursery continues to source and supply the best quality Blueberry plants to the home gardener. (Please note that, although we normally do not need to use any pesticides on the plants that we sell, they are not certified as organic).
Blueberries are very easy to grow in containers, using ericaceous compost, or in the ground if you have acidic, free draining soil. For advice on which plants to grow take a look at our
'Choosing Blueberries' section, or go to
EXPERT ADVICE section to learn more about Blueberry cultivation.
When choosing your plants, bear in mind that fruit yield is generally better from cross-pollination rather than self-pollination, so it is always better to have a mix rather than all
plants of the same variety.
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<urn:uuid:e90cbf23-5454-4ce3-b6ff-c7230e2a1d55>
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://www.trehanenursery.co.uk/Blueberries_s/1820.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189032.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00333-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.966701 | 404 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Location and General Description
The Gurupa várzea ecoregion is named for the large alluvial island, Ilha Grande de Gurupá that occurs in the mouth of the Amazon River. Extending from the mouth of the Tapajós River at the city of Santarém to the Xingu River, which drains into the mouth of the Amazon itself. It is distinct from the flanking várzea ecoregions in that a majority of the landscape is savanna rather than dense tropical forest. The Xingú, Jari, and Tapajós Rivers, which drain into this lowest section of the Amazon River, are blackwater rivers that carry little, if any, sediment. The ochre-colored Amazon River is considered a whitewater river because it carries suspended organic and inorganic sediment loosed from the Andes. The term várzea refers to land that is inundated by overflow from whitewater rivers .
The flooding in this region is influenced by both the seasonal inundation’s of rivers caused by rainfall in the drainage basins along the Amazon and its tributaries and by the daily tide that pushes a large volume of river discharge upriver and over the landscape. The daily flood level ranges from 4 to 7 m at the height of the seasonal flood pulse and from 2 to 3 m at the low season. This area is called the "region of the islands" because of the intricate labyrinth of sedimentary islands and channels resulting from constant fluvial action. Sediments settle out near the margins of the river, building levees upon which tropical humid forest grows to an average height of 25 m. Behind these, on clay soils, lie robust savannas (canarana) and open lakes, both of which flood (Pires, 1985 #659). The lakes swell and retract according to the flood cycle, sometimes covering tens of square kilometers. The substrate of the várzea is alluvial and fluvial recent Holocene sediments (less than 10,000 years old) loosed from the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains and carried by the powerful current of these mighty rivers. The elevation along this region is no higher than 5 m. Average annual rainfall is less than 2,500 mm.
Both the geomorphology and biogeography in this region are influenced by very active fluvial dynamics. The deposition of nutrient-rich sediments renders the várzea much more fertile than the adjacent terra firme. The várzea forest performs critical ecological functions, such as capturing and rapidly cycling nutrients, hosting a great diversity of freshwater fish and aquatic mammals, stabilizing the flooded soils and landscapes, and perhaps providing a source of new taxa that colonize the surrounding terra firme . The diversity of vegetation types found on the várzea reflects the heterogeneity of the landscape resulting from constant erosion and deposition activities of the flood pulse .
Large grasses found on the flooded savanna include Echinochloa polystachya, E. spectabilis, Hymenachne amplexicaulis and H. donacifolia, Leersia hexandra, Paspalum platyaxix, Luziola spruceana, Panicum elephantipes, Paspalum fasciculatum, and various species of Oryza. Some of these grasses occur on abandoned river channels as well. Much sedge is found amongst the grasses including Scirpus cubensis, Cyperus luzulae, C. ferax, and Scleria geniculata. On the transition areas between forest and river, shrubs and small vines of the following species occur: Artemisia artemisiifolia, Ipomoea fistulosa, Polygonum punctatusm, Justicia obtusifolia, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Capironia fistulosa, Sesbania exasperata, Mimosa pigra, Montrichardia linifolia, Clamatis aculeata, Cassia reticulata, Phaseolus lineatus, Rhabdadenia macrostoma, and Clitonia triquetum. Large trees of the forest include Hura crepitans, Triplaris surinamensis, Calycophyllum spruceanum, Cedrela oderata, Pseudobombax munguba, Virola surinamensis, and Ceiba pentandra.
The humid tropical floodplain forests host a diversity of trees that produce fleshy fruit and are critical to the survival of fruit-eating species of fish, primates and bats that enter the forest understory during the flood. Some of these important trees include yellow mombim (Spondias mombim), palms such as buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) and açaí (Euterpe oleraceae), socoró (Mouriri ulei), and tarumã (Vitex cymosa). The várzea is critical habitat for reproductive and nursery grounds for fishes and many invertebrates.
This ecoregion hosts 148 mammal species, the largest of which include ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), margays (Leopardus wiedii), tapirs (Tapirus terrestris), capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), kinkajous (Potos flavus), and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari). Primates with a widespread distribution that occur here include spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus) and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Mammals found only here or in few other Amazonian regions include primates such as tamarins (Saguinus midas), squirrel monkeys (Saimiri ustus), endangered titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch), marmosets (Callithrix argentatado), a number of rodents such as Coendou koopmani, Myoprocta acouchy, and arboreal rats (Echimys chrysurus and E. grandis), savanna foxes (Cerdocyon thous), and many bats.
In the Gurupa várzea, 558 bird species are reported, including many aquatics such as herons and egrets (Egretta and Ardea), ducks (Dendrocygna spp.), ibis (Cercibis spp., Theristicus spp.), and rosette spoonbills (Ajaia ajaia). Dark-winged trumpeters (Psophia viridis), eared doves (Zenaida auriculata), crimson topaz (Topaza pella), endemic scaled spinetails (Cranioleuca muelleri), and bare-eyed robins (Turdus nudigenis) are found here but are not common elsewhere.
These whitewater rivers, subjected to tidal floods, are rich in fish and turtles, including giant river turtles (Podocnemis expansa). Some of the largest fish are the pacu (Metynnis and Mylossoma), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), sardinha (Triportheus angulatus), and the smaller carnivorous pirana (Serrasalmus spp.). Many beautiful aquarium fish come from these rivers and blackwater tributaries and lakes in this region, including the discus fish (Symphsodon aequifasciata sp.), hundreds of cichlids, such as in the genus Cichlasoma, assorted characins (family Anostomidae), tetras such as those in the genera Hemigrammus and Hyphessobrycon, and many catfish (families Aspredinidae, Corydoradinae, Doradidae, and Loricariidae).
The Amazon várzea has a long history of human occupation because of their high productivity and accessibility. Principle activities on the Gurupa várzea are subsistence agriculture, fishing, selective logging, and ranching. Much of the forest along these banks of the Lower Amazon have been cleared and the natural savannas altered to expand pasture area for cattle or water buffalo. The production systems of small holder farmers tend to be biologically diverse agroecosystems with a strong tree component, so land degradation does not generally occur where small-scale farmers live. Much of the forest that remains is managed or unmanaged secondary forest. A few urban centers such as Monte Alegre are located on the riverbank in this region, and urban sprawl has replaced some natural habitat. The major commercial timber species such as Virola surinamensis and Ceiba pentandra are all but depleted in this region.
Types and Severity of Threats
Habitat is threatened mostly by anthropogenic alteration. The flooded savannas are stressed by grazing cattle and water buffalo. The fertile soil of this inundated area has also attracted large-scale agricultural projects such as jute (in the past) and mechanized rice production today which degrade the natural habitat. Commercial logging and fisheries extraction poses a threat to populations of all species.
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
This seasonally flooded ecoregion was delineated according to the presence of ancient crystalline arches which distinguish these várzea ecoregions (Daly and Prance 1989) based on basement rock composition. Linework is approximating the presence of two arches – the Gurupa arch to the east (near the Tapjós confluence), and the Monte Alegre Arch to the west (near the confluence of the Xingu rivers). The importance of these arches in distinguishing várzea ecoregions is discussed by da Silva (1989).
Daly, D. C., and J. D. Mitchell. 2000. Lowland vegetation of tropical South America. Pages 391-453 in D. L. Lentz, editor, Imperfect Balance: Landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas. New York: Columbia University Press.
Daly, D.C., and G.T. Prance. 1989. Brazilian Amazon. Pages 401-426 in D.G. Campbell, and H.D. Hammond, editors. Floristic inventory of tropical countries. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA.
Silva, J.M. C. 1998. Um método para o estabelecimento de áreas prioritárias para a conservação na Amazônia Legal. Report prepared for WWF-Brazil. 17 pp.
Pires, J. M., and G. T. Prance. 1985. The vegetation types of the Brazilian Amazon. Pages 109-145 in G. T. Prance and T. E. Lovejoy, editors, Key Environments: Amazonia. New York: Pergamon.
Prance, G. T. 1979. Notes on the vegetation of Amazonia III. The terminology of Amazonian forest types subject to inundation. Brittonia 31: 26-38.
Prepared by: Robin Sears
Reviewed by: In process
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| 0.859815 | 2,375 | 3.25 | 3 |
Virginia bluebells (Mertensia virginica) are native to the woodlands from New York to South Carolina and west to Alabama, Kansas and Minnesota. They bloom in the spring with small blue flowers that go well with other colored flowers such as daffodils and tulips or add interest to a garden bed with green plants such as ferns. Virginia bluebells have root structures that resemble bulbs and are often classified as bulbs. However, they are not "true" bulbs. Virginia bluebells' roots are actually tubers.
Select a planting location. Virginia bluebells prefer partial shade and are ideal plants in areas that only receive a couple hours of sunlight a day.
Prepare the planting bed so that the soil is well draining and rich in humus. The best way to do this is to till the top 12 inches of soil with a garden rake and then mix in several inches of humus, such as compost or peat moss.
Plant the bulbs (tubers) two inches below the surface of the soil. The eyes should be facing up. Space multiple bulbs about 10 to 12 inches apart.
Backfill the soil and pack it down to remove any voids in the soil. Then water the bulbs well. Add a couple inches of mulch, such as bark or pine needles, to help the soil retain moisture.
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http://www.gardenguides.com/80517-plant-virginia-bluebell-bulbs.html
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en
| 0.936199 | 279 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Study aim: The aim of the study was to determine work performance in the aspect of work rate, energy, persistence, adaptation rate, and accuracy based on the indices of an athlete’s work curve.
Material and methods: Thirty athletes (15 women and 15 men) who practised five sports (swimming, track and field, fencing, judo, and taekwondo) and a control group (30 university students, 15 women and 15 men) participated in a work curve test (Kraepelin). Both groups were equivalent. They were aged 18–25 years, all of them had finished secondary education, and studied at the same university. The analysis concerned indices grouped into 6 factors: quantitative measures of performance, measures of energy and persistence, measures of quick adaptation and efforts without self-restraint, measures of variability, measures of accuracy and diligence, and measures of additional factors.
Results: Factor analysis of the work curve revealed a significant difference to the benefit of the athletes (p < 0.001) in the measures of energy and persistence. The results obtained in this study revealed good adaptation of athletes to exercise, resistance to fatigue, and quick process of learning.
Conclusions: The results obtained may reflect the adaptation of athletes to long-term physical activity. Therefore, they are characterized by greater involvement and patience. Therefore, it can be concluded that monotonous training that necessitates much energy, concentration of attention, and endurance, and, consequently, high work performance, is one of the most important predictors of athletic activity.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
SYNAT - “Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information”.
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| 0.942149 | 371 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Protect yourself from respiratory viruses
Coronavirus and the influenza epidemic have highlighted the need to be smart about our exposure to respiratory viruses. Two public health organizations — the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) — stand out as credible resources for the latest news about these epidemics.
Respiratory viruses spread through respiratory droplets emitted by persons who are coughing or sneezing. People of all ages can be infected, but older people and those with pre-existing medical conditions are especially vulnerable to severe complications.
How do I protect myself? One of the first things you can do is to make sure you are up to date on the flu vaccine and the pneumonia vaccine. Avoid exposure to people who have a respiratory virus.
The CDC recommends everyday preventive actions, including:
- Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the bathroom, before eating, and after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing
- If soap and water are not available, use a hand sanitizer with at least 60 percent alcohol. Always wash hands with soap and water if hands are visibly dirty.
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands
- Avoid close contact with sick people.
- Stay home when sick.
- Cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash.
- Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces using regular household cleaning spray or wipe.
How effective is hand sanitizer? Alcohol based hand sanitizers can provide a level of protection, but the alcohol within them evaporates fast — and so does its protections. The application of sanitizer you used after touching a doorknob will likely kill the germs on your hand currently, but five minutes later you may not be protected.
Should I wear a mask? The WHO acknowledges that wearing masks might be useful if you’re sick in order to prevent you from sneezing or coughing into somebody’s face. However, they add that a mask that is used to prevent an infection is sometimes not very effective because people take it off to eat, they are prone to be worn improperly, and if they get wet and somebody sneezes on that mask it could pass through.
What if I think I have a respiratory virus? Symptoms can include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The CDC reports that symptoms may appear in as few as two days or as long as 14 days after exposure. If your symptoms worsen and you plan to go to a doctor’s office, call ahead and explain your situation so they can take appropriate infection controls.
SUSAN LOCKE, M.D., is the Healthnetwork Foundation medical director. She is board certified in both internal medicine and psychiatry, having earned her undergraduate degree from Yale University and her medical degree from Cornell University Medical College.
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Who Were the Pioneers?
The pioneers were the early settlers. They chose to live in a "new" land.
The first European people who moved to Toronto and its farming area were mainly from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany. Many had moved north from the United States.
There were many reasons that people left their homeland : Some people came to Canada for religious freedom. Some didn’t like the way their country was being run, and some of them came for a better life.
Many pioneers settled near the shores of the Great Lakes and the major rivers. They needed water for drinking, washing, cooking and growing plants. They also use water as the major method of transportation.
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| 0.992791 | 142 | 3.75 | 4 |
The human heart in space: What can we learn from mathematical modeling
Human spaceflight has been fascinating man for centuries, representing the intangible need to explore the unknown, challenge new frontiers, advance technology and push scientific boundaries further. A key aspect of long-term human spaceflight is the physiological response and consequent microgravity (0G) adaptation, which has all the features of accelerated aging involving almost every body system: muscle atrophy and bone loss, onset of balance and coordination problems, loss of functional capacity of the cardiovascular system.
Research published recently in npj Microgravity and conducted by Caterina Gallo, Luca Ridolfi and Stefania Scarsoglio shows that human spaceflight reduces exercise tolerance and ages astronauts' heart.
The study is based on a mathematical model which allowed to investigate some spaceflight mechanisms inducing cardiovascular deconditioning, that is the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to a less demanding environment.
Understanding 0G configuration is crucial to ensure the full health and well-being of astronauts in view of the now imminent missions to the Moon and Mars. Moreover, since spaceflight deconditioning has features similar to accelerated aging, gravitational physiology may lead to useful insights to delay or prevent the modern lifestyle medical disorders related with living longer.
The proposed study compared the cardiovascular response in microgravity (0G) conditions with what happens on Earth: several hemodynamic parameters—such as cardiac work, oxygen consumption and contractility indexes, as well as arterial pressure—were reduced. Exercise tolerance of a spaceflight traveler was found to be comparable to an untrained person with a sedentary lifestyle. At the capillary-venous level significant waveform alterations were observed which can modify the regular perfusion and average nutrient supply at the cellular level.
"Present findings," professor Scarsoglio observes "are useful to design future long-term spaceflights, individuate optimal countermeasures and understand the state of health of astronauts when prompt physical capacity at the time of restoration of partial gravity (e.g., Moon/Mars landing) is required."
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| 0.921502 | 422 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Growing healthy arabidopsis
karlin at CMGM.STANFORD.EDU
Thu Jul 2 16:08:29 EST 1992
In general, there's no substitute for cleanliness in your growing space for
avoiding infestations. (And being careful about not introducing insects on
your clothes, etc from the outside environment). However, when the inevitable
happens, we've found the following to be effective, with differing cost to the
1) for aphids, Malathion works well with little damage to plants;
2) for thrips and black flies, Orthene or Resmethrin (by Ortho) -- both are
organophosphates, not good for humans, and young plants and new growth take a
beating; However, we have been successful in eliminating thrips (our most
devestating pest) following 2 or 3 sequential sprayings (about 5-7 d apart),
and most established plants survived; These compounds require a license to use
and you should see your greenhouse person for help with them.
We have tried Safer soaps (a detergent-type insecticide) to control aphids, and
manage to keep them down but not out with these substances.
Concerning fungicides, we have not resorted to using these on plants in
soil. Avoiding over-watering and allowing surface of soil to partilly dry out
between waterings generally avoids establishment of fungal growth on the soil.
(Be sure to allow air circulation over soil, and don't completely cover pots or
flats of plants except when you are first establishing them in soil after
transfer from a 100% humidity environment [e.g. tissue culture]). However,
benomyl (10mg/L) is an effective fungistatic agent for tissue or seedlings
grown on agar and we have not observed any adverse effect on Arabidopsis.
If you are having a problem with a specific insect, you will do best to
identify it first before seeking a remedy.
Good luck, George Karlin-Neumann
More information about the Arab-gen
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| 0.912663 | 449 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Students can create their own Geometric, or Tangram-like, puzzles. A classic tangram has 7 pieces (link), but with this template, students can make their own puzzles with as many pieces as they would like to use.
In the sample photos above, I created a puzzle with 12 pieces. After students have made their puzzles, they can trade puzzles and try to solve them. You can also combine/shuffle 2 puzzles together and try to create one large rectangle, or 4 puzzles together to create one large square.
When coloring in the puzzle, darker colors help hide the grid lines. You can also use the patterns each student has created as a cutting template – glue the template onto a piece of construction paper, cut out the pieces, flip, and use the construction paper side as your puzzle pieces.
I love “Hidden Pictures” by Highlights magazine. On their website, they release several new puzzles each month and I download and save each one to my google drive so that I can select from different themes throughout the school year. My 6th & 7th grade students really enjoy working on these puzzles and will try to find all the pictures for each one.
I hand out one or two picture finds whenever we have assessments (or for holidays) for students to color in with either a highlighter or colored pencils/makers while they wait for everyone to finish their quiz or test. Once their assessments have been collected, they immediately ask each other where the items were that they couldn’t find and spend the alst few minutes of class finishing up the puzzles. There are usually a few items that stump the majority of the kids.
Looking for the hidden items helps the students sharpen their observation skills. They are looking for shapes and patterns, looking with a purpose, and evaluating spaces where items could be or can’t be located in. My favorites are the hidden items that are found in the ’empty space’ of the drawings.
I always like to have puzzles handy for students to work on when they have finished their classwork, or if they completed a test and are waiting for other students to finish, or just for fun!
I have 72 science themed scramble puzzles (Scrabble-like) based on Physical and Earth Science vocabulary words. There is a Master List that shows all the words and which number puzzle it is. Each file is saved as the answer, too. Students can make 3, 4, 5, and 6 letter words and calculate their scores based on the letter values within each word they find. There is one 7 letter science word answer for each puzzle.
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| 0.965404 | 535 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Nov 11, 2015 | By Alec
As a kid at the beach, you might have wondered at some point or another why we wouldn’t just drink all that free and cold sea water. While that used to result in a snort of derision from an older sibling, we might be doing exactly that in the near future. Right now, desalination machines are huge, inefficient and costly, but a team of researchers from GE Global Research and the U.S. Department of Energy are working on a handheld 3D printed device that could make this possible. What’s more, they’re using steam turbine principles to realize it.
This sounds a bit weird, until you get to the underlying mechanisms. The concept itself sprouted out of the minds of GE scientists Doug Hofer and Vitali Lissianski. GE’s research department is filled with fascinating small talk over water coolers and coffee machines, and chemical engineer Lissianski – who works with GE’s Power and Water, Oil and Gas, Aviation and Transportation applications – stumbled on an idea with his manager. Teaming up with steam turbine specialist Hofer, they came up with a perfect method for desalinating water: miniature steam turbines.
Hofer himself was part of a project on miniaturizing a GE steam turbine – a machine that usually fills an entire school gym. ‘In traditional steam turbines, steam condenses and turns to water,’ Hofer explains. ‘We thought maybe the same principle could be applied to water desalination.’ While usually used to generate electricity, Hofer explains that they can also run the flow system to freeze brine or salt water, instead of turning it into steam. By freezing the mixture, the salt naturally separates in solid form, leaving just the ice. The ice is then melted, leaving clean water.
A mini 3D printed turbine: not suitable for drinking just yet.
This could really be a useful tool, as clean drinking water is decreasing in supply, rather than increasing. 97.5 percent of the water supply is locked into salty oceans unsuitable for consumption, while 1.2 billion people (a fifth of the planet) is in dire need of water. Even California has been suffering from a water shortage recently.
"By putting desalination ‘on ice,’ we hope to change that dynamic,” said Vitali Lissianski, a chemical engineer and project leader at GE Global Research’s Energy Systems Lab. “Freezing seawater to treat it is nothing new, but the way we are doing it is very different. We’re tapping into our wealth of technical knowledge in turbomachinery to devise a cost-effective solution.”
“You might say we’re turbo charging our way to an affordable water desalination system,” Lissianski added.
Hofer explained that cooling the salty water, or brine droplets, by expanding cold gas in the turbine would greatly reduce the energy required for desalination. "The heat transfer between the cooling gas and brine would be much more efficient compared to conventional thermal desalination systems."
If this handheld 3D printed tool is successfully produced, it could reduce the cost of desalination by up to 20 percent – a huge decrease. In turn, that would encourage more investment in desalination machinery.
For the water desalination concept, using a full size steam turbine would not make sense. They are typically the size of several rail cars and take months to manufacture. To speed the development process, the miniaturized parts were 3D printed using technologies developed in GE Global Research's Additive Manufacturing Lab and GE Aviation's additive manufacturing facility in Cincinnati, Ohio. While no timeline has been set, Hofer’s previous project had quite a bit of success in miniaturizing a turbo expander modeled after the GE steam turbine, so the experience is there already. It would therefore not be too farfetched to think that we will be taking handheld drinking tools to the beach with us, instead of bottles of water, in the near future.
Posted in 3D Printing Application
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- 8-bit video games inspire 3D printed fashion accessories by Katty Xiomara and BEEVERYCREATIVE
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Cats are pretty hardy, what with their nine lives and all, but they aren’t invincible. At The Maywood Veterinary Clinic, one of the most common problems that we see in cats is chronic kidney disease.
Feline kidney disease is a common and potentially life-threatening problem that cat owners should understand – after all, knowledge is power.
The Amazing Kidney
Cat’s bodies are truly amazing. Each organ has its own incredible functions, all working together to create a perfectly operating system. The kidneys are an essential part of several important bodily functions including:
- Filtering waste products from the bloodstream
- Regulating hydration
- Balancing electrolyte concentrations in the body
- Managing blood pH
- Regulating blood pressure
- Stimulating red blood cell production
Without them, our pets would not be able to function. When they are not working properly, waste products may build up the blood resulting in thirst, lethargy, nausea, and other unwelcome symptoms. Dehydration may occur, and electrolyte imbalances can wreak havoc on the function of other organs. Blood pressure can skyrocket and anemia may occur.
When Feline Kidney Disease Strikes
While the kidneys can be acutely damaged through things like toxin exposure, urine outflow obstruction, or temporarily decreased blood flow, chronic kidney disease in cats is more common.
Chronic kidney disease in cats happens when a problem affects kidney function over time. Many times we do not know why this occurs (although it may just be a change that happens with aging in some animals). In other cases, though, a congenital malformation or disease of the kidney, a tumor, a long-standing infection, or chronic inflammation may be the culprit.
When chronic kidney disease in cats occurs, the symptoms may be very vague. They are sometimes hard to detect because they creep up slowly over time. Commonly we see:
- Weight loss
- Decreased appetite
- Increased drinking
- Increased urination
- Dull, unkempt coat
- Overall weakness
Because other diseases can appear similar, it is important to obtain a diagnosis. If your cat is experiencing these types of symptoms, call us right away at (201) 800-6039 so that we can get started.
Many times we are able to diagnose the problem based on blood and urine testing. Once we have a diagnosis, we can often manage our cat patients, helping them to have a good quality of life. Our success in accomplishing this depends on how quickly the problem is diagnosed. This is why routine screening tests are so important – many times we can diagnose a problem long before any outward signs are apparent.
Cats with chronic kidney disease often benefit from dietary changes and the management of hydration status at home. These plans are specific to each individual situation and will be discussed with you by one of our professional staff.
Some cats may also benefit from phosphate binders, potassium supplements, blood pressure medications, and treatment of anemia depending on their lab work.
While chronic kidney disease in cats is not typically a curable condition, it is one that can be quite manageable. By working together as a team, we can help you to enjoy more quality time with your purr-fectly healthy pal.
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There are numerous diseases caused by rats and other rodent which some people are not aware of it. Today am going to discuss about some diseases caused by rats, how to know when you have a rat in your home, what damage they can cause and steps on to prevent rats influx in your home or garden.
Murine Typhus: Murine typhus (caused by infection with R. typhi) occurs worldwide and is transmitted to humans by rat fleas. Flea-infested rats can be found throughout the year in humid tropical environments, but in temperate regions are most common during the warm summer months.
Caution: Travelers who visit in rat-infested buildings and homes, especially in harbor or riverine environments, can be at risk for exposure to the agent of murine typhus.
Rat-bite fever (RBF): Rat-bite fever (RBF) is a systemic bacterial illness caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis that can be acquired through the bite or scratch of a rodent or the ingestion of food or water contaminated with rat feces.
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: As its name suggests, it causes a typhoid-like disease in mice. In humans S. Typhimurium does not cause as severe disease as S. Typhi, and is not normally fatal. The disease is characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and nausea, and generally lasts up to 7 days. Unfortunately, in immune compromised people, that is the elderly, young, or people with depressed immune systems, Salmonella infections are often fatal if they are not treated with antibiotics.
Leptospirosis: Is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans it causes a wide range of symptoms, and some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of leptospirosis include high fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, and vomiting, and may include jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or a rash.
Two years ago leptospirosis attacked Malaysia and several Asian countries. However, various measures were taken by the Government and now Malaysia are free from Leptospirosis.
Caution: If the disease is not treated, the patient could develop kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, and respiratory distress. In rare cases death occurs.
Eosinophilic Meningitis: Eosinophilic meningitis is an infection of the brain occurring in association with an increase in the number of eosinophils, white blood cells that are associated with infection with worms that penetrate into the body. The organism most commonly causing eosinophilic meningitis is a rat lung worm called angiostrongylus cantonensis.
Signs of a Rat Problem
Rats are nocturnal (night walkers) and usually hide from humans, therefore typical signs to look for in the home and garden are:
Scratching noises: - in walls, under the floor or under decking as rats scurry (run around) around looking for food.
Distinctive smell: – rats leave an ammonia-like smell that will be particularly strong in enclosed areas such as under cupboards, in loft spaces, garages, sheds or under decking.
Damage – rats have teeth that grow continuously and gnaw (chew) on wood, plastic and even mild steel to keep them trim. Rats can even cause fires by chewing through cables and wiring.
Ripped food packaging – rats will tear open all types of packaging to find food which may leave teeth marks.
Nests: – rats build nests in warm, hidden places using shredded material such as newspaper, plastic and fabrics. Nests will often contain young rats.
Burrows: - In gardens, rats will dig burrows especially in compost heaps or under sheds. They will also build nests under garden decking.
Prevent rats influx
Remove their food sources, water, and items that provide shelter for them.
Seal up holes inside and outside the home to prevent entries. Hmm.. Where?
Where to you look for gaps or holes inside your home?
Check inside, under, and behind kitchen cabinets, refrigerators, stoves, inside the closets near the floor corners.
Check round the pipes under sinks, washing machines, around the pipes going to hot water heaters and furnaces.
Check around floor vents, dryer vents, inside the attic, in the basement and laundry room floor drains. Check between the floor and wall juncture.
Where to look for gaps or holes outside your home?
Check the roof among the rafters, gables, eaves, around windows and doors.
Check around the foundation, attic vents, crawl space vents and under the doors.
Check around holes for electrical, plumbing, cable, and gas lines.
Fill small holes with steel wool, cement, hardware cloth, or metal sheeting to fix large holes.
Caution: If you do not remember to seal up entry holes in your home, rats or other rodents will continue to get inside.
Clean Up Clean Up Clean Up
Clean up rodent food sources and nesting site and keep food in thick plastic or metal containers with tight lids. Prevent contact with rats by cleaning up your home, workplace, campsite and eliminate possible rat’s food sources:
Keep food in thick plastic or metal containers with tight lids and clean up spilled food right away wash dishes and cooking utensils soon after use. Keep outside cooking areas and grills clean.
Keep compost bins as far away from the house as possible (100 feet or more is best). Grains and animal feed should be kept in a thick plastic or metal containers with tight lids.
Caution: If storing trash and food waste inside the home, do so in rodent-proof containers, and frequently clean the containers with soap and water. Dispose of trash and garbage on a frequent and regular basis, and pick up or eliminate clutter.
Eliminate possible nesting sites outside the home. Elevate hay, woodpiles, and garbage cans at least 1 foot off the ground. Get rid of old trucks, cars, and old tires that mice and rats could use as homes. Keep grass cut short and shrubbery within 100 feet of the home well trimmed.
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NASA / JPL / Univ. of Ariz.
An image from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows the Opportunity rover on the rim of Santa Maria Crater (indicated by arrow) with the tracks of its wheels extending toward the left edge of the frame (visible as a faint reddish line).
Two heads are better than one, even if the "heads" happen to be the cameras built into two different space probes. Here's a fresh picture from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, a camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which shows the Opportunity rover as a speck perched on the rim of a 300-foot-wide Martian crater known as Santa Maria.
Amazingly, the tracks of the rover can be seen trailing off to the left across the plains of Meridiani Planum.
NASA often uses orbiters and rovers as a double team to identify sites of interest from the air and then investigate them on the ground. For example, the orbiter's CRISM spectrometer indicates that there is hydrated sulfate at Opportunity's location, which suggests that liquid water once flowed through the area. The rover is currently taking a closer look at the minerals to study their composition in detail. The same double team will come in handy when Opportunity travels to an even bigger hole in the Martian ground, the 14-mile-wide Endeavour Crater.
Opportunity has been going strong on Mars for more than seven years, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is also in it for the long haul. NASA notes that Thursday marks the fifth anniversary of the orbiter's entry into Martian orbit. It seems like yesterday ... but since that time, MRO has sent back 131 trillion bits of data, including more than 70,000 images that are cataloged on the HiRISE website. That's more data than all other interplanetary missions combined.
Check out these links for more about Mars:
- Slideshow: People's choice pictures from HiRISE
- Mars meteorite craters: Make mine a double
- Slideshow: The greatest hits from Mars
- Explore the 3-D depths of Mars
Join the Cosmic Log community by clicking the "like" button on our Facebook page or by following msnbc.com science editor Alan Boyle as b0yle on Twitter. To learn more about Alan Boyle's book on Pluto and the search for planets, check out the website for "The Case for Pluto."
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Welcome to a mind-bending journey into the thrilling world of mathematical conundrums. Our **logical puzzle** will test both your math prowess and your analytical acumen. Are you a savant at sums, or do you pride yourself on your problem-solving proficiency? Regardless of your background, this riddle requires a discerning eye, a steady hand, and a dash of inventive reasoning. With these tools, you can unlock the values that lie hidden within this mathematical enigma. So, brace yourself, because what follows is no ordinary arithmetic drill but a test of wits! Feast your eyes on the puzzle below, try to decode the values of each element, and keep scrolling to find the solution nestled at the bottom of this page. Good luck, numerical ninjas!
Deciphering the puzzle: Visual aid to solving the mathematical mystery
At an initial glance, the mathematical enigma might appear to be a jumble of numbers, symbols, and variables. However, as with any well-crafted puzzle or test, the key to deciphering lies in the process, not the complexity. The true essence of solving such puzzles is to break them into smaller, manageable parts. Isolating each element and determining its value can simplify the equation and offer a clearer path towards finding the solution.
Visual aids play a critical role in this process. Creating a diagram or a sketch can help visualize the relationships between different elements. A visual representation can also help in identifying patterns that may not be apparent in the numerical or symbolic form of the question.
The power of puzzles: Why sharpening your mind with enigmas and riddles matters
Brain teasers, puzzles, and enigmas are not simply ways to pass the time. These are powerful tools that stimulate our cognitive abilities, develop critical thinking, and enhance problem-solving skills. They provide a workout for the brain, just as physical exercise does for the body.
- Engaging with puzzles enhances memory and improves concentration.
- They foster creativity by prompting us to think out of the box.
- Puzzles encourage patience and persistence.
Walking through the solution: Your guide to unveiling the secrets of the logical puzzle
The logical puzzle, similar to the mathematical enigma, tests our analytical skills and mathematical reasoning. To solve it the key is to find the value of each element, starting with the least complex. Using logical deduction, we can assign plausible values to the elements and methodically check if these values satisfy all conditions in the puzzle.
Remember to avoid rushing through the steps. Taking a structured approach will not only make the task more manageable, but it will also minimize the chances of errors. By following these steps, we can peel away the layers of complexity one by one, and finally, uncover the solution.
