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The function of a state of law by creating strong modern institutions was one of the fundamental values in which Eleftherios Venizelos believed. He had the talent of imposing his views by the power of his arguments within institutional limits. However, he did not hesitate, to resort to dynamic actions or revolutionary confrontation against the state when he felt that the national interests were at stake, whether in Crete or in Greece.
His first actual participation in revolutionary armed confrontation took place during the Cretan Revolution in 1897, which was when his diplomatic virtues became apparent and he gradually emerged as its leader.
In 1898 Crete was liberated from the Turks and the Great Powers decided to grant autonomy to the island, which was under their protection and under the Sultans’ rule. Autonomy was concerned only with the exercise of internal policy and not with foreign affairs decisions.
Thus begins the period of the Autonomous Cretan State. Prince George (son of King George I of Greece) was appointed as The High Commissioner of Crete. The Prince was received with great enthusiasm upon his arrival at the port of Souda on December 9, 1898. Eleftherios Venizelos was a member of the Committee for the first Constitution of the State and in 1899, in the government of the prince, he was appointed as a minister of justice.
Initially the two men cooperated smoothly. Soon, however, Venizelos and the Prince had a major disagreement over the handling of the Cretan Question and the authoritarian way of governing by the prince, which was in opposition to Venizelos’ liberal beliefs. For this reason, Venizelos had resigned twice, but his resignations were not accepted. In 1901 the prince ousted Venizelos from the government.
The definitive rupture in their relations led Venizelos to organize an armed movement in Therisso in March 1905, along with his close associates Constantine Foumis and Constantine Manos. They immediately proclaimed Crete’s union with Greece, without being crushed by the Prince’s threatening actions and the wave of terrorism he launched against them.
In Therisso they printed the Official Newspaper of the Revolutionary Assembly, stamps and the newspaper Therisso. Meanwhile, the Great Powers disagreed over whether or not to suppress the revolution, which gradually spread throughout the island. The bloodiest clashes between Russians and the revolutionaries took place in Atsipopoulo and Georgioupoli.
Throughout the revolution, Venizelos was engaged in an intense diplomatic activity and held tough negotiations with the representatives of the Great Powers. Eight months after it started, due to the lack of financial resources for its maintenance and the danger that the Powers would intervene militarily, the revolution ended with a fair compromise. Venizelos himself in Mournies announced its end to the consuls of the Great Powers.
The revolution had positive results, because although the Union was not achieved, Prince George was forced to resign and leave Crete. In 1906 a new High Commissioner was appointed, the liberal politician Alexander Zaimis, and the Cretan Parliament drafted a new, democratic constitution that guaranteed civil and political rights.
Thus, after the revolution of Therisso, a new liberal period began for the island, which essentially paved the way for its subsequent union with Greece. For Eleftherios Venizelos the revolution justified his choices and made him an important political figure with pan-Hellenic and international recognition.
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This is a book whose publication was preceded by unanimous praise, both in the United States and in France. Although in France the book has not yet been translated, the author has been invited by prestigious institutions (for example the CNRS and the Collège de France), where each time there was a large and attentive audience, already swayed by the author’s work. The book is about a very topical issue: in the past decade, relations between Jews and Muslims in France and not only, have become increasingly tense. This was further showed by recent acts of terrorism by Islamic extremists, also committed specifically against Jews. Both observers of current events and researchers point to the development of a new and mainly Muslim anti-Semitism in France and the rest of Europe.
Can Mandel, in a book of only 156 pages, sufficiently explain the situation through a historical analysis of the relations between these two groups in France? As the author rightly argues, the essence of the conflict between Jews and Muslims cannot be attributed solely to the effects of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Héxagone, as French journalists hastily do. The thesis that the author develops is based on the idea that as early as the colonial period in Algeria, but even more so since decolonisation, France has highlighted and exacerbated the inequalities between Muslims and Jews. In Algeria, the Crémieux decree allowed the mass naturalisation of Jews, who as early as 1870 became French citizens with all the rights and responsibilities of citizenship; from 1962 onwards the granting of citizenship took place on French soil. Oddly, the author notes that “the French government [decided] to allow Jews to keep the French citizenship” but did not grant it to Muslims. According to Mandel, the series of inequalities that followed the settlement of the Jews of Algeria in France and after that the arrival of Muslim immigrants, were manifested in education, employment, in diversified highly-skilled jobs. In short, what took place was the successful integration, if not assimilation, of the Jews and the transformation of Muslims into “immigrants” who benefited from a “much weaker social and government support.” Here, Mandel seems to forget that the Jews who arrived in France during this period were first and foremost French citizens – since at least four generations. So, as French citizens and not as Jews, they benefited from the rights of citizenship, including access to schools, social care and jobs.
Has the author examined the legal procedures through which the then government could “decide [or not] to allow Jews to keep French nationality?” In addition to historical errors behind these assertions (for example, the debates within the Gaullist governments concerning the future of the Jews of Algeria never emerged in the public sphere and could not have done so without appearing as a repetition of the repeal of the Pétain decree), is it possible that Mandel deplores the fact that De Gaulle in 1960-1962 did not have another go on what Pétain had done in 1940, when he abolished the Crémieux decree and granted the Jews of Algeria once again the status of indigenous people, so that there would be “fewer inequalities” and injustices between Jews and Muslims?1 Does the author really think, as she said during an interview with Jean-Philippe Dedieu,2 that the benefit of citizenship to individuals who were French citizens for nearly 100 years, and which was subsequently not extended to the Muslims, is the source of the current problems? Does Mandel think that the contract of citizenship between an individual and a nation is something that can be taken and thrown away at some point or another? In 1962, the Jews of Algeria who arrived in France were not an organised group but individual French nationals, who, like the other French citizens of the colony, came to the “motherland.”
We were surprised to see that under the pen of a distinguished American historian (the author is Professor of History and Jewish Studies, and Head of the Department of Jewish Studies at Brown University), the conflict between these two populations seems to have begun during the period of colonisation and been initiated in some way by the colonial power that divided them (through the Crémieux decree) in order to better exercise its authority. Even though this motivation cannot not be completely ruled out, to reduce the conflict between Jews and Muslims to the ulterior motives of the colonial power reveals a total lack of understanding of the broad historical context. Without sinking to the level of the current historical discourses that focus only on the violent episodes that have marked the life of Jews in Muslim countries, let us not forget that both the observers and travellers who, between the 16th and the 18th centuries, were not accepting of the Jews in the country and those that were quietly anti-Jewish, were outraged by the deplorable condition of the Jews in this Ottoman province (at the time not yet known as Algeria) who were subject to the dhimma, as were all Jews in Muslim lands. For example, the American consul William Shaler in 1816 wrote: “The Jews of Algiers are perhaps the remnants of Israel’s most destitute.” Let us not forget, to mention only the 19th century, the pogrom in Algiers in 1805, which claimed the lives of many Jews, the decapitation of the Chief Rabbi of Algiers Isaac Aboulker during a riot in 1815, and finally the case of the Jews of Mascara – including men, women, the elderly, and children – who were massacred indiscriminately by Arabs in 1835 while they were fleeing the city as they were about to be taken by the French.3
As Philippe Portier writes in his foreword to a recent book: “In 1956, the National Liberation Front (FLN), in the Declaration of the Soummam, brings to mind the atmosphere of a ‘millennium entente’ between these two religious components of Algerian society [Jews and Muslims]. But is this the reality? We note that Jews and Muslims are, on more than one level, part of the same civilizational fabric: they speak (almost) the same language, they share similar culinary traditions, they move together to the rhythm of Arab-Andalusian music, and under the cover of a denominational differentiation of activities, they exchange goods and services in the economic sphere. It would be wrong, however, to dwell on these similarities. There are abundant testimonies clearly showing that Jews have been collectively viewed with general contempt which can sometimes feed acts of extreme violence.”4 Moreover, when the author raves about the cordial relations between the Jewish traders of Marseille and their Muslim clients in the period 1960-19805, we can only be surprised that from this she draws the conclusion that all is well in all eternity between the two groups, that their proximity from being neighbours and that their good relations on a daily basis are proof that French policy has spoiled the relations between the two.
But what actually happened? The status of dhimma, backed by Koranic rules but also by customary practices, can explain the situation of exclusion that the Jewish minority – less than 15,000 people in 1830 – experienced before the French arrived in Algeria. “Ottoman Algeria worked well for the Jews with a dual modality of subjugation which made them subject to both rabbinical law in their internal affairs and Islamic law in their external relations. This was the general pattern that the French presence came to break. The French administration had barely settled when the government repudiated Muslim legislation. None of the great and small humiliations of the past were to be continued: the Muslims and the Jews were each ‘indigenous’ but they were granted a new form of equal status before the occupying power.”6 Between July 1830, when the French landed near Algiers, and July 1962, when more than 90% of the French Jews of Algeria permanently left Algeria for France, the Jews of Algeria progressively let go of their Arab-Berber identity, a humiliated identity made even more inferior, in order to adopt a French identity (which for them symbolised the free and liberated man) that coexisted, until their departure for France, with their religious identity which became increasingly confined to the private sphere.
The memory of the Jews of Algeria, or that of their descendants that is expressed today in France, brings back to life these plural identities: as French citizens, they cultivate their Jewishness, which is Sephardic and steeped in the Arab-Berber culture; they also share with other repatriates of Algeria their feelings for the Algeria of the past which is today largely idealized.
The increasingly desired and claimed transformation of indigenous Jews into French citizens was the culmination of a process originated in the beginning of the French colonial rule. It was the result of the intersection of multiple political, legal, ideological and cultural issues raised by both the successive French governments and the Jewish elites of France and Algeria. This is something that the author seems to forget or strongly minimise. The internalisation of French identity among the Jews of Algeria took place thanks to two institutions that they were all subject to and that became the foundations of the Republic: the school, which assimilated young people in a cultural sense, and the army, which fulfilled the school’s mission for the men. But these institutions did not fully achieve their objectives because they were effectively replaced by three entities: Jewish notables and rabbis (a few exceptional individuals from the local rabbinate and others who had come to France as early as the first decade of the Conquest); the Consistories that were created based on the French model after the rulings of November 1845 and put in place as early as 1847; and, finally, the women, mothers and sisters from popular milieus, who were most often in daily contact with the French settlers’ families and who adopted in their family environment the language, the cuisine and the ways of dressing of the colonial power.
The Jews of Algeria, most of whom were spectators of their own future, had been repeatedly studied by successive French governments (first the monarchy, then the Empire and the Republic) and identified and officially registered until 1870, essentially as regards birth and death certificates. They also became gradually more secular and they have been in (more or less difficult) close contact (depending on the period) with French society – of which they will quickly become key partakers, mindful of their own cultural integration.
It is to be noted that in 1870 the Jews amounted to a small population of less than 40,000 people who thanks to its elites were attached very early on to the French values of Emancipation, the Revolution and the Rights of Man. We must also remember that the project of Jewish mass naturalisation was in the pipeline as early as 1836 thanks not only to the support of the Jews of Algeria and of the Jewish community in France, but also to the then Leftist parties. Emile Ollivier, head of the last government during the Empire, was preparing to have this draft law voted in Parliament just before the defeat of the Empire in Sedan. The Government of National Defence, whose Minister of Justice was Adolphe Crémieux, picked up and acted on the draft law that had been under discussion for 40 years. As for the Muslims, they were two million and almost unanimously hostile to the French conquerors whom they viewed as Christians and occupiers, thus rejecting any idea of Francisation. Whereas Jews were predominantly urban dwellers, Muslims were for more than 80% rural dwellers. The granting of citizenship to Jews, more than as an anti-Muslim measure (in fact, Muslims did not want it at that time) should be viewed as something that meant to counteract the influence of foreigners (Italians, Spaniards, and Maltese) – who lived in the cities in equally great numbers as French nationals – and thus broaden the French electoral body during elections, but also to increase the number of military personnel in place, since France had been defeated in Sedan and was too drained to be able to afford to repatriate them.
Mandel seems surprized by the emergence of the category of “North African Jews,” which comprised the Jews of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, during the period of decolonisation: she wonders why no one “during this period [i.e. the colonial period] identified as a Jew from North Africa.” However, one could argue that people begin to examine their identity when they feel it is under threat. So, the Jews of North Africa discovered themselves as such, but also as pieds-noirs and as Sephardim, only when they settled in France. Not before. Finally, we must note that in France, French citizens with a Jewish identity are not all of Sephardic origin. For this reason, the author’s pattern of analysis cannot be easily applied to French citizens with a Jewish identity from Alsace-Lorraine, Poland, Russia or Romania.
It is regrettable that the book does not include a final bibliography on a subject matter that covers 200 years of history of states, ideologies, religions and individuals. Secondly, the fact that notes – 81 pages, that is almost a third of the volume – are located at the very end of the book, makes the reading rather difficult.
Overall, the book is full of historical approximations and simple, not to say simplistic, ideas: that the situation between Jews and Muslims in France today is so bad because of the period of colonisation, followed by decolonisation; that France has been consistently unfair to Muslims and has favoured Jews.7 At the end of the book, readers will continue to wonder how Mandel cannot be aware of the strong bursts of Muslim anti-Judaism that characterised the Maghreb already before the period of colonisation and the outbreaks of the same anti-Judaism during the colonial period.8 Does the author view the violent anti-Semitic acts committed all over Europe by Muslims – not only from the Maghreb but also from Pakistan, Turkey and elsewhere – as merely a result of the Crémieux decree?9 Are the “Jews of Algeria” a compact and homogeneous block that can be tossed around one way or another, and that after granting them French citizenship and stripping them of it at some point or another and then giving it back to them, the people who make up this block would not react, letting themselves be carried away by the events in complete passiveness?
In short, the book is more ideological than scientific, pointing in petto and in fine the responsibility of the current violence to France and to the Jews, who since 1830 have not rebuffed what they believed was a blessing for them, for their future and that of their offsprings.
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Geneva (AP) – The World Health Organization’s cancer research arm estimated in a report released this month that there will be about 18 million new cases of cancer globally this year and more than 9 million deaths.
The numbers published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer were slightly higher than those in the last world-wide update in 2012, when officials expected 14 million new cancer cases and 8 million deaths. Experts said the increase could be partly attributed to population growth and aging, but that individuals could do more to reduce their chance of getting sick.
“A lot of those (cancer cases) could be prevented, with key prevention efforts focusing on some of the main risk factors which we have heard about: tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity and improper diet,” said Dr. Etienne Krug, director of WHO’s department of non-communicable diseases.
Krug said it was also critical that countries ensure access to fast diagnosis and treatment, noting: “For those who have cancer, cancer should not be a death sentence anymore.”
The research agency’s report said nearly 44 million people in the world are alive five years after being diagnosed with cancer. Based on data from 185 countries, the report estimated that one in five men and one in six women will develop cancer during their lifetimes.
The UN researchers said lung cancer kills the most people, followed by breast cancer in women and colorectal cancer.
Since lung cancer often develops over decades, any decrease in the disease’s frequency from declining smoking rates likely won’t be seen for years.
The cancer research agency said more than half of all cancer deaths will occur in Asia, home to 60 percent of the world’s population. Europe accounts for about 23 percent of cancer cases while the Americas accounts for 21 percent. Africa has approximately 7 percent of the world’s cancer cases, but the continent’s death rate tends to be higher, mainly because cancers aren’t caught early or aren’t easily treatable given the limited health resources there.
In developed countries, prevention efforts are helping drive down the rates of various cancers, including those of the lung and cervix, while developing countries are increasingly affected by cancers typically linked to social and economic development, like colon cancer.
Dr. Freddie Bray, head of cancer surveillance at IARC, predicted there would be 29 million cases of cancer by 2040 and 16 million deaths.
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1816 – Richmond General Penitentiary, Dublin
Designed as an alternative to transportation, the Richmond General Penitentiary was part of an experiment into a penitentiary system which also involved Millbank Penitentiary, London. They were the first prisons in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to specialise in reform rather than punishment. In 1897 ownership of the building was transferred to the Richmond District Lunatic Asylum and it was thereafter referred to as the “annexe” and used to house patients and for administrative functions. The forbidding frontage which consisted of one central block featuring a clock-tower with two wings either side originally extended 700 feet along Grangegorman Lane. Richmond District Lunatic Asylum eventually became St. Brendan’s Hospital and the former gaol building awaits a new use as part of the Grangegorman campus for the Dublin Institute of Technology.
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Aquatic Species of Concern for NY Boaters Q&A
What are some of the species I should be on the look-out for in New York State?
Hydrilla, Eurasian watermilfoil, water chestnut, curly-leaf pondweed, didymo, fanwort, Brazilian elodea, brittle naiad, European frogbit, parrot feather, creeping water primrose, starry stonewort, variable leaf watermilfoil.
Zebra mussel, quagga mussel, Asian clam, fishhook waterflea, spiny waterflea, bloody red shrimp, round goby, alewife, white perch.
Where can I find additional information on these species?
A wealth of information on aquatic invasive species can be found on the web. DEC provides ID and distribution information, as well as cleaning advice for these species. Also, the online New York Invasive Species Clearinghouse (leaving DEC website), a partnership with Cornell University, is a good place to learn about invasive species.
Are all waters vulnerable to zebra or quagga mussel colonization?
A. Benson, USGS, Bugwood.org
Zebra mussels require at least 12 mg/l (parts per million) of calcium in order to grow and survive and around 20 mg/l to flourish in a body of water. Quagga mussels require even higher concentrations to survive. This is why many hard water western and central NY waters have been colonized by one or both of these species, but other regions of the state such as the Adirondacks and Long Island with softer water have not had problems with these invasive mussels. This is the primary reason why zebra mussels have not become problematic after being introduced into Lake George.
What about Asian clam? I understand that this species can be problematic because it can cause algae blooms?
USGS Archive, USGS, Bugwood.org
Asian clam have been found in New York State for over 30 years, including major waters such as Seneca Lake, Owasco Lake, Otisco Lake, Canandaigua Lake and Chautauqua Lake. They are not overly abundant in any of the waters they have been found in and appear be coexisting with native clam species. Although Asian clam have been blamed for an increase in algae in certain sections of Lake Tahoe in California, no such blooms have been noted in New York waters.
Can this species be spread by boats?
Unlike zebra and quagga mussels, Asian clam do not affix to boat hulls. Larval Asian Clam also do not spend a significant time floating around in the water column and are much less likely to be sucked up in the water intake of a marine engine. They may, however, be found in the mud and sand, or vegetation scooped up by boat anchors, or possibly in water in a boat's bilge, live wells or bait wells. Asian clam were first reported in NY in small ponds on Long Island that do not permit boat use.
If it is unlikely that they are spread by boats, how are they introduced and spread?
Asian clams are a popular ethnic food item and it is believed that they may be purposefully introduced by individuals desiring to grow them for food. They are also sold as good luck clams, or golden clams in the aquarium trade and may be introduced when aquaria are dumped into a waterbody or released in ceremonies. As mentioned previously, although they do not affix to boats they can find their way into lake water found in the boat's water holding compartments and may also be found in the sediment of plants scooped up by boat anchors. Be sure to clean all boating equipment and drain and dry water holding compartments.
What about the various aquatic invasive plant species such as Eurasian watermilfoil and curly-leaf pondweed? Are all waters at risk from these species?
L.J. Mehroff, Univ. of Ct.,
L.J. Mehroff, Univ. of Ct.,
Although many of the invasive plant species will grow in most New York waters, not all will grow to nuisance proportions. Many of these species grow best in disturbed or nutrient enriched segments of lakes (ie. outlet or inlet areas) and do best when they do not compete with other native plants. Eurasian watermilfoil, for example, prefers waters with high phosphorus levels. Many nutrient poor Adirondack lakes have had water milfoil for years and it has never reached nuisance levels. This is why it is extremely important to limit nutrient and sediment inputs to lakes from stormwater runoff and septic systems. If these inputs are not addressed, nutrients will eventually build up to the point that they can fuel AIS growth.
So just because a species known to be an AIS has been found in a lake or pond, it may not become a problem?
Correct. However, since it is very difficult to predict how an AIS will react in a body of water, it is best to prevent its introduction in the first place. In some waters, aquatic plant species can grow to such high levels that boating and swimming are virtually impossible, while in others they grow at levels similar to native plant species. Not all of the impacts associated with AIS may be considered negative by lake users. For example, zebra mussels can clog water intake pipes and can cause problems on swimming beaches due to their sharp shells. However, their ability to filter nutrients and algae can significantly improve water clarity and the aesthetic appeal of a body of water. Unfortunately this usually comes at a cost, as young fish are heavily dependent on algae for food and their growth rates can be impacted when these populations are reduced.
What kind of problems might I expect should AIS become established in a waterbody?
As mentioned previously, it is difficult to predict what the impact of an AIS introduction will be in a particular waterbody. Impacts vary by species and can be influenced by a number of factors including nutrient concentrations in the water and sediment, sediment type, water depth and competing native species. In nutrient rich (eutrophic) waters introduced plant species can grow to the point that they can restrict or prevent boating and swimming, reduce water flow and provide a habitat for surface algae blooms. Zebra mussels can cover all of the hard surfaces on a lake bottom. Their shells can be sharp and although they will not colonize sandy surfaces, shells of dead clams can cause problems on swimming beaches. Zebra mussels are filter feeders, removing plankton and nutrients from the water column and outcompeting native mussels. This can significantly increase water clarity and expand existing beds of aquatic plants. Zooplankton (microscopic animal) species such as spiny and fishhook water flea, primarily impact recreational fishing by accumulating on fishing line, clogging line guides on rods and potentially altering the food supply for certain sportfish species. Invasive fish species impact recreational fishing by outcompeting native species. Many brook trout fisheries have been destroyed in New York State by the introduction of non-native fish species.
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The jelly bean plant, also called pork and beans, is an interesting succulent plant that displays jelly beanlike leaves. In the summertime its leaves change from green to bright red, and it bears yellow flowers in the springtime. This colorful succulent does best in hot, sunny apartment balcony gardens and will look best as a “ground cover” in plant containers underneath tall plants with a small footprint.The jelly bean plant will also look stunning in a short, squat container set on a table or in a hanging window frame-like plant container
Watering Details:Water the jelly bean plant more in the spring and summer, but still let it dry out in between waterings.
Care:Plant in well-draining potting soil and never let it sit in water. They tend to do well in hotter conditions. Don't let the plant be outside (More so in North India) in the night in winters/ freezing conditions.
Note: Be careful when touching this succulent plant, as it may irritate some people’s skin. Also make sure that no pets or children eat this plant. Jelly bean plant leaves are delicate and can fall off easily.
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|Christ died for|
our articles about
|Devil's in the details|
“”THE DOGMA OF THE TRINITY: The Trinity is the term employed to signify the central doctrine of the Christian religion — the truth that in the unity of the Godhead there are Three Persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, these Three Persons being truly distinct from one another.
|—The Catholic Encyclopedia|
“”It is impossible to attain to the knowledge of the Trinity by natural reason.
The Trinity (not to be confused with the nuclear bomb or a
chick female character from the Matrix) is a central concept in most branches of Christianity, describing the relationship between the Fava, the Sun, and the Holy Goat God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Paradoxically, these three entities, or hypostases, are understood as fully complete in-and-of themselves (i.e. fully human or fully divine, and not a combination of the two qualities), and undiminished in their completeness when regarded as separate aspects of the also fully complete and indivisible godhead. This concept of completeness arises from the Platonic and Neoplatonist idea of The One, or ultimate Being,[note 1] who in comparison, the rest of reality is diminished and incomplete. Defining the Trinity is like defining the outside of a Mobius strip, and many attempts have been made to clarify the matter. After two thousand years of effort, it is fair to say that none have fully succeeded. Much like reconciling the concept of Jesus' being both fully human and fully divine, philosopher Søren Kierkegaard believed the only means to reconcile the nature of the Trinity is a "leap of faith". Even when their single God is actually a triumvirate, the fact remains that none of the deities are female, as the Holy Spirit is genderless (probably). Apparently, God is not an Equal Opportunities deity.
Triads of complementary gods or three-formed deities as Hecate were a common theme in pre-Christian mythology. Some examples are Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades in Greek mythology, Diana, Luna, and Trivia in Roman religion, or Brighid and her two sisters in Celtic mythology. The Romans had the additional concept of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, which they developed from Tinia, Uni, and Menerva, part of the pantheon of ancient Etruria. Cynics may argue that the early Roman Catholic Church copied the concept of the Trinity from the many then-current examples in the Roman world round them. Family relationships between members of a trinity were also common in Babylonian mythology.
Another possible source is the philosophy of Ancient Greece, including Pythagoras and Plato. Judaism in the Zohar also has some concept of God as three, "secret, hidden 'Wisdom'; above that the Holy Ancient One; and above Him the Unknowable One"'.
Philo of Alexandria was a Platonist who was focused on combining Judaism and the philosophies of Plato so much so that Saint Jerome wrote that "Concerning him (Philo), there is a proverb among the Greeks 'Either Plato philonized, or Philo platonized'." One of the challenges Philo encountered when trying to harmonize Judaism with Platonism was Genesis 1:27. This passage states "So God created man in his own image, in the image God created he him." The problem, of course, was how could God make man in his own image if God lacks a body, is omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent? Philo’s solution involved the concepts of the trinity and logos. The work On Abraham describes Philo’s conception of the trinity.
The one in the middle is the father of the universe, who in the sacred scriptures is called by his proper name, I am that I am; and the beings on each side are those most ancient powers which are always close to the living God, one of which is called his creative power, and the other his royal power. And the creative power is God, for it is by this that he made and arranged the universe; and the royal power is the Lord, for it is fitting that the Creator should lord it over and govern the creature.
Philo considered the creative power to be the Word (logos), and the royal power is stated to be the Lord, thus Philo’s conception of the trinity was Father of the Universe, the Word of God, and the Lord. Humans, as they can’t be modeled after an omnipotent and omnibenevolent power, were modeled after his creative power (logos). Philo describes this belief in the following quote: "No mortal being could have been formed on the similitude of the supreme Father of the universe, but only after the pattern of the second deity, who is the Word of the Supreme Being."
“”By the word (dabar) of the LORD were the heavens made; and all the host of them by the breath (ruach) of his mouth.
“”"19 Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 teaching them to observe all things I have commanded you. And remember, I am with you always, even to the end of the age. Amen."
Justin Martyr was an early Christian apologist who believed Heraclitus was Christian and Socrates was a Christian persecuted for being an atheist.[note 2] He was also instrumental in the development of the trinity doctrine by incorporating Greek philosophy. The philosophy of the Platonist philosopher Numenius appears to have influenced his ideas. Martyr's first god was the demiurge, a platonic conception of god who was said to have fashioned and shaped the world. His second god was logos and his third god was pneuma. When logos is "translated" into English, it is the Word, and when pneuma, is translated it is the Holy Spirit. Marian Hillar characterizes Justin Martyr’s beliefs as a metaphysical triad.
Tertullian was another early Christian important in the development of the trinity doctrine. He said
As if in this way also one were not All, in that All are of One, by unity (that is) of substance; while the mystery of the dispensation is still guarded, which distributes the Unity into a Trinity, placing in their order the three Persons -- the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
A series of church councils led to the trinity doctrine in its current form. The relevant ones are the Council of Nicea, the First Council of Constantinople, the Council of Chalcedon, the Third Council of Toledo, the Fourth Lateran Council, and the Council of Trent. This is only a brief summation of important milestones in the development of the trinity. The exact details of how Greek philosophy became Christian theology or how the concept of "the Lord" fits into all of this is extremely convoluted.
The Bible does not contain any explicit mention of the doctrine of Trinity, though there are several fragments claimed to indirectly support it. There are also several fragments that appear to explicitly deny it, but this does not appear to be a problem. The only explicit trinitarian passage, known as Comma Johanneum (1 John 5:7-8), was deliberately added to the Bible sometime during the 4th century — around the time when the doctrine itself was officially formed. That's actually a grave sin in Christianity.[note 3] Oops.
St. Patrick used the shamrock to explain the trinity to the people of Ireland: one shamrock, three leaves.[note 4] The Jesus at the Holy Land Experience theme park used the analogy of water; which can be ice, liquid water, and steam, three different properties of the same thing. This even managed to impress Bill Maher.[note 5] In theological terms, both of these analogies constitute an endorsement of modalism (also known as Sabellianism, after Sabellius who supposedly originated it), the doctrine that the three parts of the trinity are distinct expressions of one personage. This was condemned as an unpardonable heresy by the first general council at Constantinople in 381. Amusingly, the converse theory, partialism, that the three parts of the Trinity are distinct personages united in essence, is also considered an unpardonable heresy, making the Trinity a concept that, while considered foundational to Christianity, can't actually be explained in a coherent way. Arianism, note below, is loosely related to partialism.
Christian thinkers have debated, fought, and killed over the matter, especially during and after the reign of Constantine. The differences between the various forms of (from one end of the spectrum to the other) Arianism, Semi-Arianism, orthodoxy, and Gnosticism are so minute that one's head spins. Thus, understandings of the nature of the Trinity have historically been grounds to excommunicate and exile opponents. The Roman Catholic Church observes a middle ground in this matter between the rather logical and clear three extremes (the three are perfectly equal and separate; the three are perfectly equal and the same; God created the other two to feel less lonely).
The Shield of the Trinity or Scutum Fidei is a traditional Christian symbol which is supposed to explain the trinity.
Contradictions with the message of the Gospel
If Jesus was really God, as the Trinity indicates, the whole Gospel and Jesus sacrifice wouldn't make any sense whatsoever. Obviously, God would not have been appeased by sacrificing Himself to himself. There would have been no point for Him to come down to earth as a human being and fulfill his own commandments to justify all other human beings. The person reconciling humanity with God had to be a human, as the Bible states it very clearly.
For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the dead. For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive. – 1 Corinthians 15:21-22
Furthermore, the Bible says that there is one mediator between God and men. The word mediator clearly indicates that there have to be two individuals.
For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus. – 1 Timothy 2:5
When you keep in mind that Jesus is supposed to be God, the New Testament ceases to make any sense whatsoever, because in many passages Jesus acts as if he was distinct from God. Some examples:
- Mark 1:35: Jesus prays alone... to himself? This is some serious schizophrenic shit.
- Mark 16:19: Jesus was taken up to heaven to sit at... his own right hand?
- John 20:17: Jesus talks about returning to himself.
- Matthew 27:46: Jesus, dying on the cross, asks himself why he's forsaken himself and let himself be crucified. Yes, you read that part right (Mark 15:34 mentions this too).
Some attempts at formal logic
- (now, this is just for fun, remember...)
This derivation assumes that the word "is"[note 6] is used as the subset relator, e.g. in the same sense as in the sentences "Mary is running" or "The ceiling is white". Note that this is less strict than the traditional Christian interpretations.
The shield presents the following 12 statements simultaneously:
- "The Father is God"
- "The Son is God"
- "The Holy Spirit is God"
- "God is the Father"
- "God is the Son"
- "God is the Holy Spirit"
- "The Father is not the Son"
- "The Son is not the Father"
- "The Father is not the Holy Spirit"
- "The Holy Spirit is not the Father"
- "The Son is not the Holy Spirit"
- "The Holy Spirit is not the Son"
Since , the statements 1-6 can be restated as follows:
- God = Father
- God = Son
- God = Holy Spirit
while the statements 7-12 can be restated as:
- Father ≠ Son
- Father ≠ Holy Spirit
- Son ≠ Holy Spirit
Conventional logic says that equality is transitive: . Let's start from one of the "is not" relations.
- Father ≠ Son
Now let's substitute the left side with the statement "God = Father":
- God ≠ Son
and then substitute the right side with "God = Son":
- God ≠ God
Further application of transitivity leads to the following statements:
- Son ≠ Son
- Father ≠ Father
- Holy Spirit ≠ Holy Spirit
We conclude that God is not God, and so the doctrine of the Trinity implies that God as well as all three persons of the Trinity violate the law of identity. One of the fundamental assumptions of conventional logic is that objects that violate the law of identity do not exist: there is no entity that is not itself. This means several things:
- If trinitarianism is true, then God does not exist, and neither do any of his three persons.
- If God exists, then by the law of noncontradiction, the Trinity is a false doctrine.
- If God exists and the Trinity is true, it can mean two things:
- Logic is meaningless, because it is possible to prove anything, including the existence and the non-existence of God.
- Trinity means something else than its Christian definition.
It requires a "special" kind of brain to hold on to beliefs like this. The exercise is reminiscent of the Orwellian "logic test" 2 + 2 = 5, which signified to the party that someone has been "broken", since anyone capable of accepting that could accept anything. Non-mystics may experience difficulty in envisaging 1 = 3 and 3 = 1 — even though the two statements appear commutative.
- Unitarian Universalism — The Unitarian part originally consisted of anti-trinitarian Christians.
- In Platonism, "Being" is considered better and more virtuous than "Unbeing", therefore an omnipotent/omnibenevolent entity must choose existence over nonexistence.
- Yes, you read that second part right… he thought Socrates (a Greek who lived before Jesus Christ) was a Christian who was persecuted for being an atheist. How that is supposed to make sense is a mystery.
- Revelation 22:18 — "I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds anything to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book." Note that it's unclear whether this is the punishment for tampering with the Book of Revelation or any portion of the Bible.
- No word on who the occasional fourth leaf (or rarely, the extra 15+) represents.
- Although if you think about it, that would simply make it a monotheistic religion with a polymorphic God. And given there are more than 10 different solid phases of ice, any new form of God suddenly "being observed" is totally in line with this interpretation.
- Sorry Bill Clinton.
- The Original Catholic Encyclopedia: The Blessed Trinity
- SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The knowledge of the divine persons (Prima Pars, Q. 32)
- Søren Kierkegaard, Thoughts on Crucial Situations in Human Life, (1845), Swenson trans., pp. 69–70. This is the origin of the term Leap of faith.
- The Origin of the Trinity: From Paganism to Constantine
- Pre-Christian parallels to the Trinity in Babylonia... ~Carl Jung
- Pre-Christian parallels to the Trinity in Babylonia... ~Carl Jung
- The Zohar, Influence Influence on Christian Mysticism This is not in the Tanakh, and people who have not studied Judaism very thoroughly may not know how to interpret it (see Kabbalah). Jews for Jesus tries to make something out of this trinity, though the concept is different from Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
- De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men)
- On Abraham XXIV 121
- Questions and Answers on Genesis II 62
- The First Apology (St. Justin Martyr): Chapter 46 and 5
- From Logos to Trinity Marian Hillar (page 184-186)
- History of Trinitarian Doctrines Dale Tuggy
- Against Praxeas 2
- From Logos to Trinity Marian Hillar (page 107)
- Jason Lauterbach, All Jesus is God Bible passages and claims debunked. staybiblical.com, 3 September 2023.
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Royal Flying Corps Founded
The great military institution took flight on April 13th, 1912.
The development of aviation in the early 1900s raised the possibility of using aircraft in war. Attention at first focused on employing planes for reconnaissance, to spy on enemy troop dispositions from the air and to help direct artillery fire. Aerial combat and bombing came later.
In Britain the Royal Engineers already had a unit that used balloons for observation and in February 1911 the War Office ordered the formation of a small air battalion, equipped with aeroplanes. Curiously the battalion was to come formally into operation on April Fool’s Day. Pilots could come from any branch of the army but had to have a flying certificate from the Royal Aero Club.
Later in the year the Italians used aircraft in action against the Turks in their conquest of Libya. The Imperial General Staff in Britain set up a subcommittee, which in February 1912 recommended the creation of a new flying arm with separate military and naval wings. In April the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was founded by George V. It would last until 1918, when it became the principal element of the Royal Air Force.
The air battalion of the Royal Engineers became the RFC’s military wing, with both balloons and aeroplanes. Number One Squadron of the RFC manned the balloons. Numbers Two and Three flew the aeroplanes. Confusingly the air battalion’s aeroplane section became Number Three Squadron RFC, but claimed precedence over the others, as it had been the first unit to fly heavier-than-air machines, not balloons. Number Three’s motto stated the matter firmly: Tertius primus erit (‘The third shall be first’). By 1914 two more squadrons, Four and Five, had been created. The naval wing was separated off in 1914 as the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS).
The new organisation’s motto was Per ardua ad astra, which the RAF would inherit. It is often rendered as ‘Through adversity to the stars’, but ardua is sometimes ‘struggle’ or ‘hardship’. In July 1912 the RFC suffered its first fatal crash, on Salisbury Plain. The pilot and the observer were both killed, but an order was promptly issued: ‘Flying will continue this evening as usual.’ That began a lasting tradition.
The Germans invaded Belgium on August 3rd, 1914 and Britain declared war the following day. Around mid-August the RFC flew its aeroplanes across the Channel to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The RFC was hugely outnumbered by the French air force, but it quickly began to make its contribution and early in September the BEF commander Sir John French commented approvingly in an official dispatch on the vital help RFC reconnaissance had given his operations in Belgium. In that month the RFC began taking aerial photographs and in 1915 J.T.C. Moore-Brabazon of the RFC designed the first efficient aerial camera. The first RFC planes had Union Jack badges, but in 1915 the roundel of three circles, red at the centre surrounded by white then blue, was adopted from the French air force badge, with the colours in reverse order.
The RFC became increasingly aggressive, especially under Hugh Trenchard, a former infantry officer who was its commander in France from August 1915. The casualty toll mounted accordingly. RFC planes had no parachutes. Dogfights between Allied and enemy pilots swooping about the sky in flimsy-looking biplanes became more common and Allied pilots took to strafing German troops and installations with machine guns or bombs. The word ‘strafe’ was coined from the German verb strafen, ‘to punish’ (as in Gott strafe England).
RFC personnel won shoals of decorations and some fighter aces became national heroes, including Captain Albert Ball VC, who crashed and died in 1917; Captain Lanoe Hawker VC, who was killed in 1916 in a dogfight with the German ace Baron von Richthofen; and Major Edward ‘Mick’ Mannock VC, killed in action in his Sopwith Camel in 1918. Those who survived to play leading roles in the Second World War included Hugh Dowding, Arthur ‘Bomber’ Harris, Charles Portal and the Canadian ace Billy Bishop VC. Other RFC figures included the cricketer Jack Hobbs, who joined up as an air mechanic in 1916; Biggles author W.E. Johns; and the ballroom dancer Vernon Castle, who was killed in a crash in 1918.
On April Fool’s Day 1918 the RFC and the RNAS were reunited into the Royal Air Force, under the newly created Air Ministry. By the end of the war the total RFC, RNAS and RAF casualties were more than 9,000 killed or missing and more than 7,000 wounded.
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Information regarding Text
Include figures in the required reading of:
1. Benoist&Chambon performed an important experiment where they used a cloned DNA fragment containing sea urchin histone genes. The construct had H2A(with deleted TATA) connected to H2B(with TATA). They injected this into frog oocytes and measured Tx of H2A & H2B. What Tx pattern did they observe and why? Control construct contained both histone genes with TATA sequences.(7) ANS. Deletion of the TATA box led to a loss of specificity of initiation. Instead of starting at a single initiation site with respect to the TATA box, Tx started at a variety of different sites giving at least 3 different transcripts(truncated). Pol could no longer tell where to start. The TATA box appears to be important for locating the start of Tx. see 11/1 notes and as many of you drew the gel pattern showing the 'triplet' of smaller transcripts as shown on our overhead.
2. In studies with the Class i promoter, the presence of two promoter elements raised the question of the importance of the spacing between them. When 16bp were deleted between them , promoter strength dropped significantly while when 28bp were added between them, promoter strength did not change. What conclusion can be made by these data and how do you envision what is taking place at the promoter in these instances? (5) ANS. Promoter efficiency is more sensitive to deletions than to insertions between the two promoter elements. PIC formation most likely requires a minimum of physical space for proper binding/formation/ and subsequent orientation of polymerase. If below this minimum, Tx is consequently affected dramatically; above the minimum (insertions) are tolerated until some maximum value is reached (other studies) then Tx would decrease.
