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or email Dental Excellence of Blue Bell
to schedule an appointment with Dr. Kenneth Siegel.
Do Metal Amalgam Fillings Contain Mercury?
Yes. In fact, they more than contain it, they are 50% mercury by weight. The rest of the filling is made up of a powder of silver, copper, and tin (itself a toxic metal).
Mercury is a liquid metal, and the process of making metal amalgam fillings is like making a mud pie. The liquid mercury is mixed with the powder until it creates a shapeable paste, which is then jammed into your tooth.
The problem is that mercury, like water, evaporates, so metal fillings give off mercury vapor that you inhale on a daily basis. Mercury also migrates through your teeth and into your bloodstream.
Are Silver Mercury Fillings Harmful?
The short answer is we don’t know. The FDA and others are convinced that mercury exposure from metal amalgam fillings is not harmful. You can read the 2009 FDA statement on metal amalgam fillings to see what they recommend. The statement is largely based on a 2004 survey of research that says there is “little evidence” of the dangers posed by mercury from amalgam fillings.
However, we do know that mercury is toxic, and we know that mercury doesn’t stay in your fillings. In the 1980s, researchers gave a pregnant sheep metal amalgam fillings marked with radioactive mercury (which doesn’t occur in nature). They killed the sheep 30 days later, removed the filling and looked at the presence of radioactive mercury in the sheep’s body. They found that in 30 days the mercury had migrated to the jawbone, and was also found in significant concentrations in the liver, kidneys, and digestive tract. In fact, all the tissues in the body were exposed to mercury, including the developing fetus. An experiment with a monkey gave the same results.
The amount of mercury exposure a person receives from dental fillings depends on the number of surfaces of metal amalgam they have. Two different studies in the 1990s estimated the number of fillings necessary to create a harmful exposure. One study estimated that a person would need to have 450 fillings to receive a toxic exposure. Another study concluded that adults might receive toxic exposure from as few as 2 metal amalgam fillings. More recent analysis suggests that the number of surfaces that can lead to toxic exposure is 6 for children, 8 for adults and older teens.
Again, the FDA has concluded that metal amalgam fillings are safe. Other regulatory agencies are not so sure. Germany, Austria, and Canada have said metal amalgam fillings should not be used on children and high-risk populations. Sweden and Denmark have banned all mercury-containing substances, including dental amalgam.
The Environmental Effects of Mercury in Dental Amalgam
We may not know whether dental amalgam is harmful to people, but we do know it is harmful to the environment, and may result in as much or more harmful exposure indirectly as it does directly.
The use of metal amalgam fillings in dentistry created 40 to 50 tons of mercury a year during the early 2000s. How dangerous is this amount of mercury? An annual deposition of only 12.5 micrograms per year can contaminate a square meter of fresh water lake and make the fish in the lake too toxic to eat. Forty tons of mercury is equal to 36,287,389—36 million grams!—enough mercury to contaminate almost three trillion square meters of fresh water, or more than 700 million acres, the equivalent of 25 times the surface area of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron combined.
Clearly, the potential environmental impact of dental amalgam fillings is huge, and is a major reason why they are being banned in other countries. It is also why we should move away from using them.
Mercury-Free Fillings at our Philadelphia Dental Office
At Dental Excellence of Blue Bell, Dr. Kenneth Siegel uses only tooth-colored fillings, including both ceramic fillings and composite plastic ones. These are not only safer for our patients and the environment, they are more attractive and more functional.
If you are concerned about mercury fillings and want to either remove mercury fillings or get new fillings at a mercurcy-free practice in Philadelphia, please call us at (610) 272-0828 or contact Dental Excellence of Blue Bell today for an appointment. | <urn:uuid:cfe9f5ea-07b1-475c-8415-30af92709800> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.dentalexcellenceofbluebell.com/remove-mercury-fillings-dr-oz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316194.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821194752-20190821220752-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.938137 | 923 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Filtration Options for Your New Aquarium
The most important piece of equipment to set up in your new aquarium is your filtration system. Filters are essential for maintaining a clean and healthy environment and therefore keeping your fish healthy! Here are the main types of filtration you'll need to have in your aquarium.
Mechanical filtration is the simplest type of filtration. It simply removes debris and particles from your water by passing it through foam or some other type of spongy material that traps it and prevents it from re-entering your tank. It's really important to replace the filter's foam or sponge pad and clean it regularly as failure to do so will affect how well the filter works. If left for too long without being emptied, the debris in your filter could begin to decompose and harmful toxins could enter your tank water.
This is the most important filtration process for your aquarium. It doesn't actually involve physically filtering anything out of your tank water, but instead involves cultivating a colony of beneficial bacteria to turn ammonia into non-harmful substances so they can be removed when you change your water. These bacteria therefore help to maintain the nitrogen cycle, which is really important for the health of your fish.
While mechanical and biological filtration are both vital, chemical filtration is an extra option for your aquarium. Chemical filtration refers to adding any filtering substance that is designed to change the chemical composition of the water, but usually refers to adding activated carbon. Activated carbon pulls dissolved waste products and minerals from the water by trapping them. It also helps to remove odor. Although you can have a healthy aquarium without chemical filtration, you'll need to change the water very frequently - so having chemical filtration is usually much easier!
A canister filter provides the best of all worlds, as it will carry out all three types of filtration. They can also filter large amounts of water quickly so are great for large tanks. The canister filter uses a tube to suck water from the tank into the canister where it goes through several layers of powerful mechanical filtration, and then through chemical and biological filtration before the water is pushed back into the tank. Try All Pond Solutions for a range of canister filters in a range of prices to suit your tank size and budget.
Keeping Your Tank Healthy
Correct filtration and regular cleaning really are vital to maintaining healthy water for your fish, so you need to know that you're doing it right. It might seem a bit of a hassle to choose and set up your filtration system, but once you have you can be confident that your fish are healthy and happy in their tank and you can really enjoy your new aquarium. | <urn:uuid:ce0b6aa8-91e6-4f7c-8b75-11c63f30c71c> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.aboutfishonline.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558067496.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150107-00098-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947534 | 560 | 2.671875 | 3 |
How did Europeans prevail in conquering the so-called New World and beyond? For several years scholars have seen an answer to that question in the "Guns, Germs, and Steel" theories of experts like Jared Diamond; namely, that because of superior technology and the introduction of catastrophic disease into the Americas, Europeans succeeded in conquering and colonizing the indigenous peoples. But other historians, including the experts in this volume, think the "Guns and Germs" theories too facile and oversimplified. Noted military historian George Raudzens assembles an international team of scholars in Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquests, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries to look at the other side of the coin. The "conquered" may actually have had superior technology, including better communication and transportation; and the effects of disease were equally devastating upon the invaders and the invaded. Myriad factors not explained by the Guns and Germs theories contributed to the success of European colonization. This volume keeps an open mind to those. This publication has also been published in hardback, please click here for details.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
During the 1960s, scholars changed their explanation for the European conquest of the world from racial and ethnic superiority to European combat advance because of guns, and epidemic disease caused by the lack of Euroasian immunities in the New WorldAbout the Author:
George Raudzens is Research Associate, formerly Associate Professor of History, at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. He has written many journal articles on European imperial and military history and his other books are The British Ordnance Department and Canada's Canals, 1815-1855 (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1979) and Empires. Europe and Globalization, 1492-1788 (Sutton Publishing Limited, 1999).
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Still Sealed in Plastic. Never used!. Bookseller Inventory # mon0000613757
Book Description Brill Academic Pub, U.S.A., 2003. Soft cover. Book Condition: New. 1st Edition. NEW Book, perfect condition, cover/text completely pristine. No physical flaws. FREE TRACKING within the US, and email notice when shipped. Normally, books are shipped twice a day, with afternoon USPS pickup, or next morning drop-off at the Post Office. We package on Sunday for shipment first thing Monday morning. Your satisfaction guaranteed. We have multiple copies of most books. Email inquiries are welcomed. Thanks for reading all of our boilerplate. Bookseller Inventory # 011083
Book Description Brill, 2003. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # P110391042068
Book Description Brill, 2003. Paperback. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # 0391042068
Book Description Brill Academic Pub, 2003. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0391042068
Book Description BRILL, 2003. Paperback. Book Condition: NEW. 9780391042063 This listing is a new book, a title currently in-print which we order directly and immediately from the publisher. Bookseller Inventory # HTANDREE0137986
Book Description see description. Book Condition: New. This item might Printed on Demand, please check. ISBN: 9780391042063. Publisher : BRILL. Editor : George Raudzens. Publication date: 01-Aug-2003. Binding: Hardback. Number of pages: 332. Bookseller Inventory # HGB-10802 | <urn:uuid:d8fadcc2-1e48-4afe-af18-cd3cdd7aa211> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.abebooks.com/9780391042063/Technology-Disease-Colonial-Conquests-Sixteenth-0391042068/plp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186891.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00008-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892892 | 762 | 2.578125 | 3 |
‘Urgent policy action needed’: UN unveils draft Paris-style plan to halt biodiversity loss
Eliminating all plastic pollution and ending $500bn of annual government subsidies that harm nature are among the targets in a UN draft plan for averting Earth's sixth mass extinction.
The draft plan has been released today (12 July) by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), following pre-talks for the 15th Biodiversity COP in Kunming, China, this October. The final text will be negotiated by world leaders at that convention.
The plan states that “urgent political action” is needed “globally, regionally and nationally to transform economic, social and financial models so that the trends that have exacerbated biodiversity loss will stabilise in the next ten years and allow for the recovery of natural ecosystems in the following 20 years”.
The document notes that biodiversity loss will need to be halted by 2030 and a net-positive impact delivered thereafter. The draft plan targets a tenfold reduction in extinction rates and a halving of the risk of species extinctions by 2030.
Outlined in the plan are several policy “milestones”. On closing the financing gap for nature, for example, there is a commitment to progressively delivering at least $700bn in additional financing annually by 2030. Finance will come from governments and the private sector. Further targets will then be developed for the 2030s.
There are additionally 21 “action-oriented targets”, concerning specific policy moves, and overarching policy recommendations, including “fully accounting” for nature and its contribution to humanity in all relevant public and private decisions, as per the recommendations of the recent Dasgupta Review.
Action-oriented targets all have 2030 deadlines and are applicable globally. The framework includes commitments to:
- Beginning restoration on at least 20% of freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, by area size
- Protecting at least 30% of land and sea, by area size
- Halving the rate of introduction and establishment of invasive species
- Eliminating all plastic waste pollution
- Reducing pesticide-related pollution by two thirds
- Halving nutrient loss
- Eradicating climate mitigation efforts with negative impacts on biodiversity
- Increase access to green and blue spaces in urban areas
- Redirecting, repurposing, reforming or eliminating all government incentive schemes with links to biodiversity harm, reaching $500bn per year
To this latter point, some green groups had been calling for a redirection of up to $1trn of subsidies. The UN has not yet defined which kinds of incentives should be included under the new target in a blanket approach.
The only one of these targets that had been in the public domain before the draft plan was published was the 30% target for conservation. Aside from preventing species loss and improving the ability of habitats to sequester carbon, meeting the 30% target is likely to provide a $500bn economic boost, according to one major study.
However, there are concerns around how governments will define habitats as ‘protected’ or ‘restored’. The Wildlife Trusts estimates that 68% of the Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Wales and 60% in England are significantly degraded. The proportions for Northern Ireland and Scotland stand at 39% and 35% respectively. Moreover, some NGOs are warning that some governments could meet the 30% target in ways that impede the rights of indigenous peoples.
The risks associated with not protecting and restoring nature are becoming more profound. According to the World Economic Forum (WEF), $44trn – more than half of global GDP – is exposed to risks from nature loss. Similar research from WWF found that nature loss will cost the global economy at least £8trn by 2050 without transformational action from the public and private sectors, alongside governments.
Between 1980 and 2013 there were 12,012 recorded virus outbreaks globally. Factors spurring this trend are various and have been linked to a rise in trade and global connectivity and increased travel. As those factors rise, biodiversity falls, which is the crux of the issue.
Deforestation is linked to 31% of outbreaks such as Ebola, and the Zika and Nipah viruses. It assists in driving animals into human populations and away from their natural habitat, which in turn accelerates the spread of “zoonotic” diseases. Viruses like Zika, malaria and dengue fever have all been accelerated by climate change, according to the World Health Organisation.
Once agreed, the final plan will be adopted by the 196 parties to the UN CBD, It is hoped that the framework will have a similar impact on the biodiversity conversation as the Paris Agreement did for climate. Notably, the 20 previous UN biodiversity targets – the Aichi Targets – were not met.
edie Explains: Biodiversity and Business
What is the relationship between biodiversity and business? What are the operational challenges and opportunities surrounding biodiversity? And what steps can be taken to reverse nature loss and restore natural habitats?
Our free edie Explains guide, produced in association with the Woodland Trust, answers all of those key questions and more. Click here to download your copy.
Sarah George and Matt Mace
© Faversham House Ltd 2023 edie news articles may be copied or forwarded for individual use only. No other reproduction or distribution is permitted without prior written consent.
Please login or Register to leave a comment. | <urn:uuid:402f5b07-424f-4b7e-b708-e6ef345a13f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.edie.net/urgent-policy-action-needed-un-unveils-draft-paris-style-plan-to-halt-biodiversity-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655244.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609000217-20230609030217-00793.warc.gz | en | 0.940021 | 1,123 | 3.15625 | 3 |
WHETHER we are searching the cosmos or probing the subatomic realm, our most successful theories lead to the inescapable conclusion that our universe is just a speck in a vast sea of universes.
Until recently many physicists were reluctant to accept the idea of this so-called multiverse. Recent progress in cosmology, string theory and quantum mechanics, though, has brought about a change of heart. “The multiverse is not some kind of optional thing, like can you supersize or not,” says Raphael Bousso, a theoretical physicist at the University of California, Berkeley. Our own cosmological history, he says, tells us that “it’s there and we need to deal with it”.
These days researchers like Bousso are treating multiverses as real, investigating them, testing them and seeing what they say about our universe. One of their main motivations is the need to explain why the physical laws underlying our universe seem so finely tuned as to allow galaxies, stars, planets, complex chemistry, life – and us – to exist. Rather than appealing to God or blind luck, some argue that our existence sets parameters that reliably pluck universes like ours from the bottomless grab-bag of the multiverse.
Yet there is a problem. Different theories spin off very different kinds of multiverses. Our current standard theory of how the universe came to be, for example, predicts an infinite expanse of other universes, including an infinite number in which duplicates of you are reading this sentence and wondering if those other versions of you really exist. Meanwhile, string theory, which hoped to derive the particles, forces and constants of our universe from … | <urn:uuid:625626e1-c844-49b5-8f10-7a451945601b> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228402-200-ultimate-guide-to-the-multiverse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651780.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325025050-20180325045050-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.934455 | 346 | 3.046875 | 3 |
What exactly is the p-value of a question? Converted into a percentage (* 100), the p-value indicates the percentage of candidates that answered the item correctly. If you have a high p-value, the question is relatively easy and almost every candidate got it right. If you have a low p-value, the question has been too difficult. In that case the proportion of candidates who got the question right is too low.
If you want to make a good test, you have to make sure there is a good balance between the question types. A test should not be too difficult, but also not too easy. A good p-value varies according to the number of answer possibilities. You can use the table below as a guideline:
Suppose you have a question in your test that is answered by 100 students. You perform a statistical analysis by calculating the number of correct answers. Suppose 60% of the candidates get the question right, then there is a p-value of 0.60.
Would you like to know more about the p-value or other statistics related to tests? Our colleagues will be happy to help you. Would you like to know more about digital assessment? Then check out our knowledge center. You can follow us on LinkedIn to stay up to date with developments in digital testing. | <urn:uuid:2a27c94b-ff9e-4ba6-95ac-a492c4e2854e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.optimumassessment.com/en/inspiration/what-is-the-p-value-of-a-question | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474470.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223221041-20240224011041-00728.warc.gz | en | 0.962951 | 265 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The Middle Ages is a periodisation of European history, encompassing the period from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the Renaissance in the 15th century.
The Middle Ages (adjectival form: medieval or mediæval) is a periodisation of European history, encompassing the period from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern period. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classical, Medieval and Modern, reflecting the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning, a path later reconnected by Renaissance scholarship.
In the Early Middle Ages the trends of Late Antiquity — depopulation, deurbanisation, and increased barbarian invasion — continued. North Africa and the Middle East, once part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, became Islamic. The Migration Period or Völkerwanderung was a period of intensified human migration around AD 400 to 800 with Germanic peoples moving into formerly-Roman territories, then being pushed west by Huns, Avars, Slavs and others. Later in the period, the establishment of feudalism allowed a move away from subsistence agriculture. There was sustained urbanisation in Northern and Western Europe.
During the High Middle Ages (c. 1000–1300), Christian-oriented art and architecture flourished and The Crusades were mounted to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. The influence of the emerging nation state was tempered by the ideal of an international Christendom. Codes of chivalry and courtly love set rules for proper behavior, while the Scholastic philosophers attempted to reconcile faith and reason. In a kind of reverse of the Migration Period, the Ostsiedlung saw Germanic peoples settle across Central and Eastern Europe, broadly from Slovenia to Estonia, and eastwards into Transylvania.
Outstanding achievement in this period includes the Code of Justinian, the mathematics of Fibonacci and Oresme, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and Gothic architecture, particularly of cathedrals such as Chartres. The establishment of castles and universities was also notable in this period.
Europe in AD 400
Europe in AD 1500
Sources and further reading:
- Middle Ages on the English Wikipedia
- Decline of the Western Roman Empire on the English Wikipedia
- Early Middle Ages on the English Wikipedia
- Migration Period on the English Wikipedia
- High Middle Ages on the English Wikipedia
- The Crusades on the English Wikipedia
Ostsiedlung on the English Wikipedia
Byzantine Empire on the English Wikipedia
- Holy Roman Empire on the English Wikipedia
- Kalmar Union on the English Wikipedia
- United Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania on the English Wikipedia
- Ottoman Empire on the English Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:95470575-6120-4d68-9445-88942739adf5> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://history.stackexchange.com/tags/middle-ages/info | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701962902.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195242-00206-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898596 | 608 | 3.859375 | 4 |
By 1926, as a result of federal and state predator control efforts, gray wolves (Canis lupus) were officially extirpated from Yellowstone National Park, WY. In the ensuing decades, our understanding of large predators and their role in healthy ecosystems changed, and Northern Rocky Mountain wolves were eventually listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1973.
With ESA listing came the goal of restoring wolves to their historic range, and in 1995 and 1996, following many years of public planning and input, a total of 31 wolves, captured in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada, were reintroduced to Yellowstone. Wolves flourished amidst Yellowstone's abundant prey and expansive, protected wilderness.
Wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone was part of the much larger Northern Rocky Mountain wolf recovery effort. This included a simultaneous wolf reintroduction in central Idaho and ongoing protection for a naturally recovering population in northwest Montana.
By 2002 the US Fish and Wildlife Service's recovery goals were met: the Northern Rockies were now home to 30 breeding wolf pairs, uniformly distributed throughout these three Rocky Mountain recovery areas for three successive years.
Delisting in Montana and Idaho took place in 2009, followed by a brief relisting, and final delisting throughout Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming in 2011 and 2012. While Yellowstone's portion of the wolf population remains protected within its boundaries, a regulated wolf hunting and trapping season now takes place throughout Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, including in areas adjacent to the National Parks.
Photo by NPS
To facilitate monitoring and research, all of the wolves brought from Canada were radio-collared before their release into Yellowstone. This tradition of research continues today; each year the Yellowstone Wolf Project puts out radio collars with the goal of maintaining radio contact with all wolf packs within the park.
The information collected during collaring and regular monitoring has allowed the Wolf Project to study survival, reproduction, dispersal and distribution, sociality and genetics, disease, and predation on ungulates.
Extensive annual summaries are supplied in the Wolf Project's Annual Reports (http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/wolves.htm). | <urn:uuid:b16e3a0b-4db6-4287-a5ee-7db26c290631> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.yellowstonewolf.org/yellowstone_wolf_history.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743216.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116214920-20181117000920-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.945862 | 437 | 4.375 | 4 |
How to Read A Contract as An Entrepreneur (Who Didn't Go to Law School)
Aug 12, 2017
When you operate a business, contracts are as common as the air that you breathe.
You enter contracts by clicking “I Agree” buttons on websites, and by selling products and services to your customers.
A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more persons for a particular purpose.
Contracts can be done verbally or in writing. The problem for a business owner with a verbal contract is that if is more difficult to enforce because you may not remember or be able to prove all of the terms that were agreed to.
What if a supplier presents you with a “standard” contract that they routinely use with companies they deal with. Does this mean that you should just sign it?
At the very least, you should understand what you is agreeing to in the contract. At best, you can find a few important items in the contract and improve your business’ position through proper drafting and negotiation.
What to look for:
- Parties – You should make sure that your business is properly identified in the contract. If your business is incorporated, the company (not the owner personally) will sign the contract. The owner or signing officer signs on behalf of the company.
- Term – When will the contract begin and end? Will it be possible to renew the contract? Can the contract be terminated if things are not working out?
- Price – Is there a fixed price list for devices to be supplied? What if the cost for these devices increases?
- Scope – The contract should clearly set out the scope of the products and any related services to be delivered. Any ambiguity or disagreements should be resolved before the contract is signed.
- Payment – You will want to be clear about how much and how your business will get paid. This should all be clearly stated in the contract, including payment terms, payment methods, refund policy, deposits, etc.
- Risk Allocation – Think about all of the things that could go wrong. What does the contract say if these things happen? How can you protect your business if any of these things happen? What if certain products become unavailable? What if the supplier goes out of business?
- Legalese – Don’t just skip over the legalese. Clauses dealing with such things as force majeure, attornment, governing laws and assignment could be important in how they apply to you. If you don’t understand these, ask someone who does. | <urn:uuid:4e393a19-b2f3-4316-83b7-91e0a4ee2da7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.onlinelegalessentials.ca/blog/how-to-read-a-contract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585204.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018155442-20211018185442-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.9564 | 525 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Proctoscopy is a common medical procedure in which an instrument called a Proctoscope (also known as a Rectoscope, although the latter may be a bit longer) is used to examine the anal cavity, rectum or sigmoid colon.
Colonoscopy is a test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining of your large intestine (Rectum and Colon). He or she uses a thin, flexible tube called a Colonoscope to look at the colon, A Colonoscopy helps find ulcers, colon polyps, tumors, and areas of inflammation or bleeding
The Sigmoid Colon is the final portion of the bowel that is joined to the rectum. A Sigmoidoscope is a small tube with an attached light source about the thickness of your finger, A doctor or nurse inserts the Sigmoidoscope into the anus and pushes it slowly into the rectum and Sigmoid Colon. This allows the doctor or nurse to see the lining of the Rectum and Sigmoid Colon. | <urn:uuid:ee2c0f4f-4bde-45d9-8193-411348f9f8c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://alshifahealthcare.com/protoscopy-colonoscopy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687834.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921172227-20170921192227-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.917426 | 208 | 3.234375 | 3 |
"Preschool depression" will likely soon join parents' "what-to-worry-about lexicon," alongside ADHD and other disorders unheard of 30 years ago, says Pamela Paul in an in-depth New York Times Magazine investigation. Though many experts maintain that toddlers are too psychologically immature to experience depression, a growing number of child psychologists believe it can hit children as young as 2 or 3 — and that treating the condition immediately can rewire the brain in a way that diminishes the problem later on. Here are five signs to look out for in your toddler:
1. Inability to experience joy or pleasure
Many symptoms of preschool depression "look a lot like those in older people," Paul says, citing research by Washington University School of Medicine child psychiatrist Joan Luby. But they manifest differently. For example, anhedonia, the inability to enjoy pleasurable activities (and, incidentally, the working title of Woody Allen's Annie Hall) shows up in adults as a loss of libido; in toddlers, it might be noted as an indifference to once-beloved toys.
2. Morbid play
Another adult depression symptom that gets "downsized" in toddlers is "suicidal ideation," says Paul. Instead of considering killing themselves, toddlers may "orchestrate scenarios around violence or death."
3. Frustrated outbursts that stem from sadness
Misery and abject sadness that lasts for long stretches, in different places, and with different people, is "the most obvious and pervasive symptom" of preschool depression, Paul says. One worrisome clue is that the child is frequently unable to process or resolve the sadness, and lashes out in frustration and self-criticism.
One "biological marker" of childhood depression is a rise in the stress-related hormone cortisol during fraught situations, and the failure of those levels to recover in normal fashion. In adults, cortisol spikes can also indicate an anxiety disorder, a condition that is often entwined with depression. Children with preschool depression are more than four times as likely to develop clinical anxiety by school age, according to Helen Egger, a Duke University child psychiatrist and epidemiologist.
5. Another behavioral disorder
Further complicating things, Egger has found that three-quarters of the depressed kids she's studied also have some other disorder such as ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) — which are both symptomatically similar to depression. Luby discovered that 40 percent of her depressed-toddler subjects have ADHD or ODD, and those disruptive disorders often masked the depression. | <urn:uuid:9348813b-b8ef-428a-bab3-53cc93a708e6> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://theweek.com/articles/491456/5-signs-toddler-depressed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737875203.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221755-00031-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957829 | 521 | 2.828125 | 3 |
If you've ever played a video game, participated in an MMORPG, or been part of the many online worlds out there, then you are familiar with the idea of superimposing text or graphics on top of a scene. This lets you move around and interact inside of the virtual environment while viewing critical information about what is going on around you, such as damaged sustained or ammo remaining while in a battle situation.
These types of displays are known as heads-up displays, or HUDs, because they let you keep your "head up" while you're navigating your way through the world. They are similar to the dashboard in your car, which places all of the visual indicators in a single location that is close to your field of view, usually below or above the scene. But unlike a dashboard, a HUD display can place text or graphics directly on the screen at any point, and can be arranged in ways that minimize the eye movement required.
While this is great when working with video games and online worlds, what's really exciting is the notion of extending this same technology into reality. This can evidently be accomplished through special lenses, with components that generate the text and images, and then focus it at a different point on your eye than the surrounding light, so that everything appears in focus to you. Like so many other advances, what used to be considered science fiction may soon become commonplace.
A company called Innovega is already working with the military to develop special contact lenses and glasses that will let soldiers see information in front of them as they move around...sort of a reality-based HUD or dashboard. This technology is expected to be available to the public by 2014! Also, Google has thrown its hat into the ring with Project Glass, something only in the planning stages at this point but that would provide the same type of experience. Check out this concept video, showing what Google envisions their product could do:
While the prospect of this is very exciting, I see it opening the door for some potential problems. For example, what would keep students from using this as a way to cheat on exams? Or how unnerving might it be to think that someone could be going through information on you while you are standing there talking to them? In any case, it is a fascinating idea that I'm sure will have many practical applications.
You can read more about these developments here:
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When writing a dissertation or thesis, the results and discussion sections can be both the most interesting as well as the most challenging sections to write you may choose to write discussion section see our pages: analysing qualitative data and simple statistical analysis for more information on analysing your results. Review of the literature (sections c & d): how does your study fit in with previous research and theory in the area do not organize your review study-by-study or paper-by-paper that is, do not have if previous research has been mostly quantitative, include in your discussion how a qualitative study will provide a new. The results section of the research paper is where you report the findings of your study based upon the information gathered as a result of the methodology [or methodologies] you applied the results note: the discussion section should generally follow the same format chosen in presenting and organizing the results. Yet, arguably the most difficult part of writing your dissertation awaits: your discussion, the place where you sew up the various threads of your research into a cohesive narrative this is not indeed, every discussion should include a humility section that addresses the study's limitations, write cone and foster but avoid. Because writing qualitative research articles is a creative endeavor with unlimited possibilities however, for better or worse, most academic journals seem to have rather standardized expectations, from research motivations in the introduction section to theoretical contributions in the discussion section a few scholars also. The method section of an apa format psychology paper provides the methods and procedures used in a research study or experiment this part of an apa paper is critical because it allows other researchers to see exactly how you conducted your research this allows other researchers to reproduce your.
This will form the basis of your results section methods section of research paper example feb 3, 2016 - this presentation is about how to write the methodology chapter of a qualitative studyqualitative research methodology typesqualitative. The study's methods are one of the most important parts used to judge the overall quality of the paper in addition the methods section should give readers enough information so that they can repeat the experiments reviewers should look for potential sources of bias in the way the study was designed and carried out, and. T he method chapter of a dissertation, article, or proposal describes the exact steps research questions for this reason, the method section follows logically from the statement of the problem in much the same way as research titative dissertation and one that focuses on the qualitative dissertation we. This presentation is about how to write the methodology chapter of a qualitative study.
Method section in a scholarly research article, the section dealing with method is very important the same applies to an empirical thesis for students you also do not need to describe the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, or list all different kinds of validity and reliability what you. In recognition of this purpose, the goal of the present article is to describe the best processes for writing a methodology and results section by in a methodology section for a qualitative research paper, there is more weight put on the description and justification of the methods and subjects used to answer. Writing and publishing a qualitative scientific article articles are written in the addiction field, there is no journal dedicated exclusively to qualitative research, and in many journals articles must follow a strict standard format qualitative articles in the methods and data section, and a third in the discussion (drisko, 2005. This section outline how to lay out the parts of a research paper, including the various experimental methods and designs for quantitative research, it is a presentation of the numerical results and data, whereas for qualitative research it should be a broader discussion of trends, without going into too much detail.
The methodology section of a research paper answers two main questions: how was the data collected or generated and, how was it analyzed the writing should be direct and precise and always written in the past tense kallet, richard h how to write the methods section of a research paper qualitative methods 7. An example of a poorly written method section from a biology report and all understood electrical principles at a basic level students who had completed further studies were excluded from the study an excerpt from the method section of a scientific report from education that used qualitative research methodology. For use with qualitative methods please note that this is only a template relevant headings and subheadings this section should also include the background of the site and how the main research problem is experienced at that site deficiencies in the evidence include a brief discussion that details the area. This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas title: it should be it should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings (how to write the method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.
Because qualitative research often is not seen as objective in its methods, convincing your audience that your methods and results are reliable and trustworthy is also part of your proposal's methodology section for each step in your procedures, be prepared to prove that your study is reliable and valid ex: the researchers. Fhi 360: qualitative research methods: a data collector's field guide center for how to write a good qualitative paper 1 before you start writing 2 title 3 introduction 4 research question 5 methods 6 findings 7 discussion make this a separate section or make sure to end your. Writing a manuscript for a qualitative or mixed-methods study requires a few different strategies from those presented for quantitative research manuscripts in general, a qualitative study may include a briefer literature review and longer methods and findings sections than a quantitative study. In a study involving humans, it is important for researchers to mention complete details in the participant characteristics section under methods case studies and qualitative reports may have only a few participants or even a single participant if there is space to do so, you can write a brief background of.
Kallet, richard h how to write the methods section of a research paper respiratory care 49 (october is your study qualitative or quantitative or a combination of both (mixed method) are you going to take a special approach, such as action research, or a more neutral stance indicate how the approach fits the. After something of a hiatus from pros write, i'm (finally) continuing the series on writing the different sections that make up a research article (ra) i'm tackling the methods of times in the sample ra (generally, qualitative research studies like the sample ra require more justification of their methods). I have done a quantitative survey research paper and realized that it would have been messy if i combined the results with discussion because i had to match my findings with specific research qualitative research typically has findings as one section, followed by analysis and discussion, and then conclusion good luck.
The purpose of this paper is to help authors to think about ways to present qualitative research papers in the american journal of pharmaceutical education the methods section should clearly state and justify why the particular method, for example, face to face semistructured interviews, was chosen. Learn about the difference between 'methodology' and 'methods' and what to include in the methodology section of your dissertation or thesis the broad philosophical underpinning to your chosen research methods, including whether you are using qualitative or quantitative methods, or a mixture of both, and why. What is a method section it is the part of the proposal or research paper that describes the methods used to collect the data it follows the introduction it allows the reader to understand how data were collected, and to judge for herself if she thinks the methods were good it should be detailed enough for a good researcher. Method sections of management research articles: a pedagogically motivated qualitative study yang & allison, 2003), and comparatively less attention has been given to method sections (eg, bruce, 1983 swales, 1990) which form an important component of both quantitative and qualitative studies on management.
Quick tips on what someone needs to include in the research method section of an academic thesis. | <urn:uuid:b5e53ee8-8346-41a0-bbb6-e0c90f5102b9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://bscourseworkwsbj.nextamericanpresident.us/method-section-of-a-qualitative-research-paper.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213158.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817221817-20180818001817-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.935348 | 1,596 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Worksheet on Measurement of Mass or Weight
In worksheet on measurement of mass or weight, all grade students can practice the questions on units for measuring mass or weight. This exercise sheet on measurements can be practiced by the students to get more ideas to learn to measure the mass or weight of the given line segments according to the questions.
1. What are the main units of mass? What are the relations between these units?
2. Which unit of mass will be convenient if you have to measure the weight of iron-rods for the construction of your house?
3. Decide what you would use: quintal, kg or g to measure the weights of the following objects:
(i) three sacks of rice
(ii) a sack of wheat
(iii) a tin full of vegetable oil
(iv) an iron almirah
(v) a spoon
(vi) a small box containing chalk sticks
(vii) a pen
(ix) green vegetables
4. Weigh the following objects rounding off to the nearest 100 grams:
(i) a packet of salt
(ii) a packet of edible oil
(iii) a water bottle
(iv) a lemon squash bottle
(v) 10 mangoes
(vi) a brick
(vii) 12 match-boxes
(viii) an apple
5. Fill in the gaps:
(i) 1 quintal = _______ kg
(ii) 1 metric ton = _______ kg
(iii) 1 metric ton = _______ quintals = _______ kg
(iv) 1 kg = _______ g
6. What are the main weights used to measure mass in g.?
7. Express in terms of kg and g:
(i) 7548 g
(ii) 15895 g
(iii) 42635 g
8. Express in terms of metric ton and quintal:
(i) 3460 quintal
(ii) 375 quintal
(iii) 435 quintal
9. Express in terms of quintal and kg:
(i) 478 kg
(ii) 1690 kg
(iii) 754 kg
10. Find the sum of:
(i) 27 kg 540 g, 24 k g 350 g, 14 kg 380 g
(ii) 69 kg 625 g and 38 kg 770 g
11. Ruchi weighs 65 kg 16 g and Hannah weighs 40 kg 40 g. How much less is the weight of Hannah than that of Ruchi?
12. There are 50 kg of apples in a box. If 2 kg 500 g of these are rotten, find the weight of the remaining apples.
13. The cost of 1kg of potatoes is $8. What is the cost of 15 kg of potatoes?
14. The cost of 1kg of ghee is $160. What is the cost of 500 g of ghee?
15. The cost of 1kg of butter is $75. What is the cost of 250 g of butter?
16. The cost of 100g of cheese is $20. Find the cost of cheese weighing:
(i) 500 g
(ii) 1 kg
(iii) 50 g
17. If 1 kg of Basmati rice costs $40, find the cost of:
(i) 5 kg of rice
(ii) 500 g of rice
(iii) 100 g of rice
(iv) 15 kg of rice
If students have any queries regarding the questions given in the worksheet on measurement of mass or weight, please contact us so that we can help you.