In conclusion, whether it's a mathematical enigma or logical puzzle, embracing the process of problem-solving can be as rewarding as finding the solution itself. Ready to test your skills? The solution to the riddle can be found in the image below.
As a young independent media, SME Insider needs your help. Support us by following us and bookmarking us on Google News. Thank you for your support!
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Description: André Campra’s Tancrède, which premiered on 7 November 1702, is his best-known tragédie en musique, with a run of performances until 1764, and high praise by noteworthy music personalities such as Rameau. While the music critic La Cerf de la Viéville wrote positive comments about Tancrède, he was bothered by the opera’s use of low voices, which defied the tradition of employing castrati parts. Additionally, the role of Clorinda was written for a well-known contralto named Mademoiselle Maupin; although the range is that of a mezzo-soprano, the powerful quality of Maupin’s voice seemed to be a prime consideration for Campra.
Creator: Campra, André, 1660-1744; Danchet, Antoine, 1671-1748. & Tasso, Torquato, 1544-1595
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Float Switch – Float Valves, Automatic Water Feeder
The float valve began as a hinged flap patented in 1778 by Joseph Bramah of Yorkshire, England. It replaced the slide valve commonly seen on toilets, but began revolutionizing water maintenance across various applications. This system has been refined and redeveloped for the past two hundred years, and the concept has proven to be simple and reliable. But despite it’s reliability, computer innovations began to create a demand for more accurate and interactive technologies, creating the float switch. This technology took standard mechanical floats and added an electrical component so that they could be remotely monitored and controlled.
Theory of operation
The float level sensor is a device that can incorporate several different configurations. They all are based on the principal that there is a floating segment of the sensor that moves up and down as the liquid level rises and falls. This in turn is connected in some manner to a switch that then closes or opens to indicate the level of the liquid. These sensors can be supplied in a variety of switch configurations (SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT, etc.).
The float sensor needs to be designed in such a manner that the float portion is allowed to move freely and have less density than the liquid being detected. Also the switching contacts need to be sealed from contamination. The switch contacts need to be designed to handle the voltage and current requirements required.
The float sensor is generally less expensive that other sensor types. It can be designed to safely handle high voltages and currents. The output of the float sensor is either a closed or open switch thus generating an output that is immune to external noise sources and can be wired to directly control valves, small motors, and other devices.
If multilevel detection is required, then multiple float sensors need to be purchased and installed. Depending on the detection requirements, the use of multiple float sensors may require the use of a control unit that can function as an intelligent device in order to provide the required outputs for control. The float sensor is also subject to fouling from debris and pitting of the switch contacts. If multiple float sensors are required, then multiple mounting locations on the tank will also be required.
The issue with float valves is that the facility manager MUST go and look at the system where the float valve is installed. There is no way to electrically bring these connections to a centralized control or monitoring system. This requires more time, money and effort to manager the water level in these environments. WaterLine Controls allows the operator to save money, time and energy by centralizing the monitoring of water level in different environments like, Boilers, Cooling Towers and sumps in large commercial facilities. It is also common for the lift arm, valve gasket, or float itself to become damaged over time and require replacement. Our WLC Series units have a 15 year averproduct age duty life cycle, and our stainless steel sensors never plate, foul or deteriorate.
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The Lost World is a 1925 American silent fantasy monster adventure film adapted from Arthur Conan Doyle’s 1912 novel of the same name. The film was produced by First National Pictures, a major Hollywood studio at the time, and stars Wallace Beery as Professor Challenger. It was directed by Harry O. Hoyt and featured pioneering stop motion special effects by Willis O’Brien, a forerunner of his work on the original King Kong. Doyle, who also created Sherlock Holmes, appears in a frontispiece to the film, absent from some extant prints.
In 1998, The Lost World was deemed “culturally, historically or aesthetically significant” by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Because of its age the film is in the public domain, and can be legally downloaded online.
By Directed by Harry Hoyt, special effects by Willis O’Brien (YouTube) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
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Social media technologies are continuously transforming the ways consumers interact with each other and firms. These changes constitute a fundamental shift in the marketplace–consumers have greater opportunities to voice their opinions and connect with their peers as well as increased influence over marketers and brands.
In this course, part of the Digital Product Management MicroMasters program, we examine how organizations capitalize on social media and consumer-to-consumer interactions to support their marketing efforts. We view these issues from a strategic and a practical perspective, rather than a technical or platform perspective. We will give you the knowledge you need to create engaging content for platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat and how to identify influencers, deliver content to a targeted audience, and measure the success of your efforts.
This course will equip learners with the skills they need to promote their company’s products or services, or their own personal brand using social media. Additionally, learners will gain an understanding of how they can use social media to achieve specific organizational objectives and measure the effectiveness of those efforts.
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| 0.937844 | 211 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Laboratory tests for fungal infection
To establish or confirm the diagnosis of a fungal infection, skin, hair and nail tissue is collected for microscopy and culture (mycology).
Specimens for fungal microscopy and culture may be:
- Scrapings of scale, best taken from the leading edge of the rash after the skin has been cleaned with alcohol.
- Skin stripped off with adhesive tape, which is then stuck on a glass slide.
- Hair which has been pulled out from the roots.
- Brushings from an area of scaly scalp.
- Nail clippings, or skin scraped from under a nail.
- Skin biopsy.
- Moist swab from a mucosal surface (inside the mouth or vagina) in a special transport medium.
- A swab should be taken from pustules in case of secondary bacterial infection.
They are transported in a sterile container or a black paper envelope.
The material is examined by microscopy by one or more of these methods:
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, stained with blue or black ink
- Unstained wet-mount
- Stained dried smear
- Histopathology of biopsy with special stains, e.g., periodic acid-Schiff (PAS).
Microscopy can identify a dermatophyte by the presence of:
- Fungal hyphae (branched filaments) making up a mycelium
- Arthrospores (broken-off spores)
- Arthroconidia (specialised external spores)
- Spores inside a hair (endothrix) or outside a hair (ectothrix).
Fungal elements are sometimes difficult to find, especially if the tissue is very inflamed, so a negative result does not rule out fungal infection.
A yeast infection can be identified by the presence of:
- Yeast cells, which may be dividing by budding
- Pseudohyphae (branched filaments similar to those of a dermatophyte) forming a pseudomycelium.
PAS stain of
in a skin biopsy
of microsporum canis
Culture identifies which organism is responsible for the infection:
- To find out the source of infection e.g. a particular animal
- To select the most suitable treatment.
Growing the fungus in culture may take several weeks, incubated at 25-30ºC. The specimen is inoculated into a medium such as Sabouraud's dextrose agar containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol. The cycloheximide is left out if a mould requires identification.
A negative culture may arise because:
- The condition is not due to fungal infection.
- The specimen was not collected properly.
- Antifungal treatment had been used prior to collection of the specimen.
- There was a delay before the specimen reached the laboratory.
- The laboratory procedures were incorrect.
- The organism grows very slowly.
Culture of yeasts and moulds may be due to harmless colonisation rather than infection. The infection may be secondary to an underlying skin disesase such as psoriasis.
Blood tests are not useful for the diagnosis of superficial fungal infections. But in subcutaneous and systemic infection, several tests may be useful.
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| 0.889287 | 704 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The “Batavia Timbers” are original timbers from the ship Batavia of the Dutch East India Company. The Batavia was built in Amsterdam in 1628 and shipwrecked, on her maiden voyage, off the Western Australian coast. The story of the Batavia was made famous by the subsequent mutiny and massacre of nearly 100 people that took place among the survivors.
In 1629 the Batavia struck a reef near Beacon Island, off the Western Australian coast. Of the 322 aboard, most of the passengers and crew managed to get ashore on the island, although 40 people drowned, the survivors included women and children. The wreck site lacked water and food, so a small group led by the Captain left the wreck site in a longboat in search of drinking water. After an unsuccessful search for water, they abandoned the survivors and headed north on a hazardous voyage to the city of Batavia, now known as Jakarta. After their arrival to the town of Batavia, the Governor-General sent a rescue for the other survivors.
When the rescue ship arrived at the wreck site, they discover that a bloody mutiny had taken place among the survivors, resulting in the death of nearly a hundred shipwrecked survivors.
From the 1647 Dutch book “Unlucky voyage of the ship Batavia.”
The survivors had faced two months of cruel butchery and savagery. The historical records show that:
“… a dedicated band of murderous men, … began to systematically kill anyone they believed would be a problem to their reign of terror, or a burden on their limited resources. The mutineers became intoxicated with killing, and no one could stop them. They needed only the smallest of excuses to drown, bash, strangle, or stab to death any of their victims, including women and children.”
From 1970 to 1974, maritime archaeologists salvaged some of the cannon from the Batavia wreck, an anchor, and many artifacts were recovered, including timbers from the port side of the ship’s stern. These were then conserved with the monitoring and treatment of the timbers ongoing.
Internal view of the Batavia shipwreck stern timbers as displayed
In 1972, the Netherlands transferred all rights to Dutch shipwrecks on the Australian coasts to Australia. Some of the items, including human remains, which were excavated, are now on display. While plenty of materials have been recovered from the wreck site, the majority of the cannons and anchors have been left in-situ. As a result, the wreck remains one of the premier dive sites on the West Australian coast.
Batavia Timbers from the Ship Batavia
- Title: Batavia Timbers from the Ship Batavia
- Dates: 1628
- Material: Timber
- Museum: WA Shipwrecks Museum
- Name: Batavia
- Namesake: Settlement of Batavia
- Owner: Dutch East India Company, Dutch Republic
- Completed: 1628
- Wrecked: 1629
- Tonnage: 650 tons
- Length: 56.6 m (186 ft)
- Crew: 341 (incl. passengers)
- Armament: 24 cast-iron cannons
Exploring Shipwrecks & Maritime Museums
- Batavia Timbers
- Mariner’s Astrolabe from the Vergulde Draeck
- Australian National Maritime Museum
- New Zealand Maritime Museum
- Queensland Maritime Museum
- WA Maritime Museum
- WA Shipwrecks Museum
- Intrepid, Sea, Air & Space Museum, New York
- USS Cod
- HMAS Vampire (D11)
- HMAS Onslow
- Harding MCH Lifeboat
- Cape Bowling Green Light
- Tu Do – Vietnamese Refugee Boat
- The de Vlamingh Plate
- Why do most shipwrecks capture our imagination?
- The Unlucky voyage of the ship Batavia.
“Art is like a shipwreck; it’s every man for himself.”
– Marcel Duchamp
Photo Credit: GM 2) By The overall work is generally attributed either to Francisco Pelsaert or Jan Jansz, but authorship of the plates therein is unknown. [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
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“Hope is a choice. It is not an assessment.” --Phillip Craig, Director of NII Explore
On Earth Day 2022 we reflect on the first-of-its-kind March Break World Climate Simulation for students in Bruce County, hosted at the Nuclear Innovation Institute and generously sponsored by Bruce Power.
This in-person role playing exercise allowed local teens to experience United Nations’ negotiations as they worked to address the global concerns of climate change. By representing an array of countries from wealthy to developing, each group had their unique motivation for the change they wanted to see happen.
From brainstorming to negotiations
Students arrived at NII mid-morning from locations across Bruce and Grey counties—from Kincardine, Wiarton, Port Elgin and Walkerton.
The morning began with a rousing speech to set the stakes for the day, delivered by the event’s mock-UN Secretary General (played perhaps too convincingly by NII’s own Chad Richards—several students asked if he was at the event on behalf of the United Nations!):
“As I look around the room today, I see many delegates who are younger than I am and who, in your lifetime and certainly in the lifetime of your children, will be faced with the consequences of the decisions we make here today.”
The day’s schedule included time for brainstorming, lively (often heated!) negotiations and action proposals where representatives from each country stepped up to the podium with passionate speeches and calls to action.
For the whole process to work, teams had to work carefully by negotiating and collaborating alongside other countries to influence them towards making the largest impact and slowing down the rate of global warming. Beginning at a catastrophic 3.6 °C of warming, students very quickly realized how tough getting global temperatures down to 1.5 °C was going to be.
“At this point, we’ve done all the easy things,” announced Phillip Craig halfway through the day. “So we’re fighting for every tenth of a degree.”
Jumping in with both feet
This fight truly impacted students representing all of the countries, but perhaps mostly teams speaking for the world’s developing nations—many of which will feel the worst effects of climate change.
Said one student from Team India: “People need to realize that no matter what nation you live in, borders are arbitrary. We’re all going to be affected by this and we should all take responsibility.”
Throughout the event, NII Explore facilitators worked to break down massive concepts like climate change, international aid, rising sea levels, political opinion polls and much more.
As NII Explore Program Coordinator Danielle McBride put it, “Students jumped into this experience with both feet, really taking on the responsibility for change—which we found remarkable.”
Celebrating the event winners (all of us, really!)
Throughout the lengthy discussions, negotiations and speeches, judges found that Team European Union were the victors. The group found innovative ways to work alongside fellow nations as well as implement tactical action for change not only for themselves but across the globe.
Even teams who didn’t win came away with a perspective-changing day, however. Said Shaan Banday from Team USA:
“For some, hope is just that—a four-letter word. But to me, hope is so much more. Hope is what will guide us in the future. Hope is not a choice—I think hope is a necessity.”
Impossible without our sponsors
The World Climate Simulation significantly impacted not only the student participants but also the adults in the room, causing all ages to take a real look at where our world is headed.
We want to thank Bruce Power for sponsoring this unique event, demonstrating their leadership in issues that will affect future generations and also giving young minds the chance to realize the intensities of climate change in such a real form.
So today on Earth Day we reflect on the event through NII Explore Director Phillip Craig’s words about the “why” behind this type of climate change-focused educational opportunity in Bruce County:
“We want to paint a realistic picture. But we also want to say hey, the only thing stopping us from being super aggressive in the fight against climate change is getting people to truly care about climate change.”
Learn more about NII Explore's programs and education opportunities at niiexplore.ca.
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guix repl command makes it easier to program Guix in Guile by
launching a Guile read-eval-print loop (REPL) for interactive
programming (see Using Guile Interactively in GNU Guile Reference
Manual), or by running Guile scripts (see Running Guile Scripts in GNU Guile Reference Manual). Compared to just launching the
guix repl guarantees that all the Guix
modules and all its dependencies are available in the search path.
guix repl options [file args]
When a file argument is provided, file is executed as a Guile scripts:
guix repl my-script.scm
To pass arguments to the script, use
-- to prevent them from being
interpreted as arguments to
guix repl itself:
guix repl -- my-script.scm --input=foo.txt
To make a script executable directly from the shell, using the guix executable that is on the user’s search path, add the following two lines at the top of the script:
#!/usr/bin/env -S guix repl --
To make a script that launches an interactive REPL directly from the shell,
#!/usr/bin/env -S guix repl --interactive
Without a file name argument, a Guile REPL is started, allowing for interactive use (see Using Guix Interactively):
$ guix repl scheme@(guile-user)> ,use (gnu packages base) scheme@(guile-user)> coreutils $1 = #<package [email protected] gnu/packages/base.scm:327 3e28300>
guix repl implements a simple machine-readable REPL
protocol for use by
(guix inferior), a facility to interact with
inferiors, separate processes running a potentially different revision
The available options are as follows:
Display the TYPE options for
guix repl --type=TYPE and exit.
Start a REPL of the given TYPE, which can be one of the following:
This is default, and it spawns a standard full-featured Guile REPL.
Spawn a REPL that uses the machine-readable protocol. This is the protocol
(guix inferior) module speaks.
guix repl reads from standard input and writes to
standard output. When this option is passed, it will instead listen for
connections on endpoint. Here are examples of valid options:
Accept connections on localhost on port 37146.
Accept connections on the Unix-domain socket /tmp/socket.
Launch the interactive REPL after file is executed.
Add directory to the front of the package module search path (see Пакетные модули).
This allows users to define their own packages and make them visible to the script or REPL.
Inhibit loading of the ~/.guile file. By default, that configuration
file is loaded when spawning a
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| 0.678398 | 769 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Our work regarding inequality
This summer we stated that the toy library would work on 3 goals to promote equality within our community, as a response to George Floyd’s death. These were our 3 goals and how we have worked on them recently:
1) The toy library will purchase more culturally diverse toys/materials for young children. Children should see representations of their skin color, cultural traditions, and family make-up when browsing our toy shelves. This affirms a child’s worth in the world and gives families opportunities to discuss these topics through play at home.
We have purchased many new toys that represent P.O.C and diverse families. We will continue to monitor our inventory to make sure these groups are represented.
2) The staff will look at the structures and policies in place to ensure that wording and actions are fair for all who work with the library and hold membership with the library.
During our last board meeting, the board and staff looked at our bylaws to look for wording and policies that would deemed unfair to certain groups in our community. Nothing stood out to the board attendees, but we did feel it necessary to add a clause that the toy library does not discriminate against gender, race, ethnicity, ability, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. This will be added.
3) Our outreach committee will hold a brainstorming session within the next couple months, to discuss “how are we reaching and engaging with our communities of color?” Can we do more to engage with them so they know about the toy library as a resource for their family. At the end of the meeting they will come away with 2 action items for continued work on this topic.
We began this work by surveying all our 300 members, asking “how can the toy library ensure we are reaching and serving underrepresented communities?” The chair of the outreach committee also set up a Zoom meeting to discuss some ideas further. From this meeting they came up with 3 goals:
1) Promote our scholarship fund to families
2) Translate our order form to Spanish
3) Make a “how to” video on our curbside service in Spanish and English
The toy library is looking forward to working on these goals and serving a more diverse community population.
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Free sample essay on child labour (free to read) children are the most important asset of any nation each child is an asset to the society the future welfare of. Child labour can leave many severe consequences on children and their families we will write a custom essay sample on child labour specifically for you.
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| 0.909389 | 452 | 2.59375 | 3 |
1st December with DCB
On Romania’s national day, we dived into the history of the 1st of December 1918, we discussed the factors that led to the Unification of Romania and drew a parallel between Romania of that time and Romania of today.
The 1st of December has been celebrated as Romania’s National Day only since 1990 and, from a historical perspective, it represents the Unification of Transylvania with Romania. We tried to answer the following questions: What do we know and what don’t we know about the Unification of Romania? What is some trivia about that day? What were some of the important points negotiated during the Alba Iulia treaty? What topics of discussion are still present in today’s Romanian society?
These questions were the base of a short, historical presentation. The free discussion that followed reinforced the importance of knowing one’s history in order to build for a better future.
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Hello, and welcome to the Enfragrow A+ Learn and Grow video series. We're excited to show you Twist The Top, a cognitive development game especially for toddlers 15 months old and older. There's a lot to love about this activity. It encourages problem solving. It boosts hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills, and teaches the concept of size. It helps empower their sense of discovery while strengthening their self-confidence and your bond. Ready? To begin, sit together at a table or on the floor. Now, grab a couple of water bottles of different sizes and show your child how to twist off the caps. Next, switch the caps and ask your toddler to place the right cap with the right bottle. Celebrate every win. And for each mistake, show them the correct answer. Encourage your child to screw on the caps. And, of course, hand out lots of hugs. This activity will help stimulate hand-eye coordination and their sense of discovery. Best of all, you're building memories. Find more development-boosting games at enfagrow.ca.
Twist the top, a cognitive development game
We’re excited to show you "Twist the top", a cognitive development game especially for toddlers 15-months-old and older.
Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh.
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| 0.916713 | 279 | 2.71875 | 3 |
One of the enduring concerns of human culture is how to deal with thoughts and feelings that are not recognisably our own.
Much like the ancients, who associated odd feelings and passing moods with particular deities, Saint Augustine viewed unwelcome thoughts as something external to the self. According to Augustine, our urge to transgress God’s laws stems from a wound inflicted by Original Sin and passed down through the generations by sexual contact. Later churchmen would describe the concept of Original Sin as:
“Privation of the righteousness which every man ought to possess”
Inspired by the Augustinian concept of Concupiscence but intent upon creating a materialistic account of human nature, Sigmund Freud divided the self into different parts and invoked the concept of the unconscious as a place where unspeakable thoughts and desires boil and occasionally rise up, hammering at the walls of the conscious self. Though no longer central to scientific accounts of human nature, Freud’s account of the self remains incredibly influential. Artists and mental health professionals conspire to present the mind as a city under constant pressure from a vast and barely manageable neurochemical hinterland where entire streets pass in and out of the surrounding jungle. The question of how we navigate such a city, where we draw the line between town and country, ours and not-ours not only endures to this day but also accounts for many of the most striking literary and philosophical innovations of the 20th Century.
Like many psychological thrillers, Francois Ozon’s Swimming Pool follows a character’s attempt to repress, confront and ultimately claim ownership of a series of unwelcome and unrecognisable thoughts, but as sophisticated as the film’s distinctions may be, it is never entirely clear where the film’s main protagonist begins and ends.
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The epilepsy in dogs It is not a very frequent disorder, however, it is important that caregivers handle information about it so that we can identify this pathology and act if our dog has an epileptic seizure at some time in his life.
In this article from Animal Expert we will explain what canine epilepsy consists of, the causes of its appearance, what are the characteristic symptoms that will produce in our dog and the treatment that will help our dog to have an optimal quality of life.
Epilepsy in dogs
To begin we will explain what is epilepsy in dogs or canine epilepsy. We talk about a disorder that involves convulsive episodes of acquired or structural or idiopathic origin. A typical attack of epilepsy in dogs will be divided into the following phases:
- Prodrome: moment before the onset of the seizure. In the dog behavior changes can be detected.
- Aura: It is the beginning of the crisis, but it is difficult to recognize it. They can>
Causes of epilepsy in dogs
The acquired epilepsy It is characterized by having an identifiable cause, for example, a scar in the brain caused by a blow to the head. Instead, in the idiopathic epilepsy, more frequently, the cause cannot be identified. It is suggested that it may be related to imbalances in different substances that are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses in the brain.
The causes can be divided into extra or intracranial. The former can be produced by toxic, sometimes the result of metabolic problems. The latter correspond to encephalitis, trauma or pathologies such as hydrocephalus.
In some races epilepsy is inherited, such as the beagle or the German shepherd. In others, epilepsy is more frequent, although its genetic origin has not been proven. They are, for example, the cocker, the collie, the golden, the labrador, the Irish setter, the poodle, the Saint Bernard or the husky. In addition, the epilepsy in older dogs by the growth of brain tumors or metabolic problems due to liver or kidney diseases, more common in older ages.
Symptoms of epilepsy in dogs
The characteristic symptom will be the seizures, which appear between six months and five years of age, approximately. Also, in order for us to talk about epilepsy, epileptic seizures in these dogs must be recurring and similar. These seizures, over time, will happen more frequently. The dog can lose consciousness. We will also appreciate that the dog hypersalive, vomits or needs are over.
Depending on the symptoms, epileptic seizures can be focal or generalized, depending on whether they affect a part of the brain or everything. In the first we will observe head movements, flickering, limb shaking, urination, defecation, hypersalivation, dilated pupils, vomiting, anxiety, fear or aggressiveness. The generalized ones can manifest themselves in diverse ways with muscular contractions, pedaling movements, sharp contractions affecting both parts of the body or loss of muscle tone.
In this video of the Blake E channel you can see a real picture of canine epilepsy:
Treatment for epilepsy in dogs
First of all, the most important thing is for the veterinarian to get a successful diagnosis, since epilepsy can be confused with syncopes, neurological alterations or even narcolepsy or very intense pain.
If we are interested in knowing how to cure epilepsy in dogs, we have to be clear that, although drugs are available, they may not be entirely effective. Therefore, the goal of treatment, in idiopathic epilepsy, will be the decrease in seizure frequency and severity. It is also important to know that these pills for epilepsy in dogs can have side effects such as sedation, although dogs usually get used in a few weeks, to the point of tolerating them.
Instead, if a cause is discovered for epilepsy, it must be treated. Epilepsy medication can be set for life and periodic monitoring controls must be carried out.
There are several drugs against epilepsy, so the veterinarian can try them until you find the most effective for our dog. For the success of the treatment it is very important that we follow the administration guidelines prescribed by this professional, since it is key that we maintain correct levels of the drug in the blood to be effective.
On the natural treatment of epilepsy, the beneficial effect of various dietary supplements and diets. For more information we should consult our veterinarian, as not all recommendations have proven more effective than a placebo.
Can a dog die of an epileptic seizure?
The consequences of an epilepsy attack in dogs can be serious, even deadly, if the seizures do not stop. These situations too may leave sequels in the dog, as we will see. The prognosis will vary depending on the cause that is causing the attacks and whether it is possible to control the seizures. If the dog starts a crisis that does not remit it can die. In any case, the animal is more likely to survive and must follow a treatment.
What sequels does epilepsy leave in dogs?
Repeated epileptic seizures will frequently alter the dog's quality of life. On other occasions what is known as refractory epileptic state, when the dog does not respond to anticonvulsant drugs.
If the seizures are not controlled the dog's life will be in danger and, in addition, to recover, it is possible that it will have consequences. These include uncoordination, blindness, circle turns or hyperactivity.
Some may be recoverable in a matter of weeks, so they would not influence how many years a dog with epilepsy lasts, although there are cases in which they become permanent. They are those that affect, above all, learned behaviors.
This article is purely informative, at ExpertAnimal.com we have no power to prescribe veterinary treatments or make any kind of diagnosis. We invite you to take your pet to the veterinarian in case he presents any type of condition or discomfort.
If you want to read more articles similar to Epilepsy in dogs - Causes, symptoms and treatment, we recommend that you enter our section of neurological diseases.
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50 earthquakes hit off the Oregon coast, but scientists say they're no great shakes
The Blanco Transform Fault Zone off Oregon's coast is famously active, and it has not disappointed in the past 24 hours, generating at least 50 earthquakes, including two at a 5.8 magnitude.
That sounds like a lot — but scientists say the fault is virtually incapable of generating a cataclysm, by either a tsunami or a powerful quake affecting the U.S. mainland.
The swarm of quakes hit around 200 miles from shore, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. As people took notice, they worried that the seismic activity might portend The Big One.
"Is that the Cascadia subduction zone talking?" a Twitter user replied to a USGS post about one of the 5.8 magnitude quakes. "Because that would be all kinds of not good," the user said, referring to the fault line that runs from Northern California up to British Columbia.
Not to worry, geological Twitter said
"The Blanco Fracture Zone is not connected directly to the subduction zone so it won't affect the big fault under land (Cascadia megathrust)," said Eric J. Fielding, a geophysicist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
"M5s on Blanco are very common and have never been followed by something on land. Plate tectonics in real time," said seismologist Lucy Jones, referring to magnitude 5 temblors in the area.
The Blanco Fault Zone is a transform, or strike-slip, boundary; that means it's where tectonic plates slide along one another. The most dangerous and powerful faults are usually seen in subduction zones, where one plate dives beneath another.
"This is perhaps the most seismically active fault anywhere near North America, and this is not cause for alarm," tweeted Harold Tobin, who leads the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network and is a professor at the University of Washington.
The Blanco zone is farther out in the ocean than the Cascadia Subduction Zone, which — thankfully — has not generated an earthquake since 1700.
The fracture zone has been compared to a warm cookie
Because of the Blanco Fault Zone's frequent activity and proximity to the coast, it has become a favorite study area for seismologists and researchers. As geology writer Dana Hunter once put it, "The BFZ is seriously awesome and a lot of fun to get to know!"
Explaining one reason why the fault's quakes aren't likely to be felt on the coast, Hunter noted that Blanco has a "young, warm crust" — even comparing it to a fresh-baked cookie — and added that the crust in that part of the ocean floor is more likely to crumble than to transmit powerful seismic waves to Oregon and California.
Scientists have frequently said people who live along the Oregon coast should not worry about a tsunami coming from the Blanco fault.
"You need quite a bit of vertical displacement on the ocean floor to generate a tsunami, and earthquakes along the Blanco fault don't generate it," seismologist Jochen Braunmiller said in 2008, when he was studying the region while at Oregon State University.
In that same year, when Braunmiller and his colleagues published their paper about the Blanco Transform Fault Zone, OSU researchers reported that a swarm of 600 earthquakes had occurred over just 10 days.
As for the neighboring Cascadia Subduction Zone, residents can be forgiven for keeping an eye on it:
"Oregon has the potential for a 9.0+ magnitude earthquake caused by the Cascadia Subduction Zone and a resulting tsunami of up to 100 feet in height that will impact the coastal area," according to the Oregon Office of Emergency Management.
The agency adds, "Currently, scientists are predicting that there is about a 37 percent chance that a megathrust earthquake of 7.1+ magnitude in this fault zone will occur in the next 50 years."
A version of this story originally appeared in the Morning Edition live blog.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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By Mark Brown, Wired UK
Medical researchers from Harvard University have created the first "living laser"; a biological cell that's been genetically engineered to produce a visible laser beam.
[partner id="wireduk" align="right"]Lasers need two things to generate beams. They need a gain medium that amplifies light, and an arrangement of mirrors to concentrate and align that light.
Normal lasers, ever since their invention in the 1950s, use synthetic gain materials like gases, crystals and dyes to amplify photon pulses. But professor Seok-Hyun Yun and colleague Malte Gather, instead used green fluorescent protein (GFP), which is used to make jellyfish bioluminescent, as their gain material.
The team genetically engineered human embryonic kidney cells to produce GFP. They then placed a single cell between two mirrors. In terms of size, the mirrors were spaced 20 micrometers apart (20 millionths of a meter), and the cell was just 15 to 20 micrometers.
When the team ran pulses of blue light through the kidney-jellyfish combo, a visible laser beam shot out. It only lasted for a few nanoseconds, but the light could be easily detected and carried useful information on the properties of the cell. The cell also left the experiment unharmed.
Yun and Gather also noticed that the cell's natural spherical shape acted like a lens, refocusing the light to induce laser emissions at lower energy levels than needed in traditional lasers with synthetic gain materials.
The technique has important applications in scientific and medical fields. Biologists can turn cells into lasers to better study their properties and makeup.
There's also the possibility, albeit one that's a long way off, that doctors could one day make laser beams inside a patient's body, to lase hazardous or cancerous tissue from deep inside the body, rather than firing a laser from outside the skin.
Image: A living laser in action. Thanks to genetic engineering, a single cell (black and white) produces a light-emitting molecule called green fluorescent protein (GFP). Inside an optical resonator, the cell can generate green laser light (the irregular structure of the cell, however, makes the laser spot have a random pattern). (Malte Gather)
- Brightly Colored Bird Feathers Inspire New Kind of Laser
- Laser Hole Punch Turns Hair Into Forensic Time Machine
- World's Most Powerful X-Ray Laser Illuminates Hidden Protein World
- Laser-Powered Tractor Beam Could Move Tiny Particles
- Video: New X-ray Camera Sees Through Melting Metal
- Physicists Build World's First Antilaser
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| 0.907749 | 553 | 4.09375 | 4 |
This Lesson: Proposal for a School Sculpture lesson plan also includes:
- Graphic & Image
- Join to access all included materials
After discussing the artistic elements and design process needed to construct the modern sculpture, Lao Tzu, kids get logical. They consider the purposeful use of space in the sculpture, design a modern piece for a specific space at school, and then write an organized and well-supported proposal to have the sculpture installed.
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| 0.931175 | 94 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Migraine Headache Symptoms
Nausea is one of the most common symptoms of a migraine, but it’s not the only one.
Major Migraine Symptoms
Aside from the severe head pain that generally has throbbing or pulsating peaks, often on one side of the head, the most common symptom migraine sufferers are hit with is nausea and vomiting. Nausea tends to impact about 80 percent of people who experience migraines, while about half succumb to vomiting — both generally towards the latter end of the migraine attack. Other migraine symptoms include a sensitivity to light or sound called photophobia and phonophobia, respectively, as well as clamminess and light-headedness.
Other Migraine Symptoms
Other symptoms suffered less frequently during a migraine include numbness, weakness or pain on one side of the body. One’s speech or ability to think and communicate clearly can also become limited during a migraine. If you experience these symptoms, call your doctor right away to ensure your problem isn’t more serious than a migraine.
Many migraine sufferers report experiencing prodrome — early symptoms that can serve as a warning sign of an impending migraine. These premonitory symptoms can take place anywhere from days to hours prior to a migraine, and their frequency and severity can vary depending on many different variables.
Sensitivity to light, sounds and smells – which becomes even more heightened during the migraine – is a common premonitory symptom, while others are impacted by things like excessive thirst, lethargy and constipation or diarrhea. Some migraine sufferers experience vision impairment or temporary loss (most commonly in “aura” migraines).
The duration of a migraine can be excruciating, but even once the worst of the attack has passed, there’s often after-effects to deal with for up to 24 hours later. Following the headache, sufferers often feel depleted of energy and can face a shift in mood (irritability is frequently reported), though for some the opposite happens and they get a surge of energy afterwards. Muscle weakness accompanied by tiredness is also a common post-migraine complaint, with many sufferers needing to sleep following an attack.