3. Experimental truth and Consequences (8 each)
a) TBP is added to a TATA-less promoter containing a GC element. Consequence: since TBP can't bind to this promoter by itself, Tx is virtually nil. Why: the dependence on this factor isn't there and Tx activity won't take place since Tx factors won't be available for pol activity.
b) Run-off Tx assay performed on SP1 +/- TFIID and SP1 +/- purified human TBP .Consequence: Failure of TBP alone to respond to SP1 but TFIID was sufficient to participate in stimulation by factor SP1 ( Tx band is enhanced by SP1 (TFIID case) while non-existent (TBP case). Why: some factors in TFIID are necessary for interaction with upstream-acting factors such as SP1 and that these factors are missing from TBP.
c. Footprinting experiment is run with SL1 and promoter -156UCE-107 -----45CORE+20. Consequence: No footprint. Why: Sl1 by itself caused no footprint (no binding to promoter) , but it will combine with UBF when present to extend the UCE (site A) footprint (into site B) . This was an important result! for understanding this promoter class.
d. A pair of restriction enzymes, MspI and HpaII, are used on a DNA sample containing methylated and unmethylated CCGG sequences. Consequence: these isoschizomers will enzymatically (endonuclease) produce fragments of DNA based on the methylation profile of CCGG sequences in the DNA sample. Why: MspI recognizes and cleaves methylated /unmethylated CCGG sequences while Hpa II cuts the unmethylated CCGG sequences - resulting in an opportunity to determine the presence and location of methylation sites.) e) Alpha-amanitin is added to a Tx system containing Pol I and radiolabeled ribonucleotides. Consequence: Tx will proceed unaffected - radiolabeled transcripts of the proper size will be detected (ie., electrophoresis/autoradiography) Why: Pol I is insensitive to alpha-amanitin so Tx is unaffected (Pol II & II are sensitive and their mediated Tx is greatly reduced)
f. Run-off Tx assay using purified human Pol I and highly purified human SL1 with a DNA construct containing a human UCE element and a mouse core element. Consequence: NO Tx occurs. Why: UCE is irrelevant to species specificity but the core element is critical. The human Pol I and SL1 factors will support Tx from constructs containing human core elements. (Complete study: the core element (DNA-wise) determines the species specificity of the rRNA promoter.)
VIROLOGY STUDENTS - IGNORE THE CANCER STUDY GUIDE BELOW - saving it for format use later on! Weeks Study Guide for -
A. Oncology is the study of malignant tumors; transformed= cancerous=malignant=neoplastic
1. Transformed cells have abnormal growth patterns
a) They don't have a program for cell death - immortal
b) There is no limit on the number of cell divisions (no Hayflick limit)
c) They have a lower serum dependence than their normal counterparts; i) it was demonstrated that tumor cells secrete their own growth factors;
d) They don't completely differentiate (example - blast cell association with leukemia) or make products usually associated with less differentiated states.
e) They don't show contact inhibition or a density limitation of growth. i) the loss of contact inhibition can be detected by observing the formation of foci of rounded cells or overlapping cells within the regular pattern of normal surrounding cells .
f) They are anchorage independent. i) many of the properties associated with neoplastic transformation are the result of cell surface modifications . One particular protein (LETS) is lost from the surface and contributes to a decrease in cell adhesion; a result of this leads to a disorganized growth pattern and loss of density limitation of growth. Detachment from the tissue in which a tumor arises contributes to the formation of metastases in foreign sites.
g) Tumorgenesis is a trait. i) demonstration of the formation of invasive or metastasizing tumors in a living host animal. Transplanted tumor cells injected into similar species (hosts) will produce tumors in a high proportion of cases while normal cells of a similar origin will not.
h) Proteolytic enzyme production is high. Breakdown of tissue barriers is accomplished by the large quantity of secreted enzymes. An experiment using a chick egg embryo - the CAM - demonstrated the penetration of tumor cells across this barrier. Significant role in metastasis.
i) Tumor angiogenesis factor is secreted. Tumor cells release a factor(s) capable of inducing blood vessel proliferation to the tumor. Anti-angiogenesis drug therapy is a exciting approach to decrease the growth of tumors. An experiment using the CAM and an extract from tumor cells showed the proliferation of blood vessels when compared to an untreated CAM.
j) Their nutrient requirement is lower than normal cells.
k) Their genetic material is unstable/abnormal. Mutation of DNA is the prime cause of neoplastic transformation. Chromosomal abnormalities and variations in DNA content per cell has been noted. There are chromosomal rearrangements - translocations of the long arms of Ch 8 and Ch 14 are found in Burkitt's lymphoma. A translocation between Ch 9 and Ch 22 constructs the Philadelphia chromosome marker that distinguished chronic myelogenous leukemia. Small lung cancer has a deletion in Ch. 3.Note that a mutation in a critical cell cycle control protein will cause a significant deviation of the normal operation of the cell cycle. These abberations constitute tumor specific markers which can be extremely valuable in the confirmation of neoplasia.
These are properties of transformed cells that are found in 'growth characteristics', 'genetic properties', and 'neoplastic properties'
B. Cell Cycle
1. It is the life cycle of the cell. It includes replication of DNA, division of the nucleus, and division of the cytoplasmic contents. Failure of a normal cell cycle leads to cancer
2. In cancer cells , control of the cell cycle can be lost in 2 ways
a) The cells may be continuously signaled to divide without entering the resting stage of the cell cycle
b) A signal that would have caused normal cells to stop dividing may have been removed.
3. The phases of the cell cycle are:- S - (synthesis) DNA replication takes place (chromosome duplication)
G1 - (Gap) - cell grows (metabolism increases, RNA and protein synthesis is elevated, organelles duplicate (ie., mitochondria number doubles)
G2 - (Gap) - Preparation stage for CD )initial protein and RNA synthesis increase)
G0 - (Gap) - resting stage M- (mitosis) - nuclear and cytoplasmic division
4. Normal cell development is the result of tightly controlled cell division, cell growth, cell death (apoptosis). If contol systems fail, so does normal development. Uncontrolled cell division and growth give rise to tumors.
5. Fate of a newly formed tumor cell - a) if it is detected by the immune surveillance system, it will be destroyed. b) if it escapes detection, it will divide to produce a clone of tumor cells that may develop into such a mass that it can't be destroyed (establishment of tumor)
C. Post-Dispatch Article (11/5/99) - Handout of Diagram- "Researchers now understand in detail the processes that lead to cancer
1. Signal: Epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) is a growth factor that will bind only to those cells possessing the EGF receptor on its outer surface. It fits into the receptor like the way a key fits into a lock or a substrate fits into a enzyme.
a) Receptor: Changes in genes that increase the number of receptors on the cell surface amplify the division signal by providing more targets for growth factors (results in uncontrolled cell growth or cancer. More than 20% of breast cancers overproduce receptors for EGF. Herceptin is an exciting new agent used to treat breast cancer. This human-antibody like protein is made via genetic engineering in mice . It binds to the excess receptors on breast cancer cells thereby decreasing the uncontrolled growth signaling.
b) Relay: passage of the divide signal into the cell's interior by a protein called RAS that acts as a relay switch. When activated the shape of RAS changes in a way that it can nowinitiate a chain reaction of the signal to the nucleus. Mutated forms of RAS behave like a relay switch stuck in the ON position, continuously instructing the cell to divide when it should not. 30% of all cancers have a mutant form of RAS.
c) Amplifying the Signal: An activated RAS acts on enzymes called protein kinases which transfers a phosphate group from protein to protein in that chain of amplification (called a cascade). Mutations in any protein kinases can dangerously increase the already amplified signal and lead to cancer. 5% of cancers have a mutant form of protein kinases (usual case involves Src
d) At the Nucleus: unleashing the copy signal. In healthy cells, the primary brake on CD is a tumor suppressor protein, pRB. pRB blocks the signal that directs the cell to copy its DNA. Normal CD is triggered to begin when pRB is inhibited; unleashing the copy signal. Mutations that destroy pRB release the signal from its control completely, leading to ceaseless CD. 40% of all cancers have a defective pRB.
e) Is the DNA okay to copy? : p53 is a tumor suppressor protein. p53 inspects the DNA and when it finds damaged DNA , it stops CD and activates the cell's DNA repair systems. If it isn't repaired in time, p53 causes apoptosis (programmed cell death). More than 50% of all cancers have a disabled p53. 80% of lung cancers. Cigarette smoke contains benzo (a) pyrene that can cause mutation of the p53 gene. It was found the in mice which were missing the p53 gene, that they were prone to multiple tumors. Some cancer-causing viruses make a protein that can bind to p53; if this happens then p53 can't function and tumors form.
f) Life Span of Cell: In healthy cells, another tumor supressor inhibits production of a special enzyme called telomerase. Without this enzyme, a cell's chromosomes lose material from their tips. over time, more of the tip gets lost and after 30 or so CDs, enough is lost and the cell stops dividing and undergoes cell death scenerio. Mutation that destroys this telomerase inhibitor releases the brake, making cancer possible.
D. Types of Cancer and Building up the Vocab.
1. Carcinoma - cancer derived from epithelial cells (carcinomas are most most form of cancer since we are covered with epithelial cells. Basal cell carcinoma - cancer of the surface epithelium ( squamous - deeper location of epithelium). Adenocarcinoma - malignant tumor of the epithelial lining of a gland.
2. sacoma - cancer of connective tissue or muscle cells. Fibrosarcoma - malignant tumor of fibrous tissue
3. Melanoma - cancer of melanin-producing cells of the skin (pigment-producing cells) A mole is a benign tumor but can become malignant and very metastastic.
4. Leukemias - cancer of blood-forming tissue. Includes detection of undifferentiated cells- blasts. Erythroleukemia - leukemia of the RBC lineage. Includes Lymphomas - cancer of the lymphoid tissue - the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's disease. - recall there are drugs that work against Hodgkin's lymphoma at four sites in the cell cycle.
5. Breast milk causes cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Study from Sweden showed taht alpha lac is a dual purpose protein; it helps in the formation of lactose, a milk protein and when in the intestinal system of the baby, it changes shape in the acidic condition and binds to cancer cells if around. Protects a baby who has an immature immune system.
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Intestinal polyps are the outgrowths of tissue from the gastrointestinal epithelium that protrude into the lumen of the small and large intestine. It can be grouped into adenomatous and non-adenomatous polyps. The colorectal adenomas are the most common polyps and associated with some risk of cancer.
Adenomatous polyps originate from the epithelium and develop as a result of abnormal cell proliferation (dysplasia). These types of polyps are very common and may occur in 50% of people over the age of 60 years. It is more frequently found in the distal part of the colon and the rectum, therefore it is often referred to as colorectal adenomas.
Adenomatous polyps can be of various sizes, ranging from small pedunculated lesions to large sessile polyps. These are neoplastic polyps meaning that it has the potential to become malignant (cancerous). This malignant potential increases with severity of the dysplasia and with increasing size of the polyp.
A strong familial predisposition is seen with adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Adenomatous polyps associated with hereditary polyposis syndromes carry a significantly higher risk of colorectal cancer. Having a first-degree relative with familial polyps increases the risk for adenomatous polyps by four-fold.
Types of Adenomatous Polyps
Adenomatous polyps develop when genetic damage leads to an imbalance between mucosal cell proliferation and cell death. This means that the cells are replicating at a faster rate than those that are dying leading to an overgrowth of tissue. This eventually results in development of the abnormal mass in the form of polyps. Adenomatous polyps are of tubular, villous or tubulovillous (mixed) type based on histological examination.
Tubular adenomas are the most common type of adenomatous polyps accounting for about 80% of all adenomatous polyps. More than 50% of the tubular adenomas are located in the rectum and sigmoid colon and are associated with a 2% to 5% risk of cancer. Glands or cysts-like structures are usually found in the submucosa. Tubular adenomatous polyps which are smaller than 1 cm rarely become malignant.
Pure villous adenomas are relatively rare and account for less than 5% of adenomas. These adenomas are usually sessile cauliflower-like mass, mostly confined to the sigmoid colon and rectum. Villous adenomas which are larger than 4 cm size are often associated with severe dysplasia and has a high risk of cancer. About 40% of these lesions eventually develop cancer.
Tubulovillous type adenomas are found in 10 to 20% of the patients with adenomatous polyps. It is also known as mixed or villoglandular adenomas because it has mixed features of tubular and villous type lesions. The malignant potential of tubulovillous polyps are related to the amount of villous component of the lesions. Tubulovillous polyps have about a 20% risk for cancer development.
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While on his summer dig, Haas has made a major archaeological discovery, thought to date back to prehistoric times. We have an unconfirmed report that police have cordoned off the area to protect the site from paparazzi and tourists while a team from the Ashmolean Museum carries out a forensic excavation.
Katrijn was seen standing guard while officials arrived accompanied by psychologists to help them cope with the significance of the discovery.
Haas, who had been digging for a mere 20 or so minutes, was seen vigorously yanking roots and scratching the soil to get a closer look at the find. An increasingly excited Katrijn spent time running circles when it became clear Haas was onto something special.
‘Prehistoric pots are an exquisitly rare find in the Oxfordshire Mountain Range’, said Dr Sturgis, Director of the Ashmolean Museum who arrived on site within four-and-a-half minutes of the find. ‘But this pot seems to be around six and a half thousand years old, so a pretty persistent specimen, I would say.’
Hopping up and down while his eyes keep darting back to the site of the discovery, Surgis adds, ‘As everyone knows, during the Chalcolithic period potters had a profound crisis of confidence and were known to destroy their own work completely if they were unhappy with the results. They left very little for us to dig up as a result. Chalcolithic potters were pretty intimidated by their predecessors of the Pottery Neolithic who invented the art of pottery. As a consequence, we only know of shards from the Chalcilithic period, but not a whole pot such as the Haas Pot.
Excuse me, I need a moment with my therapist’, and with that he hurries off while waving us through security for the world’s first, exclusive image of
The Haas Pot
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Unit # 1
Principles of Animal Health
This unit explores the terminology commonly used in veterinary practice and how this relates to a range of species. Students will learn about the signs of normal and abnormal health in dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, lizards, snakes and tortoises and how to ensure good health and carry out routine health checks.
Unit # 2
Principles of Body Language and Behaviour
Correct handling and restraint techniques during veterinary procedures are essential to reduce stress for domestic mammals and reptiles. Students will learn how to recognise and manage stress and fear when handling a variety of companion animals.
Unit # 3
Principles of Hygiene, Cleaning and Disinfection
High standards of cleaning and hygiene in an animal nursing environment are essential to prevent the spread of disease and infection. Students will learn about infectious diseases commonly seen in domestic mammals and reptiles and the importance of maintaining a clean environment. Learn the difference between disinfection and sterilisation, and understand the safe use of cleaning and disinfection chemicals. Learn how to follow a cleaning protocol with a thorough understanding of areas to be cleaned and their level of infection risk. This unit also contains information about the equipment sterilised in a veterinary practice, waste disposal methods, how to reduce waste in an animal nursing environment.
Unit # 4
Reception and Administrative Duties in a Veterinary Practice
This unit explores the structure of a veterinary practice and students will learn about the roles and their tasks.
Students will learn about:
*The services provided in a veterinary practice including the referral process and the promotion and marketing of veterinary services.
*The professional standards and requirements in a veterinary environment
*The importance of health and safety in the veterinary workplace.
*How to deal with various clients including, different methods of client communication, registering a new client, making appointments, answering phones, taking payments, dealing with difficult or sensitive situations and the importance of client confidentiality.
Unit # 5
The Pharmacy in a Veterinary Practice
This unit explores the workings of the veterinary pharmacy, including stock control, safe and secure storage of medicines, waste disposal and the importance of adherence to protocols.
Students will learn about veterinary medicines and gain an understanding of each stage of the medicines management pathway, including prescribing, dispensing and administration.
Unit # 6
Euthanasia and Bereavement
Students will gain an understanding of the reasons for euthanasia and the circumstances when euthanasia may be required. Students will learn how the euthanasia process is carried out and the options for the disposal of a deceased pet. Students will gain an understanding of the stages of grief and be able to recognise each of the stages.
Unit # 7
Principles of First Aid
This unit explores the principles of first aid and companion animal veterinary emergencies. Students will learn the importance of communication within the veterinary team and how to support a client during the emergency. This unit also includes information about the legislation involved in first aid treatment, how to recognise a veterinary emergency, the information required when dealing with an emergency call and how to treat common injuries.
Unit # 8
Students will learn how to identify the instruments used for routine surgeries such as castration, spay and tumour removal. This unit also covers the correct care, cleaning and storage of veterinary instruments as well as packaging and sterilisation.
Unit # 9
Care of Wildlife in Veterinary Practice
Veterinary staff frequently deal with various injured or sick wildlife. Students will learn about the most commonly treated British wildlife including garden birds, hedgehogs, rabbits, badgers, foxes and deer.
Gain an understanding of the obligations to treat wildlife and the limitations to this treatment. Students will learn about the options available for further treatment and rehabilitation of wildlife if treatment is beyond the expertise of general practice.
Unit # 10
The practical placement offered by Animal Courses Direct is available at Cheltenham Animal Shelter or Lanta Animal Welfare (LAW) Thailand. Alternatively, students can find their own practical placement.
minimum student age: 16 years
Further information about Practical Placements
Veterinary Nursing Assistants Diploma level 2
The Level 2 Diploma for Veterinary Nursing Assistants has been developed for students seeking a specialised regulated qualification in animal nursing. The aim of this regulated qualification, is to prepare learners for a career in animal care or Veterinary Nursing, based within a Veterinary Practice.
Gain practical skills for caring for animals as well as customer services and retail which are both necessary when working as a veterinary nurse.
The Level 2 Diploma for Veterinary Nursing Assistants is held in high regard in veterinary practices. It provides an alternative route to GCSE’s and enhances the opportunity to progress to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Level 3 Diploma in Veterinary Nursing.
Veterinary Nursing Assistants Qualification, an entry into Veterinary Nursing
This qualification facilitates student further progression following a career in animal care or Veterinary Nursing, based within a Veterinary Practice. It provides learners with the information required to play a valuable support role to qualified veterinary staff and to assist owners in the correct management of their companion animals. It is a theory and practically-based qualification that has the aim of preparing a student for the rigour and level of demand required for the Veterinary Nursing Diploma.
We are able to include 2 weeks practical placement as part of this course. This enables students to work towards the 4-course units that require practical placement. Course fees must be paid in full prior to attending the practical placement.
What You Will Learn
Students learn a range of skills and develop your knowledge in a variety of different areas. This includes discovering how to manage and maintain accommodation for animals, including how to feed and water animals to ensure that they get the care they need. Learn how to provide basic treatments that animals often need including typical healthcare treatments. Gain practical experience with a range of routine procedures to make sure that you are fully equipped to help animals in your care. It is crucial that those aiming to work in veterinary medicine understand the anatomy and physiology of animals. There is a range of reasons why this information will be necessary. Through the modules, you will learn how to handle and restrain animals the correct way based on their anatomy and physiology. It’s important that animals are restrained without injury. Infection is a major concern whenever an animal is brought into a veterinary practice with an injury. Learn about the principles of infection control and how to manage infections.
Enquire about this Course
Veterinary Nursing Assistants, the next step after qualifying.
The Next Step
Those who have successfully completed the Level 2 Veterinary Nursing Diploma are suited to work in many animal care environments from Veterinary practices to pet shops and animal charity hospitals and rescue homes. These careers can be incredibly fulfilling and rewarding for anyone who wants to work hands-on with animals. You may be able to proceed to the RCVS Level 3 Diploma in Veterinary Nursing. In doing so you can take your veterinary nursing career to the next level and gain even more knowledge for a top position. Ultimately this can lead to a full professional position as a Veterinary Nurse.
Opportunities Are Wide Open
This Ofqual regulated qualification is the perfect entry point providing both practical experience and theory for those eager to further their career as a veterinary nurse. If, at the end of the course, the student decides that veterinary nursing is not the career that they wish to progress to, they will still have gained valuable regulated training. This will enable them to work within other areas of veterinary practice such as veterinary kennels/wards and veterinary reception. Their experience will also allow progression in other sectors of the animal industry, such as pet stores, boarding kennels or animal charities.
The Level 2 Veterinary Nursing Assistant Diploma for Veterinary Nursing Assistants is a regulated qualification recognised by Ofqual.
Information about Practical Placements:
If you are thinking of enrolling on this course and would prefer to find your own placement, here is some information to help find a suitable placement –
You will need to find a placement within a registered Veterinary Practice, or an animal establishment that has an element of veterinary care. However, this does not need to be an RCVS Training Practice, it needs to be a place where you will be supervised by a qualified Veterinary Nurse or Vet; this includes private practices, animal charities, zoos and some animal care businesses.
Your supervisor will not be responsible for assessing your practical evidence, this will be completed by your course Tutor via evidence provided (this can be written, photographic or video evidence, or a mixture of all 3 – full instruction will be provided during the course)
You will be responsible for managing your evidence gathering to ensure all practical assessment criteria is covered with your supervisor signing it off to agree your competence.
All practical criteria as outlined in the course must be covered during your practical placement. However, there is no set number of hours that you will need to attend your placement. You may want to complete this as a block placement over a number of weeks, or you may prefer to attend for a set number of hours per week to suit your schedule or to fit in with the placements availability.
Once you have enrolled on the course, please let us know if you would like us to provide you with a letter for use when approaching suitable placements
Cheltenham Animal Shelter in Gloucestershire
This animal rescue shelter rehomes unwanted and abandoned dogs, cats, and small animals. This 1 or 2 week practical placements enables students to gain valuable hands on experience working alongside the animal care team caring for animals in the shelter. Daily tasks include cleaning animal accommodation, preparing food, animal enrichment activities, dog walking, cat encounters, and small animal handling.
Cheltenham Animal Shelter is a charity that has been helping unwanted and abandoned animals since 1926.
Practical placements are available for 1 or 2 weeks, (Monday to Friday 8.30am – 4pm):
Accommodation and food not included.
Next available dates:
6th-10th July 2020
20th-24th July 2020
17th August- 21st August 2020
Lanta Animal Welfare Charity in Thailand
This 1 or 2 month practical placement involves valuable and varied hands-on animal care, cleaning, feeding, training & socialisation of cats and dogs. Students are also able to assist animals with specialist nursing care requirements.
Lanta Animal Welfare (LAW) works to end the suffering of the hundreds of homeless, abused and injured animals on the beautiful island of Koh Lanta, Thailand. To date, Lanta Animal Welfare have sterilised and treated over 15,000 animals and continues to work to prevent and control the overpopulation of dogs and cats on Koh Lanta in a humane way through neutering, by providing care and treatment to sick and injured stray animals and by promoting awareness of animal care and respect.
Koh Lanta is a popular tourist destination, the island is known for its long, sandy beaches and scuba diving. The geography of the island is typically mangroves, coral rimmed beaches and rugged tree covered hills.
Practical placements are available for 1 to 2 months
Minimum age is 20.
Accommodation and 2 meals per day included.
Next available start dates (students stay for 1 or 2 months):
- 1st June 2020
- 6th July 2020
- 3rd August 2020
- 7th September 2020
- 5th October 2020
- 2nd November 2020
- 7th December 2020
Enquire about this Course
Animal Courses Direct accepts no liability or responsibility for practical placements advertised on our website; placements are carried out entirely at the user’s own risk and students are required to sign our waiver form and obtain their own travel insurance. Where a deposit is requested, this is non refundable. Students are required to pay course fees in full prior to attending the practical placement. Practical placement dates may change and are subject to availability, please see our T&Cs.
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Here’s something you might not know.
You’re probably being affected by behavioral finance, but like most people, you may not be aware of it.
That’s not your fault. A mere 35 years ago, when many of us were in school, nobody was even talking about the subject.
Now? The study of behavioral finance is not only a major concern of both the government and private enterprise, it’s a part of the economics and psychology curriculums at universities around the world.
What is behavioral finance, and where did it come from?
Behavioral finance is a relatively new field (about 40 years old) that combines psychology and economics to provide explanations as to why people make emotional investment decisions and subsequently lose money.
The father of modern behavioral financial theory is bestselling author and award winning economist, Daniel Kahneman. His groundbreaking 1992 study, “Prospect Theory,” brought behavioral finance into mainstream consciousness by challenging commonly held assumptions about economics in a way that changed the way scientists and academics understand how people manage risk.
So highly regarded is Kahneman and his Prospect Theory analysis that, “besides” winning the 2002 Nobel Prize for Economics, on November 22nd, 2013, President Barack Obama bestowed upon him the United States’ highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Kahneman found that, when it comes to investing, most people are too emotional and too close to the process to make rational decisions.
Looking at those behaviors that conjure emotion and influence personal investment decision making, three of the most commonly cited components of behavioral finance are:
- The Herd Mentality: We do what everyone else is doing
- An Aversion to Loss: We fear loss more than we enjoy gain
- Confirmation Bias: We’re drawn to information that validates our beliefs
How dangerous is behavioral finance to you?
In his best selling book, “Thinking, Fast and Slow,” Kahneman stated that the negative aspects of emotional decisions are further compounded because our emotions spur us to make those decisions at the worst possible times.
Here’s an example of behavioral finance in action.
Just about everyone who was invested in stocks believes they lost money in the market downturn of 2008. But did they? A common scenario was for fearful investors to get out of the market after the crash by transferring money to cash equivalents or even bonds. But what that actually did was “lock in” losses because people cashed out when the market was low.
Conversely, those people who stayed in the market after 2008 have likely taken advantage of a still-ongoing bull market, and have also likely, by now, not only fully recovered, but with a conscientiously allocated portfolio, probably realized gains far exceeding those enjoyed before the 2008 crash.
How to stop behavioral finance from ruining your retirement.
As sure as the tenets of behavioral finance can conspire to ruin your finances, the opposite may be true, as well. Knowing what to look for, and how to account for behavioral finance, may hold the keys to avoiding those mistakes going forward.
1. How do you avoid a herd mentality?
Not a week goes by that we don’t meet with someone who wants a piece of a well-known stock or company, but which our experience and research quickly tells us is not a move that’s based on sound investment or business principles. Market “bubbles” in real estate, technology, or even something as random as multicolored Dutch tulip bulbs—which actually caused the collapse of the Dutch economy in the 1600s—are called “bubbles” because, eventually, they always pop.
Do you find yourself longing to be a part of popular market trends? In an effort to keep up with those trends, are you carrying too much risk in your portfolio?
Counteract these urges by asking your advisor how your investments would respond to historical events—such as a large scale natural disaster, war, an oil spike, or the burst of a sector bubble—and then work together to adjust your allocation accordingly.
2. How do you avoid an aversion to loss?
There’s nothing inherently wrong with being averse to loss. In fact, it sounds completely logical. But is your fear of loss causing you to make poor investment decisions? Let’s be frank: every investment holds at least some risk. Yet too few investors have taken the time to have their portfolios stress tested. My over 25 years of advisory experience has taught me one thing, and that is, people who try to “time” the market to avoid loss typically end up drawing the short straw over and over again.
3. How do you avoid confirmation bias?
People caught in the confirmation bias cycle seek information that confirms their already held beliefs. This might be okay when selecting the breed of the family dog, but it’s terrible for your portfolio. One of the first things I tell clients is to seek the truth rather than look for evidence that you are correct. That’s because just about any Google search will reinforce your bias by conveniently providing you with the confirmation you’ve been looking for.
Instead, find a fiduciary advisor who is not only obligated to make recommendations that are in your best interests, but who, other than keeping you as a satisfied client, has no emotional attachment to his or her recommendations. Remember, when it comes to investing and confirmation bias, the best way to defeat it is to work with someone who allows you to get adequate emotional distance.
Investment management and retirement preparation are complex endeavors. Add in emotion, and it can be a nightmare of decision making and navigation. Going it alone is not for the faint of heart. Aside the complexity of the process, there are hidden risks involved at every turn.
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The technological and ecological disaster unfolding on the Gulf Coast may end up being one for the record books, but the tragic failure to contain the deep-seated pressures 7 kilometers beneath the Gulf of Mexico was not likely the result of overreaching. In wells 65 kilometers off the coast of Louisiana, "the depths and pressures are rather routine" for the oil industry, says petroleum engineer Kenneth Gray of the University of Texas, Austin (UT Austin). "That doesn't mean they're easy." It does mean that even in routine operations, there is not much room for error.
The $350 million Deepwater Horizon was not operating near its design limits on 20 April when uncontrolled oil and gas shot up its drill pipe and ignited, eventually sinking the vessel. It was designed to drill through as many as 9144 meters of rock in as much as 2438 meters of water. Last year, it had drilled the world's deepest well at 10,680 meters of rock and water. But at the time of the blowout, the well extended only 5486 meters beneath the sea floor in 1500 meters of water.
The oil industry has developed technologies to hold in the 125-megapascal (18,000-pound-per-square-inch) pressures encountered at even such lesser depths. One is the weight of heavy drilling "mud" circulated down the drill pipe during drilling.
When in 1979 drillers lost mud circulation on the "IXTOC I" platform off the coast of Mexico, the resulting blowout spewed several times more oil each day than in the current disaster. That went on for 10 months, producing the second largest spill in history.
Deepwater Horizon 's containment failure may have come in the cement injected between the well wall and its steel liner, experts say. According to press reports, workers had just finished that "cement job." A failure could have also come in the temporary cement plug set in the well. Problems with cement—a batch that fails to properly set up, for example—were the cause of 18 of 39 blowouts in the Gulf of Mexico over a 14-year period, according to a 2007 report from the U.S. Minerals Management Service, the agency that supervises offshore drilling.
Whatever the cause of the rush of oil and gas up the well, the disaster also required a failure of the blowout preventer (BOP) sitting on the sea floor over the well. BOPs can fail to close off a well in any number of ways. In the case of the 1977 Ekofisk Bravo blowout in the North Sea, workers reinstalled the BOP upside down after maintenance. All efforts to close the Deepwater Horizon BOP using remotely operated submersibles have so far failed. That suggests to petroleum engineer Paul Bommer of UT Austin that "maybe the BOP got the signals [to shut] and nothing happened."
Ironically, the ultimate solution may be more drilling into pressurized rock. Precisely directed drilling from one or more other platforms can intersect the problem well kilometers below the sea floor despite the target being only 20 centimeters wide. The pinnacle of the driller's art and technology may yet come to the rescue.
For more on the gulf oil spill, see our full coverage.
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Writing is an art. It is an inborn talent which can be improved not learnt. As far as writing an effective academic assignment is concerned, it is also not less than art. For this professional, academic assignment writing help really works. It requires creativity in simplicity. It is a frightening task among students. It is just like climbing Everest without any oxygen mask. You feel breathless even about thinking of its attempt. Whether it is for class, competition or scholarship, it is dreadful. But when one proceeds step by step, it can be done easily. Breaking the task into parts makes it possible. Given below are the seven ways to write an assignment or essay effectively.
- Prepare the topic: Whether you are given a topic or have a choice to make one, you should think about the type of contents which you would like to include in the assignment. You should be distinct about the details or overview of the contents. If the topic is given, build interest in it and if the topic is not given, choose a topic of your interest.
- Outline your ideas: For a successful assignment, first, organize your ideas. Defining your ideas on paper will make them more clear and structured. This provides a foundation for your assignment. A diagrammatic representation may also help you to organize your thoughts and ideas. List your main ideas leaving space in between for their description. If possible include small interconnecting ideas in between for more relevance.
- Write your thesis statement: Creating a thesis statement allows you to convey an idea to the reader what you want to say in your assignment. The thesis statement has two parts. The first part tells about the topic whereas the second part states the point of the assignment. For example, if you are given an assignment having title ‘Winning Characteristics’; then your thesis statement would be “During my high school, I exhibited several ‘Winning Characteristics’ like leadership skills, organizing skills, leading various society and a part-time job.”
- Write the body: The body of the assignment contains the detailed description of the topic you are given. The main or intermediate ideas are now displayed as a complete section. The ideas will be the introductory sentence of the section followed by the description and then examples. Try to link that section with the next one.
- Write the introduction: After the thesis statement and the body are prepared, you have to write the introduction of the assignment. It should be catchy and attract the reader’s attention. It should be a shocking sentence, quote, dialogue, or summary of your topic. It should be relevant with your thesis statement.
- Write the conclusion: It is regarded as the closing of the topic. It provides a final perspective of your topic and sums up what you want to say. It should not have more than six to seven sentences. Having your main ideas would be sufficient.
- Add finishing touches: It refers to the small point which appears as ordinary but are very important for linking the whole assignment. Check your assigning ideas. Your strongest thoughts should be in first and the last paragraphs. You should also stick to the guidelines offered by your teacher. Check grammar and spelling mistakes also.
BME is an online academic assignment help provider. It was well known and well qualified professional writers. They provide easy tips to complete your assignments. But if you are still not able to write any assignment, leave it to them. They will definitely take care of your problems and that too in a very friendly way. All this costs nothing compared to the quality work provided to you.
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Video feature: Bigelow Aerospace unveils inflatable space station module
A stay in space for astronauts and tourists alike could soon take place within an inflatable module fixed to the side of the ISS. Liam Stoker examines Bigelow Aerospace's Expandable Activity Module and looks into what its future could hold.
When it comes to housing astronauts in space, Nasa could not be accused of failing to think outside of the box. Should testing aboard the International Space Station in 2015 succeed, astronauts aboard the ISS and on future deep-space missions could live inside inflatable dormitories.
Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) hopes to be the first expandable habitat module for human occupancy in space, with the company hoping to aim the modules towards research organisations and businesses in need of hosting astronauts.
To date, Bigelow has invested approximately $250m into the development of inflatable habitation modules and has secured preliminary agreements with space and research agencies in the UK, Netherlands, Australia, Singapore, Japan, Sweden and the UAE.
TransHab programme pays dividends
This isn't, however, the first time Nasa has examined the possibility of inflatable habitats. The organisation studied their feasibility in the 1990s under the TransHab programme, before licensing the technology to Bigelow, who in turn have furthered the technology's development.
The first series of tests on an in-orbit module will focus on the structure's ability to withstand radiation and maintain a stable temperature, while also assessing whether contaminants could store in the fabric of the module.
Benefits of the BEAM over existing habitats
The modules are created using a lightweight, soft-skinned material with similar properties to Kevlar, and threaten to hold several advantages over existing options for housing astronauts.
BEAM would weigh approximately 1,361kg upon launch, less than a third of current occupied modules, significantly reducing the cost implications of launching astronauts into orbit.
The use of Kevlar-like materials over metals also holds the potential to offer better protection to astronauts in the event of solar storms, which metal structures capable of producing secondary heavy particles during such events that could cause harm to astronauts residing inside.
Bigelow do, however, admit that the future of the module will rely on the development of the space tourism industry and availability of scheduled space flights capable of taking paying passengers into orbit. Bigelow has secured agreements with Boeing and SpaceX for launch services upon their availability, which the company will undoubtedly be enacting sooner rather than later.
Following a recent spate of successful tests, Nasa's Orion vehicle is edging closer to supporting manned missions to space.
As Nasa scrambles to move the International Space Station out of harm's way, efforts are being made to monitor space junk.
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“When a party is in the minority, it has to add, not subtract,” huffed Jennifer Rubin.
The Germans have huffed and puffed but always caved in, in the end.
“The cumulative delay across the three sites totaled 999 days,” a Silverstein spokesman huffed in August.
But Mars is huffed, and declines to accept consolation in any shape.
They were like the wolf of pre-atomic days who huffed and puffed to blow the house down.
One day, when he was speaking upon the subject, I asked him if he ever huffed his wife about his dinner?
There was an interruption here while Mantelish huffed reflexively.
In capturing, the player must choose the direction by which he can take the greatest number of men or queens, or he may be huffed.
If you displayed no wish to hear the "good one," he was huffed.
So he huffed and he puffed, and he puffed and he huffed, and at last he blew the house down, and ate up the second little Pig.
mid-15c., apparently imitative of exhaling. Extended sense of "bluster with indignation" is attested from 1590s. Related: Huffed; huffing. As a slang term for a type of narcotics abuse, by 1996. As a noun from 1590s; to leave in a huff is recorded from 1778. Popular terms for "strong beer or ale" noted from 1577 include huff cap as well as mad dog and dragon's milk.
To inhale glue, gasoline, or aerosol fumes for intoxicating effect: The deaths of three Wisconsin teenagers after they inhaled aerosol fumes to get high, the practice known as ''huffing'' (1980s+ Narcotics)
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| 0.974492 | 383 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Noninvasive measurements of bilirubin in the newborn
Clin Perinatol, 1990 Jun, 17:2, 417-35
Technologic advances have allowed a means for more precise measurement of cutaneous bilirubin. These advances have led investigators to examine the correlation between cutaneous and blood bilirubin in hopes of either replacing or reducing the number of serum bilirubin values obtained. In the past other investigators attempted to do the same, using visual estimates of jaundice with and without the help of reference devices. The establishment of an acceptable correlation between cutaneous and serum bilirubin requires (1) accurate measurement of serum bilirubin, (2) accurate measurement of cutaneous bilirubin, and (3) steady-state conditions between the blood-cutaneous bilirubin "compartments." The accuracy with which cutaneous bilirubin can be measured appears similar or better than that with which serum bilirubin is measured; with older transcutaneous devices significant interobserver variability may exist. Bias in the form of other skin chromogens also interferes with accuracy. Rapid changes in serum or cutaneous bilirubin concentration or nonhomogeneous distribution of cutaneous bilirubin interferes with our knowledge of cutaneous-blood bilirubin kinetics. At present transcutaneous bilirubinometry cannot replace routine serum measurements, but both new and old transcutaneous devices can serve as effective screening devices. The choice of which device to use depends on its cost-effectiveness in any given clinical setting.
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http://www.clinlab.ru/tm/bilirub/78.%20Schumacher.htm
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A Breed Standard is the guideline which describes the ideal characteristics , temperament and appearance of a breed and ensures that the breed is fit for function. Absolute soundness is essential. Breeders and judges should at all times be careful to avoid obvious conditions or exaggerations which would be detrimental in any way to the health, welfare or soundness of this breed. From time to time certain conditions or exaggerations may be considered to have the potential to affect dogs in some breeds adversely, and judges and breeders are requested to refer to the Kennel Club website for details of any such current issues. If a feature or quality is desirable it should only be present in the right measure.
GENERAL APPEARANCE: Sturdy, compact, solid, small dog with good bone, short, smooth coat. No point exaggerated, balance essential. Dogs showing respiratory distress highly undesirable
CHARACTERISTICS: Full of courage, yet with clown-like qualities. Bat ears and short tail characteristic features of the breed.
TEMPERAMENT: Vivacious, deeply affectionate, intelligent.
HEAD AND SKULL: Head square in appearance and in proportion to dog’s size. Skull nearly flat between ears, domed forehead. The skin covering the skull and forehead should be supple enough to allow fine wrinkling when the dog is alert. Well defined muzzle broad, deep and set back, muscles of cheeks well developed. Stop well defined. Lower jaw deep, square, broad, slightly undershot and turned up. Nose black and wide, relatively short, with open nostrils and line between well defined. Lips black, thick, meeting each other in centre, completely hiding teeth Upper lip covers lower on each side with plenty of cushion, never so exaggerated as to hang too much below level of lower jaw.
EYES: Preferably dark and matching. Moderate size, round, neither sunken nor prominent, showing no white when looking straight forward; set relatively wide apart and on the same level as the stop.
EARS: ‘Bat ears’, of medium size, wide at base, rounded at top; set high, carried upright and parallel, a sufficient width of skull preventing them being too close together; skin soft and fine, orifice as seen from the front, showing entirely. The opening to the ear canal should be wide and open.
MOUTH: Slightly undershot. Teeth sound and regular, but not visible when the mouth is closed. Tongue must not protrude.
NECK: Powerful, well arched and thick, of moderate length.
FOREQUARTERS: Legs set wide apart, straight -boned, strong, muscular and short.
BODY: Cobby, muscular and well rounded with deep, wide brisket and ribs well sprung. Strong gently roached back. Good ‘cut up‘. The body while broader at the shoulders should narrow slightly beyond the ribs to give definition to the relatively short thick strong muscular loin.
HINDQUARTERS: Legs strong, muscular and relatively longer than forelegs, with moderate angulation. Absolute soundness essential. Hocks well let down.
FEET: Small, compact and placed in continuation of line of leg, with absolutely sound pasterns. Hind feet rather longer than forefeet. Toes compact; well knuckled; nails short, thick and preferably black.
TAIL: Undocked, short, set low, thick at root, tapering quickly towards tip, preferably straight and long enough to cover anus. Never curling over back nor carried gaily.
GAIT/MOVEMENT: Free and flowing. Soundness of movement of the utmost importance
COAT: Texture fine, smooth, lustrous, short and close.
COLOUR: Brindle, pied or fawn. Tan, mouse and grey/blue highly undesirable. BRINDLE: a mixture of black and coloured hairs. May contain white provided brindle predominates. PIED: white predominates over brindle. Whites are classified with pieds for show purposes; but their eyelashes and eye rims should be black. In pieds the white should be clear with definite brindle patches and no ticking or black spots. FAWN: may contain brindle hairs but must have black eyelashes and eye rims. SIZE: Ideal weight: dogs: 12.5 kg (28 Ib); bitches:11kg (24 Ib). Soundness not to be sacrificed to smallness.
FAULTS: Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog..
NOTE: Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum.
Reproduced by kind permission of THE KENNEL CLUB
French Bulldog Characteristics from the FBCE
It is generally recognised that the French Bulldog of today is a descendant of the Toy Bulldogs of the 1850s. By 1890, a strain had emerged in France which later became known as the French Bulldog.