However, suggestions for further improvement, from all quarters would be greatly appreciated.
Related Links :
Measurement - Worksheets
Worksheet on Measurement of Length.
Worksheet on Perimeter of a Figure.
Worksheet on Measurement of Mass or Weight.
Worksheet on Measurement of Capacity.
Worksheet on Measurement of Time.
Worksheet on Antemeridian and Postmeridian.
Worksheet on Interpreting a Calendar.
Worksheet on Units of Time.
4th Grade Math Activities
4th Grade Math Worksheets
From Worksheet on Measurement of Mass or Weight to HOME PAGE | <urn:uuid:0f63f400-74d3-434c-80a8-db9b3555bff1> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.math-only-math.com/worksheet-on-measurement-of-mass-or-weight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453656.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00237-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852473 | 885 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Unitarian Universalist Society of Wellesley Hills this Thursday at 7:30pm is hosting a discussion with two producers of a documentary set to premiere next year that tells the story of Martha and Waitstill Sharp, a Wellesley couple credited with saving hundreds of Jews from Nazi persecution during the Holocaust.
The Sharps lived in Wellesley and Waitstill Sharp was a minister for the Unitarian Church. But they headed to Europe during World War II to help people escape through Czechoslovakia. The Sharps have been recognized for their heroism through such honors as being named Righteous Among the Nations, and now a documentary called “Two Who Dared” will tell their story (the film will include scenes from Wellesley and the church).
From the film site:
In February 1939, Waitstill Sharp, a young Unitarian minister from Boston, and his wife Martha left for Czechoslovakia on a refugee mission. For months, the Unitarian Church had been receiving alarming reports from Prague over the plight of refugees. The Sharps arrived in Prague, home to the largest Unitarian church in the world, with $28,000 in monetary aid. The Unitarian church was already a step in front of the Nazis, having set up a secretive network of volunteers and agencies to secure the safe passage of both Jews and non-Jews out of Prague. The task became even more difficult when on March 15, 1939 the Nazis entered Prague. For the next five months, the Sharps continued their work undaunted by the presence of the Gestapo and the possibility that they would be arrested or killed. In August 1939, the couple left Prague and headed back to the United States, barely escaping arrest.
Two Who Dared Trailer from Erik Angra on Vimeo.
Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:f1647404-ee6a-4f16-ad9a-c82336fdf2a0> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://theswellesleyreport.com/2011/11/producers-to-discuss-film-on-wellesley-couple-who-helped-jews-escape-nazis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943845.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322145537-20230322175537-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.968326 | 360 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The number of people developing melanoma is continuing to rise and it is now the fifth most common cancer in the UK. 1 in 36 men and 1 in 47 women in the UK will be diagnosed with melanoma during their lifetime. In the UK, the risk of melanoma increases with age, however, the number of melanoma cases diagnosed in young people is disproportionately high, making melanoma one of the most common cancers in people aged 15–34
Melanoma is cancer that usually starts in the skin, either in a mole or in normal-looking skin. Approximately half of all melanomas start in normal-looking skin, this usually looks like a dark area or an abnormal new mole.
People with darker skin tones are at less risk of melanoma than people with fairer skin. This is because the skin’s pigment cells (melanocytes) produce melanin, which protects against the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) light. In women, the most common place for melanoma to develop is on the legs. In men, melanoma is most commonly found on the chest and back. Melanomas are uncommon in areas which are protected from sun exposure. However, in dark-skinned people, melanoma tends to be more common in the nails of the fingers or toes, on the palms of the hands, or soles of the feet.
Melanoma Warning Signs
Look for anything new, changing or unusual on both sun-exposed and sun-protected areas of the body. Most moles, brown spots and growths on the skin are harmless – but not always. The ABCDE rule (see above) can help you detect melanoma. | <urn:uuid:f618523f-a36e-4d66-8fa1-1bbc6c39808f> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.southfaceskin.com/medical-dermatology/malignant-melanoma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057036.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920101029-20210920131029-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.947997 | 340 | 3.4375 | 3 |
| ||Part of the regional natural park of Corsica, the Gulf of Porto is listed on the Unesco World Heritage List since 1983. The geology of this part of the Corsican coast is unique for its red porphyry headlands. The scrubland vegetation is also outstanding because it is mostly untouched. For Conservation International, the Mediterranean basin as a whole is one of Earth’s 34 biodiversity « hotspots », ecosystems characterized both by exceptional levels of plant endemism and by serious levels of habitat loss. With 22,500 endemic plant species, this Mediterranean hotspot has four times more species than all the rest of Europe. But it is also threatened. This part of the world has experienced intensive human development and impact on its ecosystems for thousands of years. It is heavily populated with some 300 million inhabitants and a density of 111 people per square kilometres. Because of its warm climate and beautiful scenery, the Mediterranean basin is Europe’s vacation destination with 110 million visitors each year. Populations of threatened species, animals and plants, are increasingly fragmented and isolated to make way for resort development and infrastructure on the Mediterranean coasts and islands. According to Conservation International, only 5 percent of the original extent of the hotspot contains relatively intact vegetation, placing the Mediterranean Basin among the four most significantly altered hotspots on Earth.
Visit the YAB Gallery for books and signed prints | <urn:uuid:98340166-a2ba-42c7-8a5b-0462aff21a97> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://yannarthusbertrand2.org/index.php?option=com_datsogallery&Itemid=27&func=detail&catid=3&id=1034&p=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274324.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00176-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933241 | 280 | 3.65625 | 4 |
ACT is an abbreviation of American College Testing and is one of the popular tests taken by high school students to continue their education in colleges and universities in the United States. ACT test is a standardized exam and is conducted many times a year. Students can take the test according to their level of preparation and their convenience. To take the test, students can register online on the official website of ACT and can pick their test date and the location of the test center. ACT tests students in 4 main sections: English, Mathematics, Reading and Science Reasoning. Students also have the additional option of taking the Writing test as well along with these 4 sections.
In order to get good scores on ACT, students should have good conceptual knowledge of the subjects. ACT test is not very difficult and its main purpose is to analyze student’s logical understanding of the concepts. Therefore students should focus mainly on the basic and important concepts of every topic, and only by having a good understanding of the basics; one can answer questions even on the advanced level. Every section in ACT test paper is of very limited time and one of the most important challenges for the students is to answer all the given questions within the given time range. Hence it is recommended for the students to practice answering each question in 1 minute at home, so that they have the confidence to handle time during the test. | <urn:uuid:212a0ebd-4de0-4861-810e-1a2dfd2024f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.tutorpace.com/act/prepare-for-act-online-tutoring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247515149.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222094419-20190222120419-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.97427 | 273 | 3.921875 | 4 |
New research highlights potential safety concerns around women taking romosozumab, a new anti-osteoporosis drug available on the NHS. The University of Bristol-led study, published in Arthritis & Rheumatology, analyzed genetic data on nearly 34,000 people.
Despite romosozumab being particularly effective at reducing the risk of fracture in women with severe osteoporosis, potential safety concerns following trial data suggest the drug may cause an increased risk of heart attack. However, subsequent research has produced conflicting results.
An international team, led by Bristol Medical School researchers, sought to investigate whether, having a genetic tendency towards lower circulating levels of sclerostin—a protein expressed from bone cells which inhibits bone formation— may increase the risk of heart attack. They propose that this mimics the effect of giving the drug romosozumab, which acts to stimulate bone formation and increase bone density by blocking sclerostin.
Jon Tobias, professor of rheumatology at Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences at the University of Bristol, and one of the study's lead authors, explained, "Osteoporosis commonly affects older people, particularly women, where bones become weaker and more liable to fracture. Romosozumab is a new type of drug that is highly effective at treating this condition by blocking the protein sclerostin, which is produced by bone cells and negatively impacts bone density. Administered as monthly injections, the drug helps to increase bone density and lower fracture risk."
"We wanted to predict whether romosozumab's action in blocking sclerostin might lead to an increased risk of heart attack, by examining effects of a genetic tendency to lower levels of sclerostin, on the basis that this might reproduce some of the effects of administering the drug."
The team applied a scientific technique called Mendelian randomization. This approach, which uses genetic variants as proxies for a particular risk factor, established whether having a genetic tendency to lower levels of sclerostin in the circulation increases a person's risk of 15 diseases and risk factors related to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). These included, heart attack, stroke, type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.
Using genetic data on 33,961 European individuals, the team identified several genetic variants associated with lower levels of sclerostin. Their analyses suggested that lowering sclerostin levels might lead to a 30 percent increased risk of heart attack, as well as an increased risk of calcification of the arteries of the heart, hypertension and type 2 diabetes, whereas no effect was seen on stroke risk. A genetic predisposition to lower sclerostin also led to lipid profiles that were more likely to cause atherosclerosis.
Professor Jon Tobias added, "Our findings suggest that individuals genetically predisposed to lower circulating levels of sclerostin have an increased risk of cardiovascular events, reinforcing the need for strategies to minimize any potential impact of treatment with sclerostin inhibitors on heart attack risk, some of which are already in place, such as avoidance in patients with previous cardiovascular problems."
More information: Jie Zheng et al, Lowering of circulating sclerostin may increase risk of atherosclerosis and its risk factors: evidence from a genome‐wide association meta‐analysis followed by Mendelian randomization, Arthritis & Rheumatology (2023). DOI: 10.1002/art.42538
Citation: Study provides genetic evidence on new osteoporosis drug heart attack risk (2023, May 3) retrieved 3 May 2023 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-05-genetic-evidence-osteoporosis-drug-heart.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. | <urn:uuid:6bd35e22-ad3f-46d2-82d8-ea64e5118224> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://globalwomenshealthacademy.org/news/study-provides-genetic-evidence-on-new-osteoporosis-drug-heart-attack-risk/2451115/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00842.warc.gz | en | 0.920616 | 814 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Atoms vs. Ions
Atoms are neutral; they contain the same number of protons as electrons. By definition, an ion is an electrically charged particle produced by either removing electrons from a neutral atom to give a positive ion or adding electrons to a neutral atom to give a negative ion. When an ion is formed, the number of protons does not change.
Neutral atoms can be turned into positively charged ions by removing one or more electrons. A neutral sodium atom, for example, contains 11 protons and 11 electrons. By removing an electron from this atom we get a positively charged Na+ ion that has a net charge of +1.
Atoms that gain extra electrons become negatively charged. A neutral chlorine atom, for example, contains 17 protons and 17 electrons. By adding one more electron we get a negatively charged Cl- ion with a net charge of -1.
The gain or loss of electrons by an atom to form negative or positive ions has an enormous impact on the chemical and physical properties of the atom. Sodium metal, for example, which consists of neutral sodium atoms, bursts into flame when it comes in contact with water. Neutral chlorine atoms instantly combine to form Cl2 molecules, which are so reactive that entire communities are evacuated when trains carrying chlorine gas derail. Positively charged Na+ and negatively charged Cl- ions are so unreactive that we can safely take them into our bodies whenever we salt our food. | <urn:uuid:a20d7d98-851f-482e-b4b9-ac6fc0964ab6> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch2/atom_ion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509264.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606000537-20200606030537-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.916296 | 293 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Carnegie Stage 17 Introduction
Stage 17 embryos have a greatest length of 11 to 14 mm and an estimated post-fertilization age of 41 days. Hand rays have formed and the auricular hillocks are distinct. The stage is represented by Carnegie embryo #6520 that had a grade of excellent but was more recently downgraded to good. It is still considered to be one of the best specimens in the Carnegie collection at this stage. It has a corrected greatest length of 14.2 mm (after fixation). The specimen is considered to be median within the stage.
The embryo was fixed in corrosive acetic acid, embedded in celloidin and paraffin and serially sectioned transverse to the long axis at 10 microns. The sections were mounted on 72 large glass slides and stained with alum cochineal (i.e., carmine). Silver was added later to slides 1 thru 25. There are 1073 sections through the embryo. Every other section was digitally captured. The Browse part of the database includes 186 of the 1073 sections. Approximately every seventh section was digitally restored and labeled, and can be viewed at four magnifications.
Source: The Virtual Human Embryo. | <urn:uuid:8cd61dfa-291e-4ca4-8024-71e1628daad9> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.ehd.org/virtual-human-embryo/intro.php?stage=17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037662882.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004102-00290-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961537 | 246 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What happens when prostate cancer spreads to the bones and what can be done? Find out the answers to these questions and more.
A diagnosis of prostate cancer is difficult enough, yet about 90% of men with metastatic prostate cancer will face another challenge: bone metastasis. That’s when cells travel from the tumor and settle in the bones. The result can be pain and fractures that prevent you from doing the things you love like gardening, going out with friends or taking a stroll. The good news: You can do plenty keep bones strong.
What is metastasis?
Bone metastasis (aka “bone mets”) occurs when cancer cells break away from a primary tumor and enter the blood and lymph vessels. “From there, they are able to travel to distant sites in the body,” explains Swarnali Acharyya, PhD, of the Cancer Biology & Genetics Program at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. “But it’s not an easy process—only .001% of the cancer cells survive.” Unfortunately, those that do can lodge in other areas—often, in bone tissue—and start to grow new tumors.
How long the process of metastasis takes can vary greatly: In most cases, bone mets occur years after the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer; however, in rare cases they are a man’s first sign of the disease.
It’s important to note that bone mets are different from bone cancer: Bone mets are made of cells from the original cancer. So, for example, when prostate cancer spreads, the tumor is made of prostate cancer cells and it’s known as metastatic prostate cancer.
How bones are affected
Bones are constantly renewing and rebuilding themselves, thanks to two different kinds of cells: osteoblasts, which are responsible for creating new bones, and osteoclasts, which break down old bones. However, cancer cells can send both types of cells into overdrive, causing either an abnormal buildup of bones or small holes that weaken bones.
Spotting the signs
Signs that prostate cancer may have spread to the bones include a dull ache with intermittent sharp pain, fractures, and numbness and weakness in your abdomen and legs. For some people, pain is the first symptom, but others don’t have any symptoms at all.
What can be done
While bone mets are usually incurable, early intervention and current treatments can help prevent serious complications and painful fractures and help preserve your quality of life. Work with your doctor to find out what tests you’ll need and how often you’ll need them to keep track of the health of your bones, and to make sure you don’t need any adjustments to your treatment schedule.
Are your bones in jeopardy?
Cancers of the breast, kidney, lung, prostate and thyroid are more likely to spread to the bones. If you’re at risk, talk to your doctor about the following. | <urn:uuid:b7e7d383-6f17-4549-9f0a-c6af278abcd1> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.healthmonitor.com/print/prostate-cancer/written-article/protect-your-bones-during-prostate-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461494.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00272-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929907 | 624 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Here are some ideas we will be thinking about during our Science Unit Study.
We will become scientists and do a lot of questioning. Rooms 1, 1a, 2, 2a and 3 will be Thinking, Using language, Managing Themselves, Relating to Others and Participating and Contributing during this unit.
Everyone will be exploring ideas about The Sun, a Star – where it fits into our Solar System and how it effects our life on earth.
Some ideas we may talk about:
We see the Sun in the daytime.
The Sun gives out light and heat.
Life on Earth depends on the light and heat given out by the Sun.
Large space objects that emit their own light and heat are called stars.
The Sun is a star.
Other stars are much further away from us than the Sun.
The Sun is the star closest to the Earth.
If we were able to get closer to other stars, we would sense a greater amount of their heat and light. | <urn:uuid:ed0c894a-46b4-46a7-8c88-7f893a0dd9d5> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://hcsp.school.nz/2014/04/15/the-sun-a-star/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211664.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817025907-20180817045907-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.951543 | 205 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Renewable power plants use established technologies to convert the energy from natural resources—the sun, wind, moving water, and geothermal heat—into electricity. Electricity is then typically sold to creditworthy entities such as businesses, utilities and/or governments via long-term contracts. Furthermore, unlike traditional power plants, renewable power plants are not subject to the changing global markets for oil, coal, and natural gas. Nor do they require the acquisition of these raw materials to create electricity. When the sun shines or the wind blows, electricity can be created and sold.
In addition to the depletion of limited natural resources such as traditional fossil fuels, there are several other factors contributing to the rapid growth in the renewable energy marketplace. | <urn:uuid:bfdc5a78-2f86-4cc1-ac72-134f2a078e0d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://greenpowersystems.com/commercial/csp/why-re/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573124.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917223332-20190918005332-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.926328 | 145 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Domestic Violence Program
The domestic violence program is a community service to combat violence in the family, known as the “Edelweiss Program” (or Floare de Colt in Romanian). This name was chosen by the staff because the Edelweiss is an endangered species in Romania that grows in hard, rocky places, and, like the family, is in need of protection.
“Floare de Colt” began as a community response to the problem of domestic violence. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided funding in 2003 that allowed Veritas to provide training in recognizing and responding to incidents of domestic violence for teachers, doctors, lawyers, police, clergy, psychologists and social workers. Partnerships and a referral network were established with the town hall, the court and prosecutor’s office, the police, the town hospital, and the schools. A public awareness campaign was organized using a variety of media to inform the public about the phenomenon of violence and newly available services, including a telephone hot-line.
Since 2003, the Floare de Colt staff has responded to about 100 new cases per year. Referrals come in large part from schools, doctors, police, and the Department of Child Protection. Support in managing immediate crisis situations, legal counselling and assistance, psychological counselling and practical support, can help empower victims to make the necessary changes that will ensure a more stable and secure future for their families.
Floare de Colt recognized the need for children from violent families to have a safe environment where they could do homework or play in the afternoons and during school vacations. Initially organized under the auspices of Floare de Colt, these activities now are provided in cooperation with the other Veritas programs, allowing for broader social support for the children. A more recent initiative of Floare de Colt has been a women’s sewing workshop, intended to help women develop skills that could help them earn a living in Sighisoara’s textile industry. The workshop is staffed by women who themselves have been beneficiaries of Veritas services.
In addition to working with victims and their families, the staff engages in preventative education in local schools, often with help from students in the Romanian Studies Program. They present information and facilitate discussions about the effects of violence and the risks of human trafficking. They also teach about anger and conflict management, and ways to nurture healthy relationships.
- Psychological and legal counselling
- Mediation for couples
- Play therapy for children
- Support for families at risk
- Social assistance – practical help in dealing with crises, ongoing support for family members through Veritas programs and community networks
- Referrals to shelter for victims as needed
- Support for women in difficulty, helping them to develop skills which will enhance economic independence, help in finding work
- Public awareness-raising about human rights, encouraging citizens to take a stand against abuse
Staff: Psychotherapist and legal counselor. | <urn:uuid:cb471db5-f83b-4d20-925e-53e61d7a8e5e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://veritas.ro/social-services/domestic-violence-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213508.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818075745-20180818095745-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.95457 | 599 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Words to Know
medical and technical words are used by researchers and other professionals
involved with clinical trials.
a child agrees to be in a study.
blinding or masking—when
participants and usually study investigators do not know which medicine
or treatment participants are getting until the end of the trial
informed consent—parents permission
for their child to join a research study after they have read an informed
consent form, spoken with the investigators, read other materials
about the study, and asked questions.
study—another name for a clinical trial.
doing the research study. People on the research team may include
doctors, nurses, research coordinators, social workers, and other
health care professionals. Each clinical study is led by a principal
investigator, who is often a medical doctor.
Review Board (IRB)—an independent committee who
ensures that clinical trials are ethical and that the rights of
the people in the study are protected. Each clinical trial in the
United States must be approved and monitored by an IRB. Members
of an IRB include doctors, statisticians, and members of the community.
or subjects—volunteers who enroll in a research
placebo—a pill, liquid,
or powder without active medicine in it. Placebos are only given
to children when withholding treatment poses minimal risks.
plan of the research study.
way to choose what treatment each person in a study gets so that
there is less chance of bias. It's like flipping a coin
or rolling dice—the results are random and
are by chance, not choice. | <urn:uuid:df810ae0-06ab-4ddd-b308-6636f5cfde7d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://treehousepedi.com/Should-My-Child-Join-a-Clinical-Trial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540528490.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210180555-20191210204555-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.925567 | 335 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Think of the last time you searched on Google for health information. Maybe you heard a news story about gluten-free diets and Googled, "What is celiac disease?." Maybe you were planning a trip to Bali, so you looked up “Zika virus” so you could take precaution. Or perhaps you were worried about a loved one, and searched to better understand their condition and prognosis.
Starting today in Australia, Google search results will show information for over 900 commonly searched for health conditions. The new health feature will include an outline of the condition, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevalence according to age at the top of search results. For some conditions you’ll also see high-quality illustrations from licensed medical illustrators. Once you get this basic info from Google, you should find it easier to do more research on other sites around the web, or know what questions to ask your doctor.
This feature has been developed as more people turn to Google to help with their health queries. In fact, 1 in 20 Google searches are for health-related information. That’s why we’ve surfaced trusted, quality health information right in Google Search. We hope this will help people find the information they need more quickly and easily.
We worked with a team of medical doctors (led by our own Dr. Kapil Parakh, M.D., MPH, Ph.D.) to carefully compile, curate, and review this information. All of the gathered facts represent real-life clinical knowledge from these doctors and high-quality medical sources across the web. Each fact has been checked by a panel of at least ten medical doctors at Google and the Mayo Clinic for accuracy.
That doesn’t mean these search results are intended as medical advice. We know that cases can vary in severity from person to person, and that there are bound to be exceptions. What we present is intended for informational purposes only — and you should always consult a healthcare professional if you have a medical concern.
We hope this information will empower you in your health decisions – so the next time you need information on measles or treatments for tennis elbow, Google will be a better place to start. | <urn:uuid:1431ea9d-6700-4c59-8444-d2457740d51d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.googblogs.com/a-remedy-for-your-health-related-questions-google-search-launches-health-info-in-the-knowledge-graph/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948609934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218063927-20171218085927-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.957195 | 447 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Data in research methodology
Chapter three 30 research methodology 31 introduction this chapter clearly defines the research methods used to conduct the study the researcher explains how the necessary data and information to address the research objectives and questions was collected, presented and analyzed reasons and. Research methodology: tools and techniques bridge center collecting the research data (vii) execution of the project (viii) analysis of data (ix) hypothesis testing (x) generalization and interpretation (xi) preparing of the report or presentation of the result (i) formulation of research problem: at the very outset, the researcher. Chapter three: research methodology 31 introduction the way in which research is conducted may be conceived of in terms of the research philosophy subscribed to, the research strategy employed and so the a research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analysed and used the. Learn about the basic principles of research design and some of the philosophical approaches that underpin choice of research methods. Qualitative research methods & methodology - overview at atlasticom - atlasti is your powerful workbench for qualitative data analysis, visit us now.
Orange – a visual programming tool featuring interactive data visualization and methods for statistical data analysis, data mining, and machine learning past – free software for scientific data analysis paw – fortran/c data analysis framework developed at cern marketing research 4th ed mcgraw hill data analysis: testing for. 1 the method that consists of collection of data through observation and experimentation, formulation and testing of hypothesis is called a) empirical method. Secondary data is something that seldom fits in the framework of the marketing research factors reasons for its non-fitting are:- unit of secondary data collection-suppose you want information on disposable income, but the data is available on gross income the information may not be same as we. The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions the methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical information. Table comparing qualitative and quantitative research methods, created by the oak ridge institute for science and education. On sep 14, 2014, spyros langkos published the chapter: chapter 3 - research methodology: data collection method and research tools in a book.
Analysis of research data undertake literature review select research questions devise methodology research instruments here we examine how the data produced by the qualitative research methods - any kind of research that produced findings not arrived at by establish rapport, good listener, politeness, articulate. 1 types of research: the main different types of research can be classified by its process, its purpose, and its outcome a you have already decided on your process.
In this article, we give a complete overview on primary and secondary market research techniques, the benefits, the methods, and what mistakes to avoid. Unit 3 primary and secondary sources 1 or dual methodology primary data is the data collected by the researcher themselves, ie interview observation action research case studies life histories questionnaires ethnographic research longitudinal studies secondary sources are data that already exists previous research official. Research methodology - introduction - meaning and objectives of research, research v/s research methodology, research process, features of a good research.
What is the difference between method and methodology in research method refers to approaches in research – how you obtain the data - whether quantitative, qualitative, mixed research.
Module 5: data preparation and analysis preparing data after data collection, the researcher must prepare the data to be analyzed organizing the data correctly can save a lot of time and prevent mistakes. The methodology is the general research strategy that outlines the way in which research is to be undertaken and, among other things, identifies the methods to be used in it. Xiv research methodology 9 testing of hypotheses-i (parametric or 184 standard tests of hypotheses) what is a hypothesis 184 basic concepts concerning testing of hypotheses185.
Methods of data collection 1 methods of data collection 2 in descriptive research, we obtain primary data either through observation or through direct communication with respondents in one form or another or through personal interviews 5 panel methodin this method, data is collected from the same sample respondents at the. Methods help us collect samples, data and find a solution to a problem particularly, sci-entific research methods call for explanations based on collected facts, measurements and observations and not on reasoning alone they accept only those explanations which can be verified by experiments research methodology is a systematic way to solve. Academiaedu is a platform for academics to share research papers. A guide to using qualitative research methodology this guide to using qualitative research methodology is designed to help you think about all the steps you need to take to ensure that you produce a good quality piece of work the guide starts by telling you what qualitative methodology is and when to obtain the data - what methods. | <urn:uuid:552ceb3d-9d7f-43d5-a226-9fb29977a9aa> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://crtermpaperbjvk.modelbook.us/data-in-research-methodology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210105.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815122304-20180815142304-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.903486 | 976 | 3.34375 | 3 |
A piston is the working component of engines, compressors and pumps and is housed inside a cylinder. The purpose of the piston varies depending on the system of which it is part. For example, in an engine, such as a car engine, the piston transfers force from expanding gas in the cylinder via the piston rod to the crankshaft. Calculating the force of a piston is crucial when deciding how the component will work, what practical uses it will have and how the resulting engine or compressor will function. The calculation is straightforward, provided the units remain equivalent and the correct values are input accurately.
Measure and record the gauge pressure (p) in newtons per meter squared (N/m2). The N/m2 unit of measurement is also called the pascal (Pa). For the output stroke, the pressure will be equivalent to normal atmospheric pressure, which is standard at 100 kPa.
Measure the full bore piston diameter (d) in meters (m) using a measuring tape or ruler, depending on the size of your piston bore setup, and record the result.
Use the full bore piston diameter to calculate the full bore area (A) in meters squared (m2) by substituting the value you obtained from your diameter measurement into the equation A = π d2/4. π, or pi, is a constant value used in mathematics. It denotes the ratio of any circle's circumference to its diameter in space and is always equal to approximately 3.142. So, when calculating your piston area, use this value as the value of π in the equation. To do this, take the measurement of your piston diameter and square it using a calculator. A working example would be a diameter of 2.5 meters. This gives a diameter squared of 6.25 square meters; there is a button on all graphical calculators which has x2 written on it. Type your diameter into the calculator, then use this button to find the squared value. Divide the resulting value by 4. In our example, it is 6.25, so the result in our case is 1.563. Multiply this by the value of π, 3.142, and the answer is 4.909 m2. This is the bore area (A).
Record the resulting area of your piston setup.
Input the values obtained from each of these measurements and calculations into the main equation F = pA, where F is the piston force (F) in newtons (N), p is the gauge pressure and A is the full bore area. So, in our example, a single acting cylinder at atmospheric pressure, working on the output stroke, would require the following calculation to ascertain piston force (F): 100,000 multiplied by 4.909, which equals 490900 N.
TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)
Use the equations correctly to ensure you get an accurate answer to your piston force calculation. For example, in the F = pA equation, you must remember to multiply the value of p by the value of A. They are not added, divided or subtracted. Instead, the p and A are situated side by side in the equation, which means they are multiplied together. However, in the preliminary calculation of full bore diameter, found by applying the equation A = πd2/4, there are several different processes to achieving an answer which must be carried out in the correct order: d is squared first, the value of d2 is then divided by 4 and the resulting value is then multiplied by 3.142.
Take care with units. Although the 100 kPa is a more manageable value, you must expand it to the full 100,000 pascals for the purposes of the calculation. After the results have been obtained, you can then reconvert it to a smaller value if you wish, by dividing it by 1,000. The unit rule also applies to the area. Some people work in meters, some in centimeters and some in millimeters. Provided you maintain the same choice throughout the calculation, the result will be accurate and scalable, but if you use different units in different parts of the same calculation, you will get the wrong answer by several factors, meaning extra or fewer zeros than you ought to have. | <urn:uuid:ef33c577-0e6d-4cb9-8d5f-de2dc0ab852e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://sciencing.com/calculate-piston-force-7476402.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213405.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818060150-20180818080150-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.934574 | 873 | 4.5625 | 5 |
Home remedies for osteoporosis can reduce the risk involved with the disease, also slow down the process of thinning of bones and allow a person to lead normal life. Osteoporosis is a bone disease which leads to thinning and weakening of bones and reduction in bone density to increase risk of fractures. This disease is quite prevalent in developed countries and is more common in women compared to men. WHO defines osteoporosis as a condition where bone density has been reduced below 2.5 or more standard deviations than mean peak bone mass of a person. Osteoporosis causes reduction in the bone mineral density, deteriorates bone micro-architecture and decrease quantity and variety of proteins in the bones. Home remedies for osteoporosis are natural ways to supplement the bones with necessary nutrients, slow down the deterioration of bones and increase density to reduce the risks involved with the disease drastically.
Osteoporosis occurs when body fails to form new bones. Forming new bones and removing old bones is an ongoing process in human body. Due to age the process of forming new bones slow down to cause reduction in bone density leading to osteoporosis. Lack of availability of minerals like calcium and phosphate, vital for forming bones, also cause osteoporosis. Due to disorders or age the minerals like calcium and phosphate get reabsorbed by the body leading to deterioration in bone density, this is another cause of osteoporosis. Women during premenopausal phase or postmenopausal phase suffer with low estrogen which causes osteoporosis. Certain drugs and medicines also induce osteoporosis. Rheumatic arthritis, kidney diseases, prostrate cancer treatment, breast cancer treatment, too much alcohol intake, ageing, smoking, disturbed menstrual period, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, genetic factors and confinement to bed for long time are other commonly found causes of osteoporosis.
Home remedies for osteoporosis can relieve the symptoms of the problem caused due to any of these reasons effectively. Change in the posture, reduced smoothness in movements particularly while getting up or bending down, fractures with no or very less trauma, tenderness or pain in bones, loss of height, low back pain due to fractures, neck pain due to factures and stooped posture are commonly found symptoms of osteoporosis. Thinning of hands and legs are also signs of possible start of the problem though these are symptoms of various other types of disorders and diseases too. Home remedies for osteoporosis are useful and effective for any person of any age suffering with any of these symptoms.
Milk provides one of the excellent home remedies for osteoporosis. Milk is the most easily available and convenient diet a person can get to regain bone density and particularly for people who are above 50 years of age or for women approaching menopause. Consume two glasses of warm milk dividing it into 5 parts in a day regularly. This not only work as one of the effective home remedies for osteoporosis but also prevent shedding and deterioration of bones of the body.
Calcium supplements are available in the market, one can take calcium supplements and include milk, almonds and whole grain in the diet necessarily to supplement the body with all the vital minerals which are required to form new bones and prevent their deterioration. Calcium supplements with supportive diet provide wholesome treatment to the problem and work as one of the most effective home remedies for osteoporosis.
Eating two ripe bananas in the morning with glass of milk is one of the simplest home remedies for osteoporosis. Banana contains high potassium content and supplements the body with this necessary mineral to maintain bone strength and density.
Dandelion leaf tea also provides one of the effective home remedies for osteoporosis. Consuming 250 gram of chaste berry extract for at least two to three months regularly is another one of the most effective home remedies for osteoporosis.
Soak 10-12 pieces of almonds in hot water for couple of hours. Later peel off these almonds and grind them to form a paste, add this paste to goat's milk or cow's milk or even soy milk to consume once in a day for effectively countering symptoms of osteoporosis. This is one of the oldest home remedies for osteoporosis.
Consume two teaspoons of peanut butter everyday. Peanut butter supplements the body with magnesium which is vital mineral for strengthening, preserving and building bones. Regular intake of peanut butter works as one of the simplest home remedies for osteoporosis.
Diet plays an important role in curing the problem and it is one of the most effective home remedies for osteoporosis. Include broccoli, milk, figs, yoghurt, banana, apple, spinach, collards, kale, romaine lettuce, margarine and beans in the diet necessarily for curing and preventing osteoporosis. Include fruits like banana, apples, pineapples, oranges and figs everyday for supplementing the body with vital and essential minerals and nutrients to prevent bones from shedding and weakening. Make a diet with soy products to avoid weakening of bones due to menopause, soy products maintain the level of estrogen in the body to prevent deterioration of bone density.
Whole grains, nuts, shellfish, legumes, almonds, honey, lean meat and cheese are other food items which are beneficial for preventing and curing osteoporosis. An effective diet is one of the most capable home remedies for osteoporosis. One can prepare a weekly diet chart for himself by including above mentioned food items and fruits according to one's convenience and suitability for ensuring supplementation of essential minerals on regular basis to cure and prevent osteoporosis.
Exercises are other very efficient ways of preventing and also curing osteoporosis. One must choose exercises according to body's capacity. Weight bearing exercises like walking and jogging are reckoned as best exercises for people suffering with osteoporosis. Start with mild and short distance walks and gradually increase the pace, distance and duration. Ideally a walk of 30 minutes is good enough to relieve the symptoms and resolve the problem to a large extent. Water walking is another exercise which is highly recommended for people suffering with osteoporosis. Get down in chest deep still water and walk, the resistance provided by the water exerts just right kind of pressure on the musculoskeletal system to provide strength and maintain the capacity of bones. Support exercises with proper and supportive diet for quicker results. | <urn:uuid:615ae773-7e55-4988-ba33-dba975618dfe> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.askhomeremedies.com/remedy/home-remedies-for-osteoporosis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122238694.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175718-00184-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921272 | 1,324 | 2.765625 | 3 |
by Nancy I. Sanders
An essential part of WriteShop Junior Book E, the Book E Activity Pack is actually two workbooks in one!
The left side contains the Student Worksheets, and the right side contains the Level 2 Fold-N-Go Grammar Pack. Both are tear-off pads.