In the hopes of helping to prevent future migraines, keeping track of potential triggers and pre-headache symptoms is recommended – as each individual person might experience a different set. You can track your any triggers and possible patterns in your migraines in a migraine headache diary.
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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State Library Celebrates Release of 1940 Census Data
Date: April 2, 2012
The State Library of North Carolina is celebrating the first release of 1940 census data with a free program that mixes history and entertainment from 11 a.m-1 p.m., Monday, April 2, in downtown Raleigh. Enjoy period music, a toy and clothing display from the N.C. Museum of History, films and a presentation by Kelly Karres of the U.S. Census Bureau in the Genealogical Services Research Room in the Department of Cultural Resources building, located at 109 East Jones St., in downtown Raleigh.
"The 1940 Census release is the most significant record to be made available to genealogists since 2002 with the release of the 1930 Census," said State Librarian Caroline (Cal) Shepard. "This Census is an economic snapshot of the Great Depression, and a fascinating look at the United States on the eve of World War II."
The program will be hosted by the Government and Heritage Library, part of the State Library, within the Department of Cultural Resources. The 1940 census was the only time that the census was conducted during the four term presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. For more information, visit this link.
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(1160?–1216). The medieval church in Western Europe reached the height of its authority during the reign of Innocent III. Had he succeeded in a complete reformation of the church, it is possible that the Reformation of the 16th century might have been avoided, or at least forestalled.
Born Lothair of Segni in 1160 or 1161, he was educated in Rome, Paris, and Bologna. In 1190 Pope Clement III named Lothair a cardinal deacon in the church, though he was not yet a priest. When Pope Celestine III died on Jan. 8, 1198, Lothair was immediately elected pope, taking the name Innocent III.
The medieval popes had accumulated a great deal of political influence in the affairs of Europe, and Innocent was determined to exercise it. In this he was not altogether successful. He did manage to assert his control over the city of Rome and to consolidate the power of the church in the Papal States of central Italy. He did not succeed in gaining political control over the Holy Roman Empire. In his last years Innocent deposed the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and helped his ward, Frederick II, obtain the throne because of his promises never to threaten the power of the papacy—promises Frederick broke after Innocent’s death (see Frederick II). Nor was he able to end the strife between King Philip II of France and King John of England.
Within the church Innocent sought to instill the virtues of poverty and humaneness in the clergy and was instrumental in founding the mendicant orders of Dominicans and Franciscans. The Fourth Lateran Council, in 1215, proclaimed the dogma of transubstantiation (the changing of the bread and wine in the Lord’s Supper into the body and blood of Christ), bound all Roman Catholics to confession at least once a year, and instituted other reforms among clergy and laity. In addition, Innocent inspired the Fourth Crusade, which, against his wishes, conquered Constantinople and set up a Latin Empire (see Byzantine Empire). His decision to extinguish the Albigensian heresy in France had the result of opening the way for the later Inquisition (see Inquisition).
It was while Innocent III was making preparations for a crusade to conquer the Holy Land that he was stricken with a fever. He died, probably of malaria, on July 16, 1216, in the city of Perugia.
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"I only buy organic". The phrase that states social status or one's strong desire to seem overly healthy. Unfortunately, the people I hear boldly proclaim this miss the mark. They buy organic because they believe it is the new "it" diet, like a Weight Watchers. Organic food is not "diet" food. People seem to know very little about what organic really means and how it affects your overall health.
This side-by-side comparison is from The Mayo Clinic. (seems a tad biased toward organic)
|Apply chemical fertilizers to promote plant growth.||Apply natural fertilizers, such as manure or compost, to feed soil and plants.|
|Spray insecticides to reduce pests and disease.||Use beneficial insects and birds, mating disruption or traps to reduce pests and disease.|
|Use herbicides to manage weeds.||Rotate crops, till, hand weed or mulch to manage weeds.|
|Give animals antibiotics, growth hormones and medications to prevent disease and spur growth.||Give animals organic feed and allow them access to the outdoors. Use preventive measures — such as rotational grazing, a balanced diet and clean housing — to help minimize disease.|
The difference between conventional farming and organic farming is the pre-harvest care.
Now that you know the difference here is the skinny on the health comparison. Organic food has not been proven to be more nutritious than food produced by conventional farming. They contain comparable nutrient densities, the calories are the same, and they are processed the same in the body.
My take away message about organic food-
- I am not opposed to organic. If I need it, it is on sale, and it looks good; I will buy it.
- Organic and conventional fruits and vegetables need to be washed before consumption.
- NOT all organic food is healthy
|A 100% organic burger with organic sweet potato fries. These will still make me fat, increase my risk of heart disease, and make me feel bloated and sluggish if I eat them enough. (Trust me; I took one for the team on this one. :P)|
My father-in-law says you either trust the science of conventional farming or you don't. That is the heart of the organic movement's argument. I trust the science. I will continue to purchase all my conventional fruits and veggies. Eating real food, not processed food, is more important for health than conventional or organic. My real food and healthy activity level will keep me as healthy if not more healthy than my "only organic" counterparts.
What Are Your Thoughts On Organic?
Good, Bad, or Indifferent
Good, Bad, or Indifferent
Like Jon Kidwell | Finding Fit-
Follow me on Twitter- @Jon_Kidwell
'Like' on Facebook- Jon Kidwell | Finding Fit
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Who is to blame for the tragedy of macbeth essay
David tassadogh block 2 english research essay the tragedy macbeth by william shakespeare is a tale of a man named the question for who is to blame for king. Macbeth, despite influences of the witches and lady macbeth, is responsible for his downfall in shakespeare’s play macbeth, macbeth is a tragic hero who destroys. Although both macbeth and lady macbeth can be considered guilty for the downfall of macbeth or the tragedy of the play, macbeth is more to blame recent essays. Who is to blame for macbeths downfall sharing the blame in shakespeare's macbeth essay examples the tragedy ‘macbeth’ almost.
Lady macbeth to blame lady macbeth essay i am going to do an essay on a play called macbeth the play is a tragedy. Get free homework help on william shakespeare's macbeth: of cliffsnotes in macbeth , william shakespeare's tragedy about blame him for becoming king (it. Who is responsible for the tragedy of macbeth essay which how to continue the essay on see the play as a tragedy of (what macbeth who is to blame for macbeth.
Macbeth is to blame for his tragedy in shakespeare's macbeth macbeth, the play was one of shakespeare's bloody and goriest tragedies it was based on a true story of. English essays: who is to blame for macbeth's downfall. Lady macbeth is to blame for the tragedy blame for macbeth's downfall [essay] macbeth: relationship lady macbeth to blame essay - 299 words. Who is to blame for the tragedy of macbeth term paper while the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used 'as is' because they will not.
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U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service
For over two hundred years, the United States relied on ships as connective links of a nation. Vessels crossing the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific Oceans, and our inland waters made fundamental contributions to colonial settlement, development of trade, exploration, national defense, and territorial expansion. Unfortunately, we have lost much of this maritime tradition, and most historic vessels have gone to watery graves or have been scrapped by shipbreakers. Many vessels, once renowned or common, now can only be appreciated in print, on film, on canvas, or in museums.
To recognize those cultural resources important in America's past and to encourage their preservation, Congress expanded the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Among the ranks of properties listed in the National Register are vessels, as well as buildings and structures, such as canals, drydocks, shipyards, and lighthouses that survive to document the Nation's maritime heritage. Yet to date, the National Register has not been fully utilized for listing maritime resources, particularly historic vessels.
The National Register of Historic Places is an important tool for maritime preservation. Utilizing uniform National Register criteria to evaluate significance and integrity is an important first step in planning for the preservation of historic vessels. The National Register is the best means of defining categories and establishing priorities for significance of historic vessels in the United States. Listing provides an incentive for maritime preservation by recognizing resources as worthy of preservation. Finally- listing affords a measure of protection from Federal undertakings and can be a source of funding when monies are available.
This bulletin is intended to guide Federal Preservation Officers, State Historic Preservation Officers, certified local governments, maritime preservation professionals, and concerned citizens in identifying, evaluating, and nominating historic vessels and shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places. General instructions for preparation of nominations are available in National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Forms. Particular emphasis has been placed here on the preparation of National Register nomination forms for vessels. For the purposes of the National Register a historic vessel is any craft built to navigate a waterway (oceans, lakes, rivers, canals), regardless of type of construction or motive of power employed, which meets the National Register criteria for evaluation. Because of the special nature of nominations for shipwreck sites, this bulletin is divided into two sections: Section 1 discusses the evaluation and nomination of maritime resources emphasizing historic vessels. Section 2 exclusively focuses on the specialized documentation requirements for shipwreck nominations.
|National Register Home | Publications Home | Previous Page | Next Page|
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...for now we have not one planet only revolving about another, while both traverse a vast orbit about the Sun, but our sense of sight presents us four stars circling about Jupiter, like the Moon about the Earth...The Starry Messenger
- From Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius (trans. by Edward S. Carlos)
As Galileo recorded his observations of the Jovian system in the first two months of 1610, Galileo set about writing a book reporting his discoveries to the world. This book, Sidereus Nuncius or The Starry Messenger in English, was approved for publication by the Venetian church censors on March 1, completed on March 2 with one final Jovian observation, religious approval formalized on March 8 (probably after the proofs), and published on March 12 with a new forward dedicated to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. Also during this time, he changed his suggested naming for the four new moons from the Cosmica Sidera (or the Cosmic Stars after Grand Duke Cosimo personally) to Medicea Sidera, or the Medicean Stars after Florence's ruling family as a whole. All of these flatteries, the dedicated forward, the naming of the moons after the Medici, and the special bound version along with one of Galileo's telescopes sent to Cosimo through Tuscany's ambassador to Venice, Belisario Vinta, were intended to get in Cosimo's good graces, perhaps with a post at the University of Pisa and a better deal than the Venetians had given him in return.
Galileo's book became an instant best-seller, selling out the 550 copies printed its first week. The imperial astronomer, Johannes Kepler, was given a copy of the book by a Galileo associate, Martin Hasdale, in mid-April 1610. Kepler was encouraged to write a response to the book, which he did in Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo (Conversation with the Starry Messenger). In the book, Kepler praised Galileo's discovery, though he had not had a chance to confirm it, but regretted Galileo's lack of philosophical discourse in his treatise and that he didn't acknowledge the contributions of scientists like Copernicus and Giordano Bruno for expecting these kinds of observations. In Italy, Galileo was facing a mixed reaction. The Venetians, angered by Galileo turning his back on them and turning to the Medici, began a campaign to discredit Galileo. They were his patrons after all, giving him a raise for his post at the University of Padua during the previous year after he showed his telescope to the Doge and the Segnoria. The Venetian ambassador to Tuscany, Giovanni Bartoli, told Vinta that Galileo, "was being laughed at for having claimed new discoveries in the heavens and for having duped the government with a so-called invention that could have been bought anywhere for a few lire, said to be of the same quality as his" (from Stillman Drake's Galileo at Work, pgs. 158-9). Note that Galileo gifted his telescope to the Venetian state, not claiming it to be his invention, but an innovation better than the version a merchant from the Netherlands was trying to sell. Kepler requested that the imperial ambassador to Venice, Georg Fugger, send a copy of Sidereus Nuncius, to Emperor Rudolf II, to which Fugger responded that Galileo had written a pretty boring book without philosophy to back him up, and besides, he just stole the telescope design from the Dutch, so why bother. Basically, Fugger was repeating the misinformation the Venetians were putting out there about Galileo.
In May 1610, Galileo was given an appointment as Chief Mathematician at the University of Pisa, where he would not be obligated to teach, giving him more time to write more books on his views on the universe and to act as the Philosopher and Mathematician to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. These appointments came with a salary of 1000 florins. So basically, Galileo received what he hoped to get out of the Tuscans, and he was able to return to his home country. As Galileo traveled from Padua to Pisa in April and May, 1610, he began to pick up on the growing opposition to the Sidereus Nuncius and his discoveries. At Bologna in late April, he visited with Giovanni Magini (who was passed over by Galileo for the appointment as chief mathematician at Padua in 1588) and his student Martin Horky. Both Magini and Horky over the next few months would write letters and books describing Galileo's discoveries as ridiculous. Horky would say that he failed to see the Jovian moons from Galileo's telescope when the latter visited Bologna (though in some sources I found, he does claim that he observed spots near Jupiter during Galileo's visit), and would write a book titled A Very Short Excursion against the Starry Messenger. In Excursion, Horky argued that the spots were optical illusions produced by the imperfect glass used in Galileo's telescopes, akin to the colored halos that appeared around the stars and planets. Francesco Sizzi would write similar objections, as well as noting a few theological ones, in his 1611 book, Dianoia Astronomica, Optica, Physica. Further opposition would come from the chief theologians at Padua and Pisa, who refused to look through Galileo's telescope. Lodovico delle Colombe in 1611 wrote Against the Earth's Motion, refuting Galileo's interpretations. Colombe over the next few years would become one of Galileo's chief critics in Tuscany, forming the League of Pigeons (a play on Colombe's name, which means dove in Italian).
Much of the opposition to Galileo's discoveries came from the lack of verifiability. With telescopes of high enough power to observe Jupiter's moons so rare, other astronomers were having difficulty replicating his discoveries, except for Simon Marius, but he didn't publish his findings for another four years. Kepler finally had a high-enough powered telescope by October 1610, and was able to confirm the existence of Jupiter's moons. The Jesuit astronomer of the Collegio Romano Christopher Clavius in Rome first disputed Galileo's findings for lack of proper instrumentation, but finally observed them as well by December 1610. Other observers of the Galilean satellites during that second observing season included Thomas Harriot in England as well as Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc and Joseph Gaultier de la Vallette in France. de Peiresc would later suggest individual names for the Galilean moons based on the names of Cosimo and his brothers, but those have not survived to the modern day.
Galileo's run-ins with critics of his discoveries, particularly his interpretation that they supported the Copernican model of the universe, would continue for the rest of his life. This conclusion became particularly entrenched following his observation of the phases of Venus in late 1610. At this point, the church predominantly supported Tycho Brahe's model which entailed the five known planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) orbiting the Sun while the Sun and the Moon orbited an unmoving Earth. This model retained the geocentrism and most importantly the geostatic positions of the Earth, which were discussed in the Bible, but was simpler and better supported by observations than the Aristotelian/Ptolemaic model where all celestial bodies orbited the Earth. Jesuit astronomers confirmed Galileo's observations using their own telescopes, but disagreed with him regarded his conclusions about what they said about the position of Earth and the Sun in the Universe. The lack of observed stellar parallax at the time seemed to preclude a moving Earth, not to mention that Galileo's notion that tides were result of the Earth's motion were viewed as absurd.
Galileo would persist in his support for a heliocentric universe, as most dramatically presented in his 1632 book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. In that book, Galileo presented arguments for both the Copernican heliocentric model and the Tychonic hybrid model. His attempt to be balanced in his coverage, as requested by Pope Urban VIII, a friend of Galileo's prior to his elevation to the papacy, backfired however, when it was perceived as having mostly pushed the heliocentric view, correcting the points of the geocentric Simplicio, and insulting his former friend, the Pope. This apparent outright defense of the Copernican world view was seen as in violation of an order by Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino in 1616 (who was later canonized in 1930), which ordered him to only describe the heliocentric universe as a theory. While it is now agreed that Galileo didn't intend to slight the pope (and Simplicio was meant not as an insult, but as a reference to famous Aristotelian philosopher Simplicius), Galileo's apparent offense to the Pope, who was already seen as not being tough enough against heretics, removed the huge support he had against his church critics. For his support of the Copernican heliocentric world view and his support of atomism (the view that matter was composed of small, invisible particles, which contradicted the transubstantiation of the Eucharist), he was put on trial for heresy in Rome. Galileo was found guilty, but managed to avoid life imprisonment or worse by confessing his actions and refuting his earlier heliocentrism. As a result of this and his age, Galileo would receive house arrest, requiring him to remain at his Villa il Gioiello in Arcetri near Florence.
Thanks to the mathematical models of Johannes Kepler, which showed that the planets revolved around the Sun in elliptical orbits at speeds that were fastest at the perihelion point in their orbits, and Issac Newton, which provided a physical foundation for the Copernican/Kepler heliocentric model (gravity), the heliocentric model gained acceptance as the 17th Century progressed.
This is the last of my series on the discovery of the Galilean satellites by Galileo Galilei, the reaction to it among his contemporaries, and the scientific arguments regarding the place of the Earth in the Universe at the time. I hope you all enjoyed it. If you missed any of these articles, check out my post from Sunday which provides a nice index to this week's series.
Link: Galileo at Work: A Scientific Biography [books.google.com]
Link: The Galileo Affair [www.galilean-library.org]
Link: Sidereus Nuncius [www.liberliber.it]
Link: Sidereus Nuncius (translated to English) [hsci.cas.ou.edu]
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L'Arbre du Ténéré, known in English as the Tree of Ténéré, was a solitary acacia that was once considered the most isolated tree on Earth — the only one for over 400 kilometers. Standing there in the Sahara Desert, it had once been part of a lush and populated forest, but as fortunes changed and other trees disappeared, it stood alone in a barren desert, 120 miles from any other tree, an isolated landmark for caravan routes through the Ténéré region of the Sahara in northeast Niger for hundreds of years. The tree was so well known that it and the Arbre Perdu or 'Lost Tree' to the north are the only trees to be shown on a map at a scale of 1:4,000,000.
The tree survived hundreds of years of desertification, until one day in 1973, a drunk truck driver struck it down.
The Tenere region was not always a desert. During the prehistoric Carboniferous period it was a sea floor and later a tropical forest. Dinosaur roamed the region and it was once the hunting ground of a crocodile-like reptile nicknamed the SuperCroc. Tenere was inhabited by modern humans as long ago as the Paleolithic period some 60,000 years ago. They hunted wild animals and left evidence of their presence in the form of stone tools. During the Neolithic period about 10,000 years ago, ancient hunters created rock engravings and paintings that can still be found across the region.
But gradually, climate change reduced the area to a desert as the trees perished. The Ténéré region became inhospitable with little vegetation and an average annual rainfall of only 2.5 cm. Water ended up being scarce even underground. By sometime around the early 20th century, a small group of the thorned, yellow-flowered acacias were all that remained of the trees of the Ténéré. Over time, all but one died, leaving it as the only surviving tree in a 400 kilometer radius.
When Commander of the Allied Military Mission, Michel Lesourd, saw the tree in 1939, he wrote:
One must see the Tree to believe its existence. What is its secret? How can it still be living in spite of the multitudes of camels which trample at its sides. How at each azalai does not a lost camel eat its leaves and thorns? Why don't the numerous Touareg leading the salt caravans cut its branches to make fires to brew their tea? The only answer is that the tree is taboo and considered as such by the caravaniers.
There is a kind of superstition, a tribal order which is always respected. Each year the azalai gather round the Tree before facing the crossing of the Ténéré. The Acacia has become a living lighthouse; it is the first or the last landmark for the azalai leaving Agadez for Bilma, or returning.
After the tree was struck down, the dead tree was moved to the Niger National Museum in the capital Niamey. It has since been replaced by a simple metal sculpture representing the tree.
Tree of Ténéré in 1939
Tree of Ténéré in 1967
Tree of Ténéré in 1970
Tree of Ténéré in 1973 after it was hit
Tree of Ténéré in Government issued stamp in 1974
Tree of Ténéré today
Tree of Ténéré National Museum in Niamey, Niger
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Visual arts Class
Arts Exploration & Cultural Journey
Youth 7-17 with a serious interest in art will take a year-round visual arts journey exploring self and African-American heritage. Students will develop their drawing, painting and multi-media skills while learning the history and techniques of African-American artists and exploring African art created years ago when art was made for life’s ceremonies and everyday use.
Enhancing their academic and social skills students will develop their capacity for self-reflection as well as build literary, oral and technical skills.
Field trips to local arts venues will be used to reinforce classroom instruction. Students will also work as a group, engaging in community building arts projects which contribute to the aesthetic improvement of a public space. The aim is to develop each participant’s ability to communicate more effectively, visually and verbally, about the world they see..
Student’s works in progress will be exhibited regularly at the FireHouse and at other community venues and with a formal exhibition.
Introduction to Drawing
In this class, students learn the fundamental concepts of drawing and 2D media. Observation, one of the most important elements in drawing, will be stressed through different techniques and experimentation with several materials. The class will be complemented with theory (composition, perspective, proportions) and examples in art history. Materials list will be provided at the first class.
Creative Connections / Ages 4 – 8
A visual exploration that challenges students and parents to work side by side in making art. The course leads parents to recognize their own artistic sensibilities as well as the artistic vocabulary of their children. Projects include painting, drawing, printmaking and collage.
Drawing & Painting
This course will introduce fundamental painting and drawing skills. It will tap the energy, curiosity and excitement of childhood through visual discoveries. Individual needs and levels of experience in the visual arts will be taken into account. Materials will include hard and soft graphite, charcoal, pastels, ink, watercolor, oils and acrylics.
Introduction to Digital Photography
This class is designed for beginners who want to better understand the world of digital imagery, or for students with experience who want to strengthen their basic skills. Topics covered include digital camera use, Photoshop basics, scanning and printing techniques. Students will be able to explore their own projects and develop the fundamental skills to continue digital work on their own.
Creative Sewing for Beginners
Learn to determine pattern size, alteration, layout, as well as seam types, finishes, zipper insertion, etc. Become comfortable with the sewing machine. Patterns to be discussed at first class. Basic, fun and creative clothing, pillows, toys, etc. may be created. Please bring your own sewing machine.
Needlepoint, Knit, Crochet
BLING Learn to make new and creative craft items using old-fashioned techniques. From jewelry to wall art to wearable art, this class will inspire you to do more and more.
Mud Magic Pottery
Hand Building Techniques Discover the nature of clay through hand building. Express yourself through clay figures, animals and other sculptural forms. Develop a personal style and understand the creative process through a diverse range of hand building techniques. Beginning Pottery Wheel Working all week and want a break from rules and deadlines? Try digging into fresh clay and release that creative spirit within. The instructor understands that working in clay is a personal experience and everyone develops different ways of handling the clay. The course is ideal for the beginner who needs a start to the experienced who needs advice from a potter with many years of experimenting and fine tuning her craft.
Sample Memories Beginner or advanced person interested in designing and making a Sample Memories Quilt will experiment with a different technique each week. Family memories and future dreams are suggestions for this quilt class.
Are you ready to signup for a class? Click here to download the application form.
You will need Adobe Acrobat to open the above file. Click here to download Adobe Acrobat.
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Aerial survey to help determine ice loss in West Antarctic region
Posted June 26, 2009
Three years ago, Ian Joughin found himself bobbing up and down in a dinghy on a glacial lake in Greenland to learn more about the subglacial plumbing of the ice sheet. About 10 days later, the lake drained away into a crack with a force greater than Niagara Falls — in about 90 minutes.
His upcoming fieldwork in Antarctica — always a challenging environment by dint of its extreme weather and remoteness — would seem to be leisurely in comparison to that nautical adventure.
Still, Joughin and his team have a tough job ahead of them: Determine how much ice from a vast swath of West Antarctica is being lost into the Amundsen Sea compared to the amount of snowfall accumulating on the ice sheet.
The two-year field project has two goals for what on the surface seems like an easy enough equation. One, calculate the net accumulation of snow over an area of West Antarctica where Ellsworth Land and Marie Byrd Land meet. Second, determine how much ice is flowing into the ocean. Then subtract one from the other to help define the mass balance of the ice sheet — whether it is losing or gaining mass.
The smart money is that the ice sheet overall is losing weight, which has implications for sea level rise. “It’s clear that there’s a big imbalance in that region; we just can’t say what it is at this point,” Joughin said. “That’s probably an area where we know less about snowfall in Antarctica than just about anywhere else.”
The area is where several glaciers, including Pine Island and Thwaites, drain into the Amundsen Sea. Pine Island, in particular, has drawn much attention from scientists in recent years, with a number of projects under way to study the dynamics of the glacier. Polar researchers believe deep, warm ocean water is thinning the small ice shelf that fronts the glacier, which in turn is accelerating its charge into the ocean.
“Pine Island is probably the glacier to worry the most about right now, or perhaps Thwaites might be another big one to worry about,” noted Joughin, a senior engineer with the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington .
“Pine Island has sped up quite a bit,” he added, explaining the glacier has nearly doubled its flow since the 1970s, now moving at about 4,000 meters a year.
The x and y terms in the mass balance equation are particularly short on data when it comes to snowfall estimates, the net accumulation comprising half of the sticky arithmetic, according to Joughin.
To measure the snowfall, he and his team will fly out to Byrd Surface Camp, a field camp in West Antarctica about 1,400 kilometers from McMurdo Station , the main research station for the U.S. Antarctic Program . They will fly a ski-equipped Twin Otter from the field camp along several lines, planning to crisscross 10,000 kilometers during about three to four weeks. [See related story: Byrd Camp resurfaces.]
The plane will carry a specially designed accumulation radar developed by the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) , a Science and Technology Center established by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 2005. Headquartered at the University of Kansas , CReSIS includes five other universities as well as international agencies.
Joughin explained the accumulation radar targets the top 100 meters of the ice sheet, with the ability to track individual layers of ice over hundreds of kilometers. During the project’s second season, the team will return to drill cores to date the depths of the layers. For example, if the scientists know there is a layer 10 meters deep, that dates back 20 years, they know the annual accumulation has been roughly half a meter over an area of hundreds of square kilometers.
The output half of the equation — the amount of ice lost to the ocean, and hence the amount of water added to the ocean — also requires the use of radar but less legwork on the ground. Joughin is an expert in interferometric synthetic aperture radar, which is capable of measuring the speed of a glacier by comparing radar images. [See sidebar article: InSAR on Ice.]
Based on the speed of the glacier, and its width and thickness, the scientists can calculate how much ice spills across the grounding line, where the ice transitions from resting on bedrock to floating on the ocean. “Once the ice crosses this line and begins to float, it’s contributed to sea level rise, whether it’s ice or it melts to water,” Joughin said.
Data collected by Joughin and his colleagues about the ice sheet mass balance will eventually inform the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, which will be finalized in 2014. The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007, which garnered its authors a Nobel Peace Prize, came under some criticism because its projections on sea level rise failed to account properly for the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
“What happened in the last IPCC is that they have a lot of model-based predictions that don’t have a lot of these fast-changing processes in them,” Joughin said. “A lot of big changes started occurring right at the time people were writing the document.”
How far along the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report will go toward reducing the uncertainty about how high the seas may rise by 2100 is still up for debate. “I think qualitatively we’ll have a better idea, but quantitatively I don’t think it will be a whole lot better,” Joughin said.
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Here is a list of common rules for good code of conduct when out on a dig.
1.) Do not interfere with archaeological sites or scheduled monuments. Join your local archaeological society if you are interested in your local ancient history.
2.) Don't leave a mess. Most objects are only a few inches below the soil, it is just as easy to fill in your holes as it is to dig them.
3.) If you find any litter i.e. bottle tops, pull tabs or silver foil, it is best to keep the countryside clean and tidy! Throw them in a local rubbish bin don't just discard them, after all you might find your digging up the same rubbish again next time.
4.) Do not trespass. You must always ask permission before going onto any private land.
5.) Report all unusual historical finds to your local museum or archaeological group. Tell them where you found the artefact it is possible you may have found a new site of archaeological importance.
6.) Learn the treasure trove laws, (Treasure Act) report all finds of gold and silver to the local authorities.
7.) If you find any live ammunition don't touch it, leave well alone and mark the area clearly then phone the police immediately to tell them what you have found.
8.) Never miss an opportunity to show and explain how your detector works. Be cheerful and outgoing you might pick up useful tips or gain extra land to search.
9.) Respect the country code. Do not leave gates open, damage crops, scare farm animals or drop litter.
10.) One last note. When you are out on a dig you are an ambassador for the hobby do not give it a bad name by acting irresponsibly.
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Novel approaches needed to end growing scourge of 'superbugs'
With the rising awareness of the so-called "superbugs," bacteria that are resistant to most known antibiotics, three infectious disease experts writing in the Jan. 24 edition of the New England Journal of Medicine called for novel approaches based on a "reconceptualization of the nature of resistance, disease and prevention."
"Antibiotic-resistant microbes infect more than 2 million Americans every year and kill more than 100,000 annually," said Brad Spellberg, M.D., a Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center lead researcher and one of the authors of the viewpoint article published in the New England Journal of Medicine. "They spread rapidly, even in such seemingly harmless places as high school locker rooms, where they infect young athletes, and they can make mundane urinary or intestinal infections life-threatening. At the same time, the development of new antibiotics to treat these infections is plummeting, leading to our call for entirely new approaches to the problem."
Dr. Spellberg, author of the book, "Rising Plague: The Global Threat from Deadly Bacteria and Our Dwindling Arsenal to Fight Them," authored the article with Drs. John G. Bartlett and David N. Gilbert, both past presidents of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
The article's authors called for continuing the traditional practices in "infection control, antibiotic stewardship, and new antibiotic development." But they also write that the World Economic Forum's recent conclusion that antibiotic-resistant bacteria represent "arguably the greatest risk…to human health" underscores the need for new approaches as well.
New interventions are needed "to prevent infections from occurring in the first place, to encourage new economic models that spur investment in anti-infective treatments, to slow the spread of resistance in order to prolong the useful lives of antibiotics, to discover new ways to directly attack microbes in a manner that does not drive resistance, or to alter host–microbe interactions in order to modify disease without directly attacking microbes," the researchers wrote.
Among their recommendations are stricter monitoring and controls for prescribing antibiotics and changes in hospital practices, including greater disinfection and less usage of invasive materials than can transmit antibiotic-resistant bacteria into the body.
They recommended new regulatory approaches to encourage antibiotic development, such as the Limited Population Antibiotic Drug (LPAD) proposal from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. They said this proposal would encourage the development new antibiotics by allowing their approval based on smaller, less expensive clinical trials.
They also called for new approaches to treating infections caused by bacteria. Rather than attacking the microbes causing the infection, the researchers urged scientists to pursue new courses of discovery that either "moderate the inflammatory response to infection or that limit microbial growth by blocking access to host resources without attempting to kill microbes."
"The converging crises of increasing resistance and collapse of antibiotic research and development are the predictable results of policies and processes we have used to deal with infections for 75 years," the authors write. "If we want a long-term solution, the answer is not incremental tweaking of these policies and processes. Novel approaches, based on a reconceptualization of the nature of resistance, disease, and prevention, are needed."
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Harmodius and Aristogiton
Harmodius and Aristogiton (härmōˈdēəs, ârˌĭstōjĪˈtən) [key], d. c.514 B.C., Athenian tyrannicides. Provoked by a personal quarrel, the two friends planned to assassinate Hipparchus and his brother, the tyrant Hippias. The plans miscarried; Hipparchus was killed, but Hippias was not hurt. Harmodius was killed on the spot, and Aristogiton was executed. In spite of their mixed motives, they were soon made heroes of Athens and were given public recognition after the expulsion (510 B.C.) of Hippias. Two public statues, executed by Antenor, were erected, and coins were struck with their image.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Harmodius and Aristogiton from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Ancient History, Greece: Biographies
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Today, given the well-publicized affects of occasions corresponding to El Niño, there's an unequaled public information of ways weather impacts the standard of lifestyles and atmosphere. Such understanding has created an expanding call for for exact climatological info. this knowledge is now to be had in a single handy, obtainable resource, the Encyclopedia of global Climatology. This entire quantity covers the entire major subfields of climatology, provides details on climates in significant continental parts, and explains the intricacies of climatic procedures. the extent of presentation will meet the wishes of experts, college scholars, and trained laypersons.
A successor to the 1986 Encyclopedia of Climatology, this compendium presents a transparent clarification of present wisdom and examine instructions in glossy climatology. This new encyclopedia emphasizes climatological advancements that experience developed during the last two decades. It bargains greater than 2 hundred informative articles ready by means of one hundred fifty specialists on quite a few matters, starting from normal components of research to the most recent study studies.
The dating among climatology and either actual and social technological know-how is absolutely explored, as is the importance of weather for our destiny overall healthiness. the data is geared up for quick entry. Entries are comfortably prepared in alphabetical order, completely listed, and cross-referenced. each access comprises valuable citations to extra resource materials.
John E. Oliver is Professor Emeritus at Indiana nation college. He holds a B.Sc. from London collage, and a MA and Ph.D from Columbia college. He taught at Columbia collage after which at Indiana nation the place he was once previously Chair of the Geography-Geology division, and Assoc iate Dean, collage of Arts and Sciences. He has written many books and magazine articles in Climatology, utilized Climatology and actual Geography.