The Frenchie, as he is known, is active, intelligent, sweet-tempered and full of fun. He makes an ideal companion and is a discretely silent house-dog, disinclined to make friends with strangers. He has a retentive memory, unflinching gaze and is quite fearless. He seems to possess a special power by which he gains the unswerving affection of his owner.
His body should be sturdy and compact. An essential feature is his erect ear carriage. Equally important are his round, dark eyes. An overall balance is another essential quality of the breed. A unique feature of the Frenchman is that his tail is naturally short and undocked. His coat must be short and fine and Brindled, Pied (in which white dominates the brindling) or Fawn in colour.
A French Bulldog is very dependant upon human companionship. He should never be left alone for long periods or left in the care of young children. As far as is possible, his life should follow a well-regulated pattern. He flourishes in warm, comfortable surroundings. The Frenchie enjoys a daily walk of moderate length. In summer, this should be taken early or late - NEVER in the heat of the day. NEVER, EVER leave him alone in your car in hot weather. When travelling in summer, take plenty of water, towels and ice. If he overheats, cool his body surfaces, give ice to lick but do NOT give him large quantities of water to drink. If necessary, abort your journey.
Although he has an easy care coat, it does need regular attention. His facial wrinkles and area round the base of his little tail must be kept clean. Particular attention must be paid to his bat ears. It is really important that the orifices are kept clear and thoroughly clean. Never let them dry out so that the inner surfaces come together.
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Date(s) - 07/04/2021 - 08/04/2021
The United Nations (UN) has named April 7 as the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Rwanda Genocide. This day commemorates the deaths of 800,000 people who were murdered during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, central Africa.
Many people around the world hold memorial ceremonies that include candle-lighting and a minute of silence to honor the victims of the Rwanda genocide. This UN day is also a time for diplomats and key community figures to talk with communities about the atrocities of genocide and the importance of working towards a peaceful way of life. Student conferences, exhibitions, and other commemorative activities are also held.
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https://glade.org/events/day-of-remembrance-of-the-victims-of-the-rwanda-genocide-2021-04-07/
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| 0.943452 | 143 | 3.5 | 4 |
By Fiona Price – winner of our “Write for us” competition.
A tech tool I’ve been exploring recently and one I’m really keen to promote is the free online infographic maker by Canva.
What is an infographic?
The best definition I found comes from Wikipedia:
Why Use Infographics ?
I made this infographic using a Canva template to highlight reasons why they are such a good idea to use for teaching and learning:
How to use infographics in the classroom
Having explored the potential for using infographics and having had a go at creating some myself, I was keen to apply this to the classroom and looked at some suggestions in Nik Peachey’s ebook 10 Lessons in Digital Literacy based around authentic infographics.
I chose Mind your Waste as I am teaching Pre-Advanced learners who are interested in going on to further study in art & design or fashion. I followed the stages in the lesson plan to set up an initial discussion, establish the topic, activate interest and background knowledge and then to use the infographic for reading skills development: scanning for specific information followed by a detailed reading stage and post reading discussion. I really recommend this resource as it has excellent ideas for follow-up tasks to develop digital literacy and critical thinking skills.
I followed up the next day with an article from the Guardian on textile waste in Britain. After exploiting the text for reading skills development and comparing the data to that given in the infographic about the USA, I gave the learners a writing task:
Using the Mind your Waste (in the USA) infographic as an example, either create an infographic using a Canva template about textile waste in Britain, using the statistics given in the reading text as your source, OR do some research on textile waste in your country and use that data as your source.
Most were keen to research the topic in their countries. I encouraged them to make a plan and use post-it-notes to organise ideas as suggested in Exploiting Infographics by Nik Peachey.
I am so excited to see the result and have made a Padlet in preparation for when they are ready to publish. They can share by getting the link to their published infographic and copying and pasting to the Padlet so we can all see everyone’s infographic on global textile waste. 🤞
Bio: I am an English language teacher, a CELTA teacher trainer & EAP tutor with an MA in Educational Technology & TESOL.from the University of Manchester.
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| 0.940864 | 516 | 3.25 | 3 |
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind., Nov. 1 (UPI) -- Although a large asteroid will safely miss Earth when it passes next week, a U.S. researcher says he's estimated what would happen if it hit the planet.
Jay Melosh, a Purdue University asteroid impact expert, says an object of similar size -- as big as an aircraft carrier -- colliding with Earth would result in a 4,000-megaton blast, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake and, if it struck in the deep ocean, 70-foot-high tsunami waves 60 miles from the splashdown site.
His estimate comes as NASA scientists said asteroid 2005 YU55 will pass between Earth and the moon Nov. 8, coming within 201,000 miles of Earth on its closest approach, a Purdue release said Monday.
"What is unique about this asteroid flyby is that we were aware of it well in advance," Melosh said. "Before about 1980 we wouldn't know about an asteroid of this size until it was already making a close pass, but now it is unlikely that such an asteroid will approach the Earth without our knowledge.
"Impacts from asteroids of this size are very rare," he said. "They occur about once every 100,000 years, so the chances of an actual collision with an asteroid like YU55 is about 1 percent in the next thousand years."
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| 0.965068 | 283 | 3.234375 | 3 |
29 July 2014, 04:35 PM ET
A company plans to place two new cameras on the outside of the International Space Station in a bid to provide more live views of Earth from space.
29 July 2014, 02:00 PM ET
A new space plane prototype's launch in November could pave the way toward the creation of a reusable cargo vehicle that would survive the blistering re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, according to the European Space Agency.
29 July 2014, 09:52 AM ET
The European Space Agency's Gaia mission will produce a 3D map of the Milky Way Galaxy. It is carrying a billion-pixel camera that will map each star it can resolve more than 70 times. There may as many as 400 Billion stars in our galaxy.
28 July 2014, 08:00 PM ET
The three spacecraft — two of which are fully operational and one of which is an experimental satellite — blasted off today (July 28) from Florida's Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, riding atop a United Launch Alliance Delta 4 rocket.
28 July 2014, 05:48 PM ET
The rover landed on the Red Planet in 2004 and has since driven a record 25.01 miles (40.02 km). The record was previously held by the Russian Lunokhod 2 which roved the lunar surface for 24.2 miles (39 km) in 1973. Full Story: http://goo.gl/C59h6r
28 July 2014, 07:01 AM ET
The founding population of an interstellar colony should consist of 20,000 to 40,000 people, one expert says. Such a large group would possess a great deal of genetic and demographic diversity, giving the settlement the best chance of survival.
25 July 2014, 07:25 AM ET
As the world celebrates the 45th anniversary of Apollo 11's giant leap to the moon, some people are eyeing the celestial body's bounty of resources. But it's unclear at the moment who is allowed to extract and profit from the moon's resources.
24 July 2014, 10:20 AM ET
DigitalGlobe released satellite images of the Malaysian Airlines MH17 plane that was shot down over eastern Ukraine on July 17.
24 July 2014, 08:00 AM ET
"One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." That sentence, uttered by NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong from the surface of the moon 45 years ago, signaled the dawn of a new age.
24 July 2014, 07:22 AM ET
While the Apollo 11 landing was on the cutting-edge of technology in 1969, today it's a demonstration of how much could be accomplished with so little.
23 July 2014, 01:08 PM ET
See photos from the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle 5 (ATV-5) mission to the International Space Station in this Space.com gallery. ATV-5 is Europe's fifth and final planned ATV mission.
23 July 2014, 12:03 PM ET
NASA's first Landsat mission launched in July 1972. Seven more satellites have been launched since. Two of these, Landsat 7 & 8, are still active. The program acquired science imagery of natural disasters, urban change, water, ice, and farming.
21 July 2014, 09:00 AM ET
A dropship quadcopter designed by the European Space Agency could be landing rovers on Mars in the future.
20 July 2014, 09:01 AM ET
Space.com was founded on July 20, 1999 on the 30th anniversary of NASA's Apollo 11 moon landing. Here, managing editor Tariq Malik recounts the last 15 years of Space.com, and the wonder of it all.
20 July 2014, 07:01 AM ET
On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong clambered down the ladder of the Apollo 11 lunar lander and pressed his boot into the moon's gray dirt — a simple step that stands as perhaps the most memorable moment in all of human history.
19 July 2014, 12:31 PM ET
From a cosmic rubber ducky to an experimental space plane, don't miss these amazing space images of the week for July 19, 2014.
18 July 2014, 02:38 PM ET
When a missile struck Malaysian Airlines flight MH17, it's likely that heat from the explosion was detected from space by a sophisticated network of military satellites.
17 July 2014, 07:00 AM ET
Experts told a Senate hearing Wednesday that key American national-security space missions could be delayed by four to six years if Russia decides to cut off its supply of RD-180 rocket engines.
16 July 2014, 05:00 PM ET
The Mars Science Laboratory's ChemCam instrument fires its laser at rocks to analyze its composition and clear away dust. A recent firing produced sparks when hitting a rock.
15 July 2014, 04:12 PM ET
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has awarded initial design contracts for its Experimental Spaceplane project, known as XS-1, to three different companies: Boeing, Masten Space Systems and Northrop Grumman.
15 July 2014, 09:30 AM ET
SpaceX managed to fly part of its Falcon 9 rocket back to Earth today (July 14) in a reusability test that did not go entirely as planned. The rocket's first stage performed its re-entry burn and other tasks well but ended up hitting the water hard.
14 July 2014, 06:27 AM ET
It has been more than four decades since the first men landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. Test your memory of the moon landing with this quiz.
13 July 2014, 06:07 AM ET
What was your favorite space news story of the last week?
11 July 2014, 08:00 AM ET
On Wednesday (July 9), the Planetary Society announced launch dates for its LightSail-1 spacecraft — a possible test flight in 2015 (LightSail-A) and a full mission the next year (LightSail-B) with nearly identical hardware.
10 July 2014, 03:58 PM ET
“Parent satellite” Prox-1 will watch its offspring, LightSail-1, as it deploys 32 sq. meters of Kapton polymide fabric in an act of cosmic origami in reverse.
10 July 2014, 03:44 PM ET
The Planetary Society’s citizen-funded mission, LightSail-1, will launch on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy in 2016. It will test solar sails to propel low-cost “cube-sats,” with technology that could open highways to the planets. STORY: http://goo.gl/7tf4Tf
09 July 2014, 11:52 AM ET
ESA's Space Technology Advancements by Resourceful, Targeted and Innovative Groups of Experts and Researchers’(StarTiger) program has developed the prototype to land a rover using hazard detection and avoidance technology.
09 July 2014, 11:18 AM ET
#RosettaAreWeThereYet is a European Space Agency sponsored photo contest to support the last leg of the probe's journey to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Learn more about it and enter the contest here: http://goo.gl/1N4wqX
08 July 2014, 01:13 PM ET
NASA's Aquarius mission, whose main mission is ocean salinity measurement, has been multitasked to deliver soil observations. It shows how seasons and weather change the moisture in the first 2 inches of soil around the globe.
08 July 2014, 12:11 PM ET
From 1838 to 1945, the star Eta Carinae spewed nearly 40x the Sun’s mass, creating the Homunculus Nebula. Astronomers have now created a high-res 3D model of the 2-lobed cloud of gas and dust. -- Can be 3D printed with this file: http://goo.gl/juFz3p
06 July 2014, 12:47 PM ET
What was your favorite space news story of the last week?
01 July 2014, 01:32 PM ET
The Apollo 9 Lunar Module is seen from the command module during the Apollo 9 earth-orbital mission.
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We know the knee bone’s connected to the thigh bone and the thigh bone’s connected to the hip bone – well your dental health is connected to the health of your entire body and that’s a huge responsibility to have – so taking care of your teeth, gums and jaw bone is probably the best gift not only your smile, but your overall health.
NW Calgary Dentists at Ranchlands Dental take the time to inform patients of the ‘mouth-body connection’ as they understand that there’s a lot more at stake when a patient doesn’t brush and floss daily. Studies reveal that inflammation that is present in the mouth in the form of Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease is also present in other tissues of the body and is contributing to health issues like Heart Disease, Diabetes, Premature Birth and Low Birth Weight, and Respiratory Disorders. Who would every have thought that skipping the daily ritual of brushing and flossing could cause damage to other bodily tissues?
The General Dentists at Ranchlands Dental are Calgary Dentists who strive to contribute to patients’ whole body health by helping people recognize the importance of taking care of their oral health. The mouth is often referred to as the ‘gate-way to the body’ as its well-being is indicative of a person’s physical condition, including emotional and mental vitality. The University of Florida College of Dentistry published a report in 2013 highlighting the link between poor oral health and brain tissue degeneration – and discusses the connection between oral bacteria and Alzheimer’s disease.
What’s interesting to note is that keeping your oral health in tip-top shape isn’t difficult – it just takes a commitment of time and energy to perform a few vital steps daily and maintain regular appointments with a Calgary Dentist for routine check-ups and dental cleanings. Having a professional dental cleaning performed at intervals that are suited to meet your dental health goals is imperative to creating a healthy environment in the mouth. Your hygienist is often the first dental health professional to recognize the signs and symptoms of inflammation – and will design a treatment plan and frequency for dental cleanings that addresses plaque and calculus formation and the resulting tissue inflammation. Ignoring the signs of inflammation – puffy bleeding gums – won’t make the situation go away, but will in fact negatively impact an already existing health concern.
Ranchlands Dental cares about the health of your smile – and your body. If you think you may be suffering from Gingivitis, Periodontal Disease, or have a Dental Health concern – contact this NW Calgary Dental Office today 403.239.5212 – your body will thank you!
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National Trust identifies the five insects most commonly threatening collections in its historic properties
For the first time the National Trust has revealed some of the findings from its annual assessment of the key insect pests which can cause irreparable damage to its historic collections.
The charity found silverfish and webbing clothes moth were the two most prolific insect pests monitored in its properties in 2019 and revealed a north-south divide for several key species. Its findings also suggested warmer winters will support pest populations, making diligent housekeeping across its houses even more crucial.
Throughout the year, house staff around the Trust monitor insect activity indoors to safeguard more than 1 million collection objects. The data, which has been collected centrally since 2012, is used to produce a national picture of insect activity at historic properties across England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
During 2019, 164 historic properties reported on 15 different insect pest species.
Of these, the top five most prevalent (and what they feed on) were:
1/ Silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) – books, paper and cotton
2/ Webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella) – silk, wool, fur and feathers
3/ Woolly bear (a generic term for various carpet beetle larvae) – silk, wool, fur and feathers
4/ Australian spider beetle (Ptinus tectus) – dust and detritus
5/ Common booklouse (Liposcelis bostrychophila) - paper
The Trust expanded its insect pest monitoring and analysis after a big leap in insect numbers during 2015. These insect numbers rose again in 2016, fell slightly in 2017 and have remained broadly static since then.
Hilary Jarvis, Assistant Preventive Conservator, who collates the data for the annual review, says: “We are finding each year that the same pest culprits consistently appear in the top five, although the rankings can differ: we don’t always know why. For example, in 2019, silverfish returned to the number one slot, having been displaced by webbing clothes moth in 2017 and 2018.”
As part of its annual review, the Trust tracks weather patterns, drawing on data from the Met Office to see whether any particularly hot, cold, wet or dry periods may have impacted on insect numbers in properties.
Hilary says: “The Met Office is describing 2019 as a year of extremes, with some chilly spells and windy weather but record-breaking rain and heat.
“There is rarely one single driver of pest activity or relative species prevalence, but it is likely that warmer winters and hotter summers lead to more pest cycles. Although pest numbers at our places have actually remained relatively static in recent years, our housekeeping teams need to remain diligent in their efforts to keep insect pests at bay.”
Nigel Blades, the Trust’s Preventive Conservation Adviser responsible for interior environmental conditions, says: “Insect damage to objects is not new, we know for instance that textiles and food stuffs as far back as ancient Egypt suffered from insect infestations.
“Fortunately, only a tiny proportion of insect species in the UK attack or eat historic material.
However, a small percentage of these have the potential to become serious pests and can cause irreversible damage to collections in a short period of time.
“Our staff monitor insect activity using small removeable sticky traps, tucked into the corners of rooms and collection stores, onto which any insects that are wandering around can get stuck. We may sometimes use lures like pheromone traps, for example, to attract the webbing clothes moth, to help us locate the source of an infestation. Four times a year we collect the traps and look at what we’ve caught to identify trends and spot a growing problem before it gets too big.”
The conservation charity doesn’t apply treatment to collection items for every insect pest that it finds. Some pests can be kept away by regulating the environment around the collection.
Nigel continues: “Pests, such as silverfish and furniture beetle, thrive in more humid conditions, so we aim to keep the environment at a moderate humidity and temperature using a ‘conservation heating’ approach. Not only does this help prevent insect infestation, it also helps maintain the correct atmosphere to protect the fabric of the houses and their contents.”
The Trust’s review also tracks any regional variations and showed a north-south divide for several key species. Silverfish remain a common problem across most of the UK, with webbing clothes moth skewed mostly to the southern half of the country and Australian spider beetle more prevalent from the Midlands northwards.
Hilary adds: “Regional variations aside, the most interesting stories are often at individual properties: staff at Castle Drogo in Devon have worked hard to get on top of a webbing clothes moth infestation that flared up in inaccessible areas during a major building conservation project.
“Meanwhile, the ever-alert house team at Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire managed to stem an increase in the number of silverfish by scaling back the dampening of the rush matting in the Mary Queen of Scots room, which is done to keep the rushes from drying out and becoming damaged.”
Nigel continues: “Our staff use a number of housekeeping routines to deter and manage insect damage, and they are always happy to talk to visitors about these, and what people can do in their own homes. Prevention is better than cure – for example, regularly checking in dark corners, under furniture, and in folds of textiles where insects like to hide undisturbed, along with meticulous vacuuming to remove dirt and dust. Chimneys can be vulnerable, too, so it is important to have them swept.
“As a conservation charity we do all we can to deter insects in our historic properties. If we do discover an infestation, we use a water-based, odourless and biodegradable insecticide that is harmless both to humans and the collection. For moveable textiles like rugs, we might also freeze the item (below -29°C (-20°F) for two weeks) to kill larvae and eggs. Humidity-controlled heat treatment is also an option for certain objects.
“Through diligence, good housekeeping and regular monitoring of insect activity, our aim is to slow down deterioration of our collections, which will allow them to be enjoyed by future generations of visitors.”
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<urn:uuid:36f38a5e-6c26-4e9d-893a-c7cf4a925ca0>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/press-release/national-trust-identifies-the-five-insects-most-commonly-threatening-collections-in-its-historic-properties
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738603.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810012015-20200810042015-00025.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940427 | 1,343 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Are antibiotics good for acne?
Doctors often prescribe antibiotics to treat severe acne or acne that is likely to leave scars. Antibiotics improve the look of your skin by killing bacteria that cause acne. This means you’ll have fewer pimples and redness.
Why are antibiotics for acne bad?
Antibiotics may be prescribed at higher doses than what is really needed to treat acne. While antibiotics can kill the bacteria associated with acne, it’s their anti-inflammatory effects, not their antimicrobial effects, that yield the biggest skin-clearing benefits.
How long should you be on antibiotics for acne?
Taking antibiotics for too long can increase the risk of antibiotic resistance and other side effects. Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be dangerous and difficult to treat. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends limiting antibiotic use for acne to no longer than 3 months.
What are the side effects of acne antibiotics?
Topical antibiotics in acne
- Dryness of the treated area is usually mild but is a common side effect of topical antibiotics. …
- Skin irritation from topical antibiotics is rarely severe. …
- Contact dermatitis (red, dry, itchy skin) can be due to irritancy or allergy.
Does acne return after antibiotics?
Acne treatment medications work by reducing oil and bacteria and help keep pores cleared of dead skin cells. But acne medications don’t change the way your skin behaves. If treatment is stopped, the pores become impacted again and breakouts return.
What kills acne bacteria fast?
This ingredient kills the bacteria that cause acne, helps remove excess oil from the skin and removes dead skin cells, which can clog pores. OTC benzoyl peroxide products are available in strengths from 2.5 to 10 percent.
Does acne get worse before it gets better on antibiotics?
Official Answer. Often for people who take doxycycline for acne, the acne can become worse before it starts getting better, this is sometimes described as the “purging phase”.
Do antibiotics make your skin break out?
Oral antibiotics can aggravate pityrosporum folliculitis because skin-inhabitant bacteria and yeasts are normally in competition on the skin surface. When antibiotics suppress the bacteria the pityrosporum yeasts can over grow. The rash consists of tiny itchy rounded pink pimples with an occasional tiny whitehead.
Do oral antibiotics help acne?
Antibiotics. For moderate to severe acne, you may need oral antibiotics to reduce bacteria. Usually the first choice for treating acne is a tetracycline (minocycline, doxycycline) or a macrolide (erythromycin, azithromycin).
What is the strongest antibiotic for acne?
Isotretinoin is a powerful drug that’s used to treat the most severe cases of acne. Your doctor may recommend this drug if you have severe acne that doesn’t get better with other medications, including antibiotics.
What is the side effects of antibiotics?
The most common side effects of antibiotics affect the digestive system. These happen in around 1 in 10 people.
- nausea (feeling like you may vomit)
- bloating and indigestion.
- abdominal pain.
- loss of appetite.
Does acne come back after doxycycline?
After you stop taking doxycycline, you still have treatment and your acne won’t come back. You only need to take doxycycline for a short time (which reduces the chance that P.
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<urn:uuid:b4cfd529-4484-4460-9745-ae724eb7264d>
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://mocinedayspa.com/skin-diseases/frequent-question-is-taking-antibiotics-for-acne-bad.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306181.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129122405-20220129152405-00167.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.892326 | 763 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Case System in SumerianEdit
First things first: what is a case system? Briefly, a case system is simply a way for people to modify the relationships between elements in a sentence. For instance, consider the English sentence:
(1) I chastised them for her.
We find three pronouns here. The first-person singular (1sg) subject I, the third-person plural (3pl) object them, and finally the third-person singular feminine (f) beneficiary, her. Now, upon reflection, if our 1sg subject had been swapped with the 3pl object, the sentence would not read
(2a) * Them chastised I for her.
(2b) They chastised me for her.
(The asterisk ' * ' you see before sentence (2a) is just a little symbol that linguists use to say "this is bad syntax", or sometimes "this is a form we do not expect to see".)
We see immediately that the English language chooses two different words, I and me, for the 1sg, depending on what case it is in (subject or object respectively). The way this is handled in other languages varies, but the ideas are the same. Languages need some way to distinguish what part a constituent plays in the overall meaning of a sentence.
In Sumerian, the situation is actually easier! Instead of having to learn a whole slew of different words, one for each case for each person et cetera, Sumerian simply chooses to put a suffix on the unique word stem.
As an example, take the Sumerian word dumu, which means child or son (depending on context). If we simply attach the dative case suffix .ir, we end up with dumu.ir, meaning for the child. (This is general meaning of the dative case, incidentally; it expresses the beneficiary of an action.)
(If you're wondering, the period '.' you see before the dative suffix and inside the word dumu.ir is another simple linguistic convention, just indicating a logical division internal to a word, useful for analysis but not present in spoken or written language.)
Sumerian does, like English, have a few quirks though. We would not expect to see dumu.ir written just like that, but rather dumu.r. The vowels, and a few consonants, have a way of disappearing in Sumerian, especially the really common ones, like those that begin the case particles. (A "particle" is more or less a synonym for suffix here, but generally means any small bit that gets attached to a root word, and never appears on its own.)
In the sentence The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog, make sure you know which words make up the subject clause and which the object clause.
The Cases Used in SumerianEdit
While there is still some scholarly debate on this subject, I'll present here a list of cases which have been reasonably established in Sumerian, and their functions. We'll go into a couple of them in more detail here, and more later.
The ten cases are described, but you don't need to memorize this material. We will be treating each case in due time.
|.ak||genitive||denotes x of y|
|.e||ergative||denotes the agent|
|.Ø||absolutive||denotes the patient|
|.ir||dative||denotes a beneficiary|
|.ta||ablative-instrumental||denotes motion going away|
|.še||terminative||denotes motion going toward|
Genitive: used to express "X of Y" relationships; posession; this is a many faceted construction in many languages, and Sumerian is no exception; see below for more
Locative: forms like the temple was built in the town; used to locate the topic and anchor it to a specific place
Dative: expresses a benefactorial relationship; I built this temple for you; see below for more
Absolutive: used for the ergative "patient"; the subject of an intransitive sentence; the object of a transitive sentence
Ergative: used for the ergative "agent"; the subject of a transitive sentence; the doer of an action
Comitative: for times when X is "with" or "among" Y
Ablative-Instrumental: expresses motion away from a place, or a tool or emotion with which an action is performed
Terminative: expresses motion to or into a place; also the goal or target of an action
Directive (also known as Locative-Terminative): expresses the relationship of being "near" something, or "near to". (This can only occur with non-sentient things, as in iri.e, meaning near the city.)
Equative: used for comparisons, and means roughly "like" or "as"; used when making (roughly) similies or metaphors, and also more literal comparisons
Using the table above, make sure you can identify the case each of these noun phrases are in. You don't necessarily have to know what the noun means to know the case! This can be very useful sometimes when you're translating.
A Closer Look At (some of) the CasesEdit
It's pretty important to understand the cases in Sumerian. Without them, it would be like reading English without prepositions! Meaning would be lost.
For now, you only need to learn the first two, namely the Genitive case and the Dative case. The rest we'll get to in later lessons, but I thought I'd let you peruse them here should the urge take you!
- The Genitive Case - take a peek!
- The Dative Case - have a look here, too
- The Ergative Case
- The Absolutive Case
- The Locative Case
- The Terminative Case
- The Directive Case
- The Comitative Case
- The Ablative Case
- The Equative Case
Genitive: .ak; used to express posession, or other "X of Y" type relationships
Dative: .ir; used to express the beneficiary of an action
Quick Quiz on the Case System (1)Edit
- lugal = king, lord, chief
- nin = queen, lady
- e = house, temple
- dumu = child, son
- Uruk = Uruk, a major city in Mesopotamia
Translate the following phrases (Sumerian to English):
Translate the following phrases (English to Sumerian):
Answers (or, use the hovertext)
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<urn:uuid:111f9879-1dd8-4de2-8625-39cbf64eddb9>
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CC-MAIN-2016-30
|
https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson_Eight_-_The_Case_System
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|
en
| 0.91536 | 1,421 | 3.796875 | 4 |
by Julius Fischer
Germany is moving forward to replace fossil fuels with renewables faster than most countries. But there is always pushback, most recently in the form of much media discourse about rising electricity prices spearheaded by the Federal Minister of Environment Peter Altmaier. Like many politicians, he is already preparing for national elections in September, so let’s take an honest look at this discourse surrounding electricity prices and how they affect Germany’s move toward renewables.
Ever since the Fukushima catastrophe two years ago, Germans have redoubled their efforts to phase out of nuclear energy and fossil fuels in favor of renewable energy — called the “Energiewende” (energy transition) that began in 2000. Minister Altmaier, CDU (Christian Democratic Party — center-right) believes that the recent rise in electricity prices for households poses the biggest threat to the success of the Energiewende, because rising household electricity bills endanger public support for renewables. He thus proposed a plan to prevent an “explosion of electricity prices.”
First of all: why care about what happens in Germany? For one thing, German policy-makers played a dominant role in the evolution of feed-in tariffs (FITs) for renewables (the term is actually an Anglicization of the German “Stromeinspeisungsgesetz”). FITs are the most elegant and effective policy instrument to incentivize renewable energy deployment in a cost-effective manner. Germany remains on the forefront of optimizing FITs to account for the differences in renewable technologies and decreasing market prices over time. Germany also has an impressive record of success in deploying renewable energy (especially solar), and set uniquely high targets of efficiency improvement and renewables deployment. Once we realize that the Energiewende is not a big government program by naïve tree-huggers, we can use the German example to help show that renewable energy can and does create jobs and lower costs.
The discourse surrounding the Energiewende has ranged from whether the grid expansion can keep up with renewable energy deployment, to whether the grid liability can be maintained (yes it can), and whether shutting down nuclear power in Germany will just result in imports of nuclear power from France or the Czech Republic (it hasn’t). The current discourse raises the questions of whether household electricity consumers should pay less, whether industry should pay more, and whether the Energiewende can be done cheaper.
Should households pay less?
Minister Altmaier claims that rising electricity bills are the biggest barrier to the Energiewende because they undermine public approval. He aims to prevent future price increases by addressing the EEG Apportionment (EEG Umlage) that finances the feed-in tariff scheme. He therefore proposes the “Strompreisbremse” (electricity price emergency brake – this word has caught on surprisingly well in German media) to freeze the apportionment, claiming to thus prevent a 10% increases in electricity prices this fall.
The apportionment is a surcharge on the electricity price that (most) consumers pay to finance the FIT. The money collected from the apportionment is used to guarantee renewable energy producers a profitable price for 20 years — based on the costs of the particular renewable technology, regardless of the market price (this system is called Advanced Renewable Tariff). This Advanced Renewable Tariff system is the newest and most sophisticated version of FITs that incentivizes renewable energy deployment even at small scale. For example, in 2010, 51 percent of renewable energy capacity built under the FIT was owned by individuals and farmers, coining the term democratization of energy supply in Germany.
In fact, the apportionment in 2013 will only be 19 percent of an average household electricity bill, and was 3.5 percent of the energy bill in 2012. Meanwhile, the EEG Apportionment is only 1 of 6 other taxes and dues on electricity that together make up half of the electricity price – a situation Germans have accepted so far, despite a current electricity price of $0.37 per KWh – more than three times that of the US.
Should industry pay more?
The second part of Minister Altmaier’s proposal concerns energy intensive industries that faces international competition. Currently, an exception rule (Ausgleichsregelung) largely frees such industries from paying the apportionment to prevent migration of these industries to other countries with lower costs. But the exception has become the norm: In 2013 49% of Germany’s electricity will be consumed by industry that is required to pay only 1 percent or less of the reallocation charge. Thus Minister Altmaier wants to include fewer industries under this exception, generating €500 million to benefit the consumers. The SPD (Social Democratic Party — center-left) thinks this goes too far, while the Green Party wants this number to be €4 billion.
Can it be done cheaper?
Minister Altmaier claimed in an interview last month that Germany is on schedule to considerably exceed its 2010 renewable energy targets (for example 30 percent of primary energy and 50 percent of electricity from renewables by 2030). Therefore he emphasizes reducing costs over increasing deployment, stating that he doesn’t want less wind turbines, he wants cheaper ones. He further claimed that the energy transition overall will cost Germany €1 trillion by the 2030s. Strong pushback on the calculations behind this number came from the NGO Green Budget Germany, criticizing that he did not include major benefits of renewables, such as avoided costs of fossil fuel imports and investment in fossil fuel power plants, avoided costs of environmental impacts, and reduced electricity prices through the merit order effect. Even his fellow party member Josef Göppel noted the €8 billion in fossil fuel imports Germany has been saving every year due to the Energiewende, which would ultimately save €1 trillion by the 2030s.
Of course there are many reasons why renewable energy policy is different in Germany compared to the U.S. Obviously Germany is only a quarter the size of the US in terms of population and smaller than Montana in terms of area. Historically, the German environmental movement is much more deeply rooted in the anti-nuclear movement of the 1960s, and the word Energiewende resonates with the German term “Wende” (turn) describing the social movement leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification afterwards.
But Germany struggles with the same set of issues as we do in the US: From the costs of expanding the electricity grid, to fighting fossil fuel interest groups, and keeping jobs in the face of international competition. We can learn from Germany by looking at the cost-benefit analyses that are calculated, the success of different policies like the Advanced Renewable Tariffs and their exception rules, and by looking at the media attention and push back renewables are dealing with. The issue of how to fairly distribute the investment costs of a renewable energy future will be interesting to follow as Germany heads for national elections this September.
– Julius Fischer is an intern at American Progress. He was born and raised in Germany and is currently a junior at Stanford University studying international relations and environmental sciences.
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<urn:uuid:0cd7d7c3-9cd3-4b48-bb3e-aa047530e28c>
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CC-MAIN-2016-30
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http://www.theenergycollective.com/josephromm/203306/germany-transition-renewable-energy
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823802.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00099-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941041 | 1,468 | 2.71875 | 3 |
From Gambit wiki
Lalr does the "behind-the-scenes" work of creating programs that recognize input described by a context-free grammar. You only need to give the grammar and some other things. All your input to Lalr has a very Scheme-like syntax. Lalr creates a Scheme function (the parser) which can call other Scheme functions at certain points in the parsing.
Unfortunately Lalr version 2.1.0 only comes wth one example. This page gives another example (although a special-purpose one) and describes using Lalr with Gambit.
I ran the example using these steps. I used Mac OS 10.3.7, Lalr 2.1.0, and Gambit 4.2.4. Lalr 2.3.0 is a Snow package so the installation step is different, and other steps may need to be changed too.
- Download and unpack the Lalr sources.
- Change to the directory containing the unpacked sources. Run
make gambit. Lalr is implemented in one file,
- Put this code in a file, say
;;; Read C source code, breaking it into the following types of tokens: ;;; the identifier ___P, other identifiers, left and right parentheses, ;;; and any other non-spacing character. White space (space, tab, and ;;; newline characters) is never a token and may come between any two ;;; tokens, before the first, or after the last.
;;; Whenever the identifier ___P is seen, read a left parenthesis ;;; followed by a body (zero or more tokens) followed by a right ;;; parenthesis. If the body contains parentheses they must be properly ;;; paired. Other tokens in the body, including ___P, have no effect. ;;; Count the deepest nesting level used in the body. Count the maximum ;;; deepest level (of all the bodies seen so far).
;;; At the end of the file, print the maximum deepest level, or 0 if no ;;; bodies were found.
;;; Global variables used by lexical analyzer and parser. ;;; The lexical analyzer needs them to print the maximum level at the ;;; end of the file.
(define depth 0) (define max-depth 0)
;;; Lexical analyzer. Passes tokens to the parser.
(define (paren-depth-lexer errorp) (lambda ()
;; Utility functions, for identifying characters, skipping any ;; amount of white space, or reading multicharacter tokens.
(letrec ((char-whitespace? (lambda (c) (or (char=? c #\space) (char=? c #\tab) (char=? c #\newline)))) (skip-whitespace (lambda () (let loop ((c (peek-char))) (if (and (not (eof-object? c)) (char-whitespace? c)) (begin (read-char) (loop (peek-char)))))))
(char-in-id? (lambda (c) (or (char-alphabetic? c) (char=? c #\_)))) (read-___P-or-other-id (lambda (l) (let ((c (peek-char))) (if (char-in-id? c) (read-___P-or-other-id (cons (read-char) l)) ;; else (if (equal? l '(#\P #\_ #\_ #\_)) '___P ;; else 'ID))))))
;; The lexer function.
(skip-whitespace) (let loop ((c (read-char))) (cond ((eof-object? c) (begin (display "max depth ") (display max-depth) (newline) '*eoi*)) ((char-whitespace? c) (begin (errorp "didn't expect whitespace " c) (loop (read-char)))) ((char-in-id? c) (read-___P-or-other-id (list c))) ((char=? c #\() 'LPAREN) ((char=? c #\)) 'RPAREN) (else 'CHAR))))))
(define paren-depth-parser (lalr-parser
(expect: 0) ;; even one conflict is an error
;; List of terminal tokens.
(CHAR LPAREN RPAREN ID ___P)
;; Grammar rules.
(file (newfile tokens)) (newfile () : (begin (set! depth 0) (set! max-depth 0)))
(tokens (tokens token) (token))
;; When not after a ___P, the structure of the file is unimportant. (token (CHAR) (LPAREN) (RPAREN) (ID)
;; But after a ___P, we start counting parentheses. (___P newexpr in LPAREN exprs RPAREN out) (___P newexpr in LPAREN RPAREN out)) (newexpr () : (set! depth 0))
;; Inside an expression, ___P is treated like all other identifiers. ;; Only parentheses do anything very interesting. I'm assuming Lalr ;; will enforce the pairing of parentheses, so my in and out actions ;; don't check for too many or too few closing parens.
(exprs (exprs expr) (expr))
(expr (CHAR) (in LPAREN exprs RPAREN out) (in LPAREN RPAREN out) (ID) (___P)) (in () : (begin (set! depth (+ depth 1)) (if (> depth max-depth) (set! max-depth depth)))) (out () : (set! depth (- depth 1)))))
;;; Main program.
(define paren-depth (let ((errorp (lambda args (for-each display args) (newline)))) (lambda () (paren-depth-parser (paren-depth-lexer errorp) errorp))))
loadis useless on files containing macros, like
lalr.scm. Instead you must
includethe files. This shell command generates and runs the parser:
gsi -e "(include \"lalr.scm\")" paren-depth.scm < input.c
and this shell command generates and runs the parser on a series of input files:
for x in gambc-v4_2_5/lib/[cmos]*.c; do echo $x gsi -e "(include \"lalr.scm\")" paren-depth.scm < $x done
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<urn:uuid:7af69bcc-d924-4c03-bdee-c09883ac33d9>
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CC-MAIN-2016-30
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http://dynamo.iro.umontreal.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Lalr_example&oldid=194
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832475.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00105-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.708478 | 1,430 | 2.734375 | 3 |
By Rabia Nasimi – @RabiaNasimi
The determining factor allowing a child’s potential to be realised in adult life remains a contentious issue complicated by numerous factors regarding upbringing. There are so many differing theories on how income is key to outcomes for children, particularly due to its interrelationship with many non-financial factors, such as family background, parental education, good parenting and opportunities for learning and development. In my opinion, whilst these factors are important in influencing positive outcomes and life chances, evidence suggests that poverty reduces a family’s ability to invest in their children.
Children experiencing poverty and social problems during childhood, compared to their more advantaged peers, go on to be disadvantaged in many areas of their adolescence. Some scholars give greater prominence to the earliest years in life, from pregnancy to age five, and believe that addressing disadvantages experienced during the first years of life would ensure they are attended to sooner, rather than later. It’s also just as important not to disregard the opportunities for learning and development, accessible at later ages.
If we were to answer this question by focusing on Afghanistan, we can really see how money can be viewed as playing an important combined role in child development and should not be isolated from non-financial factors. To illustrate the situation children face in Afghanistan, I’d like to present two real life case studies, from the LA Times.
“Sami Rahimi, a 13 year old child, wakes up at 5am, having slept on a cold concrete floor. He begins his day by sweeping, and then washes in cold water before he prays. He then pushes his wheelbarrow to gather water from a public well to take to the bakery where he works. By 6am the gas-fired stone kiln is ready to bake flatbread. He sits cross-legged to sell the loaves for 100 Afghanis (which is about 20 cents) to customers, through a little window. Working from dawn to dusk, six days a week, allows him to earn about 80 dollars a month, which he uses to support his disabled father, mother, 3 brothers and 5 sisters. He has been at the bakery since he was 8. He states that he is happy that he has the opportunity to support to family but would rather go to school and become educated”.
“Abdul Rafi follows a similar routine, having to wake up every day at 5am, and began work at the age of 6. He has a croaky voice, like a smoker, as he screams out fares to find passengers for taxis. As the oldest son, he is required to support his family. Most days he barely earns 3 dollars. He aspires to be a soldier one day, a literate one. Unlike Sami he takes a break to attend school for four hours. But as he is so tired and always thinking about his earnings, he does not concentrate very well.”
Many of the children state that they would rather just go to school, but their family needs money. So poverty crushes their every aspiration of becoming educated and entering a professional career in the future. These children come from disabled, widowed or low-income families who are unable to provide for themselves.
From these examples, it’s evident that cultural and material resources don’t emerge in isolation from each other and therefore don’t comprise inseparable components that can’t be disconnected. These children want to learn and receive education yet money is a major barrier that is simply not allowing them to reach their full potential.
Not everyone takes this perspective. In 2015, a UK study of child poverty by Peruzzi found that poverty isn’t mechanically related to children’s development if they’re able to experience other opportunities and become involved in many activities. This opinion holds that experiences outside the family home also matter, going beyond the understanding that children are only substantially affected by their family’s financial position. This view doesn’t coincide with Afghanistan, as poor families are not affected solely by their low income. Many families in poverty have other characteristics associated with poorer children, such as the availability of time. It‘s important to understand the complexity of this relationship and whether this difference between the investment of goods and time can be mutually exclusive or whether they are two factors that work hand-in-hand.
Returning to the focus on Afghanistan, we can ascertain that money shouldn’t be seen as an independent factor but one that can affect many other aspects which could support children in realising their potential. Even though some assume that potential benefits of positive parenting, parental education and family background are evident for children, regardless of their socioeconomic circumstances, this understanding fails to consider the likelihood for a poor family to offer good parenting. This is not suggesting that poorer mothers and fathers are incapable of good parenting, but strains on resources could often affect the way in which they deal with their children. In countries such as Afghanistan, children are expected to work. For the majority, there’s no choice in the matter as their families depend on their income. As such, poverty directly affects their future attainment and whether their potential can be realised in adult life.