COMPONENT 1: STUDENT WORKSHEET PACK
Includes 87 activity pages your child will use to complete portions of each lesson. Games, word banks, worksheets, and graphic organizers introduce children to lifelong writing skills such as brainstorming and self-editing.
“The brainstorming worksheets and editing checklists were fundamental in my son’s journey from fearful writer to blossoming author!” – Erika, TX
“Each week was filled with surprises and new ways to do the old subject of writing. We found the worksheets and editing tools invaluable.” –Rosemary, CA
"I love the All Star Editing! I can't say enough how much I love it! [My son is] beginning to look at his work a little more critically in a good way! –Jennifer, IL
Student Worksheet Pack includes
- Pre-writing Activities
- Skill Builders
- Journal Prompt Pages
- Brainstorming Worksheets
- Reading Log Forms
- Self-editing Checklists
- Evaluation Charts
COMPONENT 2: LEVEL 2 FOLD-N-GO™ GRAMMAR PACK
Make 10 grammar and writing guides, each devoted to a different skill. Simple rules, engaging examples, and practice exercises make learning or reviewing grammar fun! By the end of Level 2, your student will have made his own set of 10 portable reference folders.
“The Fold-N-Go is a fave every time. My son can't get enough of the puzzles and games.” –Mindy, IN
“The Fold-N-Go activities are always extremely helpful to teach a concept or new skill. As we've largely approached homeschooling from a Charlotte Mason point of view, we have not really had formal writing of any kind aside from copywork. We had just started written narrations this year and struggled to get our ideas framed out just right. Fold-N-Go Grammar has been such a blessing to us!” –Mary, PA
“The Fold-N-Gos are a great fit for everyone. For my younger learners, they’re an easy introduction. For the others, they’re a review tool. And I learn a lot, too—I love that about the Fold-N-Gos!” –Jessica, AZ
Fold-N-Go Grammar Pack includes
- 10 Fold-N-Go Grammar Guides printed on colored paper
- 20 Fold-N-Go Bookmarks for quick review
- Assembly Instructions
- Answer Keys
Your student will make the following guides using the Level 2 Fold-N-Go Grammar Pack:
- Lesson 1: Sentences
- Lesson 2: Four Kinds of Sentences
- Lesson 3: Compound Sentences
- Lesson 4: Parts of Speech: Review
- Lesson 5: Dialogue
- Lesson 6: Homophones, Homonyms, and Homographs
- Lesson 7: Five Paragraphs
- Lesson 8: Prefixes and Suffixes
- Lesson 9: Compound Words
- Lesson 10: Synonyms and Antonyms
You will also need 10 tabbed file folders.
Each child will need his or her own Activity Pack. You may purchase one Activity Pack per student, or you may duplicate the pages according to these policies:
- Worksheet pages and evaluation charts may be reproduced for single-family use only.
- Co-ops and schools may NOT make copies. Please contact WriteShop regarding educational discounts and site-licensing information.
- Fold-N-Go pages are printed on colored paper and may not reproduce well (with some printers, the pages come out gray). It is recommended that you purchase an extra Level 2 Fold-N-Go Grammar Pack for each additional child.
- 2-pack in a wraparound book cover
- 131 pages total
- Student Worksheets make up one half of the Activity Pack.Level 1 Fold-N-Go Grammar Pack pages make up the other half.
- The Activity Pack is not a stand-alone product. You will need the Book E Teacher's Guide in order to guide your student to correctly use the various worksheets.
- For children not using WriteShop Junior, the Fold-N-Go Grammar Pack MAY be used as a stand-alone grammar tool. In this case, DO NOT purchase the Activity Pack. Purchase only the Level 2 Fold-N-Go Grammar Pack.
This is the Print Version. Click here to purchase the Book E Activity Pack E-book (PDF) rather than a physical copy. The E-book version allows you to make as many copies as you need within your own individual family. | <urn:uuid:1edc51bf-66f3-4dc5-90d3-93e14eaf45d7> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.writeshop.com/store/proddetail.php?prod=EAP | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997874283.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025754-00194-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897204 | 1,061 | 2.8125 | 3 |
“HOMO – HUMUS – HUMANITAS, three words, the same origin, the same destiny.”Friedensreich Hundertwasser
Do you know the difference between humus and compost?
I used to think the difference is pretty obvious. However, since this has become one of my favourite topics to read, write and talk about, I realised that it’s not that obvious at all!
In popular English gardening literature the words are often used interchangeably. In German gardening books, the difference is usually pretty clear, although in blogs and online conversations it is not necessarily so.
Because there is obviously some confusion about compost and humus, I did a little experiment. For our recent ‘mini composting workshop’ (April 5th) I prepared two jars, one with compost and one with humus. Which one is which?
There were about 20 people at the workshop. Some labelled the brown jar as ‘Humus’ and the colourful one as ‘Compost’. Others thought the left one was ‘Compost’, and then there was some hesitation about the right one.
I’m a linguist, and I like to research the origins of words. I love language because it is such a rich source of knowledge. Words themselves often ‘know what they are’. Here are some snippets from my research:
The word humus is Latin, and originally it meant earth. The word human comes from the same root, and so does the first part of the word homogenous. Homos is a Greek word and means like. And human literally means ‘the earthly one’.
When the word humus was introduced into the European languages in the 19th century, it was used in the sense of the brown stuff you can see in the jar on the left. The German agronomist Albrecht Thaer, the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner, the Ukrainian microbiologist Selman Waksman, the English farmer Sir Albert Howard, Lady Eve Balfour, founder of the British Soil Association, they all used the word humus in this sense.
So how did the confusion between compost and humus happen?
Fortunately, one expert gardener and co-organiser of our composting day had the answer:
It’s because you can buy the brown stuff in bags in the garden centre, and it’s got COMPOST written on it!
The word compost also comes from Latin, and it literally means something put together. This is what you can see in the jar on the right. Compost is a composition of different kinds of organic stuff which will eventually decompose and become humus.
Humus is a homogenous entity. You could say, it is ‘mature compost’ in its transformed state.
On the other hand, the difference between compost and humus is quite significant. It is actually as phenomenal as the difference between a caterpillar and a butterfly.
But now back to the stuff in my two jars. My Humus-jar contains mature humus from a 10 year old pile. My Compost-jar contains the following layers:
- Very small sticks at the bottom
- Some nettles and other green wild plants chopped
- A thin layer of humus
- Some sand
- More green plant materials (chopped comfrey leaves) and yellow flowers (mustard and kale)
- A bit more humus
- A broken up egg box on top
After one week (April 12th) there was no change in my ‘Compost-jar’ (the one with the colourful composition in it). Then I decided to sprinkle some ‘compost activator’ over the top, and two weeks later the jars look like this:
The humus in the jar on the left is unchanged, and the compost in the jar on the right is now well on its way to turn into humus. Some liquid has drained to the bottom, the sticks are still visible, the whole composition has sunk down by about one quarter. The sticks at the bottom and egg box pieces at the top have not yet decomposed, but the layers in between are beginning to look homogenous. | <urn:uuid:04d90cba-97b4-46a7-a195-2acd89d857cb> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://thehumusproject.org/humus-or-compost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195523840.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715175205-20190715201205-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.961987 | 884 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Would you like to gain insight on the laws regarding digital evidence? You’ve come to the right place. John R. Grasso explores how law enforcement is able to access someone’s digital files, and if this access is even legal.
In most cases, according the Electronic Communications Protection Act (ECPA), a warrant or subpoena is needed to search. If records are obtained illegally, it will be grounds for dismissal in the courtroom –in most cases.
With the advances in digital communications and devices, there’s an inundation of information widely available from email, social media posts, text messages, and other types of media that could be used as demonstrative evidence in the courtroom.
Many law enforcement departments furthermore have a Digital Evidence Unit to keep abreast of new trends in hacking or revisions by criminals attempting to alter evidence.
Clearing one’s name following these alterations can be challenging. However, with an equally digital savvy lawyer by your side, the chances of a better outcome are increased.
Examples of Computer Crimes Include:
- Child Pornography – which involves the manufacture, distribution, or selling of porn with a child under the age of 18 years.
- Fraud – in which perpetrators alter key records and logins. Embezzlement also falls under this subcategory of cybercrimes.
- Virus and Hacking – with the intent to destroy or alter digital evidence.
Other examples of where digital evidence may play a role in a bringing a case together include when a past employee steals and distributes propriety information, or when there has been an workplace harassment allegation in effect. | <urn:uuid:ba0da9d6-19b4-44c8-b91a-7e2ce612e384> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.johngrassolaw.com/practice-areas/digital-privacy-laws/digital-evidence-laws-and-legislation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541310866.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215201305-20191215225305-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.914645 | 331 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Ten Plagues
Of blood, frogs, hail, & more.
"As we ate our Pascal lambs that last night in Egypt the darkness was pierced with screams. Our door posts were protected by a sign of blood. But from the windows of the Egyptians rose an anguished cry: the death of the first-born.
"Yah Sh'chinah [an appeal to God using a term associated with God's feminine side]soften our hearts and the hearts of our enemies. Help us to dream new paths to freedom.
"So that the next sea-opening is not also a drowning; so that our singing is never again their wailing. So that our freedom leaves no one orphaned, childless, gasping for air" (Tamara Cohen, ed., The Journey Continues, 70).
Many Jews update the seder by supplementing the recitation of the biblical plagues with the mention of contemporary "plagues" such as war, hatred, and disease. The Jewish Council on Urban Affairs' Immigrant Justice Haggadah counts as plagues "the detention of immigrants, unwarranted deportations, hate crimes, the denial of drivers' licenses and other services to undocumented immigrants, hopelessness, apathy, and fear of speaking out." The Love and Justice Haggadah includes in a tongue-in-cheek list of the plagues of contemporary life--"reality TV, muzak, and SUVs." Feminist haggadot add plagues such as sexism and violence against women; environmental haggadot mention the destruction of natural resources; and haggadot focused on inter-group relations speak of the plagues of prejudice and distrust.
Every modern application of the story of slavery and liberation necessitates the creation of a new list of "plagues" to be eradicated.
The plague narrative is both an integral part of the exodus story and one of the most difficult parts of this story to understand. Contemporary readings of the exodus therefore struggle to reinterpret the plagues to reflect our current consciousness and/or to expand the list of plagues in order to draw attention to all of the parts of the world that remain in need of liberation.
Did you like this article? MyJewishLearning is a not-for-profit organization. | <urn:uuid:83080e73-f8ac-414d-9ce0-1cde841eb6ae> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Jewish_Holidays/Passover/The_Seder/Conducting_a_Seder/Maggid/The_Ten_Plagues.shtml?p=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422120394037.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124172634-00014-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921887 | 472 | 2.875 | 3 |
A River View of Prague
Paris has the River Seine, London has the River Thames and Prague has the River Vltava. It is thought that the name Vltava comes from the Germanic words 'wilt alwa', meaning 'wild water'. At 430km, it is the longest river in the Czech Republic and flows from the Bohemian Forest to join the River Elbe at Melnik.
Over the years, the city of Prague has had a bittersweet relationship with its river. As settlements grew up along the Vltava valley, the river provided a trading route and was a source of drinking water up until 1912. Water mills, weirs, and water towers were built. At one time, almost a third of Prague's electricity was supplied by the hydroelectric plant built on Stavinice Island in 1912. However, the River Vltava has also been prone to flooding, notably in 1784, 1845, 1890, 1940 and the worst of all in 2002, when the city of Prague was badly affected.
The Geography of Prague
Crossed by 18 bridges, the River Vltava neatly divides the main areas of Prague. On the East bank Nove Mesto (Prague New Town) gives way to Stare Mesto (Prague Old Town) and beyond that, Josefov (The Jewish Quarter). Prague's most famous bridge, Karluv Most (The Charles Bridge) links Stare Mesto with Mala Strana (Prague's Little Quarter) on the West bank of the Vltava with Hradcany and Prague Castle looming over it.
Sights of Prague by the River Vltava
- The Dancing House
- The Sitka Water Tower
- The National Theatre
- The Smetana Museum
- The Church of St. Francis
- The Rudolfinum
- The InterContinental Hotel
- The Ministry of Industry and Trade
- Charles Bridge
- The Observation Tower
- Certovka, The Devil's Stream
- St. Vitus's Cathedral
- Prague Castle
- The Strakova Akademie
These sights fall in four areas: Nove Mesto, Stare Mesto, Josefov and the West Bank, with Charles Bridge linking the two banks of the river. This article will tackle each area in turn.
Sights of Nove Mesto by the River Vltava
Three sights stand out as you work your way north along the river past Prague's New Town.
- The Dancing House.
- The Sitka Water Tower.
- The National Theatre.
1. The Dancing House
The Dancing House is located on the site of a house destroyed in February 1945 during the US bombing of Prague. To their great regret, American bomber pilots mistakenly targeted Prague instead of Dresden. The bomb site was eventually cleared in 1960.
Vaclav Havel, a prominent Czech playwright, and dissident (later to become a popular leader and elected president of Czechoslovakia and then the Czech Republic) lived on a neighboring plot. In 1986, the Czech architect, Vlado Milunic discussed a project to develop the site with the then dissident, Havel, who originally hoped that the building would be a cultural center.
The Nationale Nederlanden, a Dutch Insurance company (part of the Ing Group since 1991) agreed to sponsor the building. Milunic was invited to be the lead designer and he was asked to work with another well-known architect. Frank Gehry, the famous Canadian-American architect accepted the invitation.
Design of the Dancing House
The bank was a generous funder of the project. Milunic conceived the idea of a building in 2 parts, yin and yang, static and dynamic to symbolize the transition of Czechoslovakia from a communist state to a democracy. Gehry thought of the house originally as Fred and Ginger (based on the dancers, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers) but, fearing an association with Hollywood glamour, he dropped this name. The building is now rarely referred to as 'Fred and Ginger', although the restaurant at the top is still called 'Ginger and Fred'.
The style of the building is deconstructivist. The first part is a glass tower, which narrows half way up, supported by curved pillars and the second part is parallel to the river with undulating molding and windows set out of alignment.
The Dancing House was designed in 1992 and completed in 1996. American Time magazine awarded the building Design of the Year award in 1996. As well as offices and a restaurant, the building houses a hotel and a Glass bar at the top with a terrace offering great views.
Tips for Enjoying the View
- Take the lift up to the top floor and purchase a drink at the bar in order to gain access to the roof terrace. The view is well worth it.
- If you are prepared to push the budget a little for a meal with a view, be sure to book a table near the window in the restaurant. Lunchtime prices are the most reasonable.
2. The Sitka Water Tower
The original wooden structure of the Sitka (Sitkovska) water tower, dating from 1495, was destroyed by fire in 1501. The next tower collapsed because of poor construction. The third tower burned down in 1588 with neighboring mills. Fires were common in water towers, because of the open fires to prevent the water from freezing in winter. The present tower was built between 1588 and 1591. A water station was built to the north and named after Jan Sitka, owner of the nearby mill. In 1601 this water station supplied 75% of the New Town with water.
In 1648 the Swedish army laid siege to Prague and the tower was damaged. During repairs in 1651, the tower got its Baroque roof, which was covered with copper plate in the 18th century. In 1881 a new reservoir at Karlov took over the water supply function. In 1882 the waterworks mechanism was dismantled and the tower was set for demolition, but the Arts Forum Foundation prevented this.
The secret police used the tower as an observation point.
Restoration of the Sitka Water Tower
The Sitka water tower was reconstructed in 1883.
Some have compared the Tower to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, due to its slight inclination. There is a 42cm difference between the top and the bottom. The Sitka Tower was further restored in 1920 and in the 1980s to stop the inclination from increasing.
During the Communist regime, the secret police used the tower as an observation point. It gave them a good view of the comings and goings at Vaclav Havel's house nearby.
Further reconstruction of the tower was carried out in the mid-1990s during repairs to the neighboring Manes Union of Fine Arts building.
A Note on Josef Manes
Josef Manes(1820-1871) was a Czech painter who was undervalued during his lifetime, but later spawned an artists' association and exhibition society which took his name. In 1928 the society started building a complex on the site of the water tower. The Manes Exhibition Hall was opened in 1930, as a white functional building spanning the Vltava River between the right bank and the southern end of Zofin.
3. The National Theatre
The National Theatre is an eye-catching sight on the right bank of the River Vltava. The original idea for a national theatre came from a gathering of patriots in 1844. In January 1845 an application was first put in for an independent Czech theatre, but an appeal for funding was not launched until April 1851. A site was found on the bank of the River Vltava and the land of a former salt works was purchased in 1852.
There was much discussion about the design of the building and an initial modest provisional building, designed by Vojtech Ignac Ullmann, was erected on the south side of the plot, opening on 18th November 1862. But supporters of the more ambitious original plans pushed for their adoption and building began in 1867 with the National Theatre designed by Josef Zitek finally opening on 11th June 1881.
On 12th August 1881, a fire broke out destroying the dome, auditorium, and stage. It was seen as a national disaster.
The excitement at the opening was short-lived. After a few performances, the theatre was closed to enable some finishing touches to be made. On 12th August 1881, a fire broke out destroying the dome, auditorium, and stage. It was seen as a national disaster. A new collection was raised and people gave generously, enabling the National Theatre to be rebuilt this time with a design by Zitek's pupil, Josef Schulz. The re-opening was on 18th November 1883.
In 1977, the National Theatre was closed for 6 years for renovation. It re-opened on its centenary 18th November 1983. Opera, ballet and drama productions are staged here in rotation.
It's in the Stars
It has been suggested that the stars on the blue roof of the National Theatre are symbols of the heights to which artists should aspire.
The gold crested building with its many external sculptures representing the Arts is certainly eye-catching. But if you wish to explore the interior of this Czech national monument, the advice is to get tickets for a performance.
Stare Mesto from the River Vltava
Moving further along the riverbank, the Old Town runs roughly from Most Legii (Legion Bridge) to Karluv Most (Charles Bridge). There are two key sights along this bank which are visible from the river.
4. The Smetana Museum.
5. The Church of St. Francis.
4. The Smetana Museum
This building, next to the Charles Bridge, was originally a neo-renaissance waterworks. It is fitting that it is now home to the Smetana museum, as one of the Czech composer's most famous works, "Vltava", was inspired by the River Vltava. Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) was a great Czech patriot and known as the father of Czech music.
This museum, containing documents, letters, musical scores, and instruments, serves as a memorial to the composer's life. It opened in 1936. Visitors can zap a music stand with an electronic baton to hear extracts of the composer's work. It was Smetana, who wrote the opera, Libuse, about the founding of Prague, which was performed at the opening of the National Theatre in November 1883.
5. The Church of St. Francis
The current Baroque Church of St. Francis was built between 1679 and 1685 on the site of the original 1270 church of St. Francis of Assisi. There are underground corridors with tombstones and fragments of the original church. The cupola catches the eye, as you pass on the river, or walk along the Charles Bridge towards the Old Town.
The church was built for the Order of the Knights with a Red Star, who were the gatekeepers of the bridge. Organ concerts take place here. Access to the interior for sightseeing is available April to November outside of concert and mass times.
The Sights of Josefov seen from the River Vltava
The Jewish Quarter, Josefov is bordered by the River Vltava. There are three sights, which catch the eye along this stretch of the river.
6. The Rudolfinum.
7. The InterContinental Hotel.
8. The Ministry of Industry and Trade.
6. The Rudolfinum
This eye-catching landmark on the riverbank was designed by Josef Zitek and Josef Schulz. It was built 1876-1884 and, like the National Theatre that we have already seen, it is in the Czech Neo-Renaissance style. It houses several concert halls, the Dvorak Hall being one of the finest examples of Czech 19th-century architecture.
The Rudolfinum served as the home of the Czechoslovak parliament 1918-1939 and for a short time after 1945. It is now the home of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra.
"Mendelssohn is on the Roof."
The statues of Czech, Austrian and German composers that look down from the roof, have spawned a tale of their own. In 1960 Jiri Weil wrote a book "Mendelssohn is on the Roof". In it, he pens the tale of the SS soldiers sent up to the roof of the Rudolfinum to topple the statue of the Jewish composer, Mendelssohn.
The story goes that the soldiers, ignorant of the identities of the statues, sent Hitler's favorite, Wagner, hurtling towards the ground. The story gets better by the telling, but it is said that Wagner never had a place on the Rudolfinum, although the statue of Mendelssohn is still up there.
7. The InterContinental Hotel
The InterContinental Hotel, located by Cechuv Most on the River Vltava, admittedly is not the most architecturally striking of buildings along the riverbank, but it does have an interesting tale to go with it. The angular concrete style of the building owes a lot to the Communist era in which it was built (1968-1974), although the outside was renovated 1992-1995 and the inside in 2002.
We were fortunate to spend a night here and although our room was a little faded in places, the location, leisure facilities and standard of accommodation fitted its 5-star rating. It's the first hotel I have stayed in with a Rolls-Royce showroom on the ground floor.
The story goes that the InterContinental Hotel Prague was the second home to the infamous assassin, Carlos the Jackal (Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez) in the 1970s and early 1980s. Czechoslovakia's secret police kept him under surveillance. On one occasion it is said that Carlos got locked out of his room and was seen angrily running along the corridor with a revolver. It now appears that the Czech regime was a little embarrassed by its guest, but wasn't sure how to handle him.
In 1986 the Czech government hit upon a plan. They told Carlos that a French hit squad was on its way to get him. The ruse worked and Carlos left, never to return. He was eventually apprehended in Sudan in 1994.
8. The Ministry of Industry and Trade
Completed in 1934 and designed as a palace by Josef Fanta, this building had a record budget at the time. The construction, which started in 1928, overran by three years. There are 120 sculptures on the facade alone and it is easy to see why the building came at a price. Fanta was also the architect of Prague's striking main railway station.
Surprisingly little is known about this eye-catching government building, which now serves as the base of the Department of Trade and Industry. Some tourists are envious of those who work in such a stunning building and are a little disappointed that we can but admire it from outside, as there is no access to the public.
9. Charles Bridge
Of the 18 bridges that cross the River Vltava in Prague, there is one that stands out from the rest. Karluv most, or Charles Bridge, linking the Old Town with The Little Quarter, is recognized as one of Prague's most familiar landmarks. In 1357, Charles IV founded the bridge to replace the Judith Bridge, which had been built in 1158 but destroyed by floods in 1342. Charles Bridge was the only crossing over the River Vltava until 1741.
Originally decorated with a simple cross, Charles Bridge acquired its first statue of St. John Nepomuk, in 1683. St John had drowned after Wenceslas IV had him thrown from the bridge in 1393. Other statues of saints and the Madonna were added in the 18th century and are set on the walls lining either side of the bridge.
At one time the bridge could accommodate 4 carriages side by side, but it is now pedestrianized and tourists head here in droves. Partly they come because Charles Bridge is on the 'tourist route' from the Old Town to the Little Quarter and then up to the palace. They also come to take in the view, admire the statues and see the musicians and various souvenir-sellers on Charles Bridge.
How to See Charles Bridge at Its Best
Few of us probably enjoy jostling in a crowd of other tourists trying to see the best views and capture the best photos. So here are a few tips on how to get the most out of your visit to Charles Bridge, arguably Prague's top tourist destination.
- Avoid the busiest times. Aim to get there early, before the crowds. Or try visiting later in the evening, when the crowds are thinning a little. The night time view is said to be just as stunning as the daytime one.
- See Charles Bridge from a different perspective. View it from the riverbank. Scenes walking towards it from the New Town river bank are not to be missed.
- Admire the bridge from above, by climbing one of the towers at either end.
- Take a river trip to get a great river view and avoid the crowds.
Old Town Bridge Tower
The Old Town Bridge Tower is similar in age to the bridge, dating back to 1380. It played an important part in the fortifications of the Old Town. The tower is open to the public for an admission charge. This is often considered to be the finer of the two bridge towers, adorned with Gothic decorations. There are stairs to the viewing gallery, which was not built for large numbers, so it's best to avoid the busiest times to get the best of the views.
The Little Quarter Bridge Tower
Great views are to be had from the Little Quarter Bridge Tower. There is an admission charge to this less decorative counterpart of the tower at the other side of Charles Bridge. Standing next to it is a shorter tower, dating back to 1158, which is all that remains of the Judith Bridge. The larger tower dates from 1464 and it occupies the site of a previous Romanesque tower. If you negotiate the steep steps to the top you will be rewarded with great views.
Just Along the Riverbank
The Sights of the West Bank
The view from the River Vltava is one of a panorama of the colored buildings of Mala Strana with the castle compound towering over it. But in the midst of this, there are a few features which catch the eye.
10. The Observation Tower.
11. Certovka, The Devil's Stream.
12. St. Vitus's Cathedral.
13. Prague Castle.
14. The Strakova Akademie.
10. The Observation Tower
The Observation Tower (Rozhledna) in Petrin Park is sometimes referred to as Petrin Tower or even, on occasion, the Eiffel Tower because of its similarity to the Parisian landmark. This tower dates from 1891, when it was built for the Jubilee Exhibition, as an imitation of the more famous version in Paris. At 60m, it is only a quarter of the height of the Eiffel Tower, but nevertheless, its silhouette can easily be spotted from other parts of Prague. If you are feeling energetic, you can take the 299 step spiral staircase to the enclosed viewing platform, but there is also a lift.
11. Certovka, the Devil's Stream
Charles Bridge not only spans the River Vltava, but it also crosses Kampa Island and Certovka, The Devil's Stream, which separates Kampa from the rest of Mala Strana. Certovka is a man-made channel, which dates back to the Middle Ages. It was built by the Knights Hospitaller to provide water for the mills to be built along it.
There are three mills surviving, the most famous of which is the Grand Priory Mill. The mill's name links it to the Grand Priory of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (or Knights Hospitaller). The mill has also been known as Stepanovsky mlyn, Stephen's mill, referring to the 16th-century miller who owned it, and Maltezsky mlyn, Maltese mill. The Grand Priory Mill is no longer in working order and the restored water wheel is purely decorative.
This area is very picturesque and is sometimes referred to as 'Prague Venice' with its buildings located so close to the water. The view from Charles Bridge is not to be missed.
12. St. Vitus's Cathedral
St. Vitus's Cathedral, in the castle compound can be clearly seen from the River Vltava and from many viewpoints in Prague. It has held this position since building began on the site in 1344, but, interestingly it was 19th and 20th-century architects and artists who finally completed it. It was consecrated in 1929.
A striking sight externally from a distance, it is well worth tackling the hill and making the effort to explore the fascinating interior spanning 1000 years of history.
13. Prague Castle
Prince Borivoj founded Prague Castle in the 9th Century. It has a prominent position overlooking the River Vltava. Within the castle walls, there are many buildings, including a palace, three churches, and a monastery. The town of Hradcany has been located within the outer walls of the castle since around 1320. The royal procession route stretched from the Old Town, across Charles Bridge, and up the hill to Prague Castle. Many tourists follow this same route and are rewarded with a castle area packed with interesting buildings to explore and great views down to the River Vltava and over the rest of Prague.
14. The Strakova Akademie
This stately neo-baroque building catches the eye beyond the Manes Bridge. The Straka Akademie, to use its shortened form, takes its name from Count Jan Petr Straka, the emperor's privy counsel. In his will, he bequeathed his assets to build a students' hostel for the sons of poorer Czech aristocratic families. It was built for this purpose between 1891 and 1896.
The building was used by the Red Cross in World War I as a hospital. After the declaration of the Czechoslovak Republic, came the cancellation of aristocratic titles in 1921. The Straka Akademie continued to be used by students as the seat of the Students' Union and, later, Academic House, a students' club, whilst at the same time also being used by some government ministries. After World War II, the Czechoslovak government took the building over completely. Since 1993 the government of the Czech Republic has sat here.
The Left Bank of the River Vltava
Undoubtedly, the best way to see the sights of the River Vltava is from the water by taking one of the many river trips on offer. We bought tickets from a stall near the Mala Strana end of Charles Bridge, on Straka Island. Our boat looped round near a weir within sight of the National Theatre and turned to go under Charles Bridge, heading down towards Stvanice Island before looping round to return. We got off when it stopped near Staromestska, on the right bank.
Other boat locations we noticed were on the right bank in the New Town and also between Cechuv Most and the Rudolfinum. Ours was a relatively short trip, but we could have traveled further down the river to the zoo or beyond Vysehrad in the opposite direction.
Other Options to Make the Most of the River Vltava
An alternative to a river trip on the River Vltava is a stroll along the riverbank. We favored the right bank and especially enjoyed a walk from the Dancing House towards Charles Bridge for great views of Mala Strana, Prague Castle, and Charles Bridge.
On our walk, we noted some other options. On land, we had seen tours in open top 'vintage' cars and we noticed some had been adapted for use on the river. There were also more conventional pedaloes for hire. On St Wenceslas Day we saw a flotilla of small boats on the river. Water zorbing is an option for those who prefer falling around in large transparent inflatable spheres on the water. We noticed some of these between Most Legii and Charles Bridge on the right bank.
The Vltava Experience
How would you prefer to see Prague from the River Vltava?
On Our List for a Future Trip
In my view, a good holiday is marked by two things. Firstly, a vast number of photos, which suggest great sights worth capturing. Secondly, coming away with the sense that there is still more to do. Prague, for us, ticked both these boxes.
It would have been good to explore the islands on the River Vltava a little. We could have taken a boat trip up river or down river to the zoo. I would like to see Charles Bridge at night and maybe climb the Old Town Bridge Tower to catch the view after dark.
One day we might return to Prague. In the meantime, I hope you enjoy a visit to Prague or at least enjoy this glimpse of Prague from a river perspective.
Questions & Answers
© 2018 Liz Westwood | <urn:uuid:8f13960f-d85a-4ab2-83d6-3281409a0708> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://wanderwisdom.com/travel-destinations/Prague-River-Vltava | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247513661.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222054002-20190222080002-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.968724 | 5,298 | 2.953125 | 3 |
For the first time, scientists have successfully traced mysterious “fast radio bursts” (FRBs), which have been speculated to be signs of extraterrestrial intelligence, to a galaxy six billion light years away.
Just 17 such radio blasts have been recorded since 2007 when they were first discovered.
Each one came from space and lasted a few milliseconds at the most, emitting as much energy as the Sun in about 10,000 years.
Scientists are not sure what causes these bursts.
The first step in establishing their origin was to estimate the distance to the object where it originated.
Astronomer Evan Keane from the UK’s Jodrell Bank Observatory, who led the scientific team that published the new findings in the journal Nature, was able to record one of the most recent radio burst called FRB 150418 on April 18, 2015 with the help of the Parkes radio telescope in Australia. It lasted less than one millisecond, the shortest of them all.
The process of pinpointing its location was long. First Australia’s telescope located the radio afterglow in space and then a second 8.2-meter-long telescope in Hawaii, known as the Subaru Telescope, helped trace the origin of the wave to an elliptical galaxy, which is an off-spherical concentration of stars believed to be relatively old.
Some have speculated that the bursts could be a signal sent by extraterrestrial intelligence. “Nope! Sorry,” Keane said in response to this theory, as quoted by AFP.
The radio waves most likely originate from two colliding neutron stars, which at some point were orbiting each other before merging, according to Keane.
Due to the composition of the galaxy, it is more likely that a collision of two dead stars caused the radio bursts, rather than the explosion of a supernova, astronomers say.
Keane is now working with his team to determine how much material the radio wave passed through before being recorded on Earth.
According to the astronomer, this could answer some of the biggest scientific mysteries, such as the measurements of the cosmic microwave background.
Scientists plan to use such radio bursts in the future to create a map that could help detail the magnetic fields between various galaxies and determine what type of matter exists in space.
The discovery might also shed some light on the “missing matter question” question. Scientists believe that the universe consists of 70 percent dark energy, 25 percent undetermined dark matter, and around five percent ordinary matter or, more specifically, what planets and stars are made of.
Astronomers are currently only able to identify half of the ordinary matter, while the other half is labelled as “missing matter.” | <urn:uuid:93f187dd-d667-4e6a-91d4-28fb4f3f4341> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://csglobe.com/scientists-trace-mystery-alien-signals-to-distant-galaxy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038078900.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414215842-20210415005842-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.964606 | 551 | 3.703125 | 4 |
how do i adjust table columns to fit text in word 2007
Highlight the text you want to format if you do not highlight any text, Word will format the entire document. Click the Page Layout tab, and then select Columns.To create newspaper-style columns using a table: Open a new document. In Word 2007, from the Insert tab, click Table, and How Do You Automatically Adjust The Selected Tables Columns To Fit The Text In Word?Changing Column Width And Row Height Microsoft Word 2007 - Продолжительность: 1:28 Ezytutorials 8 320 просмотров. Table of Contents. Introduction. Whats New in Word 2007? About This Book. Foolish Assumptions.Word Hokey-Pokey. How Do I Start Word? Let Me Count the Ways. . . .Like that. Meanwhile, to use the Paste Options icon to adjust pasted text formatting in Word, comply with these steps To adjust padding for the whole table (in Word 2013)Word 2007: Placing pictures inside table. 1. How to adjust outer table borders in a table with spacing between cells?Shrinking text to fit in MS Word table.Minimize the number of pages a table takes by adjusting column width. Learn how to instantly adjust table columns to fit text in just one click, with the Autofit to Content Feature.Distribute Columns Evenly - MS Word Tables - Make Columns Equal Width De Computergaga. Take an online course in MS Word 2007. cell into then click OK.
Split a table by clicking the Split Table button. Adjusting Column Width.Quick Tables are a set of predefined table styles, or templates, that can be easily customized to fit your needs. Remember though, Tables are your friend and if columns are giving you a tough time, try using a table instead. They offer greater flexibility with the placement of text.Here Are Step-By-Step Instructions for Inserting Columns in Word 2007. How Do You Insert Tables in Microsoft Word 2010? Note, however, that for headings, centering will look better, especially in narrow columns, where justification can leave excessively large spaces between words.How do I justify complex text (Arabic/Persian) in table cells? If its a business document, (especially business documents that may be read on screen) you may now want to adjust the header and footer of the landscape section so that they fit the width of(In Word 2007, when a text box is selected, theUsing a table with Text Wrapping (Word 2000 and above). The Convert Text to Table dialog box allows you more control if the previous operation doesnt work out right.