Read or Download Encyclopedia of World Climatology (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series) PDF
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Brown@ec. gc. ca Rodger A. Brown nationwide critical Storms Laboratory 1313 Halley Circle Norman, okay 73069, united states electronic mail: Rodger. Brown@noaa. gov L. J. Bruce McArthur Meteorological carrier of Canada 4905 Dufferin highway Downsview, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada electronic mail: bruce. mcarthur@ec. gc. ca Reid Bryson college of Wisconsin heart for weather examine Madison, WI 53706-1491, united states e mail: rabryson@facstaff. wisc. edu Adam Burnett division of Geography Colgate collage Hamilton, big apple 13346, united states email: Aburnett@mail. colgate. edu Stanley Changnon 801 Buckthorn Circle Mahomet, IL 61853, united states email: schangno@uiuc. edu David Changnon Meteorology software division of Geography Northern Illinois college DeKalb, IL 60115, united states email: dchangnon@niu. edu Richard ok. prepare dinner 8517 Milford road Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, united states William T. Corcoran Southwest Missouri country college division of Geography, Geology and making plans Springfield, MO 65804-0089, united states electronic mail: wtc928f@smsu. edu Cameron Douglas Craig Indiana nation collage division of Geography, Geology and Anthropology Terre Haute, IN 47809, united states email: ccraig@mymail. indstate. edu CONTRIBUTORS Heidi M. Cullen the elements Channel three hundred Interstate North expressway Atlanta, GA 30339, united states Christina Dando division of Geography-Geology college of Nebraska at Omaha Omaha, NE 68182-0119, united states e mail: cdando@mail. unomaha. edu William A. Dando Indiana country collage Senior students Academy Terre Haute, IN 47809, united states e mail: gedando@isugw. indstate. edu S. ok. sprint Centre for Atmospheric Sciences Indian Institute of expertise Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 India electronic mail: skdash@cas. iitdernet. in John A. Day 609 North Cowls McMinnville, Oregon 97128, united states electronic mail: Cloudman@cloudman. com ok. Dewey division of Geography collage of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 98588, united states Richard W. Dixon division of Geography Southwest Texas nation college San Marcos, TX 78666, united states email: rd11@swt. edu John Dodson school of traditional and Agricultural Sciences collage of Western Australia 35 Sterling road Nedlands, Western Australia 6009 Australia e mail: johnd@geog. uwa. edu. au Robert A. Duce division of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences Texas A & M, 3146 TAMU university Station, TX 77843-3146, united states electronic mail: rduce@ocean. tamu. edu Rhodes W. Fairbridge field 801 Amagansett, long island 11930, united states Robert W. Fenn Air strength Cambridge study Laboratories Atmospheric Optic department Optical Physics Laboratory Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, united states Harold C. Fritts Indiana country college division of Geography, Geology and Anthropology Terre Haute, IN 47809, united states email: gaspeer@isugw. indstate. edu Joseph Gentilli (deceased) T. W. Giambelluca division of Geography college of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, hello 96822, united states email: Thomas@Hawaii. edu Brian Giles 3/50 Onepoto street Takapuna Auckland, 1309 New Zealand electronic mail: gilesnz@ihug. co. nz Michael H. Glantz Environmental and Societal affects team nationwide middle for Atmospheric study P. O. field 3000 Boulder, CO 80306, united states e mail: glantz@ucar.
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As part of the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) commitment to building cyber-resilient energy delivery systems, a new project led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) will develop tools to detect and counter certain types of cyber attacks on the grid. The project has been awarded up to $2.5 million in funding over three years by DOE, one of 20 projects for cybersecurity on the grid announced recently.
With rooftop solar panels surging in popularity in the U.S. – growing from 30,000 homes in 2006 to more than 1 million last year – Berkeley Lab’s project focuses on solar inverters, devices that turn the direct current from rooftop solar panels into alternating current that is fed back onto the grid. So-called “smart inverters” can enhance overall system reliability and reduce operational costs.
Industry and government are now developing standards for how solar inverters communicate with the grid so that the PV modules can adjust their power levels accordingly.
“It is this standardization that presents a vulnerability,” said Daniel Arnold, a Berkeley Lab researcher and engineer who is one of the leads of the project. “As we modernize the grid, our belief is that we, as a society, can enjoy all of the benefits of large amounts of distributed PV, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions and a more resilient system, and still have a secure network that is potentially more robust to cyber intrusions than it was before the introduction of large amounts of distributed PV.”
In this project, Berkeley Lab will develop algorithms to essentially use the system in the same way the hackers might do but sending opposite signals to nullify the attack, similar to what a noise-canceling headphone does.
“If an attacker tries to manipulate the settings in a number of PV inverters, we’ll observe these manipulations, then identify the settings in PV inverters that have not been hacked, and finally, dispatch the appropriate settings to the inverters deemed safe in order to counter that attack,” said Arnold, a researcher in Berkeley Lab’s Grid Integration Group.
The concept is based on watching for irregularities in the physical behavior of the grid. “There are laws that govern the way the power grid operates from a physical perspective,” said Sean Peisert, a cybersecurity expert in Berkeley Lab’s Computational Research Division and the principal investigator on the project.
“So we leverage those insights to understand the ways in which hackers might attempt to do something to the grid,” continued Peisert.
Ultimately the algorithms will be able to monitor the grid to provide advanced warning to a utility operator of a possible emerging attack.
Berkeley Lab is teaming with a slate of partners on this project, including OSISoft, SunSpec Alliance, SolarEdge, HDPV Alliance, Power Standards Lab, Arizona State University, Siemens, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, and the Sacramento Municipal Utility District.
“Our partners are helping to inform what we’re doing and make sure it’s realistic and meaningful in a practical engineering sense,” Peisert said. “We have pretty much everyone who you might want as a partner on this – from the utilities themselves to manufacturers, to the company collecting all the data from the equipment and providing it to the utilities. It’s really an end-to-end set of partners.”
SunSpec Alliance is a global industry alliance working on information and communication standards for distributed energy resources such as solar PV and battery-based systems.
“As the distributed energy grid takes shape, cybersecurity risks are increasing,” said Tom Tansy, chairman of SunSpec. “The work that will take place in this program leverages best practices and standards, developed by SunSpec and others, and takes them to the next level by providing sophisticated technology to maintain and enhance grid security.”
Two additional projects for grid resiliency
Separately, Berkeley Lab is contributing to two other projects in DOE’s Grid Modernization Initiative. It will partner with SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory on the Grid Resilience and Intelligence Project, or GRIP, which has been awarded up to $6 million for more than three years.
GRIP will combine artificial intelligence with massive amounts of data and know-how from a dozen other partners to identify places where the electric grid may be vulnerable to disruption, shore up those spots in advance, and get things up and running faster when failures do occur.
“Berkeley Lab has pioneered the development of algorithms that can optimally manage distributed energy resources, like wind, solar and batteries, and are completely plug and play,” said Arnold, who is leading the Berkeley Lab part of GRIP. “In this project, we’re partnering with SLAC to deploy and test our approach in a real utility network. With these algorithms, we hope to be able to create an electric grid that can use distributed energy resources to automatically reconfigure itself to maximize reliability during normal operations or emergencies.”
Berkeley Lab is also contributing to the Laboratory Value Analysis Team, led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Using metrics developed by DOE’s Grid Modernization Lab Consortium, the analysis team will assess and determine the economic value of the project impacts and validate the technologies and operations strategies in each project before and after deployment.
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Stanley Mazor was instrumental in refining the architecture of the single-chip CPU. This first working microprocessor was smaller than a thumbnail yet had as much computing power as ENIAC, the first electronic computer, which filled 3,000 cubic feet. Born in Chicago, Mazor went on to study mathematics and programming at San Francisco State University. He worked first as a programmer for Fairchild Semiconductor and then as a computer designer. He shares patents on the Symbol computer.
In 1969, he joined Intel. Mazor was part of the team that created the first working CPU, the 4004. The 4004 was designed and built under contract for Busicom, a Japanese calculator manufacturer—they owned the rights to it. Intel acquired the rights by offering to return the $60,000 development cost and to produce the chip at a lower cost. Thus began the modern computer revolution.
In 1977, he began his teaching career in Intel's Technical Training group, and later taught classes at several institutions, including Stanford University and the University of Santa Clara. In 1984, he was at Silicon Compiler Systems. He co-authored a book on chip design language during time at Synopsys and also was Training Director at BEA Systems. He retired from Numeric Technologies/Synopsys in 2004, and with his Intel co-inventors, received the 2009 National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is an important mosquito defense mechanism against arbovirus infection. replicase proteins nsP1 to nsP4 by proteolytic cleavage; during replication the genome is transcribed into a full-length copy (the antigenome) which in turn serves as a template for the transcription of viral genomes (32 34 57 The 3′ one-third encodes the structural polyprotein which is translated from a subgenomic mRNA and generates the capsid and envelope glycoproteins after proteolytic processing (54). Alphaviruses replicate within cytoplasmic replication complexes associated with cellular membranes and viruses mature by budding (17 45 important differences in replication complex formation between vertebrate and mosquito cells have been described (16). The infection of mosquito cell cultures with alphaviruses usually begins with an severe phase seen as a efficient virus creation accompanied by the establishment of the persistent disease with low-level pathogen creation (6 10 15 The effective control of arbovirus disease in insects such as for example mosquitoes is thought to be because of innate immune reactions and alphaviruses such as for example SFV are actually good models to review these reactions (14). The best-characterized mosquito antiviral immune system to day is RNA disturbance (RNAi) (14 47 MK-0859 which settings arbovirus replication spread and transmitting (26 46 Central to antiviral RNAi in bugs is the creation of virus-derived little interfering RNAs (viRNAs) from viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as well as the assembly of the RNA-induced silencing complicated (RISC) accompanied by the degradation of focus on single-stranded viral RNA inside a sequence-dependent way (14 25 The foundation from the dsRNA substrate isn’t clear and may involve double-stranded areas in solitary viral genome or antigenome RNA substances or two-molecule replication intermediates (the preferred hypothesis) (38). Mosquito orthologues from the RNAi protein Dcr-2 R2D2 and Ago-2 are essential for mosquito RNAi reactions against flaviviruses and alphaviruses (7 8 24 46 In cells induced dsRNA which colocalizes primarily with pathogen nsP protein in replication complexes. Through the use of deep sequencing we noticed an asymmetric distribution of SFV-derived viRNAs with regions of high-level MK-0859 viRNA creation (hot places) no or a minimal rate of recurrence of viRNA creation (cold places) along the space from the PRPF38A viral genome and antigenome with hook bias MK-0859 toward the creation of genome-derived viRNAs. Chlamydia of luciferase (luciferase (axis indicate the rate of recurrence of viRNAs mapping towards the SFV genome (dark … To see whether the host varieties influences viRNA era an identical research was performed with axis reveal the rate of recurrence of viRNAs mapping towards the SFV genome (black … FIG. 5. Comparative analysis of SFV viRNA distribution profiles from axis represents the SFV genome (5′ to 3′) (A) or antigenome (3′ to 5′) (B) … Structural analysis of SFV genomic RNA and role of RNA structures in viRNA generation. Previous work MK-0859 with plant-infecting positive-strand RNA viruses or viroids suggested that double-stranded structures in the viral RNA can generate viRNAs (20 22 36 61 Little is known about the existence of RNA structures in SFV genomic RNA; alphavirus genomes are predicted to be mainly unstructured (11). However structures in the 5′ untranslated region of Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Sindbis viruses which influence replication in mosquito cells have been described (28 40 structures in the 5′ untranslated region have been predicted for all alphaviruses (41); and stem-loop structures in the SFV 5′ untranslated region have been identified (30). The secondary structure within the SFV genome was predicted by using large-scale thermodynamic prediction of minimal free energy (MFE) (50). MFE results are expressed as MFE differences (MFED) that is the percentage difference between the MFE of the native sequence and the mean of a scrambled control of the same sequence: MFED (%) = [(MFEnative/MFEscrambled) ? 1] × 100. The MFED value provides a scale to quantify sequence order-dependent RNA structure formation over the length of the genome. Values plotted in Fig. ?Fig.66 A represent mean values of five consecutive fragments. All nucleotide positions were calculated relative to the SFV4 sequence. FIG. 6. (A) Prediction of RNA secondary structures and pairing within the SFV genome by MFED and StructureDist bioinformatic analysis and correlation to the 21-nt viRNA frequency in U4.4.
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Generation of homozygous mutant mammalian cells is complicated because they have a diploid genome. If one allele of an autosomal gene is disrupted, the resulting heterozygous mutant may not display a phenotype due to the existence of the other allele; therefore, studying the functions of genes in mammalian cells can be challenging. The “complication” of ES cell diploidy for genetic analysis has been addressed either by selecting “targeted” clones undergoing LOH (facilitated by mutagenesis using a hypomorphic neor gene) or by sequential targeting both chromosomes using different resistance genes (Mortensen et al., 1991; Milstone, Bradwin & Mortensen, 1999). Haploid cells contain only one copy of each chromosome and disruption of one allele can directly cause loss-of-function phenotypes. Recently, mouse haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been successfully generated, providing an ideal tool for genetic analyses (Elling et al., 2011; Leeb & Wutz, 2011). Haploid ESCs retain the majority of the biological aspects of normal diploid ESCs, except for their unusual karyotype. A genome-wide expression analysis revealed that the expression profiles of haploid and diploid ESCs, including stem cell markers, are almost identical (Leeb & Wutz, 2011). Haploid ESCs are able to differentiate into a wide range of cell types both in vitro and in chimeric embryos produced by blastocyst injection. During differentiation, the cells gain a diploid karyotype (Leeb & Wutz, 2011). Remarkably, haploid ESCs are germline competent in chimeric mice (Leeb et al., 2012; Li et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2012).
The recent development of site-specific endonucleases for selective genome cleavage has been an important advancement in mammalian genome engineering. These enzymes include zinc-finger nucleases (Porteus & Carroll, 2005), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (Miller et al., 2011), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases (Cong et al., 2013; Mali et al., 2013). Zinc-finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases are composed of programmable, sequence-specific DNA-binding modules linked to a non-specific DNA cleavage domain. CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases use small base-pairing RNAs to target and cleave foreign DNA elements in a sequence-specific manner (Wiedenheft, Sternberg & Doudna, 2012). Among these technologies, the type II CRISPR system from Streptococcus pyogenes is the simplest. In this system, a single gene encoding the Cas9 protein and two RNAs, a mature CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a partially complementary trans-acting RNA (tracrRNA), are sufficient for RNA-guided cleavage of foreign DNAs (Jinek et al., 2012). Maturation of crRNA requires RNase III and tracrRNA (Deltcheva et al., 2011); however, this process can be bypassed by using an engineered small guide RNA (sgRNA) containing a hairpin that mimics the tracrRNA-crRNA complex and a short sequence complementary to the target DNA (Jinek et al., 2012). The Cas9 endonuclease can generate sequence-specific double-strand breaks of target DNAs bound to sgRNAs. The binding site of a target DNA requires a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) (with the sequence NGG) juxtaposed to the DNA complementary region (Marraffini & Sontheimer, 2010). Therefore, the CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease system requires only two molecules: the Cas9 protein and a sgRNA for host-independent gene-targeting.
Here, we describe a new platform for simple genetic manipulation of the mammalian genome that uses a combination of the CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease system and haploid ESCs.
Materials and Methods
Oocytes were collected from superovulated B6DBAF1 and B6-EGFP females and were activated in calcium free M16 medium containing 5 mM strontium chloride. After activation for 3 h, the embryos were subsequently cultured in M16 medium. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Experimentation Committee of Gunma University, Showa Campus, Japan.
Generation of haploid ES cell lines
ESC derivation was performed as described previously with minor modifications (Leeb & Wutz, 2011; Horii et al., 2008). Briefly, the zonas of morula stage embryos were removed and then cultured in chemically defined ES medium supplemented with 3 µM CHIR99021 and 1 µM PD0325901 (2i).
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis
The cells were stained with 15 µg/ml Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen) and then cell sorting for DNA content was performed using a FACS Aria III cell sorter (Becton Dickinson). The haploid 1n peak was purified. The cells were fixed in 70% ethanol, digested with RNase and stained with propidium iodide, and then analytic flow profiles of DNA content were recorded using a FACS Calibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson).
Transfection of cells
The generated haploid ES cell lines were cultured on gelatine-coated plates under standard ESC culture conditions. Before transfection ESCs were sorted and haploid fractions were collected (Fig. S1). The cells were co-transfected with a plasmid expressing mammalian codon-optimized Cas9 under the control of a CAG promoter and plasmids expressing sgRNAs under the control of a U6 promoter (Horii et al., 2013), along with a linear puromycin marker (Clontech). Transfections were performed using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In the triple targeting experiments, cells were co-transfected with a plasmid expressing mammalian codon-optimized Cas9 and three plasmids expressing sgRNAs targeting Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3, along with a linear puromycin marker (Clontech). Twelve hours after transfection, ESCs were replated at a low density. One day after replating, cells were incubated with 1 µg/ml puromycin for 48 h. After recovering for 4 to 6 days, individual colonies were picked and genotyped by PCR-RFLP, or passaged several times and frozen. Full details of the targeted sequences and primers are shown in Table S2.
Assay for genome modification
To detect small genome modifications, PCRs were performed using primers flanking the targeted regions (Table S2). The PCR products were digested with BfuAI or MnII, which cleave at the Cas9 target site of non-modified genomes, and then analysed by to gel electrophoresis. To detect large deletions and inversions, PCRs were performed using primers flanking the target sites of the two Tet1-specific sgRNAs (Table S2, Figs. 4A and 4B). A deletion was indicated by the production of a ∼300 bp product. An inversion was indicated by the production of ∼190 bp and ∼260 bp products. All of the mutant PCR products were cloned into a TA-cloning vector (pCR2.1) and the mutations were confirmed by DNA sequencing.
Quantification of the global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) content
The determination of the 5hmC levels in DNA from triple-targeted haploid ESC clones was performed as described previously with slight modifications (Szwagierczak et al., 2010). Briefly, 200 ng of genomic DNA was incubated with 10 pmol of β-GT and 1.91 kBq of [3H]-UDP-glucose (Perkin Elmer) at 25°C in a 25 µl reaction buffer comprising 50 mM potassium acetate, 10 mM magnesium acetate, 1 mM DTT and 20 mM Tris-acetate (pH 7.9). After 1 h, the mixture was added to 20 µg of proteinase K in 1% (w/v) SDS and then incubated at 55°C for 30 min. After the incubation, the reaction mixture was spotted onto a DE81 filter disc (GE Healthcare). The disc was washed as described previously (Suetake et al., 2003), and the incorporated radioactivity was determined using an LS-5000 scintillation counter (Beckman).
Quantification of the 5hmC content of Ecat1
The 5hmC content of the Ecat1 gene was measured using the Quest 5-hmC Detection Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine). This kit enables sequence-specific detection of 5hmC within DNA; utilizing a 5hmC glucosyltransferase, 5hmC in DNA is specifically tagged with a glucose moiety yielding the modified base glucosyl-5hmC. After glucosylation of 5hmC, the DNA was digested with a glucosyl-5hmC-sensitive restriction endonuclease (MspI) and then quantitative PCR was performed using Ecat1-specific primers: 5′-GGAGAGCACATCCCACATCT-3′ and 5′-GTGAGCCAGATCAGTGAGCA-3′.
Generation of haploid ESCs from mouse embryos
To generate haploid mouse embryos, unfertilized oocytes isolated from superovulated B6DBAF1 hybrid female mice and B6-EGFP mice were activated using strontium chloride in the calcium free M16 medium. After culture in M16 medium, 26 morulae were obtained from 58 activated B6DBAF1 oocytes and were used for generation of ESCs (Table S1). Inner cell masses were cultured in chemically defined dual inhibition (2i) ES medium supplemented with 3 µM CHIR99021 and 1 µM PD0325901 to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase 3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase, respectively. A total of 17 B6DBAF1 ESC lines were obtained, of which 82% had haploid DNA content (Table S1). Similar results were also obtained for B6-EGFP mice (Table S1); in this inbred strain, 70% of the 10 ESC lines obtained had haploid DNA content.
Targeting single genes in haploid ESCs
Because haploid cells have only one copy of each chromosome, disruption of one allele can directly cause a loss-of-function phenotype. To examine the efficiency of loss-of-function haploid ESCs, sgRNAs were designed to target the Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3 genes, which encode members of the tet methylcytosine dioxygenase family (Fig. 1A). Tet proteins convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and this process is an important part of DNA demethylation (Tahiliani et al., 2009). A previous study of the specificity of type II CRISPR suggested that the DNA target site must perfectly match the PAM sequence (NGG) and the 12 bp seed sequence at the 3′ end of the sgRNA (Jinek et al., 2012). The importance of the remaining bases is less well understood and may depend on the binding strength of the matching sgRNA or the inherent tolerance of Cas9 itself. Therefore, we selected a 23-mer sequence (N21GG) from the target gene and used 16 bp of this sequence (N14GG) to search for homologous mouse genes. Sequences that did not cross-react with any other sites in the mouse genome were selected and were used to construct the sgRNA expression vectors. To obtain high expression levels of Cas9 in ESCs, the expression vector was engineered to contain mammalian codon-optimized Cas9 under the control of a CAG promoter (Mali et al., 2013). To examine the efficiency of knockout of each gene, haploid ESCs were co-transfected with the Cas9 expression vector and a sgRNA vector targeting Tet1, Tet2 orTet3, along with a puromycin marker. Transfected cells were treated with 1 µg/ml puromycin for 48 h. Each targeted locus contains a restriction site; therefore, the cleavage efficiencies of the Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3 genes were determined by digesting the PCR products with BfuAI (Tet1 and Tet3) or MnII (Tet2) (Fig. 1A). Successful targeting was indicated by a disruption of the restriction site; successfully targeted alleles were uncleaved and wild-type alleles underwent complete cleavage. A total of 20 haploid ESC clones from each targeting experiment were screened; the percentages of clones that were successfully targeted were 20%, 30% and 65% for Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3, respectively (Fig. 1B). The PCR products of the successfully targeted regions were subcloned and sequenced (Fig. 1C). The results confirmed that each clone contained a mutation in the specific Tet gene at the BfuAI or MnII restriction site.
Simultaneous disruption of the Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3 genes
Higher organisms usually have redundant genes and in these cases it is important to disrupt all members of the gene family simultaneously. Therefore, experiments were performed to determine whether the Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3 genes could be simultaneously targeted. Haploid ESCs were co-transfected with the Cas9 expression vector and the sgRNA vectors targeting Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3, along with a puromycin marker. Transfected cells were treated with 1 µg/ml puromycin for 48 h. Of the 20 haploid ESC clones screened, 2 (10%) were identified as complete triple knockout clones. Sequencing of the subcloned PCR products confirmed that the two triple knockout clones did contain mutations in the Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3 alleles (Fig. 2A). To determine whether the triple knockout mutants had lost methylcytosine dioxygenase activity, the 5hmC content of the targeted clones was compared to that of wild-type haploid ESCs. Both the global 5hmC content (Fig. 2B) and the 5hmC content of the Ecat1 gene (Fig. 2C) were markedly lower in the two clones carrying triple mutations than in a wild-type clone. To enhance the efficiency with which triple knockout clones were generated, the concentration of puromycin that cells were treated with was increased to 2 µg/ml. This markedly increased the efficiency with which triple knockout clones were generated to 50%. Of the 20 haploid ESC clones screened, 10 were identified as triple knockout clones (Fig. 2D). Further analysis of two triple knockout ESCs reveals that these cells were become diploid after several passages (Fig. S2). Expression level of pluripotent marker genes (Oct3/4 and Nanog) are not different between triple knockout ESCs and wild type ESCs. However, differentiation markers, such as Cdx2 (trophectoderm) and Brachyury (mesoderm) were upregulated, whereas Gata6 (primitive endoderm) were downregulated in triple knockout ESCs (Fig. S3). In addition, these triple knockout ESCs grow more slowly than wild type ESCs (Fig. S4).
Chromosomal deletions and inversions can be induced by Cas9/RNA-mediated genomic engineering
Structural modifications in the form of chromosomal deletions and variable copy numbers account for a significant portion of human genetic variation (Feuk, Carson & Scherer, 2006). Therefore, we investigated whether the simultaneous delivery of two sgRNAs targeting the same chromosome could induce large chromosomal deletions or inversions. Two sgRNAs targeting exon 4 and exon 7 of Tet1 were used; the distance between the two target sites was 14 kb (Fig. 3A). PCR primers flanking the target regions were used to determine whether the sgRNAs had successfully targeted the DNA. Deletion of the 14 kb sequence was indicated by the generation of a PCR product of approximately 300 bp. A large population (30%) of the 20 transfectant ESCs screened produced the ∼300 bp PCR product indicative of a deletion event (Fig. 3B). Sequencing of these PCR products confirmed large deletions accompanied by the deletion of very few nucleotides at their junctions (Fig. 3C). These results indicate that co-transfection of ESCs with vectors expressing Cas9 and sgRNAs targeting exons 4 and 7 of Tet1 creates a large chromosomal deletion (14 kb) with high efficiency.
The possibility that the two sgRNAs targeting exon 4 and exon 7 of Tet1 could create inversions was then examined by PCR amplification using primers that spanned the newly created 5′- and 3′-junctions at each exon. Inversion events were indicated by the generation of ∼190 bp and ∼260 bp PCR products (Fig. 4A). Of the 20 transfectant ESCs screened, 10% underwent inversions (Fig. 4B). Sequencing of the two PCR products confirmed inversion events with the deletion of very few nucleotides at their junctions (Fig. 4C). These results indicate that co-transfection of ESCs with vectors expressing Cas9 and sgRNAs targeting exons 4 and 7 of Tet1 creates a large chromosomal inversion with high efficiency.
Homozygous mutant mammalian cells are useful for studies of gene function; however, the production of homozygous knockouts is time consuming and complicated because diploid cells require disruption of two alleles. The recent development of mouse haploid ESCs (Elling et al., 2011; Leeb & Wutz, 2011) has provided an ideal tool for genetic analyses because haploid cells have only one copy of each chromosome and the disruption of a single allele can directly cause loss-of-function phenotypes. The CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease system is a simple and efficient technology for gene targeting (Wiedenheft, Sternberg & Doudna, 2012). Here, we combined the use of haploid ESCs and the CRISPR/Cas9 system to develop a method of studying gene function. Co-transfection of vectors expressing the Cas9 nuclease and sgRNAs targeting Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3 completely disrupted all three genes and caused loss-of-function phenotypes at high efficiency (50%). This efficiency is remarkably higher than that reported in a recent study of triple knockout ESCs (Wang et al., 2013).
Structural variations in the form of chromosomal deletions, inversions, and changes in copy number account for a significant portion of human genetic variation (Feuk, Carson & Scherer, 2006). This study demonstrates that the Cas9/CRISPR system can be used to generate large chromosomal deletions and inversions in mammals efficiently by a single co-transfection of ESCs with two sgRNAs that target the same chromosome. One of the merits of using haploid ESCs for generating deletions and inversions is that the presence of a single chromosome precludes unintended rearrangements between homologous chromosomes, as reported in diploid cells (Clark et al., 2007). The majority of useful rearrangements will likely occur on autosomes; therefore, the use of Cas9/CRISPR genome engineering of haploid ESCs would be of great merit to applications that extend beyond the modelling of human disease. The generation of large chromosomal deletions could be useful for functional analyses of gene clusters. Inversions are resistant to homologous recombination events (Silver, 1993) and could therefore be used to fix alleles, in a manner analogous to the T-complex.
Although off-target mutations were reported to be high in some cancer cell lines manipulated by CRISPR system (Fu et al., 2013; Hsu et al., 2013) recent reports showed that off–target mutations in pluripotent cells and knockout mice are rare. In addition, two or more interspaced mismatches dramatically reduce Cas9 cleavage (Yang et al., 2013). Another recent report showed that guide-RNA:Cas9 specificity extends past a 7- to 12-base-pair seed sequence. This suggests off-target mutations could be low (Pattanayak et al., 2013).
In summary, the combination of the CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease system and haploid ESCs allows efficient genetic manipulation of the mammalian genome; this technique provides a new tool for genetic analyses of complex biological phenomena and diseases.
Derivation of haploid ES cells
A–B, Flow analysis of DNA after propidium iodide (PI) staining of haploid ES cell line Hap F1-2-14 at passage 5 (p5) (A) and Hap F1-2-14 immediately after sorting at p5 (B). The x axis shows fluorescence intensity.
Generated Tet TKO ES cells have been diplodized after serial culture
Flow analysis of DNA after propidium iodide (PI) staining of TKO ES cell lines derived from Hap F1-2-14. The x axis shows fluorescence intensity.
mRNA expression of pluripotency marker genes and various cell lineages marker genes
Oct3/4 and Nanog, pluripotency marker; Cdx2, trophectoderm marker; Brachyury, mesoderm marker; Gata6, primitive endoderm marker; Nestin, neural stem cell marker. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed as previously reported (Horii et al., Cell Reprogram. 12: 551–563, 2010).
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by Craig Weatherby
We all know that vitamin D is even more important than calcium when it comes to bone health, because it's needed to get calcium into bones.
But it's become crystal clear that the critical health effects of vitamin D extend well beyond bones to the entire body.
At about the same time, Canadian researchers published findings that affirmed earlier indications that vitamin D may protect against breast cancer.
(For more on those studies and others, see “Vitamin D Roundup: Breast Health, Mortality, and Baby Teeth,” and search our newsletter archive for “vitamin d.”)
Now, the results of a new University of Colorado analysis of health data from 3,400 Americans affirms the prior reports linking low vitamin D levels to higher death and heart risks.
And a Columbia University study published in June once again links low vitamin D levels to higher breast cancer risks.
Let’s take a closer look at both of the new American studies.
National survey data links death and heart risk to low vitamin D levels
The results of a “case-control” study indicates that older people with low blood levels of vitamin D may be 2.5 times more likely to die from any cause—and three times more likely to die from heart disease.
These risks were calculated in comparison to people with adequate levels of the “sunshine and seafood” vitamin.
The subjects were participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. They enrolled between 1988 and 1994 and were followed until 2000.
After an average of 7 years of follow-up, 1,493 people died, including 767 who died from cardiovascular disease.
- Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for multiple health outcomes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;624:55-71. Review.
- Crew KD, Gammon MD, Steck SE, Hershman DL, Cremers S, Dworakowski E, Shane E, Terry MB, Desai M, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM. Association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2009 Jun;2(6):598-604. Epub 2009 May 26.
- Ginde AA, Scragg R, Schwartz RS, Camargo CA Jr. Prospective Study of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level, Cardiovascular Disease Mortality, and All-Cause Mortality in Older U.S. Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print]
- Heaney RP. Vitamin D in health and disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Sep;3(5):1535-41. Epub 2008 Jun 4.
- Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1629-37.
- Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Feb;73(2):288-94.
- Wagner CL, Greer FR, Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition. Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents Accessed online October 13, 2008 at http://www.aap.org/new/VitaminDreport.pdf
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What Is a Narrative Essay?
A narrative essay is one that involves the author telling a story that easily connects with their personal experiences.
This is an essay that gives the author a chance to know themselves better, as it offers some insights and truths in the life of the author the readers can relate with. As the readers go through the content, they will find that these are events that give them new insights of looking at their life experiences, or reveal truths that they can relate to. Due to the fact that the narrative essay development approach is related to the personal experiences of the author and that these experiences are events that the readers have had a chance to experience, it provides human interest, draws the readers closer to the storyteller and in some of the cases, sparks some element of curiosity. As such, narrative essays bring about psychological healing, give insights, provide entertainment, and even create some sense of shared history while linking people together.
Purpose of a Narrative Essay
As stated earlier, when an author wants to tell a story, the best way they can bring it out is through the narrative essay writing skills. It is important for the reader to be able to connect with the audience at an intricate level where they give the audience a chance to reflect. The purpose of the narrative essay writing is to link people together and bring up the aspect of shared history. Different people in the audience will have had some element of memories that are associated with the events that took place in the story. As such, they all share a memory that took place at one time or the other in their lives. At the same time, they are linked by the experience that they had. The other purpose of the narrative essay is entertaining the audience. As the readers go through the events that are deliberated in the text, they are entertained. Much like reading or watching a thrilling movie, the readers are entertained by the events that take place. The other part of the narrative essay`s purpose is the psychological healing that it offers the readers. It is common for the author to write about a crisis that they went through and how it changed their lives or their perspective in live. At the same time, there are incidences that the author will write about and the way they handled them or the way that they should have handled them. Such experiences also relate to incidences that some of the readers are going through or have gone through. As such, the readers are able to gain clarity of the experiences that they had and in some of the cases gain new insights on how the situation may have played out the best. For those that have not had such experiences, they get better insight on how they may handle the situation if it happens to them. This means that the other purpose of the narrative essays is to give insights to the readers about certain aspects that are to be discussed in the narrative essay.
What Student May Write About in a Narrative Essay?
A student can write about their first encounters at the school where they are studying. These are experiences that they had getting acquainted with the various parts of the programs at the school. This is an essay that may help a student who is enrolling at the school to better understand what it is like for new students.
Conventions of a Narrative Essay
- Involve the readers: To make sure that the narrative essay gets the story to the readers in the most elaborate way, the author has to make sure that they involve the readers in the story. This is relative to the fact that, it becomes much easier for the author to recreate the story than simply tell the story.
- Make a sequence: At the same time, it helps the readers to better connect with the content and the author. At the same it is crucial that the author is able to relate the events in sequence. This makes it easier for the readers to follow the flow and better understand the story.