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<urn:uuid:4e10a03f-a53d-44ac-beb9-e7992b7fca62>
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CC-MAIN-2019-26
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https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/researchingsociology/2016/06/12/what-matters-more-to-children-cultural-and-social-resources-or-material-resources-through-the-lens-of-afghanistan/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998558.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617183209-20190617205209-00200.warc.gz
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en
| 0.977879 | 1,069 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
Aquatic grasses provide critical habitat to key species and can improve water clarity. Seagrasses are submerged plants found in shallow waters and are a critical part of the water that provide a number of benefits like buffering coastal communities from storms, removing pollution from the water, and providing shelter for animals.
How is it measured?
Submerged aquatic vegetation is measured in the Northern Estuaries, Lake Okeechobee, and Southern Coastal Systems.
For the Northern Estuaries, submerged aquatic vegetation is measured in all three subregions.
In the St. Lucie Estuary, seagrass cover and abundance is measured at seven 1-2 acre polygon sites. This data is used calculate the Braun-Blanquet cover and abundance scores per site, which are used as the thresholds for this indicator. The sites for the St. Lucie Estuary are actually located in the southern Indian River Lagoon.
In the Caloosahatchee River Estuary, seagrass cover and abundance is measured at six 1-2 acre polygon sites. This data is used calculate the Braun-Blanquet cover and abundance scores per site, which are used as the thresholds for this indicator. Braun-Blanquet cover and abundance scores are expected to be different based on conditions in the upper, middle, and lower Caloosahatchee River Estuary, and are scaled appropriately.
In the Loxahatchee River Estuary, seagrass is measured using the fixed polygon method, with 24 - 32 random points sampled within each 1 meter squared quadrat. This data is used to calculated seagrass occurance which is a presence absence measure. Data from 2008-2018 was used to determine the threshold, which is the Historical Optimum (the highest recorded average occurance percent). The Historical Optimum was calculated for each individual site.
For Lake Okeechobee, nearshore submerged aquatic vegetation coverage is mapped every year. The thresholds for this indicator are based on the Performance Measure and the Interim Goal.
For the Southern Coastal Systems, submerged aquatic vegetation is measured in Biscayne Bay and Florida Bay.
In Biscayne Bay, submerged aquatic vegetation is monitored as part of the Integrated Biscayne Bay Ecological Assessment and Management project. The thresholds are based on the presence weights of different species groups and the site cover divided by the maximum cover per site.
In Florida Bay, submerged aquatic vegetation is sampled in 19 individual basins within Florida Bay. The thresholds and scoring are based on the stoplight indicator. The scoring is a composite referred to as seagrass abundance Index A and includes spatial extent (percent of all sampling locations where seagrass was present) and abundance (average density of seagrass cover where seagrass is present).
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Posted by Susanne, Associate Brand Manager and resident Registered Dental Hygienist
When you work for a company that makes natural toothpaste, mouthwash, and floss you come to expect a lot of questions about oral care. And a subject that seems to be on a lot of people’s minds these days is teeth whitening. Why do some people have whiter teeth than others? What causes teeth to become less white over time? And are there natural ways to whiten teeth?
Your teeth are covered with a protective layer known as “enamel” which is the hardest substance in the human body. Although the normal color of enamel might be yellowish or somewhat gray, the crystalline structure of enamel interacts with and reflects light, and this is what causes the teeth to appear white. Some people are genetically blessed and have enamel that is thicker or brighter than others. Although this enamel is pretty durable, it is susceptible to damage and wearing. Cracks in the enamel can trap food particles, which can lead to a stained, discolored look. In addition, as the enamel thins over time, the yellowish dentin underneath becomes more visible. So one of the things you can do to keep your teeth naturally white is to care for your enamel. For example, reduce the amount of sugary and acidic beverages you consume, brush with a soft bristled brush, and be sure not to brush too aggressively.
If you do turn to a whitening oral care product, know that they tend to fall into two categories – the products that work by bleaching the enamel with peroxide or chemicals, and the products that work by removing stains from the surface of the tooth. If your enamel is worn, a stain removal product is unlikely to make your teeth sparkling white, but might help return some of the natural color. Every time you brush with a whitening toothpaste you fight off new stains that develop from coffee or tea, red wine, tobacco or plaque build-up. Notice how the inside of your coffee cup retains stains unless you apply a little elbow grease? Whitening toothpastes can effectively remove surface stains with repeated use and helps restore the natural whiteness of your teeth. A bleaching product can help deliver that white color, but some people are concerned with using harsh chemicals to whiten their teeth, and the possible tooth sensitivity that can come from using whitening strips or other peroxide based products.
A healthy, natural smile can come in a variety of shades, but if you are looking to make your teeth a little whiter, you might want to start by asking your dental professional for advice. If you’d like to try a natural whitening toothpaste, Tom’s of Maine has a variety that use hydrated silica to remove stains, whitening teeth without being too abrasive. If you are looking to avoid sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and fluoride in your toothpaste, our new Botanically Bright whitening toothpaste might be right for you! It gives your mouth a foamy, clean feeling, tastes great and helps whiten your teeth by removing surface stains during brushing.
As always, we love to hear what you think!
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Saturday, September 13, 2008
Wushao Ling Mountain
Wushao Ling Mountain is a landform in northern China with significant desert elements on its northern slope. This mountain has been a barrier to transportation since ancient times, when the Northern Silk Road found a passage across its terrain. The western slope of Wushao Ling combined with adjoining slopes of Lanshan Mountain comprises over 30 percent of the desert area of China. Given the current trend in China's land use policies, desertification of the Wushao Ling slopes and other Chinese deserts is projected to expand.
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Animal cognition describes the mental capacities of non-human animals and the study of those capacities. The field developed from comparative psychology, including the study of animal conditioning and learning. It has also been strongly influenced by research in ethology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary psychology, and hence the alternative name cognitive ethology is sometimes used. Many behaviors associated with the term animal intelligence are also subsumed within animal cognition.
Researchers have examined animal cognition in mammals (especially primates, cetaceans, elephants, dogs, cats, horses, livestock, raccoons and rodents), birds (including parrots, corvids and pigeons), reptiles (lizards and snakes), fish and invertebrates (including cephalopods, spiders and insects).
- 1 Historical background
- 2 Methods
- 3 Research questions
- 3.1 Perception
- 3.2 Attention
- 3.3 Concepts and categories
- 3.4 Memory
- 3.5 Spatial cognition
- 3.6 Timing
- 3.7 Tool and weapon use
- 3.8 Reasoning and problem solving
- 3.9 Cognitive bias
- 3.10 Language
- 3.11 Insight
- 3.12 Numeracy
- 3.13 Intelligence
- 3.14 Theory of mind
- 3.15 Consciousness
- 4 Biological constraints
- 5 Cognitive faculty by species
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development.
In other words, Morgan believed that anthropomorphic approaches to animal behavior were fallacious, and that people should only consider behaviour as, for example, rational, purposive or affectionate, if there is no other explanation in terms of the behaviours of more primitive life-forms to which we do not attribute those faculties.
From anecdote to laboratory
The behavior of non-human animals has captivated human imagination from antiquity, and over the centuries many writers have speculated about the animal mind, or its absence. Speculation about animal intelligence gradually yielded to scientific study after Darwin placed humans and animals on a continuum, although Darwin's largely anecdotal approach to the topic would not pass scientific muster later on. Unsatisfied with the anecdotal method of Darwin and his protégé J. G. Romanes, E. L. Thorndike brought animal behavior into the laboratory for objective scrutiny. Thorndike's careful observations of the escape of cats, dogs, and chicks from puzzle boxes led him to conclude that what appears to the naive human observer to be intelligent behavior may be strictly attributable to simple associations. According to Thorndike, using Morgan's Canon, the inference of animal reason, insight, or consciousness is unnecessary and misleading. At about the same time, I. P. Pavlov began his seminal studies of conditioned reflexes in dogs. Pavlov quickly abandoned attempts to infer canine mental processes; such attempts, he said, led only to disagreement and confusion. He was, however, willing to propose unseen physiological processes that might explain his observations.
The behavioristic half-century
The work of Thorndike, Pavlov and a little later of the outspoken behaviorist John B. Watson set the direction of much research on animal behavior for more than half a century. During this time there was considerable progress in understanding simple associations; notably, around 1930 the differences between Thorndike's instrumental (or operant) conditioning and Pavlov's classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning were clarified, first by Miller and Kanorski, and then by B. F. Skinner. Many experiments on conditioning followed; they generated some complex theories, but they made little or no reference to intervening mental processes. Probably the most explicit dismissal of the idea that mental processes control behavior was the radical behaviorism of Skinner. This view seeks to explain behavior, including "private events" like mental images, solely by reference to the environmental contingencies impinging on the human or animal.
Despite the predominantly behaviorist orientation of research before 1960, the rejection of mental processes in animals was not universal during those years. Influential exceptions included, for example, Wolfgang Köhler and his insightful chimpanzees and Edward Tolman whose proposed cognitive map was a significant contribution to subsequent cognitive research in both humans and animals.
The cognitive revolution
Beginning around 1960, a "cognitive revolution" in research on humans gradually spurred a similar transformation of research with animals. Inference to processes not directly observable became acceptable and then commonplace. An important proponent of this shift in thinking was Donald O. Hebb, who argued that "mind" is simply a name for processes in the head that control complex behavior, and that it is both necessary and possible to infer those processes from behavior. Animals came to be seen as "goal seeking agents that acquire, store, retrieve, and internally process information at many levels of cognitive complexity". The remainder of this article touches many areas of research that have appeared or greatly progressed since this seminal change in thinking, and many of the theoretical and empirical findings that have captured wide attention.
The acceleration of research on animal cognition in the last 50 years or so has led to a rapid expansion in the variety of species studied and methods employed. The remarkable behavior of large-brained animals such as primates and cetacea has claimed special attention, but all sorts of mammals large and small, birds, fish, ants, bees, and others have been brought into the laboratory or observed in carefully controlled field studies. In the laboratory, animals push levers, pull strings, dig for food, swim in water mazes, or respond to images on computer screens in discrimination, attention, memory, and categorization experiments. Careful field studies explore memory for food caches, navigation by stars, communication, tool use, identification of conspecifics, and many other matters. Studies often focus on the behavior of animals in their natural environments and discuss the putative function of the behavior for the propagation and survival of the species. These developments reflect an increased cross-fertilization from related fields such as ethology and behavioral ecology. Also, contributions from behavioral neuroscience are beginning to clarify the physiological substrate of some inferred mental process.
Some researchers have made effective use of a Piagetian methodology, taking tasks which human children are known to master at different stages of development, and investigating which of them can be performed by particular species. Others have been inspired by concerns for animal welfare and the management of domestic species: for example Temple Grandin has harnessed her unique expertise in animal welfare and the ethical treatment of farm livestock to highlight underlying similarities between humans and other animals. From a methodological point of view, one of the main risks in this sort of work is anthropomorphism, the tendency to interpret an animal's behavior in terms of human feelings, thoughts, and motivations.
Human and animal cognition have much in common, and this is reflected in the research summarized below; most of the headings found here might also appear in an article on human cognition. Of course, research in the two also differs in important respects. Notably, much research with humans either studies or involves language, and much research with animals is related directly or indirectly to behaviors important to survival in natural settings. Following are summaries of some of the major areas of research in animal cognition.
Animals process information from eyes, ears, and other sensory organs to perceive the environment. Perceptual processes have been studied in many species, with results that are often similar to those in humans. Equally interesting are those perceptual processes that differ from, or go beyond those found in humans, such as echolocation in bats and dolphins, motion detection by skin receptors in fish, and extraordinary visual acuity, motion sensitivity and ability to see ultraviolet light in some birds.
Much of what is happening in the world at any moment is irrelevant to current behavior. Attention refers to mental processes that select relevant information, inhibit irrelevant information, and switch among these as the situation demands. Often the selective process is tuned before relevant information appears; such expectation makes for rapid selection of key stimuli when they become available. A large body of research has explored the way attention and expectation affect the behavior of non-human animals, and much of this work suggests that attention operates in birds, mammals and reptiles in much the same way that it does in humans.
Animals trained to discriminate between two stimuli, say black versus white, can be said to attend to the "brightness dimension," but this says little about whether this dimension is selected in preference to others. More enlightenment comes from experiments that allow the animal to choose from several alternatives. For example, several studies have shown that performance is better on, for example, a color discrimination (e.g. blue vs green) after the animal has learned another color discrimination (e.g. red vs orange) than it is after training on a different dimension such as an X shape versus and O shape. The reverse effect happens after training on forms. Thus, the earlier learning appears to affect which dimension, color or form, the animal will attend to.
Other experiments have shown that after animals have learned to respond to one aspect of the environment responsiveness to other aspects is suppressed. In "blocking", for example, an animal is conditioned to respond to one stimulus ("A") by pairing that stimulus with reward or punishment. After the animal responds consistently to A, a second stimulus ("B") accompanies A on additional training trials. Later tests with the B stimulus alone elicit little response, suggesting that learning about B has been blocked by prior learning about A . This result supports the hypothesis that stimuli are neglected if they fail to provide new information. Thus, in the experiment just cited, the animal failed to attend to B because B added no information to that supplied by A. If true, this interpretation is an important insight into attentional processing, but this conclusion remains uncertain because blocking and several related phenomena can be explained by models of conditioning that do not invoke attention.
Attention is a limited resource and is not an all-or-nothing response: the more attention devoted to one aspect of the environment, the less is available for others. A number of experiments have studied this in animals. In one experiment, a tone and a light are presented simultaneously to pigeons. The pigeons gain a reward only by choosing the correct combination of the two stimuli (e.g. a high frequency tone together with a yellow light). The birds perform well at this task, presumably by dividing attention between the two stimuli. When only one of the stimuli varies and the other is presented at its rewarded value, discrimination improves on the variable stimulus but discrimination on the alternative stimulus worsens. These outcomes are consistent with the notion that attention is a limited resource that can be more or less focused among incoming stimuli.
Visual search and attentional priming
As noted above, attention functions to select information that is of special use to the animal. Visual search typically calls for this sort of selection, and search tasks have been used extensively in both humans and animals to determine the characteristics of attentional selection and the factors that control it.
Experimental research on visual search in animals was initially prompted by field observations published by Luc Tinbergen (1960). Tinbergen observed that birds are selective when foraging for insects. For example, he found that birds tended to catch the same type of insect repeatedly even though several types were available. Tinbergen suggested that this prey selection was caused by an attentional bias that improved detection of one type of insect while suppressing detection of others. This "attentional priming" is commonly said to result from a pretrial activation of a mental representation of the attended object, which Tinbergen called a "searching image".
Tinbergen's field observations on priming have been supported by a number of experiments. For example, Pietrewicz and Kamil (1977, 1979) presented blue jays with pictures of tree trunks upon which rested either a moth of species A, a moth of species B, or no moth at all. The birds were rewarded for pecks at a picture showing a moth. Crucially, the probability with which a particular species of moth was detected was higher after repeated trials with that species (e.g. A, A, A,...) than it was after a mixture of trials (e.g. A, B, B, A, B, A, A...). These results suggest again that sequential encounters with an object can establish an attentional predisposition to see the object.
Another way to produce attentional priming in search is to provide an advance signal that is associated with the target. For example, if a person hears a song sparrow he or she may be predisposed to detect a song sparrow in a shrub, or among other birds. A number of experiments have reproduced this effect in animal subjects.
Still other experiments have explored nature of stimulus factors that affect the speed and accuracy of visual search. For example, the time taken to find a single target increases as the number of items in the visual field increases. This rise in RT is steep if the distracters are similar to the target, less steep if they are dissimilar, and may not occur if the distracters are very different in from the target in form or color.
Concepts and categories
Fundamental but difficult to define, the concept of "concept" was discussed for hundreds of years by philosophers before it became a focus of psychological study. Concepts enable humans and animals to organize the world into functional groups; the groups may be composed of perceptually similar objects or events, diverse things that have a common function, relationships such as same versus different, or relations among relations such as analogies. Extensive discussions on these matters together with many references may be found in Shettleworth (2010) Wasserman and Zentall (2006) and in Zentall et al. (2008). The latter is freely available online.
Most work on animal concepts has been done with visual stimuli, which can easily be constructed and presented in great variety, but auditory and other stimuli have been used as well. Pigeons have been widely used, for they have excellent vision and are readily conditioned to respond to visual targets; other birds and a number of other animals have been studied as well. In a typical experiment, a bird or other animal confronts a computer monitor on which a large number of pictures appear one by one, and the subject gets a reward for pecking or touching a picture of a category item and no reward for non-category items. Alternatively, a subject may be offered a choice between two or more pictures. Many experiments end with the presentation of items never seen before; successful sorting of these items shows that the animal has not simply learned many specific stimulus-response associations. A related method, sometimes used to study relational concepts, is matching-to-sample. In this task an animal sees one stimulus and then chooses between two or more alternatives, one of which is the same as the first; the animal is then rewarded for choosing the matching stimulus.
Perceptual categorization is said to occur when a person or animal responds in a similar way to a range of stimuli that share common features. For example, a squirrel climbs a tree when it sees Rex, Shep, or Trixie, which suggests that it categorizes all three as something to avoid. This sorting of instances into groups is crucial to survival. Among other things, an animal must categorize if it is to apply learning about one object (e.g. Rex bit me) to new instances of that category (dogs may bite).
Many animals readily classify objects by perceived differences in form or color. For example, bees or pigeons quickly learn to choose any red object and reject any green object if red leads to reward and green does not. Seemingly much more difficult is an animal's ability to categorize natural objects that vary a great deal in color and form even while belonging to the same group. In a classic study, Richard J. Herrnstein trained pigeons to respond to the presence or absence of human beings in photographs. The birds readily learned to peck photos that contained partial or full views of humans and to avoid pecking photos with no human, despite great differences in the form, size, and color of both the humans displayed and in the non-human pictures. In follow-up studies, pigeons categorized other natural objects (e.g. trees) and after training they were able without reward to sort photos they had not seen before . Similar work has been done with natural auditory categories, for example, bird songs. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are able to form concepts of "up" and "down".
Functional or associative categories
Perceptually unrelated stimuli may come to be responded to as members of a class if they have a common use or lead to common consequences. An oft-cited study by Vaughan (1988) provides an example. Vaughan divided a large set of unrelated pictures into two arbitrary sets, A and B. Pigeons got food for pecking at pictures in set A but not for pecks at pictures in set B. After they had learned this task fairly well, the outcome was reversed: items in set B led to food and items in set A did not. Then the outcome was reversed again, and then again, and so on. Vaughan found that after 20 or more reversals, associating reward with a few pictures in one set caused the birds to respond to the other pictures in that set without further reward, as if they were thinking "if these pictures in set A bring food, the others in set A must also bring food." That is, the birds now categorized the pictures in each set as functionally equivalent. Several other procedures have yielded similar results.
Relational or abstract categories
When tested in a simple stimulus matching-to-sample task (described above) many animals readily learn specific item combinations, such as "touch red if the sample is red, touch green if the sample is green." But this does not demonstrate that they distinguish between "same" and "different" as general concepts. Better evidence is provided if, after training, an animal successfully makes a choice that matches a novel sample that it has never seen before. Monkeys and chimpanzees do learn to do this, as do pigeons if they are given a great deal of practice with many different stimuli. However, because the sample is presented first, successful matching might mean that the animal is simply choosing the most recently seen "familiar" item rather than the conceptually "same" item. A number of studies have attempted to distinguish these possibilities, with mixed results.
The use of rules has sometimes been considered an ability restricted to humans, but a number of experiments have shown evidence of simple rule learning in primates and also in other animals. Much of the evidence has come from studies of sequence learning in which the "rule" consists of the order in which a series of events occurs. Rule use is shown if the animal learns to discriminate different orders of events and transfers this discrimination to new events arranged in the same order. For example, Murphy et al. (2008) trained rats to discriminate between visual sequences. For one group ABA and BAB were rewarded, where A="bright light" and B="dim light". Other stimulus triplets were not rewarded. The rats learned the visual sequence, although both bright and dim lights were equally associated with reward. More importantly, in a second experiment with auditory stimuli, rats responded correctly to sequences of novel stimuli that were arranged in the same order as those previously learned. Similar sequence learning has been demonstrated in birds and other animals as well.
The categories that have been developed to analyze human memory (short term memory, long term memory, working memory) have been applied to the study of animal memory, and some of the phenomena characteristic of human short term memory (e.g. the serial position effect) have been detected in animals, particularly monkeys. However most progress has been made in the analysis of spatial memory; some of this work has sought to clarify the physiological basis of spatial memory and the role of the hippocampus; other work has explored the spatial memory of scatter-hoarder animals such as Clark's nutcracker, certain jays, tits and certain squirrels, whose ecological niches require them to remember the locations of thousands of caches, often following radical changes in the environment.
Memory has been widely investigated in foraging honeybees, Apis mellifera, which use both transient short-term working memory that is non-feeder specific and a feeder specific long-term reference memory. Memory induced in a free-flying honeybee by a single learning trial lasts for days and, by three learning trials, for a lifetime. Slugs, Limax flavus, have a short-term memory of approximately 1 min and long-term memory of 1 month.
As in humans, research with animals distinguishes between "working" or "short-term" memory from "reference" or long-term memory. Tests of working memory evaluate memory for events that happened in the recent past, usually within the last few seconds or minutes. Tests of reference memory evaluate memory for regularities such as "pressing a lever brings food" or "children give me peanuts".
This is one of the simplest tests for memory spanning a short time interval. The test compares an animal's response to a stimulus or event on one occasion to its response on a previous occasion. If the second response differs consistently from the first, the animal must have remembered something about the first, unless some other factor such as motivation, sensory sensitivity, or the test stimulus has changed.
Delayed response tasks are among the most useful methods used to study short-term memory in animals. Dating from research by Hunter (1913), the animal was shown a stimulus, such as a picture or a colored light, and a few seconds or minutes later the animal had to choose among alternative stimuli. In Hunter's studies, for example, a light appeared briefly in one of three goal boxes and then later the animal was allowed to choose among the boxes, finding food behind the one that had been lighted. Most research has been done with some variation of the "delayed matching-to-sample" task. For example, in the initial study with this task, a pigeon was presented with a flickering or steady light. Then, a few seconds later, two pecking keys were illuminated, one with a steady light and one with a flickering light. The bird got food if it pecked the key that matched the original stimulus.
A commonly-used variation of the matching-to-sample task requires the animal to use the initial stimulus to control a later choice between different stimuli. For example, if the initial stimulus is a black circle, the animal learns to choose "red" after the delay; if it is a black square, the correct choice is "green". Ingenious variations of this method have been used to explore many aspects of memory, including forgetting due to interference and memory for multiple items.
Radial arm maze
The radial arm maze is used to test memory for spatial location and to determine the mental processes by which location is determined. In a radial maze test, an animal is placed on a small platform from which paths lead in various directions to goal boxes; the animal finds food in one or more goal boxes. Having found food in a box, the animal must return to the central platform. The maze may be used to test both reference and working memory. Suppose, for example, that over a number of sessions the same 4 arms of an 8-arm maze always lead to food. If in a later test session the animal goes to a box that has never been baited, this indicates a failure of reference memory. On the other hand, if the animal goes to a box that it has already emptied during the same test session, this indicates a failure of working memory. Various confounding factors, such as odor cues, are carefully controlled in such experiments.
The water maze is used to test an animal's memory for spatial location and to discover how an animal is able to determine locations. Typically the maze is a circular tank filled with water that has been made milky so that it is opaque. Located somewhere in the maze is small platform placed just below the surface of the water. When placed in the tank, the animal swims around until it finds and climbs up on the platform. With practice, the animal finds the platform more and more quickly. Reference memory is assessed by removing the platform and observing the relative amount of time the animal spends swimming in the area where the platform had been located. Visual and other cues in and around the tank may be varied to assess the animal's reliance on landmarks and the geometric relations among them.
Whether an animal ranges over a territory of measured in square kilometers or square meters, its survival typically depends on its ability to do such things as find a food source and then return to its nest. Sometimes such a task can be performed rather simply, for example by following a chemical trail. Typically, however, the animal must somehow acquire and use information about locations, directions, and distances. The following paragraphs outline some of the ways that animals do this.
- Beacons Animals often learn what their nest or other goal looks like, and if it is within sight they may simply move toward it; it is said to serve as a "beacon".
- Landmarks When an animal is unable to see its goal, it may learn the appearance of nearby objects and use these landmarks as guides. Researchers working with birds and bees have demonstrated this by moving prominent objects in the vicinity of nest sites, causing returning foragers to hunt for their nest in a new location.
- Dead reckoning Dead reckoning, also known as "path integration," is the process of computing one's position by starting from a known location and keeping track of the distances and directions subsequently traveled. Classic experiments have shown that the desert ant keeps track of its position in this way as it wanders for many meters searching for food. Though it travels in a randomly twisted path, it heads straight home when it finds food. However, if the ant is picked up and released some meters to the east, for example, it heads for a location displaced by the same amount to the east of its home nest.
- Cognitive maps Some animals appear to construct a cognitive map of their surroundings, meaning that they acquire and use information that enables them to compute how far and in what direction to go to get from one location to another. Such a map-like representation is thought to be used, for example, when an animal goes directly from one food source to another even though its previous experience has involved only travel between each source and home. Research in this area has also explored such topics as the use of geometric properties of the environment by rats and pigeons, and the ability of rats to represent a spatial pattern in either radial arm mazes or water mazes. Spatial cognition is sometimes explored in visual search experiments in which a human or animal searches the environment for a particular object.
- Detour behaviour Some animals appear to have an advanced understanding of their spatial environment and will not take the most direct route if this confers an advantage to them. Some jumping spiders take an indirect route to prey rather than the most direct route, thereby indicating flexibility in behaviour and route planning, and possibly insight learning.
Many animals travel hundreds or thousands of miles in seasonal migrations or returns to breeding grounds. They may be guided by the sun, the stars, the polarization of light, magnetic cues, olfactory cues, winds, or a combination of these. This extensive area of research is covered in the main article on Animal navigation.
It has been hypothesized that animals such as apes and wolves are good at spatial cognition because this skill is necessary for survival. Some researchers argue that this ability may have diminished somewhat in dogs because humans have provided necessities such as food and shelter during some 15,000 years of domestication.
Time of day: circadian rhythms
The behavior of most animals is synchronized with the earth's daily light-dark cycle. Thus, many animals are active during the day, others are active at night, still others near dawn and dusk. Though one might think that these "circadian rhythms" are controlled simply by the presence or absence of light, nearly every animal that has been studied has been shown to have a "biological clock" that yields cycles of activity even when the animal is in constant illumination or darkness. Circadian rhythms are so automatic and fundamental to living things — they occur even in plants - that they are usually discussed separately from cognitive processes, and the reader is referred to the main article (Circadian rhythms) for further information.
Survival often depends on an animal's ability to time intervals. For example, rufous hummingbirds feed on the nectar of flowers, and they often return to the same flower, but only after the flower had had enough time to replenish its supply of nectar. In one experiment hummingbirds fed on artificial flowers that quickly emptied of nectar but were refilled at some fixed time (e.g. twenty minutes) later. The birds learned to come back to the flowers at about the right time, learning the refill rates of up to eight separate flowers and remembering how long ago they had visited each one.
The details of interval timing have been studied in a number of species. One of the most common methods is the "peak procedure". In a typical experiment, a rat in an operant chamber presses a lever for food. A light comes on, a lever-press brings a food pellet at a fixed later time, say 10 seconds, and then the light goes off. Timing is measured during occasional test trials on which no food is presented and the light stays on. On these test trials, the rat presses the lever more and more until about 10 sec and then, when no food comes, gradually stops pressing. The time at which the rat presses most on these test trials is taken to be its estimate of the payoff time.
Experiments using the peak procedure and other methods have shown that animals can time short intervals quite exactly, can time more than one event at once, and can integrate time with spatial and other cues. Such tests have also been used for quantitative tests of theories of animal timing, such as Gibbon's Scalar Expectancy Theory ("SET"), Killeen's Behavioral Theory of Timing, and Machado's Learning to Time model. No one theory has yet gained unanimous agreement.
Tool and weapon use
Although tool use was long assumed to be a uniquely human trait, there is now much evidence that many animals use tools, including mammals, birds, fish, cephalopods and insects. Discussions of tool use often involve a debate about what constitutes a "tool", and they often consider the relation of tool use to the animal's intelligence and brain size.
Tool use has been reported many times in both wild and captive primates, particularly the great apes. The use of tools by primates is varied and includes hunting (mammals, invertebrates, fish), collecting honey, processing food (nuts, fruits, vegetables and seeds), collecting water, weapons and shelter. Research in 2007 shows that chimpanzees in the Fongoli savannah sharpen sticks to use as spears when hunting, considered the first evidence of systematic use of weapons in a species other than humans. Other mammals that spontaneously use tools in the wild or in captivity include elephants, bears, cetaceans, sea otters and mongooses.
Several species of birds have been observed to use tools in the wild, including warblers, parrots, Egyptian vultures, brown-headed nuthatches, gulls and owls. Some species, such as the woodpecker finch of the Galapagos Islands, use particular tools as an essential part of their foraging behavior. However, these behaviors are often quite inflexible and cannot be applied effectively in new situations. A great many species of birds build nests with a wide range of complexities, but although nest-building behaviour fulfills the criteria of some definitions of "tool-use", this is not the case with other definitions.
Several species of corvids have been trained to use tools in controlled experiments. One species examined extensively under laboratory conditions is the New Caledonian crow. One individual called “Betty” spontaneously made a wire tool to solve a novel problem. She was being tested to see whether she would select a wire hook rather than a straight wire to pull a little bucket of meat out of a well. Betty tried poking the straight wire at the meat. After a series of failures with this direct approach, she withdrew the wire and began directing it at the bottom of the well, which was secured to its base with duct tape. The wire soon became stuck, whereupon Betty pulled it sideways, bending it and unsticking it. She then inserted the hook into the well and extracted the meat. In all but one of 10 subsequent trials with only straight wire provided, she also made and used a hook in the same manner, but not before trying the straight wire first.
Several species of wrasses have been observed using rocks as anvils to crack bivalve (scallops, urchins and clams) shells. This behavior was first filmed in an orange-dotted tuskfish (Choerodon anchorago) in 2009 by Giacomo Bernardi. The fish fans sand to unearth the bivalve, takes it into its mouth, swims several meters to a rock, which it then uses as an anvil by smashing the mollusc apart with sideward thrashes of the head. This behaviour has also been recorded in a blackspot tuskfish (Choerodon schoenleinii) on Australia's Great Barrier Reef, yellowhead wrasse (Halichoeres garnoti) in Florida and a six-bar wrasse (Thalassoma hardwicke) in an aquarium setting. These species are at opposite ends of the phylogenetic tree in this family, so this behaviour may be a deep-seated trait in all wrasses.
Ants of the species Conomyrma bicolor pick up stones and other small objects with their mandibles and drop them down the vertical entrances of rival colonies, allowing workers to forage for food without competition.
Reasoning and problem solving
It is clear that animals of quite a range of species are capable of solving problems that appear to require abstract reasoning; Wolfgang Köhler's (1917) work with chimpanzees is a famous early example. He observed that chimpanzees did not use trial and error to solve problems such as retrieving bananas hung out of reach. Instead, they behaved in a manner that was "unwaveringly purposeful," spontaneously placing boxes so that they could climb to reach the fruit. Modern research has identified similar behavior in animals usually thought of as much less intelligent, if appropriate pre-training is given. Causal reasoning has also been observed in rooks and New Caledonian crows.
It has been shown that Barbados bullfinches (Loxigilla barbadensis) from urbanized areas are better at innovative problem-solving tasks than bullfinches from rural environments, but that they did not differ in colour discrimination learning.
A cognitive bias refers to a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, whereby inferences about other individuals or situations may be drawn in an illogical fashion.
Cognitive bias is sometimes illustrated by using answers to the question "Is the glass half empty or half full?". Choosing "half empty" is supposed to indicate pessimism whereas choosing "half full" indicates optimism. To test this in animals, an individual is trained to anticipate that stimulus A, e.g. a 100 Hz tone, precedes a positive event, e.g. highly desired food is delivered when a lever is pressed by the animal. The same individual is trained to anticipate that stimulus B, e.g. a 900 Hz tone, precedes a negative event, e.g. bland food is delivered when the animal presses a lever. The animal is then tested by being given an intermediate stimulus C, e.g. a 500 Hz tone, and observing whether the animal presses the lever associated with the positive or negative reward. This has been suggested to indicate whether the animal is in a positive or negative mood.
In a study that used this approach, rats that were playfully tickled responded differently than rats that were simply handled. The rats that had been tickled were more optimistic than the handled rats. The authors suggested that they had demonstrated "...for the first time a link between the directly measured positive affective state and decision making under uncertainty in an animal model".
There is some evidence for cognitive bias in a number of species, including rats, dogs, rhesus macaques, sheep, chicks, starlings and honeybees.
The modeling of human language in animals is known as animal language research. In addition to the ape-language experiments mentioned above, there have also been more or less successful attempts to teach language or language-like behavior to some non-primate species, including parrots and great spotted woodpeckers. Arguing from his own results with the animal Nim Chimpsky and his analysis of others results, Herbert Terrace criticized the idea that chimps can produce new sentences. Shortly thereafter Louis Herman published research on artificial language comprehension in the bottlenosed dolphin (Herman, Richards, & Wolz, 1984). Though this sort of research has been controversial, especially among cognitive linguists, many researchers agree that many animals can understand the meaning of individual words, and that some may understand simple sentences and syntactic variations, but there is little evidence that any animal can produce new strings of symbols that correspond to new sentences.
Wolfgang Köhler is usually credited with introducing the concept of insight into experimental psychology. Working with chimpanzees, Köhler came to dispute Edward Thorndike's theory that animals must solve problems gradually, by trial and error. He said that Thorndike's animals could only use trial and error because the situation precluded other forms of problem solving. He provided chimps with a relatively unstructured situation, and he observed sudden "ah-ha!" insightful changes of behavior, as, for example, when a chimp suddenly moved a box into position so that it could retrieve a banana. More recently, Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were shown to exhibit similar insightful problem solving. A male was observed moving a box to a position where it could be stood upon to reach food that had been deliberately hung out of reach.
A variety of studies indicates that animals are able to use and communicate quantitative information, and that some can count in a rudimentary way. Some examples of this research follow.
In one study, rhesus monkeys viewed visual displays containing, for example, 1,2,3, or 4 items of different sorts. They were trained to respond to them in several ways involving numerical ordering, for example touching "1" first, "2" second and so on. When tested with displays containing items they had never seen before, they continued to respond to them in order. The authors conclude that monkeys can represent the numerosities 1 to 9 at least on an ordinal scale.
Ants are able to use quantitative values and transmit this information. For instance, ants of several species are able to estimate quite precisely numbers of encounters with members of other colonies on their feeding territories. Numeracy has been described in the yellow mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) and the honeybee.
Western lowland gorillas given the choice between two food trays demonstrated the ability to choose the tray with more food items at a rate higher than chance after training. In a similar task, chimpanzees chose the option with the larger amount of food. Salamanders given a choice between two displays with differing amounts of fruit flies, used as a food reward, reliably choose the display with more flies, as shown in a particular experiment.
Other experiments have been conducted that show animals' abilities to differentiate between non-food quantities. American black bears demonstrated quantity differentiation abilities in a task with a computer screen. The bears were trained to touch a computer monitor with a paw or nose to choose a quantity of dots in one of two boxes on the screen. Each bear was trained with reinforcement to pick a larger or smaller amount. During training, the bears were rewarded with food for a correct response. All bears performed better than what random error predicted on the trials with static, non-moving dots, indicating that they could differentiate between the two quantities. The bears choosing correctly in congruent (number of dots coincided with area of the dots) and incongruent (number of dots did not coincide with area of the dots) trials suggests that they were indeed choosing between quantities that appeared on the screen, not just a larger or smaller retinal image, which would indicate they are only judging size.
Bottlenose dolphins have shown the ability to choose an array with fewer dots compared to one with more dots. Experimenters set up two boards showing various numbers of dots in a poolside setup. The dolphins were initially trained to choose the board with the fewer number of dots. This was done by rewarding the dolphin when it chose the board with the fewer number of dots. In the experimental trials, two boards were set up, and the dolphin would emerge from the water and point to one board. The dolphins chose the arrays with fewer dots at a rate much larger than chance, indicating they can differentiate between quantities. A particular grey parrot, after training, has shown the ability to differentiate between the numbers zero through six using vocalizations. After number and vocalization training, this was done by asking the parrot how many objects there were in a display. The parrot was able to identify the correct amount at a rate higher than chance. Angelfish, when put in an unfamiliar environment will group together with conspecifics, an action named shoaling. Given the choice between two groups of differing size, the angelfish will choose the larger of the two groups. This can be seen with a discrimination ratio of 2:1 or greater, such that, as long as one group has at least twice the fish as another group, it will join the larger one.
Cognitive ability and intelligence in non-human animals cannot be measured with verbal scales, as in humans. Instead, intelligence in animals has been measured using a variety of methods that involve such things as habit reversal, social learning, and responses to novelty. Principal Component Analysis and factor analytic studies have shown that a single factor of intelligence is responsible for 47% of the individual variance in cognitive ability measures in primates and between 55% and 60% of the variance in mice. These values are similar to the accepted variance in IQ explained by a similar single factor known as the general factor of intelligence in humans (40-50%).
The general factor of intelligence, or g factor, is a psychometric construct that summarizes the correlations observed between an individual’s scores on various measures of cognitive abilities. It has been suggested that g is related to evolutionary life histories and the evolution of intelligence as well as to social learning and cultural intelligence. Non-human models of g have been used in genetic and neurological research on intelligence to help understand the mechanisms behind variation in g.
Theory of mind
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states, e.g. intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, to oneself and others and to understand that others have desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.
Some research with ravens provides an example of evidence for theory of mind in a non-human species. Ravens are members of the corvidae family, which is widely regarded as having high cognitive abilities. These birds have been observed to hide their food when dominant ravens are visible and audible at the same time. Based on this observation, ravens were tested for their understanding of "seeing" as a mental state. In a first step, the birds protected their cache when dominants were visible but not when they could only be heard from an adjacent room. In the next step, they had access to a small peephole which allowed them to see into the adjacent room. With the peephole open, the ravens guarded their caches against discovery when they could hear dominants in the adjacent room, even when the dominant's sounds were playbacks of recordings.
The sense in which animals can be said to have consciousness or a self-concept has been hotly debated. The best known research technique in this area is the mirror test devised by Gordon G. Gallup, in which an animal's skin is marked in some way while it is asleep or sedated, and it is then allowed to see its reflection in a mirror; if the animal spontaneously directs grooming behavior towards the mark, that is taken as an indication that it is aware of itself. Self-awareness, by this criterion, has been reported for chimpanzees and also for other great apes, the European magpie, some cetaceans and a solitary elephant, but not for monkeys. The mirror test has been criticized researchers because it is entirely focused on vision, the primary sense in humans, while other species rely more heavily on other senses such as the olfactory sense in dogs.
It has been suggested that metacognition in some animals provides some evidence for cognitive self-awareness. The great apes, dolphins, and rhesus monkeys have demonstrated the ability to monitor their own mental states and use an "I don't know" response to avoid answering difficult questions. Unlike the mirror test, which reveals awareness of the condition of one's own body, this uncertainty monitoring is thought to reveal awareness of one's internal mental state. A 2007 study has provided some evidence for metacognition in rats, although this interpretation has been questioned. These species might also be aware of the strength of their memories.
Some researchers propose that an animal calls and other vocal behavior provide evidence as to consciousness. This idea arose from research on children's crib talk by Weir (1962) and in investigations of early speech in children by Greenfield and others (1976). Some such research has been done with a macaw (see Arielle).
In July, 2012 during the "Consciousness in Human and Nonhuman Animals" conference in Cambridge a group of scientists announced and signed a declaration with the following conclusions:
Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors. Consequently, the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Non-human animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.
Animals differ widely in many learning and cognitive tasks in ways that reflect their evolutionary history and their instinctual behaviors in natural environments. For example, dogs and rats easily learn to avoid an electric shock from the floor by moving to another part of the experimental chamber when they hear a tone preceding the shock; this is an appropriate response to a dangerous situation. However, hedgehogs fail to learn this avoidance behavior. This might seem to show the hedgehog's inability to learn, but the hedgehog's instinctive reaction to a threat is to curl up into a ball, a response that interferes with possible escape behavior in this situation.
Instinctive drift is another factor that can influence the interpretation of cognitive research. Instinctive drift is the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with learned responses. The concept originated with Keller and Marian Breland when they taught a raccoon to put coins into a box. The raccoon drifted to its instinctive behavior of rubbing the coins with its paws, as it would do when foraging for food.