You can also choose how to fit the contents of the table on the page. You can specify how Word should separate the data into rows and columns. So what I need is a way to scale the table and text downward in size to fit a page width. Or maybe if I could have some pages in the word doc in portrait and the pages with the tables in landscape that would work too. Resizing the cells would be something of a pain because the columns are not all the MS Word 2007 in Hindi / Urdu : Changing Text Alignment, Inserting Rows Columns In Table - 10 Word 2010 Tutorial Aligning Text in Table Cells Microsoft Training Lesson 16.8 M6(12) How to align text in tables and cells in Ms Word 2007. The formula automatically adjusts to row - Word - Office - Microsoft. 17 Feb 2011 How do I automatically adjust the heightAutomatically change the column width (auto fit) Excel 2007. Resize a table column or you cant change the size of a cell to fit the text this tip But much white space in the. See how to adjust column width and spacing in Word 2007 or 2010.Open your document in Word 2007 or 2010, Click on Page Layout tab > Columns > More Columns options.How to Remove Text Formatting in Word 2010/2007. Visual Basic. Office Development. How to adjust word table columns? If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above.Addicted Member. Join Date. Feb 2007. So far it seems I have to manually adjust each tables columns to fit the other ones. I have tried resetting the table and column width, text wrapping etc. I also selected the entire table and checked, then unchecked the "table header" tick for double click column border excel 2010 expand to fit how auto width in change do i make columns automatically text direction autofitting the autofit buttonhow to adjust the columns in a microsoft word table.how to change column width and row height in excel 2007 dummies. Here I will show you how to organize text in columns in Word and how to create a document that looks like it is formatted in columns but, in fact, uses tables instead.When you have text formatted in columns you can adjust the column width either using the Columns dialog or from the Ruler Bar. How do I dynamically adjust size to fit text? 2011-07-02.pasting Word table to Excel but all the columns were fit into one column 2012-01-07. In Excel 2010, learn how to resize your table rows or columns manually using your mouse, or adjust the column width or row height automatically (auto fit).A minor adjustment to the column widths and wrapping the text in the cells Creating columns for a newsletter in Word 2007 or 2010. Applies To: Word 2016 Outlook 2016 Word 2013 Outlook 2013 Word 2010 Word 2007 MoreAutomatically adjust your table or columns to fit the size of your content by using the AutoFit button. Learn how to instantly adjust table columns to fit text in just one click, with the Autofit to Content Feature.How to Use Tables in Microsoft Word 2007. How to Adjust the Column Width of a Microsoft Word Table : Tech Niche. how to adjust the columns in a microsoft word table. vba excel adjust cell height to fit text autofit column widths. automatically resize cells in excel 2007 table row height quot. Microsoft Office Word 2007 Tutorial. Table. Cell Row Column.Delete Table, Rows, Columns, or Cells. 6.4.3. Set column widths to fit text.Adjust Column Widths and Row Heights. 6.4.9. Change Text Direction Within Cells. 6.4.10. How do you set styles for table column width in Word? how to adjust the placement of numbers in a column.Microsoft Project 2016 Monthly Cost Report/ Table Creation Help. Ajx posted Jan 14, 2018 at 9:53 PM. Office 2007 Apps - Printing all graphics mirrored - Text Normal. To fit the columns to the text (or page margins if cells are empty), click [AutoFit] > select "AutoFit Contents."Keywords: Microsoft Word, tables, format columns, resize, even, adjust columns. When you need to align text across the page from column to column (in parallel format) use tabs or a table.Use the first columns settings to adjust all of the columns. Word will adjust the other settingsThats how Word splits the multi-column section from the title section. 10: Add a picture. If you press Shift while dragging, all columns to the right will retain their same width(s) but the right margin of the table will change to make up the difference in the adjusting column.How do I convert word to PDF in MS 2007? If you are using a later version (Word 2007 or later), this tip may not work for you.The first step is to adjust column width so that the columns in your table are the way you want them.Figure 3. The Table Options dialog box. Make sure the Automatically Resize to Fit Contents check box is cleared. Learn how to instantly adjust table columns to fit text in just one click, with the Autofit to Content Feature. Minh Nguyen.How to Fit Cell Contents in a Cell with Wrap Text in Excel 2010. Changing Column Width And Row Height Microsoft Word 2007. Word Automation in C- Creating Tables in Word. What is the best way to populate a Word 2007 template in C?Advice for extracting word text and handling cellbreak characters. Programmatically adjust font size to fit text inside a textbox in Word. I create a table using Word from C (Office 16.0 Interop). My goal: To make the width of a certain column smaller, i.e. fit to its content.How do I force a table to make one column adjust its width to its contents (and still use the whole width of a page in total). Learn how to instantly adjust table columns to fit text in just one click, with the Autofit to Content Feature. Minh Nguyen.How To Create Columns In Microsoft Word. Changing Column Width And Row Height Microsoft Word 2007. 2 How to Rotate Text in Word for a Table Card. 3 How to Make a Table Spread Across Pages in Microsoft Word. 4 How to Convert a Table to Elegant Style With Word.Word adjusts the cell width evenly across the columns in the table. How to Convert Text to Table in Word 2010.You can adjust the column and row sizes in your Word 2007 tables. The Columns dialog box lets you adjust column width and the space between columns. 1. Adjust right edge position of Word table with merged columns using Excel macro. 0. In an MS Word table, how to locate the cursor position andHow to combine several text boxes in a word file into one table that is copyable? -2. Referring Excel objects which embedded in a MS- Word Document? Try this in Word 2003: Click inside the table TABLE / TABLE PROPERTIES At the top, click the TABLE tab Bottom right, click OPTIONS Make sure "Automatically resize to fit contents" is selected. Click OK Click OK Afterwards you may need to drag the borders to make the columns a bit wider. CONCATENATE in Excel: combine text strings, cells and columns. How to Vlookup to return multiple matches in Excel. 3 ways to remove spaces between words / numbers inI would like to be able to type data and the minute I push the enter key the column should automatically adjust to fit the data. how to auto size ment box to fit its content in excel. how to adjust columns rows and text in excel 2010 youtube.how do i make columns automatically expand in excel 2010 solve. ms excel 2007 stop wrap text when pasting. adjust row height and column width in word tables. Excel 2010 Cell Size In Cm How To Make Rows In A Table The Same Height Shaunakelly Change.
Using Word 2010 Change The Row Height Or Column Width.Adjust Row Height And Column Width In Word Tables.Changing Column Width And Row Height Microsoft Word 2007.Four Ms Adjust the width of the columns to suit (drag them).Thanks, that has worked but theres one more thing, how do i bring them closer together? I created the columns and got rid of the border, when i try to go back to get them together the text starts to fade into white This is the text that is divided into 2 columns, you can optionally change the font size to fit the column.Word Create background in Word, insert background. Word Fix font error in Word 2007. Word - Adjust space between letters in Word. Columns in Word tables are designed to automatically adjust by default.How to Turn Off Automatic Resizing of Columns. By default, Microsoft Word tables are setup to automatically resize to fit the contents. Is it possible in Office 07 (Word) to wrap text within cells of a table?When I write a long sentence of text, it just keeps pushing the cell out horizontally, instead of wrapping text and expanding vertically. If I lock the column width, it wont allow me to write any more text. 1. Fix irregular shape of merged tables in MS Word 2007. 3. Minimize the number of pages a table takes by adjusting column width. 0. Mail Merge Field in Rotated Text in a Label.How do I translate into a gendered language where the gender would be a spoiler? Laid off. Views: 3026. Last Modified: 2012-08-14. Cannot change column width in Word document. HelloIm not sure that you can ever adjust the width of a single column.Tables can also behave seemingly awkwardly when text in a new row does not fit on the page. Fit a pasted table on one page in Word.You can read this article to learn how to paste your Excel table as an image, which can be a much simpler solution when you are working with a very large table where you need to fit all of the rows and columns on one page. Resize AutoShape to Fit Text: This option automatically adjusts the size of. You can easily change a Word 2007 table into text.Word 2010 For a Word Table, there is a context Autofit for columns. of words into a table cell, how to make the cell/row automatically adjust its. To stretch the table across the page to fit the window, select AutoFit Window.Width in Word Tables, adjusting, autofit, cell size, column, column width, columns, columns and rows, course, height, help, how-to, instructions, layout, learn, lesson, microsoft word, overview, row, row height To adjust the width of a table column automatically. Click in a table.The table column is resized to fit the widest line of text. To specify an exact table column width.
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Who Were the Hohokam?
The name Hohokam (pronounced with the accent on the last syllable) comes from the word Hoohoogum, the name given by the contemporary Native Americans in this area to the prehistoric peoples whom they believe to be their ancestors. The Hohokam people occupied the valley and much of southern Arizona from A.D. 1 to 1450.
Michael Hampshire’s rendering of the large platform mound at Pueblo Grande on the north bank of the Salt River.
The Hohokam were farmers who grew corn, beans, squash and agave. They also grew cotton for textiles. The Hohokam built hundreds of miles of canals throughout the valley to irrigate their agricultural fields. Some of these same canals were later re-excavated and used by pioneer farmers in historic times. The Hohokam had no domesticated livestock. They hunted game such as deer, rabbit, and quail. They harvested shellfish and fish from their canals.
The Hohokam made pottery and stone tools, and wove cotton textiles. They also made hundreds of petroglyphs on rock outcrops throughout the valley.
The Hohokam had no form of writing. Therefore, the Hohokam culture was not a true civilization as defined by archaeologists. However, their social and political systems appear to have been quite complex. The canal systems were large public works projects that required organization and cooperation between communities. Construction at this scale would have required leaders to organize the construction and ongoing maintenance of the canal systems.
The Hohokam canals were very well engineered, as later discovered by European American farmers, indicating that there probably was division of labor between the “engineers” and the laborers who did the digging. It is likely that some communities, and therefore their leaders, dominated others by controlling access to the source of water for the canals. As a result, some leaders probably gained political power over several communities.
It is believed that these leaders lived in the communities that had platform mounds and ball courts that were used for ceremonial games, trade and other special occasions when several communities gathered together.
Where Did They Come From?
The Hohokam migrated north from what is now Mexico and settled in southern Arizona. There is strong evidence that they maintained ties with communities in Mexico. Trade items such as parrots and copper bells have been traced to their origins in Mexico. There is no evidence that the Hohokam worked copper themselves so they must have traded the finished products.
What Happened to Them?
Various theories have been proposed over the last century to answer this question. One theory states that they migrated back to Mexico, possibly after an extended drought in Arizona. Another theory proposes that they remained here and evolved culturally into the Tohon Chul (formerly known as the Pima) and/or Tohono O’odham (formerly known as the Papago).
A more contemporary theory states that the Hohokam culture actually was composed of many different ethnic groups operating under a single cultural, economic and political system. When this system broke down (the reason still not being entirely clear), each group went its separate way culturally. Some groups may have migrated elsewhere.
There is still a great deal about the Hohokam culture that archaeologists do not fully understand. Archaeologists continue to conduct research in order to fill in the gaps in their knowledge and answer the many questions that remain. | <urn:uuid:fc2b537b-40f9-4bef-bd29-0a5f074e2496> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.tempe.gov/government/community-services/tempe-history-museum/tempe-history/the-hohokam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573080.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917141045-20190917163045-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.981422 | 726 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The way in which information is transmitted can have a great impact on society, economy, and politics.
In times of a pandemic disease like COVID-19, the media is flooded with information coming in from different sources and places, and in different languages. How this sensitive information is translated can lead to panic, social stigma or health issues.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is also conscious about the effects of communication for preparedness and response to the coronavirus disease. So much so that they provide a great variety of material on this matter, from a general communication guide to specific workplace communication guides. (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/risk-communication-and-community-engagement)
The virus is an “enemy” that does not come alone, its two henchmen are fear and discrimination.
Fear is as contagious as the virus, it only takes one word to topple the tile and see the domino effect. A clear example is the shortage of toilet paper in some countries. People understood a strict quarantine was going to be implemented leading to a huge demand for toilet paper.
A pandemic disease can also cause social stigma and discriminatory behavior against people who are perceived to be related to the disease. The terms chosen to describe the outbreak, its origins, and prevention measures can reinforce or reduce the stigma. The WHO advises using “acquiring” or “contract” instead of “infect” or “transmit” because this second group of terms implies blame. The socially stigmatized may hide their symptoms and avoid seeking health care immediately.
Then, we have the virus itself. Precision is essential in translating health content related to COVID-19. Any irregularity can destroy a whole country’s prevention and response plan. Let’s take for example a pamphlet that says “People with fever, cough and difficulty breathing should seek medical attention”. If this sentence were translated into Spanish as Las personas que tengan fiebre, tos o dificultad para respirar deben buscar atención médica (People with fever, cough or difficulty breathing should seek medical attention), healthcare facilities would be packed with false and actual COVID-19 cases, resulting in the overwhelming of the health system. Precise information allows people to act wisely.
As the WHO says “People have the right to be informed about and understand the health risks that they and their loved ones face”. As translators we can do their part in this world crisis by translating life-saving information accurately. For the first time in many years, we are all in this together. | <urn:uuid:0e1cf182-b432-4309-b377-aa7aace41f81> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.baquerotranslations.com/tag/translation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662560022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523163515-20220523193515-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.93545 | 570 | 3.75 | 4 |
Hinduism is generally considered the world’s oldest organized religion. Over the years Hinduism has grown to become the world’s third largest religion after Christianity and Islam. Hinduism differs from Christianity in the sense that it does not have a single founder, a specific theological system, a single system of morality or a central religious organization. For many centuries Hinduism has evolved from thousands of different religions in the India. Most forms of recognize a single deity, and view other Gods and Goddesses as manifestations or aspects of that supreme God. Hindu texts are considered some of the most ancient religious texts still surviving today.
For any newcomer to Hinduism, the book, A Brief Dictionary of Hinduism by Pravrajika Anandaprana is a wonderful Hinduism book for you to consider. This handy Hinduism dictionary will allow you to learn many of the important words that will guide you on your path. Included are philosophical and religious terms, names from Hindu mythology, and a sprinkling of terms related to Indian psychology, history and social customs. The book is primarily directed to students of Vedanta, a branch of Hinduism, but it should easily meet the needs of those who read most basic books on Hindu philosophy. Available for under $7, this Hinduism dictionary is a fabulous way to learn some of the most important words and phrases in the Hindu religion.
Since there are so many different God and Goddesses in the Hinduism religion, the book, Short Description of Gods, Goddesses of Buddhism and Hinduism, published by the Handicraft Association of Nepal, is a great small book that will give the a brief overview of the Gods and Goddesses that have lived in the minds of many for centuries. Each entry is illustrated either with a drawing or a photograph making this a useful resource book for students of eastern religions. The illustrations will help you remember which God or Goddess is which. This book is available at a great low price for everyone to enjoy.
Would you like to share a bit of the Hinduism culture with your friends across the world? The Krishna Art Postcard Book, by 2002 Benjamin Franklin Award finalist B.G. Sharma, is an elegant way to send brilliant postcards to all of your family and friends. In this book Sharma depicts the Hinduism God Krishna with subtle brushstrokes in 32 different postcards. The elegant strokes have created fine details on each of these Hinduism postcards.
These are just some of the wonderful Hinduism products that we currently have at our store. There is so much more for you to explore and find. With over 800,000 Hindu’s in the United States alone, you are certainly not alone in exploring this religion and its deep history. View all of our Hinduism products today at mas-India.com. | <urn:uuid:3d88089f-0c72-4c28-8174-d8bc7538ad48> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://mas-india.com/hinduismoldestreligion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337338.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002150039-20221002180039-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.94804 | 570 | 3.28125 | 3 |
New research by Western Sydney University explores the concerning impact our changing climate and increasing heat is having on Australian schools and childcare centres, as experts predict temperatures will reach extreme heights this summer.
The research found dangerously high surface temperatures in outdoor play spaces, raising important questions about children’s safety and learning outcomes.
Following experiments within a number of childcare centres, the data reveals that the worst temperatures were measured on the surface materials initially considered the safest for outdoor play, including AstroTurf and softfall.
Senior researcher and initiator of the Cool Schools report, Dr Sebastian Pfautsch, commented: “We saw temperatures rise up to 98 degrees Celsius on AstroTurf, raising concerning questions about the impact this is having on children’s wellbeing, as we know children are far more vulnerable to heat stress than adults.
“We also found that playground infrastructure heats up drastically as temperatures rise and some surfaces and playground equipment, such as metal slides, become far too hot for children to play on.”
Professor Kathryn Holmes, also part of the Cool Schools research team, raised questions on the impact rising heat in play areas could have on children’s physical activity levels, as school students are expected to spend a lot more time indoors in the future to avoid the rapidly increasing temperatures.
She said teachers in NSW already deploy a range of traditional cooling strategies, such as encouraging appropriate clothing for the heat, ensuring blinds are closed and handing out water bottles on hot days. More schools have also had started installing covered outdoor learning areas (COLAs), to provide more shade.
“Yet, few studies look at the classroom environment and curricular activities when it comes to summer heat, or at the thermal comfort of children in outdoor play areas in Australia. We need more evidence-based findings to help children stay cool in a climate-changed future.”
The report also noted concerns that trees are disappearing from schools at an alarming rate. Dr Pfautsch questions how outdoor education can safely be delivered if temperatures are increasing, yet schoolyards are becoming distinctively empty and offer minimal shade.
“Trees provide significant environmental, economic, social, psychological and physiological benefits to students. As well as offering shade, trees create fresher air and provide fantastic habitat and food sources for insects and animals, resulting in beneficial learning and recreational environments for children. It’s very concerning to see even more trees rapidly disappearing from our schools,” said Dr Pfautsch.
The Cool Schools report forms part of Western Sydney University’s investment in sustainability-related research, with around 70 researchers and 400 projects already underway dedicated to a climate change-impacted future. Western Sydney University also launched a new awareness campaign, Earth IQ, aimed at engaging and empowering millennials and their communities through social media.
About the Cool Schools Initiative
The Western Sydney University Cool Schools Initiative (CSI) was launched in 2018 to develop interdisciplinary research programs for heat-resilient primary and secondary school environments and design of heat-resilient curriculum. This report summarises current research in health and environmental sciences, planning policy, legislation and standards, sustainability education, and innovative design trends. Its purpose is to inform future research into student thermal comfort and cooling solutions for schools in Western Sydney and NSW.
(Source: Western Sydney University) | <urn:uuid:16555c69-f886-4d13-b5c6-40d0705bd5e4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.parenthub.com.au/news/kids-news/the-dangerous-impact-increasing-temperatures-are-having-on-our-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.945489 | 678 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Citizen journalists played a key role in discovering evidence related to the recent Malaysia Airlines plane crash in Ukraine. Sleuths posted images of what was purported to be a missile launcher near the crash site, and fellow netizens tracked down corroborating images and information. Similar instances have helped to contribute to intelligence on the conflict in Ukraine.
In Russia, citizen journalists often act as alternative information sources to the state-controlled media outlets. These individuals expose important issues and coordinate with others to bring about change in their communities. According to a 2012 report, about 60 percent of Russians are Internet users, and Russia ranks third worldwide for social media users as 86 percent of its Internet users are on social media sites. Citizen journalists distribute eyewitness accounts and graphics from events as they happen, such as the Moscow metro bombing in 2010.
The Internet has become another public sphere for Russians, where relatively greater freedom of expression makes civic participation less risky. Public discussion of important issues occurs in an online environment with less polarization than in the United States and where many bloggers try to approach political topics objectively. This promotes an open forum with diverse views represented. Bloggers such as Alexei Navalny root out government corruption, and top political videos on YouTube cover transparency and government abuses. Bloggers keep an eye on the government online, where information about election violations and climate change can spread widely and gain traction in state media and public discourse.
Blogging platforms such as LiveJournal have been used to mobilize huge groups of people to action on specific problems. The Anti-Seliger protest was organized online as an alternative to a protest by Nashi, a pro-Putin youth movement. A report by Harvard’s Berkman Center showed these online movements have clear goals and the dedication to reach them. In contrast, pro-government bloggers do not have an organized following, though they do have a strong Twitter presence.
Citizen journalists are facing increasing scrutiny of their online activities. The bloggers law, which went into effect August 1, requires bloggers with more than 3000 daily readers to register with the government, allowing the authorities to target particular dissidents. This adds to the growing list of legal barriers and manufactured criminal charges against online activists. Alexei Dymovsky, a former police officer, posted a video to YouTube decrying the corruption in the police forces, only to be fired and receive threats on his life. Blogging sites have faced distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, which overwhelm servers and can make sites inaccessible for days. These attacks have occurred during protests and shortly before the 2011 elections, preventing information about elections violations from spreading.
There are several ways to equip Russia’s citizen journalists to take on these challenges. Verification is increasingly important and easier to do with a wide variety of online tools. This enhances the credibility of these sites as alternatives to state media, which succeed due to their appearance of professionalism. It is vital to teach citizen journalists about information security, especially when they are covering sensitive issues such as corruption. With these skills, citizen journalists can produce high-quality work and continue to help their communities in a meaningful way. | <urn:uuid:5ed78a3d-71dd-46cf-8ff2-0a0192687b71> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cima.ned.org/blog/russias-citizen-journalists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643663.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528083025-20230528113025-00797.warc.gz | en | 0.955649 | 630 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Final Resting Place for Some Texas Historical Figures
Posted On 08/13/2020 09:32:27
Texas | Nacogdoches | Oak Grove Cemetery | Thomas Jefferson Rusk | Texas History | Texas Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson Rusk is one of several Texas historical figures buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in
Nacogdoches. Rusk was a judge, statesman and Secretary of War under Sam Houston. Along
with some others buried at Oak Grove, he signed the Texas Declaration of Independence in
1836. When Texas became a state in 1845, it was Rusk that served as President of the
Constitutional Convention. He then served as a US Senator from 1846 until his 1857 death.
The Wordy Explorers
Social Media Description
Are you interested in historical cemeteries?
While our RV water tank was being replaced at Genuine RV in Nacogdoches, we spent a few hours
exploring the city. I contacted a high school friend who spent many years in the city, and she
mentioned that a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence was buried there. A little bit of
research led us to Oak Grove Cemetery. Although the graves of several famous people can be
found in the cemetery, that of Thomas Jefferson Rusk is thought to be the most famous. | <urn:uuid:af16afcf-3f74-44dc-8d50-33230f914c3d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://arewethere-yet.com/wordyexplorers/blog/pages/view/viewpostcard.dhtml?linkId=TJRuskGrave&postcardId=1597084334467 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400204410.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922063158-20200922093158-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.967046 | 276 | 2.984375 | 3 |
By chance, another study of Seattle’s $15 minimum wage has just come out. It’s from the University of Washington group that’s been issuing periodic reports, and it comes to a different conclusion than last week’s study. Among jobs paying less than $19 per hour:
We estimate statistically insignificant hours reductions between 0.9% and 3.4% (averaging 1.9%) during the three quarters when the minimum wage was $11 per hour. By contrast, the subsequent minimum wage increase to $13 associates with larger, significant hours reductions between 7.9% and 10.6% (averaging 9.4%)
The authors suggest that Seattle lost about 10,000 low-wage jobs when the minimum wage increased from $11 to $13. If this is confirmed in subsequent studies, it suggests that a minimum wage of, say, $12 per hour, has a minimal effect on low-skill employment. But $15 will have a significant effect.
The effect on hours worked is similar. At $11, the reduction in low-wage jobs is small and probably illusory anyway: “It appears that any ‘loss’ in hours at lower thresholds is likely to reflect a cascade of workers to higher wage levels.” But at $13 it looks like this:
The key thing in this chart is that the solid line never reaches zero: “Thus, there is no evidence to suggest that the estimated employment losses associated with the second phase-in reflect a similar cascading phenomenon.”
This study is more pessimistic than previous studies, but it’s well done and scrupulously honest. Nor should it necessarily be a surprise. There’s a mountain of evidence that modest increases in the minimum wage have little effect on low-wage jobs, but the key word here is modest. We’ve never tested how high the minimum wage can go before it starts to have a serious impact on low-wage jobs, because no one has ever raised the minimum wage more than modestly. This means that the question of how high the minimum wage can go is an empirical one—and there’s no special reason to think it’s $15. It could be higher or lower. And if this study holds up, the answer at the moment is around $12.
One other thing worth noting: Among other rich countries, the minimum wage is roughly 50 percent of the median wage. Depending on how you measure it, that comes to $11-$13 in the United States. So if the ideal minimum wage turns out to be $12 per hour—roughly the same as it was in the 60s—no one should be taken aback.
UPDATE: EPI has released a critique of the new UW study: “The authors’ analysis…suffers from a number of data and methodological problems that bias the study in the direction of finding job loss, even where there may have been no job loss at all.” I won’t try to arbitrate this, since I don’t have the econometric chops to do it. Eventually this will all get sorted out, but it’s likely to take a few years. | <urn:uuid:d0b63d2a-7e31-40e3-9c34-855da2eafd89> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://adops.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2017/06/new-seattle-study-suggests-ideal-minimum-wage-of-about-12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.958415 | 667 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Motherhood is one of the most beautiful time periods in any woman’s life but before this beautiful time period, every woman should take care during her pregnancy. One of the most important things is a balanced diet for pregnant women.
What a woman drinks and eats during pregnancy is her infant’s main source of nourishment. So, several pediatricians and experts recommend that a mother-to-be choose a variety of healthy diet to provide the important nutrients an infant needs for growth and development.
A healthy and balanced diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle at any time, but especially important if a woman is pregnant or planning a pregnancy. Healthy eating keeps a woman feeling great and gives your baby the essential nutrients they need in utero.
Overall, aim for a balanced diet for pregnant women, with an appropriate blend of all the five food groups including;
- Vegetables and legumes
- Bread and cereals
- Meat, poultry, fish, and alternatives
- Milk, yogurt, and cheese
Basically, the foods containing protein help the infant grow. There are several sources of protein such as fish, chicken, meat, eggs, milk, nuts, cheeses, beans and peas.
Top 5 Balanced Diet For Pregnant Women:
1. Fruit and Vegetables
Eat lots of fruit and vegetables because these provide minerals and vitamins, as well as fiber, which helps in digestion and prevention of constipation. Eating a variety of vegetables and fruit a day which can be fresh, canned, frozen, dried or juiced. Always wash these veggies and fruits carefully before cooking or consuming.
2. Starchy Foods (carbohydrates):
Starchy foods are the important source of vitamins and fiber as well as are satisfying without receiving too many calories. They include bread, breakfast cereals, rice, potatoes, pasta, noodles, maize, oats, sweet potatoes, yams, millet, and cornmeal. These foods can be included in every meal. Eat wholemeal instead of
Sources of protein include meat, fish, poultry, beans, pulses, eggs, and nuts. You can include a portion of protein in your everyday meal.
Dairy foods like milk, yogurt, and cheese are important for a balanced diet because they contain calcium and other nutrients that the infant needs. Always try to choose a reduced fat variety wherever possible.
Always avoid alcohol or alcoholic beverages because there is no safe level of alcohol which can be consumed during pregnancy. Whether you are planning a pregnancy, already pregnant or breastfeeding, consuming alcohol can harm the unborn baby.
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Limit Foods that are High in Sugar, Fat, and Salt:
These foods with high sugar, fat, and salt mainly include all spreading fats, oils, cream, chocolate, salad dressings, crisps, biscuits, pastries, cake, puddings, ice-cream, and fizzy drinks. A pregnant woman should eat only a small amount of these foods.
Sugar, fat and high salt contains high calories without providing any type of other nutrients and can contribute to obesity, weight gain, and tooth decay.
These foods increase the amount of cholesterol in the blood which leads to increase the chance of developing heart disease. Try to cut down on saturated fat, and in place of these foods try to eat foods rich in polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat.
Healthy Snacks in Balanced Diet For Pregnant Women:
If you get hungry between meals, don’t eat those snacks that are high in fat and sugar, like sweets, crisps, biscuits or chocolate. Instead, the above options, choose from the following nutritious snacks including;
- Sandwiches or pitta bread filled with grilled chicken, grated cheese, mashed tuna, salad, and salmon or sardines.
- Salad vegetables like carrot, celery or cucumber
- Low-fat yogurt
- Ready-to-eat apricots, prunes or figs
- Vegetable soups
- Unsweetened breakfast cereals
- Milky drinks or unsweetened fruit juices
- Fresh fruit
- Baked beans on toast
All the above suggestions are about the balanced diet for pregnant women. As we all know that “A healthy body is the root of a healthy life.”
Disclaimer: GoMedii is a recognized and a considerate healthcare platform which tends to connect every dot of the healthcare needs and facilities. GoMedii facilitates the accessibility of all health news, health tips, and information from the Health experts and Doctors to the eyes of readers. All of the information and facts mentioned in the GoMedii Blog are thoroughly examined and verified by the Doctors and Health Experts, elsewise source of information is confirmed for the same.
About GoMedii: GoMedii is a complete healthcare marketplace, where you can Book Appointment With Doctors, Get Online Consultation, Order Medicines Online, and Get hassle-free doorstep delivery within 4 hours. You may simply download the GoMedii app for Android or iOS. | <urn:uuid:f79eead4-1a7a-452e-a5a5-b9d398bb9ebe> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://gomedii.com/blogs/english/women-child-care/know-more-about-balanced-diet-for-pregnant-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740343.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814215931-20200815005931-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.931933 | 1,090 | 2.84375 | 3 |
An organic garden is a rewarding source of healthy fruits and vegetables for you and your family. Maintaining the delicate balance between all of the components of your organic garden’s ecosystem is hard work but it is the key to successfully preventing damage from harmful garden insects.
If that balance is upset, harmful pests may become a problem that requires additional attention. The topic of using any “pesticide” in an organic garden is a controversial one. There are both homemade and commercially-available products to assist in the control of harmful garden pests but it is important to note that extra care should be taken when selecting any pesticide to use in your organic garden. Pay particular attention to ingredients and warnings even though it may be labeled “natural” or “organic”.
To avoid the need for any pesticides, you should focus on the prevention of harmful garden insects instead. It is indeed the best “medicine” you can give your organic garden. Your ultimate goal is a natural balance of all the key elements of your garden…soil, water, plants AND insects. There are quite a few “good” insects that will help you fight the battle. Treat them well and you will reduce the risk of ever needing a pesticide.
When the key elements of your garden are in balance, it promotes a healthy garden and a balanced insect population (just enough of the good insects to control the bad ones)…and a healthy garden will do a great job all by itself to control harmful pests.
Here are four tips to promote a natural organic garden balance:
1. Maintain healthy soil.
This will promote healthy plants. Most insects only attack unhealthy plants. Incorporating natural compost consisting of garden and kitchen scraps is a natural, organic way to keep your soil fertile and healthy.
2. Rotate your crops.
Planting a crop in the same spot season after season will eventually weaken the soil of the nutrients a particular plant needs. The resulting unhealthy plans will be more prone to insect attack. Rotating crops from year to year allows the soil to replenish itself of depleted nutrients from the year before.
3. Invite the good bugs to your garden.
Encourage beneficial predator and parasitic insects into your garden by planting flowers in your garden that provide sources of food for them. They, in turn, will help keep the harmful insect population in check.
4. Keep your garden clean.
Keeping the garden or orchard free of excess debris will give the harmful insect population less places to hide and thrive.
At times, considering all of these factors may seem a bit overwhelming and stressful. However, if you are successful in keeping this delicate balance in check, you may never need to consider using pesticides in your garden and it will reward you with some of the healthiest, freshest vegetables on earth. Please never forget one of the most important things about your garden. You planted it because gardening is fun.
Visit the author’s comprehensive article, Organic Gardening Pesticides, for more information about prevention and the use of both homemade and commercially-available pesticides.
Suzy T is a mom and avid gardener from New Jersey. Visit her website and blog, Suzy’s Garden, for more gardening and crafting articles, projects and information. Be sure to visit the Book Shop at her site. There are a number of additional organic gardening references that may assist you.
Suzy’s other interests include writing, shopping and her two Golden Retrievers. She is also an advocate for the rights of children with special needs. | <urn:uuid:6bb64728-6ddb-4aba-b261-6437c05faad2> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.frugal-families.com/organic-gardening-pesticides-the-natural-way-to-avoid-the-need-for-them.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371824409.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408202012-20200408232512-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.925375 | 735 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- Estimates are that Alaska has about 40 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil
- Dan Sullivan: The U.S. is on the verge of an energy renaissance; we must seize the opportunity
- He says we have some of the highest standards in the world for environmental protection
- Sullivan: If we do not pursue responsible development in the Arctic, other countries will
The United States is on the verge of an energy renaissance. We need to recognize and seize the opportunity.
This renaissance involves domestic production of natural resources ranging from clean renewables to hydrocarbons.
In particular, domestic hydrocarbon production -- both oil and gas -- is increasing dramatically, with some experts predicting that the United States could become the largest hydrocarbon producer in the word -- outstripping Saudi Arabia and Russia -- by 2020.
Increased domestic production of hydrocarbons is driven by two trends. First, new technology is unlocking unconventional resources such as shale-derived oil and gas. And second, investors and policy makers are recognizing that the U.S. still has an enormous resource base of conventional oil and gas, particularly in Alaska.
Federal agencies estimate that Alaska's North Slope and federal waters off Alaska's northern coast contain approximately 40 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and more than 200 trillion cubic feet of conventional gas.
According to the U.S. Geological Survey, this region contains more oil than any comparable region located in the Arctic, including northern Russia.
However, the United States is lagging behind its Arctic neighbors in developing these resources. This is unfortunate, because we have some of the highest environmental standards in the world and we should be setting the bar for Arctic development.
Developing our Arctic resources will promote our nation's interests in many ways: securing a politically stable, long-term supply of domestic energy; boosting U.S. economic growth and jobs; reducing the federal trade deficit; and strengthening our global leadership on energy issues. Leading academic researchers and economists in Alaska have estimated that oil production from Alaska's outer continental shelf will bring federal revenues of approximately $167 billion over 50 years, and create 55,000 jobs throughout the country.
Developing U.S. resources in the Arctic has the added benefit of enhancing global environmental protection.
One of the arguments used by Arctic drilling opponents is that "we aren't ready," but it is obvious that no matter what preparations are made, they will argue that it isn't enough.
Shell, for example, has spent billions to prepare for drilling in the Arctic this summer, incorporating the lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico, state-of-the-art equipment and extensive scientific research. Recently, the Obama administration has publically expressed its confidence in the company's drilling plans.
The U.S. has created some of the highest standards in the world for environmental protection. When we delay or disallow responsible resource development, the end result is not to protect the environment, but to drive hydrocarbon investment and production to countries with much lower environmental standards and enforcement capacity.
Last year, it was reported that between 5 million and 20 million tons of oil leak in Russia per year. This is equivalent to a Deepwater Horizon blowout about every two months. Russia had an estimated 18,000 oil pipeline ruptures in 2010 -- the figure for the U.S. that year was 341.
If we do not pursue responsible development in the Arctic, countries such as Russia -- perhaps even China, which is interested in securing access to Arctic hydrocarbon resources -- will dominate energy production from the Arctic. Such a scenario does not bode well for the global environment.