- Detailed events: There should be clear details of the events, places and the people to aid with understanding. For the author to better connect with the story, it should be told in his/her point of view. This is due to the fact that narrative essays tend to reflect what the author thought, saw and felt or feels.
Basic Tips on Narrative Essay Writing
- There are some tips to writing a good narrative essay, and among them is having a good outline. This acts as a guide to organizing the ideas in a manner that is easy to follow and improves the credibility of the author.
- There is also the aspect of formulating a good introduction. Ideally, the introduction bears the hook statement which gets the audience reading.
- The thesis statement is also crucial, relative to guiding the author when developing arguments in the paper.
- The body paragraphs should be in support of the thesis statement of the narrative essay.
- The conclusion on the other hand, should offer some insights on the moral of the story as the part of the reflective analysis of the events that took place.
- The essay should also have elements of clarity to make sure the audience understands the content.
- It is important that the student does not use second person narrative, as they are supposed to show that they are the ones that actually experienced the events.
- The work choice should not be too clinical, this makes the essay not too formal, but rather takes on the form of a narrative, as if conversing with the audience.
- Using too many references makes the essay seem copied. The essence of the essay is making it personal, with minimal references to other works from other writers.
- Too much information is going to spoil the element of interaction with the audience. Some details should be highlighted to help the audience form their own opinions.
More info about narrative essay writing you may find here:
Short video about narrative writing
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From the Super Mario Wiki
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Retrieved from "https://www.mariowiki.com/index.php?title=Warp_Pipe&oldid=2847195"
The Warp Pipe (also known as simply a pipe) is the most common mode of transportation in the Mario franchise. Generally speaking, a Warp Pipe is a pipe that does not always appear to be connected to a second pipe physically, although traveling through it will transport the traveler to the other end. In many cases, Warp Pipes can be used to cross great distances (and even worlds) instantly, while some pipes cannot even transport anything. The size of Warp Pipes can vary greatly. While some are too narrow for a human to enter, others are large enough for a kart or Bowser's airship to travel through. They are traditionally green, but they have appeared in many colors in fewer numbers over the years. Red pipes usually lead to secret zones.
Super Mario series
Warp Pipes have appeared in nearly every Mario game since, and some of them can be entered by pressing , or and a jump button (for upside-down pipes); some Warp Pipes are found protruding from walls, and can be entered simply by having Mario walk into them, or swim if underwater. However, in Super Mario Bros. 2, they are temporarily replaced with jars. These pipes are first used for transportation in Super Mario Bros. Some even lead to underground levels and bonus rooms. Piranha Plants can also be found in many pipes and are potentially hazardous.
In Super Mario World, some Warp Pipes act as mini-cannons, shooting Mario or Luigi high into the air. This feature is retained in New Super Mario Bros. Also, if Mario or Luigi uses the Mega Mushroom, they can kick a pipe, breaking it off if it is vertical (or pushing it in if it is horizontal), or Ground Pound it to make a vertical pipe lower to ground level. However, if Mega Mario or Luigi destroys a pipe, they cannot go down it anymore, though it fills up the meter at the top of the screen by a significant amount, resulting in some 1-Up Mushrooms. Tiny variants, called Mini Warp Pipes, are introduced in Super Mario Bros. 3: they are half the size of a regular Warp Pipe. They could not be entered until New Super Mario Bros., though, as they require Mario or Luigi to use a Mini Mushroom to get tiny so they can enter. Inside these Mini Warp Pipes, Star Coins can usually be found. Warp Pipes often come in many different colors, namely green, red, yellow, and blue.
Super Mario 64 / Super Mario 64 DS
Warp Pipes appear in Super Mario 64 and its remake, though their role is considerably reduced in comparison to the earlier 2D platformers. Mario (and, in Super Mario 64 DS, Luigi and Wario) arrive(s) at Peach's Castle via Warp Pipe at the beginning of the game. Warp Pipes are also used to transport the player to the arena where Bowser is fought in Bowser in the Dark World and Bowser in the Sky, with Bowser in the Fire Sea instead using a funnel-looking warp with the same effect. Identical looking objects called Shrinker Pipes appear in Tiny-Huge Island.
Super Mario Sunshine
Warp Pipes later appear more abundantly in Super Mario Sunshine. They are found in two colors: green and red. The green Warp Pipes are typically longer, and more common, while the red ones are typically shorter and rarer. Green Warp Pipes are typically found in Delfino Plaza, where they lead to many secret areas, including the Red Coin Field and the Super Slide. One green Warp Pipe is found on a small island, and is covered with an Orange Juice Generator, which, after Yoshi sprays it, will take the player to the Lily Pad Ride. Another green Warp Pipe is found in Episode 4 of Sirena Beach behind a flipping tile wall. One pipe is covered with an Orange Juice Generator which the player must use Yoshi to remove.
Red Warp Pipes are found solely in Delfino Plaza, and are only used to transport Mario to Sirena Beach and Pianta Village, in place of the Rainbow Ms for Bianco Hills, Ricco Harbor, and Gelato Beach. The Warp Pipe for Sirena Beach is located on the rooftop of a building directly behind the Grand Pianta Statue, and is originally blocked by a large Pineapple, which Yoshi must eat for the player to continue. The Warp Pipe for Pianta Village is located on top of the Shine Gate; it can be accessed via the Rocket Nozzle.
Green Warp Pipes have black interiors while red Warp Pipes have multicolored interiors.
New Super Mario Bros.
Super Mario Galaxy
Warp Pipes appear in almost every galaxy in Super Mario Galaxy, where they are often used to transport the player between a planet's outside and inside, as well as to hidden or otherwise inaccessible areas. They only appear in two colors: orange and green. Some Warp Pipes remain stationary both before and after use, while others appear only when Mario is actually coming out of them before disappearing.
Some Warp Pipes in the game are covered, and they require that either a Key be collected or every enemy on a planet be defeated in order to gain access to them.
New Super Mario Bros. Wii
Warp Pipes return to New Super Mario Bros. Wii, functioning like they did in previous games. This time, there are four different colors: green, yellow, blue, and red. The colors of the pipes only serve decorative purpose. Some Pipes will spawn Goombas or Bob-ombs. While normally stationary, Pipes occasionally move up and down, and some Pipes hang from ceilings or face horizontally. Pipe Cannons also appear.
Super Mario Galaxy 2
Warp Pipes in Super Mario Galaxy 2 serve basically the same purpose as they did in the predecessor. Some Warp Pipes tend to appear far more frequently on the ceiling of the inside sections of many planets and galaxies, mainly in the Rightside Down Galaxy and the Upside Dizzy Galaxy.
In the Supermassive Galaxy, several large Warp Pipes appear near the beginning of the level. Though they cannot be entered and therefore do not transport Mario to any special areas, they do serve a purpose. One of the first two Warp Pipes that are encountered is home to a Big Piranha Plant, which Mario must be careful to avoid. The third continually rises up and down, and acts as an elevator to the next area of the level. Later in the level, the player will fly through a large Warp Pipe tunnel leading to the next area. Two more large Warp Pipes near the end of the level house two more Big Piranha Plants.
In the Battle Belt Galaxy, Warp Pipes play a major role in progressing through the level, as they transport the player to the inside of several planets, where they must defeat every enemy to continue. The Warp Pipes in this galaxy are all covered, and the player must defeat all enemies on the surface of each planet before the planet's Warp Pipe can be accessed.
A Warp Pipe in the left ear of Starship Mario leads to a secret area where the player encounters two Lumalees who sell Chance Cubes for Coins and Star Bits. Additionally, on Starship Mario, if Mario manages to get on top of the chimney near the helm, he goes down it as if it were a Warp Pipe. The chimney leads to the engine room of Starship Mario. Mario also comes out of a Warp Pipe on the way to Peach's Castle at the very beginning of the game. At this point in the game, several other Warp Pipes are encountered which do not warp the player to anywhere at all, and so act merely as platforms.
Super Mario 3D Land
Warp Pipes appear in the Nintendo 3DS game Super Mario 3D Land. As in the 2D Mario games, vertical ones can be entered by pressing or while on one to make Mario (or Luigi) go down it; one sticking out of a wall may simply be walked into to enter. After the player has unlocked Special 1-8, Warp Pipes appear at the beginning of each world and provide access between the normal worlds and the special worlds. When Special 8- is unlocked, it replaces the Warp Pipe connecting World 8 and Special 8, which cannot be used after this point. Orange Warp Pipes appear in two hidden warp zones in Worlds 1-2 and 4-2. These allow the player to warp to the next world and skip the following levels in the world they are in.
New Super Mario Bros. 2
Warp Pipes appear in the Nintendo 3DS game New Super Mario Bros. 2. Some of them house Piranha Plants, while others allow Mario (or Luigi) to warp. If the player destroys a Piranha Plant in a Warp Pipe with a Koopa Shell affected by a Gold Ring, numerous Coins come out. Mario (or Luigi) can go down pipes by pressing or sliding /.
New Super Mario Bros. U
In the Wii U game New Super Mario Bros. U, Warp Pipes appear and work the same way as in other games, and Mini Mario can enter mini Warp Pipes like in previous games. The player can go down or up pipes with or . Some Pipes face diagonally, and cannot be entered.
Super Mario 3D World
In the Wii U game Super Mario 3D World, Clear Pipes appear. Coins or Fuzzies may travel through these and it is possible to see objects, including the players inside. Warp Pipes return as well, but are less common. The orange world-warping pipes from Super Mario 3D Land also return, and as in that game, they only appear in World 1-2 (Koopa Troopa Cave) and World 4-2 (Piranha Creeper Creek). Gold Pipes that take the player to mass coin-collection gold rooms also appear. Also, certain pipes spawn an 8-bit Luigi when the Time Limit is 105; these pipes appear in Koopa Troopa Cave and Really Rolling Hills.
Super Mario Maker / Super Mario Maker for Nintendo 3DS
Warp Pipes appear in Super Mario Maker and Super Mario Maker for Nintendo 3DS as objects that can be placed in levels. If an enemy or item is placed inside the Warp Pipe it will start spawning them. They can also be used to expand upon levels; by dragging Mario inside a Warp Pipe, the player is able to create a side area separate from the main level. The Pipe's length and positioning can also be adjusted.
Super Mario Odyssey
In Super Mario Odyssey, in addition to regular Warp Pipes, a pixelated variety also appears, where they can be found connected to walls with animated murals in the design of Super Mario Bros. If Mario enters one of these pipes, he will be transported into the mural itself in his Super Mario Bros. appearance (though while retaining his modern color scheme or his current outfit), where the player controls him in a side-scrolling sequence similar to the original game. The regular pipes have a more metallic design than most games. Moon Pipes also debut in this game, being spawned by breaking Moon Rocks; these pipes always send Mario to new sub-levels. The player can also enter the Odyssey through the largest exhaust pipe as if it were a Warp Pipe.
Unlike in prior games, Mario will enter Warp Pipes quicker if he Ground Pounds, Rolls, Dives, or Long Jumps into one, rather than finishing the move and entering it normally; the sound effect that plays when entering one will also be sped up.
Super Mario Maker 2
Warp Pipes reappear in Super Mario Maker 2 as objects that can be placed in levels. In this game, different colors of Warp Pipes appear, including red, yellow, and blue. Each color of Warp Pipe releases its contents at different speeds, with the blue Warp Pipe being the slowest and the red Warp Pipe being the fastest. Additionally, Clear Pipes appear in the Super Mario 3D World style.
Warp Pipes appear in all three of the Mario TV shows (The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3, and Super Mario World), where they function the same way as in the games the shows were based on. Warp Pipes are also present in the real world and can be used to travel between it and the Mushroom Kingdom. Throughout the cartoons, Warp Pipes are referred to with different names; in the The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 episode "Reign Storm," Princess Toadstool calls one a "drain pipe," while in the Super Mario World episode "Fire Sale," Mario refers to one as a "warp tube."
Nintendo Comics System
The Nintendo Comics System story "A Mouser in the Houser" reveals that humanoid mice constructed the Transport Tube system before their king, Mouser, was corrupted by the Koopa King. They still have extensive maps of it.
Super Mario Adventures
In Super Mario Adventures, they appeared as the mode of transport between the Mushroom Kingdom and the lands surrounding Yoshi Village. On their first trip through the Warp Pipe Bowser had traveled through, Princess Toadstool and her followers ended up at a different location from where Mario and Luigi emerged. The narration stated that Mario and Luigi "hooked up with the wrong connection somewhere," implying that not all Warp Pipes lead solely to one other location.
Warp Pipes have also appeared in the Yoshi series. They play a similar role, but they can also spawn Shy Guys, Boo Guys, and similar enemies, usually as a source for Yoshi Eggs. A Warp Pipe character has appeared in Yoshi's New Island named Mr. Pipe. He helps Yoshi by giving him helpful items if Yoshi repeatedly fails a level.
Warp Pipes appear in Yoshi's Woolly World—however, to fit with the theme of the game, they are made of yarn. Some Warp Pipes are just outlines, and can only be used after a yarn ball is thrown at them as it creates them. In multiplayer mode, when one Yoshi goes down a Warp Pipe, the other Yoshi is teleported immediately to the Warp Pipe.
Mario Kart series
In the Mario Kart series, Warp Pipes (usually referred to as simply Pipes) appear as simple obstacles on the courses, especially on the Mario Circuits. On some occasions, mostly in Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, the player can enter a pipe and get warped to another area, which is mainly for the purpose of collecting Item Boxes. This also happens in Mario Kart DS, but only in Pipe Plaza, since it's a battle course that originated from the previous game.
In Mario Kart Tour, pipes are also used as obstacles and jump boosts. Pipe Cannons reappear and fire out characters, karts, and gliders, either as new additions or duplicates. They cost five rubies to fire the pipe once and forty five to fire the pipe ten times.
Mario Party series
Warp Pipes appear in the Luigi's Engine Room board in Mario Party. They are located at the ends of different paths on the board, and all connect to a single Warp Pipe at the far right side of the board, leading to Boo, Koopa, and the Start Space.
Mario Party 2
Warp Pipes appear in the Bowser Land board in Mario Party 2. Here, green pipes lie scattered around the edges of the board, and a few red pipes appear side-by-side in the center right of the board. When the player lands on a Happening Space near any of these pipes, the player will be overcome with an urge to jump into the pipe, and will be ejected from one of the green pipes, even if they jumped in a red pipe.
Mario Party 3
Warp Pipes appear in the Waluigi's Island Battle Royale Map in Mario Party 3, fulfilling a similar role as in Mario Party's Luigi's Engine Room. Red pipes are located at the ends of different paths on the board, and when reached, they send the player to a green pipe near the Start Space.
They also appear in the Pipesqueak Duel Map. Here, hopping into one of the four pipes on the board will cause the player to come out of one of the other three pipes. The colors of the Warp Pipes are orange, yellow, blue and pink.
Mario Party 4
In Mario Party 4, the Warp Pipe is a usable item used for transportation on boards. Whoever uses it switches places with another player on a board via roulette. This makes it the successor of the Warp Block. It costs 10 Coins to purchase from an Item Shop.
Mario Party 5
In Mario Party 5, the Warp Pipe appears as the Warp Pipe Capsule. When used for 10 Coins, or if the player lands on a space containing it, it takes on the same effect as in Mario Party 4, causing the player to switch places with an opponent decided by roulette.
Mario Party 6
The Warp Pipe Capsule returns in Mario Party 6, now known as the Warp Pipe Orb. It has the same effect as in the previous game, switching the player's place with an opponent decided by roulette, except that it can no longer be thrown onto a space, and no longer costs the player Coins to use on themselves.
Warp Pipes also appear in Clockwork Castle. The top and bottom of the board each have a green pipe, a red pipe, and an inactive pipe. Upon reaching a pipe, players have the option of jumping into it, which will transport them to the other pipe of the same color. Some of the ? Spaces on the board will cause the colors of the Warp Pipes to change when landed on. At night, only the green pipes are usable.
Mario Party 7
The Warp Pipe Orb returns in Mario Party 7, but with a new effect: it is now a Roadblock Orb that can be thrown onto a space. If one of the player's opponents passes this space, a Warp Pipe appears beneath them, and transports them back to the space they started their turn at, continuing their move from there.
Mario Party 8
In Mario Party 8, Warp Pipes housing Piranha Plants appear in the DK's Treetop Temple and King Boo's Haunted Hideaway boards. When the player lands on a Green Space next to one of these pipes, the Piranha Plant inside will bite the player, taking away 10 Coins.
Mario Party DS
In Mario Party DS, Warp Pipes appear when a player reaches a shop space and decides to go in. A Warp Pipe is also used as an item, but the item is named a Star Pipe and allows the owner of the item to travel to the Star. This pipe also differentiates from a normal Warp Pipe in that it has a star pattern on the front of it.
Mario Party 9
Warp Pipes generally appear next to Lucky and Unlucky Spaces in Mario Party 9. The pipes next to a Lucky Space take the player to a six-space route with Mini Star Spaces, and Unlucky Space pipes take the player to a path with only Mini Ztar Spaces. Warp Pipes near a Lucky Space are colored blue, and the ones next to Unlucky Spaces are red, which match the colors of their respective spaces. Players willingly go down the Lucky Space pipe, while a Piranha Plant eats the player and takes them to the unlucky route.
Mario Party 10
In Mario Party 10, Warp Pipes appear in amiibo Party, where they will warp players that land on a Warp Space to another Warp Space on the board. They also appear as one of the board-exclusive events of the Peach Board known as "Plant Pipes".
Super Mario Party
Warp Pipes appear in Super Mario Party on the board Megafruit Paradise as what the player can use to alternate between islands. The Star Pipe, now known as the Golden Pipe, also returns. A cup that resembles a Warp Pipe is seen in the background of Sizzling Stakes. Additionally, Shell Shocked Deluxe features Warp Pipes as unbreakable barriers.
Mario Golf series
Warp Pipes make an appearance in Peach's Castle Grounds in Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour. When the player hits the ball into one, it will be transported to another of the same color, allowing them to skip part of the hole. Warp Pipes also appear in Mario Golf: World Tour. In holes 1, 5, and 8 of Peach Gardens, the pipes are fully seen when the entire hole is viewed, but are submerged when the hole is actually being played. When the ball enters a pipe, the pipe comes out of the ground and shoots the ball onto the green or near it. In the Royal Gardens, Warp Pipes take the Mii to Mario World courses. They are also seen in the Castle Club basement, and they take the Mii to regional or world tournaments.
Paper Mario series
In the Paper Mario series, pipes take Mario to different places and locations. In Paper Mario and its sequel, Blue Pipes exist which can take Mario to locations that have been previously visited. They can be unlocked in the Toad Town Tunnels and Rogueport Sewers respectively by hitting certain switches. Mini Warp Pipes make an appearance as well. Generally, Warp Pipes have some sort of special appearance to fit in with their locations. For example, the Warp Pipe in the picture at right is pixelated to fit in with its location in the Bitlands. Likewise, the Warp Pipes in Boggly Woods seem to be made of wood, and usually have a hole in the side so that Punies can use them more easily. Additionally, when a Warp Pipe is used in Super Paper Mario, instead of normally going straight down, the player's character splits into several small squares which then go down the pipe and reassemble at the other end, likely as a result of how Princess Peach and Bowser are too big for the Warp Pipes. Warp Pipes also appear in Paper Mario: Sticker Star, with one such Warp Pipe being a scrap that Mario must use to progress. Warp Pipes also appear in Paper Mario: Color Splash, where some Warp Pipes have enemies inside of them that must be fought in order to get through, including a Spiny and a Koopa Troopa. Warp Pipes cannot be crossed if they are not fully colored. Also, in Mustard Café, some Warp Pipes spin in the quicksand.
Mario & Luigi series
Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga / Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions
In Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, nine green Warp Pipes (thirteen in the remake) allow Mario and Luigi to travel the Beanbean Kingdom faster. In order to warp to one of these pipes, Mario and Luigi have to have entered it before. Yellow Warp Pipes also appear, which can transport Mario and Luigi to underwater or underground areas. Finally, there are also a few small green Warp Pipes, which can warp either Mario or Luigi to a 2D bonus dungeon.
Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time
During the events of Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time, special blue Warp Pipes require Mario, Luigi, Baby Mario, and Baby Luigi to stand on them in order to activate them. Also, when Mario and Luigi are separated from Baby Mario and Luigi, one of the brothers can jump up and hit a Warp Block, out of which a miniature pipe comes and plants itself in the ground. It then grows to the size of a normal pipe allowing either pair of bros. to jump in and be reunited with the other pair. If used while both pair of brothers are near each other, the pipe jumps out and goes back inside the block.
Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story / Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey
In Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story and its Nintendo 3DS remake, Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story + Bowser Jr.'s Journey, Bowser inhales several Warp Pipes once he eats the Vacuum Shroom from Fawful. In this game, they are used as a link between Bowser's body and the Mushroom Kingdom. They are the only way to get the Mario brothers out of Bowser's body, and they can be found in the Pipe Yard. Bowser cannot jump into these. A Special Attack called Spin Pipe is used in this game as well.
There are a few pipes that transport the player into another area in the overworld without going into Bowser. There are a few in Bowser's Castle, taking the player into the basement of the castle, or through the shortcut.
Mario & Luigi: Dream Team
In Mario & Luigi: Dream Team, special, gold colored Warp Pipes appear scattered throughout Pi'illo Island. These special pipes act similar to the ones in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga where they connect to different parts of the island. Standard green Warp Pipes also appear, usually leading to cave areas. Like the previous installments, both Mario and Luigi must stand on the Warp Pipe to enter it.
Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam
In Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam, a papercraft Warp Pipe also appears in the game, allowing Mario, Luigi and Paper Mario to access several locations and Toad Villages in the Mushroom Kingdom, like in the first installment. Standard green pipes retain their functionality in the game, usually leading to other areas like the underground section of Doop Doop Dunes where the Pokey Duo is fought, or as a shortcut to other places like the Warp Pipe leading to the Mount Brrr Toad Village. As the player progresses in the game, the Warp Pipe in the Lakitu Info Center allows the trio to access the Arcade. However, if the trio is in a mission, the pipes are blocked with an iron plate on top.
Super Smash Bros. series
Warp Pipes have served a multitude of purposes in the Super Smash Bros. series.
Super Smash Bros.
In Super Smash Bros., they first appear as Mario's and Luigi's on-screen appearance in reference to Mario's entrance in Super Mario 64 and later on in the stage Mushroom Kingdom, where players can use two Warp Pipes to warp between one side to another; on occasion, they may also transport to the pit in the center, where a one-way Warp Pipe appears. Also, three Warp Pipes appear in Luigi's Board the Platforms stage; they have blinking platforms coming in and out of them, which Luigi must land on in order to finish the stage.
Super Smash Bros. Melee
In Super Smash Bros. Melee, Warp Pipes act as checkpoints in Stage 1: Mushroom Kingdom of the Adventure Mode. Additionally, Warp Pipes appear in the background of the stage Mushroom Kingdom and a single diagonal Warp Pipe, supported by two mini pipes, serves as a slope on the stage Yoshi's Island.
Super Smash Bros. Brawl
In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, they reappear as Mario and Luigi's on-screen appearance and as platforms in both World 1-1 and World 1-2 versions of Mushroomy Kingdom (though they can't be entered, unlike in Super Mario Bros.; they are realistically designed, like the rest of the stage) and the returning Melee Stage Yoshi's Island. One also appears in the background on one of the islands in the Delfino Plaza stage, just as it did in Super Mario Sunshine; the others were removed. More appear in the background of Mario Circuit. The Mario Bros. stage also features the original enemy-spawning pipes, though they only release Shellcreepers and Sidesteppers.
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U
In Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, they once again serve as Mario's and Luigi's on-screen appearance. In the 3DS version, they also act as solitary platforms in the returning World 1-1 version of Mushroomy Kingdom and the new stages Golden Plains and 3D Land; in the latter stage, some of them may increase and decrease in height, like in Super Mario World, and a big one restarts the stage's loop at the end; this pipe is also seen in the stage's Final Destination form. The Paper Mario stage has a pipe in its Hither Thither Hill form, although it acts a spring instead. In PictoChat 2, Warp Pipes can be drawn onto the stage for a while; these pipes can be used for transport, just like the ones in the original Mushroom Kingdom stage. In the Wii U version, the Warp Pipes of Yoshi's Island (Melee), Delfino Plaza, and Mario Circuit (Brawl) return, working as they did before. The Super Mario Maker stage (available for both versions as DLC) may also feature solitary platform Warp Pipes.
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate
In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, Warp Pipes reappear as Mario and Luigi's on-screen appearance, and Piranha Plant fights in a Warp Pipe for four out of its eight alternate costumes. Warp Pipes also appear around the world map of Adventure Mode: World of Light, where they can be used to travel to different areas. Returning stages from previous installments, such as Mushroom Kingdom, Yoshi's Island (Melee), Mushroomy Kingdom, Delfino Plaza, Figure-8 Circuit, Mario Bros., Golden Plains, 3D Land, Paper Mario and Super Mario Maker feature Warp Pipes in the same fashion as they did before.
Donkey Kong (Game Boy)
Wario Land series
Warp Pipes are also present in four games of the Wario Land series, namely Virtual Boy Wario Land, Wario Land 3, Wario Land 4, and Wario Land: Shake It! They work exactly like their counterparts from the Mushroom Kingdom, with the distinction that they don't contain enemies.
The Golf minigame in Wario Land 3 must be accessed through a Warp Pipe. In addition, the slots in the "load file" screen of Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 bear a resemblance to Warp Pipes. In Wario Land 4, the pipes are purple and warp the player to a Puzzle Room. In Wario Land: Shake It!, if Wario goes into a green pipe, the sound effect is similar to that of the Mario series, but slightly deepened.
Mario vs. Donkey Kong series
Pipes in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series are used by the Mini toys to reach a different area in a level and generally only have two ends, with the exception of Rotate Pipes which have four and can be rotated 90 degrees. Once a Mini enters a pipe, the player must wait for the character to traverse its entire length; the position of a Mini in that pipe is shown by a corresponding icon moving slowly towards the other end of the pipe. Throughout the series, the sound produced by a pipe when entered or exited is recycled from Super Mario 64. Generic Warp Pipes, whose ends are physically interjoined, are first encountered in Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis where they are green. However, subsequent games, starting with Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem!, portray them as blue and introduce different types of pipes among the usual ones. There are Split Pipes, pairs of pipes associated by color, which are physically separate and thus allow a shorter travel time from one to another. Split Pipes can be colored yellow, pink, purple, red, cyan, or gray. Movable Pipes are green and work in the same manner as Split Pipes, but can be removed and placed in specific spots within a stage using the touchscreen.
In March of the Minis, pipes are very common in Pipe Works, the third world in the game. In Mini-Land Mayhem!, although pipes can be found in Coaster Hills early on, they are given a focus in Warped Mansion, which debuts Movable Pipes. In Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Tipping Stars, the first interjoined pipe encountered is in Rolling Hills, but the Split Pipes do not appear until Jumpy Jungle, and Movable Pipes until Crumbling Cavern.
The Workshop Store of Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Tipping Stars features multiple design patterns for interjoined pipes that can be unlocked with stars and used in the level builder. The store presents Polka-Dotted Pipes, Pink Pipes, Green Pipes and Gold Pipes. Aside from their different appearance, they work identically to blue pipes found in the single-player campaign, but are exclusive to the level builder.
Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker
Warp Pipes reappear in Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker acting as they have in Super Mario 3D World.
In the game Captain Rainbow, Warp Pipes appear and are used the same way. They can be green, yellow, or pink and produce the original Super Mario Bros. sound effect when used.
Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games
Warp Pipes appear in Golf Plus in the Nintendo 3DS version of Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. In this event, the player can hit their ball into a Warp Pipe, which will cause it to be transported to another part of the course. The red pipe gives the opportunity for the player to score a hole in one if they are able to hit their ball into it. They also appear as basic obstacles that block the ball, as well as containing Piranha Plants. Warp Pipes containing Piranha Plants also appear in BMX Plus, where they once again function as a regular obstacle.
Mario Tennis Aces
Other appearances, cameos and references
Warp Pipes appear in Skylanders: SuperChargers as part of Hammer Slam Bowser's moveset; however, due to an agreement between Nintendo and Activision, they are featured exclusively on the Nintendo versions of the game.
Warp Pipes containing Piranha Plants in them appear as furniture items in the Animal Crossing series.
In the Super Mario Mash-Up Pack in Minecraft, Cauldrons are replaced by Warp Pipes.
In Lego City Undercover a Warp Pipe can be built in the Downtown area and when the player jumps on top of it and presses , a new area will be unlocked. When entering and exiting the Warp Pipe the sound effect that is used when Mario uses a Warp Pipe is played.
Outside of video games, a Warp Pipe appears as a utility in Nintendo Monopoly, taking the place of the Water Works. It costs $150. There is also an "Advance to Go" ? Block card that mentions jumping into a pipe. In the 2010 version of the game, the Brick Block "Advance to Go" card also refers to a pipe.
In Monopoly Gamer, four Warp Pipe spaces appear on the board. Landing on one lets the player advance to the next Warp Pipe space on the board, collecting any coins on the spaces in between the two Warp Pipe spaces and any coins on the Warp Pipe space on which they land, if this causes the player to pass the GO! space, they collect two additional Coins from the Bank and initiate a Boss Fight.
Besides appearing in Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, the Warp Pipe had a prominent appearance at the Rio 2016 Olympics handover ceremony in real life. Fearing he would not be on time for the Olympics' closing ceremony on the oppposite side of the planet, Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe disguised himself as Mario and jumped into a Warp Pipe midst commuting businesspeople on the Shibuya crossing. Abe then came out of a Warp Pipe in the center of the Maracanã Stadium. It was then used as a stage prop for the dance act that followed.
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U trophy
Blue indicates exclusive to the Wii U version.
Super Mario 3D Land
Mario Party: The Top 100 description
Swap positions with one of your rivals. The tables turn fast, don't they?
Names in other languages
1 - Replaces an instance of "warp tube" in one of Mario's lines from the original English version.
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Pruning methods help to control the mature height of trees, but even with careful pruning, fruit at the top of trees is difficult to reach. Dwarf fruit trees grow from dwarf rootstock so they grow smaller than full-grown species, but dwarf trees can still grow too tall to reach. Some fruits fall from trees when you shake the limbs or come off when twisted, but other fruits don't come off easily. Several simple tools make it easy to harvest fruit from trees when you can't reach the fruit.
Clippers and Shears
Various hand tools with spring-loaded blades are available specifically for the purpose of cutting fruit from trees. The major difference between fruit clippers and shears and garden variety pruning shears is that fruit cutting tools generally have rounded or blunt tips at the end of the blades to prevent puncturing or bruising fruit. Clippers with a blunt, square tip are generally used for harvesting citrus fruits. After positioning the blades around the stem just above the fruit, you simply squeeze the handles to cut the fruit from the tree. Clippers that grip the stem and hold the fruit after cutting allow you to harvest fruit without holding a bag to catch dropped fruit.
Harvesting Knives or Hooks
Harvesting knives make ground-level fruit harvesting easier, particularly when the fruit isn't easily plucked from the tree by hand. Unlike clippers and shears with two blades, harvesting knives feature a single blade that is usually curved like a hook. A harvesting knife might be preferred over clippers because you simply put the blade behind the stem and pull forward to cut the stem without the extra attention it takes to position the stem between two blades. Although the time difference is minimal, the extra positioning time quickly adds up when harvesting large amounts of fruit. In addition to harvesting fruit from trees, this type of tool is widely used to harvest grapes from grapevines.
Pole pruners, with long or telescoping handles, make it easy to reach fruit on branches as high as 12 feet high. Pole pruners feature spring-loaded blades that operate with a cord that you pull after positioning the blades on a stem. Available with aluminum or wooden poles, this tool is the best option when the top branches can't be accessed with a ladder. It helps to have someone hold a tarp or blanket to catch the fruit so it isn't bruised as it falls from high in the tree.
Baskets and Bags
Picker baskets, which are attached to long handles, allow easy access to fruit in high tree branches. Usually made of metal, the basket features a series of hooks at the top that you position on top of the fruit. When you pull down on the pole, the hooks force the fruit off the branch and it falls into the basket. The basket is best for harder fruits, such as apples that can endure the short drop from the branch to the basket. Delicate fruits, such as mangoes, citrus fruits and avocados, benefit from a softer picking system. A pole pruner with a cutting edge and soft catching bag, such as mesh or canvas, gently catches soft fruits as you cut the stems.
- University of California-Davis Postharvest Technology and Information Center: Small-Scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops (4th Edition)
- University of California-Davis Alameda County Master Gardeners: Harvesting Fruit
- Michigan State University: Harvesting: Tools, Timing and Pests
- University of Rhode Island Landscape Horticulture Program: What Is Pruning?
- Danida Forest Seed Centre: Tools for Harvesting Tree Fruits
- Nick White/Digital Vision/Getty Images
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Oral sex involves using the mouth, tongue, or lips to sexually stimulate your partner’s vagina, anus, or penis. Oral sex is common among sexually active people and can occur between straight (heterosexual) and gay or lesbian (same-sex) couples.