Animal ability to process and respond to stimuli is correlated with brain size. Small-brain animals tend to show simple behaviors that are less dependent on learning than those of large-brained animals. Vertebrates, particularly mammals, have large brains and complex behavior that changes with experience. A formula called the encephalization quotient (EC) expresses a relationship between brain and body size; it was developed by H.J. Jerison in the late 1960s. When the encephalization quotient is plotted as a curve, an animal with an EC above the curve is expected to show more cognitive ability than the average animal of its size, whereas an animal with an EC below the curve is expected to have less. Various formulas been suggested, but the equation Ew(brain) = 0.12w(body)2/3 has been found to fit data from a sample of mammals. The formula is suggestive at best, and should only be applied to non-mammals with extreme caution. For some of the other vertebrate classes, the power of 3/4 rather than 2/3 is sometimes used, and for many groups of invertebrates, the formula may not give meaningful results.
Cognitive faculty by species
A traditionally common image is the scala naturae, the ladder of nature on which animals of different species occupy successively higher rungs, with humans typically at the top. However, rather than using such an arbitrary hierarchy, it seems more fruitful to understand cognitive capacities as adaptations to differing ecological niches.(see Shettleworth (1998), Reznikova (2007)).
Whether fairly or not, the performance of animals is often compared to that of humans on cognitive tasks. Not surprisingly, our closest biological relatives, the great apes, tend to perform most like humans. Among the birds, corvids and parrots have typically been found to perform well on human-like tasks. Some octopodes have also been shown to exhibit a number of higher-level skills such as tool use, but the amount of research on cephalopod intelligence is still limited.
- Cetacean intelligence
- Deception in animals
- Dog intelligence
- Fish intelligence
- Human-animal communication
- Cognitive abilities
- Uplift (science fiction)
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Free Newsletters - Space News - Defense Alert - Environment Report - Energy Monitor
by Birgitte Svennevig for USD News
Odense, Denmark (SPX) Sep 18, 2013
For the first time, researchers have successfully demonstrated an interaction between ocean currents and bacteria: The unexpected interaction leads to the production of vast amounts of nitrogen gas in the Pacific Ocean. This takes place in one of the largest oxygen free water masses in the world - and these zones are expanding. This can ultimately weaken the ocean's ability to absorb CO2.
Three places in the world harbor extensive oxygen free water masses, called Oxygen Minimum Zones. In these zones, microbes produce atmospheric nitrogen gas - the gas that accounts for almost 80 per cent of Earth's atmosphere.
Researchers from the University of Southern Denmark now report to have found the reason behind the huge nitrogen gas production in the largest of the three Minimum Oxygen Zones, located in the Pacific Ocean off Chile and Peru. The nitrogen gas is produced by a steady stream of bacteria who, when they feed, produce lots of nitrogen gas.
"The bacteria flow with an ocean current, that comes from the Equator and is heading towards the South Pole. On their way south the bacteria rid the water of ammonia, which they eat and transform into nitrogen gas in the Oxygen Minimum Zone", explain the scientists, postdoc Loreto De Brabandere and Professor Bo Thamdrup from the Nordic Center for Earth Evolution at the University of Southern Denmark.
Behind the research are also colleagues from Aarhus University, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, USA, and Universidad de Concepcion, Chile.
In the western Pacific off New Zealand heavy and nutrient-rich water sinks below the surface and begins to flow as an underwater current; first towards and along the Equator and then it changes course and heads south, when it approaches the coast of South America. During this long journey oxygen disappears from the current's water, and off Peru and Chile the hungry bacteria go to work.
The hungry bacteria in the ocean current from the Equator are called anammox bacteria; they get energy to grow by allowing nitrite to react with ammonia and form nitrogen gas. Anammox bacteria and their impact on the global nitrogen cycle were only discovered a few years ago.
The scientists are surprised, that this type of bacteria is responsible for the production of nitrogen gas in the giant Oxygen Minimum Zone in the Pacific Ocean.
"In the other zones we find that another nitrogen gas producing type of bacteria is responsible, namely the so-called denitrifying bacteria," says Loreto De Brabandere.
Denitrifying bacteria also produce nitrogen gas, but they do it from nitrate and nitrite when combusting organic material - not from ammonia as anammox bacteria do.??
"But here we show that the denitrifying bacteria simply do not get enough organic food to form nitrogen gas, so they are virtually pushed out of the way by anammox bacteria that come with the water from the Equator. The result is that anammox bacteria account for almost the entire nitrogen gas production", explains Bo Thamdrup.
If the anammox bacteria did not come with ocean currents along the coast of South America, significantly less nitrogen gas would be produced in the oceans as a whole. The denitrifying bacteria would probably never be able to find enough nutrients to produce the same amount of nitrogen gas.
"The exciting news is that the explanation for the large production of nitrogen gas off Chile is found near the Equator, over a thousand kilometers further north. It is the first time we see such an interaction between ocean currents, bacteria, and nutrient cycling", says Bo Thamdrup.
There are no indications that the ocean current may be disturbed by climate change or other factors, and thus there will probably be no changes in its cargo of anammox bacteria.
"However there are signs that the Oxygen Minimum Zones around the world are expanding, and this can lead to an increased production of atmospheric nitrogen. An increase in nitrogen gas emission leads to fewer algae in the water, and thus there is less food for marine microorganisms. Ultimately, it means less food for the fish", explains Bo Thamdrup.
Expanding Minimum Oxygen Zones may also weaken the ocean's capacity to absorb CO2, explains Loreto De Brabandere:
"It gives more room for the nitrate-eating bacteria, and thus there is less nitrate available to marine plankton. Plankton is effective at absorbing CO2, and if there is less plankton there will be less CO2 absorbed".?
The Minimum Oxygen Zones in the world.
The zones are located app. 100 - 500 meters below the surface and they make up app. two per cent of the oceans. They are nevertheless very important, as they account for a third of the oceans' removal of nitrogen. Just a little variation in their size will have great impact on how much nitrogen is removed. No animals can live in the Minimum Oxygen Zones. Only bacteria that do not need oxygen, can thrive here.
Ref: Vertical partitioning of nitrogen-loss processes across the oxic-anoxic interface of an oceanic oxygen minimum zone, Environmental Microbiology, vol 15, issue 9.
University of Southern Denmark
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- Black Grouse
name = Black Grouse
status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
image_width = 200px
image_caption = Female
phylum = Chordata
genus = "
species = "T. tetrix"
binomial = "Tetrao tetrix"
binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)
The Black Grouse or Blackgame ("Tetrao tetrix") is a large bird in the
grousefamily. It is a sedentary species, breeding across northern Eurasiain moorlandand bogareas near to woodland, mostly boreal. The Black Grouse is closely related to the Caucasian Black Grouse. These birds have a group display or lek in early spring.
As with many Gamebirds, the male is larger than the female at 49-55 cm compared to her 40-45 cm length. The cock is very distinctive, with black plumage, apart from red wattles and a white wingbar, and a
lyre-shaped tail, which appears forked in flight. His song is loud, bubbling and somewhat dove-like.
The female is greyish-brown and has a cackling call. She takes all responsibility for nesting and caring for the chicks, as is typical with gamebirds.
The male and female are sometimes referred to by their folk names, Blackcock and Greyhen respectively.
Reproduction and Distribution
Black grouse have a very distinctive and well recorded courtship ritual or game. At dawn in the spring, the males strut around in a traditional area and display whilst making a highly distinctive mating call. This process is called a Lek - the grouse are said to be "lekking".
Black Grouse can be found across
Europefrom Great Britain(but not Ireland) through Scandinaviaand into Russia. In eastern Europe they can be found in Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuaniaand Poland. There is a population in The Alps, and isolated remnants in Germany, Denmark, Franceand Holland.
This species is declining in western
Europedue to loss of habitat, disturbance, predation by foxes, crows, etc., and small populations gradually dying out.
They have declined in the UK (especially
England), having disappeared from many of their former haunts. They are now extinctin Lancashire, Derbyshire, Exmoor, East Yorkshire, New Forest, Nottinghamshire, Worcestershire, Quantock Hills, Cornwall, Dartmoor, Kent, Wiltshireand Surrey.
A program to re-introduce Black Grouse into the wild started in 2003 in the
Upper Derwent Valleyarea of the Peak Districtin England. 30 grouse were released in October 2003, followed by 10 male grouse in December 2004 and a further 10 male and 10 female in April 2005. The programme is being run jointly by the National Trust, Severn Trent Waterand Peak District National Park.
Conservation groups helping to revive the Black Grouse include the
RSPBand the Game Conservancy Trust.
Meanwhile, it should be noted that the tails of black-cocks have, since late Victorian times, been popular adornments for hats worn with
Highland Dress. Most commonly associated with Glengarryand Balmoralor Tam O'Shantercaps, they still continue to be worn by pipers of civilian and military pipe-bands. Since 1904, all ranks of the Royal Scotsand King's Own Scottish Borderershave worn them in their full-dress headgear and that tradition is carried on in the dress glengarries of the current Scottish-super regiment, The Royal Regiment of Scotland.
* Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
* [http://www.blackgrouse.info/ Black Grouse in the UK]
* [http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/b/blackgrouse/index.asp RSPB Black Grouse]
* [http://www.gct.org.uk/conservationguide_intro.asp?ImageId=6 Game Conservancy Trust Conservation Guide]
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
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Staunton, June 26 – In Soviet times, no honest discussion of the terror famine Stalin unleashed on the population in the early 1930s was possible. Since 1991, with the independence of Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the governments and scholars of those countries have described the horrors of this act of genocide and attracted international attention to it.
But those who suffered from this particular Stalinist crime but who do not have a government to support scholarly research or work to attract international condemnation have had a harder time of it. Often heroic individual researchers have done a great deal, they have not had the impact of the Ukrainian and Kazakh efforts.
One of these peoples which was very much a primary victim of Stalin’s terror famine but which does not yet have its own state and therefore lacks equally powerful means to attract attention to its victimhood in this case are the Cossacks who like the Ukrainians were targeted not only because they were peasants but also for ethnic reasons as well.
On the All-Cossack Social Center portal, Cossack activist Aleksandr Dzikovitsky surveys the increasingly rich literature on the way in which the Soviet state carried out collectivization and the terror famine in Cossack regions, killing hundreds of thousands and deporting tens of thousands of others (voccentr.info/umershhvlenie-kazakov-golodom/).
This research shows the Soviets applied many of the same tactics against the Cossacks that they had against Ukrainians and Kazakhs as well. But what is especially important, given the continuing controversy about whether Stalin was animated by class or nationality, these sources provide additional evidence that ethnic concerns animated him almost as much as class ones.
Ye.N. Oskolkov, a Rostov historian who died in 1995, concluded that “the leadership of the party and the state sought to give their forcible actions in the North Caucasus Kray an anti-Cossack character,” treating Cossacks far worse than the surrounding ethnic Russian areas (rslovar.com/content/профессор-евгений-осколков-ростовский-историк-аграрник).
Understanding this is important not only for any serious assessment of Stalin’s crimes but also for the Cossacks themselves, Dzikovitsky says. As Obninsk activist V.N. Salazkin argues, “Don and Kuban Cossacks must put the question just as Ukrainians do” lest they be led astray and fight for Russian forces in the Donbass “against a Ukraine striving for democracy.”
Post a Comment
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Drug Replacement and Maintenance Therapy
Drug replacement and maintenance therapy have a long history of providing individuals struggling with problematic drug use with legal access to drugs that would otherwise be obtained through illegal means.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Institute of Medicine, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the World Health Organization and over four decades of government-funded, peer-reviewed medical research have unequivocally and repeatedly proven that replacement therapies like methadone maintenance are the most effective treatments for opioid dependence.
Methadone and Buprenorphine
Methadone is the most widely-used maintenance treatment. Used properly, methadone reduces drug use and related crime, death, and disease among heroin users. But methadone has been handicapped by restrictive government regulations, by misinformation - among treatment providers and drug users alike - and by prejudice against methadone treatment.
Methadone is the most tightly restricted drug in the U.S. Doctors in general medical practice can't prescribe methadone, and regular pharmacies don't distribute it.
Buprenorphine is a newer medication that has also been shown to be effective and it can be prescribed by physicians who have gone through special training.
The Drug Policy Alliance advocates for making both methadone and buprenorphine more accessible, through changing attitudes, laws, regulations, and health insurance policies. Funding must be increased for access to methadone and buprenorphine through the public health system for those who cannot afford it otherwise.
Heroin-Assisted Treatment (HAT)
For drug users who have not found success with methadone, the most dramatic developments in drug substitution therapies have been in the field of Heroin-Assisted Treatment (HAT). HAT programs, as part of comprehensive treatment strategies, provide substantial benefits to long-term heroin users who have not been responsive to other treatment.
Studies have shown that those enrolled in HAT demonstrate a reduction in drug use and an improvement in overall physical and mental health. Additionally, several studies have found that individuals who participated in these programs significantly reduced their involvement in criminal activities, generating large cost savings.
Heroin maintenance may be a feasible, effective and cost-effective strategy for reducing drug use and drug-related harm among long-term heroin users for whom other treatment programs have failed.
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Diabetes can be understood as a group of diseases that causes too much sugar in our blood, or high blood glucose.
What’s scary is India is now one of the top three countries in the world with the highest population of diabetic people.
From 11.9 million in 1980, the diabetic population in India grew dramatically to 64.5 million in 2014! The numbers have grown for sure in 2015 and till now in 2016. And if this growth trend continues, we can soon become the diabetic capital of the world.
Early detection and effective treatment are the best answers to the prevention and management of diabetes.
Diabetes and Sleep Apnea
There’s a link between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the development of diabetes and insulin resistance. People with diabetes often find difficulty sleeping for a number of reasons including sleep disorders, such as OSA and restless sleep disorder.
By treating sleep apnea, one can sleep quite peacefully thorough the nights, and which in turn help him/her better control the blood glucose. The treatment also improves alertness and motivation, and thus, leads to more stable blood glucose levels.
Doctors now even use sleep apnea treatment as a tool for controlling diabetes in their patients.
When you start getting your share of shut eye, your overall health also begins to improve. You feel relaxed, positive, indulge in sports or other forms of exercises, and this positively impacts your blood sugar levels, and save you from all possible complications associated with diabetes.
Not sure you’ve a sleep disorder?
If sleep has been eluding you for days or months, you should immediately see a sleep specialist. He/ she will ask you about your sleeping habits. The specialist can also have a word with your partner to find out whether you snore or sleep walk or wake up in the middle of the night sweating all over. The specialist can then put you through a sleep study to determine your sleep quality and figure out whether you’ve developed a sleep disorder that’s worsening your diabetes. More on sleep study here.
How Sleep Apnea is treated?
You’ll be asked for lifestyle changes such as losing weight.
Your doctor can also put you on CPAP therapy. It’s a very effective therapy which involves using a CPAP machine during sleep. An air blower in this machine forces air through your nose or mouth to keep your upper airway open so that you don’t get periods of air deprivation (called ‘apneas’). The air pressure is adjusted to your comfort level. CPAP therapy is a proven therapy to help people sleep better. More on sleep apnea treatment here.
Tips for sound sleep
- Avoid caffeine or alcohol in the evening
- Learn medication or some other relaxation techniques
- Listen to recorded nature sounds – you can get enough of nature sound videos from YouTube
- Exercise regularly, but avoid doing it a few hours before bedtime
- If you find sleeping difficult, go out and do something. Get back to your bed only when you’re feeling sleepy
- Avoid watching TV or playing games in your bedroom. Keep it as peaceful and comfortable as it can be
For more on sleep apnea treatment for diabetes management, give us a call at 9871-61-3322, 9871-16-2255.
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|Depth:||70′ to 84′|
|Dimensions:||110′ x 26′ x 9′|
|Cargo:||Grain, from Chicago for Buffalo|
|Cause of Sinking:||Stress of weather (gale winds)|
|Built:||1848, Sandusky, Ohio|
|Date Lost:||September 20th, 1856 (some reports say Sept. 18)|
|Construction:||Wood, Two-Masted Brig (foremast square-rigged)|
|Skill Level:||Intermediate to Advanced|
|Location:||N45° 47.959’ W084° 50.249’|
Built in 1848 in Sandusky OH, the brig Sandusky is the oldest know shipwreck in the Preserve frequented by divers. She was bound from Chicago to Buffalo with a load of grain when she sank in September 1856. A violent gale sprang up on the northern end of Lake Michigan, catching the Sandusky in the Straits. The side-wheeler Queen City attempted to rescue three of the crew that clung to her masts that extended above the waves. The Queen City was unsuccessful and these men were lost with the rest of the crew.
The Sandusky’s hull sits intact in 85′ of water, listing slightly to port, five miles west of the bridge. The decks are collapsing, but there are a number of interesting artifacts on and around the wreck. A topmast reaches from the port rail to the bottom, the centerboard winch, bilge pumps, and windlass all remain, and a scroll figurehead adorns her bow below the intact jib-boom. This figurehead is a replica of the original, which was found mostly removed and was later recovered with State permission. The original figurehead can be viewed in the Straits Shipwreck Museum at Old Mackinac Point Light, Mackinaw City. We ask that divers not touch or disrupt any of the artifacts, as the Sandusky is showing signs of severe wear and damage.
Mooring Buoy Status
The mooring is about 20′ off the Sandusky’s port side, aft, and a small line guides divers to the rail. Mooring is available from mid-May to September, the moorings make for easier location, safer diving and protect shipwrecks from damage from anchors and hooks.
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The Importance of the Liver in Dairy Cows
Click here to view as a pdf: The Importance Of The Liver In Dairy Cows
By Dr. John Popp, PhD.
As I was researching the topic of liver function in healthy dairy cattle, I realized that the great majority of information available dealt with the metabolic diseases of the liver. It was almost impossible to find information that just discussed the function of the liver and how to keep it healthy. The intention of this article is to focus on what makes a liver healthy, not on the doom and gloom of hepatic lipadosis, fatty liver or ketosis, which is what we hear about the most.
A healthy liver in a dairy cow serves many important functions: Glucose production/synthesis, detoxification of ammonia and production of antibodies. Rumen microbes metabolize starches supplied by the feed ration into the volatile fatty acids, lactate and proprionate, which are converted into glucose (fuel to run the body) via the liver. With onset of lactation, a cow’s energy requirement is tripled. High demands for glucose are for both milk synthesis and also reproductive performance. A cow in early lactation producing 80 pounds of milk needs a supply of 6 lbs of glucose per day just for milk production. As you can imagine, this is a huge job for the liver… so it has to be healthy.
To complicate the situation, dry matter intake of the cow is usually insufficient at this time as well. When a cow is off feed (negative energy balance) and is not getting an ample supply of glucose from the ration, the cow’s body will start utilizing fat as the next available energy source. It is the liver that converts this fat into a useable energy source for the cow. If the liver is compromised or overwhelmed and cannot “clear” or metabolize fat coming in, it will become infiltrated with fat. This fatty liver condition can potentially turn into subclinical or clinical ketosis. When the liver reaches this state, it cannot do the job it is assigned to do; one defense mechanism is a reduction in milk production in an attempt to reduce the metabolic energy demand. The picture above shows a healthy liver with a deep, purple color vs. a fatty liver with a pale, yellow color as a result of fat infiltration.
Management and Prevention
Taking a proactive role in managing the cow’s dry and early lactation period, will increase the possibility of a healthy, functioning liver. Here is a checklist of things to observe/manage in order to ensure liver health:
- Properly balance the dry cow and early lactation rations. This is the most important step in keeping the liver healthy and preventing ketosis or fatty liver. Fatty infiltration of the liver can occur as early as two weeks before calving.
- Maintain body condition of dry cows during the dry period – cows should not be gaining or losing weight.
- Monitor dry matter intake.
- Monitor feed refusals and check for moldy feeds closely.
- Manage the bunk to prevent overcrowding. This will ensure access to good quality feed at all times.
- Minimize social group disruptions during transition. Limit pen moves to 3 or less during the transition period.
Maintaining good liver health in fresh/early lactation animals is the key to a smooth, trouble free transition. It is important to monitor cows for proper liver function post partum and with the onset of lactation. A well-recognized and practical indicator of liver health is the measurement of beta-hydroxy-butyric acid (BHBA). Levels of BHBA are elevated when liver fat oxidation is incomplete due to fat infiltration of liver tissue. Cows with BHBA levels greater than or equal to 1.1 mmol/l are indicative of a herd’s prevalence for subclinical ketosis. If you find yourself faced with clinical or subclinical ketosis in your herd, several very informative articles by Dr. Leiterman and Teresa Marker, Livestock Nutritionist, can be accessed via the Crystal Creek® website at www.crystalcreeknatural.com under the “Article” tab in the Dairy section. You may also reference Teresa Marker’s article on page 3 in this newsletter: “Turning Hidden Challenges into Opportunity on a Dairy Farm” that discusses subclinical ketosis in fresh cows and heifers.
The liver has a huge role to play in the health of your transition cows. If you implement the above steps, you should find a reduction in liver related disorders in your herd. With liver disorders at a minimum, you will find the transition of your cows in the dry cow and early lactation cow period much less stressful for you and your cows.
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What can the study of young monkeys and apes tell us about the minds of young humans? In this fascinating introduction to the study of primate minds, Juan Carlos Gómez identifies evolutionary resemblances—and differences—between human children and other primates. He argues that primate minds are best understood not as fixed collections of specialized cognitive capacities, but more dynamically, as a range of abilities that can surpass their original adaptations.
In a lively overview of a distinguished body of cognitive developmental research among nonhuman primates, Gómez looks at knowledge of the physical world, causal reasoning (including the chimpanzee-like errors that human children make), and the contentious subjects of ape language, theory of mind, and imitation. Attempts to teach language to chimpanzees, as well as studies of the quality of some primate vocal communication in the wild, make a powerful case that primates have a natural capacity for relatively sophisticated communication, and considerable power to learn when humans teach them.
Gómez concludes that for all cognitive psychology’s interest in perception, information processing, and reasoning, some essential functions of mental life are based on ideas that cannot be explicitly articulated. Nonhuman and human primates alike rely on implicit knowledge. Studying nonhuman primates helps us to understand this perplexing aspect of all primate minds.
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Home > Iowa Academy of Science > Journals & Newsletters > Iowa Science Teachers Journal > Volume 8 > Number 2 (1970)
The Dutch Elm disease is caused by Ceratostomella ulmi (Schwartz) Buis (1); and, two types of elm bark beetles (9) are its vectors (3,4,9). Growth of the fungus occurs in the xylem tissue, which predominantly is concerned with conduction of water to the foliage. The spores and bud cells of C. ulmi are smaller than the elm wood vessels (1,2). C. ulmi, too, can be transmitted through root grafts.
Iowa Science Teachers' Journal
© Copyright 1970 by the Iowa Academy of Science
Baugess, Lyle C. and Dalton, J. Lester
"The Toxic Activity of Main Trunk Wood From Diseased Dutch Elm Trees,"
Iowa Science Teachers Journal: Vol. 8:
2, Article 5.
Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/istj/vol8/iss2/5
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Home > Be Healthy > Health Library > Food Poisoning: Vibrio Vulnificus
Vibrio vulnificusfood poisoning is caused by Vibrio vulnificus, a bacterium that lives in warm seawater. The condition is rare.
Vibrio vulnificus food poisoning occurs when you eat seafood infected with the bacteria or you have an open wound that is exposed to them. The bacteria are frequently found in oysters and other shellfish in warm coastal waters during the summer months. People who have weak immune systems, especially those with long-term (chronic) liver disease, are at greater risk for this condition than other people.
In healthy people, Vibrio vulnificus food poisoning can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal (belly) pain. In people who have weak immune systems, the bacteria can infect the bloodstream, causing a severe and life-threatening illness. Symptoms include fever and chills, decreased blood pressure (septic shock), and blistering skin wounds. The infection is especially dangerous to people who have long-term (chronic) liver disease.
If an open wound is exposed to the bacteria (such as from warm seawater), sores may develop. People with weak immune systems are at risk for the bacteria moving into the bloodstream.
Vibrio vulnificus food poisoning is diagnosed based on a medical history and a physical exam. Your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms, foods you have recently eaten, and your work and home environments. If you have eaten raw seafood, especially oysters, your doctor may do a stool, wound, or blood culture.
You treat Vibrio vulnificus food poisoning by managing complications until it passes. Dehydration caused by diarrhea and vomiting is the most common complication. In people who have weak immune systems, or in people who have severe symptoms, antibiotics may be used.
To prevent dehydration, drink plenty of fluids. Choose water and other clear liquids until you feel better. You can take frequent sips of a rehydration drink (such as Pedialyte). Soda, fruit juices, and sports drinks have too much sugar and not enough of the important electrolytes that are lost during diarrhea. These kinds of drinks should not be used to rehydrate.
When you feel like eating again, start with small amounts of food. This will help you get enough nutrition.
The best way to prevent Vibrio vulnificus food poisoning is to not eat raw oysters or other raw shellfish and to cook all shellfish (oysters, clams, mussels) thoroughly.
Boil shucked oysters for at least 3 minutes or fry them in oil for at least 3 minutes at 375°F (191°C). For shellfish in the shell, either:
Do not eat those shellfish that do not open during cooking.
You should also:
Current as of:
July 1, 2021
Author: Healthwise StaffMedical Review: E. Gregory Thompson MD - Internal MedicineAdam Husney MD - Family Medicine
Current as of: July 1, 2021
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:E. Gregory Thompson MD - Internal Medicine & Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2021 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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What exactly is vaping? Is it more harmful than smoking cigarettes? Is it hard to quit? These are all questions you may have about vaping — a relatively new way of using substances in Canada. Currently, we don’t know a lot about the effects of vaping, especially when it comes to young people and long-term use. Just like with smoking or other substance use, learning about vaping can help you make the most informed choices possible. Here are some important things to know about vaping.
What is vaping?
The act of vaping is similar to smoking cigarettes. With vaping, you breathe in a vapour (like an aerosol or steam) through a device called an e-cigarette (a.k.a. an electronic cigarette, e-cig, e-hookah, mod or vape pen). The vapour may contain chemicals (including nicotine) that give you a similar feeling to smoking cigarettes. Some people may also use e-cigarettes for using other substances, like cannabis.
Why do some people vape?
People may choose to vape for different reasons. They may:
- be curious or want to experiment
- want to try or enjoy the flavours
- do it because their friends/family members/etc. are doing it
- think vaping is less harmful than cigarettes (or not harmful at all)
- use e-cigarettes as an alternative to smoking cigarettes
- think they can vape in more places than they can smoke
- enjoy doing “vape tricks” (making patterns with vapour as you exhale)
- use vaping as a weight management tool
Is vaping less harmful than smoking cigarettes?
On social media, e-cigarettes are often marketed as safer and less harmful than smoking cigarettes. However, it’s important to remember research is still being done to determine the full effects and safety of vaping. From what we do know, vaping is not necessarily more or less harmful than smoking cigarettes, but the effects/risks may be similar.
What are the potential risks of vaping?
The world is still trying to understand the possible effects of vaping. Because there are so many different factors (e.g. individual device, brand, batch, ingredients, etc.) it’s hard to pinpoint exactly what the effects of vaping are. Regardless, here are some potential health risks and other things to keep in mind about vaping:
- Short-term effects of vaping may include mouth/throat irritation, nausea, anxiety, low mood and insomnia.
- E-cigarettes don’t contain tobacco and have fewer chemicals at lower levels when compared to cigarettes. This means using e-cigarettes instead of regular cigarettes may reduce your exposure to some cancer-causing compounds.
- E-cigarettes do contain toxic chemicals and the long-term effects of vaping are currently unknown.
- E-cigarettes can be very addictive. They may contain nicotine, an addictive substance also found in cigarettes. Nicotine can have numerous side effects — including cravings — and can negatively affect your lungs, heart, memory and concentration. It’s been reported that some e-cigarette brands have mislabelled the amount of nicotine in their products, so you may be inhaling more than you think. Some people choose to use “just flavouring” as opposed to “flavouring and nicotine” when vaping.
- Using e-cigarettes as a way to quit/reduce smoking cigarettes has been promoted in ads, but it’s not yet known if this is an effective approach.
- Some studies report e-cigarette use may lead to smoking cigarettes. Many people who use e-cigarettes have a history of smoking cigarettes or use both at the same time.
- It’s still possible to experience “second-hand smoke” from vaping, although the risk of harm is lower for bystanders when compared to cigarettes.
How can I quit vaping?
Similar to smoking, there are some safer use tips you can try if you want to quit vaping. It’s important to remember that vaping may be difficult to stop doing, but it is possible to quit, even if it takes a few tries. You can:
- talk to your health-care professional about vaping, your health and how to stop
- write down all the reasons you want to stop and put the list in a place where you’ll see it often
- tell others about your plans to stop and ask them to support you as you go
- choose a “quit date” and try to stick to it
- ask a friend to stop vaping with you
- join a support group or start one of your own
- visit Resources Around Me for substance use support services near you
- remember to reward yourself for your success — every step counts!
If you have questions about substance use and how to quit, you can talk to a health-care professional or other safe adult. You can also reach out to Kids Help Phone 24/7 by text, phone and Live Chat. We’re always here for you.
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The year was 1950. India, just 3 years after Independence. India enjoyed a warm relationship with its very close neighbor, Tibet. The Buddhist nation enjoyed deep connections that were both historical and diplomatic. However when Chinese expansion threatened the Buddhist nation, India couldn’t do anything to halt the encroachment of the Communist nation over the sovereignty of the small nation.
The PLA forced the local government, the institution of Dalai Lama to sign a document- “Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet”. One may wonder why India didn’t respond, because India lacked the military might to counter such a massive army.
However, both nations didn’t want the situation to get worse with military intervention. Tibet wanted the situation to be raised in UN and seeked India’s help in doing so. Tibet couldn’t do it as they were following political isolationism and neutral hence not recognized by UN as a member state. Both nations were willing to make talks with the Communist nation, but failed in thwarting the unjust occupation of Tibet.
IN 1954, India and China signed the “PanchSheela” Agreement, which recognized the Chinese sovereignty of Tibet and India decided to withdraw its small military presence from Tibet. However Tibet neither recognized nor endorsed the agreement. China soon had full power over Tibet.
Soon India realized that a diplomatic intervention wouldn’t work well with China and their opposition of a Tibetan government as represented by the Institution of Dalai Lama. The Tibetan nationals too were displeased about the Chinese. Some internal resistance did erupt but not to that scale which could oppose the military.
Several high level visits were conducted between the two nations (China & India), but nothing proved fruitful. So, by 1957 when it became pretty evident that the PLA’s occupation over Tibet was not going to end, India and Tibet mutually decided to approach the next best option-the US of A.
This was a very clever decision as the Americans were interested in countering the expanse of Communism in Asia and had already fought the Korean War. However both nations wanted a covert operation to raise resistance against the Chinese and not a full-on war. So with the help of CIA, Tibetan freedom fighters were trained at covert CIA camps and the resistance was generated.
They supplied arms and equipment to fight the Chinese army. The CIA recruited locals to fight against the Chinese as guerrillas and were airdropped throughout the resistance period. But the Americans gravely underestimated the intelligence capability of the Chinese. The guerrillas took a huge hit. The resistance was thrashed by the PLA. Monks and civilians were executed. Monasteries were bombed and shelled. The climax of this Tibetan Resistance was during March 1959, when His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama had no choice but to seek political asylum in India. Tibetan Resistance was crushed.
China was surely angered at Tibetan Lama but was angered more by India’s policy of giving asylum to Dalai Lama. This indifference still exists between the two countries. With India’s role in Tibetan Resistance and the Forward Policy of Indian forces to cut-off Chinese posts that were intruding into the Indian Territory, came the war of 1962.
Thousands of miles away, USA was tracking the situation the whole time. Wary of the expansion of Chinese, CIA had to act quick to end the advancement of Chinese forces. As the war reached it’s zenith, a panicked Nehru sent letters to US Prez John.F.Kennedy urging for immediate action. And they responded. They already had the Tibetan resistance fighters by their side and they were ready anytime to kill the Chinese.
The dying Tibetan resistance movement was revived. In a meeting held on November 19, 1962 at the White House, President Kennedy, Dean David Rusk(Secretary of State), Averell Harriman(Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs), Robert McNamara(Secretary of Defense), General Paul Adams(Chief of the US Strike Command), John Kenneth Galbraith(US Ambassador to India), John A McCone(Director of Central Intelligence Agency), Desmond Fitzgerald(the Far Eastern CIA Chief), James Critchfield(the Near East CIA Chief), John Kenneth Knaus(CIA’s Tibet Task Force), and David Blee(CIA Station Chief in New Delhi) had decided upon a military aid package in support of the newly created military organization in India which was initially named as Establishment No. 22 and later the name Special Frontier Force.
However the war ended abruptly. China called unilateral ceasefire and withdrew from many locations. Many reports suggest US threatened to “NUKE” China if they were to continue the battle.
But that wasn’t the end for the CIA operation. Very soon, the then Defence Secretary of US Robert McNamara and his CIA chief John McCone flew to Delhi and met Indian intelligence officials. Indian Intelligence Bureau had lobbied intensively to create an elite unit of commandoes trained in guerrilla warfare to act against China inside their lines.
CIA and IB helmed the project and seasoned officer of the Indian Army, Major General Sujan Singh Uban, was chosen to be the first Inspector General of the force. He is legendary figure in the British Indian Army and was awarded a ‘Military Cross ’. He was the commander of 22 Mountain Regiment during WW2 and was the perfect choice for the role of head of the unit. The unit got the name 22 Establishment (read Two-Two Establishment) since he headed the 22nd Mountain Regiment.
Based in Chakrata, Uttarakhand, the force was put under the direct supervision of the Intelligence Bureau, and later, the Research and Analysis Wing. With initial strength of 12,000, SFF commenced six months of training in rock climbing and guerrilla warfare. CIA provided most of the initial equipment and arms supply.
The soldiers were recruited with help from leaders, of the Chushi Gangdruk, the original Tibetan Resistance warriors. Soon the training started at Chakrata, 100 km from the city of Dehra Dun.The force was renamed as SFF (special Frontier Force). It was primarily raised to address the lack of intel during both war-time and peace-time operations.
With the formation of RAW by late 60’s , and with the help of the Aviation Research Centre which provided airlift facilities, SFF became fully airborne-qualified and a dedicated mountain and jungle warfare unit.
OPERATIONS of SFF
During the 60’s there was a major scare in CIA that China was going to test nuclear bombs at Lop Nor region. CIA lacked any concrete intelligence gathering inside China and was relying on U-2 spy planes for intel. It was too high profile and they wanted something much more subtle. So CIA along with RAW and ARC launched an operation to place an ELINT(Electronic Intelligence) device atop the Nanda Devi mountain to snoop on Chinese nuke tests.
A mountaineering expedition was launched with celebrated mountaineer M.S.Kohli leading the climb. The expedition was a cover for the operation. The team included CIA operatives (most notably Jim Rhyne, a veteran STOL pilot), and SFF operatives. The mission suffered a setback when the team had to retreat following the adverse weather conditions. They were carrying a nuclear powered transmitter which was left out in a cave but when they returned for retrieving it, it wasn’t there.
Indian newspapers reported that an electronic intelligence machine passed on by the CIA and mounted atop Nanda Devi in 1965 to track Chinese missile tests had gone missing. The bigger worry was over the plutonium generator that powered the machine. Then Prime Minister Morarji Dessai spoke of the safety of the device at the Parliament, SFF slipped out and that was the first time public was aware of SFF’s presence.
Captain Mohan Singh Kohli, who led the operation, says, “The SFF men were real tough… Once, when we were building a helipad a large rock had to be removed. It needed seven men to lift — even six wouldn’t do. Then, one of the SFF guys said, “Put it on my back.” And he alone carried it about 15 feet and threw it.
Commandant Dinesh Tewari, a former Gurkha regiment captain who put thousands of SFF soldiers through a gruelling 44-week commando course during 1969-75, says, “They can survive in any condition… On some winter mornings I would watch some of them taking chilly water into their mouth, warming it, and then spitting it out to wash their face.”
SFF soldiers have proven their mettle in the Chittagong War. They were very valuable for their clandestine intelligence collection and also to train the Mujib Bahini, which led the bangladeshi’s against the Pakistan. SFF conducted several mission, including the destruction of the Kaptai Dam and other bridges.
They were also part of the Operation BlueStar against Khalistan terrorists. Since they are under RAW, information regarding it’s operations are very scarce. They report directly to a Cabinet Secretary who reports directly to the PM. The former Army Chief Dalbir Singh Suhag was a former IG of the SFF.
An interesting fact is that the force is also known as Vikas and the soldiers Vikasi. The Tibet is free in the mind and soul of every Vikasi whenever they sing their Vikasi Song. They still carry the dream of a free Tibet in them. The Vikasi Song goes like this:
We are the Vikasi
The Chinese snatched Tibet from us
and kicked us out from our home
Even then, India
kept us like their own
One day, surely one day
we will teach the Chinese a lesson
Whenever opportunities arise
we will play with our lives In the Siachen glacier
we got our second chance
Our young martyrs
have no sadness whatsoever
Whether it is Kargil or Bangladesh
we will not lose our strength
Whenever opportunities arise
we will play with our lives
Where there is our Potala Palace
and lovely Norbu Lingka
The throne of the Dalai Lama
was dear even then
Remember those martyrs of ours
who sacrificed with their lives
Let’s sing together
Hail to our Tibet!
Hail to our Tibet!
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Leverage two powerful tools for managing your own wellness.
You have the power to impact your own health and well-being. The actions we take, the choices we make, the way we think, the way we act or react to situations, and the way we move through life all impact our health and wellness more than we may realize. There are shifts you can make in how you think and act that will affect the overall quality of your life.
Routine daily activities we take for granted can impact our health and wellness. The beauty of these activities is that we do not need a medical or healthcare practitioner to pre- scribe them. Two such activities that you can use to impact your health and wellness are movement and sleep.
Movement and exercise
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.
According to WHO, physical activity reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, and breast cancer in women. There is even evidence to suggest that increasing levels of various types of physical activity may benefit health by reducing hypertension, osteoporosis, and risk of falls; improving body weight and composition; and decreasing the incidence of musculoskeletal conditions such as osteoarthritis and low back pain.
WHO recommends 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity five days per week to improve and maintain health; the 30 minutes can be accumulated over the course of a day in blocks as short as ten minutes.
We tend to think of exercise as running, playing a sport, swimming, using workout equipment, or some other activity that requires extensive physical exertion. There are other options that have benefits, including walking, low-impact exercise, or other mild fitness practices.
In addition to the conventional forms of exercise popular in the West, there is another type of activity that promotes wellness. In China there are two movement programs that have been used for thousands of years and are becoming very popular in Western cultures: t’ai chi and qigong. These programs impact not only the body but also the mind.
T’ai chi (pronounced tie chee) is an ancient program of gentle, slow, fluid movements and coordinated breathing. The movements are designed to stimulate the flow of the energy force (chi or qi) and to promote balance in mind and body. T’ai chi originated as a martial arts style and has been adopted as a movement program because of its health benefits.
The opening ceremonies to the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, included 2,008 t’ai chi experts demonstrating its graceful and fluid movements. In parks in China, it is common to see groups of people practicing t’ai chi in the morning.
Qigong (pronounced chee gung) is another ancient movement program based on gentle movements with coordinated breathing that includes visualization. It has been described as a self- healing art that, like t’ai chi, cultivates the energy force within us and plays an active role in maintaining health.
When gentle movements are integrated with full, relaxed breathing and deep relaxation of mind, the body enters an especially healing and restorative state. This has a positive effect on the blood, the nervous system, the immune system, and oxygen metabolism.
Yoga is another practice that may serve you well. Yoga is a mind-body practice with origins in ancient Indian philosophy. The various styles of yoga that people use for health purposes typically combine physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation or relaxation.
Sleep and Rest
Although getting adequate sleep and rest is essential to health and wellness, most people take it for granted. Your body has remarkable healing power, and rest and sleep play a large part in the healing process. When you don’t get enough, it impacts your body’s healthy functioning.
The National Sleep Foundation maintains that seven to nine hours of sleep per night is optimal for most adults and that sufficient sleep promotes overall health and alertness. Sleep debt is the result of not getting enough rest and can cause physical, emotional, and mental fatigue. Studies have shown that sleep loss impairs immune function and the healing process.
When we sleep, our blood pressure is lowered, hormones are secreted, kidney functions change, sensory and motor activities are relatively suspended, and the immune system is impacted. The hormones produced during sleep pro- mote growth, help build muscle mass, repair cells and tissues, and work to fight infections. Sufficient sleep not only pro- motes healing when you are ill or sick, but helps create a positive environment in your body which may reduce the occurrence or severity of disease or illness.