By embracing the opportunities in the Arctic, the United States will show the world that it can be a strong leader in responsible energy development. | <urn:uuid:91b3d62a-8e5c-4788-bf31-3836836a4214> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/20/opinion/sullivan-arctic-drilling/index.html?hpt=us_mid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825900.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023111450-20171023131450-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.949753 | 764 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Phonics and spelling this week were strictly review work. In the Ordinary Parents Guide to Teaching Reading we reviewed all of the oo sounds, and in Blend Phonics we reviewed th, tch and wh sounds. Spelling workout was reviewing lessons 6-12 which she was able to complete without much trouble. I have noticed that over the last week her letters and numbers have become neater which is a plus since she doesn't like to practice her handwriting very often.
Relaxing during phonics
In Math we made progress, and we managed to finish 4 lessons and one review this week. She has gotten better at counting by 2's and naming odd numbers and we introduced counting by 5's this week. The 5's seem to click better and she goes around chanting them. We only learned to count by 5's to 50 but she proceeded and went all the way up to 105 and then she got stuck. Adding one to double facts was another new thing she learned, but it didn't seem to click as well as the 5's;) Dimes and pennies are still the amounts we are using for money, but she has begun to learn about how much it will cost to buy two objects instead of one. It took a lot of examples but I think she managed to figure it out in the end. Since she loves playing store with her cash register and fake money (which is always all over the house, I find fake money stuffed everywhere) I will write up some bills and see if she can figure it out. She'll think it is just playing store, so that will be an easy way to get some more practice in. I was cleaning up some things the other day and had to pull out some old toys in order get something. Big mistake, Roo has decided she would like to play with her old scooting airplane all around the house. This is a picture of her on it while she is looking at her number board. I am going to have to try to find a good hiding spot for it because it sings and makes noises while you scoot and it drives me nuts.
For Geography this week all we did was play Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego on the computer. She seems to have absorbed some information though because while playing Barbies she declared they were going to drive to Alaska, then fly to Germany, France and then finish in Norway. We watched the movie Ice age this week and all through she was trying to determine what modern animals evolved from what Ice Age characters. I guess our evolution reading are starting to stick.
Practicing piano with the MusIQ improv room.
School is done for the day and now it's time to play video games. Note the Kiss poster in the background, it ties in well with the story below.
I would like to introduce you to the new member of our family. My husband is a huge Kiss fan and we have a lot of different Kiss paraphernalia around the house. Since I met my husband, one of his top ten dreams was to own a 1978 Kiss pinball machine. This week he saw one listed for sale for a ridiculously low price, in incredible condition and located only 1.5 hours from our house. So after much finance tweaking, he is now the proud owner of a 1978 Kiss pinball machine. Here is a photo, it's a little blurry because it was taken on a camera phone. | <urn:uuid:9a9d9ced-012f-44d3-b51f-3142f3bef73e> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://headbangerhomeschool.blogspot.com/2010/03/i-received-my-singapore-math-yay-plus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824104.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020120608-20171020140608-00737.warc.gz | en | 0.989985 | 692 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Like everything else in our culture, communication must move quickly. Language has to be efficient. In writing, long descriptive passages of prose like those found in classic pieces of literature have been replaced by rapid-fire dialogue and concise, but action-packed paragraphs. Less is more.
In our workplaces, there are acronyms designed to speed discussions between industry professionals. In education, there are IEP’s (Individualized Education Programs/Plans) and MAP (Missouri Assessment Program) tests, STEM courses (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and ACT (American College Test) preparation classes. In every field, there are communication short-cuts.
Our youth have created countless acronyms and codes for use in texting (TTYL, LOL, CUL, and so on and so on), and well…
It’s time for us moms to have our own short-and-sweet, direct and clear, three-letter message for use in parenting.
NMF is one I propose. NMF means “NOT MY FAULT” and is to be used in those situation when children, and this most often applies to those falling in the 13-18 age range, attempt to blame their unfortunate situations or circumstances on Mom. Dads may use NMF as well, but we mothers tend to have much greater need for it. That’s just how it seems to work.
Let me provide a few examples:
Problem: Child does not have clarinet when dropped off at school in the morning.
Child’s Response: “I don’t have it because you (Mom) unloaded it from the car last night.”
Mom: “I thought you might consider practicing it.”
Problem: Seventeen-year-old driver says he is late to school.
Child’s Response: “You (Mom) did not wake me up on time.”
Mom: “When I noticed your alarm failed to rouse you, I called you and was acknowledged.”
Problem: Teen did not get his homework done for Thursday.
Child’s Response: “You (Mom) made me go to Wednesday night church.”
Mom: “That is the general practice in our home; perhaps you need to plan better.”
Problem: Daughter feels sick during cheer because she fails to eat before going.
Child’s Response: “You (Mom) did not feed me.”
Mom: “I stopped feeding you when you learned to use a spoon.”
My children are not exceptional; they are normal kids, and this behavior is typical of normal kids. Good, smart, talented, kind, sensitive kids will try to place blame on mom if they can get away with it; they will try to push it our way if we allow it. So, we have to push responsibility right back on to their accountability-resisting bottoms.
There is a thing called “locus of control.” It has to do with the degree to which individuals believe they have control over their own lives and the events that impact them.
If a person has an internal locus of control, he feels empowered to make his own success. He will believe he is fully capable of making a successful (or dismal) future by the choices he makes and the actions he takes in life.
Conversely, if a person possesses an external locus of control, she is likely to feel her successes and failures are due to other people and outside events, rather than of her own making. She may feel she is a victim of things that happen to her as opposed to an agent of change in her own life.
Though we want our children to think about others and not merely themselves, we also want them to have an internal locus of control. We want them to consider the feelings of those around them, and we want them to recognize that they have the power to make things better for themselves and others in the world. That is the combination of caring and accountability, consideration and responsibility.
Moms find enough things to feel guilty about, so we simply can’t take on any extra silly stuff. Next time your youngin’s try to put the blame on you for something that is all theirs, keep in mind some Lonestar-like lyrics:
Tweet a message, text a note, sew a label in his coat,
Write a letter, spell it out, say it clear so there’s no doubt.
Draw a picture, make a sign, use the language for the blind,
Send a Snapchat, make a call, get your point out most of all.
I’ll accept no bad excuse, N-M-F.
In light-hearted country music songs, excuses may be preferred, but not in parenting. We can’t allow our kids to make excuses on the little things, because they will learn to do that on the big things in life as well.
Next Monday, I’ll talk about the line between accountability and advocacy – the fine art of knowing that though kids need to be held accountable, there may be times when they also need an advocate.
Here is the link to Lonestar’s hit song, which is way better than my “Weird Hally” version: | <urn:uuid:0fa2d6be-655a-4ee6-a3ab-57160d6b82c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://hjtfranz.wordpress.com/2014/11/09/nmf-an-acronym-for-moms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886979.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117212700-20180117232700-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.966054 | 1,118 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Australian water technology in the running to win global prize
An Australian water research team is in the running to win the world-renowned Water Abundance XPRIZE powered by Tata Group and Australian Aid with their atmospheric water generation unit – an innovative design employing silica gel and solar-thermal energy to produce potable water anywhere in the world.
The Water Abundance XPRIZE competition aims to nurture the development of technology that produces potable water from thin air, with the winning project awarded a prize of US$1.75 million.
Contestants are required to design a device that extracts a minimum of 2000 litres of water a day from the atmosphere using 100% renewable energy, at a cost of no more than two cents a litre.
University of Newcastle School of Engineering Professor and research lead Behdad Moghtaderi said that, while the concept behind his device has been worked on by many researchers worldwide, his team has been developing the technology to be more effective.
“The concept behind our technology has been around for a while and it’s a great way of producing water from the atmosphere. However, the unit has to be small, efficient and cost effective to meet the requirements for the XPRIZE competition,” he said.
While there a two avenues for atmospheric water production available today, Moghtaderi said his team decided to explore options that need minimal energy to produce water.
“Available atmospheric water generation technology can be classified into two groups: one type works like an air-conditioning unit to produce water, but requires a lot of energy to work. The other type of technology uses absorbent materials,” he said.
“Our technology is in the second category; we use absorbent material to collect moisture from the air and then discharge it in the form of drinking water. We went with silica gel, as it is naturally available and low cost.”
Furthermore, Moghtaderi said most technologies rely on night-time cooling to discharge water from the selected material, but his team recognised the limitations with relying on atmospheric temperatures.
“Most similar technologies have chosen to employ the natural phenomena of night-time cooling to help discharge the moisture into water. While this is a good approach, it limits you to low temperature differences – depending on the location of the unit, you might have issues with cooling,” he said.
“When we did our testing in Australia, we realised that there are only a selection of locations that are consistently cool enough to produce water all year round. We aimed to overcome this particular limitation.”
By employing solar-thermal generated temperatures to carry moisture, the team’s unit eliminates the need to rely on night-time cooling to discharge water.
“We apply silica gel to the unit, allow it to absorb as much moisture as possible from the atmosphere, then we make use of solar-thermal energy to send hot air over the silica gel to pick up that moisture,” Moghtaderi said.
“We can heat up the air in our unit to about 80 degrees celsius. This means that ambient air, which is around 25 degrees celcius, will give us a significant temperature drop.
“Our unit makes cooling work more effectively, but most importantly, the atmosphere will always be more than ambient temperature and you will always get that cooling effect. As long as the unit uses hot air to carry moisture, it can be used anywhere on earth at any given time.”
Other than the obvious application of the technology in developing countries, the system could also be scaled up and applied around Australia to help mediate water security challenges.
“We have been thinking about larger-scale application. We have developed a concept design that is not modular, which would be capable of producing 500,000 litres of water per day. This would be enough for a small township that doesn't have easy access to drinking water,” he said.
“Regardless of what happens with the XPRIZE competition, we will take this technology to the next stage. We have a lot of parties interested in utilising our unit. We even have interest from organisations who want to use the unit for hydrogen production.”
Other shortlisted XPRIZE competition contenders include research teams from the USA, UK and India. XPRIZE competition representatives will come to Australia to test Moghtaderi’s unit in late July, with the global winner announced in August.
Register for the Australian Water Association NSW Conference in August to hear more from Behdad Moghtaderi about advances in atmospheric water generation. | <urn:uuid:174ca411-df3a-4426-a576-8fab9bf561ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.awa.asn.au/resources/latest-news/technology/innovation/australian-water-technology-in-the-running-to-win-global-prize | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499831.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130232547-20230131022547-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.945006 | 961 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The valid percent is simply the proportion of a sample that is valid. Data can be invalid for a variety of reasons. Some data are simply impossible, such as negative heights or weights. Some data can be shown to be invalid by comparing them with other data. For example, a person might be two years old, and a person might be a widow. But it is hard to conceive of a person who is a two year old widow! Finally, some data can be identified as machine error or data entry error.
Write down the total sample size. For example, you might have 1000 cases.
Write down the number that are invalid. For example, there might be 92 invalid cases for one reason or another.
Subtract the result in step 2 from that in step 1. For instance 1000 - 92 = 908.
Divide the result in step 3 by the result in step 1 and multiply by 100. 908/1000 = .908. .908*100 = 90.8. Therefore 90.8 percent of our data are valid.
- "Dictionary of Statistics"; Brian Everitt. 1998
About the Author
Peter Flom is a statistician and a learning-disabled adult. He has been writing for many years and has been published in many academic journals in fields such as psychology, drug addiction, epidemiology and others. He holds a Ph.D. in psychometrics from Fordham University. | <urn:uuid:451cc199-d0d1-4d4a-a896-ac19ceb34fed> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://sciencing.com/calculate-valid-percent-7449144.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00757.warc.gz | en | 0.914661 | 308 | 3.71875 | 4 |
“The history of antisemitism and Holocaust is an extreme example of the tragic consequences that a gradual and increasing denial of fundamental rights can lead to,” said FRA Director Morten Kjaerum. “Learning from the past, we must empower people to understand the significance of fundamental rights protection today. We can do this by turning the places of memorial for the past into places of ‘memorial for the future’. The Holocaust was a human-made tragedy – humans must therefore help heal the traumas of the past, and ensure a more inclusive society, based on respect for and understanding of fundamental rights.”
Some of the ways FRA has been supporting efforts to learn from the past, for human rights education today, has been the development of educational tools such as its recent toolkit on the Holocaust and human rights, and the co-organisation of seminars together with Holocaust memorial sites. The latest such seminar took place early November this year in Mauthausen, Austria.
Hate crime remains a regular occurrence in the European Union. A forthcoming FRA report on hate crime urges EU Member States to make more effort in collecting data on hate crime, which includes offences motivated by racism, xenophobia, and religious intolerance. For example, the report, which will be presented on 27 November, shows that only 12 of the 27 Member States gather data specifically related to antisemitic hate crime. In other countries, the data is under the general heading of racism and religiously motivated hate crime, making it difficult to determine the motivation behind such attacks. This can leave cases unreported and unresolved, preventing victims from seeking redress. Furthermore, to better understand the prevalence of antisemitism today, FRA will also publish its results of its online survey on the experiences and perceptions of antisemitism among self-identified Jewish people in nine EU Member States in 2013.
- The 1938 Night of Pogrom "Kristallnacht" was a pogrom in Nazi Germany on 9-10 November 1938. Within a few hours, "Kristallnacht" saw the destruction of more than 200 synagogues, and tens of thousands of Jewish businesses and homes. Hundreds of people were murdered or driven to death. That night marked the beginning of the systematic extermination of Jews and served as a prelude to the Holocaust. | <urn:uuid:e9bdf52c-0fb9-4b7c-b3b1-6c87967561f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://[email protected]/en/news/2012/learning-past-can-help-build-more-inclusive-society | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293692.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00018-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949106 | 475 | 3.8125 | 4 |
New study suggests that Arabica coffee could be extinct in the wild within 70 years - Is our daily cup of coffee under threat?
7 November 2012
A study conducted by scientists at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (UK), in collaboration with scientists in Ethiopia, reports that climate change alone could lead to the extinction of wild Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) well before the end of this century. Wild Arabica is considered important for the sustainability of the coffee industry due to its considerable genetic diversity. The Arabicas grown in the world’s coffee plantations are from very limited genetic stock and are unlikely to have the flexibility required to cope with climate change and other threats, such as pests and diseases. In Ethiopia, the largest producer of coffee in Africa, climate change will also have a negative influence on coffee production. The climate sensitivity of Arabica is confirmed, supporting the widely reported assumption that climate change will have a damaging impact on commercial coffee production worldwide. These are worrying prospects for the world’s favourite beverage – the second most traded commodity after oil, and one crucial to the economies of several countries. The research is published in PLOS ONE on 7 November 2012.
The study, which uses computer modelling, represents the first of its kind for wild Arabica coffee. In fact, modelling the influence of climate change on naturally occuring populations of any coffee species has never been undertaken. Surprisingly, even studies on plantation coffee have been limited, despite the concerns of farmers and other industry stakeholders.
The researchers used field study and ‘museum’ data (including herbarium specimens) to run bioclimatic models for wild Arabica coffee, in order to deduce the actual (recorded) and predicted geographical distribution for the species. The distribution was then modelled through time until 2080, based on the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3), a leading model used in climate change research, and the only one available that covered the desired time intervals, for several emission scenarios, at the resolution required (1 km). Three different emission scenarios over three time intervals (2020, 2050, 2080) were used. The models showed a profoundly negative influence on the number and extent of wild Arabica populations.
Two main types of analysis were performed: a locality analysis and an area analysis. In the locality analysis the most favourable outcome is a c. 65% reduction in the number of pre-existing bioclimatically suitable localities, and at the worst, an almost 100% (99.7%) reduction, by 2080. In the area analysis the most favourable outcome is a 38% reduction, and the least favourable a c. 90% reduction, by 2080. Bioclimatic suitability refers to the combination of climatic variables that are necessary for the health and survival of a species: loss of optimum bioclimatic suitability places natural populations under severe environmental stress, leading to a high risk of extinction. This study assesses the survival of Arabica, rather than productivity or beverage quality, under the influence of accelerated climate change. There are other studies showing that the productivity (yield of coffee beans) and beverage quality (e.g. taste) of Arabica are tightly linked to climatic variability, and are strongly influenced by natural climatic fluctuations.
Of the two analyses undertaken, the locality analysis is regarded by the authors as the most pragmatic and informative. The predicted reduction in the number of Arabica localities, between 65% and 99.7%, can be taken as a general assessment of the species’ survival as a whole, given the scope and coverage of the data and analyses used in the study. However, the predictions are regarded as ‘conservative’, as the modelling does not factor in the large-scale deforestation that has occurred in the highland forests of Ethiopia and South Sudan (the natural home of Arabica coffee). Moreover, because of the lack of suitable data, the models assume intact natural vegetation, whereas the highland forests of Ethiopia and South Sudan are highly fragmented due to deforestation. Other factors, such as pests and diseases, changes in flowering times, and perhaps a reduction in the number of birds (which disperse the coffee seeds), are not included in the modelling, and these are likely to have a compounding negative influence.
A visit to South Sudan (Boma Plateau) in April 2012 provided an opportunity to test the modelling predictions via on-the-ground observation. On comparing these observations with a study on Arabica made on the Boma Plateau in 1941, it was clear that not all of the environmental stress evident could be attributed to deforestation or agriculture over the 70 year period. The modelling predicted that Arabica could be extinct in these forests by the year 2020, due to climate change, and this appears to be realistic given the poor health (lack of seedlings, loss of mature Arabica specimens, low frequency of flowering and fruiting) of the remaining populations observed in 2012.
The outcome of climate change in Ethiopia for cultivated Arabica, the only coffee grown in the country, is also assumed to be profoundly negative, as natural populations, forest coffee (semi-domesticated) and some plantations occur in the same general bioclimatic area as indigenous Arabica. Generally the results of the study indicate that Arabica is a climate sensitive species, which supports previously recorded data, various reports, and anecdotal information from coffee farmers. The logical conclusion is that Arabica coffee production is, and will continue to be, strongly influenced by accelerated climate change, and that in most cases the outcome will be negative for the coffee industry. Optimum cultivation conditions are likely to become increasingly difficult to achieve in many pre-existing coffee growing areas, leading to a reduction in productivity, increased and intensified management (such as the use of irrigation), and crop failure (some areas becoming unsuitable for Arabica cultivation). Despite a recent dip, coffee prices are still the highest they have been for some 30 years, due to a combination of high demand and poor harvests. It is perceived by various stakeholders that some of the poor harvests are due to changed climate conditions, thus linking price increases to climate change.
It is hoped that the study will form the basis for developing strategies for the survival of Arabica in the wild. The study identifies a number of core sites, which might be able to sustain wild populations of Arabica throughout this century, serving as long-term in situ storehouses for coffee genetic resources. In many areas of Ethiopia loss of habitat due to deforestation might pose a more serious threat to the survival of Arabica, although it is now clear that even if a forest area is well protected, climate change alone could lead to extinction in certain locations. The study also identifies populations that require immediate conservation action, including collection and storage at more favourable sites (for example in seed banks and living collections).
Aaron Davis, Head of Coffee Research at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, says, “Coffee plays an important role in supporting livelihoods and generating income, and has become part of our modern society and culture. The extinction of Arabica coffee is a startling and worrying prospect. However, the objective of the study was not to provide scaremonger predictions for the demise of Arabica in the wild. The scale of the predictions is certainly cause for concern, but should be seen more as a baseline, from which we can more fully assess what actions are required.”
Tadesse Woldemariam Gole, from the Environment and Coffee Forest Forum in Ethiopia, says, “As part of a future-proofing exercise for the long-term sustainability of Arabica production it is essential that the reserves established in Ethiopia to conserve Arabica genetic resources are appropriately funded and carefully managed.”
Justin Moat, Head of Spatial Information Science at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, says, “The worst case scenario, as drawn from our analyses, is that wild Arabica could be extinct by 2080. This should alert decision makers to the fragility of the species.
“Our aim is to develop and apply these analyses to other important and threatened plants, on a routine basis. There is an immense amount of information held in museum collections around the world, such as Kew, and we have only just started to unlock their potential for assessing some of society’s most pressing issues.”
Aaron Davis, Head of Coffee Research at the Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew, is available for interview. Kew’s GIS experts, Justin Moat and Steve Bachman, are available for interview about the technical aspects of the modelling. Please contact the RBG Kew press office on [email protected] / + 44 (0)20 8332 5607 / +44 (0)7881 953 420/ +44 (0)7733 362 730
The study was co-authored by: Aaron P. Davis (RBG Kew), Susana Baena (RBG Kew), Justin Moat (RBG Kew), and Tadesse Woldemariam Gole (Environment and Coffee Forest Forum)
The paper is available from http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047981
Images are available to download from http://www.kew.org/press/images/index_kew.html. Please contact the RBG Kew press office for a username and password
Notes to Editors
Part of this study was funded by the Bentham-Moxon Trust (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). http://www.kew.org/about-kew/policies-information/bentham-moxon/grants/index.htm. Fieldwork in South Sudan was funded by the USAID JGMUST Project and World Coffee Research (WCR) http://worldcoffeeresearch.org/. Publication costs were supported by WCR. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
More about coffee
Coffee is said to be the world’s favourite beverage, with over 500 billion cups consumed each year. The crop is grown in tropical enviroments around the world, with some 70 countries producing coffee, from the Americas to Australasia and the Pacific. Coffee is the second-most traded commodity after oil, and the world’s most important agricultural commodity. In 2009/10, when some 93.4 million (60 kg) bags were shipped, coffee accounted for exports worth an estimated US$ 15.4 billion. Coffee sector employment is estimated at about 26 million people in 52 (of the 70) producing countries. Coffee plays a crucial role in the economies of several tropical countries, accounting for a significant proportion of tax income and gross domestic product. [Trade figures from International Coffee Organization http://www.ico.org]. Arabica coffee and Robusta coffee (C. canephora) are the two main species used in the production of coffee, although the former is by far the most significant, providing approximately 70% of commercial production. Arabica is the main or sole component of high quality coffee, as used by all the well-known high street coffee chains.
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and coffee research
Kew is a world leader on the study of wild coffee species, with staff members describing more than 30 of the 103 species now known to science, and 21 new species discovered in the last 10 years alone. In particular Kew is committed to providing information for the conservation of wild coffee genetic resources, including data from genetic studies and satellite imagery. Knowledge of wild crop relatives is essential for the long-term sustainability of agricultural commodities, such as coffee. More info here http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/kew-stories/kew-research/coffee-family/
Species profile of Coffea arabica http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/species-browser/Coffea-arabica.htm
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a world famous scientific organisation, internationally respected for its outstanding living collection of plants and world-class Herbarium as well as its scientific expertise in plant diversity, conservation and sustainable development in the UK and around the world. Kew Gardens is a major international visitor attraction. Its landscaped 132 hectares and RBG Kew’s country estate, Wakehurst Place, attract nearly 2 million visitors every year. Kew was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2003 and celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2009. Wakehurst Place is home to Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, the largest wild plant seed bank in the world. RBG Kew and its partners have collected and conserved seed from 10 per cent of the world's wild flowering plant species (c.30, 000 species). The aim is to conserve 25 per cent by 2020, and its enormous potential for future conservation can only be fulfilled with the support of the public and other funders.
Kew receives funding from the UK Government through Defra for approximately half of its income and is also reliant on support from other sources. Without the voluntary monies raised through membership, donations and grants, Kew would have to significantly scale back activities at a time when, as environmental challenges become ever more acute, its resources and expertise are needed in the world more than ever. Kew needs to raise significant funds both in the UK and overseas. | <urn:uuid:8537da31-f7af-4e73-a9c8-97ad4dd66974> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.kew.org/about/press-media/press-releases/new-study-suggests-arabica-coffee-could-be-extinct-wild-within-70 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00194-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941802 | 2,798 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Neo-Impressionism is a painting movement developed by George-Pierre Seurat and Paul Signac in the late 1880s. Seurat's painting: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, marked the beginning of this movement; this painting is currently at "The Art Institute of Chicago". Neo-Impressionists painters applied scientific optical principles of light and colour to create strictly formalized compositions. This technique, aimed to use optical mixture of colours, was based on the colour theories of Eugene Chevreul whose De la loi du contraste simultanée des couleurs (On the law of the simultaneous contrast of colours) was published in Paris in 1839.
At the genesis of the movement:
"Signac, definitively won over... had just modified The Milliners following my technique at the same time as I was finishing the Jatte ." Signac added dabs of pure color over the originally broadly painted surface to produce the desired divided effect. Its genesis in two stages is probably responsible for the painting's present fragility, which prevents it from traveling. Signac painted his first divisionist canvases at Asniéres in the spring of that year: The Junction at Bois Colombes, The Gas Tanks at Clichy, and Passage du Puits Bertin, Clichy. Neo Impressionism was born. Signac recognized his friend's genius from the start and "benefited from [his] researches," as Seurat himself pointed out. This "exact technique" permitted him to give color a predominant role, and he remained faithful to it to the end.
Other important painters of this movement were: Charles Angrand, Henri Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce and Albert Dubois Pillet. The group founded a Société des Artistes Indépendants in 1884. This movement influenced the works of Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, and Henri Matisse. | <urn:uuid:6941ba69-00bc-4d7c-86ce-599dbfb67b50> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Neo-Impressionism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708808767/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125328-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920134 | 416 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Complimentary Design Approaches for Global Health
This resource provides a snapshot of different approaches and how they can provide complementary perspectives when used together in global health projects.
The combination of skills and expertise afforded by multi-disciplinary approaches can benefit efforts to address global health challenges. Adopting these complementary approaches can generate insights that are more unique and nuanced, and that ultimately present innovative solution to address complex health problems that might not be generated when relying on a single approach. This combination of different approaches, points of view, and expertise also mitigates the risk of bias over-influencing the development of a solution.
In developing global health solutions, complementary approaches can be combined for the following reasons:
- Development: To use results from one method to develop or inform another method
- Expansion: To examine a research question for which different aspects of the question warrant different methods
- Triangulation: To use data obtained by various methods to corroborate findings
Last modified: November 15, 2021 | <urn:uuid:696c8d18-b745-4656-b741-973dbb6696be> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://thecompassforsbc.org/sbcc-tools/complimentary-design-approaches-global-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945433.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326044821-20230326074821-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.923972 | 205 | 2.734375 | 3 |
|The two-part Writing Test is an important component of the SAT, and this workbook offers college-bound students comprehensive preparation for both parts. Instruction in organizing one''s thoughts, drafting, and editing an essay includes advice on completing the essay within the SAT''s time limitation. Preparation for the Writing Test''s second part includes exercises consisting of multiple-choice questions that test each student''s skill in correcting mistakes in grammar and improving poorly-written sentences. This workbook also presents five writing tests with answers, explanations, and criteria for analyzing and assessing written essays.|
From the Publisher:
Presents reviews of grammar, word usage and writing skills; provides test-taking tips; and includes questions similar to those found on the examination. | <urn:uuid:4529ff8e-9621-4576-822c-3894cc7a6eaf> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.rakuten.com/prod/barron-s-sat-writing/211293222.html?listingid=238029247 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00143-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932517 | 153 | 3 | 3 |
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A sea bird of the laridae family; gulls used to be popular food right up through medieval times, and remained so in Northern Scotland until the end of the 18th century.
They were netted fattened and highly esteemed. In 1590 they cost the huge sum of 5 shillings each when bought for the Lords of the Star Chamber, at a time when beef cost 20 pence a stone.
The eggs are much priced, but a special license is needed to obtain them; and the gathering season is very limited.
Only the eggs of the common 'Black-headed gull' are now available, during the brief early summer season, mostly from colonies near the Scottish Borders and the Solent. They taste rather like hens' eggs, and are usually eaten hard-boiled and slightly chilled - in the style of quail's eggs - with a sprinkling of celery salt. They're only available from licensed game dealers.
If you enjoy cooking take a minute to look at ‘Simon Scrutton French Cookery Classes’ on Google – and learn how to make top class bistro-style dishes. Suitable for beginners upwards. Small classes. | <urn:uuid:84f83537-8505-4afc-893e-85970864f4fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.gourmetbritain.com/food-encyclopedia/2288/gull/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.951959 | 249 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Chart: 6 zoonoses you should know -- Toxoplasmosis
Common disease name
(Toxoplasmosis involves a protozoon parasite that infects virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates.)
Method of infection
Cats: Ingestion of oocysts in feces, ingestion of tissues of intermediate host (e.g. rodents)
People: Ingestion of uncooked meat, exposure to infected cat feces (food, water, soil); usually not from shedding cat. Oocysts must sporulate in the environment before becoming infective.
Cats: Rarely causes clinical signs, but may cause lymphadenitis, encephalitis, coughing, dyspnea, weight loss, and lethargy
People: Rarely causes clinical signs, but may cause flu-like symptoms; in people with deficient immune responses it can lead to death, congenital malformation, or mental retardation
There are no approved treatments, but clindamycin hydrochloride, pyrimethamine and a sulfonamide, and a trimethoprim-sulfonamide combination have been used with success.
People most at risk
Everyone is at risk, but especially immunosuppressed people, including pregnant women, fetuses, and children
- Keep cats indoors to prevent ingestion of infected animals and feces.
- Avoid feeding uncooked meats or viscera to cats.
- Remove feces from litter box daily.
- Wash litter boxes with scalding water or steam.
- Allow only immunocompetent, nonpregnant people to clean litter boxes.
- Wash hands thoroughly after exposure to soil, sand, raw meats, and unwashed vegetables.
- Wear gloves when gardening.
- Cover children's sandboxes when not in use. | <urn:uuid:ca8a2d75-403a-4a96-8c99-297ee05fd686> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://veterinaryteam.dvm360.com/chart-6-zoonoses-you-should-know-toxoplasmosis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688932.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922093346-20170922113346-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.848521 | 371 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Survey of Energy Resources 2007
Solar Country Notes
There is no unified national PV programme, although a large number of projects have received support from the Renewable Energy Development Programme of the Danish Energy Authority (DEA), and through the Public Service Obligation (PSO) of the Danish transmission system operator. Since 2004, the DEA has collaborated with the electricity sector and other interested parties in pursuing a national PV strategy that encompasses RD&D, but excludes deployment.
As part of the plan to increase the deployment of building-integrated systems, a 4-year nationwide solar cell project, SOL 1000, is being implemented. The programme is intended to demonstrate low-cost and architecturally acceptable integration of PV technology on the existing housing stock. The objective is to install about 650 kWp of BIPV. Alongside this project is running an R&D package (SOL 2000A) funded by the PSO.
At the end of 2005 installed PV power was 2 650 kWp, of which 70 kWp was off-grid domestic, 225 kWp off-grid non-domestic and 2 355 kWp grid-connected distributed. Output of electricity from PV amounted to 2 160 MWh in 2005.
The Danish WEC Member Committee reports that heat output from active solar systems in 2005 was 49 terajoules. The total glazed area of solar thermal collectors in operation in 2005 was 337 000 m2, giving an output capacity of about 236 MWt. | <urn:uuid:9f9ade6f-69e9-4c39-8e6e-ad024569e13b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/survey_of_energy_resources_2007/solar/country_notes/2256.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163040130/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131720-00019-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930778 | 300 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Welcome to Part 4 of this review of the Pluralsight course Clean Code: Writing Code for Humans by Cory House.
Cory is a Microsoft MVP in C#, founder of OutlierDeveloper.com, avid tech reader, and speaker. He believes in clean code, pragmatic development, and responsive native UIs.
Here are the links to each part in this series:
In this episode, we reflect on our conditional logic.
“Which would you say in real life? If logged in equals true? Or if logged in?”
I don’t know about you, but this clip is making me hungry.
It’s also a reminder on how you can simplify your boolean assignments and increase your signal to noise ratio.
This is another good example of the power of reading out code in English. The redundancy jumps out at you, prompting you to eliminate it.
Don’t be anti-negative! Just the name “anti-negative” sounds strange – why not just say “positive”? Why not write conditionals positive?
The ternary operator is another opportunity to increase our signal to noise ratio.
Cory discusses the balance you should strike with the use of the ternary operator: not too much and not too little.
I love this name “Stringly” Typed. Sounds like Strongly Typed, but then wait, it’s NOT Strongly Typed.
Strongly Typed beats Stringly Typed, Cory gives four very good reasons why it is better to use an Enum.
Avoid magic numbers because they make the intent of your code much harder to understand.
Another code smell here. Cory describes some techniques for refactoring the smell away:
- Intermediate Variables
- Encapsulate complex conditionals in a well named method
Although it is usually better to write less rather than more code, the example that Cory gives for encapsulating complex conditionals shows that there are times when it is necessary to write some additional code to clarify intent.
Polymorphism vs Enums
Here we see a dirty switch statement and a cleaner solution using the Template Method pattern.
We see some of the benefits of learning LINQ here.
Something I either completely missed or forgot the first time I watched this course is Cory lists LINQ like implementations available languages other than C#:
- Java: LambdaJ (Java 8+ has it’s own implementation of Lamdas so I guess LambdaJ is obsolete now)
- Python: Pynq
Table Driven Methods
Here we see an example of dirty code that would be much more suited to existing in a database table. | <urn:uuid:ac1f0fce-5a4b-4e68-8eab-5de9260de118> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://zombiecodekill.com/2016/05/24/clean-code-conditionals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141201836.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129153900-20201129183900-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.886965 | 560 | 2.625 | 3 |
What Is Quartz?
Quartz crystal, a master healing stone, should become an important part of everyone’s daily life. With crystals as pale and surreal as a wisp of smoke, as dark and clear as midnight waters, or as warm and rich as a cognac by the fire, this mineral honors its connection with Mother Earth. Quartz is the simplest form of silicon oxide, SiO2, and is the second-most common mineral in the crust. It can be found almost anywhere, but it takes special conditions for the quartz to form into veins and crystals large enough to be of decent quality for use in gemstones and as the beautiful crystals found in stores.
Most quartz veins are formed deep in the earth when hot fluids containing the silicon oxide from magma escapes into cracks in the surrounding, cooler rock. As it cools, quartz begins to line the cracks and eventually fill them in, forming a vein. If a space large enough in the rock is found, and conditions are just right, whole crystals can form in the pocket, creating geodes and the larger crystals that show the distinct hexagonal (six-sided) form of quartz. The mineral itself is formed from a silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, in which four oxygen atoms make a box around the silicon atom.
What Causes the Different Colors?
At Sakura Designs, we offer over 500 different types of healing mala beads made from natural gemstones, many of which are crystal, or silicon dioxide. When the hot fluids from magma escape into the surrounding rock, it carries more than just SiO2! Many other elements and minerals are carried along with it and depending on what else was in the magma, some of those other elements can become caught in the crystal structure as “impurities” and can impart colors other than clear and the milky white color usually associated with most quartz. See some of our designs, for example: Rose quartz is created by the addition of manganese, iron or titanium. The purple of amethyst is formed by a combination of iron and places in the crystal structure that have missing atoms, or holes. Citrine’s yellow is from iron, as it the green of praseolite. Smoky quartz has no “impurities” and is the result of of holes in its crystal structure.