It’s not surprising, then, that many STDs (and other infections) are spread by way of oral sex. If you’re exposed to a partner who suffers from an STD, it’s possible to get an infection in your throat, mouth, rectum, or genitals.
The chances of getting STD from oral sex depend on a variety of factors, including:
- The specific type and severity of the STD
- The type of sexual act you’re engaged in
- The total number of specific sexual acts performed
- The prevalence of STDs in the population to which you and your partner belong
- Whether you are having safe sex
In general, there are some key things to remember about oral sex and the risk for STDs. It’s possible to contract certain STDs in your throat or mouth while giving oral sex to your partner, even if they have an anal/rectal or genital infection.
It’s also possible to contract some STDs in the vagina, rectum, or anus while getting oral sex from a partner who has a throat or mouth infection. STDs aren’t limited to one area of the body, either, so you may experience an infection in more than one region at the same time (e.g. in the genitals and in the throat).
It’s important to remember that there is a chance of getting an STD from oral sex even if your partner isn’t showing any signs or symptoms of one. In some cases, symptoms just don’t present themselves. And since several STDs transmitted through oral sex can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated, it’s essential to ensure you get regular STD testing if you’re sexually active.
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STDs that can be spread by way of oral sex are:
Apart from these STDs, other infections including hepatitis A, intestinal parasites like amebiasis, and Shigella may spread by giving oral sex to your partner on the anus.
The factors that may increase the chances of getting STD from oral sex include:
- Poor oral health, including bleeding gums or gum disease, tooth decay, and oral cancer
- Sores on your genitals or in your mouth can increase your chances of getting STD from oral sex, as they are open wounds
- Exposure to ejaculate or pre-ejaculate of a partner who is infected with an STD
How to prevent transmission of STD during oral sex
You can reduce your chances of getting an STD from oral sex by using a dental dam, condom, or any other barrier method every time you are involved in oral sex.
- When having oral sex on the penis, your partner should cover his penis fully with a latex condom. If you have an allergy to latex, use polyurethane (plastic) condoms instead.
- When having oral sex on the anus or the vagina, use a dental dam. Make your own by simply cutting a square out of a condom and placing it between your mouth and your partner’s anus or vagina.
The chances of getting an STD from a one night stand or just one unprotected encounter are quite high. If you have sexual intercourse even once with a partner who is infected with syphilis, gonorrhea, or Chlamydia, your chances of getting the STD are about 30 percent. Since these infections can lead to serious health concerns if not treated promptly, it’s important to understand the risk that unprotected sex poses. To reduce the risk of transmission, always use a reliable form of sexual protection like latex condoms.
When used correctly and consistently, condoms are highly effective in preventing STDs that are transmitted through bodily fluids, including chlamydia and gonorrhea. They also effectively prevent the spread of HIV. They provide less protection against infections spread by way of skin-to-skin contact, such as herpes, HPV, and syphilis.
So, can you catch STD with a condom? Yes. Abstinence is the only method that is 100 percent effective. But among people who use condoms for protection, the chances are greatly reduced.
To get the most protection while using condoms, do the following:
- Read the package label of the condom before using it
- Choose condoms with a label that says they prevent disease
- Use a new condom each time you have sex
- Store condoms in a cool, dry place, as heat may weaken them and reduce their effectiveness
- If you are using lubricants with condoms, always use a water-based lubricant; oil-based lubricants like baby oil, petroleum jelly, and cold cream can weaken the condom
Choosing the right type of condom to prevent STDs
Always read the package label and look for the following two things:
- The condoms must be made of latex or, if you have an allergy to latex, polyurethane. Tests show that both polyurethane and latex condoms (including female condoms) may prevent the transmission of hepatitis and HIV. Condoms made of lambskin may not offer the same protection.
- The package label must say that condoms can prevent disease. If there is nothing mentioned on the package about prevention of disease, the condoms may not be tested to prevent the spread of STDs.
If you are sexually active, it’s a good idea to get tested for STDs. This is particularly important if:
- You are entering into a new relationship
- You and your partner aren’t using a barrier method, such as condoms, while having sex
- You or your partner are having sex with multiple partners
- You are experiencing symptoms and signs that suggest you may have an STD
- You are sexually assaulted and are concerned that you may have contracted an STD
Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant should be tested for STDs, as they can affect the fetus. Your physician may screen you for STDs at your initial prenatal visit.
At the end of the day, it’s important to remember that the only way to be completely protected from STDs is to abstain from sex. No matter what kind of sexual encounter you’re having, there is a chance of getting an STD.
Many STDs — including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, HIV, HPV, and trichomoniasis — can be spread by way of oral sex. You can reduce your chances of getting an STD from oral sex by using a dental dam or condom every time. The chances of getting an STD from a one night stand are also high if protection isn’t used. And condoms are extremely effective in preventing many of the most common STDs.
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Skip to Main Content
Automating data acquisition for 3D city models is an important research topic in photogrammetry. In addition to techniques that rely on aerial images, generating 3D building models from point clouds provided. by light detection and ranging (Lidar) sensors is gaining importance. The progress in sensor technology has triggered this development. Airborne laser scanners can deliver dense point clouds with densities of up to one point per square meter. Using this information, it's possible to detect buildings and their approximate outlines and also to extract planar roof faces and create models that correctly resemble the roof structures. The author presents a method for automatically generating 3D building models from point clouds generated by the Lidar sensing technology.
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Just like the human body, absorption of nutrition alone can not maintain the city’s “health”. In order to maintain “health”, it is also important to properly discharge waste. Collect waste from every corner of the body, detoxify it and discharge it out of the body. In the city, sewerage plays a role of this “urinary system”. Waste to be treated is mainly rainwater and domestic wastewater.
Actually, in Tokyo, there was a wastewater treatment system from the Edo period. However, in the cholera popularized in the Meiji era, a more powerful infrastructure was necessary. In this way, a modern sewer network was built in Kanda, where many victims of cholera had already been issued.
The main drainage system consists of an egg-shaped pipe about 1 km and a circular pipe of about 3.1 km, some of which are still in use. The reason for adopting an egg-shape is that the lower the water level is, the smaller the width of the pipe makes it possible to drain water. This is a type commonly used in the UK and can be confirmed already in foreign settlement in Yokohama and Kobe designed by the British.
Kanda Sewage later connected to a sewage treatment facility to process wastewater. In this way, it evolved into “renal artery” connected to “kidney”. (D.Kitagawa)
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Jump to navigation Jump to search
The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand.
Mineralocorticoids are corticosteroids, a type of steroid hormone. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex. They influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The main mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.
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As climate change accelerates, the global population increases and poverty and food insecurity persist, global food systems face the increasingly urgent challenge of feeding the planet nutritious, affordable and culturally acceptable foods while reducing environmental impacts. A truly sustainable diet must provide not just essential nutrients, but also support personal and environmental well-being.
Global food systems are facing challenges, yet at the same time, provide tremendous opportunity to help achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs are a universal call to action to achieve a more sustainable future by addressing a broad range of interconnected challenges by 2030. Climate change, poverty, inequality and the need to feed a growing global population are accelerating the convergence of nutrition and sustainability through efforts to produce nutrient-rich, safe, affordable and culturally acceptable foods while reducing environmental impacts. While the SDGs are guiding global sustainable food and agricultural commitments by commodities, food companies and retailers, much debate remains regarding how to define and achieve healthy, sustainable diets.
Growing sense of urgency is fueling efforts to define and achieve sustainable diets
Global conversation on the topic is quickly amplifying. In 2019 alone, more than 20 global reports and initiatives focused on defining and/or setting targets for global sustainable diets. As a few examples, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization released their Sustainable Healthy Diets Guiding Principles; the World Resources Institute included a shift to “healthier and more sustainable diets” as a key priority in its Creating a Sustainable Food Future report; and the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health recommended its Planetary Health Diet, which attempted to set global targets for healthy diets and sustainable food production for the first time.
Still, research on sustainable diets is in its relative infancy and, not surprisingly, fueling a lot of friction in the resulting dialogue. There’s a strong need to consider tradeoffs across multiple dimensions of sustainable food systems to operationalize these recommendations, including consideration of affordability, accessibility and cultural differences. All dimensions of sustainability—including environmental, health and socioeconomic factors—must be considered to develop effective sustainable dietary guidance. Conflicting views on these complex issues among stakeholders are adding to confusion on how to define and achieve sustainable diets.
Consumers are interested in sustainable foods but are uncertain how to identify them
Conversations about the impacts of diets on the environment have moved into the mainstream, and recent surveys affirm there’s both strong consumer interest and confusion on the topic of sustainable foods. For example, the 2019 International Food Information Council Food and Health Survey found that six in 10 U.S. consumers find it hard to know whether their food choices are environmentally sustainable, and 63 percent of these consumers say this information would have a greater influence on their food choices if it were easier to determine. A nationally representative survey conducted by Padilla|FoodMinds found that 66 percent of U.S. consumers want to learn more about sustainable foods but only one in five turn to food and beverage companies for sustainability information. They’re primarily looking toward authoritative bodies like the Food and Drug Administration (43 percent) and U.S. Department of Agriculture (39 percent) to learn more but find the available information confusing and challenging to navigate.
These results are echoed globally. The 2019 Globescan Healthy and Sustainable Living Report, conducted with consumers across 25 countries, found that consumers are keenly interested in leading more healthy and sustainable lives, but there’s a significant gap between intent and action, and they’re unsure how to achieve them.
We know that consumers seek credible sources of information about the sustainability of their food choices yet don’t know where to turn. The resulting lack of clarity drives consumer skepticism and limits the ability of sustainability considerations to impact purchase decisions today. This creates an opportunity for stakeholders throughout food supply chains, including commodities, companies, retailers and restaurants to enhance how they communicate about their products’ roles in sustainable food systems. Given the high propensity for confusion, messages should be clear and credible to effectively communicate how products are delivering benefits across all dimensions of sustainability, including environmental, health, sociocultural and economic elements.
Protein foods in the spotlight, adding to consumer confusion
One particular source of confusion are protein foods, especially with the explosion of meat alternatives and plant protein options available in the market. Consumers are increasingly looking for more choices in protein food, and the proliferation of protein products makes it essential for the food industry to clearly articulate and substantiate the sustainability benefits of their products, so consumers can make informed choices.
Interestingly, research suggests that consumers are expanding their protein choices for a variety of reasons beyond health and environmental considerations— they’re also driven by curiosity, novelty and convenience. Their food choices may be further complicated by potentially competing priorities like clean labels, price and taste. Clear labeling and marketing is critical to help consumers choose sustainable food products aligned with their values, motivations and nutrition needs. In the ongoing conversation on sustainable diets and on plant and animal protein foods specifically, transparency is more important than ever.
Clear, credible sustainability communications are key
Today’s consumers want and demand transparency regarding the sustainability of their food and the food system. Escalating pressures on the world’s food systems aren’t going away, and stakeholders across the food industry share responsibility for helping consumers eat more sustainably. As consumers continue to strive for personal and environmental wellbeing, companies should focus on continuous improvement efforts and provide transparent, credible information about the sustainability of their products to help achieve healthy, sustainable diets.
This article was co-authored by Katie Padilla and originally featured in O’Dwyer’s March 2020 Food Issue.
For more insights on communication and brand strategy, industry trends and more, subscribe today to the Weekly Buzz here.
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Image Of Tiga Dapoer Batavia, Tulungagung
Psychological sicknesses are conditions that have an effect on a particular person’s considering, feeling, temper or conduct, resembling depression, nervousness, bipolar dysfunction, or schizophrenia. Hai Sobat Nusantara, di Program Kabar Komunitas AMAN anda akan mendengarkan replace terkini terkait kondisi Komunitas Adat di tengah kondisi wabah COVID-19 saat ini. Kali ini kita akan dengarkan laporan dari Junaedi yang berasal dari Komunitas Adat Bumbung, Sembalun, Lombok, Nusa Tengara Barat. Pengantar singkat ini memberikan gambaran umum tentang virus pernapasan yang muncul, termasuk COVID-19. Not solely has there been little hands-on action taken to combat mental health points in Africa, but there has additionally been little analysis completed on the topic to unfold its awareness and stop deaths. The Lancet Global Health 142 acknowledges that there are well over 1,000 printed articles protecting bodily health in Africa, but there are nonetheless less than 50 discussing psychological well being. And this urgent dilemma of prioritizing physical health vs. psychological well being is only worsening as the continent’s inhabitants is considerably rising with analysis displaying that Between 2000 and 2015 the continent’s population grew by 49%, but the variety of years lost to disability as a result of mental and substance use disorders elevated by 52%”. 141 The variety of deaths caused by psychological instability is truly competing with those brought on by bodily diseases: In 2015, 17.9 million years had been misplaced to disability as a consequence of mental well being problems. Such problems have been nearly as vital a explanation for years lost to incapacity as had been infectious and parasitic diseases, which accounted for 18.5 million years lost to incapacity,”. 141 Mental well being and bodily health care, while they might seem separate, are very much related, as these two components determine life or death for humans. As new challenges floor and outdated challenges nonetheless haven’t been prioritized, Africa’s psychological well being care insurance policies need vital improvement as a way to provide its people with the suitable health care they deserve, hopefully preventing this problem from expanding. Bipolar disorder , also known as manic melancholy , is a mental illness that’s characterised by extreme temper swings , repeated episodes of depression, and no less than one episode of mania in the individual’s lifetime. Bipolar dysfunction is one type of mood disorder that afflicts greater than 1% of adults within the United States, as much as as many as 4 million folks. Because the cancellation of the examination dates of 16-19 March 2020 the EPO has made every effort to discover a suitable alternative to these dates. Nevertheless, it stays uncertain as to whether the strict anti-COVID-19 measures taken by the governments of most countries to guard the well being and security of the general public basically will likely be lifted in time for an EQE 2020 to be held later this yr.
What are Psychological Issues? What’s Mind Harm? What’s Stigma? We need to know as a lot about our minds as we do our our bodies. Take a look at our movies on our YouTube channel to study more. Since laboratories can submit-test the checks of previous calendar weeks within the RKI test quantity question, previous figures may be revised upwards barely in subsequent stories. The supply is express that these figures refer to exams performed and that this will not equal the variety of individuals tested, because of a number of exams per individual. Many employees, even those that don’t encounter infectious folks in the middle of their job duties, can have similar publicity dangers as the general American public in a pandemic. Exposure risks can improve for employees interacting with people with larger dangers of contracting COVID-19 and for workers who have publicity to different sources of the virus in the course of their job duties. OSHA has developed steering for classifying worker exposure dangers into lower (warning), medium, high, and very high threat categories and offers guidance and sources for protecting workers who carry out job duties in every risk stage; see the Control and Prevention page of this Safety and Health Matters page. Human health is affected by a fancy of aggregate external and inside circumstances (Watts et al., 2016). Local weather change can have some direct impacts, akin to these affecting vitamin, heart problems, and vectorborne illness (Fig. 2.7). Health can due to this fact not be viewed in isolation however is linked to many particular major impacts comparable to floods, heatwaves, and drought. In addition to the chains of impacts that affect health, demographic elements contribute. For instance, the aged are known to be significantly weak to local weather change impacts (Carter et al., 2016). Research of occupational health have additional demonstrated work-related differences in exposure and vulnerability (e.g., Kjellstrom et al., 2016). My uncle Leonid was also another case I adopted with disappointment. He grew to become hysterical after losing his position as a consul. He had a very good heart, however belonged to a uncommon psychological type that may discover peace and psychological well being in life only by means of art. Although the Chinese authorities is extolling its victory, we shouldn’t ignore their errors. As an illustration, on the onset of the outbreak, local officials covered information and downplayed the seriousness of the disease. Additionally, the primary medical doctors who tried to alert the public in regards to the virus were reprimanded by native police after which accused of spreading rumors by the media.
We’re in contact with the MOH who’ve supplied every day updates on the variety of samples tested. Now we have been advised the discrepancy between these cumulative totals and people on social media (including Fb and Twitter) are as a consequence of inside MOH delays in reporting. For example, for the 28 June 2020 the cumulative whole of samples examined on Twitter is reported to be 30,316 samples while in the inner MOH figures it is 30,333. Italians method the COVID-19 disaster in numerous methods: Professional-energetic Italians assist others face this crisis in an organized and dignified manner. They are the town planners who realistically present the crisis. Sergio Mattarella stays calm while giving recommendations about how to be unified as a nation. Counter-active Italians are those who remain caught and who do not try to change their methods of doing enterprise to meet the needs of the disaster. They’re unrealistic and unwilling to sacrifice one thing to protect their staff, and many of them wish to borrow vast sums of cash to solve the tourism, healthcare, and employment disaster. At the identical time, some spiritual Italians (not all) want to put the whole lot into the fingers of God with out trying to make efforts to keep away from getting in poor health. Others are fatalistic, solely seeing a destructive consequence, really scared about having to exit the house, obsessive about cleaning every part around them. Those who are in-denial don’t even imagine within the existence of the damaging Corona Virus; lots of them assume it’s ‘just the flu’ and they’re taking no precautions. Moreover, others are merely relaxed about it all as they suppose they need to waft. These reactions are widespread even in other cultures. Newest estimate: 0.sixteen day by day assessments per thousand people (as of 8 July 2020). Despite its stigmatized history, electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) is usually a viable therapy for people whose symptoms of despair, bipolar, or thought dysfunction have inadequately responded to psychotherapies and a number of medicine trials. Though different therapies for temper problems like St. John’s wort or ginkgo biloba aren’t acknowledged standard look after bipolar disorder, as many as one-third of some sufferers being handled for a mental illness use them. School. You’ll have recently attended or may still be attending school, and you will have received or should still be receiving special schooling providers. If that’s the case, we’ll attempt to get hold of data from your college sources after we need it to evaluate how your mental dysfunction impacts your potential to operate. Examples of this data embody your Individualized Training Packages (IEPs), your Section 504 plans, comprehensive analysis studies, school-associated remedy progress notes, info out of your teachers about the way you operate in a classroom setting, and details about any particular services or accommodations you obtain at college.
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SOLUS is Queen’s Student On-Line University System. You’ll have access to a SOLUS account once you become a Queen’s student. You’ll use SOLUS to register for courses, add and drop courses, update your contact information, view financial and academic information, and pay your tuition.
Elements of Computing Science
Introduction to algorithms: their definition, design, coding, and execution on computers. Intended for students who have no programming experience.
After completing CISC101, students will be able to:
- Design new and adapt existing algorithms to solve computing problems
- Express an algorithm in Python code
- Examine and refine a Python program to improve its robustness, readability and efficiency
- Design and construct a simple Graphical User Interface (a “GUI”) using the tkinter module
- Summarize the historical evolution and modern construction of a computer
- Discuss current trends and events in computer science
- Better appreciate their own aptitude for programming
We are surrounded by computing devices that are just useless lumps of metal and plastic without the code written by creative and skilled programmers. These people first understand the problem and then, alone or as part of a team, devise an algorithm or set of algorithms that can solve it. Next the programmer has to translate the algorithm into a language that can be understood by the computing device. If he or she has done their job well, their code will not only work efficiently under normal conditions, but it will work under extreme conditions and continue to work until external system changes require the code to be updated.
The following questions will be discussed:
- What is an algorithm?
- How does a computing device work and how can we tell it what to do?
- Is a working program always a good program?
- How can you write a program to make it more easily modified by yourself or other programmers?
- What are the common algorithms that every programmer should know?
What better way to learn how to code an algorithm than to do it? So, along with these discussions, the course will spend considerable time teaching you how to write simple programs in Python. Python is a modern object-oriented language that is popular, powerful and easy to learn.
20% - Five coding assignments (4% each)
20% - Four quizzes (5% each)
20% - Participation
40% - Final Proctored Exam
** Evaluation Subject to Change **
Discussion topics can come from:
- Questions on video material and exercises
- Assignment difficulties
- Problems understanding quiz solutions
- Evolution of modern computing technology
- Current computing trends, events and their effect on you and society
Expectations for Discussion Board includes:
- Initial post submitted on time as designated in course outline
- Length of post sufficient to demonstrate active participation and minimum grammatical error
- Posts should demonstrate knowledge and understanding of key idea and concepts
- Response to at least two other students and promote discussion by due date
- Responses to classmates should be respectful and sensitive to others’ gender, culture, background, etc.
The final exam will be written by hand on paper in three hours or less, without aids, at an approved exam centre. If the exam mark is less than 50% then the quiz, assignment and participation marks will not count – the exam mark becomes the final course grade. Previous final exams and solutions will be provided for study purposes. Details of more obscure Python syntax will be supplied with the exam, if required.
Students must write their exam on the day and time scheduled by the University. The start time may vary slightly depending on the off-campus exam centre. Do not schedule vacations, appointments, etc., during the exam period.
Textbooks and Materials
CDS reserves the right to make changes to the required material list as received by the instructor before the course starts. Please refer to the Campus Bookstore website at http://www.campusbookstore.com/Textbooks/SearchEngine/ to obtain the most up-to-date list of required materials for this course before purchasing them.
- “Introduction to Computer Science Using Python: A Computational Problem-Solving Focus” by Charles Dierbach, Wiley (2013)
Students will need to be able to write and test Python programs. The recommended tool can be downloaded from www.python.org and the recommended python version is 3.5 or newer. Versions are available for many hardware platforms and operating systems. More details will be provided.
Students can expect to spend around 120 hours in study, practice and online activity for CISC 101.
- Each week will have between 4 and 5 hours of videos to study
- Practice exercises will take between 2 and 3 hours to complete each week
- The time spent on an assignment will depend on coding aptitude and how well the preceding material has been learned. An assignment could be completed in as little as 2 or 3 hours, but could take up to 6 hours. Assignment 1 will take the least time, and will be the easiest coding assignment to complete. Coding is best learned through practice, so the assignments supply an important reinforcement of course material. Coding efficiency usually improves with experience, so later assignments will not necessarily take longer than earlier ones, even though the completed programs will be longer
- A quiz will take an hour to write each week, starting in week 2
- Time spent in forums and chat rooms will vary, but could count for an hour each week
- Readings are not required, but may be used at the student’s option to provide clarification of video material
onQ is Queen's online learning platform. You'll log into onQ to access your course. All materials related to your course—notes, readings, videos, recordings, discussion forums, assignments, quizzes, groupwork, tutorials, and help—will be on the onQ site.
About Credit Units
Queen’s courses are weighted in credit units. A typical one-term course is worth 3.0 units, and a typical two-term course is worth 6.0 units. You combine these units to create your degree. A general (three-year) BA or BSc requires a total of 90 credit units.
To take an online course, you’ll need a high speed internet connection as well as a microphone and speakers to be able to watch videos, hear sounds, and participate in interactive online activities. A webcam is recommended but not necessary.
- Laptop or Desktop computer purchased within the last 5 years. (mobile devices are not supported)
- Windows Vista SP2/Mac OSX 10.9 or higher
- Up to date versions of Firefox, Internet Explorer or Safari. Please note that Google Chrome is not recommended for use in our courses.
- Most recent version of Adobe Reader and Adobe Flash
See also Getting Started.
The deadlines for new applications to Queen’s Arts and Science Online courses are in our Upcoming Application Dates section.
Tuition fees vary depending when you start, your year, faculty, and program. Fees for Summer term 2017, Fall tern 2017 and Winter term 2018 first-year Distance Career Arts & Science Domestic students are as follows: for a 3.0-unit course, $666.91; for a 6.0-unit course, $1333.82. See also Tuition and Fees.
The information below is intended for undergraduate students in the Faculty of Arts and Science. Academic Regulations in other Faculties may differ.
|Letter Grade||Grade Point|
Have your SOLUS grade report handy and then follow the link to the Arts and Science GPA calculators.
How does this affect my academics?
See the GPA and Academic Standing page.
Follow the link above for an explanation of how the GPA system affects such things as the Dean’s Honour List, requirements to graduate, and academic progression.
Frequently Asked Questions on the Grading Scheme
Please follow this link to the FAQ's
All textbooks can be purchased at Queen’s Campus Bookstore.
All Queen’s Arts and Science Online courses are open to students at other universities. Before applying as a visiting student, request a Letter of Permission from your home university that states that you have permission to take the course and apply it to your degree. See also Apply.
Please see Queen’s policy statement on academic integrity for information on how to complete an online course honestly.
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An image of the Mars landscape taken by the Curiosity rover. Scientists… (NASA )
NASA's Curiosity rover has picked up intriguing signs of organic compounds in the Martian soil, but the key ingredient — carbon — may have been a castaway from Earth, scientists said Monday.
After completing an in-depth analysis of dust and sand from a Martian dune at a site called Rocknest, Curiosity's instruments have detected water, sulfur and chlorine compounds, said Paul Mahaffy, a member of the Mars Science Laboratory team based at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. Some of the rover's tests produced molecules that appeared to contain chlorine and carbon, but the scientists aren't yet sure what to make of the results.
The chlorinated methane and other molecules were detected by an instrument called Sample Analysis at Mars, which processes and heats soil samples. The measured chlorine levels were far too high to have originated from Earth, but the same can't be said of the carbon in the compounds, said John Grotzinger, lead scientist for the Mars Science Laboratory mission.
The results, presented at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, capped nearly two weeks of feverish speculation that Curiosity might have detected clear signs of the precursors of life on the Red Planet.
Mahaffy, the lead investigator for the SAM instrument, put the kibosh on those hopes. "SAM has no definitive detection to report of organic compounds with this first set of experiments," he told a pack of reporters. (His more detailed recap of the first three months of the mission was so packed that security turned dozens of would-be attendees away.)
Scientists' hopes were raised several weeks ago, when Curiosity detected an initial signal of methane in atmospheric measurements. Most of the methane on Earth is produced by living things, and it's also thought to be a key precursor molecule for life.
But the finding turned out to be a false alarm — a double-check turned up no methane. That first signal was probably from a molecule that had hitched a ride from Florida and tainted the Martian sample. Such contamination is something the researchers have been wary of.
In any case, the carbon could still be inorganic if it's related to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Mahaffy said. And SAM's oven could have cooked the carbon and the chlorine together to make some of the compounds the scientists think they're seeing in the sample.
It's hard to know for sure because some of the compounds aren't in crystalline form. That precludes scientists from using the other primary lab instrument in Curiosity's belly — a chemistry and mineralogy testing device called CheMin — to precisely identify compounds by bouncing X-rays off their mineral structure.
It will be a while before they can run another test to look for organic compounds, said Grotzinger, a Caltech geologist. That probably won't happen until after the team has tested the drill at the end of the rover's robotic arm. Even then, it will be a long while before scientists will be able to determine whether any carbon-based compounds are biological in nature.
First, he said, they'll have to see whether they find a similar signal in soils they sample down the road to Mt. Sharp, the 3-mile-high mound in the middle of Gale Crater whose layers could contain clues as to whether Mars was once hospitable to life.
"Curiosity's middle name is patience," Grotzinger said. "We all have to have a healthy dose of that."
Since touching down in Gale Crater on Aug. 5, Curiosity has zapped minerals with lasers, analyzed rocks with X-rays and digested sand in its sophisticated on-board laboratory.
In fact, the new results were almost secondary to the fact that the miniature lab-on-wheels actually worked, scientists said.
"We really consider this a terrific milestone, the two instruments buried deep inside Curiosity getting their first gulp of Mars material," Mahaffy said.
SAM also found a significant amount of deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, compared to the standard version of the element. This supports the idea that Mars once had a thicker atmosphere — crucial for liquid water and a warmer, more hospitable planet.
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Electromagnetic radiation worries a lot of people, especially with the increasing use of a new type of EMR in 5G cell phone networks. Since the advent of cell phones and Wi-Fi, we have been exposed to large amounts of several types of EMR for the first time in history, and many have speculated about the long-term health consequences. Unfortunately, it’s difficult to find an expert on this topic who is balanced and can carefully review the available evidence without their own biases.
The sun, cell phones, television, radio, and power lines all generate fields of EMR, which comes in an entire spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths. The term EMF, meaning electromagnetic field, is frequently used interchangeably with EMR. However, EMF has also been used to mean electromagnetic frequency.
Early on, the possibility was raised by researchers and the lay public that EMR produced by cell phones could increase the risk of brain cancer and that EMR from power lines could cause leukemia. In 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the International EMF Project to bring together information and research from national agencies and scientific institutions. It’s worth noting that more than 21,000 scientific articles have been published concerning the effects of EMR. Some but not all of the studies suggest that EMR is associated with increased risk of certain cancers, but the lack of good data and solid experimental design makes it premature to conclude that there are adverse effects.
As a result, the scientific community has concluded that it is unlikely that EMR generated by Wi-Fi and cell phones elicits any health consequences and that it does not significantly increase risk of cancers. Whether these findings will change and evolve as more people are exposed to higher amounts of multiple types of radiation is not yet known. As summarized below, it is possible that EMR is affecting our bodies in ways we do not yet understand.
Before you continue reading, to be clear: It is important to recognize that there is no evidence in support of any link between 5G and COVID-19. Conspiracy theorists have claimed that COVID-19 is not caused by a virus and that symptoms result directly from 5G exposure. It has also been claimed that 5G transmits and spreads the coronavirus and that 5G suppresses our immune response. There is no basis for these theories, and there is a large amount of evidence proving them wrong.
- •EMR comes in a spectrum, from gamma rays to visible light to radio waves. Wi-Fi and cell phones use microwave radiation that falls between visible light and radio waves.
- •Regulatory agencies and much of the scientific community agree that, based on a great deal of research, the microwave radiation used for Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, cell phones, and microwaves is safe when used properly. But improper use that results in the heating of tissues can have adverse effects.
- •There is controversy over the significance of nonthermal effects of EMR. Rates of childhood leukemia, brain cancer, and miscarriage have been correlated with levels of exposure to EMR in some but not all studies.
- •The strength of EMR decreases exponentially with distance from the source. The head’s radiation exposure from a cell phone is lower when the phone is held a few centimeters away from the head than when it’s held directly against the head. EMR exposure can be measured by a portable device.
- •Because it is difficult to estimate the amount of EMR people were exposed to during the years prior to developing a disease, data linking EMR with disease is not considered high-quality. Further, this kind of observational research does not demonstrate causation—it demonstrates associations that may turn out to be coincidental.
- •So far, there has not been evidence of unique health effects from 5G. On the other hand, we do not yet have evidence that use of 5G as planned will be completely safe.
- •Scientists and regulatory agencies agree that further research is required to understand how to safely use EMR in the future.
Types of EMR
EMR is not a very useful term because it’s not specific. EMR comes in a spectrum of wavelengths, with the shortest wavelengths—the high-energy gamma rays and X-rays—being the most dangerous. X-rays and gamma rays are types of ionizing radiation that damage molecules and cells. Because of this, they are used at high levels in radiation therapy to destroy tumors. However, many years later, new tumors may occur as a result of damage to DNA from the radiation therapy.
We are exposed to ionizing radiation from medical X-rays and CT scans and also from natural sources, like radon gas. Radon gas comes from certain soil types, accumulates in homes, and is a major cause of lung cancer. Largely due to increased use of CT scans, medical imaging has overtaken natural background radiation as the largest source of ionizing radiation exposure in the US.
Ultraviolet light comprises wavelengths a little longer than X-rays on the light spectrum. It is another form of ionizing radiation that is dangerous, causing sunburns and increasing risk of skin cancers.
Next on the spectrum are various forms of nonionizing radiation: visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves. Visible light, infrared light, and radio waves do not pose any known danger. Microwave radiation—the type people are concerned about—falls in between infrared light and radio waves on the spectrum. Microwave radiation includes the wavelengths used for microwave ovens, 3G, 4G, 5G, and Wi-Fi.
The first rollout of 5G uses wavelengths already in use for other wireless systems. More-powerful iterations of 5G will use subclasses of microwave radiation called centimeter and millimeter waves (MMW). In talking about the effects of EMR, it’s important to specify the type of wave and take into account the amount, or strength, of the radiation.
Courtesy of NIH/DOHS
Proper Use of EMR
Much of the scientific community agrees that, based on a great deal of research, the microwave radiation used for Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, cell phones, and microwaves is safe when used properly, although some health professionals still question this conclusion. The potential for adverse consequences when EMR is not used properly, such as when body tissue is heated, is not disputed. Because sperm production is sensitive to temperature, the testes may be particularly affected by heating from a cell phone kept in a pants pocket. EMR from cell phones has been shown in some but not all animal studies to decrease sperm count and motility. Chronic exposure to heat from radiation can also damage the skin and eyes, so the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set limits for how much radiation we can be exposed to.
The scientific community is still wrestling with the issue of safe use levels for cell phone radiation. Extensive measurements from a study in France showed that most cell phones don’t meet standards for microwave radiation exposure and greatly exceed radiation exposure limits when touching the body. Cell phone manufacturers try to make up for this by recommending that cell phones be held five to twenty-five millimeters away from the head. It’s not clear whether this is a good solution, and more research is needed on this.