All bodies are unique in how much sleep they need to function optimally. Your body knows how much sleep you need and will be your teacher and alert you when you aren’t getting enough. What shows up in your body when you have had insufficient sleep?
The routine daily activities of moving and sleeping affect our health and wellness. Making a shift to recognize their potential and to make appropriate changes in these areas will have a positive impact.
Marc Levin is the author of the recently re- leased book Eight Shifts for Wellness: Practical Transformative Steps to Enhance Health, Wellness, and Well- Being (Golden Nuggets Press, 2011). More information about him and the eight shifts is available at eightshifts.com.
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This tutorial shows how to get first day of month in Excel using the example below.
To get the first day of the month for a given date, you can use a simple formula based on the DAY function.
In the example shown, the formula in cell C5 is:
The DAY function returns the day value for a date. In the example show, the day value for the date in B5 (January 11, 2016) is 11. Because dates are just serial numbers in Excel, we can subtract 11, then add 1 to get the date value for January 1, 2016.
Alternative with EOMONTH
The EOMONTH function returns the last day of in the month of a given date. This means you can get the first day of the current month with a formula like this:
This formula “rolls back” a date in A1 to the last of the previous month, then adds 1. The result is the first day of the “current” month (i.e. first day of the month given by the date in A1).
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View Full Version : So what exactly is a browser?
February 2, 2007, 12:11 PM
Deer are browsers, not grazers, right? But with the coldest part of the winter set in, and the acorns gone, I see lots of deer out of the woods in the fields next to the highways, clearly grazing on the grass like there is no tomorrow, for hours on end. So what gives? Are they browsers AND grazers, or does "browse" include certain grasses? I know it includes so-called forbes, but what exactly are forbes, and how do you distinguish forbes from grasses?
February 2, 2007, 02:14 PM
Browser means they pretty much keep on the move while "grazing".
Elk are grazers (like cows) which mean, if left undisturbed, thet will stay in the same meadow or field for days & days.
February 2, 2007, 02:21 PM
Browsing also means that they'll munch on different things as they move. You might be seein' em along the road eatin grass, but on the way they were probably nippin' buds and pawin' for wintergreen.
February 2, 2007, 02:26 PM
Deer are browsers as are goats. Cows,bison, and sheep are grazers.Browser means primarily [ not exclusively] eating bushes ,leaves,twigs,buds. Grazers eat primarily grasses.
February 2, 2007, 04:28 PM
Eating grass is grazing. Dunno why anybody would eat good smokin' material. But I digress. :D
Eating herbs and forbs is browsing. Herbs and forbs grow right in there with grass, so while it might look like a deer is eating grass, he ain't. Usually. Snow-cover time can be different. But, a deer's physiology doesn't let him remain all healthy, absent his regular intake.
February 2, 2007, 07:54 PM
Browsers prefer to eat twigs, shoots, etc. Grazers prefer to eat grasses. That doesn't mean browsers can't eat grass or that grazers won't eat leaves and such, they just prefer one or the other. It's nature's way of allowing more than one type of animal to occupy the same area. It's called a "niche", and it's the preferred lifestyle of any animal.
Also, during the winter, grasses become targets for browsers and grazers because they are packing a lot of sugars and minerals into the stem buds for the spring growth spurt, so they have a lot of nutrients in them.
February 2, 2007, 08:31 PM
Donts a browser gots sumptn ta do with compoters?
I know deer sure like to browse in the alfalfa. One's that have been sure make for good eatin.
February 2, 2007, 09:41 PM
Deer May browse, but I know one thing, on my farm they like to eat apples off my apple trees and leave my with nothing but free fertilizer.....little bugers!!!!
February 2, 2007, 11:02 PM
Elk are primarily grazers, but they will stand on their hind legs to reach the mistletoe in the juniper trees around here. And they have stolen my apples. And destroyed my apple tree.:p
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Monday, November 12, 2012
Learning through play is extremely important for children, especially the young ones. And as PSR workers, most of our job is to teach, and help kiddos learn in unique and creative ways. Role-play and problem solving through the use of puppets are a great way to learn important skills to succeed!
These puppets can be useful as an overall calming and soothing activity for little ones, but can also be used for role playing and story telling!
Made originally for a fun activity for my nephew, I made the puppets based on a cute "Mini Whale" poem I found (here).
Paired with simple shapes, these can be used to support other stories, using them to process friend skills, conflict resolution, emotions, and so many other possibilities. Look through your books and activities, and find a way to use these to emphasize your lesson!
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February 17, 2015 – Segment 1
Marc discusses what happened today in history, including the birthday of Black Panther founder Huey Newton, the day Bedonkohe Apache leader Geronimo passed away, and the day the United States House of Representatives passed the Missouri Compromise.
Transcript of this day in history included below.
I’m Marc Steiner and today is February the 17th.
That’s Tossin’ and Turnin’ by Bobby Lewis, whose birthday is today. He was born in 1933 in Indianapolis. This song was Number 1 for seven weeks in a row on the Billboard charts.
In 1621 Myles Standish is appointed as first commander of Plymouth colony. Yes, that early European settlement known as Plymouth Rock. He led the establishment of the colony by carrying particular brutal attacks on Native villages and astutely mastering the divides between Indian nations.
1801, the aftermath of the 4th Presidential Elections , it was a dead heat in the Electoral College, though Jefferson won the popular vote, between the pro-French de-centralist Thomas Jefferson and his Democrat Republicans and Aaron Burr, from the Federalists, the Party of Washington who was centralization and were pro-British. So they compromised in this heated political battle Jefferson became President and Burr Vice President. An interesting historical not and twist, if slaves, who obviously had no vote, had not been constitutionally counted as3/5th of vote then Jefferson would have lost to Burr.
In 1819 The United States House of Representatives passes the Missouri Compromise. When the United States make the Louisiana Purchase from the French it became a flashpoint in the continuing battle over slavery in America, so this compromise agreed to by pro and anti slavery factions in everything prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of 36 30 parallel roughly at the border of what is now Arkansas , except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. The passage of the Missouri Compromise took place during the presidency of James Monroe
1863 – A group of citizens in Geneva founded an International Committee for Relief to the Wounded, which later became known as the International Committee of the Red Cross.
The First Michigan Colored Infantry was formed in 1863 in Detroit Michigan. 845 Black me from Detroit, southern Michigan, and Ontario, Canada, many of whom had escaped slavery trough the Underground Railroad volunteered to not only defeat the Confederacy but were fighting to free family members still held in bondage. On May 23, 1864, the unit was re-designated the 102nd Regiment United States Colored Troops fighting its way throughout South Carolina, eastern Georgia, and Florida during the Civil War defeating every Confederate force it confronted and after the war they served occupation duty until they were disbanded October 17, 1865.
Industry names we all know IBM and Montgomery wards and the men who started those companies share a birthday – A. Montgomery Ward was born in 1843 and Thomas Watson Sr who founded IMB in 1956 was born today in1 874 –
In 1909 Geronimo passed still a prisoner of war never being allowed to return to his people or his home. In 1876 Geronimo began a 10-year war with the United States, after his wife, mother and three children were slaughtered by Mexican troops he vowed to stay free and not be forced on to a reservation. The US sent 5000, one third of US Army and 3000 Mexican soldiers to defeat him after years of victories to stay free. Down to 16 warriors he surrendered. He was tricked and he 250 other Apache were imprisoned in Florida then Alabama many dying of disease. After writing his autobiography he asked Teddy Roosevelt, in whose inauguration he rode, for a pardon to return home. He was denied .. today we remember Geronimo
1942 – Huey P. Newton, American activist who co-founded the Black Panthers (d. 1989)
and Happy Birthday Michael Jordan
And here’s a song for your day, this February the 17th. This jazz artist started playing piano by the age of 6. He became a composer and played the piano in ways that some thought of as unorthodox. Today in 1982, Thelonious Sphere Monk passed away. We remember him today with his song “Well You Needn’t.”
To continue your exploration of this day in history, take a look at some of our favorite sources: Charles H. Wright Museum: Today in Black History; African American Registry; BlackPast; NYTimes on this Day; EyewitnessToHistory.com; The Civil War Trust; Voices in Labor: Today in Labor History; Union Communication Services at The Worker Institute: Today in Labor History; BBC On This Day; The Holocaust History Project; PBS African American World; PBS; Today in Women’s History; South African History Online; This Day In North American Indian History; Jewish Virtual Library; The People History; Wikipedia List of Historical Anniversaries; Yenoba; and This Day in Music
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What's Going On?
Q Dear Dr. Honig: I have a baby in my program who never seems to calm down. He often runs down the hall. He seems happy but screams at the top of his lungs. What's going on?
A Muscle Control Grows Slowly
Babies start out in life with the ability to control few of their muscles. Fortunately, at birth they have lots of useful muscular reflexes, such as sneezing, yawning, and sucking, which do not require voluntary control of muscles. The earliest voluntary motoric abilities arise during the first weeks. Babies learn to crane their necks, turn their heads, and seek the face of the teacher in whose arms they are snuggled as she coos and calls their names. Ability to control other muscles grows slowly over the next two years. Usually this sequence moves from head to feet (technically referred to as "cephalocaudal development"). For example, the hands are fisted and closed at birth. At around 4 months, a baby will be able to open those hands and swipe at an overhead mobile. As he nears 1 year, his hand muscles will show even more dexterity, and he will be able to pick up small bits of cereal with his thumb and forefinger. Yet, he still isn't able to use leg muscles for toddling, and controlling the production of sounds and words involves the coordination of a large number of different muscles. Developing this coordination can take even longer for some young children.
Understanding the Needs of Others
Besides learning to control voice box muscles, young children struggle during the early years to figure out how their voices and actions affect others. This is especially difficult during the infant/toddler years. A child may scream loudly when a peer grabs his special toy, rather than use a calm, well-modulated voice and firmly request that his peer return it right away. Consider a preschooler in a restaurant: he may embarrass his parents by protesting very loudly that he does not want sauce on top of his "pisgetti." If service is delayed and he is hungry, tired, or frustrated, he may cry very loudly, regardless of whether others are trying to dine peacefully at nearby tables. Young children often have trouble taking into account how others feel. A toddler finds it hard to whisper. He may exclaim quite loudly to his dad that a lady passing by on the street has a "funny-looking hat."
It takes years to develop emotional understanding and emotional self-control. A toddler who has been brought up with kindness may well want to help a peer who fusses and cries in childcare. But instead of bringing that peer's teddy bear or blanket over to him, the toddler may bring his own comfort "lovey" as a helpful gesture. Understanding the exact needs of others is quite a slow process.
Another difference is the degree to which young children exhibit emotionality. Some babies are slow to warm up, cautious and low-key in their emotional approaches and responses. Others are extremely intense in their reactions. If their tummies feel the least bit hungry, they yowl, rather than whimper. A teacher with a baby who has trouble controlling the volume of happy screams, may notice that the baby also cries loudly when upset. A baby who screams with exuberance and runs a great deal in the playroom needs a lot of adult understanding. The teacher will need lots of patience in helping this baby learn how to modulate volume.
How You Can Help
Teachers are powerful models for children. When a baby has difficulty modulating volume, he needs his teacher to speak in slow, musical tones. Through body language, the teacher can also show him how to move slowly. Here are some additional strategies you can use:
- Rather than let a baby run aimlessly, make sure that you do exercises with him, such as "angels in the snow." In this game, a baby stretches out his arms wide while lying down. He also stretches his legs fer apart. Thus, the baby learns to move his muscles into graceful and healthful postures.
- Talk about how he can control the way he expresses his happiness. He can grin, he can tell the teacher how happy he is, or he can laugh out loud. Screaming, however, is different. It hurts people's ears. Indicate that you love it when he tells you he is feeling happy. But yelling does not feel good for the others in the classroom. Teachers may have to repeatedly share these ideas with babies, as they redirect a little one's behaviors toward more self-control in modulating the intensity of their sounds.
How to Calm An Exuberant Baby
It is important to understand that babies differ in temperament. Some are sensationally exuberant and loud, while others are withdrawn and quiet Babies also differ in tempo and style. Some eat with gusto, while others deliberately scoop a bit of cereal onto a spoon and slowly munch their food. Helping a baby learn to modulate voice tones means first finding out whether this baby's emotional responses are frequently intense. If so, use a more laid back, soothing style during interactions. Move more slowly and talk in a low, musical voice, rather than a fast bright voice. Here are some additional calming techniques:
- While diapering the baby, use long palmar strokes on her body. Talk to the baby on the diapering table with low cooing tones and soothing words.
- Use massage during the day to help a high-strung baby relax body muscles. A few minutes of massage on the baby's back and arms a few times a day helps the baby's muscles relax.
- Sing songs in a low key. Do not play loud, fast-paced music for this baby. He does not need to be stimulated more, but rather needs help calming down. Play softer songs and lullabies. Encourage the baby to sway and murmur with lullaby music.
- Be sure to praise the baby when he uses lower tones, words, and even garbled sounds to indicate joy, rather than screaming his feelings. Keep giving the baby words to express his feelings. Words such as mad, sad, and happy are easy for toddlers. Smile and nod appreciatively when the baby shows you glee by grinning.
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Eggplant a must if you’re a fan of outdoor grilling! These stately plants make grow well and look beautiful in containers, ornamental borders, raised beds, and traditional in-ground gardens. Small-fruited eggplant varieties tend to be especially heavy bearers, and you can expect to pick a dozen or more from each Ichiban plant over the summer in warm climates. Larger varieties like Black Beauty and White, which bear more traditional-sized fruits, are equally impressive whether in the garden or kitchen, where they can be stuffed, grilled, or combined with summer herbs and tomatoes in homemade eggplant parmesan.
Soil, Planting, and Care
Eggplant loves warmth and grows best in very sunny, well-drained locations. Raised beds that have been generously enriched with composted manure are ideal, but any fertile soil with a pH from 6.3 to 6.8 will satisfy the plants. Although eggplant’s coarse, leathery leaves withstand hot weather in champion style, provide a generous mulch of hay, shredded leaves, or other biodegradable material beneath your eggplants to keep the soil relatively cool and to hold moisture and keep down weeds. Because eggplant really needs warm soil to grow well, gardeners in cool climates often do best growing the plants in large, dark-colored containers. On a sunny day, soil temperatures inside black pots may be 10 degrees or more higher than in-ground soil temperatures. Row covers are also a good option in cool climates, or even to protect plants from cool spells in warm climates. Open the ends of the row covers on warm days to let the bees reach the flowers for help with pollination.
Eggplants grow into tall, angular plants, so they should be spaced 24 to 36 inches apart. Fertilize planting holes by mixing in a balanced timed-release or organic fertilizer, following the rates given on the label. At the same time, mix in 2 inches of compost to help hold moisture and fertilizer in the soil. Set plants at the same depth at which they are growing in their containers, and water well before spreading mulch. To keep plants healthy and well fed, give them a liquid plant food, such as Bonnie Herb & Vegetable Plant Food, every couple weeks.
In the case of a late cold spell, you may need to delay planting eggplant seedlings until cool weather passes. Should this happen, keep the plants in a sheltered, sunny spot outdoors during the day, and bring them indoors at night.
Be sure to keep plants watered or they will be small and bitter. They need a nice, steady supply of moisture but not so much that the soil is soggy. Drip systems or a soaker hose are ideal.
Eggplants are prone to falling over when loaded with fruit, so you may want to tie plants to stakes to keep them upright. If you drive a stake into the ground just an inch or two from the plant at the time of planting, you won’t disturb the plant by trying to do it later. You can also use small tomato cages to support the plants.
The tiny, black flea beetle is by far the worst pest of eggplant, but big, healthy plants usually produce well despite tiny leaf holes made by lots of flea beetles. In some areas, a common soil-borne fungus, verticillium wilt, causes eggplants to wilt and die. Where verticillium is a common problem with non-resistant tomatoes (they are close eggplant cousins), grow eggplants in containers filled with premium potting mix.
Harvest and Storage
Eggplant fruits can taste bitter if picked when underripe or overripe, so harvesting is part of the eggplant grower’s art. A perfect fruit will stop growing larger, have a glossy skin, and show a sprinkling of soft, well-formed yet immature seeds when you slice it open. Fruits with no visible seeds are immature, and hard, dark seeds are found in overripe eggplants. Use pruning shears to harvest eggplant with a short stub of stem attached, because the fruits will not pull free by hand. Rinse clean, pat dry, and store in the refrigerator for several days. Eggplant discolors rapidly when cut open, so work quickly when preparing slices or skewers for grilling. Marinades that include salt, vinegar, and/or lemon juice will keep cut pieces of eggplant from darkening.
Download our How to Grow Eggplant instructions. They are in .PDF format.
Where should I plant my eggplant?
Does eggplant grow upright or is it supposed to fall into a vine and grow on the ground?
Can Ichiban eggplant be grown in a container?
Does my container-grown eggplant need to be outdoors for pollination?
What causes eggplant fruit to become distorted and strangely colored?
How do I know when to harvest my eggplant?
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I was intrigued to read a piece by Joe Dysart in the Communications of the ACM concerning food delivery by self-driving vehicles. According to the article, there are a number of start-ups working on delivering food parcels to people's doors or curbs using driverless delivery vans.
In brief, people could order food from a service online and retrieve their orders from a vehicle that shows up sometime later with their purchases in a compartment that only their purchaser can open.
Justifications given for these efforts are mainly technical. With self-driving vehicle technology coming along, it may be possible for an unmanned truck to trundle around a city on its own. Furthermore, if there is no one in the vehicle, the pilot software could be programmed to favor the safety people in the environment over the integrity of the groceries within.
Of course, it is far from clear that even this advantage will provide adequate protection for public safety.
Be that as it may, it remains unclear why this notion should be a paying proposition. It has been possible for many years to hire a human driver to deliver food, presumably at a modest cost. Certainly, our streets are full of courier drivers handing out parcels hither and yon. Yet, food delivery remains notable by its absence.
There are two exceptions. The first is the well-known pizza delivery service. Pizza delivery turns a profit for a number of reasons: Delivering only one product makes for efficiencies of production. Pizzas are the Model T Ford of foods, that is, produced uniformly in large quantities. Also, pizza delivery drivers are paid very poorly, an arrangement favored by the industry itself. In addition, pizza remains a popular staple and so is ordered in large quantities.
The second exception may be milk delivery. Household delivery of milk was once common, peaking sometime around 1960. However, it declined rapidly with increases in car ownership and the advent of large, suburban grocery stores offering big parking lots and low prices. Today, home milk delivery is enjoying something of a resurgence with more interest in local foods and increasing penetration of the Internet into modern households. Also, like pizza, it is a very popular item that can be the focus of a whole production and delivery system.
Which brings us back to automated grocery delivery. Unlike pizza and milk, grocery delivery involves moving a large variety of goods in zillions of combinations. I can only think this might pay off if the popular items, such as bread, milk, and bananas, are used to subsidize others.
Also unlike pizza and milk, these companies are betting the farm on driverless vehicles. Why not just hire drivers, who seem to be available at fairly low wages?
One possibility is that food delivery requires larger vehicles in order to be profitable. A driver who delivers food in their own, personal sedan might be able to deliver only two or three loads at a time. Such a load factor might not be sufficient economically. Unlike ride hailing services, grocery delivery companies cannot offload the cost of vehicles onto their drivers.
Another possibility is that grocery delivery companies do not believe they can keep wages low enough. Pizza companies use their scale to keep driver wages low and reliant on tips. Since grocery delivery services are all small start-ups, they cannot be confident that they can achieve this sort of position.
Lastly, grocery delivery services may be relying on rapidly increasing the number of delivery trips. A typical suburban family in North America today visits their grocery store about 1.6 times per week. People are inhibited from making more trips by the cost of time spent in traffic and the need to perform other tasks. If these costs can be reduced by home delivery, then people may order groceries more often. More trips may make such businesses more profitable.
Automated driving may make some sense in this scenario, as delivery trucks ply similar routes many times a week, and need little new training and no employee retention efforts.
Of course, there may be an element of technological determinism in play. That is, grocery delivery requires cars, driverless cars are the inevitable future, so grocery delivery with driverless cars is the inevitable future. This sort of thinking may make it easier to get money from speculative investors.
Of course, people involved in technology studies, like me, tend to be skeptical of this sort of thinking. Still, if I am hauling my groceries out of a Johnny Cab in five years time, then perhaps we will see who's skeptical then.
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Holiday villages are a tradition that can be found all over the world. In this middle school arts integration lesson, students explore the similarities and differences in these villages as well as design and construct unique versions based on their own town. This arts integration lesson explores the social studies concept of culture, paired with the visual arts standard of connecting how art reflects changing times, traditions, resources, and cultural uses.
What’s fascinating about this lesson is the concept of the holiday villages themselves. This article from the Baltimore Sun showcases a few examples of winter markets around the world, but there are literally thousands of festivals, villages, and markets that you could research and explore. The development of these marketplaces really hinge on showcasing the artistic talents of individuals in the community, so this lesson could even extend into a study on the effect of art on a local economy too.
MOVING TO STEAM
This arts integration lesson could easily translate into a STEAM lesson with a few adjustments. First, you’ll need to adjust your intended focus to the design and construction of the village through engineering standards, as well as the organizing/creating visual art standards. Also, you’ll want to spend a greater amount of time exploring how to construct using cardboard and the various art materials. So be sure to model and experiment using something like the Global Cardboard Challenge first.
As you continue through the holiday season with your students, I hope this lesson provides a fresh twist on some old favorite lessons. For more free arts integration lesson and STEAM lessons, be sure to visit our lesson page!
Need an Arts Integration Lesson and STEAM Curriculum?
Fully-developed lessons, assessments, student handouts, powerpoints and warm-ups are all waiting for you.
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Metaphor, the Tree of Utah
We give some credit to the State of Utah for at least tolerating experiments with environmental comedy. "Metaphor: The Tree of Utah" can't be serious. Metaphor is an 87-foot tall sculpture poking up out of the white plains of the Bonneville Salt Flats.
The Tree was created in the early 1980s by European artist Karl Momen. It is also known as "Metaphor: The Tree of Life." It was dedicated in 1986 as "A hymn to our universe whose glory and dimension is beyond all myth and imagination." Artist Momen doesn't have to look at it; one of his rich friends gave him the land, he built the thing, then went back to Sweden.
Near the base of the Tree, there are several fallen "leaves" -- large spherical segments intentionally scattered on the salty ground. It's where your traveling companions would pose if this were a tourist attraction instead of a work of art.
Not that they could pose even if they wanted to. Utah doesn't want you to stop, and Momen's rich friend didn't spring for the cost of an exit ramp. There is no parking lot or pull-off. For years there were "Emergency Parking Only" signs along the highway, although a surprising number of emergencies happened right there, always with vehicles that had people with cameras.
In 2008 the "Emergency Parking Only" signs were replaced by a metal, razor-wire-topped fence that now surrounds the sculpture. We're not sure what kind of a metaphor that is, but it doesn't seem very friendly.
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By: Abdul Qadir Baloch
The Balochi culture is a unique and diverse culture that has a rich history and identity. The Baloch
people are an ethnic group that primarily inhabit the Balochistan region, which spans across parts of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Their culture is characterized by a strong sense of community, a love for their land, and a rich cultural heritage that is expressed through their language, music, art, and literature.
The Balochi language is an ancient and complex language that is spoken by the Balochi people. It has its roots in the Indo-Iranian language family and is written in the Perso-Arabic script. The language has a rich literary tradition, with many poets and writers contributing to its development over the centuries.
Music is an integral part of the Balochi culture, with a rich tradition of folk music that has been passed down from generation to generation. The traditional music of the Baloch people is characterized by the use of stringed instruments such as the sarod, Benju, and Dambura, as well as percussion instruments like the Zarb and Dholak. Balochi music is known for its soulful melodies and profound lyrics that often reflect the joys and sorrows of life in Balochistan.
The Baloch people have a rich artistic tradition, with a unique style of painting, embroidery, and weaving. Balochi embroidery is known for its intricate designs and bright colors, while Balochi rugs and carpets are famous for their durability and beauty. The Balochi people are also known for their love for calligraphy, and many Balochi artists have made significant contributions to the art of Islamic calligraphy.
The Baloch people have a rich literary tradition that dates back centuries. They have a rich body of poetry, stories, and folktales that reflect their unique culture and identity. Many Balochi writers have contributed to the development of the Balochi language and literature, including Mir Gul Khan Nasir, Mast Tawakali, and Ata Shad.
The Baloch cuisine is a blend of Iranian, Indian, and Pakistani influences, with a focus on meat, rice, and spices. Balochi dishes are known for their richness and flavor, with many dishes featuring lamb or beef cooked in a spicy tomato-based sauce. Some popular Balochi dishes include sajji, pulao, and the famous Balochi-style kebab.
In conclusion, the Balochi culture is a unique and diverse culture that has a rich and complex history. It is characterized by a strong sense of community, a love for their land, and a rich cultural heritage that is expressed through their language, music, art, and literature. The Balochi people have made significant contributions to the development of the region and have a unique place in the world’s cultural landscape.
Published in The Balochistan Point on February 18, 2023
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This use case shows how AMable services can support all stakeholders in the uptake of additive manufacturing (AM). Functional parts with safety challenges can be constructed to overcome limitations from conventional manufacturing. Have a look inside!
LMS has established a framework towards replacing conventional manufacturing processes with Additive Manufacturing for structural components . This case demonstrates an effective replacement of a part (Formula Student car suspension upright), previously manufactured via milling, with a part build by AM. Formula Student is an engineering design competition where students are challenged to design and manufacture an electric formula-style racing car. The Formula Student team UoP Racing has been founded by LMS in 2001 and is part of its Teaching Factory activities.
The upright is a crucial component of every car’s suspension system, due to the fact that all forces exerted to the vehicle during its operation, are transferred to the chassis through them. Their function is to provide a physical connection from the wheels to the suspension links and to provide mounting points for the installation of the brake caliper. These parts have to provide adequate strength and stiffness under various types of loads, while being lightweight in order to keep the car’s total weight as low as possible to aid their dynamic performance.
Normally, the selection of potential parts to be substituted by new designs made by AM is a decision based on empirical observations or previous knowledge and experience on the specific application. This decision is also based on specific requirements that have to be addressed and assure that the particular part can be fabricated by metal AM processes. The material used for the fabrication of these parts should also be examined in order to verify that metal AM machines can support the manufacturing of parts with the corresponding material. In a different case, other metal alloys should be considered. Additionally, the design limitations, due to the current manufacturing process utilized, are obtained. LMS assisted the selection of an appropriate part as well as AM process, material and machine, following a specific structured process that will be part of the AMable service portfolio.
Furthermore, connecting plates or brackets manufactured for joining the components with the rest of the assembly were integrated into a singular design, thus saving weight and assembly time. The constraints imposed from the operation environment of the investigated component were respected, and re-design from scratch was not favoured for the sake of simplicity. Mounting points and dedicated areas for the installation of other mechanical parts, such as bolts, bearings, springs, shocks etc. remained the same during the re-design phase, due to the fact that the choice of these items is based on interdependent criteria and their rearrangement in the assembly may cause implications with their interface in the rest of the car.
An iterative re-design procedure using implementing topology optimization and finite element analysis (FEA) algorithms was utilized. The optimization task was the generation of a structure maintaining the component’s stiffness threshold, while enabling a volume (thus weight) reduction. The result was a new design, suitable for use in the existing operational conditions of the assembly (as imposed by the rest of the components), which is lighter while at the same time maintaining the level of stiffness that is required.
As a final step, the new design was verified in terms of performance targets; weight, structural performance (displacement, max stresses), while also addressing its operability inside the assembly. As soon as it is obtained that the new component can be effectively incorporated in the assembly, without sacrificing performance and mainly avoiding the re-design of other parts to be fitted in.
Using the established performance measures (weight and stiffness), a comparison between the new design, optimized for Additive Manufacturing, and the pre-existing one, optimized for milling, can be accomplished.
Max Stress (MPa)
20,4 % reduction
18,5 % increase
3,6 % increase
Table 1: Comparative table between initial and optimized part in terms of weight, volume and stiffness values
3-Axis CNC Milling Process
AlSi10Mg Aluminium powder
7075-T6 Aerospace Aluminium
Part Volume: 138,64 e-6 m3
Part Volume: 173,3 e-6 m3
Material used: 14 e-5 m3
Material used: 28,8 e-5 m3
Process Time: 5,2 h (approximately)
Process Time: 8,5 h (approximately)
Mass: 0,39 kg
Mass: 0,49 kg
Table 2: Comparison table of AM and milling production aspects for the investigated component
The results indicate that the redesign of the part was successful, achieving lower total volume and subsequently weight, while maintaining the maximum stresses and deformations at similar levels. The level of weight reduction is significant, especially when this is achieved for motorsport purposes. The potential of the car’s performance due to its reduced weight is doubled, because the particular design is implemented in both rear wheels of the car. Finally, as soon as the design iterations have been completed and the performance measures have been met, the component should be able to directly replace the pre-existing part without any further modifications required to other parts of the assembly and/or car.
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Increasing demand for low greenhouse gas emissions, on-site power generation, lower energy costs, application flexibility and high energy efficiency will drive the uptake of waste heat recovery (WHR) and cogeneration systems in the coming years.
Waste heat recovery
Waste heat in the industry is generated during fuel combustion or chemical reactions, and can be utilised in WHR boilers to generate steam. The increasing use of WHR systems in industries such as refineries, paper and pulp, cement, heavy metals, petrochemicals and chemicals for preheating, steam generation and power generation purposes is expected to drive market growth in the coming years.
Furthermore, government initiatives aimed at energy conservation and reduction in energy costs are expected to drive the WHR market. For example, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change relaxed the Environment Impact Notification [EIA], 2006 norms on January 23, 2019, exempting cement plants, integrated steel plants, metallurgical industries (ferrous and non-ferrous), thermal power plants and other industries that have the potential to recover heat, from obtaining environmental clearance. Under the new norms, no “green” clearance is required for installing WHR boilers without any auxiliary fuel at captive power plants. The industries should be able to recover heat or utilise it for power generation to avail of this benefit.
According to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, which has been promoting WHR under its Perform Achieve Trade scheme for several years now, WHR has a direct impact on efficiency. This is reflected in the reduction in utility consumption and costs, and process costs. It also reduces pollution, decreases equipment size by bringing down fuel consumption, and reduces auxiliary energy consumption.
On the flip side, high initial investment costs and complexity in WHR system design are some of the challenges. With extensive research and development, these designs will improve and installation costs will reduce in the long term.
In India, some highlights of the year in the WHR segment are:
- UltraTech Cement is planning to increase its green energy consumption (including WHR systems) to 25 per cent of its total power consumption by 2021 from 10 per cent at present. It also intends to raise its renewable energy use by five times, to over 10 per cent, by 2021, and become one of the largest users of renewable energy in the Indian cement sector. During 2019, UltraTech commissioned 28 MW of WHR systems to take its total generation from WHR to 8 per cent. Further upgrades are expected by 2021, with WHR accounting for 15 per cent of the total power requirement. “To bring the cement sector in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change, UltraTech Cement’s annual emissions will need to fall by at least 16 per cent by 2030,” says K.K. Maheshwari, managing director, UltraTech Cement.
- Ramco Cements is building a new 3.15 mt per annum integrated plant (including a WHR unit and a captive power plant) at Kalavatala in Kurnool district, at an investment of around $210 million. Other new projects by Ramco include an upgrade at its Jayanthipuram plant in Krishna district, with a 27 MW WHR unit, which is expected to be commissioned in March 2020.
- The board of Ambuja Cements has approved the extension of its Marwar Mundwa integrated power project in Rajasthan, along with a WHR unit.
Cogeneration and captive power generation
The growth of the Indian economy has led to significant infrastructural developments, led by smart cities. Besides, the development of industrial corridors and special economic zones has increased. All these developments have supported the growth of the captive power generation market in India. Cogeneration plants, also known as combined heat and power or distributed generation, offer higher efficiency as compared to single-generation plants. They produce additional energy using waste heat from components such as exhausts of manufacturing plants to provide electricity and heat for power plants. By recycling the waste heat, cogeneration plants are able to produce more energy, thereby saving the fuel used for production. This results in improved efficiency and reduced opex. These benefits and the growing need for reliable power supply and energy efficient technologies are expected to drive the adoption of cogeneration plants, mainly for captive power generation.
The captive power generation market in India is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 5 per cent during the 2019-23 period, according to the latest market research report by Technavio.
Among the end-user industries in India (metals and minerals, petrochemicals, cement, sugar, and others), the metals and minerals segment led the captive power generation market in 2018 with a share of over 40 per cent, followed by petrochemicals, cement, sugar and others. During 2019-23, the cement industry is expected to register the highest incremental growth, followed by the sugar industry.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has been implementing the Biomass Power and Cogeneration Programme in India since the mid-1990s. A total of 9,800 MW of biomass power and cogeneration projects have been installed in the country for feeding power to the grid. Around 70 cogeneration projects are under implementation with surplus capacity aggregating 800 MW. Leading states in terms of implementation of bagasse-based cogeneration projects are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. The leading states for biomass power projects are Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Despite these achievements, there is still a long way to go for the large-scale uptake of cogeneration plants.
One of the problems in the sector is that power purchase agreements (PPAs) are signed for short periods, so there is no guarantee of the PPA rates – they may be lowered eventually. Besides, tariff rates differ across states, the production cost is high with minimal investment avenues, and there is limited availability of biomass/fuel, etc. In addition, insufficient data on actual captive power installations and their fuel break-up discourage equipment suppliers from foraying into this segment.
According to Veeru Talawar, vice president, technical, Satish Sugars, Karnataka, “The sugar mills that have set up cogeneration plants are blaming the government for changing the PPA clauses. The predicted rates have been drastically cut down in both Karnataka and Maharashtra, in addition to the unpredictable climate (either floods or drought), which have led to huge losses in both states. In such cases, the government should waive the loan interest for some time. Finally, we used to run the mills for over 200 days, while now it has come down to 120 or 60 days even. We have to manage this manpower somehow, which can be idle for up to nine months. So no new technical personnel are joining this industry.”
In conclusion, both the private and public sectors need to address these issues at the earliest to accelerate these modes of clean power generation. Given the clear environmental and cost benefits, these systems can provide tremendous respite to India’s power problems.
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An important consideration in any restoration project is where to source seed and other plant material to be planted on selected sites. Similarly, evaluating how to store and germinate seed can have a profound impact on long-term success. Despite the importance of these decisions, obtaining the necessary information can be challenging. Restore and Renew NSW responds to this challenge.
Click on the above image to view a video of Dr Maurizio Rossetto, Principal Research Scientist with the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, outlining the vision for the Restore and Renew NSW project.
Objectives of the Restore and Renew NSW Project
Restore and Renew NSW will develop research-based, detailed and specific restoration guidelines for over 200 plant species which are considered useful in restoration projects across NSW. Genetic, adaptive, environmental, and ecological information will be collected for all 200+ species by taking advantage of innovative research techniques. For example, Next Generation Sequencing, a technique similar to that used in the ‘Human genome project’, will be used to collect genetic information on a scale never before attempted in plants.
The resulting research outcomes and restoration guidelines will be publicly available through a practitioner-friendly website.
While initially providing guidelines for around 200 species, research outcomes will also help to identify predictive generalisations that can be applied across many of the other species used in restoration throughout NSW.
How useful will Restore and Renew NSW be?
To ensure Restore and Renew NSW provides useful outcomes, restoration practitioners were consulted in the early stages of project development.
An online survey targeting anyone involved in native vegetation restoration projects in NSW was conducted in 2013. Survey respondents were provided with a summary of the type of information the Restore and Renew NSW project will provide and asked how useful they thought this information would be.
86.4% of survey respondents claimed the information would be ‘extremely useful’, ‘very useful; or ‘useful’.
Selecting the species to include in Restore and Renew NSW
The online survey of restoration practitioners guided the list of species to include in Restore and Renew NSW.
One of the key objectives of the survey was to identify which species are ‘most commonly used’ in restoration and revegetation projects
across NSW. A total of 730 species were identified as ‘commonly used’ by 147 respondents.
Caption: Participants of an expert workshop where the outcomes of the online survey were reviewed. From left to right: Peter Cuneo, Michelle Leishman, Linda Broadhurst, Chris Allen, Maurizio Rossetto, Doug Benson, Andrew Denham, Tony Auld.
Following the online survey, an expert workshop was held in March 2014 to refine the list of species to include in Restore & Renew NSW to the target 200. After a critical review, a final group of 232 species were selected.
The refinement of the list took into account frequency of use as well as the need to capture sufficient geographic, environmental and functional diversity.
Most of the “top 200” taxa listed by survey respondents are included in the final list, suggesting that NSW restoration practitioners are using a geographically and functionally diverse range of taxa in restoration projects.
The final list of 232 species to be included in Restore and Renew NSW can be downloaded here.
Restore and Renew NSW – next steps
The Restore and Renew NSW project is taking the innovative and exciting approach of using citizen scientists to collect plant material from a large number of sites spanning the entire state of NSW. Using citizen science collection teams actively engages the community and increases the feasibility of such extensive sampling. Regional citizen science collection teams will receive training in plant identification and the collection of leaf material for DNA testing.
Priorities over the coming months include finalising the sampling strategy, establishment of citizen science collection teams, and securing corporate and philanthropic support for this project.
A range of sponsorship levels are available for this project, including an opportunity for corporate sponsors to be identified as Founding Partners. Should a sponsor have a planned restoration project, there may be opportunities to include specific species in the project (subject to level of support).
For further information please contact Maurizio Rossetto.
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Regulations & Resources
What the latest IPCC report means for investors
The worst effects of climate change are happening already and may be irreversible without bold action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero in the coming decades, the latest report from the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) finds.
- Where are the world’s climate leaders?
- What the IPCC report on climate change impacts means for investors
- Key provisions of the COP26 climate agreement
- COP26 week one recap
- COP26 national climate commitments tracker
- Keeping warming to 1.5°C will require big countries to quit coal
- What the latest IPCC report means for investors
- About the COP26 climate summit
- What is the role of emissions trading?
- Climate-related regulations for the financial sector
- The significance of nationally determined contributions
- Financial industry climate alliances and initiatives
- Climate reporting by capital-markets participants
- A glossary for getting to net-zero
Average global temperatures are very likely to rise 1.5°C above preindustrial levels by 2040 and continue rising at least through midcentury, putting every region on a heading toward intensifying heatwaves, floods, drought and other extremes of weather, according to the panel, which reflects the latest scientific consensus.
The findings, which come as leaders across the world prepare to gather in in Glasgow for the COP26 climate summit, underscore the need for companies and capital-markets participants to redouble their efforts to reach net-zero across their businesses and portfolios.
“The report provides new estimates of the chances of crossing the global warming level of 1.5°C in the next decades, and finds that unless there are immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, limiting warming to close to 1.5°C or even 2°C will be beyond reach,” the panel wrote in a statement accompanying the report, which explored five scenarios ranging from a future in which society achieves net-negative emissions to one characterized by very high emissions
The panel notes that while carbon emissions cause most of the warming, other greenhouse gases – especially methane – are contributing to the rise in temperatures as well. With further warming, changes in wetness and dryness, winds, snow and ice, coastal areas and oceans would produce increasingly damaging consequences for societies and economies in every region.
The report highlights the importance of climate disclosures that equip investors to assess the climate risks companies face. Companies that don’t begin now to take net-zero into account in developing strategic plans and priorities may be undermining the long-term resiliency of their businesses.
While the report shows that the ice melt and sea level rise caused by warming already are likely to take anywhere from hundreds to thousands of years to reverse, it also shows that it’s still possible to arrest the rise in average temperatures, but only if countries, companies and people act immediately to reduce emissions to net-zero before midcentury.
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers. The IPCC’s summary of the latest scientific consensus on the physical risks of climate change.
World Meteorological Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (25 October 2021). The abundance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new record last year, rising more than the average annual increase over the last decade despite a drop in new emissions during the pandemic, according to the latest report by the U.N. World Meteorological Association.
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Blog is a user-generated content. While it is often produced by professional journalists, bloggers, or other professionals in the field, it can also be produced by everyday people.
This means that blogs can be used to disseminate information and express opinions on a variety of topics. They can also be used as a way to connect with other bloggers and build communities around shared interests.
While blogs are not always professional in their presentation, they are a powerful tool for disseminating information and building communities. As such, they should be considered user-generated content.
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AS fears of nuclear confrontation fade in the face of international arms agreements, military scientists have focused new attention on a pair of conventional battlefield adversaries, the tank and the antitank weapon.
Apprehension about superior Soviet tank forces in Europe has spurred a major scientific drive by United States Government laboratories to learn why different types of projectiles penetrate some forms of tank armor and not others. With the Defense Department having spent about $1 billion over the last three years in its Armor/Anti-Armor Research Program, some surprising discoveries have begun to emerge.