How Does Quartz Become Rutilated?
This is another way in which another mineral becomes combined into the quartz’s crystal as it grows. These can be color variations, fractures, repeating triangles, rainbows or rutiles. In this case, rutile, titanium oxide or TiO2, grows first in the hot fluids, often in thin needles of a lovely golden brown to yellow color. The quartz will then form out of the fluids around the rutile to create beautiful crystals that range from a few delicate lines of rutile to crystals almost black. Folklore has it that the rutile helps integrate the natural power of the healing properties of quartz with the energies around it. It’s like amping up the power of crystal.
Why is Gold Often Associated With Quartz?
Gold can be found in some quartz veins because of the way in which quartz is formed. If the magma the hot fluids came from was rich in rare elements, like gold or silver, those often will be caught up in the fluids as they separate from the magma, concentrating those rare elements in the fluids. When it cools and quartz form, the concentrated gold is caught in that vein, making it much more economical to mine!
What Are the Healing Properties of Quartz?
In the metaphysical tradition, quartz’s phenomenal power lies in its capability to defend and ground one physically and spiritually on this world. They can also to soak up and transmute important amounts of negative energy and releases it into the Earth to be neutralized naturally, allowing positive frequencies to take their place. Use it’s protective energies to block stress and absorb electromagnetic energy given off by power lines and electronic equipment. Keep one lovingly in a bag, a bag in the glove box or near valuables, particularly if left unattended for long time periods. Our crystal mala beads with gold, can help to make one one more powerful, clearer and grounded in these troubled times. Quartz brings assistance in tolerating these difficult moments with equanimity and resolve, and inspires one to be more open and engaged in our world, with love~ | <urn:uuid:8c3b708d-6267-4a24-b8d7-50da318334c6> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.buddhistmala.com/Quartz-Crystal-A-Master-Healing-Stone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.947435 | 913 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)
It is important that future educators reach all students, especially those heading onto the wrong path. There are many problems that occur in the public schools today, one major issue that has developed rapidly is students joining gangs. Many of the students who join gangs want to feel accepted or do not have goals for themselves, perhaps because they seem out of reach. The research revealed major factors that lead students toward joining gangs, as well as the issues that occur in the schools that encourage gangs in their environment. Based on this research an important conclusion is that educators should provide students with the proper information and guidance to deter them from joining gangs and encourage them to pursue their education.
La Monica, Erika, "Everybody's doing it! yes, but why should you? : educators preventing gangs in schools" (2011). Capstone Projects and Master's Theses. 386. | <urn:uuid:b372268c-4139-4928-b16b-d661fea1048b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes_restricted/386/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816351.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225090753-20180225110753-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.962079 | 182 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Attenuation Measurements Across Surface-Ship Wakes and Computed Bubble Distributions and Void Fractions
A surface ship's wake is composed of several hydrodynamic phenomena. A large part of that wake contains a mixture of air bubbles of various sizes in turbulent water. Eventually, as the wake ages, the turbulence subsides and bubbles begin to rise at rates that are determined by their sizes. These bubbles of various sizes and concentrations control the propagation of acoustic signals inside and across a wake. To further our understanding of these phenomena, a series of three continuous-wave (CW)-pulsed signals were transmitted across a wake as the wake aged. Each transmission contained a set of four 0.5-ms-long pulses. The 12 pulses ranged over frequencies from 30 to 140 kHz in 10-kHz steps. The acoustic attenuations across wakes that were due to varying bubble-size densities within the wakes were determined experimentally. From those data, estimates of the bubble densities as functions of the speed of the wake-generating ship, the wake's age, and acoustic frequency were calculated. From the bubble-density results, power-law fits and void fractions are calculated. The attenuation measurements were taken at 7.5-m intervals behind the wake-generating ship and continued for about 2 km. The experiment was run for wakes generated at ship speeds of 12- and 15-kn wakes, and the 15-kn run was repeated for consistence determination. The bubble densities were observed to have power-law forms with varying parameters with the strongest, for early ages, having an exponent of -3.6 and a void fraction of 4 x 10(-7), and with both diminishing for older wakes, as might be expected.
IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
(2009). Attenuation Measurements Across Surface-Ship Wakes and Computed Bubble Distributions and Void Fractions. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 34(1), 83-92.
Available at: https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs/1119 | <urn:uuid:2522a99f-8507-4b3a-8a1b-286593719bf6> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs/1119/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526904.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418221425-20190419002454-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.934819 | 423 | 3.078125 | 3 |
This guest post was written by Itai Ashlagi and David Gamarnik. Ashlagi is Assistant Professor of Operations Management and Gamarnik is Associate Professor of Operations Research, both at the MIT Sloan School of Management.
When a person decides to donate a kidney, expecting nothing in return, clearly one person’s life could be saved. But this single act of altruism actually can save dozens of lives. For this to happen, though, kidney exchange programs need to take considerable care in deciding how to allocate the kidney of the altruistic donor and how to structure subsequent transplants.
Kidney exchanges were established in the past decade to solve a problem affecting thousands of people with kidney disease: They have a loved one willing to donate a kidney, but the two have incompatible blood or tissue types. Organized in a clearinghouse or exchange, however, incompatible pairs can trade with each other, forming cycles in which each patient needing a kidney receives one from the donor of a different pair. Cycles have to be short—usually two or three pairs—because the transplants must be done simultaneously so each pair donating a kidney knows for certain it will receive one in return.
But if a donor comes forward who is not part of a pair, the potential for more life saving transplants arises. Because each pair can receive a kidney before donating one, the transplants do not have to be done simultaneously. What is the best way to use the kidney of an altruistic donor so that the greatest number of patients get transplants?
To answer this question, we gathered data from a kidney exchange clearinghouse. Included was detailed information about patients’ blood and tissue types, which told us how hard it would be to find matches for them. We analyzed the data using the tool of graph theory, an approach used in mathematics and computer science to understand relationships among pairs of objects. This tool is used to find the largest number of matches achievable in each exchange program. Working with us were two pioneers of kidney exchange, Michael Rees, a transplant surgeon at the University of Toledo, and Alvin Roth, an economics professor at Harvard Business School.
We found that long chains and long cycles of donations are essential to helping the greatest number of patients. This is especially true for patients whose blood or tissue types make them difficult to match. The percentage of hard to match patients in kidney exchange programs is very high since easy to match patients can often find a donor without the aid of the exchange program (even when enrolling the program they can be matched quickly while hard to match patients accumulate over time). But lengthy chains will benefit hard to match patients while not harming easy to match patients who are in kidney exchange programs, we found.
Chains do not go on indefinitely. They are broken when a donor in a pair either cannot or will not go through with a donation, or when all possible matches in a pool are exhausted. However existing kidney exchange programs have already conducted chains as long as 30 pairs. We found that the potential increase for allowing long chains increase the number of transplants by 30 percent.
Organizing long chains or cycles of kidney donations can be daunting. Many doctors and hospitals prefer to keep them short for logistical reasons. But with tens of thousands of people in the United States in desperate need of new kidneys, we need to capitalize on this important way to extend the reach of kidney donation. | <urn:uuid:7ea2fdf0-6e20-4d70-a6af-ba903ba68f3c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2012/07/18/kidney-transplants-how-to-extend-a-chain-of-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057091.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920191528-20210920221528-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.945197 | 685 | 2.921875 | 3 |
As boats explored the northern seas, the undisturbed islands where these birds bred were discovered.
By 1883 no wild or captive animals were left alive, and the quagga was declared extinct in 1900.
A number were captured and shipped to zoos in Europe, including this mare, photographed in London Zoo in 1870. A very big thanks to them all for contributions and making this website and the wider Hornøya project possible. It took until 1855 before the news of this late Great Auk sighting made it to the wider scientific community.
Pictured is one from the Caucasus in Berlin Zoo, 1899.
Commercial fishing, the effects of Second World War mine warfare, and capture for use in circuses are just some of the causes cited for the disappearance of this aquatic mammal, which became extinct in the 1970s.
The Caspian tiger is now believed to be extinct.
Brodtkorb fired and killed one of the birds.
The Hornøya project was initiated by Vardø Næringsforening and Biotope. I Can't Believe This Social Security Bonus Was So Easy, Americans Are Obsessed With New Blanket That Puts You To Sleep In Minutes, 23 New Gadgets That Will Sell Out Before the Holidays, International Union for Conservation of Nature.
In 1855 Wolley was in Vardø, alongside his friend and fellow ornithologist Alfred Newton, when they heard about Brodtkorb’s Great Auk encounter.
Nordvi listened to Brodtkorb’s description of his bird.
Ironically, museums then became desperate to display specimens of this rare bird, so hunters were commissioned to shoot and bring back their skins to the museum. Sadly, the elusive feline is now thought to be extinct. Great Auks were totally adapted to a life hunting fish underwater.
By 1890, about 120 were still alive, and by 1927, only around a dozen. Hornøya used to be home to the Great Auk, related to the Razorbill but nearly one metre tall and completely flightless, somewhat like the northern equivalent of a penguin.
Its range extended from southernmost New Hampshire to northern Virginia. A subspecies of the Iberian ibex and once found in Spain's Cantabrian Mountains, southern France, and the Pyrenees, the demise of this agile and nimble beast remains somewhat of a mystery. The last one is believed to have been seen in 1852.
A few months later Brodtkorb took his story to his scientist friend Nordvi, who lived down the Varangerfjord in Mortenses.
Hornøya bird cliff is one of the finest nature attractions in Varanger and securing good and inspirational information to the public is a key aim of this project. Their search was in vain but from that moment, Wolley and Newton became obsessed with rediscovering the Great Auk, visiting Iceland 3 years later, where the last Great Auks were recorded breeding in 1844.
He intended to come later to retrieve it but when he returned, the sea had washed the bird away. Bringing the corpse back to land “soaked through with water and blood”, Brodtkorb dumped it on the shore. This odd-looking, flightless, and heavyset bird was endemic to the island of Mauritius, and like the great auk, was easy prey for sailors. imminent risk: the animals closest to extinction.
The last Pyrenean ibex died in 2000. The last toolache wallaby died in 1939. By 1768, none were left alive.
Loss of habitat was also blamed for its demise.
It took just 85 years after European colonization of South Australia and southwestern Victoria in the mid-19th century to kill off this slender and graceful animal, with habitat destruction and the introduction of predators chiefly to blame. Website by Biotope / all photos and text copyright Biotope 2016.
Great auk Once a familiar sight foraging in the cold waters of the North Atlantic, the great auk numbered a population in the millions.
It's presumed the gravenche is now extinct, since no sightings of this freshwater fish, endemic solely to Lake Geneva, have been recorded sine the early 1900s. Browse the gallery and take a look at the unlucky species you'll never see at all. Not long after, the species was declared extinct.
Hornøya holds a place in the Great Auk’s history thanks to Lorenz Brodtkorb, a Vardø resident during the 19th century. The species was swiftly wiped out by fur traders and seal hunters in the 18th century. By 1844, the last breeding Great Auks were killed in Iceland. By the mid 1700s, there was a sudden demand for Great Auk feathers to stuff pillows and huge numbers were harvested. Stowaway rats on the sailors’ ships colonised the auk islands and also ate huge numbers of Great Auk eggs. Overfishing and eutrophication (excessive growth of plants and algae) have been blamed.
Smaller and in possession of narrower stripes than its relatives, the Javan tiger held out on the island of Java until 1970. A few black and white photographs and grainy. “There it is” Brodtkorb said. Sadly, these adaptations also meant they had little in the way of defence from humans.
Another North American bird hunted to extinction was the heath hen. Hungry sailors, tired of the seaman’s diet, killed and ate many Great Auks and their eggs. Extinct, last reported in 1844.
In the straight between the two islands, four swimming birds caught their attention. Pictured is one that lived in London Zoo from October 1883 until April 1897.
However, habitat modification through human intervention led to its decline and eventual extinction, around 1970.
In April 1848 Brodtkorb and some companions were rowing from Vardø to Reinøya, the island neighbouring Hornøya. The last two birds were killed in 1844.
This swift, sleek bird was once a common sight across North America, from the Great Plains to the Atlantic Coast. Although considered extinct since 1844, when the last accepted breeding pair were killed, there have been a handful of sightings since then, though none are very recent. See also imminent risk: the animals closest to extinction. Overgrazing, disease, and infection are some reasons cited. Ranging originally across Africa north of the Sahara, Bubal hartebeest numbers fell sharply in the 19th century, a result of unrestricted French colonial hunting. Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology, https://cryptidarchives.fandom.com/wiki/Great_auk?oldid=20094. Hunted remorselessly and its habitat cleared for urbanization, the species succumbed to the inevitable in 1994. Once a familiar sight foraging in the cold waters of the North Atlantic, the great auk numbered a population in the millions. According to. The great auk (Alca impennis) was a species of relatively large, flightless marine bird native to the North Atlantic Ocean.
Incredibly, at one point the species numbered up to five billion. and hearing about the bird’s tiny wings, Nordvi opened one of his books to a picture of a Great Auk. Endemic to the island of Taiwan, the last recorded sighting of this species was in the Tawu Mountain area in 1983.
The Baiji or Chinese river dolphin is the first dolphin to be declared extinct in modern times.
The last sighting of this once thriving species was in 1932, the year it was declared extinct. The waters around the remote Aleutian Islands provided the feeding grounds for this enormous aquatic mammal. One of the last photographs taken of a live passenger pigeon, pictured in captivity in 1898.
Business has boomed during the pandemic, The 20 best things to get at Aldi this year, according to shoppers, The death of Lonesome George in 2012, the last known Pinta Island tortoise, means this particular, A subspecies of the black rhinoceros, this noble creature once roamed sub-Saharan, Once found in abundance in restricted territory in Costa Rica, the last sighting of this attractive. The tiny, heat-tolerant pupfish was endemic to the outflows of a pair of hot springs in the Mojave Desert of California. With an intense interest in birds, particularly extinct species, Wolley was very excited to explore the theory that the Great Auk may still exist, despite 7 years having passed since Brodtkorb’s sighting. Hunted for food, eggs, and its soft down feathers, the flightless bird was an easy target. The dodo disappeared as early as 1662 and is perhaps the most famous extinct species. By the 19th century, western scientists realised that the Great Auk was heading towards extinction. Not surprisingly perhaps, their demise is mostly down to us. He also noted that “the wings were so small” assuming this was the reason the birds did not fly off when his boat drew near them.
One of the last surviving Bubal hartebeests was shot in Morocco in 1925, the year the species was declared extinct. After that sighting, the animal was presumed to have gone extinct. Despite being capable hunters and familiar with Varanger’s birdlife, they had never seen anything like them before. Merciless hunting by European settlers quickly wiped them out. Free, global bird ID and field guide app powered by your sightings and media. He also noted a white spot beside the bird’s eye, though unfortunately his bullet had shattered the beak and torn away much of the other side of the head.
Vardø Næringsforening is the collective of Vardø-based businesses and interest groups. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Notes and references The great auk (Alca impennis) was a species of relatively large, flightless marine bird native to the North Atlantic Ocean. Although considered extinct since 1844, when the last accepted breeding pair were killed, there have been a handful of sightings since then, though none are very recent.. Intensive hunting, however, decimated the species.
He set out in his boat to try to find the three surviving birds without success. A plains zebra native to South Africa and distinguished from other zebras by its limited pattern of primarily brown and white stripes, the quagga was yet another victim of relentless hunting, killed for their meat and skins.
Encyclopaedia of Cryptozoology is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The Great Auk – also known as Pinguinus impennis – is an extinct bird which lived up until the 19 th century and lived along the shores of the North Atlantic in locations which included North America, Scandinavia, Western Europe and Greenland. He described it as “the size of a Brent Goose” but “was in shape like an auk”.
One of Brodtkorb’s friends asked him to shoot the birds so they could examine them closely.
Illustration of a great auk by Philippe Coudray in Guide des Animaux Cachés (2009). The photograph was taken in 1900.
Known also as the Tasmanian tiger or the Tasmanian wolf, this shy, nocturnal marsupial was found in large number across continental Australia, Tasmania, and throughout New Guinea. Since the year 1500 CE numerous mammal species have become extinct, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This project has very kindly been supported by several regional and local parties, including Vardø Kommune, Finnmark Fylkeskommune, Innovation Norway and Miljødirektoratet.
John Wolley, an English naturalist, was exploring Scandinavia during the 1850s, financing his trip by collecting and selling the eggs of Scandinavian birds including Hawk Owls, Gyrfalcons and Common Cranes. After establishing that it was not a species of diver (Brodtkorb insisted he had shot many of them!) Once found roaming across eastern Turkey, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, Iran, and western China, this beautiful big cat was slaughtered to extinction by poachers and big game hunters. Brodtkorb’s encounter sounds convincing enough, but without a specimen to unequivocally prove it, the Vardø Great Auks of 1848 will go down as another unproven (but highly likely) sighting of the world’s last Great Auks. The Great Auks of Hornøya The world’s last sighting? The last wild passenger pigeon was seen in 1901.
Great Auks were totally adapted to a life hunting fish underwater.
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Banana Kush Hash, Omo Washing Powder In The Window, 1969 Chevelle For Sale Under $10,000, Scored Buffalo Fish, Australian Shepherd Puppies Los Angeles, Tajamika Paxton Net Worth, Helga Meyer Singing, Accrington Stanley Nickname, How Much To Pay Rabbi For Baby Naming, Catra Cuts Her Hair, Swiss Maid Weekly Ad, Ferro Corp Walton Hills, Rap Lyrics Clean, Tacoma Camping Mods, 950 Jdj Revolver, Greer Band Niko, Der Meister Entertainment Youtube, Tictail Acquisition Price, Pick 3 Pick 4, Anymote Not Finding Apple Tv, Henry Danger Theme Song Sheet Music, When They Cry Kai Full Episodes, Electric Love Riff Tab, Index Of Series Csi: Cyber Season 1, Samsung Ku6300 Manual, Da Uzi Origine, Zahan Name Meaning In Islam, Watch Shaun Of The Dead Online Reddit, Todd Reirden Family, Cobra Kai Miguel Falls, How To Make A Wither In Minecraft Nintendo Switch, Almost Skateistan Complete, Ciudades De Florida, How To Get A Raspy Voice, Permanently, Vitol Graduate Program, Zero Calorie Coffee Creamer Recipe, Budgie Show Cages, | <urn:uuid:ee68fd64-ba17-4bbf-bcd9-f1d919dce867> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.saudeecorpoemfoco.com/docs/haipu1.php?page=07df22-great-auk-sightings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417222733-20210418012733-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.956871 | 2,928 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Aided by technology, students across the country are self-directing their own learning, no longer waiting for teachers or schools to catch up. More than 400,000 K-12 students shared how and when they learn via the Speak Up 2016 Research Project for Digital Learning.
In our latest Speak Up data release, Ten Things Everyone Should Know about K-12 Students’ Digital Learning, 2017, Project Tomorrow details some of the findings from the student responses:
- Access to mobile devices in and out of school continues to grow. Over just a two-year period, twice as many students are now using Chromebooks in school (2014 to 2016).
- Students are using mobile devices to self-direct learning by:
- doing research on the Internet (84%)
- looking up class information (59%)
- creating documents to share (54%)
- emailing teachers with questions (47%)
- setting up reminders about class due dates (43%)
- taking notes (40%)
- Students are exploring online learning. More than one-third of middle school students say they have already taken an online class in Math, Science and English. The subjects that top their wish list for online classes include: college prep/study skills (58%), art appreciation (58%), world languages (56%), career technical/vocational education (51%) and computer science (47%).
- More than 1/3 of students say they want to learn about future jobs and careers via online tools: online course, digital game, online videos and social media.
“Students have always self-directed some of their own learning, but with the explosion of mobile devices, 24/7 connectivity and digital resources, students are leaving adults behind as they explore subjects that interest them in the ways they learn best,” said Dr. Julie Evans, CEO of Project Tomorrow. “Despite all of the opportunity at their fingertips with the growth in educational technology access in schools, more than half (56%) of students say they use technology more often for learning outside of school than in school.”
The disconnect between how students learn and how educators think they learn is especially evident in the findings about using the Internet for homework. The majority of students (79% of high school students, 69% of middle school students and 63% of students in grades 3-5) use the Internet at least once a week to support homework and school assignments. Nearly half (48%) of high school students say they use the Internet daily to support school work. However, just 14% of teachers say they are assigning Internet-dependent homework on a weekly basis.
“Despite teachers’ concerns about the homework gap, students so highly value using the Internet as a learning tool that they resourcefully find ways to get online to pursue their academic interests and add depth and efficiency to their learning processes,” said Evans.
And, where are students going online to do their schoolwork? Speak Up asked students about all the places they have used the Internet to do homework or schoolwork assignments this year. Here are some of the most common locations for doing online schoolwork outside of class:
- at home (78%)
- on campus before/after hours (50%),
- at a fast food restaurant or coffee shop (28%)
- in the public library (20%)
Community location or type (urban, rural or suburban) seems to have limited impact on where students access the Internet with one exception. Students in rural communities (44%) are less likely to say they are staying after school hours to use the school wifi.
Each year, the Speak Up project polls K-12 students, parents and educators about the role of technology for learning in and out of school. Since 2003, more than 5 million K-12 students, parents, teachers, librarians, principals, technology leaders, district administrators, communications officers and members of the community have shared their views and ideas through Speak Up. Speak Up 2016 findings on students, teachers, parents, administrators, communications officers, technology leaders and community members will be released throughout 2017. All the data releases can be found at www.tomorrow.org/speakup.
Sign up for our Speak Up e-newsletter to receive all new data releases!
Speak Up is supported by many of our nation’s most innovative companies, foundations and nonprofit organizations including Apex Learning, Blackboard, BrainPOP, DreamBox Learning, Qualcomm® WirelessReach™, Rosetta Stone Education and Scholastic. | <urn:uuid:3a7bac4e-0c1d-4b58-81ff-a1322ffab240> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://blog.tomorrow.org/index.php/2017/05/08/students-take-charge-of-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109803.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822011838-20170822031838-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.955898 | 922 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Today we celebrate the 24th anniversary of the 27th Amendment (ratified May 7, 1992). Here’s what you need to know:
WHAT IT DOES
The 27th Amendment makes sure that members of Congress can't vote for their own pay raises (or pay cuts)--any change in compensation won't take effect until the next election.
WHY IT WAS ADDED
The 27th Amendment, which is the most recent addition to the Constitution, was actually among the amendments that James Madison proposed in 1789. Ten of those amendments were approved and became known as the Bill of Rights, but this one languished for another 203 years, making it the longest ratification process in U.S. history.
So what revived Madison's original vision? In 1982, Gregory Watson, a 20-year-old college student at the University of Texas, Austin, wrote a paper on Madison's unratified proposal. He launched a letter-writing campaign and within a decade, in large part thanks to his efforts, what would have been the Second Amendment was passed as the 27th Amendment.
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. | <urn:uuid:33e23072-2b52-4b75-ab07-c465b3b40166> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/happy-birthday-27th-amendment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887746.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119045937-20180119065937-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.982561 | 251 | 3.625 | 4 |
Substances that must be able to enter a cell are water, oxygen, and nutrients. On TV medical dramas, you'll often see technicians administering a saline drip to a patient who has lost blood or is dehydrated. This saline solution maintains a specific concentration of dissolved substances in the blood and body fluids. When dehydrated, our concentration of dissolved substances increases, upsetting the balance in our cells. Water can freely move in and out of cells to maintain the same water pressure on both sides of the plasma membrane. Oxygen is important because cells are undergoing cellular respiration. A cell takes chemical bond energy and converts it to a form of energy that it can use-a molecule of ATP. ATP contains small amounts of energy appropriate to powering cellular processes. This process of energy conversion requires oxygen (we will discuss this in more detail in Lesson 4). For aerobic cellular respiration to occur inside this cell, oxygen must move through the plasma membrane.
Some nutrients enter freely; others are controlled. Cells must also export the products that they make. (We'll discuss how cells make proteins in Lesson 7.) The cells in your liver are amazing: they make many, many proteins that leave the liver cells to be transported to cells in other parts of your body. Waste products must also leave a cell. For instance, during cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is released as a waste product. It goes back into our blood stream and eventually is exhaled from our lungs. So cells must interact with their environment yet maintain fairly constant internal conditions. There are three ways that substances move across the plasma membrane: (1) diffusion, (2) facilitated diffusion, and (3) active transport.
The simplest method of moving substances across the membrane is diffusion, the random movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion follows a concentration gradient (Figure 3.4) and will occur across the plasma membrane as long as there is no restriction (e.g., size or charge of molecule). Non-polar lipids and small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to pass freely through the membrane. For example, because oxygen is used for cellular respiration, there is always a higher oxygen concentration outside the cell and a lower concentration inside. As oxygen follows this gradient from higher to lower concentration, oxygen molecules are always diffusing into the cell. Carbon dioxide also undergoes diffusion but in the opposite direction because there is always a higher concentration of carbon dioxide inside than outside the cell. Other small molecules, like ethanol, also can diffuse freely through the plasma membrane, which is why alcohol hits your system fairly quickly: it diffuses from your digestive system into your bloodstream and then is carried to all of your cells. It affects these fairly rapidly and evenly, diffusing into them until the cellular concentration is approximately equal to that in your bloodstream. Diffusion does not require the input of energy on the part of the cell.
Figure 3.4. Diffusion of Sugar in Water
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission granted for reproduction
Osmosis is the term for a special type of diffusion, the diffusion of water, and is based on the concentration of dissolved substances (solutes), either in the fluid within the cell or in your blood stream, which cannot cross the membrane. In the figure below (Figure 3.5), a beaker is shown to demonstrate the movement of water within a cell by osmosis. | <urn:uuid:0368c991-47fd-4ada-8d3f-9d57a6e45ab7> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.plasma-physics.com/PlasmaPhysics/plasma-particles-movement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540515344.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208230118-20191209014118-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.930076 | 702 | 4.375 | 4 |
When I started playing blues songs for my first grade students, I never imagined I was introducing a fantastic launching point for thematic, standards-based teaching. We soon formed The Kids Like Blues Band, and since last March we've used blues songs as a springboard for teaching academic content standards in reading, writing, listening, speech, social studies, technology, and the visual and performing arts. So far we've played at a street fair, for staff and students at the Cal State San Marcos College of Education, and even live on local TV news and KPBS TV. We're a real band, and the students are fully engaged, learning and rocking!
Happy to Sing the Blues
How does this method work? First, I introduce a song and apply the rhythm and cadence of these lyrics to an understanding of the historical background. Songs are carefully selected to have appropriate levels of syllabication, vocabulary, imagery and subject matter that lead into history, myths or folktales. Students learn phonics through pointing and tracking to lyrics on score sheets kept in individual student binders.
Lyrics are practiced daily in large and small groups to get the correct pitch, modulation, tone, syllabication, meter and phrasing. Children even sneak practices during free time. After learning the lyrics, students with creative dance skills choreograph the piece (without my help!) and we rehearse more. Then, it is a "gig" at a talent show, street fair or community event.
Last spring, Professor of Education Dr. Leslie Mauerman thought so much of our work that she had us play for an audience of staff and graduate students at Cal State San Marcos College of Education.
Our blues band work meets the needs of a wide variety of students with different learning styles and preferences, including kinesthetic, auditory and visual learners. Oftentimes, a student is paired with another learner to work on skill deficiencies. Collaboration nurtures natural talent and leadership. Shy students gain confidence, high performing and GATE (Gifted And Talented Education) students achieve new levels of mastery, non-native English speakers improve language, and slower readers learn reading at a higher level of complexity.
Our blues band has provided my students with a creative outlet to apply, question, evaluate and utilize their knowledge. For many English-Language Learners, thematic teaching allows them to maximize learning in a comfortable, fun, student-centered environment. A noteworthy student testimonial is a Japanese student who recently moved to the United States.
On top of leaving her home and everything familiar to her following the nuclear disaster at Fukushima and the tsunami, she was now starting a new school mid-year and unable to make sense of anything we were doing. Soon after her arrival I started playing blues songs for the class. A GATE student began dancing and acting out the song we were singing. Other students began to jump in and participate – including our new Japanese student! Instantly, she became animated, engaged and wanted to be an active participant in our class. Over the course of the following weeks, she began to take more risks, quickly memorized the lyrics and began learning how to form English sounds. While she remained reserved and timid in small groups, when the music began she came to life, able to participate and communicate with her peers.
The Blues as a Springboard
This instruction has fostered a heightened ability to access and apply technology. My first and second grade students blog about their music and learning, while using Photoshop, scanners and Google image searches to design multilayered compositions to accompany their blogs. Here's a video that showcases how we use technology like Photoshop and blogging to engage students in reading, writing and arts.
The students and I have also delved into digital video editing and audio production. We record our work and edit it as a whole class on the LCD projector in iMovie and Garage Band. Watch our "official" music video below.
We also use technology in our blues band work by performing teacher-led historical Internet work. For example, Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode" and "Let it Rock" explore the concepts of westward expansion, the history of the railroad and immigration. With the use of an LCD projector, we delve into history, geography, culture and outside literature to parallel this historical time period. One line from "Let It Rock" -- "working on the railroad with a steel driving hammer" -- led right into a mini-lesson on folktales and heroes like John Henry, and we compared working and living conditions from the past with today, which is California State Social Studies Standards 2.1
Nearly a year later, I have looped with my class, and I am in awe as all students have made significant progress across subject areas and learned to work together as a classroom community. The Kids Like Blues project has not only taken my students' learning to new and unprecedented levels, it has also inspired me to be a better teacher and given me the confidence to bring my own passions to the classroom. In today's world of high-stake testing and concern for students' lack of skills for college and careers, I feel my class of "blues-singing" students is more than prepared.
For more information about this project, please visit http://kidslikeblues.org/. | <urn:uuid:fa7012da-c95f-4087-b664-10ab0530d5d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.edutopia.org/blog/kids-like-blues-music-video-jon-schwartz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335514.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001003954-20221001033954-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.95851 | 1,085 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The City of Glasgow is on the road to becoming one of the world's first circular cities. The city has taken its first steps in creating a stronger more sustainable economy by completing the Circle City Scan. Commissioned through a partnership between Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, Zero Waste Scotland and Glasgow City Council, an analysis of the city’s material flows was executed by Circle Economy.
This pioneering study of Glasgow’s economy, identified leading industries through which the city’s economy can become more ‘circular’ and defined implementation strategies and opportunities for the region’s business community. The goal of the Circle City Scan is to pinpoint areas in which the city of Glasgow can benefit from new collaborations, create market opportunities and increase profits, while reducing the city’s environmental impact. The resulting report highlights sectors in which circular business models can be applied and specifies strategies to accomplish the practical and scalable implementation of these circular solutions.
The real benefits of the circular economy, recognised by Glasgow, is that it allows economic growth, prosperity and security by reducing the city’s unhealthy and harmful dependency on scarce natural resources. Circular thinking will inspire companies to increase their raw material efficiency by keeping the resources they use in circulation for as long as possible and to recover products when they are no longer being used by the consumer to act as inputs in a new cycle. Glasgow sees this new approach as a solution to create improved product quality, economic growth, jobs and ultimately a future proof, more resilient city.
“This study has brought into focus how the Chamber can support local businesses, and champion the circular economy in Glasgow to ensure it becomes an important part of the overall commerce in the city.’’ - Alison McRae, Senior Director of Glasgow Chamber of Commerce
An extensive analysis of the city of Glasgow’s economical and political landscape showed that the healthcare, education and manufacturing sectors are pivotal to maintaining the city’s welfare. Combined, they provide 117,500 jobs and a quarter of the city’s total economic value. By mapping the city's resource flows from consumption to waste, the food and beverage sector was identified as having the greatest circular potential. The report offers a practical and scalable roadmap to implement pilot projects within this sector and identifies several circular strategies that have the potential to boost employment opportunities and strengthen Glasgow's economy.
Practical examples illustrated in the Circle City Scan include the implementation of heat recovery methods of local bakeries and breweries, resulting in a reduction of resource use. The food and beverage sector uses over 34.000 tons of biomass every year and generates over 2.000 trucks of waste. By valorising the city’s waste streams additional revenue streams are added to Glasgow's economy and CO2 emissions are reduced. A practical example of this is the use of bread waste, a staggering 200.000 slices of bread are wasted daily in Glasgow, to create green gas, compost or even beer. Applying circular strategies in the city’s food and beverage sectors creates income, jobs and ultimately reduces carbon emissions.
"Glasgow shows leadership and vision by exploring the opportunities of the circular economy. The city’s desire to transform results from the Circle City Scan into tangible and practical pilot projects highlights their frontrunner status and serves as an example for cities around the world." - Andy Ridley, CEO of Circle Economy
To ensure that the strategies identified in the Circle City Scan are implemented, Glasgow Chamber of Commerce is now reaching out to businesses throughout the region to illustrate the business opportunities that these ‘circular initiatives’ provide. The next step is setting achievable goals and creating local partnerships to implement the four most promising pilot projects identified.
[cta link="http://www.circle-economy.com/glasgowcirclecity" ]Download the report[/cta]
The Circle Cities Program addresses where and how circular strategies can be implemented within cities. It illustrates practical and scalable circular opportunities that create jobs, increase resource efficiency and stimulates economic growth. To learn more about our Circle Cities Program please click here.
If you are interested in learning more about our work with the City of Glasgow or our Circle Cities program please contact our Director of Programs, Klaske Kruk ([email protected]) | <urn:uuid:95cd638f-e460-4ff4-8be4-41f2c78a7d22> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.circle-economy.com/news/glasgow-embraces-pioneering-circle-city-scan-approach | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511424.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004220037-20231005010037-00818.warc.gz | en | 0.915223 | 870 | 2.6875 | 3 |
I found a document by Kingston detailing how they work with Server Memory, I believe that this process would, normally, be the same for most known manufacturers. Memory chips, as well as all semiconductor devices, follow a particular reliability/failure pattern that is known as
the Bathtub Curve:
Time is represented on the horizontal axis,
beginning with the factory shipment and continuing
through three distinct time periods:
Early Life Failures: Most failures occur during the early usage
period. However, as time goes on, the number of failures diminishes
quickly. The Early Life Failure period, shown in yellow, is
approximately 3 months.
Useful Life: During this period, failures are extremely rare. The
useful life period is shown in blue and is estimated to be 20+ years.
End-of-Life Failures: Eventually, semiconductor products wear out and
fail. The End-of-Life period is shown in green
Now because Kingston noted that high fail-rates would occur the first three months (after these three months the unit is considered good until it's EOL about 15 - 20 years later). They designed a test using a unit called the KT2400 which brutally tests the server memory modules for 24 hours at 100 degrees celsius at high voltage, by which all cells of every DRAM chip is continuously exercised; this high level of stress testing
has the effect of aging the modules by at least three months (as noted before the critical period where most modules show failures).