More Controversial Effects of EMR
The biggest controversy around EMR lies in the possibility of nonthermal effects. People have questioned whether microwave radiation from cell phones or Wi-Fi can cause breaks in DNA, leakage in the blood-brain barrier, or cancer. In human studies, a link between EMR exposure and an increased risk of miscarriage has been suggested by correlating rates of miscarriage and exposure to EMR-emitting devices such as cell phones. It is not uncommon for this sort of study to yield misleading results because it is difficult to rule out all of the other lifestyle factors that could be causing miscarriage. It’s crucial to gather more data and carry out well-controlled trials to resolve this.
EMR and Cancer
There is confusion about the strength of the evidence linking EMR and cancer. In 2011, the WHO classified EMR as a class 2B carcinogen, a classification that is widely misinterpreted. This does not mean that the WHO said that EMR causes cancer. It means that there is limited evidence in humans and none in animals and that additional research is called for. Other things characterized as class 2B carcinogens include aloe vera leaf extract, bracken fern, and goldenseal root powder. Since then, a large amount of research has been published and overall the evidence is suggestive, not definitive.
To understand why the scientific community is hesitant to accept that EMR could be carcinogenic, it helps to envision what it would take to clearly demonstrate that it causes cancer: a large-scale double-blind placebo-controlled study. People would be randomized to receive exposure to controlled amounts of EMR for many years while others would be randomized to protection from any EMR exposure during this time. These sorts of controlled clinical trials are not possible, and furthermore, they are unethical because we don’t yet know what the health effects of EMR exposure are. The next best choice is to carry out controlled experiments with animals and do observational studies, following people to see whether those with higher exposure to EMR have higher rates of cancer over time. These kinds of studies have found that if there is a true effect of EMR on cancer, it is small and difficult to measure.
Human Studies on Childhood Leukemia
In several reviews of observational studies, childhood leukemia has been linked to EMR produced by high-power electrical transmission lines. The amount of radiation exposure from power lines decreases exponentially the farther you are from the source. A very small percentage of children in the studies who lived or were born closest to transmission lines and received the highest exposure were found to have higher rates of leukemia.
Taking all of the evidence into account, in 2015, the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks stated that there was a correlation between high exposure to EMR and childhood leukemia. However, the commission also stated that it was not clear that EMR was causing the leukemia. The association could be due to the EMR generated by the power lines, or it could be due to other factors that the people who lived nearest power lines have in common, such as socioeconomic status. And it is very difficult to accurately determine the amount of radiation that the children were exposed to years in the past, making these finding unreliable.
Large studies carried out by the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health in 2016 and 2017 have reported that they have not found clear evidence that EMR exposure is correlated with increased risk of leukemia, but that a small level of risk is not yet ruled out.
Human Studies on Brain Cancer
In addition to leukemia, some studies have suggested that brain cancer is linked to EMR. Researchers have correlated longer-term or higher exposure to EMR from cell phones with the development of a brain cancer called glioma. This research entails asking people to recall their cell phone use—and sometimes their use of cordless phones—for many years in the past. From this type of retrospective study, it will never be clear whether the correlation is a coincidence, or whether there is direct causation. However, a strong correlation may justify additional research that can discern cause-and-effect relationships.
Keep in mind that the accuracy of human studies using self-reporting measures depends on people being able to remember how many hours they spent on the phone over the past ten years and longer. Memories may be altered by a suspicion that the phone caused their brain cancer—this is recall bias. This may be likely if someone develops a brain cancer on the side of their head that they hold their phone to. It would be natural to want an explanation for a diagnosis of brain cancer and to subconsciously overestimate cell phone use.
In 2010, authors of an international study called INTERPHONE concluded that their results did not demonstrate a link between cell phone use and brain cancer. The researchers determined whether people with brain cancer had used cell phones more than people who did not have brain cancer. People were asked to recall their cell phone usage for more than ten years. A few of the numerous statistical comparisons showed a correlation between high cell phone use and rates of cancer. On the other hand, more than forty statistical comparisons correlated cell phone use with decreased likelihood of cancer.
In 2015, scientists from Umeå University in Sweden came to a different conclusion: They reported that cell phone use was associated with increased occurrence of glioma. Their data showed a two- to threefold higher risk of glioma in people who reported the very highest or longest use of cell phones. Risk of glioma was highest on the side of the head that the phone was used on, and in the part of the brain nearest the ear (the temporal lobe). Risk was also highest in people who started using cell phones before age twenty. This study had the same limitations discussed above, including potential recall bias from relying on people remembering how often they had used cell phones in years past, and it also included a smaller number of people than the INTERPHONE study.
Largely because of the problems inherent in this type of research, there is not yet agreement on whether cell phone use has a meaningful impact on risk of brain cancer. The European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks concluded in 2015 that there was no increased risk of brain tumors or other cancers of the head and neck in adults or children as a result of EMR exposure.
More recently, two meta-analyses published in 2017 concluded that an increased risk of glioma is not seen in people who have used cell phones for less than ten years but that studies have consistently found increased risk of glioma correlating with the use of cell phones for more than ten years. They also concluded that there was no evidence for increased risk of other types of brain tumors, such as meningioma or acoustic neuroma. However, both analyses stated that the evidence was of poor quality and recommended further research before drawing firm conclusions.
It’s important to remember that poor-quality evidence can be misleading. Here’s an example that is not related to EMR: the observational studies that were cited for many years to justify the use of estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy by menopausal women. Large observational studies reported that hormone therapy was associated with better cardiovascular health. When controlled trials were done, the opposite was found to be true.
Animal Studies on Cancer
Research on EMR and cancer in animals has been inconclusive and of inconsistent quality. To address these problems, a major study from the US National Toxicology Program looked at the relationship between controlled exposure to EMR and the development of cancer in rats and mice. Rats were exposed to two types of EMR that are used in 2G and 3G wireless networks, starting in utero and continuing through their lives.
Exposure of pregnant rats to radiation did not cause miscarriage, although exposed pups weighed less than control pups. Male—but not female—rats exposed to EMR developed more gliomas and heart tumors (schwannomas) than unexposed rats. The number of tumors was low, but the results were considered significant. As with most of the research on EMR, there is a caveat: Under the best of circumstances, rats will develop gliomas, and the initial report on this research stated that the number of gliomas was not more than normally expected for this species of rat.
This study also reported something unexpected that either casts doubt on the entire experiment or raises new questions: All groups of male rats exposed to both kinds of EMR at three different levels lived significantly longer than the control rats. As with any research but especially because of the unexpected difference in life span in the animals exposed to EMR, these results require additional well-controlled research to confirm that they are not spurious.
5G Thermal Effects
So far, there has not been evidence of unique health effects from 5G, and government agencies report that moderate levels of exposure are not of concern. On the other hand, we do not yet have evidence that use of 5G will be completely safe. This type of research requires data from large numbers of people exposed to high levels of 5G.
The potential that 5G may have some adverse effects is not disputed: The FCC and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) have both adopted guidelines for the amount of MMW radiation—a subclass of microwave radiation used in 5G—that people can safely be exposed to. MMW is absorbed by skin cells, heating them, and at high enough levels, it can burn skin. The ability of high levels of MMW to heat cells has potential for multiple uses. Applying microwave radiation directly to tumors in order to generate heat and to sensitize them to chemotherapy is being investigated as an adjunct cancer therapy.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety has concluded that thermal effects are the only health concerns for MMW, based on an extensive review of over 1,300 primary peer-reviewed studies. The question is: Do existing policies and regulations adequately protect us from thermal effects? 5G will allow increased use of virtual reality, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities, but we do not yet know the long-term consequences of heating the eyes and skin through cell phone and electronic use at real-life levels.
Doubts and Remaining Questions About 5G
Some scientists have proposed that MMW has harmful effects that are not related to thermal damage. For example, when skin cells were exposed to maximum allowable levels of MMW, causing their temperature to be significantly increased, they responded with many changes in gene expression. Some of these changes were not seen when the cells were heated in another way. In 2019, an extensive analysis of the published research on MMW concluded that there are not yet enough blind, well-controlled experiments that have been independently verified to know whether nonthermal damage is a real issue or not. Whether further research will confirm nonthermal effects of MMW is not yet known.
Research scientists from the NYU Department of Radiology and the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering have clearly stated that more research on 5G radiation is called for in order to ensure its safe use: “Biological study of mm Waves is needed to ensure safety and to enhance our fundamental understanding of the interactions of mm Wave systems with the human body.… It is important to note that many governments presently rely on regulations that were developed before the year 2000, well before the rapid growth of wireless communications and low-cost mm Wave devices.”
For those interested in learning more about existing research, the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Germany has an open-access website called EMF-Portal, which has over 21,000 scientific papers on the effects of EMF on human health and biological systems.
This article is for informational purposes only. It is not, nor is it intended to be, a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and should never be relied upon for specific medical advice. To the extent that this article features the advice of physicians or medical practitioners, the views expressed are the views of the cited expert and do not necessarily represent the views of goop.
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Stages of Speech-Language Development
Effective communication is one of the most important foundational skills that affects all other areas of development. Communication helps connect with others; builds relationships; and allows to regulate and manage emotions through the use of exchanging gestures, body language, words, and ideas. Here's a quick reference guide to the stages of speech and language development.
Click here for the high-resolution PDF document.
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Halifax in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia — The Canadian Atlantic
Province House is an architectural monument and the setting for signifiant events in Canadian political life. Begun in 1811 and opened in 1819 as the seat of government for Nova Scotia, it is one of the finest Palladian-style buildings in Canada. Its symmetrical composition, harmonious proportions and refined interior detailing are distinguishing features of the classical architecture of Georgian England. Before Confederation, epic orations within these walls contributed to the achievement of freedom of the press and responsible government, cornerstones of democracy in this country.
Monument architectural, cet édifice fut le théâtre d’événements marquants de la vie politique canadienne. Commencé en 1811 et ouvert en 1819 comme siège de gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Écosse, c’est l’un des plus beaux immeubles de style palladien au Canada. Sa composition symétrique, ses proportions harmonieuses et ses détails intérieurs raffinés sont des traits caractéristiques. Des discours épiques prononcés ici avant la Confédération contribuèrent à l’avènement de la liberté de la presse et du gouvernement responsable, pierres angulaires del la démocratie au Canada,
Erected by Historic Sites and Monument Board of Canada/Commission de lieux et monuments historique
Location. 44° 38.888′ N, 63° 34.391′ W. Marker is in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in Halifax Regional Municipality. Marker is on Hollis Street just from George Street, on the right when traveling south. Click for map. Marker is at or near this postal address: 1726 Hollis Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J, Canada.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. South African War Monument (within shouting distance of this marker); Samuel Cunard (about 180 meters away, measured in a direct line); Halifax’s Cable Wharf (about 180 meters away); Halifax Waterfront Buildings (about 210 meters away); Canadian Sailor's Monument (approx. 0.2 kilometers away); Norway (approx. 0.3 kilometers away); There Was Once a Very Special Ship (approx. 0.4 kilometers away); Glebe House Campus (approx. 0.4 kilometers away). Click for a list of all markers in Halifax.
Also see . . . Province House (Nova Scotia). Province House is where the Nova Scotia Legislature, known officially as the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, has met every year since 1819, making it the longest serving legislative building in Canada. The building is Canada's oldest house of government. (Submitted on October 10, 2014, by Barry Swackhamer of San Jose, California.)
Categories. • Notable Buildings •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Barry Swackhamer of San Jose, California. This page has been viewed 255 times since then and 15 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on , by Barry Swackhamer of San Jose, California. • Andrew Ruppenstein was the editor who published this page. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016.
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Inspired by an era of campus activism in the late 1960s, Black Student Union Members first proposed the idea of a Black Cultural Center in 1971, but was met with resistance. However, key Black Student Union Members continued to push the idea and it began to gain momentum in 1981.
Twelve years later from the initial proposal, under the leadership of the Black Studies Program, President Robert Dickeson, and the Black Student Union of 1983, the Center opened its doors on February 1st, 1983 in conjunction with Black History Awareness Month. The Center was subsequently named the Marcus Garvey Cultural Center.
President Robert Dickenson, BSU President Neil Williams, Ex-BSU President Richard Kynard, Black Studies Department Chairman Robert Dillingham, BSU Vice President Darryl Miller, and Co-founder of the Black Panther Party Bobby Seale were the individuals present to share their remarks to the audience during the dedication ceremony:
- President Dickenson shared that this was an idea the University had been thinking about and was pleased to have the dedication. He also mentioned that the Center would provide an important additional item for the recruitment of minorities.
- Neil Williams shared that his primary hope for the center was that it might improve the quality of campus life for African-American students.
- Richard Kynard shared that it had been a long hard road and it had took 12 years for their (Black Student Union) dream to come true.
- In Robert Dillingham’s speech titled, “The Legacy of Marcus Garvey”, he expressed that Garvey was a misunderstood activist who tried to better the lot of Black people in the U.S. He then quoted Garvey as saying “Men who are earnest are not afraid of consequences”.
- Darryl Miller stated that there would be no Black Studies Department or Marcus Garvey Cultural Center if there were not an active Black support network on campus.
- Bobby Seale concluded the ceremony by talking about Marcus Garvey and his role in representing "black people's historic resistance to racist oppression" and the importance of centers like the newly established one named in Garvey's honor.
The Marcus Garvey Cultural Center is the first Black Cultural Center established on a university campus in the State of Colorado because of the determination of the community and a host of others.
"UNC made history that still stands to this day, but it did not happen without struggle, issues and challenges." - Neil William, BA- 83
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Dangerous substances meaning any liquid, gas or solid that poses a risk to
workers health or safety can be found in nearly all workplaces. Across
Europe, millions of workers come into contact with chemical and biological
agents that can harm them.
According to recent research, 19 % of EU workers report being exposed to toxic
vapours for a quarter or more of their working time, while 15 % of workers have
to handle dangerous substances as part of their daily work.
If the risks of using dangerous substances are not properly managed, workers
health can be harmed in a variety of ways, with effects ranging from mild eye
and skin irritations to asthma, reproductive problems and birth defects, and
cancer. This can be through a single short exposure, or multiple exposures and
long-term accumulation of substances in the body.
By law, employers in the EU must protect their workers from being harmed by
dangerous substances in the workplace. Employers must carry out risk
assessments, and act on them. Legislation also governs the identification and
labelling of the thousands of different substances that are registered in the
Reducing the risks of working with dangerous substances is not just a moral and
legal imperative there is a strong business case for it as well.
Organisations can suffer when things go wrong, through lost productivity, and
increased liability to prosecution and claims for compensation -, as well as
Fortunately, a large amount of guidance is available for employers and workers
in dealing with dangerous substances. And across Europe, there are many
examples of good practice to learn from.
By taking appropriate action, workers can be kept safe while using dangerous
Employers are also obliged to provide workers with information on the risks
posed by hazardous substances, and training in how to use them safely.
Regulations apply both to marketed products and to the waste and by-products
resulting from production processes.
AplusA-online.de - Source: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
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Is barley the biofuel option for the future?
The benefits of using barley for bioenergy production do not stop at the petrol pump, according to US Department of Agriculture (USDA) studies.
Scientists with USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) have found that barley grain can be used to produce ethanol, and the leftover byproducts-barley straw, hulls, and dried distillers grains (DDGS)-can be used to produce an energy-rich oil called bio-oil. The bio-oil could then be used either for transportation fuels or for producing heat and power needed for both industrial and domestic purposes. ARS is USDA’s principal intramural scientific research agency, and these results support the USDA priority of developing new sources of bioenergy.
The barley work was conducted by several scientists, including chemical engineer and pyrolysis team leader Akwasi Boateng, chemist Charles Mullen, mechanical engineer Neil Goldberg, chemist Robert Moreau and research leader Kevin Hicks. The researchers produced bio-oil from all three barley byproducts using a technology called ‘fast pyrolysis’, an intense burst of heat delivered in the absence of oxygen.
In the lab, a kilogram of barley straw and hulls yielded about half a kilogram of bio-oil with an energy content of about half that of standard diesel fuel oil. The energy content of bio-oil made from barley DDGS, including DDGS contaminated with mycotoxins, which can’t be used to supplement livestock feed, was even higher, about two-thirds of the level diesel fuel oil. However, the bio-oil was more viscous and had a shorter shelf life than bio-oils produced from straw or hulls.
The process also created a solid byproduct called ‘biochar’ that might improve the water-holding capacity and nutrient content of soils. Amending soils with biochar can sequester carbon in the soil for thousands of years.
The pyrolysis dimension to the ARS research could have a direct usage in Ireland, as the technology has long been mooted as a treatment option for poultry litter. There is currently deep concern about the transport of litter throughout the island of Ireland and the health risks this poses to poultry enterprises. Litter can also be a potential source of botulism in cattle, when spread on grassland!
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CC-MAIN-2018-39
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| 0.943729 | 490 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Ship Sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) was never abundant in the Danube River basin. The last reported catch of Ship Sturgeon was in the Hungarian part of the Middle Danube in 2009. There have been no documented catches in Romania for at least 30-40 years. Ship Sturgeons are Critically Endangered.
Facts and Figures
- This sturgeon matures relatively late and lives up to 30 years.
- The Ship Sturgeon likes to live at sea, close to shores and estuaries. In freshwater it favours deep stretches of large rivers.
- The Ship Sturgeon spends at least part of its life in salt water, returning to rivers to breed, but some non-migratory freshwater populations also exist.
Believed to be on the
verge of global extinction.
Possibly extinct in the Danube.
Considered the most fertile
among the sturgeon species.
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en
| 0.934491 | 189 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Professor Keith Sawyer makes a useful connection between innovation and learning when he writes, “What both innovation and learning have in common is adaptability and improvisationality.” He connects this idea with authors Joaquín Alegre and Ricardo Chiva from the Sloan Management Review. They identified five core features of high organizational learning capability (OLC) companies: experimentation, risk taking, interaction with the external environment, dialogue, and participative decision making. Keith has found that these five characteristics also hold true of organizations that use the power of collaboration to generate innovation. He believes that organizations high in learning ability are more likely to be innovative organizations.
I am inclined to agree. The reality though for many organizations is that they may be missing one or more of these characteristics. Yet they still must innovate to grow. What would be truly useful is a rigorous innovation diagnostic based on these five characteristics. This diagnostic could help a company identify where it is weak and where it needs to focus attention and resources. Here is how it might work.
Experimentation: The authors define this as the degree to which new ideas and suggestions are dealt with sympathetically by the organization. Measure this in several ways: the budget dollars spent on designing and running experiements, the amount of new ideas generated, and the percentage of those ideas that challenge the established order as described by Alegre and Chiva. My observation is that organizations see the value of experimenting more during the hard times than the good times. Therefore, measuring this characteristic over time would be most useful.
Risk Taking: Measure employees in terms of their tolerance for ambiguity using established testing methods. Measure organizational risk-taking in terms of the internal rate of return of projects initiated and rejected. My observation is that organizations take too little risk not because they cannot bear it from a portfolio point-of-view, but rather from an individual career risk point-of-view. People, not organizations, are afraid to fail. They play “not to lose.”
Interaction with the External Environment: The authors define this as the scope of relationships with factors that are beyond the direct control or influence of the organization and include competitors, the economic system, the social system, the monetary system and the political/legal system. Measure this by the amount of money spent on direct contact with these entities. Also measure the resources spent to collect information about them. What is the net aggregage spend on issues external to the firm? My observation is that firms tend to be very good at observing and monitoring the external world, but few are excellent at interacting with it. That is the key to leveraging it for innovation.
Dialogue: Dialogue is a way of spreading information and skills throughout an organization, and it helps create multiple viewpoints. Measure both the speed, volume, and fidelity of information as it spreads through the firm. Do this by taking a new issue as it emerges and systematically studying its diffusion. Identify the information pathways, both formal and informal. My observation is that firms are improving here. They see the value in teaching employees how to 1. establish their internal network, then 2. use systematic persuasion principles to influence and change the firm.
Participative Decision Making: This refers to the level of influence employees have in the decision- making process. Measure employee satisfaction, motivation, and degree to which they feel involved and engaged. The Q12 Assessment might be an effective measurement tool in this area. My observation is that firms have gotten pretty good at this because it correlates to other success factors, not just innovation.
Alegre and Chiva note that these five characteristics combine to create an excellent snapshot of an organization’s OLC. They suggest that an organization can use surveys and other internal metrics as a way of measuring its ability to learn and innovate. If an organization measures an improvement in its learning capability, it will very likely see a concurrent increase in innovation.
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Dallas was broadcast in "over 90 countries from Turkey to Australia, from Hong Kong to Great Britain, [and the world witnessed] empty streets and a dramatic drop in water consumption when an episode" aired.
On the air from 1978 to 1991, the CBS blockbuster program Dallas solidified national and global stereotypes about the typical Texas oil family: Swaggering, scheming, and very, very rich. With a single gusher atop a Beaumont salt dome at the turn of the twentieth century, Texas had embarked on its own industrial revolution. Whole cities developed overnight, while independent wildcatters and newly formed corporations experienced a rapid increase in wealth. Within a few years, the Lone Star State transformed from a bountiful source of cattle and cotton to a global economic authority. Texas and Texans would never be the same.
Numerous authors, scholars, and journalists have examined documents, newspapers, and photographs to tell the evocative story of the Texas oil and gas industry. POWER: GLIMPSES OF BOOMTOWN TEXAS explores what moving images reveal to us that other historical registers do not. The fictional world of Dallas represents a certain cinematic Texas dynasty, but home movies show the impact on real Texas oil tycoons, roughnecks, and truckers. Industrial and promotional films illustrate the pitches made to entice individuals and businesses to the booming state. Newsreels and local television often highlight the dangers posed to oil workers, while educational and government films soberly consider lasting economic and environmental effects.
POWER forms not only a visual record of Texas oil operations but also a compelling examination of how the industry produces power beyond energy utility. For the state’s widespread oil and gas production also manifests considerable social power, national economic power, worldwide political power, and enduring cultural power. Power well suited for Hollywood entertainment, from Boom Town (1940) and Giant (1956) to AMC's television adaptation of The Son and, of course, back to Dallas.
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| 0.927274 | 401 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Lotteries are a form of gambling in which numbers are randomly drawn. Some governments outlaw the practice, while others endorse it and even organize a national or state lottery. While lotteries are legal, they are also regulated by the governments that operate them. Read on for some of the important facts about lottery games and how they work.
An example of a financial togel is the Dutch state-owned Staatsloterij
A financial lottery is a game in which individuals purchase tickets for a chance to win big cash prizes. In the Netherlands, the state-owned Staatsloterij has been in operation for more than 230 years and paid out over EUR 37 million in prize money in 2013. These draws take place every month on the tenth day of the month. Each month, more than one million people are guaranteed to win a prize.
Online lotteries pay winners through their insurance backup
Many togel winners opt to take a lump-sum payout. In this case, they can immediately invest the money and begin compounding the interest. Others choose to take a lottery annuity. These payments are usually closer to the advertised winnings. In addition, they prevent lottery winners from spending all of their money at once. Depending on the lottery and jurisdiction, winners may be subject to taxes on their lottery winnings.
French lotteries are run by state governments
The French lottery is an example of a state-run lottery, which is a form of gambling. It is a popular form of entertainment and a source of income for the state. In France, lottery games are regulated by state governments, but the federal government also oversees the lottery industry. French lotteries became popular during the 1500s and remained popular until the 17th century, when the king of France, Louis XIV, won a lottery and returned the money to the government. This was a scandal, and the lottery was banned in France until 1836.
Chinese keno slips are the first recorded signs of a lottery
The Chinese keno slips are the first known signs of a lottery, dating back to the Han Dynasty (205-187 BC). Many people think these lottery slips were used for large government projects, and the Chinese Book of Songs mentions drawing wood for government projects. The Chinese game was also known as ‘the drawing of wood’ and is believed to have helped fund major government projects.
Lottery annuities are for a period of 20 to 30 years
Lottery annuities are a form of investment that pays a payout over a specified period of time. You can choose a 20 or 30-year term, or a lifetime payout. The type of annuity you choose will depend on your personal circumstances. A fixed immediate annuity is the safest option. Annuities are sold by insurance companies. The first two hundred and fifty thousand dollars are usually insured. However, if you win more than that, you may be subject to even higher taxes.
Taxes influence lottery winners’ decisions
Taxes are an issue that can influence lottery winners’ decisions. Lottery winners who win large amounts of money may consider selling lottery proceeds to avoid paying taxes on them. This can create new financial and social pressures for them. They may also have to deal with income tax implications, such as when to recognize the money, the application of the economic benefit doctrine, withholding, and whether they can deduct losses.
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| 0.973239 | 692 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Centers for Disease Control note that approximately 11 percent of children under the age of 18 and four percent of adults 18 and older suffer from ADHD. Despite afflicted a significant portion of the population, this condition is highly treatable and can be easily managed with proper medical intervention. If you are in the Orlando area and believe you or your child is affected by this condition, you can learn more about the ADHD training offered at our center.
ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a condition that affects children, teenagers and adults. It is often misdiagnosed as other conditions like depression, anxiety or manic behavior. However, once it is properly diagnosed, it can be treated in a variety of ways and managed with continued medical care.
ADHD statistically affects males more than females. It also can last for anywhere from a few months to a few years if not an entire lifetime. The severity, symptoms, and underlying cause of your ADHD will influence in what manner your own diagnosis will be treated.
Our physicians utilize an assortment of ADHD training methods. The primary line of defense against this condition involves the use of prescription medications. Depending on factors like the severity of your symptoms, the cause for your ADHD and your age, you may be prescribed any of commonly recommended medicines for this condition such as:
These medications are designed to curb symptoms like hyperactivity and impulsiveness. They also increase your attention span and help you remain more focused and productive throughout the day.
ADHD Training Without Medication
If you want to approach ADHD without the use of medication, we specialize in ADHD training specifically designed to improve cognitive functioning. Neurofeedback has been proven to be very effective for conditions such as ADHD.
Children with ADHD may respond well to additional forms of training like:
• behavioral modification
• social training
• special education
• ADHD support or playgroups
You will need to remain under the constant care of your primary care physician while undergoing ADHD treatment, which can last for several years.
ADHD Symptoms and Causes
Doctors have not pinpointed a single definitive factor that causes this condition. However, they suspect that it may be triggered or exacerbated by:
• poor diet
• exposure to toxins
• injury to or illness of the brain’s frontal lobe
• chemical imbalance in the brain
These contributors can invite a host of ADHD symptoms like:
• difficulty with peers, coworkers, or family members
• excessive frustration or boredom
With the proper approach, these symptoms dissipate or become significantly less noticeable. You may find it easier to function throughout the day, maintain control of your behavior and keep emotions like anger and anxiety in check.
If you are interested in the benefits of neurofeedback ADHD training, we can help you learn more at the Advanced Health & Performance Institute in Orlando. Contact us today to schedule your first appointment!
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| 0.936891 | 579 | 2.953125 | 3 |
What are your perceptions of an e-cargo bike? Peculiar-looking? A novelty that will eventually wear off? What about capable? As well as being favourable for the environment, they can also bring social and economic benefits both for businesses as well as individuals.
E-cargo bikes are simply electrically assisted bikes designed to carry a big load. And compared with diesel vans, these freight vehicles emit up to 90% fewer carbon emissions when delivering goods in city centres as the final part of the supply chain, or the ‘last-mile’. Recent studies have also found that they’re beneficial for businesses in dense, urban environments. Not only are they cheaper to use, but they can also deliver parcels 60% faster than their fossil-fuel-powered counterparts. Moreover, they have the added benefit of reducing congestion – potentially attracting further economic investment to the area – by being able to weave through traffic and park more flexibly. In fact, these bikes have so much potential that they could halve the number of motorised trips (both commercial and individual) in urban environments that involve the transportation of goods.
Benefits for the West Midlands
The problems that these pedal-powered vehicles can ameliorate are directly applicable to the West Midlands. As well as the region’s air pollution affecting 2.8 million people, Birmingham has a predicted population growth equivalent to adding the population of Oxford to the city by 2031. Combine this with the rise in online shopping that has arisen during the pandemic – habits that potentially look here to stay – and you have a recipe for gridlock on the roads. Congestion already cost the regional economy £2 billion a year in 2008 and is predicted to have worsened by over 80% by 2035. As road freight specifically accounts for 30% of this economic impact, one could estimate that halving the number of goods-related trips by using e-cargo bikes could potentially save the region up to £150 million a year, not to mention countless premature deaths related to air pollution.
The local authorities have already spotted the potential of these thrifty three-wheelers. Birmingham City Council secured £58,000 of government funding for an e-cargo bike pilot scheme which was tested during the Christmas of 2020. Transport for West Midlands has also foreseen their benefit for the broader region, considering them as part of its Local Transport Plan. However, time isn’t on our side: the climate emergency is already upon us. So, what can be done to speed up this transition?
Some policy suggestions to encourage the uptake of e-cargo bikes in the West Midlands
- Build on the existing cycling infrastructure in the region to normalise the use of bicycle-related transport, both making it easier and less stigmatising. This will reduce the friction of the transition for individuals and businesses considering making the switch from four to two wheels.
- Create strategically placed local delivery hubs – or urban micro warehouses – where businesses who don’t have existing resources to do so can transfer their goods to e-cargo bikes to complete the last stage of delivery.
- Provide direct funding, subsidies, or loans for businesses to reduce the financial risk of investing in their use. Whilst public services are already setting a good example in the region, such financial incentives are also necessary if the private sector is to seriously consider and adopt the trend.
- Hold demonstration sessions and trial periods for individuals and businesses so they can try before they buy and see the benefits for themselves. Direct experience is often the best way to persuade.
Only one part of the puzzle
The benefits of e-cargo bikes are plain to see. But they won’t single-handedly solve the problems the West Midlands and other city-regions face. They’re only one of many measures that need to be implemented in order to create a healthier, more prosperous place to live for all. The region’s vision for an integrated transport system is a positive development, as is the national government’s goal for net-zero transport by 2050. All policies have their part to play, from the cycle hire scheme to the clean air zone.
Whilst it’s misplaced to think that the use of e-cargo bikes for ‘last-mile’ logistics is the single solution to these problems, we shouldn’t underestimate the scale of impact that these vehicles could have on the city-region. And better is good. That is, whilst not a comprehensive solution, undertaking micro-changes is both beneficial and necessary. Sales of commercially purposed e-cargo bikes are predicted to rise by 60% this coming year. Like in so many other areas, the West Midlands could also lead this permanent transition by directing, facilitating and encouraging the future of ‘last-mile’ logistics for the benefit of its people, businesses and planet.
Feature Image Source: Cely from Pixabay
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Claims on Housing Space in Nineteenth-Century Montreal
Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine
Space per person is a fundamental measure of equity in an urban society. From small samples of the Montreal population over the years 1861-1901, we infer substantial improvement in the average dwelling space available per person, but an extreme and persistent inequity in the distribution among households. The housing market remained polarised in terms of class and cultural identity. As crowding diminished, urban density increased, and the problem of working-class housing became, increasingly, one of collective rather than individual space. Families, through networks of kinship and neighbouring, found new ways to exert some control over vital urban micro-spaces. In a continuous, demanding process of adjustment of households to dwellings, the re-structuring of households was a factor as important as their moves from house to house.
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| 0.910986 | 183 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Amid all the celebration last year over the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin’s birth and the 150th anniversary of his most famous book, On the Origin of Species,1 I heard little or no mention of how often attempts to explain life’s history from an evolutionary perspective have provided stunning new evidence for creation. One recent example springs from a proposed explanation for life’s remarkable recovery after mass extinction events.
For several decades evolutionists have asserted that mass extinction events were actually less destructive than physicists and geologists claimed. While acknowledging such events did drive many species to extinction, they’ve argued for the likely survival of several members of each order and family. Then, according to the proposed scenario, once conditions on Earth improved, the survivors naturally proliferated and evolved––hence, the mass speciation events observed in the fossil record following each mass extinction.
The latest research, however, paints a different picture.2 First, the debate over what caused the biggest of the mass extinction events—asteroids, volcanoes, wildfires, tsunamis, sea level drops, release of methane from clathrates, anoxic events, or hydrogen sulfide emissions—was finally settled. Sophisticated modeling showed that the impact of a large asteroid (>10 kilometers) crashing into Earth would, in itself, generate most, if not all, of these deadly effects.
A team led by the geophysicist Owen Toon calculated that a large impactor would not only block out the light required for photosynthesis but also generate blinding smoke, dust, and sulfate.3 Animals would be unable to see and even to breathe. In addition, fires would ignite on a global scale and the ocean’s surface water would be globally acidified. Further damage would accrue to coastal regions, struck by tsunamis cresting above 100 meters (330 feet). As Toon’s team concluded, “The combination of all these physical effects would surely represent a devastating stress on the global biosphere.”4
The most devastating of mass extinction events in Earth’s recent history, the Permian-Triassic catastrophe, occurred just 251.4 million years ago and lasted nearly 80,000 years.5 This one disaster resulted in the loss of 96% of all marine species and exterminated nearly every species of land plant, reptile, amphibian, and even insect. A measure of the devastation comes from the “fungal spike” observed at the Permian-Triassic boundary. For a while the fungi population exploded as various fungal species gobbled up the vast quantities of dead vegetation and animal life without restraint from their former competitors, the insects.