Steel, the traditional sinew of war, has begun to give way to reinforced plastics and such hard, brittle ceramics as titanium diboride, silicon carbide, boron carbide and aluminum oxide. Even empty space has become an important component of new types of armor.
In a dramatic development last month, the FMC Corporation of San Jose, Calif., unveiled a prototype armored vehicle made almost entirely of plastic. The plastic, a polymer composite, is stronger than the aluminum alloys used in armored troop carriers and other lightly armored vehicles, but is not strong enough to provide primary protection for tanks that must withstand heavy guns and missiles.
William E. Haskell, director of the United States Army Materials Technology Laboratory at Watertown, Mass., said the experimental infantry fighting vehicle was made by building up layers of Fiberglas impregnated with polyester resin to a thickness of an inch and two-thirds.
The result offers as much protection against heavy-caliber bullets up to 14.5 millimeters in diameter as does its all-metal counterpart, the Bradley infantry fighting vehicle, Mr. Haskell said. ''Moreover, the polymer composite vehicle weighs 25 percent less and is potentially cheaper to make.''
Many Army tacticians assert that the need for improved tank armor and antitank weapons has become urgent since the United States and the Soviet Union ratified the treaty on intermediate-range nuclear forces last year. The reduction of nuclear forces in Europe must be accompanied by efforts to match Soviet armored strength, they argue.
Gen. Donn A. Starry, retired, of the Army, who was chairman of the Defense Science Board Task Force when it began the current quest for better armor, recently commented:
''We are behind the Soviets in both armor and bullets. That simple declarative sentence is what makes the ratification of the I.N.F. a provocative action. It is the raison d'etre for the new national interest in armor and anti-armor technologies.''
Under the direction of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the new research into armor is coordinated by the Advanced Technology Assessment Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. Research tasks are shared among the Army's Laboratory Command, the Marine Corps, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and other Federal institutions, as well as 130 corporations specializing in military products.
Dr. Richard Mah, director of the technology assessment center's program at Los Alamos, said in an interview that nuclear weapons, which were invented at Los Alamos in World War II, are now a ''mature technology.''
''The time has come,'' he said, ''to develop the same kind of scientific base we needed for nuclear weapons, applied now to developing better armor and anti-armor weapons. You'd be surprised how little we really know at a fundamental scientific level about what happens when a projectile hits something.''
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Low blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids are associated with smaller brain volume and poorer performance on tests of mental acuity, even in people without apparent dementia, according to a new study.
In the analysis, published online Monday in the journal Neurology, scientists examined 1,575 dementia-free men and women whose average age was 67. The researchers analyzed the fatty acids of the subjects’ red blood cells, a more reliable measurement than a plasma blood test or an estimate based on diet. They used an M.R.I. scan to measure brain volume and white matter hyperintensities, a radiological finding indicative of vascular damage.
People in the lowest one-quarter for omega-3 levels had significantly lower total cerebral brain volume than those in the highest one-quarter, even after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking and other factors. They also performed significantly worse on tests of visual memory, executive function and abstract memory than those in the highest one-quarter. There was no significant association with white matter hyperintensity volume.
“We feel that omega-3’s reduce vascular pathology and thus reduce the rate of brain aging,” said Dr. Zaldy S. Tan, the lead author and associate professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Few in the study were taking omega-3 supplements, Dr. Tan said. The main reason that some had higher blood levels of omega-3’s was that they ate more fatty fish.
Several of the authors have financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies.Continue reading the main story
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Updated: Apr 1, 2020
If asked to explain what good dental hygiene means, most people would correctly answer brushing and flossing their teeth every day. However, despite knowing the basics of good dental hygiene, many people don’t really practice it as much or as often as they believe. Unfortunately, many common dental concerns develop because people’s hygiene routines aren’t consistently adequate. So, today, we help you determine if your hygiene routine is good enough by examining some of the most important aspects of it.
Is it a top priority every day?
The thing about dental hygiene is that consistency matters more than you might think. You can’t skip one day of brushing and flossing your teeth, then make up for it by brushing and flossing extra the next day. That’s because the plaque that builds up on your teeth, which is a product of oral bacteria, can quickly calcify into tartar. Also known as calculus, tartar can’t be brushed and flossed away once it hardens, no matter how hard or often you brush it. Because of this, prioritizing your hygiene routine every day, without fail, is essential to it being as effective as it’s meant to be.
Are your hygiene tools effective?
Consistency may be essential to your hygiene routine, but it’s only beneficial if you successfully clean your teeth every time you attempt to. This requires the use of the right tools, including the right type of toothbrush and toothpaste, mouthwash, and floss. For example, many people benefit most from a toothbrush with milder or softer bristles, and toothpaste that contains fluoride to boost the strength of their tooth enamel. You might also benefit from a mouthwash or rinse that’s made specifically to fight oral bacteria, helping you reduce your risks of tooth decay and gum disease.
Do you put your teeth risk in other ways?
Cleaning your teeth is important to keeping them healthy, but consistently good hygiene should also take other risks to your oral health into consideration, as well. While conditions like tooth decay and gum disease may be mostly products of oral bacteria, other chronic concerns like grinding your teeth or exposing them to too much sugar and acids can also place them at significant risk. Be cautious of how you treat your teeth throughout the day, such as limiting how often you eat or drink sugary substances and taking steps to address your teeth-grinding habit, if necessary.
Find out if your hygiene is good enough
Most people believe that they practice good hygiene, but many of them are mistaken for several different reasons. To learn more, schedule an appointment by calling Creekside Family Dental Care in Columbia, TN, today at (931) 388–3384.
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NOT THE LEAST of the problems with federal regulation is to know when it has outlived its usefulness. The current controversy over the Food and Drug Administration's oversight of the sale of so-called generic drugs-medications comparable to brand-name products, but sold at much lower prices under far less familiar chemical nomenclature-is a case in point. Back in the days when penicillin, tetracycline and other "miracle drugs" were created, manufacturers produced their medication only under patented trade names. Unscrupulous drug companies, seeing that the "miracle drugs" were costly, concocted cheaper medication that claimed to be "just like" those with well-known brand labels. In fact, such drugs were not only lower in price, but also in quality-they were simply bad medicine.
So the Food and Drug Administration moved in with "anti-substitution" regulations to protect consumers from substandard medication. That was a sensible move-back in the 1950s. But now, because of improvements in medical technology and the expiration of a number of drug patents, many of thest "anti-substitution" regulations are outdated. It is now possible for independent drug manufacturers to concoct medications of exactly the same quality as brand-name drugs-but cheaper in price. These generic drugs are available under their chemical names: chlordiazepoxide, for example, might appear on the prescription instead of librium; dextroamphetamine might be stocked by a pharmacist instead of dexedrine. Major drug companies have gotten into the business of manufacturing and marketing these generics, without using any of the promotional gimmicks lavished on brand-name drugs. Even so, they are not at all happy; it is a lot more profitable to produce and market the heavily advertised brand-name products. Or it would be, if the generic drugs could somehow be kept off the market.
And that is precisely what the larger drug companies are now trying to do. The American Pharmaceutical Manufactueres Association recently filed suit against the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to stop the federal government from publishing information that might encourage doctors to prescribe generic drugs or from even assisting state legislators to adopt laws permitting their use. The association argues that a generic drug may be in a form or of a quality that causes it to act less rapidly or effectively than a certain company's brand-name product. Theoretically, that's possible. But the same could be said of all pills and/or capsules made from the same formula; they all react differently, depending on their size, shape, weitht and other characteristics-or whether the medication is in solid or liquid form.
The drug manufacturers' suit glosses over the most important issue: price. Fifteen capsules of a certain brand-name tranquilizer, for example, may be purchased in a drugstore in the District for $10.99. Without the burden of a big advertising campaign and other large-corporation overhead, the same number of its generic equivalent can be bought in the same store for $2.99. Price differentials of that magnitude matter quite a bit for people of limited means with chronic illnesses or conditions that require regular or even occasional medication.
For the reason alone, we would argue that manufacturers should be free to produce safe medication at whatever price the market will bear. Accordingly, we welcome the word that the FDA is considering updating its regulations on generic drugs. As for the drug manufacturers' suit against HEW, we hope it fails. There is every good reason for the government to continue to inform the public about generic drugs-and to encourage their use. To do otherwise would have the effect of running up the cost of health care, in which the government has a rather considerable interest. It would also have the effect of undercutting the struggle against the rising price of just about everything-a struggle in which the government has an even larger stake.
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Each year, the World Economic Forum compiles a list of the most pressing threats to humanity. And this year, as with previous years, it predicts some of the biggest challenges will be climate-related.
Experts agree that failure to slow climate change, stronger natural disasters and more extreme weather events will pose some of the greatest risks to global society in 2018. Last year is a good example of what could be in store; record heat and unprecedented financial tolls from natural disasters were hallmarks in 2017.
The report ranked climate threats higher than others, like terrorism or infectious disease, partly because climate issues can lead to even more problems. Soaring temperatures can deplete food stocks or force populations to migrate. Severe storms can ruin infrastructure — as Hurricane Maria did across Puerto Rico.
The forum repeated its encouragement from last year and from other international groups like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The best counter to climate threats that affect everyone is cooperation.
World and business leaders will discuss their path forward at the forum's annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, starting Jan. 23. Even President Donald Trump is expected to attend — the first U.S. president to do so in 18 years.
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Ocelots are nocturnal and territorial. A typical Ocelot would fight to the death when threatened, and can be very aggressive if needed. Still, it is a loner by nature, joining another only for mating purposes. Very occasionally though, when it is resting at a tree, it could share its "turf" with another Ocelot of the same sex.
In mating, a female Ocelot would find a place like a bluff or a hollow tree and their gestation lasts about seventy days, while litter size is from 2 to 4. These cats are not principally arboreal, but they have the capability. In general however, they are terrestrial animals. These cats eat a lot of things, their diet consists of birds, amphibians, birds, rodents, snakes, monkeys, poultry and even piglets. One strong trait of this cat is its vision. Even at night, their sense of sight is very sharp.
Physically, they could be considered as just another domestic kind.
Interesting fact: Of course we all know who Salvador Dali was, but did you know this? That he often travelled with his own Ocelot, that he even brought it a luxurious cruises on the SS France? (See also: Anecdote of Dali with Ocelot)
Which zoos have them?Los Angeles Zoo (United States)
The Ocelot is listed as Least Concern. Does not qualify for a more at risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
CountriesArgentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela
Ocelot habitatsDry savanna, Forest, Grassland, Savanna, Shrubland, Subtropical / Tropical Dry forest, Subtropical / Tropical Dry Grassland, Subtropical / Tropical Dry Shrubland, Subtropical / Tropical Moist Lowland, Subtropical / Tropical Moist Montane and Subtropical / Tropical Moist Shrubland
Some facts about the
Adult weight : 8.8 kg (19.36 lbs)
Maximum longevity : 28 years
Female maturity :600 days
Male maturity : 600 days
Gestation : 77 days
Weaning : 106 days
Litter size : 2
Litters per year : 1
Interval between litters : 452 days
Weight at birth : 0.256 kg (0.5632 lbs)
Weight at weaning : 3.4 kg (7.48 lbs)
Basal metabolic rate : 17 W
Body mass : 10.5 kg (23.1 lbs)
Temperature : 37.85 °C (100.13 °F)
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East Indian sandalwood was the first sandalwood to be traded extensively in its native area. The demand for sandalwood, especially in China, led to a search for alternatives and the exploitation of many of the natural stands of sandalwood in the Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean regions. For example, on the island of Timor, exploitation started with the Portugese in the 1600s, passed to the Indonesians in 1975, and by 1990 most of the trees had been harvested and none replanted. In the early 1800s in Hawaii, King Kamehameha I traded enormous amounts of sandalwood for luxury goods, forcing his people to collect the sandalwood he needed to pay the bills. Succeeding leaders continued the trade, taking on huge debts to buy expensive, over-priced goods and paying in future harvests of sandalwood, which was becoming harder to obtain. Pressure by creditors to pay the debts kept the sandalwood flowing for some time, but by the 1940s most of the island's harvestable trees were gone. By 1820 Fiji and the Marquesas were all but stripped of their sandalwood and in the late 1800s uncontrolled harvesting in Vanuatu had taken its toll and trade in sandalwood was reduced to a trickle.
Perhaps because it has been so intertwined with Indian culture and heritage, the people of India were quicker than others to recognize the need to make sure this important resource was not lost. Although the government took control of the nation's sandalwood trees with the Sultan of Mysore's declaration of sandalwood as a "royal tree" at the end of the 18th century, forest conservation efforts have depended on many different governments over the years, so progress has been quite uneven. Experimentation with cultivating sandalwood and replanting in forests met with limited success. Problems with fire, browsing and spike disease have interfered with natural regeneration. Smuggling has undermined government efforts to control the harvesting and trade of sandalwood. With the death in 2004 of the most notorious and successful smuggler in recent history, sandalwood prices rose sharply, adding to the temptation for unscrupulous poachers. India continues to struggle to create a sustainable sandalwood industry by limiting the age and number of trees that can be harvested, continuing replanting efforts and controlling the export of wood and lumber.
Australia's history of sandalwood exploitation of native species began in the 1840s and continued until the 1950s when decreasing supplies and low prices made it no longer a profitable trade item. Regulation of the sandalwood industry began in 1923 on royal land and included annual quotas, export licenses, an increase in royalties, and appointment of forest rangers to curb illegal harvesting and begin reforestation.
In 1984 Australia's Forest Department completed a comprehensive resource evaluation, mapping existing Western Australian sandalwood trees and determining natural and artificial regeneration requirements. As a result, changes in management and sustainability practices were undertaken. Today the Forest Product Commission (FPC) is the body responsible for ensuring the sustainability of Australia's sandalwood. The FPC has initiated and funded land management practices that facilitate natural regeneration. In addition, quotas are set on the amount of sandalwood that can be harvested. Current quantities are 2000 tons a year with about half of that dead wood (trees that have already died). Pullers (people who harvest sandalwood, so called because the whole tree is pulled from the ground in order to get the high-oil content of the roots) are required to plant 12 sandalwood seeds near suitable host plants for every tree harvested. An external audit system certifies that all sandalwood planning, harvesting and forest management is in accordance with ISO 14001, the environmental management regulations of the International Organization for Standardization.
The Australian government is working with natural regeneration and plantation planting of sandalwood trees. Much has been learned from research into soil types, rainfall, elevation and other growing conditions. Also researched are the best types of host species, seeding rates, germination factors and survival. Other important factors are protection from grazing, fire and drought. The FPC initiative for farming Western Australian sandalwood is a collaboration with the farmer to provide land for the planting of trees in exchange for cash payments and a share of the timber profits. The Australian program utilizes years of sandalwood management research to successfully establish sandalwood tree farms that will replace harvesting from the wild.
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Complete Blood Count (CBC): About Your Child's Test
What is it?
A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that gives important information about blood cells, especially red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Why is this test done?
A CBC may be done as part of a regular physical examination. There are many other reasons that a doctor may want this blood test, including to:
- Find the cause of symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, fever, bruising, or weight loss.
- Find anemia or an infection.
- See how much blood has been lost if there is bleeding.
- Diagnose diseases of the blood, such as leukemia or polycythemia.
How can you prepare for the test?
Your child does not need to do anything before having this test.
How is the test done?
A health professional uses a needle to take a blood sample, usually from the arm.
A heel stick is used to get a blood sample from a baby. The baby's heel is poked, and several drops of blood are collected. Your baby may have a tiny bruise where the heel was poked.
What happens after the test?
- Your child will probably be able to go home right away.
- Your child can go back to his or her usual activities right away.
Where can you learn more?
Go to https://www.healthwise.net/patientEd
Enter A519 in the search box to learn more about "Complete Blood Count (CBC): About Your Child's Test".
Current as of: June 27, 2022
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- Join over 1.2 million students every month
- Accelerate your learning by 29%
- Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
International Baccalaureate: Physics
Meet our team of inspirational teachers
- Marked by Teachers essays 2
Aim a) To verify that the pressure of a gas varies linearly with its temperature (expressed in degrees Celsius) when the volume of the gas is kept constant. b) To make an estimate in degree Celsius of absolute zero.
As more force on the area,the pressure increase. According to the Pressure law,for constant volume and mass of a gas,the pressure exerted on the side of the container is directly proportional to the absolute temperature(in Kelvin) of the gas.Thus, the temperature would reach absolute zero as pressure become zero. We can determine absolute zero by extrapolating the pressure vs. temperature graph to zero pressure. Variable Variable Method of measuring Independent Variable Temperature We determine the temperature of the gas by measuring the temperature of the water.
- Word count: 739
Bifilar Suspension - the technique will be applied to find the mass moment of inertia of a regular cross-section steel beam about its centre of gravity.
Dependent variables: The time taken for 10 oscillations by the scale which was measured using a digital stop watch. Controlled variables: The controlled variables are as follows: * The mean position of the scale placed on the top: 50cm * The mean position of the scale placed below: 25cm * Number of strings used: 2 strings * Length of each string: 16.5cm. * Distance between the two ends of the scale placed above: 90cm DIAGRAM: APPARATUS: S.no Material Type Range Quantity Least count Uncertainity 1 Ruler - 1 cm – 100 cm 1 0.1cm ± 0.05 cm 2 Thread - - - - - 3 Clamp stand - - 2 - - 4 Stop watch Digital - 1 0.01
- Word count: 1213
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Knowing Science eBooks
Dario Capasso and Others
This book is available for download with Apple Books on your Mac or iOS device. Multi-touch books can be read with Apple Books on your Mac or iOS device. Books with interactive features may work best on an iOS device. Apple Books on your Mac requires OS X 10.9 or later.
Are you looking for an engaging way to prepare for the New York State 4th Grade Science Test? Knowing Science eBooks series is the answer!
Primarily designed as a review for students to prepare for the New York State exam, this eBook is useful for any elementary school student to learn and review all K-4 science concepts – whether at home or in a classroom setting.
Each chapter starts with a brief story designed to engage students by relating scientific concepts to real-life applications. Fundamental concepts and content-specific vocabulary provide an in-depth review; while the Super Summary section provides a quick overview. The self-checking practice test at the conclusion of each chapter is a fun way to see what you know and what you need to work on. Interactive features and colorful graphics throughout are designed to motivate students by making learning fun and engaging!
Topics covered in this eBook include living/nonliving things, life cycles, food chains, adaptation, and plants.
- Category: Education
- Published: Apr 27, 2015
- Publisher: Knowing Science eBooks
- Seller: Knowing Science LLC
- Print Length: 27 Pages
- Language: English
- Series: Knowing Science eBooks
- Version: 1.0
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Clear understanding of music theory, scales and modes and working on musical examples from Big Band arrangements, to classical orchestral and chamber pieces to solo instrumental, vocal and lastly the arrangements of brass, vocal parts and combo parts for popular music styles from pop and reggea, to motown, funk,latin american and hip hop to create your own particular feel and style of writing.
Theory lessons will include the same principles as for the composition lessons, but they will have a much stronger relation to the particular instrument / group of instruments you play and will include improvisations accross the principles discussed and sight-reading methods, harmony and general development.
You can hear my compositions here:
Held at my home (near Dollis Hill underground station) - £35 per hour
- I teach from home (or a fixed venue)
- I travel to students
- I teach online
Mornings, Daytime, Evenings, Week days, Weekends
HOW LONG: 1 Hours
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Weight loss surgeries, once considered risky, have made major advancements throughout the last decade. And that's fortunate, because the number of bariatric surgeries performed in the U.S. has almost doubled since 2011, according to the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS).
With the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimating that nearly 40% of Americans have obesity, this is no coincidence. “If you have a body mass index (BMI) over 40, just having that BMI puts you at a higher risk of all-cause mortality, even in the absence of health problems,” explains Eric J. DeMaria, M.D., past president of the ASMBS and chief of bariatric surgery at East Carolina University.
Weight loss surgeries have been a significant and impactful response to this epidemic, offering people who struggle with their weight the opportunity to reclaim their health and quality of life—something diet and exercise alone often fail to do.
Though bariatric surgeries have proven to be life-changing for the vast majority of patients who undergo them, a cloud of confusion still hangs over these procedures. Here, weight loss surgery experts themselves clear up the most common misconceptions.
1. All weight loss surgeries are the same.
Throughout the years, surgeons have developed a number of different approaches to weight loss surgery. “Different procedures have different ‘powers’ and impacts on metabolism,” says Dr. DeMaria.
For years, experts commonly used gastric band surgery (which involves using an adjustable band to section off the stomach), Dr. DeMaria says. However, they’ve now identified it as one of the less powerful interventions.
Other popular options include sleeve gastrectomy (in which the stomach is reduced to the size of a banana) and the duodenal switch (which basically combines a sleeve gastrectomy and a bypassing of much of the small intestine).
The "gold standard" of weight-loss surgery, though, is the gastric bypass, says Dr. DeMaria. In this procedure, the vast majority of the stomach—and the beginning of the small intestine—are bypassed, so that a tiny section of stomach is directly connected to a later section of the intestine.
“It’s really become a surgery specialty in itself, it’s not just one operation,” says Dr. DeMaria. “We work with patients to look at their lifestyle, health concerns, and how much weight they need to lose, and decide which procedure is right for them.”
2. Weight loss surgery is an easy way out.
Many people assume that those who undergo weight loss surgery simply lack the willpower to drop excess weight through diet and exercise. However, “we estimate that 97 to 99% of diets fail people looking to lose even just a modest amount of weight, like 10 to 30% of excess weight,” says Jim Keller, Ph.D., licensed psychologist specializing in health and bariatric psychology.
For many patients, the metabolic changes associated with obesity make fat loss incredibly difficult, Keller explains. Often, weight loss surgery is the only way out. “And considering your risk of premature death goes up when you reach a BMI of around 30, that’s a way out worth taking,” says Keller.
Still, for many patients, getting insurance to cover a weight loss surgery involves months and months of prerequisite work. “Many insurance companies require patients to spend three, six, or even 12 months documenting their weight loss attempts with logged doctor and dietitian visits before they can qualify for surgery coverage,” says Dr. DeMaria. Sure doesn’t sound like an easy-way-out process.
3. You’ll just gain the weight back post-surgery.
It is true that about 30 to 35% of weight loss surgery patients gain notable weight back post-surgery, says Keller. However, that leaves 65 to 70% of people who come out of bariatric surgeries without any weight re-gain—a success rate much higher than that for dieting alone.
According to the ASMBS, the majority of weight loss surgery patients successfully shed (and keep off) at least 50 % of their excess body weight.
4. After surgery, you can just go back to your previous way of life.
In the eight to 12 months after a bariatric surgery, most patients experience what Keller calls a “honeymoon phase,” in which they generally drop pounds rapidly, regardless of their lifestyle habits. (Experts credit this to hormonal changes in the gut many bariatric surgeries cause.)
However, “any long-term treatment for the disease of obesity involves lifestyle change,” says Dr. DeMaria. “If you want permanent success, you have to commit to making healthy food choices and being physically active.”
Otherwise, if you’re skipping exercise and eating poorly, after that “honeymoon phase” comes to a close, you’ll start to regain weight, Keller says. Ultimately, successful surgery-aided weight loss requires a lifetime of dedication and healthy habits.
5. Weight loss surgery is dangerous.
For many people, living with obesity is, in fact, much more dangerous than undergoing a bariatric surgery, says Keller. After all, according to the CDC, obesity increases risk of a slew of health issues, including stroke, heart disease, mental illness, and certain cancers.
Not to mention, weight loss surgeries actually have a lower mortality rate than many procedures we consider common place, like gallbladder removals and hip and knee replacements, says Dr. DeMaria.
“These are surgeries and there are risks,” says Keller. However, “while gallbladder removals average a 0.7% mortality rate, weight loss surgeries average just 0.1%.”
In fact, most weight loss procedures are performed via laparoscopic surgery, meaning they involve only a small incision and are minimally invasive, says Dr. DeMaria. Certain types of bariatric surgery, like sleeve gastrectomies, for example, can even be performed in an outpatient basis, so they don’t even require an overnight stay in the hospital.
6. Weight loss surgery is just about weight.
Though many people think weight loss surgeries are as simple as making the stomach smaller so you can’t consume as many calories, that’s not the case, says Keller. Bariatric procedures that involve cutting the stomach have a significant impact on our biology.
“We now believe that these surgeries alter the hormones in the GI tract that govern insulin and insulin resistance,” says Dr. DeMaria. The result: In addition to promoting incredible weight loss, these procedures also have a dramatic impact on chronic health issues—most notably type 2 diabetes. “Some patients reverse their type 2 diabetes before they even really start to lose weight,” he says.
The impact of these surgeries on diabetes has actually lead many experts to call bariatric procedures “diabetes surgeries,” says Dr. DeMaria. In addition to supporting better overall health and extreme weight loss, these procedures allow patients to reclaim their quality of life.
Though many people might consider weight loss surgery a last resort, “it’s really not this big scary thing that you should put off at all costs,” says Dr. DeMaria.
In fact, he recommends anyone dealing with obesity—and any related health conditions, like type 2 diabetes—talk to their doctor about whether a bariatric procedure is right for them. “If you’re suffering because of the complications of obesity, or don’t have your diabetes under control, weight loss surgery can be a profound intervention.”
Your doctor will help you understand which procedure might be best for you—and navigate any insurance red tape and lifestyle changes necessary in order to qualify for and successfully complete your surgery.
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.prevention.com/weight-loss/a30393486/weight-loss-surgery-myths/
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en
| 0.950979 | 1,657 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Getting some sun for the skin is fundamentally a good thing since the vitamin D helps the skin significantly. However, there are downsides when it comes to getting too much sun. This could cause severe damage to the skin, especially if left untreated.
The causes of skin damage from the sun can merely be narrowed down to the harmful ultraviolet light that the sun emits, which is the primary cause of sunburn. While out in the sun, the exposure to ultraviolet rays can cause multiple problems.
A few results of sun damaged skin are:
- Dry skin.
- Actinic Keratosis.
It is essential for people to be aware of certain remedies that would be able to treat sun damages on the skin. A few natural remedies include:
- Apple cider vinegar and onion juice.
This combination would be able to reduce the production of dark and discolored sun-spots. Although there would be a pungent smell, the results make it worth attempting.
- Vitamin C.
Exposure to ultraviolet rays can interfere with collagen and increase the aging process on the exposed skin. Vitamin C helps as an antioxidant which would protect this damage.
- Coconut oil.
The fatty acids and Vitamin E present in coconut oil help nourish the skin and help reduce antioxidant which would help reduce inflammation.
- Lemon Juice.
The juice contains citric acid which provokes the production of cells and rejuvenation of the skin.
In some instances, it may seem like all the preventive measures won’t be able to treat sun damage. For this reason, to be precisely sure how to address these issues in the best possible way, a lake dermatology Leesburg FL would be able to provide the care, advice, and treatment required for skin related concerns.
Dr. Gurgen’s Dermatology Clinic is specializing in the care of the skin in individuals. By providing professional staff members to ensure patients are treated in the best way, attentive and caring services are offered for all the different type of skin care needs of patients.
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CC-MAIN-2021-04
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http://orlandofloridarealestate.us/remedies-for-sun-damaged-skin/
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en
| 0.935822 | 418 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Uthman was in Makkah longer than the Muslims had expected and the rumor spread that he had been killed. Then the Messenger of Allah called for a pledge of allegiance. He sat beneath a tree and the Muslims promised that they would fight with him to the last man. The Messenger of Allah took his own hand and said, 'This is for Uthman.' Later they heard that Uthman had not been murdered and he came back safely.
The Pledge took place under an acacia tree in al-Hudaybiyyah and is referred to in the Quran Allah revealed, 'Allah was pleased with the believers when they were pledging their allegiance under the tree.'(sura Fatah 48: 18)
The deadlock between the Quraysh and the Muslims continued until four envoys came to the Messenger of Allah who said to each one, 'We did not come to fight anyone. Rather we came to perform 'Umrah.'
But the Quraysh remained stubborn and refused to allow them to proceed.
One of the envoys, 'Urwah ibn Mas'ud ath-Thaqafi, went back to his people and said, 'O people! By Allah, I have been in the presence of kings - from Chosroes, and Caesar to the Negus - and by Allah, I have never seen any king whose people respected him as much as the companions of Muhammad respect Muhammad.' He described to them what he had seen.
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://alquraan.net/history/hist_110.html
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en
| 0.98971 | 301 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The US Department of Transportation has released distraction guidelines that encourage automobile manufacturers to limit the distraction risk connected to electronic devices built into their vehicles, such as communications, entertainment and navigation devices.
Issued by the Department’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the voluntary guidelines establish specific recommended criteria for electronic devices installed in vehicles at the time they are manufactured that require drivers to take their hands off the wheel or eyes of the road to use them.
The guidelines include recommendations to limit the time a driver must take his or her eyes off the road to perform any task to two seconds at a time and twelve seconds total. The guidelines also recommend disabling several operations unless the vehicle is stopped and in park, such as:
Manual text entry for the purposes of text messaging and internet browsing;
Video-based entertainment and communications like video phoning or video conferencing; and
Display of certain types of text, including text messages, web pages, social media content.
The recommendations outlined in the guidelines are consistent with the findings of a new NHTSA naturalistic driving study, “The Impact of Hand-Held and Hands-Free Cell Phone Use on Driving Performance and Safety Critical Event Risk”. The study showed that visual-manual tasks associated with hand-held phones and other portable devices increased the risk of getting into a crash by three times.
The study found text messaging, browsing, and dialing resulted in the longest duration of driver’s taking their eyes-off-road. Text messaging increased the risk of a crash or near-crash by two times and resulted in the driver’s eyes off the road for an average of 23.3 seconds total. Visual-manual activities performed when completing a phone call—such as reaching for a phone, looking up a contact and dialing the number—increased the risk by three times.
The study did not find a direct increased crash risk from the specific act of talking on a cell phone. However, the manual-visual interactions involved with using a hand-held phone made its overall use 1.73 times more risky, since the use of these devices involve visual-manual tasks 100 percent of the time. Even portable hands-free and in-vehicle hands-free cell phone use was found to involve visual-manual tasks at least 50% of the time, which are associated with higher risk.
Currently, the Department is partnering with the Transportation Research Board on a naturalistic driving study involving nearly 3,000 vehicles to examine the nation’s highway system including speed, curves, intersection control, lighting, driver fatigue, and distraction, among others. Distraction is one of many safety topics that will be examined as part of this large-scale data collection.
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<urn:uuid:5f7990ce-915a-4a86-9493-05f2d4715938>
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
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https://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/04/dot-20130424.html
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en
| 0.942975 | 567 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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|Material Type:||Internet resource|
|Document Type:||Book, Internet Resource|
|All Authors / Contributors:||
|ISBN:||061819083X 9780618190836 0618190821 9780618190829|
|Description:||xv, 542 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm|
|Contents:||Getting started: a basic reading list --
Notes on the contributors --
|Other Titles:||Children's books and their creators|
|Responsibility:||Anita Silvey, editor.|
This new volume introduces readers to the wealth of children's literature by focusing on the essentials -- the best books for children, the ones that inform, impress, and, most important, excite young readers. This edition features more than 475 entries on the best-loved children's authors and illustrators, numerous essays on social and historical issues, thirty personal glimpses into craft by well-known writers, illustrators, and critics, and invaluable reading lists by category. The essential guide to children's books and their creators summarizes the canon of contemporary children's literature, in a practical guide essential for anyone choosing a book for or working with children.
Retrieving notes about this item
- Children's literature, American -- Bio-bibliography -- Dictionaries.
- Children -- Books and reading -- United States -- Dictionaries.
- Children's literature, American -- Dictionaries.
- Children's literature -- Bio-bibliography -- Dictionaries.
- Children's literature -- Dictionaries.
- Children -- Books and reading.
- Children's literature.
- Children's literature, American.
- United States.
- Geschichte 1900-2001.
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<urn:uuid:c99e2c24-122c-446b-8005-caed8af78209>
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CC-MAIN-2017-09
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http://mcgill.worldcat.org/title/essential-guide-to-childrens-books-and-their-creators/oclc/50503317
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en
| 0.688782 | 395 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Photography was first acknowledged in the year 1839, the invention of the photographic process was made public. William Henry Fox Talbot's Calotype process created a way of producing positive images from negative with the use of light-sensitive paper. It became almost impossible to use this method as it required long stationary positions and no one was patient enough thus the recordings were mostly of landscape scenes.
Before this several, number of light-sensitive materials were experimented to capture the image from the camera though the first successful, permanent photograph up to date is credited to Louis Daguerre. His image captured on a silver-coated sheet of copper, whereby he used his “positive image.” It was titled daguerreotype process. The Artist's Studio is dated 1837 it was very difficult to reproduce and very sensitive. By 1840, portrait photography became more famous having reduced exposure time. Since then photography has been used in different fields. The improvement of technology has brought digital images of the 21st century.
Even though the industry develops more into the era of digital images, emergence of photography can still be traced back to early cameras, advertising and references. Scientific portraits are part of photography in which the private realm sought to convey the individuality of the subject. The portrait of the public personage, created image that resonated with the popular imagination but in this scientific mode the photographer was seeking to record objectively a subject who must be made to conform to a social type.
Such portraits show a picture that the willing ruling class, held the cameras and they used them in picturing the primitive, the criminal, the insane and the poor. An example of a twenty first century scientific portrait is the cube portrait by Samantha Power and John Prendergast, founder of the enough project. They put together five survivors of genocide cases. In the portrait, green bracelets are used and they had the inscriptions ‘‘not on our watch’’, this represented the emergent force universal of the movement to eradicate genocide.
Samantha Power’s portrait, showed how the individual was made to conform to a social type. As an advocate of genocide victims, she used her idea, the portrait to show the conflict in the world in terms of their views and lifestyle. Through her portraits, we get to understand the history of genocide, how far it spread and who it affected. This portrait describes how the weak are suffering and as Miles Orvell noted “scientific portraits showed that it was the ruling class that held the cameras thus they portrayed the weak, the poor the criminals, the insane” (Miles, 31. 2003).
Samantha having portrayed the victims of genocide is indicative that Miles Orvell’s description has some reality to it. The scientific portraits still portray the difference in the ruling class and the weak even with the development of the world and an end to slavery. In fact, the of this portrait shows the rights of the weak are being fought for. Clearly, this shows that despite all the cultural development, scientific portraiture has remained steadfast over the past century despite the cultural development and changing cultural and societal norms. As Miles Orvell noted “scientific portraiture still exists in the contemporary police photos and wanted persons posters” (Miles, 37. 2003), I believe they also exist in portraits made by human right activists such as Samantha Power.
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<urn:uuid:0aec2327-1a6c-4cd4-8ee1-0c9c500f68ad>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://primeessays.com/samples/art/history-of-photography.html
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en
| 0.965612 | 690 | 3.609375 | 4 |
After a slow start, this year's flu season is beginning to roar, but it's not too late to be immunized.
Just last week, the Indiana Department of Public Health said flu activity is now "high" and "widespread" across the state. The CDC estimates that 80,000 people died of the flu during the 2017-2018 season.
We know that one of the type A viruses, A (H3N2), causes the most severe flu symptoms.
Canada-wide, 414 children have been hospitalized with the flu, the vast majority the H1N1 strain of influenza A, which tends to hit children hardest. You will typically suffer from a cough, fever, sore throat, runny nose, headache, body aches, chills, and fatigue.
The CDC reviews the effectiveness of the vaccine each year and often bases expectations on how virulent the strain was and how it was treated in the southern hemisphere, such as Australia.
Totals in Oklahoma so far this season are 331 hospitalizations and 13 deaths, far below last year's record.
The vaccine you get may also help to protect others. "Since returning from the break, we've had a few kids tell nurses that they had the flu during the break, but we don't have laboratory confirmation of that".
Spencer Durham, an infectious disease expert in the Harrison School of Pharmacy at Auburn University, urges everyone to get vaccinated as we enter the peak of flu season.
Children less than two years old and adults older than 65.
McHenry County is facing a rise in the influenza virus, and health care providers are encouraging residents to get vaccinated.
Moore said physicians at CHEO are seeing cases of RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) and other viruses as well as some flu.
There were no confirmed cases of the flu during the first week of December.
If you are sick, limit contact with others and stay home from class or work until you are fever-free for at lest 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing medicine.
The CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get a flu shot; the shot is safe for children older than 6 months, and for pregnant women as well.
The influenza immunization is recommended for everyone age 6 months and older (if there are no medical conditions that discourage it.) For those who absolutely can not tolerate hypodermic needles, there is a jet injector available which uses a high pressure narrow stream of vaccine to penetrate the skin using compressed gas or springs.
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- Trump Threw 'Temper Tantrum' After Dems Refused Border Wall, Chuck Schumer Says
- Saudi woman fights Thai deportation, says life at risk in Kuwait
- Flights at Heathrow suspended after drone sighting
- Google Assistant Now Lets You Check-In to Flights by Voice and More
- $140-Billon Divorce! Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos & Wife MacKenzie Split
- Lebron James Will Miss Another Week Due To Groin Injury
- Daughter of Brandon Mebane of Los Angeles Chargers dies after seven weeks
- Fernandinho: The pressure is on Liverpool
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CC-MAIN-2019-13
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http://stateofthestateks.com/2019/01/11/camden-county-will-continue-to-give-flu-shots-through/
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en
| 0.948285 | 684 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Take a look outside. The color green probably fills some, if not most, of your view. Leaves of many shapes, sizes and shades once again burst onto the scene. Trees have come back to life. Do you know your ash trees?
Now more than ever it's important to get to know the trees on your property and in your community. Tree-killing invasive forest pests are on the move, and the best chance to protect trees is by detecting infestations early because this is when the chance of successfully managing the infestation is highest.
Beetle Detectives is a national call to action by the United States Department of Agriculture soliciting citizen assistance to survey trees in their backyards and look for signs and symptoms of a forest pest invasion. Landowners are often the first to notice dead and dying trees. The first step is knowing which trees are susceptible. Ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) are host to the emerald ash borer (EAB), a beetle from Asia staking its claim on ash trees in New York, 15 other states and two provinces. Once EAB invades an area, it can kill ash trees within three years.
Ash trees have opposite branching and compound leaves with 5-11 leaflets.
(Image courtesy of Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org)
Leaf arrangement, leaves and bark provide clues to tree identification. Three kinds of ash trees grow in New York: white (80 feet in height), green (60 feet) and black (30 to 50 feet). All ash stems and leaves are oppositely arranged, which means that leaves, buds and branches grow directly opposite from one another, rather than alternating or staggered.
Also, all ash have compound leaves. This means its leaf has more than one leaflet and all leaflets are attached to a single leafstem. The compound leaves of ash grow in a group of 5-11 leaflets, with one leaflet always growing at the very end. The leaflets may be either smooth or have slightly toothed edges.
The bark on a younger ash tree is relatively smooth, but as the tree ages the bark thickens and a unique diamond-like pattern in the raised bark is noticeable.
I went searching for ash trees on my property and was surprised to find 20. This could spell bad news for hazard trees after EAB invades. I examined each tree for signs of EAB attack: dieback in the crown of the tree, yellowing leaves, splitting of the bark, heavy woodpecker activity and stems or leaves growing out of the base of the tree. Seeing none of these symptoms, I then inspected the bark looking for the tiny D-shaped exit holes that the beetles leave upon emergence. I also looked for loose bark that could be peeled back revealing the signature S-shaped larval galleries beneath. Luckily I detected no signs of infestation, at least for now.
My last stop was to log on to www.beetledetectives.com and report that I searched my yard for signs of EAB damage. You can do this simple survey too then report it online under the organization name "New York-APIPP (Adirondack Park Invasive Plant Program."
We can take action. If each of us takes a moment to check our yards for ash and look for the signs of an EAB infestation, a large area can be surveyed! Beetle Detectives also has great information about searching your property for maple trees and other hardwoods at risk from another forest pest, Asian longhorned beetle (ALB).
Be on the lookout for EAB now through July. Adults are 3/8 to 5/8 inch long with metallic green wing covers and a coppery red or purple abdomen. If you think you see EAB, collect the insect and place it in a container in the freezer and call the Adirondack Park Invasive Plant Program at 518-576-2082.
Finally, when camping, only use firewood local to the area you are visiting to avoid transporting any insect hitchhikers that may be burrowed in the bark or wood. Firewood is the primary pathway of spread of forest pests.
Groups across New York are raising awareness about the value of trees to local economies, landscapes and the environment. Join the effort and get to know your ash!
Eye on Invasives is a biweekly column that spotlights a top invader when it is easiest to identify. Hilary Smith directs the Adirondack Park Invasive Plant Program, a partnership program housed at the Adirondack Chapter of The Nature Conservancy in Keene Valley. Find out more about this award-winning program online at
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CC-MAIN-2016-22
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http://adirondackdailyenterprise.com/page/content.detail/id/524783/Know-your-ash.html?nav=5144
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en
| 0.937545 | 961 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is the manufacturing process of cement Quora #19980602306 – Cement Mill Process Flow Chart, with 37 Similar files. What is the manufacturing process of cement Quora #19980602306 – Cement Mill Process Flow Chart, with 37 Similar files. Free Flowchart Templates MySullys.