The results were:
In March 2004, Kingston began a six-month trial in which 100 percent
of its server memory was tested in the KT2400. Results were closely
monitored to measure the change in failures. In September 2004, after
all the test data was compiled and analyzed, results showed that
failures were reduced by 90 percent. These results exceeded
expectations and represent a significant improvement for a product
line that was already at the top of its class.
So why is burning in memory not useful for server memory? Simply, because it's already done by your manufacturer! | <urn:uuid:f7e1091a-6763-489b-837e-88efd3d77a3e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://serverfault.com/questions/518239/is-it-necessary-to-burn-in-ram-for-server-class-hardware/518241 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010883242/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091443-00050-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964843 | 437 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It was bound to happen sooner or later. There is a 3D computer fantasy game that teaches good thinking habits as effectively as biological therapist units can. The game, designed for children and adolescents, is called SPARX (not to be confused with SPANX which are women’s undergarments).
SPARX stands for Smart, Positive, Active, Realistic, X-factor thoughts.
The game provides cognitive-behavioral therapy to the gamers. That means means it helps them replace Gloomy Negative Automatic Thoughts (GNATS) with positive SPARX thoughts. It was tested on adolescents and young adults from spring 2009 to mid-summer 2010. Participants had a single diagnosis (depression) but were not at risk for self-harm or suicide, and were not receiving other treatment.
As already indicated, SPARX was successful in relieving (in some cases alleviating) the young players’ depressive symptoms. “It is at least as good as treatment as usual [with a therapist], would be cheaper and easier to disseminate, and could be used to increase access to therapy," wrote Dr. Merry, one of the study’s authors.
While some counselors may be miffed by this, I know one who thinks the program should be given to everyone that owns a computer, regardless of their age. She feels the world would benefit from a global increase in effective thought processing.
Finish reading HERE | <urn:uuid:40576670-0e03-497c-a37f-3c7bf57f2983> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.psydtraks.com/entries/depression/wwdc-widening-world-of-digital-counseling-treating-depression-in-children-and-adolescents | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928350.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00237-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97568 | 297 | 3 | 3 |
More kids in the U.S., especially low-income and foster-care children, are on antipsychotics than in any other country. States are just starting to intervene.
By Chris Kardish
Allen Brenzel, a child psychiatrist in Lexington, Ky., can point to the moment he knew his state had a drug problem. A few years ago, Brenzel was working as a consultant for a residential treatment facility for kids under state custody. During his time there, he became acutely aware that many of the children in the program were on prescriptions for psychotropic medications — and lots of them. “It was not uncommon for me to see children as young as 10 or 12 on three or four psych meds,” Brenzel says. “That became more the norm than the exception.” But it was seeing a little boy no older than 5 who was on four different psychotropic drugs that still stands out today in the psychiatrist’s mind. “I remembered thinking you shouldn’t be on more medications than your age.”
Brenzel says he knows that sounds glib, but it drives home a crucial point. Children in the United States are on drugs for longer and more often than kids in any other country. And for children on Medicaid or in foster care, the numbers are far higher. In Kentucky, for example, a child in the Medicaid program is nearly three times as likely to be prescribed a mind-altering psychotropic medication as a kid under private insurance. For a Kentucky foster child, the likelihood is nearly nine times the norm.
Kentucky is hardly alone in overprescribing psychotropics, a class of drugs that ranges from stimulants to antidepressants and antipsychotics. Between 1997 and 2006, American prescriptions for antipsychotics increased somewhere between sevenfold and twelvefold, according to a report by the University of Maryland. And just as in Kentucky, the nationwide numbers for children in foster systems or on Medicaid are startlingly higher than for other children. An average of 4.8 percent of privately insured children are prescribed these drugs every year; among kids on Medicaid, the number is 7.3 percent, according to the most recent study, which looked across 10 states. For children in foster care, it’s a whopping 26.6 percent.
For many physicians and psychiatrists, it’s a situation that’s gotten out of control. “We’ve reached the limits of medicalization,” says Julie Zito, a professor of pharmacy and psychiatry at the University of Maryland. “We’re medicating poverty.”
States have begun to act. Spurred by a series of federal probes and a 2011 directive to begin reporting on the steps they’re taking to reduce prescription rates, state health officials have tried a variety of approaches to address the problem. What they’ve found is that it’s an enormously hard battle to fight. Some places, like Kentucky, are just getting started; others are finding that the efforts they have taken aren’t enough. And it’s not simply about monitoring prescriptions. To make real inroads, states must focus on providing greater access to drug alternatives and on fixing a fragmented system of care. “We know what works,” says Sheila Pires, founder of the Human Service Collaborative, a group specializing in child and family service systems. She points to things like individually tailored pyschiatric therapy programs and family support groups, all connected through people who coordinate the full range of a child’s needs. “The challenge has been getting sufficient service capacity and care coordination across the systems — behavioral health, Medicaid and child welfare.”
Read more at Governing | <urn:uuid:5ff56e23-53f1-4f90-ab54-174b3583e561> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://worldnewsforum.org/2015/08/16/how-americas-overmedicating-low-income-and-foster-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.960558 | 768 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Establishment of Asian Heritage Month
Asian Heritage Month was first officially recognized in December 2001, when the Canadian Senate adopted the month of May as Asian Heritage Month. This is an opportunity to acknowledge and celebrate the long and diverse history of Asian Canadians and their contributions to Canada, as well as the many struggles they face.
History of racial discrimination
Since the arrival of the first immigrant of Asian descent in the 1800s, they faced racism and racial discrimination in the forms of immigration laws, the denial of the right to vote, segregation and other basic human rights abuses.
Some of these overt racist laws, policies and practices were eliminated gradually when human rights legislation was enacted. However, subtle forms of racism and racial discrimination and micro-aggressions against people of Asian descent continues to persist.
Temporary Foreign Workers Programs
Unfortunately, history seems to repeat itself. Chinese immigrants built the railroad in the late 19th century with few rights and less pay than white workers. Currently, many racialized workers come through the government’s Temporary Foreign Workers Program (TFWP) which has been greatly expanded over the last decade. Workers under the TFWP have limited access to permanent residency and citizenship and they do not have the same access to labour standards, benefits and other protections that all other workers in Canada have. The jobs under the TFWP are low-paying and precarious, and force workers to be tied to a specific employer, which leaves them open to abuses with little oversight.
The most recent federal budget, introduced by the Liberal government, failed to deliver promised details on reforms to the Temporary Foreign Worker Program and does not address the vulnerabilities faced by foreign workers in Canada.
National Security and Anti-Terrorism initiatives
Also of great concern are the anti-terrorism laws that were first introduced after 9-11 and other laws afterwards. We have seen civil liberties restricted more and more with the enactment of laws. Asian communities, particularly the Muslim and South Asian communities, bear the brunt of these laws through racial profiling and the stereotypes of these communities. As a result, there has been an increase of hate crimes against these communities, culminating in the murder of Muslim men praying in a mosque in Quebec City.
Community and labour activists of Asian descent have challenged these discriminatory laws and practices. For example, when the labour movement was not yet ready to be inclusive of all people, activists of Asian descent formed their own organizations such as the Chinese Trade Workers' Association in British Columbia or the Asian Canadian Labour Association in Ontario. Community activists of Asian descent started a campaign for redress for the victims of the Chinese Head Tax and for the internment of people of Japanese descent. Sikhs are also demanding an apology for the Komagata Maru incident which denied Sikhs coming in boats from entering Canada, a move that ended up killing many. Filipino activists have formed community organizations across Canada that advocate for the protection of temporary foreign workers and reforms to the TFWP. Many of these organizations formed and alliance under the banner of Migrante Canada
Celebration and Solidarity
PSAC encourages members to take part in the events that celebrate the legacy and contributions of Canadians of Asian descent and show solidarity against the laws and policies that target racialized communities. | <urn:uuid:35670934-afd8-4f32-b4c2-6a8f33c795a2> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://psacatlantic.ca/updates/2017-asian-heritage-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648113.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323004957-20180323024957-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.96261 | 651 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Wahington designated petrified wood as the state gem in 1975 (though rock-hard and beautiful, petrified wood is not actually a gem but a fossil). In prehistoric times, the interior of Washington was swampy with trees such as cypress, oak, elm and gingko. Some of these ancient forests were preserved by lava flows and water and over time became fossilized. You can see petrified wood at Gingko Petrified Forest State Park in Vantage, Washington. Petrified wood is also the state stone of Texas, and the state fossil of North Dakota and Louisiana.
Petrified wood at Gingko State Park in Washington -
photo by agit-prop on Flickr - noncommercial use permitted
with attribution | no derivative works. See All State Fossils. | <urn:uuid:ccf3a45b-0c0b-4637-9e97-dcfaf1567ba3> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://statesymbolsusa.org/Washington/gemPetrifiedwood.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00087-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949523 | 161 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Exhaust gas is to blame: Ground-level ozone is damaging crops
Exhaust gas emissions have doubled the amount of ground-level ozone. Vegetation is being destroyed. Food production is decreasing. Researchers now fear that the damage is greatest in the Arctic regions.
This article was originally published on Apollon - Research magazine from The University of Oslo. Read the original article.
It is generally known that pollution has damaged the ozone layer around the Earth. The ozone layer is important for protecting life from harmful UV rays from the sun. However, the fact that pollution leads to too much ozone at ground level is less known.
“Too much ozone at ground level is not good. It can damage the vegetation on Earth. The concentration of ozone at ground level has more than doubled in 150 years,” says Professor Frode Stordal from the Department of Geosciences at the University of Oslo.
The consequences are alarming. By as early as 2010, international researchers determined that the ozone at ground level reduced the production of wheat by seven to twelve percent, soybeans by six to sixteen percent, rice by three to four percent, and corn by three to five percent.
In 2004, researchers at the University of Gothenburg published an article in which they stated that ozone pollution reduced potato crops by as much as twenty percent.
In a scientific article in 2018, Swedish and other European researchers determined that ozone at ground level destroys nearly ten percent of wheat production in the Northern hemisphere.
Now scientists fear that the ozone layer along the ground can do even more damage in Arctic regions. The plant physiologists and atmosphere physicists at the University of Oslo have therefore joined forces to research this.
More ozone with exhaust gas
To understand their research, we need to briefly look at why the ozone has increased at ground level and why it damages vegetation.
Ozone is made up of oxygen atoms, just like the oxygen we breathe.
While the life-giving oxygen molecules in the air consist of two oxygen atoms (O2), ozone is made up of three oxygen atoms (O3).
The difference may sound small, but it makes a dramatic difference. Ozone is the air pollutant that can do the most damage to living organisms.
Ozone is formed indirectly as a result of our modern lifestyle. The culprits are combustion furnaces and internal combustion engines.
- Ozone is formed when exhaust gas emissions react with oxygen. The reaction must receive a helping hand from solar UV radiation.
- The concentration of ozone at ground level has more than doubled in 150 years.
- Ozone reduces crop yields.
- Researchers now fear that crops are even more damaged in the Arctic regions
The most well-known, everyday examples are the exhaust gases from cars, ships and planes.
When combustion occurs at high temperatures, the two main components of air, namely oxygen and nitrogen, react with each other. The so-called NOX gases are formed.
These are the gases nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The NOx gases are catalysts. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions. The NOX gases have the unfortunate property that they help carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to produce ozone. This only occurs during daytime.
The explanation for this is that the chemical reaction must also receive a helping hand from solar UV radiation.
The concentration of ozone is at its greatest during daytime. During the night, it drops. The reason for this is that ozone can only be formed in daylight and breaks down when it hits plants and other things. When the sun rises, the concentration is at its lowest.
The level then increases again during the course of the day.
NOX gases can also be formed in completely natural ways. Lightning is an example of this, but it is man-made pollution that is the cause of the tremendous increase in ozone at ground level.
“The ozone layer at ground level is an issue that has snuck up on us,” says Frode Stordal.
How does ozone damage plants?
One might wonder how ozone damages plants. Just like us humans, leaves breathe too.
This happens as part of the well-known process of photosynthesis. Thanks to the chlorophyll, plants can convert sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).
Glucose is the energy plants need in order to survive. The oxygen is the waste material.
In order to receive carbon dioxide and at the same time emit oxygen and water vapour, the leaves have tiny pores, which are called stomata. Damage occurs when ozone penetrates through these pores.
Plants have an elegant means of defending themselves against the ozone hazard. The weapon of defence is antioxidants. They neutralise ozone.
“The level of defence varies from plant to plant. If the plant has a lot of antioxidants, the ozone does not need to do so much damage. Although ozone does not get into the cells themselves, it does cause damage between the cells. Unfortunately, ozone reacts very easily with other elements. New chemical compounds are formed that further penetrate into the cell and damage them from within,” explains researcher Ane Vollsnes at the Department of Biosciences at the University of Oslo.
May be worse in the Arctic
And we are now getting to the main point. At the equator, the days are 12 hours long. In the northern regions, it can be light around the clock.
“The time that the ozone has the opportunity to penetrate plants, thus, lasts much longer in the Arctic regions than further south. Although the concentration of ozone is greater around the Mediterranean than in Norway, the plants in Norway may still be more vulnerable. The plants may not be able to recover until the next day. We must investigate whether the pores in the plants are open for large parts of the day in the northern areas. However, it is also conceivable that the plants have a circadian rhythm, despite the lack of nights. We don’t know enough. This needs to be studied further,” says Ane Vollsnes.
Vollsnes has carried out experiments with a type of clover that was more damaged by ozone when the nights were bright. The clover suffered visible damage. The leaves were full of dots. These dots are dead tissue.
Harms plants on purpose
Testing takes place in the phytotron in the basement of the biology building at Blindern.
The phytotron is an advanced facility where scientists can grow plants and test what happens to them under different climatic conditions.
In the majority of the sixteen growth chambers in the phytotron, researchers are able to control the temperature, precipitation, amount of light and the length of night and day.
To check how the plants respond to ozone, researchers are able to have identical climates in all chambers, while varying the amount of ozone.
Such experiments are not possible to conduct in greenhouses. When the experiment is conducted, it is then at the mercy of the weather.
“In the phytotron, we can manipulate a single factor at a time to see the effect it has.
This is the first time anyone has investigated how the length of day affects the ozone pollution of plants in the north.
Unfortunately, there is a danger that the amount of ozone will increase in Norway and in Arctic regions. This is due to the oil production in the Barents Sea and the anticipated increase in shipping traffic to Asia along the Norwegian coast and Siberia when the ice retreats.
Testing cultivated plants
Ane Vollsnes points out that how ozone affects agriculture in Norway, such as the production of wheat and oats, has not been researched.
In the first round, they will research how different types of clovers and timothy grass, which are used as animal feed for cows and sheep, are damaged by ozone pollution.
They can already determine that clover and timothy are vulnerable to ozone – the question is how vulnerable.
“We are talking about great possible, but hidden losses,” says Ane Vollsnes.
Her objective is to find the ones that can withstand the ozone pollution the best. Here she has cooperation with the Finnmark Agricultural Council. The idea is to communicate the results to the farmers in the north.
More ozone from Asia
The results from the phytotron will also be used in a climate model in order to more precisely describe the relationship between ozone and climate change.
Although Europe and the United States have become better at reducing emissions from combustion furnaces and internal combustion engines, the situation is worse in Asia.
There, ozone pollution continues to increase.
“This is where population growth is greatest and the standard of living is increasing the most. This is happening at the same time as the need for food is increasing. This is an unfortunate combination. More ozone will affect food production,” states Ane Vollsnes.
In India and China, ozone has already been shown to reduce the production of both rice and soy.
Unfortunately, air doesn’t care about borders. The ozone is moved by the strong westerly winds around the northern hemisphere – moving first towards the United States and then towards Europe.
“The question is whether we will reach a threshold level or if it will get dramatically worse,” Frode Stordal concludes. | <urn:uuid:94ef07e2-5323-4a9c-b631-66817a4ef139> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sciencenorway.no/climate-change-environment-forskningno/exhaust-gas-is-to-blame-ground-level-ozone-is-damaging-crops/1554199 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102469.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210123756-20231210153756-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.953882 | 1,960 | 3.453125 | 3 |
In Permaculture, a swale is a method used to harvest rain water. They are long shallow trenches that run along the contour of the land. This means that swales are perfectly level. Swales do not direct water flow, but they collect water. The soil removed from the swale is piled on the downhill side to make a slightly raised bank or berm. When rain falls, the water runs along the surface of the topsoil, and it will collect in the depression of a swale. The water will slowly seep into the soil and collect in underground pockets that will supply the roots of plants through weeks and even months without rain.
Illustration showing the water storage of a swale - from Gaia's Garden
If rainfall is heavy or fast enough, the water will also slowly seep into, through, and maybe overflow the berm. Since the swale and berm are level, the water gently slips over the edge, and no erosion takes place. The water then travels downhill to the next swale.
Plants are planted in the downhill berm. The roots keep the berm in place, and the water provides moisture to the plants. Water loving plants can be placed further into the depression of the swale, and plants that require less water can be placed further downhill of the berm.
As time goes on, rain and wind will continue to push and carry silt and other debris into the swale which will slowly build up a compost-like rich soil. This will only continue to benefit the plants near the swale.
Swale design by Bill Mollison
Swales can be very large or very small. They can cover large fields or small yards. The key to making swales is keeping the swale level. There are many techniques for doing this. Two handmade leveling devices are an A-frame Level and a Bunyip (water level) which were both used by the Egyptians. If you have the ability, you can also use a laser level or other surveyor's tools.
The ancient A-frame Level.
Here is a link to a PDF that shows how to use an A-frame Level.
A great video on making a Bunyip (water level)
Using the Bunyip (water level).
When the reading is the same on both sides, then the base of one stick is on contour (is level to) the other stick. Mark a line with chalk or paint or string from one stick to the other, and you have marked the contour of the land.
The distance between swales is really determined by rainfall. Swales should be closer together in areas with high rainfall. According to Toby Hemenway, author of Gaia's Garden, they should be spaced 18 feet in areas with 40-50 inches of rain, and 50 feet in areas with 15 inches of rain.
The following images are of a larger swale system being built. As you can see, the contour of the land typically creates a curved pattern across the land, NOT straight lines. Rarely are there any straight lines in nature.
Larger swales following the contour of the land
Water harvesting in the swale
Here is a smaller swale system being established in a display garden:
The planted swale system at a display garden.
Note that the depression of the swale in this photo has been packed with straw. This allows a more formal appearance to a yard (instead of standing water) while still retaining the water harvesting and storage capabilities.
In even smaller settings, you can create a Fish-Scale Swale.
Note that this swale will be filled with straw mulch and then covered with a thin layer of topsoil. No one but the designer and the plant know the swale is there. Perfect for those who don't want a yard with "ripples" yet still want the benefit of the swale systems.
If you live in any area that does not receive regular rainfall and has weeks to months where no rain waters your plants, then I strongly suggest looking into Permaculture Swales. | <urn:uuid:0bd7be1e-3bed-4c19-93e7-098b94c56808> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.tcpermaculture.blogspot.com/2011/06/permaculture-projects-swales.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997889455.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025809-00075-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946809 | 841 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The effective capture, transmission and use of data, information and knowledge is what is known as information, data and knowledge management (IDKM).
Radioactive waste management and decommissioning of nuclear installations are knowledge-dependent activities that tend to exist within robust regulatory frameworks and on long timescales (up to hundreds of years for nuclear waste to reach final disposal). Records must be well-structured, with metadata included to justify decisions made and demonstrate that processes have been followed correctly, and detailed knowledge passed across subsequent generations of worker to ensure continued safety. After closure of a facility, information on its location, design and inventory may need to be retained for many years to retain confidence in its safety.
These aspects are unique challenges for IDKM in radioactive waste management and decommissioning and require not only technical effort, but consideration of societal aspects as well.
Cognisant of the particular demand for IDKM in radioactive waste management (RWM), decommissioning and legacy management, the NEA has established several activities under the auspices of the Radioactive Waste Management Committee (RWMC) to address this area of work.
The Working Party on Information, Data and Knowledge Management (WP-IDKM) is charged with identifying and executing an integrated programme of work, covering four main working areas of IDKM for RWM, decommissioning and legacy management:
The creation of the WP-IDKM and the publication of the IDKM Roadmap, which outlines a scope of work and needed activities in IDKM for all phases of RWM, decommissioning and legacy management, were outcomes of the 2019 NEA public workshop on IDKM.
This workshop demonstrated immense interest in IDKM, with attendance from IDKM experts, engineers and scientists from RWM organisations and social scientists. The workshop shared the results of successful, previous NEA activities related to IDKM and explored an integrated picture of IDKM in RWM, decommissioning and legacy management.
The Forum on Stakeholder Confidence (FSC) was established by the NEA Radioactive Waste Management Committee (RWMC) in 2000 and serves as a platform for understanding and enhancing stakeholder engagement in the field of radioactive waste (RW) management solutions. The FSC also supports the Committee on Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations and Legacy Management (CDLM) as of 2019. A stakeholder is defined as any actor – institution, group or individual – with an interest or a role to play in the radioactive waste management process. The FSC provides a setting for direct stakeholder exchange in an atmosphere of mutual respect and learning.
The Integration Group for the Safety Case (IGSC) provides advice to the Radioactive Waste Management Committee (RWMC) on major and emerging issues to facilitate the development of waste management strategies at national and international levels and to enable the management of radioactive waste and materials to benefit from the progress of scientific and technical knowledge. | <urn:uuid:50576b8f-b27c-4246-a2e6-f86e66daec14> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_29878/idkm-of-decommissioning-and-legacy-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00883.warc.gz | en | 0.924367 | 605 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Akaroa Mail. TUESDAY, JANUARY 13, 1913. SOUTH AFRICAN STRIKE.
The strike in South Africa has grown from bad to worse in the last few days, till now it looks as though there will be great loss of both life and property before peace is restored. Our own New Zealand strike was alarmiDg enough, but a strike in South Africa U naturally a bigger thing than here witb our limited population Also there ia not tbe same conglomeration of black and white races. There is every liklihood martial law will have to be proclaimed. The law abiding citizens are rapidly forming a defence force; and showing, as they did in New Zealand, a determination to repulse the lawless section. It is to be hoped tbe outbreak will be quelled before many days are passed, but certainly the prospect is not reasauring Writing on the srfbjeot of the recent strikes a few days ago the "Dominion" emphasized the need for legislation to tie the bands of paid agitators. We hope the prophecy that it will aot be
ong before the labourers will realise the worthless advice given them by the leiders of strikes is correct. Speaking of the South African strike the "Dominion" says: — " During the recent Johannesburg strike there was an outbreak of lawlessness which culminated in bloodshed, and judging by the precautions which are being taken in different cities throughout the Union the possibility of similar excesses is feared in connection with the strike which has just begun. The South African railwaymen, according to tbe messages that have just come to hand, are striking as a protest against the retrenchment ordered by
the Union Government and against arb'irary dismissals from the service. On the face of it these grievances do not seem to warrant a resort to the exfci sme measure of a strike—a mofe of seeking redress wbich sane Labour advocates throughout tbe world have declared should be adopted only when every other method has been tried and has proved abortive. In various parts of the British Empire a section of organised Labour has fallen into the hands of a class of leaders whose reign of power, based as it is on the folly and gullibility of tbe rank and file, is a standing menace to industrial organisation and to society.
fn the fact; of such national calamine
Ibe late Nev? Zealand strilcp, anr tbe ore cow in progress in Scutt Africa, we must rely to an fx'ent n| • oa ihe sense of social respnn-ibi ity •vbich exists in every civilised community. This pen?e does not rest only upon the abstract moral consider ations. It is based in great measure upon the individual considerations oi self inieiest which touch (-very mem ber 'of tbe community. Tbat section of tbe wotkers which ia now gulled by the exponents and promoter,' of class warefare will sooner o> la/er learn what is well under, stood already by all sensible people—that a inflicted upon 1 the community is a wrong inflicted upon every one of its members and that the cost of civil discord and in dustrial conflict falls nowhere more heavily than upon the workers. In some countries bitter experience seems to be tbe only remedy at preset available for industrial strife, but in New Zealand no strike is now legal until an honest attempt has been made to ar rive at a peaceful settlement, and unless a majority of the workers con cerned have voted in favour of a strike proposal at a secret ballot. In Soutb Africa, however, the only strike legis lation mentioned as being in contemplation is a measure to prevent strikers interfering with free worker?, This very necessary protection has already been made in New Zealand law. If reason were likely to appeal to the South African railwayman at this juncture one might wish tbat their attention could be drawn to the splendid results that New Zealand railwayman have attained by pursuing peaceful methods. Thanks to the sane and moderate policy to which, as an organ ised body, they are committed, railway servants in this country ar.e steadily bettering their position end establishing besides a reputation which is a credit to themselves and to trades unionism. For their own sake and that of their country it is to be regretted tbat the South African railway men have fciken a very different 1 path. | <urn:uuid:3835fe88-6cd2-421f-beb6-d93bc776cc58> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AMBPA19140113.2.5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813109.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220204917-20180220224917-00747.warc.gz | en | 0.96501 | 913 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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Watch this short (1.25 min) Learn 360 video tutorial to learn more. | <urn:uuid:1cbb66fd-1c25-4108-94c7-dde9e27dce3a> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://moboces.libguides.com/streamingvideo/learn360 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585916.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024081003-20211024111003-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.807257 | 416 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Findings that aggression, force, and violence are rare among minor-attracted adults seem to contradict media and police reports. There are three reasons for this.
- Because non-violent adult-minor sexual interactions often take the form of sex play or are part of affectionate relationships, children and adolescents may experience them pleasantly and may be less likely to report them than are those who experience violence or coercion.15
- Although aggressive attacks are rare, they receive much more attention from the media.16
- Because society agrees that children and adolescents cannot meaningfully consent to sex with adults, such interactions are seen as inherently coercive.17 Thus, by definition, they are considered to be violent and aggressive regardless of the boy’s willingness, his perception of the situation, the emotional context of the interaction, or the amount of actual violence in a literal sense.18 That is, terms such as abuse, attack, assault, victimization, and exploitation are often used by police and the public not literally, but rather as a reference to an ethical, moral, or legal violation.19
For more information about the definition of child sexual abuse, see the section on this site about terminology.
For ethical discussions of adult-minor sexual interaction, see the section on this site about ethics. | <urn:uuid:23ccc15c-9525-4551-a9fe-e6fb1e1842cd> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://mhamic.org/intro/violence.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00072-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953557 | 262 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Open star clusters provide the amateur astronomer with hundreds of targets to observe throughout the year.
There are clusters to delight everyone, from the well-known Pleiades star cluster (Messier 45), which can be resolved with the naked eye, to those which require binoculars to resolve such as the Beehive cluster (M44) in the constellation of Cancer.
Then there are those clusters that only reveal their splendor in a backyard telescope, such as Messier 46.
Charles Messier is credited with discovering this cluster in 1771, and many observers since have described the cluster in enticing terms. John Herschel called it “superb”, Admiral Smyth referred to it as “noble”, and more recently Stephen James O’Meara described its “visual grace.”
Personally, I find this cluster to be among the most beautiful, and my earliest observing notes recall it “quickly becoming a winter favorite.”
M46 Vital Statistics
|Target||M46 Open Cluster|
|Catalog Number(s)||M46 (NGC 2437)|
|Type of Object||Open cluster|
|R.A. (2000.0)||07h 41m 46s|
|Dec. (2000.0)||-14° 48′ 00″|
|Apparent Size||20 arcminutes|
What is Messier 46?
M46 is one of well over one thousand open clusters that have been identified in the Milky Way galaxy. An open cluster is a group of stars that are related, having been born from the same molecular cloud. The stars are gravitationally bound to each other and therefore share a similar age and composition.
I like to think of these stars as brothers and sisters, maturing into young adults and eventually going their own ways. Over time, due to various interactions as they orbit in the galactic plane, the individual stars begin to disperse.
As a result, of this star dispersion, open clusters typically survive for just a few hundred million years. This seems like a long time, however, relative to the 10 billion year lifetime of a star like our Sun, these stars, much like humans, depart the ‘family’ much earlier in life.
In the case of M46, the cluster is relatively young with astronomers estimating the age of the member stars at approximately 55 million years, similar in age to the Pleiades.
When is M46 visible?
These are the approximate rise, transit, and set times for M46 based on the 15th of each month, from mid-northern hemisphere latitudes. Times are local and hours of darkness are underlined.
|January||19:00||00:30||05:30||Visible all night|
|February||17:00||22:30||03:30||Visible all night|
|March||15:00||20:30||01:30||Best before midnight|
|September||04:00||09:30||14:30||Best before dawn|
|December||21:00||02:30||07:30||Visible most of night|
The best time to view M46 is in late winter when the cluster reaches its highest point in the sky in the late evening.
Viewing in spring is best done as soon as it’s dark and, in fall, as close to dawn as you can manage.
M46 is not visible in the summer months because it’s above the horizon at the same time as the Sun.
Seeing Conditions Needed to Observe M46
As with all observations of deep sky objects, the darker the observer’s location, the easier it is to note details, subtle features, and occasionally colors.
M46 will be barely visible in Bortle 8 skies with a 6 – 8 inch telescope. Observing under Bortle 7 skies will make it easier, while Bortle 6 and darker skies will open up the majesty of this object. (Spoiler alert: read on to learn about a surprise in this cluster, which may not be visible under skies brighter than Bortle 6).
Keen-eyed observers may be able to spot the location of M46 without optical aid as a ghostly glow in the winter Milky-way under dark skies.
Suitable Equipment to See M46
The Messier Catalogue contains many of the brighter deep-space objects available to Northern hemisphere observers, and Messier made his observations using a 100mm (4-inch) refracting telescope from downtown Paris, France.
A modern 3″ (75mm) telescope will resolve this cluster, while stepping up to a 4-6 inch (100 – 150mm) instrument will reveal more member stars, allowing you to fully appreciate this object. See our selection of best telescopes for this kind of observing (opens a new tab).
How to Find M46
M46 resides in the constellation of Puppis and is found near the meridian (the imaginary line joining north and south compass points via the zenith) in the south, shortly after dark in March.
While January through April are the best months to observe M46, this cluster can be observed in the early morning hours of October through December.
Using images from SkySafari 6, we’re going to provide you with a step-by-step guide to finding the M46 cluster for yourself.
Use the first chart below to orient yourself while facing south. Note the familiar pattern of the constellation of Orion. Next, look southeast to identify Canis Major which features the brightest star in Earth’s sky, Sirius.
From Sirius, it is just a short hop further east to M46.
Our quarry is almost 14 degrees east of Sirius, however, there are no nearby bright stars to aid in its location. Fortunately, we can use three other methods to guide us to M 46.
You may be aware that you can approximately measure angular distances in the sky with your hands. Your fist held at arm’s length spans approximately 10 degrees while spreading your index and pinkie fingers covers approximately 15 degrees.
Try using this method to obtain a general location for M46 relative to Sirius. As noted earlier, if you are under reasonably dark skies you may notice a subtly brighter patch in the winter Milky Way at this location.
If you have binoculars, point them to this region and you will be treated to two ‘faint fuzzy’ objects! The brighter object is another Messier open cluster, M47. From dark skies, M47 may be faintly visible to the unaided eye.
Our target cluster, M46, is the fuzzy object just east of M47. These two clusters are approximately 1.3 degrees apart in the sky or approximately the width of your pinkie at arm’s length.
The star chart below shows both clusters inside Telrad circles (red). The blue ring is a 1° field of view, so it’s easy to see just how close together these two objects are.
Stars are shown to magnitude 5.0 and, for reference, note the location of Sirius at the right of the image.
Lastly, as you can see in the chart below, the 2nd magnitude star Mirzam is 5.5 degrees west of Sirius.
If you draw a line in the sky from Mirzam east to Sirius and then continue the imaginary line approximately 2.5 times the distance between Sirius and Mirzam, you will find M46.
Once you’ve found this relatively bright cluster, what should you expect to see through your eyepiece?
What M46 Looks Like in a Telescope
M46 is one of my favorite open star clusters, appearing fairly condensed and quite beautiful at low magnification. At high magnification, it retains its character and even reveals a hidden gem!
While appearing as a fuzzy spot in binoculars, a small telescope of 3 inches (75mm) in diameter will reveal dozens of stars of magnitude 10 and fainter. The old adage of ‘diamonds on velvet’ always comes to mind when I’m observing M46. Apertures up to 6 inches (150mm) reveal upwards of 100 cluster members.
I always start my observations with the lowest useful magnification to provide an aesthetic context for the object. In this case, use your lowest power eyepiece, one that achieves a field of view of greater than 1.5 degrees.
Move M46 to the east side of your field of view and you will see both M46 and M47 in the eyepiece, which is quite a pleasing sight.
M47 contains fewer than 50 stars, yet is brighter overall because it features several 5th – 8th magnitude stars.
As you increase to medium magnification, center M46 and spend a few minutes looking at the cluster as a whole and start to notice the individual stars.
You will begin to see that the stars display various colors, some white and some yellow or reddish. The longer you spend observing, the more saturated the yellow, orange, and red of the stars will appear.
An Extra Treat
Remember the spoiler alert I referred to? Ready for a challenge? If you have not already, determine which direction is north in the eyepiece. You can nudge your telescope slightly to the north while looking in the eyepiece to determine direction.
As you continue to observe this cluster at medium magnification, you should notice a faint, hazy oval on its northern side. What you’re seeing is a small and ghost-like nebula. Don’t worry if you’re struggling, it is easily washed out under increasing light pollution.
Switch to high magnification as this will darken the apparent sky background and increase the image scale and may make this little nebula slightly easier to see.
A nebula filter may also help (these are some we recommend), but depending on your sky conditions and visual acuity it may not be necessary.
At high power, this ghost-like nebula will appear as a faint smoke ring. You’re looking at NGC 2438, a planetary nebula that is in the foreground of our view! This is a small object at 1.1 arcminutes in diameter. It has a magnitude of 10.8 although its low surface brightness makes it appear fainter.
There are a couple of good reasons why Astronomers believe NGC 2438 is not a member of the M46 cluster.
Firstly, the nebula is estimated to be receding from Earth much faster than M46, with an approximate distance of 2,900 light-years. This places it a little more than halfway from Earth to M46.
Secondly, planetary nebulae occur late in a star’s lifetime, and we know that open clusters consist of relatively young stars. It’s therefore unlikely that M46 is old enough to house a nebula like the one we see.
While the image reveals subtle details of the planetary nebula which are invisible to the eye, it also provides an appealing contextual view of the cluster’s residence in the winter Milky Way.