Recognition that events such as the Permian-Triassic disaster can exterminate photosynthetic life-forms and wipe out all surface-dwelling animals has caused at least some evolutionists to realize that their models are seriously, if not catastrophically, challenged. So, in the wonderful way science works, researchers have begun looking for natural answers to the challenge.
One research team, a group of British biologists, recently published a paper in which they proposed that “mixotrophs” might have rescued life from these massive extinctions.6
Mixotrophs are organisms with the ability to switch between nutritional sources. They can make their own food through photosynthesis, or they can feed on other life-forms. Thus, when photosynthesis shuts down for whatever reason, mixotrophs can transition to feeding on the decaying remains of dead plants and animals. Later, when the smoke, dust, and sulfate aerosols clear, the mixotrophs can go back to surviving by photosynthesis.
Here’s the proposed scenario in more detail: At least some unicellular and small-bodied mixotrophs somehow survived the mass extinction event, perhaps by being buried in sediments. They lived off dead organic matter until the atmosphere cleared sufficiently, and then returned to photosynthetic activity. Next these mixotrophs rapidly evolved into specialist phototrophs (exclusively photosynthetic organisms) of all types and sizes. The rapid appearance of all these phototrophs then somehow stimulated the equally rapid evolution of the few tiny-bodied animal species that managed to survive the mass extinction event, perhaps through deep hibernation, into a panoply of creatures—all kinds and sizes.
This hypothesis raises a host of new questions and challenges: How many mixotroph species could realistically survive a major extinction event? How rapidly could the survivors evolve into specialized phototrophs? By what means could simple, small-bodied, specialized phototrophs speedily evolve into complex, large-bodied phototrophs? How many tiny-bodied animal species could realistically survive a major extinction event? How could tiny-bodied survivors emerge from deep sleep (or cocoons) and rapidly evolve into complex ecosystems of small- and large-bodied animals?
Given what the fossil record reveals about the speed and diversity with which life proliferates after mass extinction events, researchers should be able to design real-time field experiments capable of answering these questions.
The team of British biologists deserves credit for taking up that challenge—and here are the preliminary results. Initial experiments indicate that some mixotroph species can survive up to a six-month period of intense darkness and then resume photosynthetic activity. As yet, however, experimental conditions fail to approach the full severity and duration a major mass extinction event would engender. Nor have experiments yet addressed the survivability of other plant and animal life-forms. While initial experiments have begun to address survivability questions, none has addressed how the survivors could have evolved fast enough and extensively enough not only to avoid eventual extinction but also to account for prolific speciation. Theoretical speciation models say they could not have, at least not by natural means.7
Future field and laboratory experiments (akin to the Long Term Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Experiment8and the Long-Term Evolution Experiment9) may soon help settle this creation-evolution question. I remain confident the evidence will point compellingly toward the Creator’s involvement.
- Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition (Rockville, Maryland: Wildside Press, August, 2003).
- Nan Crystal Arens and Ian D. West, “Press-Pulse: a General Theory of Mass Extinctions,” Paleobiology 34 (December 2008): 456-471; wiseGEEK, “What Caused the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event?” (2009): https://www.wisegeek.com/what-was-the-permiantriassic-extinction-event.htm; Lee R. Kump, Alexander Pavlov, and Michael A. Arthur, “Massive Release of Hydrogen Sulfide to the Surface Ocean and Atmosphere During Intervals of Oceanic Anoxia,” Geology 33 (May 2005): 397-400; Michael Gillman and Hilary Erenler, “The Galactic Cycle of Extinction,” International Journal of Astrobiology 7 (January 2008): 17-26; Changqun Cao et al., “Biogeochemical Evidence for Euxinic Oceans and Ecological Disturbance Presaging the End-Permian Mass Extinction Event,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 281 (May 2009): 188-201.
- Owen B. Toon et al., “Environmental Perturbations Caused by the Impacts of Asteroids and Comets,” Reviews of Geophysics 35 (January 1997): 41-78.
- Owen B. Toon et al, 41.
- Rosalind V. White, “Earth’s Biggest ‘Whodunnit’: Unravelling the Clues in the Case of the End-Permian Mass Extinction,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 360 (2002): 2963-85.
- Harriet Jones et al., “Experiments on Mixotrophic Protists and Catastrophic Darkness,” Astrobiology 9 (July/August 2009): 563-71.
- See the review and the original source citations in my book, More Than a Theory (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2009), 149-79.
- Gail W. T. Wilson et al., “Soil Aggregation and Carbon Sequestration Are Highly Correlated With the Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Results From Long-Term Field Experiments,” Ecology Letters 12 (May 2009): 452-61.
- Zachary d. Blount, Christina D. Borland, and Richard E. Lenski, “Historical Contingency and the Evolution of a Key Innovation in an Experimental Population of Escherichia coli,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105 (June 10, 2008): 7899-7906.
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| 0.911607 | 1,877 | 4 | 4 |
January 27th is Holocaust Memorial Day; it is the day that marks the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest Nazi concentration camp.
Between 1941-1945, the Nazis attempted to systematically kill all of Europe’s Jews in a process now known as the Holocaust. By the end of the Holocaust roughly six million members of the Jewish community had been killed in ghettos, mass shootings and concentration camps. In addition to Jews, Nazi theories of racial supremacy, saw the persecution of Gypsies, Slavic and black people.
Though the day functions as a time for everyone to remember the millions of people killed in the Holocaust and during Nazi Persecution and honor those that survived, it is also a day which recognizes that racial genocide is not a practice of the past. January 27th allows us to think about the topic of racism more widely and the ways in which it has been practiced in subsequent genocides in Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Darfur. You can learn more about Holocaust Memorial Day from the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, the charity which promotes and supports Holocaust Memorial Day in the UK.
The Forum is commemorating this year’s Holocaust Memorial Day with an exhibit on Anne Frank and her family. The exhibit, which opened on January 20th and will remain open until February 6th, provides an insight into the life of Anne Frank and her sister Margot, as captured in a collection of poignant photographs taken by their father, Otto Frank. Supporting activities will also take place in the Millennium Library and a number of city venues. Please see the link for more information on local events: http://www.theforumnorwich.co.uk/events/anne-frank-and-family
As a living memorial dedicated to the relationship forged between the American servicemen and the people of East Anglia during WWII, the 2nd Air Division Memorial is also hosting a series of events—mainly with school children—to help highlight the ways in which histories interweave and the lasting implications of these connections in the millennial century.
Last week commenced our series of school visits from surrounding primary schools. These groups were given a tour of the Memorial library, introduced to the more localized history of WWII here in Norfolk and given the opportunity to act as historians as they were presented with a series of primary sources and wartime memorabilia from our collection.
Many of the young students were keen to share the oral histories gathered from grandparents and great-grandparents about their experiences during the war.
The memorabilia presented the opportunity for us to discuss the wider ideologies spurring the war, particularly its attack on the Jewish community.This was achieved most pointedly with a discussion of our collection of dog tags from American servicemen. Dog tags were worn by servicemen for identification purposes. In the lower right-hand corner a letter standing for the individual’s religion is etched on the tag: P for Protestant; C for Catholic or H for Hebrew. Many Jewish Americans served in WWII and many opted to hide the fact that they were Jewish by inscribing a P on their dog tag instead.
If you would like to learn more about America’s connection to the Holocaust, Jewish Americans or WWII more broadly, the 2nd Air Division Memorial Library has an extensive collection of books that can certainly cater to research pursuits or general interests. Below are some of our most relevant titles but please feel free to search the library catalog for more specific interests.
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Everybody will experience depression as part of the normal cycle of emotions. Depression should not be treated except when the sadness, melancholy or dejection is unrealistic or out of proportion to the apparent cause.
If one can accept that the human being is an energy source of which some is material , some is mental function and the remaining part is emotion or being , then depression must be looked at on all three levels. Depression manifests in all levels and treatment needs to be directed to correcting the imbalance.
Manifestations of depression
Mental – increased or decreased levels of activity, an inability to sleep or an excessive desire to stay asleep, an inability to concentrate or memorize and prolonged periods of physical overactivity or inactivity.
Spiritual – indifference to oneself or those around you, decreased ability to enjoy that which was enjoyable, a sense of inadequacy, worthless-ness and, very often, guilt, a decrease in libido, recurrent thoughts of how much better things would be if one were dead.
Physical – weight loss or weight gain, unexplained physical weakness, persisting feelings of tiredness and lack of energy and increased or decreased appetite.
Medically speaking four or more of the above symptoms are required to be defined as depression and these have to persist for longer than a few days.
Endogenous and exogenous depression
The terms endogenous and exogenous are really academic because they overlap to such a great extent. I do feel, however, that it helps to have a good understanding of why a depression may not be the fault of will power; also, being able to define whether a problem is endogenous or exogenous is essential in recommending treatment. Years of psychotherapy may not affect an endogenous depression, whereas the most potent drugs will not provide a cure for an allergic exogenous depression.
The causes of endogenous depression are:
A lack of the nervous system’s natural ‘happy juice’, such a serotonin and dopamine.
An excess of the CNS-depressive chemicals.
Deficiencies in the nutrients necessary for the production of’happy juice’, such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, vitamins B6, B3 and lecithin, to name but a few.
Hormonal deficiencies, particularly in thyroid hormones and Cortisol. Female hormonal fluctuations of oestrogen and progesterone can have profound effects on mood.
Hypoglycaemia , which is often associated with a diet high in refined carbohydrates.
Seasonal affective disorder .
Postnatal depression created by the fluctuation of female hormones.
The causes of exogenous depression are:
Depression created by life events, such as bereavement, job loss and relationship break up.
Direct toxic effect from chemicals such as nicotine from cigarettes, aldehydes as the breakdown products of alcohol and the effects of most ‘come downs’ from recreational drugs.
Specific doctor-prescribed drugs such as steroids, antibiotics and those drugs that may have a depressing effect on the thyroid gland or on sugar levels.
Environmental pollutants, whether inhaled or ingested through food.
Infections, most commonly viral but very often overlooked are fungal and parasitic infections.
A lack of exercise, which prevents the production of the body’s natural opiates – endorphins and enkephalins.
If negative feelings persist for longer than a few days and seem to be inappropriate, then discuss the matter with your preferred complementary medical practitioner.
Further discussions with a counsellor are recommended if the feelings persist. Recourse to an orthodox medical practitioner, unless they are strongly holistic in their outlook, should be considered only as a last resort because all too often the only weapon in their armoury is drug treatment.
Preferably under the guidance of your complementary medical practitioner, consider using the following supplements at high doses depending on the quality and quantity of the appetite through the depression: an essential amino acid complex that includes tryptophan and D,L-phenylalanine . ; vitamin B complex at up to ten times the daily recommended dose; vitamin C, folic acid and magnesium at three times the recommended daily allowance.
Avoid refined carbohydrates and any oversweet foods.
Consider the coinciding times of depression with specific foods either by maintaining an accurate dietary journal or by having a food allergy test through blood, vega or bioresonance tests.
Have a good look at your lifestyle and eliminate smoking, caffeine, alcohol and other drugs until the depression has eleviated. Ensure that you have a good balance between your mind/body/ spirit existence. Not enough exercise, not enough time spent in meditation or prayer or indeed an excess of physical or mental activity will allow energy to flow from one level to the other, leaving deficiencies that can manifest as depression.
Review any orthodox medication, including the oral contraceptive, which might be a depressant.
If problems persist ask a GP to check for thyroid,
Cortisol and blood sugar levels. A complementary medical practitioner or GP should also check for persisting infections such as glandular fever or other such manifestations of Epstein-Barre virus or candidiasis. Chronic fatigue syndrome should be ruled out.
Consider the possibility of postnatal or seasonal affective disorder .
Nutritional deficiencies need to be corrected, as mentioned above, but please do not forget to drink half a pint of water per foot of height per day because chronic dehydration may manifest itself as depression.
Encourage the production of endorphins and enkephalins through exercise.
Regular aerobic exercise is important but daily work with Qi Gong, Tai Chi or yoga may be curative for depression.
Homeopathic remedies at high potency are potentially curative but need to be selected based on all the symptoms of depression. Consult a homeopath.
Herbal treatments are effectively drug treatments. The body may deal with the naturopathic drugs better than orthodox compounds but I still see the two as similar -dealing with the feeling and not the underlying cause. St John’s wort has come to prominence following the publication of a trial in a well-respected medical journal, but it is only one of hundreds that are well established as being antidepressive following hundreds of years of observation and hundreds of small studies. Avoid their use except as a penultimate recourse and take under the guidance of a naturopath.
If all else has failed, then consider the use of drug treatment. Chemicals such as Lithium carbonate are well established and, if monitored, safe enough in conditions such as manic depression.
ELECTRIC SHOCK TREATMENT
Many people are surprised to find that ECT is not only still performed but is quite common. Certain psychiatrists still hold with this as an effective treatment for severe depression that is unresponsive to drug therapy, despite the potential risks to life, long-term memory and any other brain function. Believe it or not, ECT at one time was used to change personality traits such as aggressive behaviour or suicidal tendencies. It was even used as an aversion therapy towards homosexuality. Fortunately, we have moved forward.
If you do not feel in control of your anger or if your anger is directed towards another emotion, organize a consultation with a psychotherapist to establish the best type of therapy.
Review a homeopathic manual and use potency 200 of the remedy that most matches your emotional state nightly for ten nights. 1 Learn a meditative technique and practise this daily with the yoga or Qi Gong techniques suitable for your emotional state. < Initiate regular body work treatments, such as massage or Shiatsu, which are marvellous at dissipating unwanted emotional chemicals.
Electroconvulsive therapy must only be considered when all other avenues have been exhausted.
Ensure that all complementary medical avenues have been explored because orthodox medicine often overlooks the possibility of deficiencies and food allergy.
Emotion is a normal expression of feeling and venting of any emotion is essential to long term well-being. Suppression of emotion and the consequential maintenance of high levels of adrenaline in the system may be responsible for conditions as diverse as rashes and cancer. Eastern philosophy considers emotion to create internal heat, which needs to be expressed and eventually will be.
Emotion is only a pathological matter if it is expressed out of proportion to what triggered it. It is also unwise to allow emotion to be expressed as a secondary emotion. This means that if you are unhappy about an event but then feel anger towards being unhappy, the emotion is a secondary emotion. Feelings about feelings are generally not productive and lead to inner psychological turmoil.
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2015 has been declared the "International Year of Soils" by the United Nations. Soils play a crucial role in food security, hunger eradication, climate change adaptation, poverty reduction and sustainable development. The health and preservation of soils world-wide, and the associated beneficial impacts on wildlife, clean air and clean water, have become concerns shared by many researchers, policy makers, farmers, landscapers and laypersons alike.
A major focus of the LELE initiative is on the benefits of leaf mulching for your lawn, as well as for your landscape and veggie garden beds. But we also recognize that it is important to strike a balance with other habitat needs, and thus our recommendations include leaving whole leaves in place in wooded areas and scrubby margins. This is because many insects such as butterfly and moth species overwinter as pupae in leaf litter and scrub. Maintaining some leaves unchopped (unmown) provides over-wintering areas for many important beneficial insects and small animals including salamanders, earthworms and certain bird species.
The National Wildlife Federation writes on its blog that “You shouldn’t feel obligated to rake up every last leaf in your yard this fall. Leave leaves on the ground — they have a lot of benefit to wildlife and your garden." The article goes on to state that "the leaf layer is its own mini ecosystem! Many wildlife species live in or rely on the leaf layer to find food and other habitat, including salamanders, chipmunks, box turtles, toads, shrews, earthworms, many insects species... Many butterfly and moth species overwinter as pupae in leaf litter."
In a related blog posting, the NWF outlines 6 Excuses to Avoid Yard Work This Fall regarding the benefits of leaf mulching and of simply leaving leaves alone in margin areas:
- Provide Habitat for Wildlife
- Provide Nutrients for Organisms
- Reduce Waste
- Increase Fertility of Your Soil
- Reduce Pollution
- Save Time
Life In the Leaf Litter (.pdf file). It's a fascinating guide to the diversity of soil organisms and the crucial role that invertebrates play in woodland ecosystems. The booklet was based on a leaf litter survey conducted by the Museum's Division of Invertebrate Zoology.
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Core Legato-team member: S Natarajan, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, India.
Traditional FEM simulations rely strictly on tetrahedral or hexahedral meshes in 3D (or triangular, quadrilateral meshes in 2D). In generating a FE mesh, a balance is required between the accuracy and the flexibility in the mesh generation. For example, triangulation of a domain is relatively easy when compared with quadrangulation, whilst the quadrilateral mesh is more accurate than the triangular mesh. It is relatively easy to construct interpolants over standard shapes, viz., triangles and tetrahedrals. The use of standard shapes, viz., triangles (or quadrilaterals) and tetrahedrals (or hexahedral) simplifies the approach, however, allowing only a few element shapes can be too restrictive, because
- it may require sophisticated meshing algorithm to generate high-quality meshes, especially with quadrilaterals, for meshing complex geometries;
- it may require complex remeshing to capture topological changes, for instance due to discontinuous surface growth.
In polygonal finite elements, the use of elements with more than four sides can provide the flexibility in meshing and the solution accuracy. In polygonal finite element methods (PFEM) have been receiving increasing attention. In PFEM, the domain can be discretized without needing to maintain a particular element topology. This is advantageous in adaptive mesh refinement, where a straightforward subdivision of individual elements usually results in hanging nodes. Conventionally, this is eliminated by introducing additional edges/faces to retain conformity. This can be avoided if we can directly compute the stiffness matrices on polyhedral meshes with hanging nodes. Polygonal/polyhedral elements allow all elements to be treated using a quad-tree/oct-tree mesh within a single paradigm. For example, elements of class (1) quadrilaterals, (2) pentagons and (3) hexagons can be assembled within a single routine.
It was observed in that the strain smoothing technique over arbitrary polytopes yield less accurate solution when compared to other techniques, such as the conventional polygonal finite element method. The objective is to extend the strain smoothing technique to arbitrary polygons and polyhedra and to device a stable numerical technique within the framework of strain smoothing technique for arbitrary polygons and polyhedra.
S Natarajan, S Bordas, D Roy Mahapatra, Numerical integration over arbitrary polygonal domains based on Schwarz-Christoffel conformal mapping, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v80, 103-134, 2009. Preprint
S Natarajan, D Roy Mahapatra, S Bordas, Integrating strong and weak discontinuities without integration subcells and example applications in an XFEM/GFEM framework, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v83, 269-294, 2010. Preprint
S Natarajan, ET Ooi, I Chiong, C Song, Convergence and accuracy of displacement based finite element formulations over arbitrary polygons: Laplace interpolants, strain smoothing and scaled boundary polygon formulation, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, v85, 101-122, 2014.
S Natarajan, S Bordas, ET Ooi, On the connection between the cell-based smoothed finite element method and the virtual element method. Preprint
See also Link
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2 Color Quilt Patterns Free
This article about 2 Color Quilt Patterns Free was uploaded at September 26, 2017 at 11:21 pm. It is published in the Quilt category. 2 Color Quilt Patterns Free is tagged with 2 Color Quilt Patterns Free, 2, Color, Quilt, Patterns, Free..
Colorcol•or (kul′ər),USA pronunciation n.
- the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by the object, usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation, and brightness of the reflected light;
saturation or chroma;
- the natural appearance of the skin, esp. of the face;
complexion: She has a lovely color.
- a ruddy complexion: The wind and sun had given color to the sailor's face.
- a blush: His remarks brought the color to her face.
- vivid or distinctive quality, as of a literary work: Melville's description of a whaling voyage is full of color.
- details in description, customs, speech, habits, etc., of a place or period: The novel takes place in New Orleans and contains much local color.
- something that is used for coloring;
- background information, as anecdotes about players or competitors or analyses of plays, strategy, or performance, given by a sportscaster to heighten interest in a sportscast.
- any distinctive color or combination or pattern of colors, esp. of a badge, ribbon, uniform, or the like, worn or displayed as a symbol of or to identify allegiance to, membership in, or sponsorship by a school, group, or organization.
- nature, viewpoint, or attitude;
personality: His behavior in a crisis revealed his true colors.
- a flag, ensign, etc., particularly the national flag.
- [U.S. Navy.]the ceremony of hoisting the national flag at 8 a.m. and of lowering it at sunset.
- skin complexion of a particular people or race, esp. when other than white: a man of color.
- outward appearance or aspect;
guise or show: It was a lie, but it had the color of the truth.
- a pretext: She did it under the color of doing a good deed.
- [Painting.]the general use or effect of the pigments in a picture.
- [Chiefly Law.]an apparent or prima facie right or ground: to hold possession under color of title.
- See tone color.
- a trace or particle of valuable mineral, esp. gold, as shown by washing auriferous gravel.
- any of the labels red, green, or blue that designate the three states in which quarks are expected to exist, or any of the corresponding labels for antiquark states. Cf. quantum chromodynamics, quark model.
- the amount of ink used.
- a tincture other than a fur or metal, usually including gules, azure, vert, sable, and purpure.
- call to the colors, to summon for service in the armed forces: Thousands are being called to the colors.
- change color:
- to blush as from embarrassment.
- to turn pale, as from fear: When he saw the size of his opponent, he changed color.
- with flying colors. See flying colors.
- involving, utilizing, yielding, or possessing color: a color TV.
- to give or apply color to;
dye: She colored her hair dark red.
- to cause to appear different from the reality: In order to influence the jury, he colored his account of what had happened.
- to give a special character or distinguishing quality to: His personal feelings color his writing.
Also,[esp. Brit.,] colour. col′or•er, n.
- to take on or change color: The ocean colored at dawn.
- to flush* blush: He colored when confronted with the incriminating evidence.
Quiltquilt (kwilt),USA pronunciation n.
- a coverlet for a bed, made of two layers of fabric with some soft substance, as wool or down, between them and stitched in patterns or tufted through all thicknesses in order to prevent the filling from shifting.
- anything quilted or resembling a quilt.
- a bedspread or counterpane, esp. a thick one.
- [Obs.]a mattress.
- to stitch together (two pieces of cloth and a soft interlining), usually in an ornamental pattern.
- to sew up between pieces of material.
- to pad or line with material.
- to make quilts or quilted work.
Patternspat•tern (pat′ərn; Brit. pat′n),USA pronunciation n.
- a decorative design, as for wallpaper, china, or textile fabrics, etc.
- decoration or ornament having such a design.
- a natural or chance marking, configuration, or design: patterns of frost on the window.
- a distinctive style, model, or form: a new pattern of army helmet.
- a combination of qualities, acts, tendencies, etc., forming a consistent or characteristic arrangement: the behavior patterns of teenagers.
- an original or model considered for or deserving of imitation: Our constitution has been a pattern for those of many new republics.
- anything fashioned or designed to serve as a model or guide for something to be made: a paper pattern for a dress.
- a sufficient quantity of material for making a garment.
- the path of flight established for an aircraft approaching an airport at which it is to land.
- a diagram of lines transmitted occasionally by a television station to aid in adjusting receiving sets;
- Metall. a model or form, usually of wood or metal, used for giving the shape of the interior of a mold.
- Numis. a coin, either the redesign of an existing piece or the model for a new one, submitted for authorization as a regular issue.
- an example, instance, sample, or specimen.
- [Gunnery, Aerial Bombing.]
- the distribution of strikes around a target at which artillery rounds have been fired or on which bombs have been dropped.
- a diagram showing such distribution.
- to make or fashion after or according to a pattern.
- to cover or mark with a pattern.
- Chiefly Brit. Dial.
- to imitate.
- to attempt to match or duplicate.
- to make or fall into a pattern.
Freefree (frē),USA pronunciation adj., fre•er, fre•est, adv., v., freed, free•ing.
- enjoying personal rights or liberty, as a person who is not in slavery: a land of free people.
- pertaining to or reserved for those who enjoy personal liberty: They were thankful to be living on free soil.
- existing under, characterized by, or possessing civil and political liberties that are, as a rule, constitutionally guaranteed by representative government: the free nations of the world.
- enjoying political autonomy, as a people or country not under foreign rule;
- exempt from external authority, interference, restriction, etc., as a person or one's will, thought, choice, action, etc.;
- able to do something at will;
at liberty: free to choose.
- clear of obstructions or obstacles, as a road or corridor: The highway is now free of fallen rock.
- not occupied or in use: I'll try to phone her again if the line is free.
- exempt or released from something specified that controls, restrains, burdens, etc. (usually fol. by from or of ): free from worry; free of taxes.
- having immunity or being safe (usually fol. by from): free from danger.
- provided without, or not subject to, a charge or payment: free parking; a free sample.
- given without consideration of a return or reward: a free offer of legal advice.
- unimpeded, as motion or movement;
easy, firm, or swift.
- not held fast;
unattached: to get one's arm free.
- not joined to or in contact with something else: The free end of the cantilever sagged.
- acting without self-restraint or reserve: to be too free with one's tongue.
- ready or generous in giving;
lavish: to be free with one's advice.
- given readily or in profusion;
- frank and open;
unconstrained, unceremonious, or familiar.
- unrestrained by decency;
loose or licentious: free behavior.
- not subject to special regulations, restrictions, duties, etc.: The ship was given free passage.
- of, pertaining to, or characterized by free enterprise: a free economy.
- that may be used by or is open to all: a free market.
- engaged in by all present;
general: a free fight.
- not literal, as a translation, adaptation, or the like;
- uncombined chemically: free oxygen.
- traveling without power;
under no force except that of gravity or inertia: free flight.
- (of a vowel) situated in an open syllable (opposed to checked).
- at liberty to enter and enjoy at will (usually fol. by of ): to be free of a friend's house.
- not subject to rules, set forms, etc.: The young students had an hour of free play between classes.
- easily worked, as stone, land, etc.
- (of a vector) having specified magnitude and direction but no specified initial point. Cf. bound1 (def. 9).
- Also, large. (of a wind) nearly on the quarter, so that a sailing vessel may sail free.
- not containing a specified substance (often used in combination): a sugar-free soft drink.
- (of a linguistic form) occurring as an independent construction, without necessary combination with other forms, as most words. Cf. bound1 (def. 11).
- for free, [Informal.]without charge: The tailor mended my jacket for free.
- free and clear, [Law.]without any encumbrance, as a lien or mortgage: They owned their house free and clear.
- free and easy:
- excessively or inappropriately casual;
- set free, to release;
free: The prisoners were set free.
- with a free hand, generously;
openhandedly: He entertains visitors with a free hand.
- without cost, payment, or charge.
- in a free manner;
- away from the wind, so that a sailing vessel need not be close-hauled: running free.
- make free with:
- to use as one's own;
help oneself to: If you make free with their liquor, you won't be invited again.
- to treat with too much familiarity;
take liberties with.
- to make free;
set at liberty;
release from bondage, imprisonment, or restraint.
- to exempt or deliver (usually fol. by from).
- to relieve or rid (usually fol. by of ): to free oneself of responsibility.
- to disengage;
clear (usually fol. by from or of ).
- free up:
- to release, as from restrictions: Congress voted to free up funds for the new highway system.
- to disentangle: It took an hour to free up the traffic jam.
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Interactions between local population density and limited habitat resources determine movements of juvenile Atlantic salmon
Journal article, Peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
Competition for limited resources and the resulting density-dependent processes are key factors in driving stream salmonid population dynamics. Here we test for the combined effects of density and shelter availability on the movement of juvenile Atlantic salmon in a Norwegian river. Individually marked, hatchery reared salmon juveniles were released at 26 sites along a 2.5 km long stretch and recaptured after 12 months. The spatial variation in shelter availability and density of salmonids was quantified prior to the release. We found no effect of released fish number on the number of marked salmon moving more than 12.5 – 112.5 m away from their release site. However, the ratio of pre-experiment fish density per shelter was positively related to the number of movers. Thus, fish that were released at sites where the amount of shelter was low relative to the density of the pre-experiment population were more likely to move. These results support the prediction from smaller scale experimental studies that shelter availability may act to determine local carrying capacity in stream living salmonid populations.
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MONDAY, Dec. 2, 2013 — The possibility that being slightly overweight could increase one’s lifespan — the so-called obesity paradox — grabbed headlines this year, as well as the attention from the two-thirds of Americans who are overweight or obese. But a study out today suggests just the opposite, showing that even if overweight or obese individuals are metabolically healthy, the extra weight still puts them at higher risk for several conditions.
The research disproves that there is such a thing as “benign obesity,” according to lead study author Caroline Kramer, MD, PhD, post-doctoral fellow at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Canada of her paper, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
Researchers from Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto systematically reviewed eight studies that had tracked more than 61,000 participants. The studies included information on the participants’ body mass index (BMI), the causes of their mortality, and cardiovascular events. The studies also tracked metabolic health, or the body’s ability to control key biochemical processes, including cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and blood glucose. After classifying the participants as normal weight, overweight or obese according to BMI, and healthy or unhealthy according to their metabolic status, they concluded that though obese individuals can have a healthy metabolic status, they still have a larger risk of health problems.
The ‘Fat but Fit’ Myth
“All risk factors are on a continuum,” Dr. Kramer said, pointing to cholesterol levels and blood pressure. “Why would weight be different?” Her research suggests that if you’re overweight, while it’s better to not have metabolic disease, the absence of metabolic issues does not indicate that the extra weight isn’t a problem.
While high blood pressure, high cholesterol and high blood sugar (linked to diabetes), are issues widely associated with carrying too much weight, obesity also puts individuals at higher risk for cancer, joint problems, sleep apnea, and reproductive problems. An overweight body also secretes more hormones and has more inflammation, which further increases risk of various diseases.
The results of the analysis helps to clear up some of the recent research suggesting it’s possible to be healthily overweight, said David Katz, MD, MPH, FACPM, FACP, director of the Yale University Prevention Research Center and editor-in-chief of the journal Childhood Obesity. Dr. Katz noted that the study also showed that very few people even fall into the “fat and fit” category, meaning they’re overweight but metabolically healthy. The 10-year duration of the study also allowed these researchers to see how being overweight affected people in the long term.
Doctors need to view weight and metabolic health as independent risk factors, Katz said, noting that it’s also possible to be thin and metabolically unhealthy. “Once weight is accounted for, your metabolic health matters…and once we account for metabolic factors, weight still matters,” he said.
Obesity contributes to an elevated risk of every chronic disease, from cancer to dementia, said Katz, who recently completed a book on disease, noting that if people don’t smoke, eat well, exercise routinely and maintain a healthy weight, 80 percent of all chronic disease could be eliminated.
What This Means for Getting Healthy
In a commentary accompanying the study, James Hill, PhD, executive director of the Anschutz Health and Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, and his colleague, Holly Wyatt, MD, wrote that the study supports the idea that “obesity affects almost all aspects of human function and physiology.”
Because of this, the study supports the idea that insurance should cover treatment for obesity prevention and for weight loss programs. Currently, medical practitioners think they should prioritize treatment for people who are at the highest risk of further disease, according to Dr. Hill, meaning the obese people who are also metabolically unhealthy.
“This study suggests you can’t separate it that way — there’s no healthy obese,” he said. Doctors and patients need to work together to achieve weight loss goals to lower this risk, he said.
Some people may be motivated to start exercising and eating better to reduce metabolic factors, such as high cholesterol, while other people may be more motivated to lose weight so they look and feel better. While health care often reimburses people who are working towards lowering the risk of a certain disease (such as lowering cholesterol), it should be equally supportive of people who are simply trying to lose weight, Katz said. The orthopedic consequences that come from being overweight don’t qualify as disease, but it’s still “a perfectly fine reason for people to want to lose,” he said.
What if You Can’t Drop the Extra Pounds?
Of course, for many people, losing weight is a struggle that seems like an impossible win, and for those people, another recent study suggests there are still ways to be as healthy as possible. Recent research from the Harvard School of Public Health found that if people control their metabolic factors, they can cut their risk of coronary heart disease in half, and cut their risk of stroke by 75 percent, according to a paper published in the Lancet.
The lead study author, Goodarz Danaei, PhD, global health professor at Harvard School of Public Health, said that he doesn’t completely agree with the Mount Sinai researchers’ conclusion that it’s not possible to be fat and fit. Dr. Danaei’s most recent study found that a large portion of risk can be mitigated by lowering cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose levels. He believes that the rest of the risk is due to inflammation, and is currently working to see how that can be reduced, he said.
The first recommendation Danaei gave for reducing blood pressure, cholesterol or blood glucose was to exercise and eat better. This ties back into the fat paradox, because most actions a person would take to reduce their metabolic risk would also result in the person losing weight.
“In general, the things people do to make themselves fit make them less fat, and vice versa,” said Katz. Thus, being “fat and fit” is mainly a transient stage as people work to become healthier, he proposed.
“If you can or think you can lower weight or weight gain, that’s the best bet,” Danaei agreed. But for those who are already overweight and can’t stick to a diet or exercise plan, taking statins to lower cholesterol and drugs to lower blood pressure could significantly reduce some health risks. “What we’re saying is the glass is half full,” he said.
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