Cement Ball Mill Authorstream. Slide 1 process introduction compared to other traditional ball mill the cement ball mill of chaeng can improve output by 15shy20 and the specific surface area of produced cement is 33003800 cmg and the fineness of product is easy to adjust s. morethere will; Introduction Of Skew Rolling Millwuxi Staiers Machinery Co
Summary of production process. The cement mill grinds the clinker to a fine powder. A small amount of gypsum - a form of calcium sulfate - is normally ground up with the clinker. The gypsum controls the setting properties of the cement when water is added. The basic components of the cement production process.
grinding mill in cement making kaolin equipment suppliers. cement making simple process Grinding Mill China cement making simple process Posted at grinding mill engine how much in rsa How to make concrete CEMENT GRINDING OPTIMISATION CEMENT GRINDING OPTIMISATION be applied in cement grinding optimisation Only the cement clinker grinding is discussed grinding balls from leaving the mill
Aug 30, 2012· Cement Manufacturing Process Phase II: Proportioning, Blending & Grinding. The raw materials from quarry are now routed in plant laboratory where, they are analyzed and proper proportioning of line and clay are making possible before the beginning of grinding. Generally, line is 80% and remaining 20% is the clay.
how to make cement mill process Cement mill - Wikipedia. A cement mill (or finish mill in . although they are more expensive to make in . and roll presses are now increasingly popular as a "pre-grind" process, with the .
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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http://slawex-reklama.pl/how-to-make-cement-mill-process.html
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| 0.88304 | 411 | 2.734375 | 3 |
During the 1600s, tons of Puritan immigrants arrived in the region of New England, settling the area and establishing population centers in areas like Massachusetts Bay, where the part of Boston was established. In contrast to the Chesapeake region’s inhabitants, the Puritan settlers did not come primarily for economic interests, but rather out of a desire to create a pure, moral Christian society based on their street code of moral living and emphasis on the family and community. Consequently, the Puritans had a strong impact on the development of the New England region, based on their religious emphasis and support for a theocratic political structure. By organizing their society based on their desire to
create a theocracy, the Puritans ensured that their values and ideas had a deep impact on the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630s through the 1660s.
In the area of political development of New England, the Puritans influenced the region by basing the political structure on a theocratic, strict model that enforced rigid moral conformity. When the Puritan settlers founded the
Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, their leader, John Winthrop, outlined their mission of creating a colony that was a “city upon a hill” that would serve as an example of the ideal society that the Puritans hoped to create . As a result, New England was invoked by laws that enforced the Puritans’ strict moral code, including bans on public drunkenness, the theater, and strict punishments for those who disobeyed God’s law. So, New England’s political development centered on the establishment of a theocratic state where morality replaced all other concerns. In fact, this infusion of morality into Puritan politics led to a fierce response to any dissidents on the colony. For example, when Roger Williams, a preacher, called for greater religious tolerance in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, challenging authority of the Puritan hierarchy, the...
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CC-MAIN-2018-51
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http://snehaedu.com/free-essays/Puritans-546444.html
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en
| 0.95461 | 396 | 4.625 | 5 |
Many physicians and public health scientists view vaccination as the greatest development in modern medicine.
And yet, doctors like Phoebe Day Danziger and Rebekah Diamond, pediatric residents at the University of Michigan, find themselves trying to work with parents who refuse to have their children vaccinated.
They wonder why anti-vaccine parents are allowed to expose their kids, and the rest of society, to diseases which, by now, should have been wiped out.
Could it be time to make vaccination mandatory for all kids?
These are among the questions Danziger and Diamond pose in “The Vaccination Double Standard,” a piece they co-authored for Slate.
Danziger said most anti-vaccine parents are “coming from a good, well-meaning place.” What those parents don’t understand, she says, is that their fears have already been debunked.
“A lot of the claims and concerns that have been raised have been really thoroughly investigated. They’ve really been asked and answered,” Danziger said. “As a field, we’ve looked at a lot of these concerns and studied millions and millions of children over many decades and really found that these fears are simply unfounded.”
But Diamond acknowledges that doesn’t mean vaccines are risk-free.
“Nothing is risk-free,” she said. “Everything has risks and benefits, but the benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks of vaccination.”
She said among doctors, vaccinations are universally believed to be “one of the most amazing inventions in modern medicine.”
“Aside from the introduction of a safe, clean water supply, we can’t really think of anything else that’s had this profound of an impact on child health and population health,” she said.
The double standard
Diamond and Danziger believe the way society approaches vaccines right now involves a double standard.
“To really understand this argument, you have to take a step back and ask yourself the question: ‘Do children have rights in our society?’” Diamond said. “Are there protections that we have enacted for our children? And the answer is yes: we have set certain rules for how parents should care for their children.”
She said we as a society require children to have access to clean drinking water and proper medication. We require all children to wear seatbelts and go to school.
Danziger said the same should go for vaccinations.
“The medical and health communities have become too complacent in accepting vaccine refusal for children as a matter of personal belief,” she said. “I think we’re not upholding the obligation to advocate for the best interest of children.”
To hear the full conversation, including these doctors' thoughts on how racism and classism is involved, listen above.
Dr. PhoebeDanziger is a resident physician in pediatrics at the University of Michigan.
Dr. Rebekah Diamond is also a resident physician in pediatrics at the University of Michigan.
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<urn:uuid:90f872b6-23d9-4c81-a669-45a8a614e0bf>
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CC-MAIN-2019-43
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https://www.interlochenpublicradio.org/post/two-pediatricians-say-it-s-time-stop-letting-parents-opt-out-vaccinations
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en
| 0.966316 | 650 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The adoption of the initiative for a ban on animal and human experimentation would prevent biomedical research and new medical treatments in particular. The high quality of healthcare and responsible research in Switzerland to the benefit of the population and the environment are at stake.
The federal popular initiative entitled "Yes to a ban on animal and human experimentation - Yes to research methods with impetus for safety and progress" aims to ban any experiments on animals and humans, as well as the import and export of products such as drugs on which animal and/or human experiments have been carried out. The acceptance of this initiative would therefore lead to a de facto ban on medicine and research.
Ban on medicine
The initiative would prevent people and animals in Switzerland from benefiting from any future medical advances. This would mean that new treatments developed thanks to scientific and medical progress would no longer be available. These therapies could be used neither for the Swiss population nor for pets, farm animals or other animals. In the university hospitals, clinics and medical and veterinary practices, methods for diagnosis and treatment that could alleviate pain and save lives would thereby be forbidden.
Ban on research
Research with animals and clinical trials with people are a prerequisite for progress and innovation in numerous areas. The results benefit especially human and veterinary medicine, the environment and agriculture, as well as basic and behavioural research. The adoption of the initiative would render any kind of research that involves people and animals impossible. This also applies to specialist fields in human sciences, such as studies in psychology or pedagogy.
The legislation on animal testing in Switzerland is one of the most stringent in the world. The current legal framework guarantees ethically justifiable research. In experiments involving animals, the researchers are morally and legally obliged to apply the 3R principle: Replace, Reduce, Refine. This principle demands that animal testing should only be approved if no alternative method exists, the number of animals involved in the experiments is limited to the necessary minimum, and the experimental methods and housing conditions are as minimally stressful as possible. The aim of the researchers is not to work on animals but to try to understand and alleviate diseases, for example. The use of animal models remains necessary for research into serious diseases and the development of new medical treatments and procedures that can save lives and reduce suffering. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus), for example, no vaccine could or can be approved for human use without being reliably tested in animals and humans first.
The aim of medical research on humans is to understand the causes, the development and the impact of diseases, as well as to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the Federal Act on Research involving Human Beings (HRA) is to "protect the dignity, privacy and health of human beings involved in research.". In particular, this legislation guarantees that in clinical research the interests of the individual human being should take precedence over the interests of science and society. The Helsinki Declaration was also signed by Switzerland.
In light of these considerations, swissuniversities recommends rejecting the initiative, since its adoption would result in extreme and harmful consequences for human and animal health care, research, knowledge and innovation
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.myscience.ch/en/news/2021/swissuniversities_warns_of_a_medicine_and_research_ban-2021-unibe
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585380.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021005314-20211021035314-00255.warc.gz
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en
| 0.951922 | 638 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Heart disease, diabetes and obesity have reached record levels in the West, and most people assume this is because our lifestyles are so different from our early ancestors, who don't seem to have had any of these problems. Since our genes are prehistoric, maybe we should follow their example.
When it comes to avoiding process foods, this is undoubtedly true, but maybe NOT when it comes to exercise, because it turns out that our hunter-gatherer ancestors did not expend as much energy as we used to think they must have (and they certainly ate a healthier diet). A group of anthropologists came to this conclusion after studying one of the Hadza people who live a simple "prehistoric" style of life in East Africa. After living with them for awhile, they discovered that their daily calories expenditure was about the same as their modern Western counterparts.
In the August 26th edition of the New York Times, Herman Pontzer writes that this suggests that human bodies are "tuned," through millions of years of evolution, to "adapt to our daily routines and find ways to keep overall energy expenditure in check. This means that if we want to end obesity, we need to focus on our diet and reduce the number of calories we eat, particularly the sugars our primate brains have evolved to love. We're getting fat because we eat too much, not because we're sedentary."
Whether it's eating or exercise, Anne Strieber can tell you the BEST way to LOSE WEIGHT, and now her advice is REDUCED (just like you will be) in price $2.99--that's $2 off the original price!
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.unknowncountry.com/news/exercise-alone-wont-do-it
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en
| 0.977142 | 332 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Filed in Dogs, Health
"Cherry eye" is usually seen in young, small breed dogs.
The third eyelid, which is located at the inside corner of each eye, helps to keep the eye clean and moist. The red lump is actually the gland of the third eyelid that has become exposed. When the fibers that attach the gland are weakened or defective, it can cause the red, swollen, "cherry eye" appearance.
This condition looks unsightly and can be very uncomfortable for your pet. In some cases, "cherry eye" can cause severe irritation to the surface of the eye and eventually might result in loss of vision.
"Cherry eye" can be repaired with surgery. The veterinary surgeon should be careful not to remove any tear-producing tissue so the eye will remain moist and healthy.
Source: Ask the Vet, reprinted with permission by Pet Food Express. Ask the Vet is published by Veterinarian's Best, Inc.
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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http://www.petfoodexpress.com/resources/find-a-pet/detail/cherry-eye/
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en
| 0.96135 | 200 | 2.546875 | 3 |
(Saint) (January 5) (5th century) A Syrian Saint, whose extraordinary life of penance led on the summit of a pillar has earned him world-wide celebrity, together with the name “Stylites.” The son of poor parents, he in early life retired into a monastery. It was at the age of thirty-two that he adopted his characteristic fashion of sanctifying his soul by doing penance and praying on the top of a lofty stone column. In it he persevered for thirty-seven years until his death (A.D. 459). From time to time, he increased the height of his pillar. The last, on which he had lived for twenty years when he died, was forty cubits (say, sixty feet) high. The flat summit was about three feet in diameter. He could stand, kneel or sit, but never lie down. Similarly, his fastings pass belief, as, for instance, his remaining the whole of Lent without taking any food at all. His pillar stood on a hill on the boundary of Syria and Cilicia, and crowds of people thronged daily the enclosure in which it was erected, in order to ask the prayers of the Saint and to listen to his sermons. His whole life was in a sense a miracle and the wonder of the century in which he lived; nor, had we not the testimony of Theodoret the historian, and of other contemporary writers, could we accept as facts what is narrated of him.
- Monks of Ramsgate. “Simeon Stylites”. , 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 25 December 2016. Web. 28 March 2017. <>
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-simeon-stylites/
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en
| 0.984759 | 351 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The aim of this project is to help in the integration of adult citizens of the EU in the 21st century. Euroscepticism, European citizenship, using digital tools, identity, cultural diversity, integration, economy, history, multicultural, plural, open-minded are the key concepts that the project aims to address.
To achieve this aim we have been working as a partnership under the umbrella of Erasmus+ KA2 through cooperation and partnership among countries using digital tools.
Partnership members come from seven adult organizations with diverse backgrounds and target groups, but with common motivations for changing adult education in EU: IOC Institut Obert de Catalunya, Barcelona (Spain), North East Scotland College, Aberdeen(United Kingdom), Europole Istituto Comprensivo Lorenzi Fumane - Polo Europeo della Conoscenza, Fumane (Italia), Kayseri Valiligi Dis Iliskiler ve AB Koordinasyon Merkezi, Kayseri (Turkey), Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg, Freiburg (Germany), Rigas Raina 8 vakara (mainu) vidusskola, Riga (Latvia), VUC Storstrøm, Nykøbing (Denmark).
Through partnership collaboration we have designed and developed an online course as an OER. The project was inspired by a previous Grundtvig partnership project called “Digital Classroom”. During that project, we observed, in adult learners a notable lack of European identity and a lack of awareness of the wide range of European resources available to facilitate their mobility and develop their sense of shared citizenship.
The proposed new course, comprises of 5 modules detailed below. The course may be offered through online and blended learning formats. In addition, the 5 modules may be independently utilized as stand-alone materials or integrated into other courses according to the individual needs of each educational context. European citizenship implies a closer, more emotional relationship that is rooted in shared values, the celebration of diversity, and respect for different identities and the protection of national heritages.
The structure of the project “Getting Ready for European citizenship” (GRECOL) is:
M1.Developing a European identity
European identity is a contentious and complex concept that is difficult to define. In fact, there are a lot of European identities around Europe sharing some common values and also individual values that give us a sense of being Europeans. To help our understanding of European identity, we should begin by first clarifying key concepts, such as; Europe, globalisation, European Union and policies, active citizenship through political participation and engagement.
M2. European institutions and their functions
Concerning European institutions and their function, this module deals with the important question how theoretical concepts are embodied in the organisational reality of the EU. Taking this into account, the question concerning European institutions and their functions is twofold. First, it has to be made clear which rules determine a Western/European democracy - in an ideal sense. Secondly, we have to find out where and to what extent can these rules and ideals be found in the way the European Union is organised?
Concerning European Mobility in terms of concepts and regulations for EU citizens who want to study or work in another European country. In order to appreciate why we are able to move freely within many European countries, we look at legal frameworks, historical background as well as trends and statistics.
The purpose of this module is to create awareness of some important practical issues and cultural differences worth considering before moving to another European country. By undertaking the module you will have the opportunity to demonstrate prior knowledge, play our mobility game and in several ways put yourself in the shoes of someone actually leaving for another country to study. You will also be required to reflect upon current issues relating to mobility in Europe.
M4. Dealing with cultural diversity
Europe is a diverse continent and the motto of EU "Unity in Diversity” involves ethnicity, race, gender, culture, socioeconomic status, age, physical abilities, religious and political beliefs, or other ideologies. It encompasses acceptance and respect. Differences should be explored in ‘a safe, positive, and nurturing environment’. This motto refers to ‘understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual’. Individuals and groups from a broad spectrum of demographic and philosophical differences and valuing individuals and groups free from prejudice, and fostering a climate where equity and mutual respect are extremely important to support and protect diversity.
M5. Final Project
The final project is designed as a summary and practice of previous modules. The student will have to solve a given situation using and applying the information and tools learned throughout the other modules.
The situation will be presented as a case study and will have to be reviewed studying all the aspects involved as if the student was actually living the situation in context.
UG User Guide
The User Guide contains information regarding the main goals and objectives of the GRECOL project. In the guide, you can find information regarding structure, a short summary of each module, and provided recommendations by partners’ organisations how to use e-learning material.
The modules are offered in all the languages of the partnership: English, Catalan, Italian, Danish, German, Turkish and Latvian.
The methodology of the course is based on a model that develops its activities through the web and on the web following the proposal of Universal Design for Learning, (UDL) from Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST). The students become the centre of the model and the process of learning. The model is aware of the nature of the potential students. The general features of e-activities are diversity, openness, and flexibility and they contain discussions, tasks, quizzes, surveys, and a final project using a varied range of digital tools. The materials of GRECOL project were created using the open-source tool Xerte.
The final product is an OER material ready for being used for any upper secondary or adult institution around Europe as a course, curricula, module or workshop. We are offering the material ready to be used, but you can also download and adapt according to your needs using Xerte. Xerte toolkits are a free, open source content creation tool.
On the website there is also extra information for teachers (module’s overview) following Universal Design of Learning and a large amount of selected bookmarks linked with the contents using del.icio.us. (https://del.icio.us/grecol). Moreover, there is more detailed information about the partnership, the project, the modules, the workshops, the publications the tools we have used, the use of social media (blog, Facebook group and twitter account of the project) and instructions to download the project in several options.
Dissemination and exploitation of the project started in the first year and collected through a google form, flyers and newsletter have been produced for spreading the project using social media, workshops and seminars at local, national and international level.
With this project, we hope to offer some solutions for the integration of citizens in Europe to become e-citizens. Getting involved in joint projects as well as increased mobility helping to develop this feeling of belonging. (For and active European citizenship, White Paper 2011).
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<urn:uuid:1372f54c-c3f9-405b-9fdb-48f34833438c>
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CC-MAIN-2019-39
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https://epale.ec.europa.eu/ga/node/40875
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00162.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920902 | 1,506 | 2.828125 | 3 |
With an extreme focus and rapid development in recent decades (in research, industries and all types of buildings), indoor air quality (IAQ) is often misused as a substitute for indoor environmental quality (IEQ). In short, IAQ is about what we breathe. IEQ, more comprehensively, is about what we breathe, see, hear, and feel in a building.
How it all began?
Definitely many thousands of years ago, when humans have started to live in caves and the air has been polluted by fires used for cooking and emitting lots of smoke. However, at those times people have spent more time outside (hunting for food, collecting water and playing), so the effects of the bad air were not immediately visible.
Jump to a few hundreds of years before Christ, and there was polluted air in crowded cities, dampness in buildings and problems with hygiene, and more.
Only a few hundreds years before the 20th century, the health effects of poor air, poor ventilation and poor temperature were also responsible for the spread of various diseases.
Only around 18-19th century, the impact of fresh air, hygiene, sunlight and natural ventilation were pioneered by the famous nurse. Which slowly has led to understanding, connecting of dots (why, what, how…) and subsequent changes.
The old equation was not complete! IAQ + Energy Efficiency!
Move to 19-20th century, when many great debates were focused on CO2 (ppm), airflow and health. But at that time, the main concept was all about indoor air quality (IAQ) and its parameters. And mainly the impact of energy efficiency was in the spotlights. But two decades later, problems have arisen with sick building syndrome (SBS) and other building-related illnesses (BRI).
The equation is simple! IEQ + Health!
Thankfully, bad outcomes have rather quickly turned things and minds around. Since the 1980s, the focus has changed and people started to realize that there is a need to connect the air with the environment and subsequently with health. Interest has shifted from buildings being just energy-efficient, to be sustainable and provide a healthy environment – all at the same time.
And this was the moment when IEQ became a broader subject, connecting indoor quality (air, thermal comfort, lighting and visual comfort with acoustical conditions) with the environment in buildings and health / well-being / productivity of all people indoors.
So now you know that IEQ is more complex than IAQ.
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<urn:uuid:f4e044b1-d520-4b95-b591-b52f87e42450>
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://www.swegonairacademy.com/2021/06/23/transitioning-from-iaq-to-ieq/
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en
| 0.978638 | 515 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The DataType NodeClass describes the syntax of a Variable Value. DataTypes are defined using the DataType NodeClass, as specified in Table 16.
Table 16 – DataType NodeClass
|Base NodeClass Attributes||M||--||Inherited from the Base NodeClass. See 5.2.|
|IsAbstract||M||Boolean||A boolean Attribute with the following values: TRUE it is an abstract DataType. FALSE it is not an abstract DataType.|
|DataTypeDefinition||O||DataTypeDefinition||The DataTypeDefinition Attribute is used to provide the meta data and encoding information for custom DataTypes. The abstract DataTypeDefinition DataType is defined in 8.47. Structure and Union DataTypes The Attribute is mandatory for DataTypes derived from Structure and Union. For such DataTypes, the Attribute contains a structure of the DataType StructureDefinition. The StructureDefinition DataType is defined in 8.48. It is a subtype of DataTypeDefinition. Enumeration and OptionSet DataTypesThe Attribute is mandatory for DataTypes derived from Enumeration, OptionSet and subtypes of UInteger representing an OptionSet. For such DataTypes, the Attribute contains a structure of the DataType EnumDefinition. The EnumDefinition DataType is defined in 8.49. It is a subtype of DataTypeDefinition.|
|HasProperty||0..*||HasProperty References identify the Properties for the DataType.|
|HasSubtype||0..*||HasSubtype References may be used to span a data type hierarchy. The inverse Reference identifies the parent type of this type.|
|HasEncoding||0..*||HasEncoding References identify the encodings of the DataType represented as Objects of type DataTypeEncodingType. Only concrete Structured DataTypes may use HasEncoding References. Abstract, Built-in, Enumeration, and Simple DataTypes are not allowed to be the SourceNode of a HasEncoding Reference.Each concrete Structured DataType shall point to at least one DataTypeEncoding Object with the BrowseName “Default Binary” or “Default XML” having the NamespaceIndex 0. The BrowseName of the DataTypeEncoding Objects shall be unique in the context of a DataType, i.e. a DataType shall not point to two DataTypeEncodings having the same BrowseName.|
|NodeVersion||O||String||The NodeVersion Property is used to indicate the version of a Node.The NodeVersion Property is updated each time a Reference is added or deleted to the Node the Property belongs to. Attribute value changes do not cause the NodeVersion to change. Clients may read the NodeVersion Property or subscribe to it to determine when the structure of a Node has changed. Clients shall not use the content for programmatic purposes except for equality comparisions.|
|EnumStrings||O||LocalizedText||Enumeration DataTypes shall have either an EnumStrings Property or an EnumValues Property. They shall not be applied for other DataTypes.Each entry of the array of LocalizedText in this Property represents the human-readable representation of an enumerated value. The Integer representation of the enumeration value points to a position of the array.|
|EnumValues||O||EnumValueType||Enumeration DataTypes shall have either an EnumStrings Property or an EnumValues Property. They shall not be applied for other DataTypes. The EnumValues Property shall be used to represent Enumerations with integers that are not zero-based or have gaps (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16).Each entry of the array of EnumValueType in this Property represents one enumeration value with its integer notation, human-readable representation and help information.|
|OptionSetValues||O||LocalizedText||The OptionSetValues Property shall be applied to OptionSet DataTypes and UInteger DataTypes representing bit masks. An OptionSet DataType or UInteger DataType is used to represent a bit mask and the OptionSetValues Property contains the human-readable representation for each bit of the bit mask. The OptionSetValues Property shall provide an array of LocalizedText containing the human-readable representation for each bit.|
The DataType NodeClass inherits the base Attributes from the Base NodeClass defined in 5.2. The IsAbstract Attribute specifies if the DataType is abstract or not. Abstract DataTypes can be used in the AddressSpace, i.e. Variables and VariableTypes can point with their DataType Attribute to an abstract DataType. However, concrete values can never be of an abstract DataType and shall always be of a concrete subtype of the abstract DataType.
HasProperty References are used to identify the Properties of a DataType. The Property NodeVersion is used to indicate the version of the DataType. The Property EnumStrings contains human-readable representations of enumeration values and is only applied to Enumeration DataTypes. Instead of the EnumStrings Property an Enumeration DataType can also use the EnumValues Property to represent Enumerations with integer values that are not zero-based or containing gaps. There are no additional Properties defined for DataTypes in this standard. Additional parts of this series of standards may define additional Properties for DataTypes.
HasSubtype References may be used to expose a data type hierarchy in the AddressSpace. The semantic of subtyping is only defined to the point, that a Server may provide instances of the subtype instead of the DataType. Clients should not make any assumptions about any other semantic with that information. For example, it might not be possible to cast a value of one data type to its base data type. Servers need not provide HasSubtype References, even if their DataTypes span a type hierarchy, however it is required that the subtype provides the inverse Reference to its supertype. Some restrictions apply for subtyping enumeration DataTypes as defined in 8.14.
HasEncoding References point from the DataType to its DataTypeEncodings. Each concrete Structured DataType can point to many DataTypeEncodings, but each DataTypeEncoding shall belong to one DataType, that is, it is not permitted for two DataType Nodes to point to the same DataTypeEncoding Object using HasEncoding References. The DataTypeEncoding Node shall provide the inverse HasEncoding Reference to its DataType.
An abstract DataType is not the SourceNode of a HasEncoding Reference. The DataTypeEncoding of an abstract DataType is provided by its concrete subtypes.
DataType Nodes shall not be the SourceNode of other types of References. However, they may be the TargetNode of other References.
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<urn:uuid:5a4d5b6d-d72d-499e-af2d-c545a6a69c35>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://reference.opcfoundation.org/v105/Core/docs/Part3/5.8.3/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00598.warc.gz
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en
| 0.73698 | 1,447 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Removing a President using the 25th amendment would require a political apocalypse
Posted January 8, 2018 8:39 a.m. EST
WASHINGTON (CNN) — The 25th Amendment is back in the news so this bears repeating. Again. The type of event in which you could imagine President Donald Trump's Cabinet and his vice president engaging in a political mutiny against him and removing him from power using the 25th Amendment would require something like a presidential coma or a disagreement of such epic proportions as to threaten the fabric of the country or it's very existence.
It's hard to imagine.
The amendment was ratified in the wake of John F. Kennedy's assassination and debilitating illnesses of Dwight D. Eisenhower -- and it requires a crisis on that level to be enacted.
In order to remove Trump using the 25th Amendment, a majority of the Cabinet he personally selected, working with his own vice president, would have to agree he was no longer able be President and publicly make that declaration, in writing, and send it up to Congress. That's the first thing. (Note: Congress could appoint some other body to assess the President's fitness, but we're so far in uncharted territory, let's set that aside for the moment.)
Read the full amendment text at the National Constitution Center's website. They also have a number of articles on the amendment, some of which raise questions about its text. For instance, it doesn't use the term "Cabinet officials," but rather "principal officers of the executive department," so you can imagine the courts getting involved in a contentious process. And a further side note: the only time the amendment was briefly considered by a President's staffers was for Ronald Reagan, who staffers thought for a time was "inept and inattentive," according to a memo at the time. They ultimately moved on from the idea.
The Cabinet's Brutus knife in his back is not all it would take! Trump would then have the ability to publicly disagree, in writing. Wouldn't that be something. And if his Cabinet reasserted, within four days, "their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office," Congress would have to assemble within two days and two-thirds of both the House and Senate would have to vote to remove the President within 21 days. They're not known for moving quickly, but we're so far down a rabbit hole at this point.
Republicans -- Trump's party -- currently control both houses of Congress. That calculation could change after midterm elections, but it's virtually impossible for Democrats to get a two-thirds majority in either chamber. Republican lawmakers would have to turn on their own President.
Imagine all of that, for just a second. It's true that his critics like to question his mental fitness and have fed off recent reports quoting former allies like Steve Bannon, who has since tried to take it all back.
But the jump from the kind of chatter we're seeing today to a Cabinet mutiny is long indeed.
Multiple members of his Cabinet were touting his fitness this past weekend on TV shows when asked to comment about questions on his mental fitness.
Secretary of State Rex Tillerson: "I've never questioned his mental fitness," he told CNN's Elise Labott. "I have no reason to question his mental fitness."
CIA Director Mike Pompeo: "Those statements are just absurd," he said on "Fox News Sunday."
US Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley: "No one questions the stability of the President," she said on ABC's "This Week."
You get the idea. Those are some of the people who would have to turn on Trump. What would that take?
There are a few scenarios that leap to mind (and read the articles there by Brian Kalt and David Pozen for some more context) in which the 25th Amendment could be invoked:
The President was completely and totally incapacitated after a freak medical accident. The President goes missing, walks off the job or is kidnapped.
In either of these examples, the President would be unable to dispute the action of his Cabinet, so invoking the amendment would just take the Cabinet writing to Congress.
What about something like avoidable, imminent nuclear war? It's hard to imagine all of this happening quickly enough to be effective. You'd almost need his subordinates to willfully break the law and ignore his order to launch a nuclear attack -- or be prepared to -- to delay action in the heat of the moment. There could be precedent for that, by the way. Richard Nixon's defense secretary James Schlesinger later said that in the final days of the Nixon presidency, staffers had been instructed to check with him or then-Secretary of State Henry Kissinger before launching an attack.
Speaking of Nixon, impeachment, the serious idea of which also seems far-fetched at this point with regard to Trump, is written into the Constitution as a more appropriate avenue to remove a President.
So why are we talking about this? For the second time in recent months, reports out of the White House, unconfirmed by CNN, suggest a sort of paranoia about the 25th Amendment.
The first, back in October, was by Vanity Fair's Gabriel Sherman in an article titled "'I hate everyone in the White House!' Trump seethes as advisers fear the President is unraveling."
The kicker to that story, buried at the end, was about a focus in the West Wing, particularly by Bannon, on the 25th Amendment.
Here's the passage from that October article:
Several months ago, according to two sources with knowledge of the conversation, former chief strategist Steve Bannon told Trump that the risk to his presidency wasn't impeachment, but the 25th Amendment---the provision by which a majority of the Cabinet can vote to remove the president. When Bannon mentioned the 25th Amendment, Trump said, "What's that?" According to a source, Bannon has told people he thinks Trump has only a 30% chance of making it the full term.
Bannon was already out of the White House when that story was written. He also features prominently in "Fire and Fury: Inside the White House," the new sensational book by Michael Wolff, who told NBC News on Sunday the 25th Amendment is talked about a lot in the White House.
"This is, I think, not an exaggeration, and not unreasonable to say, this is 25th Amendment kind of stuff," Wolff said on "Meet the Press," adding that White House staffers brought it up "all the time."
"They would say ... we're not at a 25th Amendment level yet," Wolff said.
Yep. He's right. Unless there's some mass conspiracy nobody in the public knows about, we're a long, long, long way off.
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<urn:uuid:4d28be2f-4bdb-4bd5-83c3-c2cf257fc476>
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CC-MAIN-2021-10
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https://www.wral.com/removing-a-president-using-the-25th-amendment-would-require-a-political-apocalypse/17242249/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178389472.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309061538-20210309091538-00385.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983412 | 1,391 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Today, the whole world is celebrating International Women’s Day for the 101st time. The 1st Women’s Day was celebrated on March 19th, 1911. The whole idea to have a day dedicated to women was first established in Copenhagen in 1910 by Clara Zetkin. March 8th was chosen and kept as the official International Women’s Day in 1913. This day was officially recognized as an International holiday by United Nations in 1975.
Every year a different theme is dedicated for Women’s Day by various organizations and the UN. This year the theme is to “Empower Rural Women – End Hunger and Povertyâ€. Last year’s theme was “Equal access to education, training and science and technology: Pathways to decent work for women.â€
Below is an Infographic which tells the unique story of “The Reality of Her Day, Everyday” from the United Nations Foundation
- Happy International Women’s Day … thanks ladies! (etccreative.wordpress.com)
- ‘Womankind Arise!’ – Happy International Women’s Day (erraticmatter.wordpress.com)
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<urn:uuid:2b4083dd-e5d2-49f5-bbca-6a6c1041b3bb>
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CC-MAIN-2022-49
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https://macjordangh.com/infographic-the-reality-of-her-day-everyday-iwd-2/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710909.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202150823-20221202180823-00837.warc.gz
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en
| 0.932206 | 264 | 3.171875 | 3 |
I love to help others, but like many people today, I don't have a huge bank account that allows me to make large donations to charities. I still try to donate items I can afford to the needy, and two items that are always appreciated by local food banks are toothpaste and toothbrushes. These two items can make huge differences in the lives of needy people who cannot afford them, as it helps them keep their teeth healthy now and avoid expensive dental bills in the future. Remember that giving does not have to mean donating large sums of money to charities. I created this blog to remind people that giving dental care items to the needy can be a great contribution to society that anyone can afford.
An important developmental step in your baby's life is teething. This represents a concrete step toward childhood and growing older. As a parent, taking care of your baby's health and furthering their development is one of your sources of joy, There are so many competing sources of advice about how to raise your child and manage aspects of their growth and development. It can make it confusing to make important decisions regarding your baby's health. Always consult with medical professionals when it comes to making decisions about your baby's healthy future. Here are three assumptions that negatively affect your baby's oral health.
Assumption # 1: Your baby doesn't need to go to the dentist.
The Canadian Dental Association recommends bringing your baby in to see the dentist by their first birthday. There are plenty of reasons why this is beneficial. The dentist is able to ascertain if your baby's oral hygiene routine requires improvement and can also spot the beginning stages of tooth decay. Although baby teeth are not permanent, your child will still have them until they are almost a teenager, so it is important to keep them healthy. Establishing a relationship with the dentist early on also teaches your baby to trust this medical professional.
Assumption # 2: You can't pass on tooth decay to your baby.
Your baby's new teeth are incredibly vulnerable to bacteria. The enamel is soft, so it is easy for them to get cavities should bacteria attack. You can transmit a bacteria known as Streptococcus mutans to your baby when sharing food off of the same fork or spoon. This bacteria is rampant in adults that are prone to dental caries and can attack your baby's brand new teeth. It is possible for babies and toddlers to develop tooth decay early, leading to many dental complications in early childhood. To avoid spreading bacteria, feed your child with separate utensils, do not blow on their food, and keep separate toothbrushes.
Assumption # 3: You don't need to introduce a toothbrush during teething.
It may seem silly to introduce a toothbrush into your baby's hygiene routine before they even have teeth, but you should start oral hygiene rituals as soon as your baby starts teething. Use a soft bristled toothbrush and warm water to clean your baby's gums. This stimulates their gums and also keeps them clean. As new teeth erupt, your baby's tender gums are exposed to bacterial infections.
To learn more, contact a business like Sante Dental,
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|Church and Synagogue were common allegorical figures in the Middle Ages. Draped females, they are ways of representing the transition from the Old Law to the New. Church typically wears a crown, carries a cross, and holds a chalice, representing the Redeemer's blood.|
Details of Church
|Synagogue is always a blindfolded figure, the blindfold representing moral or spiritual blindness or darkness, sin, and ignorance. Often a crown falls from the inclined head of Synagogue and the Tables of the Law fall from her hands.|
Details of Synagogue
Click here to return to places index.
Click here to return to index of artists and architects.
Click here to return to chronological index.
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Please help me complete an analysis of Facebook and its relation to economics. Be sure to discuss how Facebook has both impacted and been impacted by the technological and other changes that comprise a low-friction economy as well as in terms of supply and demand, elasticity, and other basic economic disciplines. Also, help me find proper outside sources for this topic and create footnotes and a proper bibliography.
With its numerous features, Facebook has created a niche of its own. It has even swallowed other competing social networking sites. Whether we like it or not, Facebook has already influence the world's economic geography.
Morejon (2010) compiled economic facts about Facebook:
1. There are 500,000,000+ users of Facebook. Of those, 200 million users use it daily for an average of 55 minutes a day. If those users were all working for $5 an hour instead of going on Facebook, they would collectively earn $916,000,000 a day.
2. In Q1 2010, 176 billion display ads were posted on Facebook, 16 percent of the display ad market. Facebook says its advertisers have quadrupled since 2009.
3. If Facebook were a country, it would be the third most populous in the world after China and India. Today's valuation of Facebook is $7.9-$11 billion.
Facebook estimates that it benefits the UK to the tune of more than £2bn a year, including the development of an almost £500m "app economy" that has ...
The solution analyzes the famous social networking site--Facebook.
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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https://brainmass.com/economics/technology/facebook-impact-of-technology-and-economics-466955
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| 0.956692 | 319 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Predictions of most human protein structures made freely available
A a good understanding of the structure of a protein can shed crucial light on the mechanism of certain biological processes or provide a starting point for the development of a new drug. AlphaFold, a program from British artificial intelligence firm DeepMind, has made significant progress in reducing the time it takes to predict a protein’s structure from months to minutes with unmatched accuracy. Now an article published on July 22 in Nature reports that a collaboration between AlphaFold and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) has created a publicly accessible database containing more than 350,000 protein structures.
“This understanding means that we can be better equipped to unravel the molecular mechanisms of life and accelerate our efforts to protect and treat human health, as well as the health of our planet, and making this open-access tool will accelerate the power of discovery of research and innovation for scientists around the world, âsaid Edith Heard, Executive Director of EMBL The Guardian.
The human proteome, that is, all the proteins that human DNA is known to encode, consists of around 20,000 proteins. Laboratory analysis confirmed the structures of only about 17% of these molecules. Before the advent of modern neural networks and computer processors, computer predictions of structures were time consuming and often inaccurate. DeepMind reports that the new database includes structures for 98.5% of the human proteome with confidence or a high degree of confidence for accuracy. Proteins of 20 model organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, are also included in the database, bringing the total to 350,000 structures.
See “DeepMind AI speeds up the time to determine protein structures”
Last December, AlphaFold won the biennial Critical appraisal of protein structure prediction (CASP), becoming the first program to exceed 90 percent accuracy. This has already been a boon for some scientists who have used AlphaFold in their research.
âIt’s just the speed, the fact that it took us six months per structure and now it takes a few minutes. We couldn’t really have predicted it would happen so quickly, âsaid structural biologist John McGeehan of the University of Portsmouth. BBC. âWhen we first sent our seven sequences to the DeepMind team, two of them already had the experimental structures. We were therefore able to test them on their return. It was one of those times – to be honest – where the hairs stood on the back of my neck because the structures [AlphaFold] products were identical.
DeepMind says it will be able to expand the database from 350,000 structures to 130 million by the end of this year.
Beyond the exploration of existing proteins, Nature reports, access to this treasure could also facilitate the development of synthetic proteins, as it could be more reliably predicted how they will interact with other proteins.
AlphaFold is not the only protein folding program. For example, RoseTTAFold, which was inspired by AlphaFold, relies on this technology to calculate information in different ways. It was released to the public last week and its creators say they expect it to benefit from the new database.
âIt’s fantastic that they made this available,â said David Baker, one of the architects of RoseTTAFold. Science. “It will really increase the pace of research.”
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Relationship between placental site and birth weight of the human infant;
The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a relationship exists between the uterine placental site and the birth weight of infants delivered from a low risk population and to establish the Doppler as a reliable instrument for placental localization before delivery. The sample consisted of 26 Caucasian primiparous and multiparous women who were delivering a full-term infant by elective Cesarian section. Twenty-one of the 26 infants were considered for statistical analysis. Sixteen women were examined for location of the placenta with the Doppler before delivery. There was no significant relationship between placental site, segment and wall and infant birth weight. However, a significant correlation was found between placental site and birth length, placental weight, infant's gestational age, and maternal gravida. A comparison was made between placental site and the mean value for maternal gravida and months since last pregnancy, infant's gestational age on Dubowitz assessment, placental weight, birth weight, length, and occipital frontal circumference (OFC). It was noted that the greatest birth weight for placental site was associated with an anterior/ posterior fundal position and the second ranking birth weight with a placental site in the upper uterine segment on the anterior/posterior wall. The agreement between the placenta localization with the Doppler before delivery and manual removal varied considerably. When the placenta was located in the fundus on the anterior wall, 100% accuracy was achieved, 70% with an upper uterine segment posterior wall placental site, 50% with a posterior fundal site, 30% with an anterior upper uterine segment site, and 0% accuracy with an anterior lower uterine segment site.
University of Utah;
Placenta; Birth Weight;
University of Utah;
Relation-Is Version Of
Digital reproduction of “Relationship between placental site and birth weight of the human infant.” Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library. Print version of “Relationship between placental site and birth weight of the human infant.” available at J. Willard Marriott Library Special Collection. RG 41.5 1979 L46.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/etd1/id/210
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en
| 0.916897 | 462 | 2.546875 | 3 |
An Introduction to Nonfiction
- Grades: 1–2
- Discover common features of nonfiction.
- Compare nonfiction and fiction books on the same topic.
- Create a fiction/nonfiction Venn diagram.
Lesson Plans for this Unit
Lesson 1: Finding Nonfiction Features
Lesson 2: Mixed Bags: Fiction and Nonfiction
After the class has completed the last lesson, Comparing and Contrasting Fiction and Nonfiction, it should be clear that they've developed a clear understanding of the differences between the two. As you continue to read nonfiction books, make sure that the students are maintaining an understanding of the features of nonfiction and how these features allow the reader to read the content differently. The Venn diagram will help the students clearly see the difference between nonfiction and fiction and will help them become abler readers of nonfiction.
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http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/introduction-nonfiction
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| 0.919799 | 180 | 4.3125 | 4 |
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