Observing objects at the eyepiece for extended periods inspires me to learn more about them, and consider my own place in the universe.
As you succeed in using this guide to locate and observe M46, know that astronomers estimate that these stars are approximately 5,400 light-years away.
While this is indeed a great distance from us, consider that our galaxy is on the order of 100,000 light-years across. That 5,400 light-years is only 5.4% the diameter of our galaxy, and if the Milky Way were the city in which I reside, M46 would live in my neighborhood! | <urn:uuid:5abe84f9-5ed4-4815-bc89-b1f304d8589e> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://lovethenightsky.com/how-to-see-m46-open-cluster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060877.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928153533-20210928183533-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.924622 | 2,455 | 3.265625 | 3 |
*Surely no-one here needs to be told what an azhdarchid is? You do? Then check out this article for a primer.
|Why do we think azhdarchids were 'terrestrial stalkers'? A handy infographic explaining our reasoning, from Witton and Naish (2013). The greyed cervical vertebrae indicate the range of azhdarchid neck motion according to Averianov (2013), which we are pleased to see meeting our expectations of ground-reaching ability (see Witton and Naish 2008; Fig. 8 and caption).|
- Azhdarchid remains are always found in ancient lake and river deposits, which indicates they were feeding there as well.
- Grounded azhdarchids were vulnerable to predation from theropod dinosaurs, being ill-suited to rapid takeoff or other means of quick escape.
- We overlooked the helical jaw joint of azhdarchids in our 2008 paper. Azhdarchids possess a skewed jaw joint which laterally displaces the mandibular rami when the jaw is opened, expanding the throat region marginally. According to Averianov (2013), this is a sign of expanding, pelican-like jaws, which permitted fish to be scooped from water in flight, which is a superior hypothesis to terrestrial stalking.
Taphonomy is not destiny
Averanov's (2013) first 'flaw' is problematic for pretty elementary reasons. It's common knowledge that all manner of fossil terrestrial animals occur in aquatic environments because that's where the majority of continental sediments accumulate. Azhdarchids routinely occur in aquatic deposits with the likes of dinosaurs, reptiles, birds and so on, but we don't assume the latter are tied to water simply because their fossils are found in ancient rivers and lakes. Ergo, we shouldn't assume this for azhdarchids either. Taphonomy does not necessarily correlate with palaeobiology. Moreover, it's not true that all azhdarchids are found in remnants of aquatic settings: some occur in ancient deserts and ash beds. There's not much else to say on this fairly basic point (check out the paper if you want to read our full response), so we'll get onto the more interesting stuff.
Killer storks, giant pterosaurs, and the Age of MurderDeathReptiles
A number of folks have asked us about the vulnerability of grounded pterosaurs to predators, and Averianov (2013) specifically mentions the problems azhdarchids would have taking off when faced with attackers ("It is hardly probable that huge azhdarchids could take wing in one go and running for acceleration is difficult in marshland conditions” - Averianov 2013, p. 207). As we note in our new paper, palaeobehaviour is hard to discuss in a truly scientific manner and we are wary of just making bold, arm-wavy comments about ancient predator-prey interactions. There are some comments we can make, however, which do not rely on crass speculation.
Firstly, modern ideas of pterosaur takeoff (which regular pterosaurophiles will know means quadrupedal launching) suggest these animals could become airborne in seconds from a standing start (contra Averianov 2013). Thus, there is little reason to think that azhdarchids - or any other pterosaurs - would have to engage in panicked running to escape predators. Quad launches also permit greater acceleration and power than bipedal launches. This may make pterosaurs actually more adept at turning tail from predators than large modern birds, which do have to engage in a little taxiing before becoming airborne. We therefore do not envisage that grounded pterosaurs - even giant azhdarchids - would struggle to escape predators when startled.
|According to some, this is pretty much what the Mesozoic looked like all the time. Background borrowed from here.|
"...the idea of azhdarchids may have been highly vulnerable to terrestrial predation labours under several probably erroneous assumptions, including viewing theropods as unstoppable killing machines, immediately pouncing on and devouring any grounded pterosaur. In point of fact, the behaviour of living predators indicates that theropods large and small likely exploited easy prey (Hone and Rauhut 2010), ignored or avoided large or awkward prey, and were not a perpetual, 24-hour menace across all environments, worldwide." Witton and Naish 2013 (In Press)I've discussed the over-statement of aggressive behaviour of Mesozoic animals several times before, and I'm sure I'm not alone in finding portrayal of dinosaurs as angry murder/death/kill machines irritating. It's frustrating enough when seen in popular media, but particularly irksome when it seemingly influences scientific discussions. I don't want to understate predation risks, but modern animals demonstrate that behaviours like extended bouts of foraging, resting and socialising can be performed without being ripped to pieces by passing predators. Assuming the Mesozoic operated under the same basic principles, it almost certainly wasn't the 190 million year bloodbath it's often made out to be.
|A giant pterosaur compared to top theropod carnivores of giant azhdarchid-bearing Late Cretaceous ecosystems. A, Tyrannosaurus rex, representing the largest known predator in Maastrichtian North America; B, Balaur bondoc, largest predatory theropod of Maastrichtian Romania; C, Arambourgiania philadelphiae, standing in for the similarly-sized azhdarchids which lived alongside A and B, respectively; D, human sleuth for scale. From Witton and Naish (2013).|
Of course, there were likely some occasions when azhdarchids were caught out by predators: would this spell instant doom for the pterosaur? Not necessarily. Again, this is hard to say with confidence, but we note that large modern storks - which resemble azhdarchids more than any other modern species - can be far more dangerous than most folks realise. These birds can inflict severe, sometimes fatal injuries with their beaks when panicked and cornered. Children are seriously wounded or even killed by marabou storks when trying to harvest soft white contour feathers from these usually calm birds (Mackay 1950). Zoo staff routinely arm themselves against attack from captive jabiru storks because attacks are so frequent and vicious (Shannon 1987). Indeed, even relatively large animals like tapirs are no match for angry jabirus. These storks are not armed with razor-sharp, hooked beaks: they deliver this damage with their simple, long, pointed bills. Whether this means azhdarchids used their jaws as similarly formidable weapons is anyone's guess, but it demonstrates that azhdarchid-like bills can be used as fearsome predator deterrents if wielded properly. Remember, of course, that some azhdarchids probably had beaks over 2 m long, 6-8 times longer than those of even the largest modern storks. An giant azhdarchid in a bad mood may be well worth avoiding.
We have some additional discussion on this point in our MS, but I think you get the gist of what we're saying. Our bottom line is not that azhdarchids could wander about Cretaceous plains without a care in the world, just that there is no reason to assume they were overtly vulnerable to predation risks. Indeed, there is evidence to quite the opposite in several cases, and there is no reason to think this is a flaw in the terrestrial stalker hypothesis.
The scoop-feeding pelican-mimic thing
This does not mean, of course, that azhdarchids had to be terrestrial stalkers just because they could walk around without being eaten immediately: water-trawling 'scoop feeding' could still be a viable alternative to terrestrial stalking. Citing the helical jaw joint of azhdarchids as evidence for a pelican-like expanding throat region, Averianov (2013)'s summation of his azhdarchid feeding hypothesis reads:
"...azhdarchids flied [sic] slowly above the water surface of large inland water bodies… looking out for fish or small fish shoals. As prey is detected, they opened the mouth, expanding the throat sac due to the spiral jaw joint, and captured fish in this scoop net, formed by the jaw rami and throat sac. Then, the head was thrown abruptly back by extension of the neck in the posterior region and prey was swallowed.” Averianov 2013, p. 209Although far from the first author to compare pterosaur and pelican jaws favourably, this is the first time (to my knowledge) that specifically pelican-like throat expansion has been proposed for pterosaurs and linked to a certain foraging strategy. The exact method of foraging suggested here - a mix of 'scoop' and skim-feeding - does not have a modern representative but is clearly an 'extreme' lifestyle, likely to incur considerable loading on azhdarchid skulls, jaws and neck. As with some other proposed 'extreme' azhdarchid lifestyles, like skim-feeding, we'd expect to see considerable specialisation in azhdarchid anatomy to reflect this but, unfortunately, we don't. Indeed, our assessment of this feeding mechanism suggests it is fraught with biomechanical and functional problems, in addition to failing tests offered by comparative anatomy.
|Extending jaw area measurements of the brown pelican and select azhdarchid pterosaurs. Note the pelican is being rather lazy with it's jaw bowing, and yet still achieves much greater area increase than the azhdarchids. From Witton and Naish (2013).|
|Brown pelican jaws in action. From Schreiber et al. (1975)|
|Extreme lifestyles require extreme anatomies. Here's a summary of what you need to be a skim-feeding species, according to the modern skimming bird, Rynchops. From this post.|
In sum, we more-or-less go full circle in our new study, coming back to terrestrial stalking as the most likely current interpretation of azhdarchid palaeecology. Reflecting on this study, and the other studies into pterosaur palaeoecology I've been involved with (Humphries et al. 2007; Witton and Naish 2008, 2013; Witton 2012), it strikes me that proposed 'extreme' foraging methods are almost always inferred from a few anatomical characteristics rather than entire bauplans. This is certainly the case for 'scoop feeding' and skim-feeding (e.g. Kellner and Langston 1996; Martill 1997; Averianov 2013). Why do we keep doing this? It almost seems that our default assumption for pterosaurs is that they lived crazy, outlandish lives which we select evidence to verify. This is a completely backwards and unscientific way of assessing ancient animal habits. Modern animals with 'extreme' lifestyles wear their adaptations across their bodies, suggesting that we need to look at the entire picture of extinct species before we propose our palaeoecological interpretations (see details on skim-feeding adaptations, above). Folks like myself and Darren currently champion the terrestrial stalker hypothesis not because it's our 'pet idea', but because it's currently the only hypothesis which considers the entire azhdarchid bauplan (see our infographic at the top of the post), is consistent with biomechanical or functional parameters of azhdarchid anatomy and matches lifestyle predictions made through comparative anatomy. It may well not be the last word on this topic, but at least there's a foundation of science to it, which is more than can be said for a lot of proposed pterosaur lifestyles (see Witton 2013 for a review). If we're expecting to understand the palaeoecology of these animals in detail, we really have to move away from our rather basic, selective interpretations of their anatomy and provide more detailed, dedicated assessments.
I'll have to stop there for now. Be sure to check out the rest of Witton and Naish (2013) for further details on this study and, for more on pterosaur palaeoecology and azhdarchids in general, you may want to check my book (Witton 2013).
- Averianov, A. O. (2013). Reconstruction of the neck of Azhdarcho lancicollis and lifestyle of azhdarchids (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae). Paleontological Journal, 47(2), 203-209.
- Humphries, S., Bonser, R. H., Witton, M. P., & Martill, D. M. (2007). Did pterosaurs feed by skimming? Physical modelling and anatomical evaluation of an unusual feeding method. PLoS biology, 5(8), e204.
- Kellner, A. W., & Langston Jr, W. (1996). Cranial remains of Quetzalcoatlus (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from Late Cretaceous sediments of Big Bend National Park, Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 222-231.
- Mackay, H. (1950). The quaint Marabou stork. Zoo Life 5, 91-92.
- Martill, D. M. (1997). From hypothesis to fact in a flight of fancy: The responsibility of the popular scientific media. Geology Today, 13, 71-73.
- Schreiber, R. W., Woolfenden, G. E. & Curtsinger, W. E. (1975). Prey capture by the Brown Pelican. The Auk, 92(4), 649-654.
- Shannon, P. W. (1987) The Jabiru Stork (Jabiru mycteria) in zoo collections in the United States. Colonial Waterbirds 10, 242-250.
- Witton, M. P. (2012). New insights into the skull of Istiodactylus latidens (Ornithocheiroidea, Pterodactyloidea). PloS One, 7(3), e33170.
- Witton, M. P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press.
- Witton, M. P., & Naish, D. (2008). A reappraisal of azhdarchid pterosaur functional morphology and paleoecology. PLoS One, 3(5), e2271.
- Witton, M. P. & Naish, D. (2013) Azhdarchid pterosaurs: water-trawling pelican mimics or "terrestrial stalkers? Acta Palaeontologica Polonica (in press) | <urn:uuid:293084cf-72e0-4881-8889-96f510de8916> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://markwitton-com.blogspot.de/2013_10_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122992.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00445-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927799 | 3,152 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Many colleges, especially community and junior colleges, use the COMPASS test to help them determine how prepared for college level work their incoming students are. (The name comes from Computer Adaptive Placement Assessment and Support System.) This is vitally important because people who enroll in college classes that are too advanced for them often struggle to make good grades. They may have to repeat some classes, or even worse, they may get discouraged and drop out of college altogether. By properly matching new students with the right level of classes, colleges help them lay a foundation for success in college and eventually a career.
In the vast majority of cases, there is no such thing as a passing score on the COMPASS. For some majors or courses it might be necessary to achieve a certain minimum score on the test, but in most cases the colleges are simply trying to identify a new student’s strengths and weaknesses. By doing so they can determine if the student should start with one or more remedial courses or is ready for standard college level classes immediately.
There are five possible sections on the COMPASS – Reading, Writing, Math, Essay Writing, and English as a Second Language. In most cases, the student will take only the three main sections – Reading, Writing, and Math. On the standard three part test, all questions are multiple choice. The test is taken on a computer, and is adaptive. That means that not everyone sees the same questions on the test. The first question will be one that’s considered somewhat difficult. If someone answers it incorrectly, the computer will give them an easier question. If they answer it correctly, they get a harder question. This process continues for the entire test – the computer is constantly adjusting the difficulty level of the questions. There is no time limit on the exam.
The COMPASS is not an admissions test and doing poorly on it won’t prevent a person from being accepted into college, but that doesn’t mean it’s not important. Many students don’t take the test seriously and don’t bother setting aside study time or using study guides to prepare for the exam, and they don’t achieve a high score. This means they have to spend a lot of time (and money) during the first couple of semesters sitting in remedial classes that they could have avoided with a little study. With proper preparation, many students can get a high score on the COMPASS and get their college education off to a great start.
COMPASS Study Guide
Start learning how to be successful on your COMPASS exam. Our COMPASS study guide is guaranteed to help you get the results you deserve on your COMPASS test. Some test takers prefer to study using flashcards and so we have created the best COMPASS flashcards that cover everything you need to know for the COMPASS exam. Note that using multiple study aids will help you maximize the benefit from your study time.
COMPASS Practice Test
The Coins of Ancient Greece
We don’t usually think of coins as works of art, and most of them really do not invite us to do so. The study of coins, their development and history, is termed numismatics. Numismatics is a topic of great interest to archeologists and anthropologists, but not usually from the perspective of visual delectation. The coin is intended, after all, to be a utilitarian object, not an artistic one. Many early Greek coins are aesthetically pleasing as well as utilitarian, however, and not simply because they are the earliest examples of the coin design. Rather, Greek civic individualism provides the reason. Every Greek political entity expressed its identity through its coinage.
The idea of stamping metal pellets of a standard weight with an identifying design had its origin on the Ionian Peninsula around 600 B.C. Each of the Greek city-states produced its own coinage adorned with its particular symbols. The designs were changed frequently to commemorate battles, treaties, and other significant occasions. In addition to their primary use as a pragmatic means of facilitating commerce, Greek coins were clearly an expression of civic pride. The popularity of early coinage led to a constant demand for new designs, such that there arose a class of highly skilled artisans who took great pride in their work, so much so that they sometimes even signed it. As a result, Greek coins provide us not only with an invaluable source of historical knowledge, but also with a genuine expression of the evolving Greek sense of form, as well. These minuscule works reflect the development of Greek sculpture from the sixth to the second century B.C. as dependably as do larger works made of marble or other metals. And since they are stamped with the place and date of their production, they provide an historic record of artistic development that is remarkably dependable and complete.
1. What is the purpose of this passage?
a. To attract new adherents to numismatics as a pastime.
b. To show how ancient Greeks used coins in commerce.
c. To teach the reader that money was invented in Greece.
d. To describe ancient Greek coinage as an art form
e. To show why coins are made of precious metals.
2. What is meant by the phrase “most of them do not invite us to do so”, as used in the first sentence?
a. Money is not usually included when sending an invitation.
b. Most coins are not particularly attractive.
c. Invitations are not generally engraved onto coins.
d. Coins do not speak.
e. It costs money to enter a museum.
3. What is meant by the term numismatics?
a. The study of numbers
b. Egyptian history
c. Greek history
d. The study of coins
e. The study of commerce
4. According to the text, how do ancient Greek coins differ from most other coinage?
a. Simply because they were the first coins.
b. Each political entity made its own coins.
c. They were made of precious metals.
d. They had utilitarian uses.
e. They were designed with extraordinary care.
5. What is indicated by the fact that the artisans who designed the coins sometimes signed them?
a. They took pride in their work.
b. They were being held accountable for their work.
c. The signature certified the value of the coin.
d. The Greeks had developed writing.
e. The coins that were signed were the most valuable.
7. Which of the following is the sum of the polynomials 5x2-4x+1 and -3x2+x-3?
8. What is the value of f(g(6)) if f(x)=2x+6 and (x)=x2+5?
10. A sailor observing a distant lighthouse measures the angle between the base and the top of the lighthouse as 5°. He knows that the lighthouse is 350 feet tall. What is the approximate distance from the sailor to the top of the lighthouse, in feet?
11. Item 1
a. People have always color fabrics with dyes.
b. People always did color fabrics with dyes.
c. People have always colored fabrics with dyes.
d. People have always colored, fabrics with dyes.
e. People always color fabrics with dyes.
12. Item 6
a. gained by lengthy apprenticeship
b. gained by longer apprenticeship
c. gaining a long apprenticeship
d. for which one gained a long apprenticeship
e. and gained lengthy apprenticeship
13. Item 11
a. Lots of species of three different plant families
b. Many species of three different plant families
c. Lots of species in three different plant families
d. Lots of different plant families
e. Every species of three different plant families
14. Item 16
a. but over time they turned to dyes
b. but, over time they turned to dyes
c. but over time they used dyes
d. but over time, they turned to dyes
e. but over time they turned into dyes
15. Item 20
a. large pieces of cloth for domestic use and fabrics needed for manufacturing began to be dyed by professionals
b. large pieces of cloth, for domestic use, and fabrics, needed for manufacturing, began to be dyed by professionals
c. large pieces of cloth for domestic use, and fabrics needed for manufacturing began to be dyed by professionals
d. large pieces of cloth for domestic use, and fabrics needed for manufacturing, began to be dyed by professionals
e. large pieces of cloth for domestic use and fabrics, needed for manufacturings began to be dyed by professionals
Answers & Explanations
6. A:The order of operations dictates that any computations within parentheses be first calculated. Thus, the expression can be rewritten as 1/3+2/15–2/15. The additive inverse property reveals that the last two terms in the expression sum to 0, leaving 1/3 as the answer.
7. C: The sum of the polynomials can be written as: 5x2-4x+1-3x2+x-3, which reduces to 2x2-3x-2.
1)People have always color fabrics with dyes. (2)People use to get dyes (3)from those plants they found around them. Different regions had different plants (4)and variously techniques for dyeing. In colonial days, (5)dyeing in Europe were craft skills (6)gained by lengthy apprenticeship. The men who practiced these arts knew biology and chemistry to understand their (7)materials which came from plants, minerals, and animals.(8)Manufacturing natural dyes required much skill, especially for complicated dyes like indigo.
(9)Indigo is maybe the oldest natural dye. The indigo plant stands three feet tall and (10)the dye comprises only 1/2% of the plant’s weight. (11)Lots of species of three different plant families, widely scattered over the world, contain enough dye to be worth cultivating, (12)but tropical were especially prized for the quality of color they produced. (13)From India and Africa, for example, came the best indigo.
(14)Native Americans were for long expert dyers before the arrival of Europeans. The American colonists (15)used their dyes and methods they brought from Europe, (16)but over time they turned to dyes made from native plants, as well, (17)to supplant those imported from Europe. During the early 19th century, (18)dyeing becomes a specialized skill and (19)sometimes moved outside the home to a special site. While most women continued to dye many fabrics at home, (20)large pieces of cloth for domestic use and fabrics needed for manufacturing began to be dyed by professionals. | <urn:uuid:ae337105-964e-4e67-a738-460600930191> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.exam2jobs.com/compass-practice-test-questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703549416.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124141945-20210124171945-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.960142 | 2,278 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Editor’s Note: In Part 1 of her three-part series on e-mail authentication, Knowledge Center contributor Ellen Siegel shared a comprehensive, high-level overview of e-mail authentication. Here, in Part 2, Ellen delves into the functionality and implementation details of Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and Sender ID authentication. In Part 3, Ellen delves into the functionality and technical details of Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM).
As discussed in Part 1 of this three-part e-mail authentication series, e-mail authentication is a way of associating a verifiable identity with an e-mail. The industry has settled on two basic approaches to identity verification.
The first approach is path-based, based on the identity of the mail server that delivers the message. The second approach is cryptographic, relying on the fact that the private encryption key used to create a message’s digital signature would exist only on authorized mail servers. In the interest of clarity, this article will ignore some of the less common options and focus on the most common configurations.
In order to create and publish your own authentication records, you as an individual or a company must own and manage your own Domain Name System (DNS) domain. If you cannot add and modify records in your domain’s DNS entry, you will be unable to authenticate your outbound mail, unless you work with a service provider who can publish authentication records on your behalf.
The first step in setting up sender authentication is to do a thorough analysis of every source of mail sent on behalf of someone using your domain(s). That includes your own mail servers, as well as any authorized third parties who send mail with your domain in the From address. Remember that different mail servers may be used for specific functions such as corporate or marketing e-mail.
SPF and Sender ID: What They Are
SPF and Sender ID: What they are
SPF is an open-source protocol designed to prevent forgery by verifying a particular sender identity. Sender ID (Microsoft’s modified version of SPF) uses essentially the same process to validate a different, and usually more visible, domain identity: the Purported Responsible Address (PRA). The protocol used in SPF and Sender ID is an inexpensive solution for senders. The only processing change required for senders is the optional addition of a Sender header.
The Sender ID PRA identity is determined by applying a set of rules. Most commonly, the PRA resolves to either the From address visible in most e-mail clients or to the optional Sender header. The Sender header takes precedence when it is present; it enables the sender to specify an alternative to the From address domain as the location of the authentication credentials.
In contrast, the identity that is validated by SPF is the protocol-level identification of the delivering mail server, and is usually invisible to recipients. It is mirrored in the Return-Path header, the address to which mail delivery errors (or bounces) are sent. For individual e-mail addresses or small domains, it may sometimes be set to the user’s e-mail address. But, for larger and more professionally managed domains, it is usually a domain related to the mail server that sent the message.
SPF and Sender ID: How They Work
SPF and Sender ID: How they work
Both SPF and Sender ID work by requiring that senders publish their comprehensive list of authorized servers in the appropriate DNS domain(s)-for example, mye-maildomain.net. The list is published in a SPF record. Nothing more needs to be done on the sending side, except to make sure that the record remains up-to-date as mail servers are added or retired. No additional processing is required in Step 2 of the authentication flow.
On the receiving side, the verifier determines the domain to be authenticated, and then looks in that domain’s DNS entry for the list of authorized servers. If the list contains the address of the server that delivered the message to the receiver, then the message authentication succeeds. If the list does not contain the delivering server, then the authentication fails. If it finds no record, the result is neutral.
It is important to note that path-based authentication mechanisms such as SPF and Sender ID are very sensitive to breakage caused by forwarding. Although it is possible to deal with this problem by adding special Resent-From headers, very few forwarding mail servers add them. In order to avoid SPF and Sender ID validation failures, many sites choose to terminate their SPF records with “~all” rather than “-all”, which indicates a “soft” failure rather than an absolute violation.
SPF uses a version 1 SPF record and Sender ID uses a version 2 SPF record. Both versions use essentially the same syntax: once you construct one of them, you can generally use the same content for the other once you change the record identifier (SPF version 1 records begin with “v=spf1” and SPF version 2 records begin with “2.0/pra”). If you have access to the relevant DNS entries, it is generally a good idea to publish both version 1 and version 2 records.
The content of the record uses a special syntax to describe the servers you identified in the prerequisite step. They can be listed by IP address, by IP address range if there are several with related addresses, by domain name or by including an existing SPF record from another domain. The syntax complexity of SPF records generally depends on how widely dispersed your authorized mail servers are. Fortunately, there are wizards available to help construct both SPF version 1 records and SPF version 2 records.
One example of a fairly simple SPF version 1 record is shown in the output of the SPF wizard:
Or as an SPF version 2 record for Sender ID:
For domains that do not send any mail, the record can contain an empty list of authorized mail servers to prevent others from spoofing their domain in malicious e-mail:
Determining Where to Publish
Determining where to publish
For SPF, you will need to publish SPF version 1 records in the DNS domain(s) of each unique Return-Path address. For Sender ID, you will need to publish SPF version 2 records in the DNS domain of each unique PRA. Note that if you use a third party to send e-mail, you should ensure that they have valid SPF records for the domain(s) of their mail servers as well.
If you’re setting up your mail servers to validate authentication for inbound mail, you will want to use a pre-existing open-source or commercial plug-in that works with your existing mail servers.
Here you can see a list of available SPF implementations, including mail servers that support SPF natively, and a list showing industry support for Sender ID. Each of these will have their own implementation specific documentation on how to install and configure the necessary packages.
To learn how to test your deployment, continue on to Part 3 of this three-part series on e-mail authentication.
Editor’s Note: In Part 1 of her three-part series on e-mail authentication, Knowledge Center contributor Ellen Siegel shared a comprehensive, high-level overview of e-mail authentication. Here, in Part 2, Ellen delved into the functionality and implementation details of Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and Sender ID authentication. In Part 3, Ellen delves into the functionality and technical details of Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM).
Ellen is a board member and technical committee co-chair for the E-mail Sender and Provider Coalition (ESPC) and an active member of the Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group (MAAWG). She can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:ed878422-b9c3-46b0-acd5-c0d5810df99b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.eweek.com/enterprise-apps/sender-policy-framework-and-sender-id-second-in-3-part-series-on-e-mail-authentication/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155188.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804205700-20210804235700-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.901018 | 1,654 | 2.625 | 3 |
If you want to reap the maximum benefits from your walking exercise routine, a good diet is essential.
Go for foods that increase your energy levels without adding extra pounds to your body weight.
Here are a few dietary tips if you are thinking of embarking on a walking exercise routine.
- Eat smaller meals: Instead of three big full meals, try to eat five smaller meals throughout the day. Eat two to four hours before walking, but remember that if you don’t include carbohydrates in your meals, your body may draw energy from your muscles.
- Keep yourself hydrated: As your body loses lots of fluids in the form of sweat while walking or exercising, it is essential to replenish your body with fluids. If you don’t want to take in a lot of healthy fluids, take lots of small sips throughout the day.
- Add low fat: Too much trans fat or saturated fat in your meals doesn’t give maximum benefits from regular walking exercise. Instead of saturated fat, add polyunsaturated fat sources like nuts to your diet.
- Don’t forget to include whole grains: Include low carbohydrates in your meals in the form of whole grains. Brown rice, pasta and bread are healthier and also easier for your body’s digestion system.
One more important thing that you should remember while following any exercise routine is: never skip meals and include lots of fresh fruits and vegetables to get maximum benefits. | <urn:uuid:dd2d32b9-0c0b-4ef9-97e0-a31559f5a0cb> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.fitnesshealthzone.com/diet-nutrition/eat-right-to-get-maximum-benefits-from-walking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247505838.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221152543-20190221174543-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.940707 | 296 | 2.75 | 3 |
Gout is classified as a metabolic disorder that results in inflammation of the joints.
This inflammation can be mild and cause stiffness or it can create pain and inflammation that develops in a few hours severe.
The main cause is the overload of uric acid, either due to the elimination of inefficient waste or excessive creation.Uric acid is formed during the decomposition of what is known as purines. This chemical is found in many foods and occurs naturally in the body.
When the kidneys are not able to release the body of uric acid, crystal formations are created and deposited around the joints.
However, there are several things you can do to stimulate the removal of uric acid from your body and improve your overall health. Of course, the first step you take is to make some important dietary changes like enriching your diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, lean meats and seafood, and whole grains. On the other hand, processed sugars should be reduced, including high fructose corn syrup, saturated fats and alcohol.
Another important thing to be part of your daily routine is drinking plenty of water to keep your body well hydrated, as well as to facilitate the elimination of toxins and the accumulation of uric acid. Apart from water, it can be kept hydrated with natural fruit juices without sugar, water with infusion, and herbal tea. You can use honey as a sweetener though.
Last but not least, reducing your exposure to stress as much as possible and doing physical activity is also important.
These natural tonics are extremely useful for reducing the symptoms of gout:
Baking soda is a great prophylactic agent for reducing uric acid in the body. Just add ½ teaspoon in a glass of water and drink regularly every day. If you have a gout attack, use a tablespoon of soda.
Lemon water is highly beneficial for the restoration of alkalinity in the body. When your internal pH is alkaline, your body is able to fight many health problems, including gout. Lemon water increases the alkalinity in the body thus preventing the formation of uric acid crystals. Squeeze the juice of half a lemon and add it to 200 ml of warm water. Drink this every morning on an empty stomach.
Apple cider vinegar provides a similar effect to lemon juice, as it also restores the body’s alkalinity. It is rich in malic acid, which effectively dissolves uric acid and eliminates it from the body. To treat this condition, mix one tablespoon of apple cider vinegar with 200 ml of water. Drink twice a day before lunch and dinner.
These are the best foods to include in your diet in order to prevent or treat gout:
Curcumin – this is the active ingredient of turmeric; which is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and plays an important role in kidney protection.
Bromelain – this natural substance is found in pineapple; which provides strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
Flaxseed – this seed is beneficial in reducing the secretion of uric acid. | <urn:uuid:8a78d5cd-15e1-4e24-a925-d5f00b1ae55f> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://vitamin-b12.co/how-to-quickly-remove-uric-acid-crystallization-from-your-body-to-prevent-gout-and-joint-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667333.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113191653-20191113215653-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.950585 | 627 | 2.75 | 3 |
“When I see an adult on a bicycle, I do not despair for the future of the human race.” ~H.G. Wells
A 200th anniversary slid by this summer without much notice for the invention of a taken-for-granted transportation device that changed the world, and today holds world-changing potential for sustainable transportation.
Two hundred years ago, on June 12, 1817, in Mannheim, Germany, Baron Karl von Drais introduced the world’s first bicycle. It was made of wood and had no pedals, gears, or chains. He pushed himself along first by one foot and then the other. He called it a Laufmaschine (running machine in German).
Thanks to rough roads and wooden wheels it was a jarring ride, but a lot faster than walking. In fact, his first (10-mile) ride took less than an hour and was faster than a local horse-drawn coach. The press dubbed his invention a “Draisine” after its inventor, and while it was never profitable, the device attracted inventors around the world who tinkered with his ideas.
In the 1860s a big innovation happened that ensured the bicycle would have a successful future: pedals! Frenchmen Pierre and Ernest Michaux had the bright idea to add pedals to the front wheel. Ever wonder why early bikes had that funny looking huge-front-wheel-tiny-back-wheel design? It was because the pedals were attached to the front wheel.
A large front wheel meant that a person could travel farther with one rotation of the pedals. The bad news was these “penny-farthing” bicycles – the first to be called “bicycles” – were hard to mount and were really bad news for riders when they crashed.
It was barely ten years later when Hans Renold created the roller chain, which is used to this day to transfer power on mechanical devices of all kinds. The roller chain meant bicycle pedals could be moved from the front wheel, placed directly below a rider sitting between the wheels on equally-sized tires, and whose feet were within reach of the ground. The bicycle began to look much like one we would ride today.
The bicycle’s contributions to society are varied, plentiful, and well-documented. There is an abundance of scholarly articles about the sustainability of bicycles and cycling.
The bicycle is the only form of alternative transportation that addresses all the environmental liabilities of cars. Air pollution? Check. Bikes in operation are 100% pollution-free. Noise pollution? Check. Bikes are essentially silent. Energy efficiency? Check. Bikes are the most energy-efficient mode of transportation on the planet.
Cycling is good for human health and wellbeing. Commuting, cruising the roads, or exploring the great outdoors does wonders for physical health and fitness and can be a magic elixir for mental and emotional wellbeing, too.
Bicycles have also changed society in dramatic ways. For example, it is not well known that bicycles had a revolutionary impact on the liberation of women. When the modern bicycle was developed in the late 1800s women were living constrained lives, tied to domestic duties and strictly limited in mobility. Of the bicycle, activist Susan B. Anthony said, “Let me tell you what I think of bicycling. It has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world. It gives a woman a feeling of freedom and self-reliance. The moment she takes her seat, she knows she can’t get into harm unless she gets off her bicycle, and away she goes, the picture of free, untrammeled womanhood.” Awesome!
Today, cycling can make a significant contribution to resolving congestion and pollution problems in cities. A growing number of cities are embracing cycling as a preferred transportation mode, and when cities provide sufficient cycling infrastructure the viability and attractiveness of cycling in urban settings becomes readily apparent.
Copenhagen is the cycling capital of the world. One-third of daily commuters choose the bicycle. Over the past twenty years Portland, Oregon has transformed itself into one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in North America, making cycling an important cog in the wheel of transportation options. Bicycling.com offers a list of America’s Top 50 Bike-Friendly Cities.
Closer to home, Auburn University has done a lot over the past several years to encourage cycling. In fact, we were the first, and so far only, college or university in the state to achieve Bicycle Friendly University designation by the League of American Bicyclists. Part of the reason Auburn earned that recognition stems from the leadership of Parking Services through their creation of the War Eagle Bike Share. The Recreation and Wellness Center’s Bike Shop also played a key role in helping us achieve the Bicycle Friendly distinction. The Bike Shop offers Rec and Wellness Center members an opportunity to rent bikes; repair and maintain bikes; borrow tools; and meet up with fellow cycling enthusiasts to plan rides and adventures.
Whatever you want to call it, the Laufmaschine, the Draisine, or the bicycle, this 200-year-old technology was revolutionary at the time, and today the bicycle is still contributing to greater mobility, healthier people, and more livable communities. Amazing!
(While the 200th anniversary of the bicycle passed rather quietly, a variety of sources did cover the story: Irish Times, treehugger.com, the BBC, New York Post, and so on. The July 24-31 issue of Sports Illustrated includes a very informative article by Austin Murphy that includes the invention of the mountain bike.) | <urn:uuid:5867b6dc-8efc-45f6-855f-3f2c4a71ad9a> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://wp.auburn.edu/sustainability/dc-bicycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806327.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121074123-20171121094123-00790.warc.gz | en | 0.968154 | 1,162 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Policy Solutions: Reports & Issue Papers
All Reports & Issue Papers Tagged mountaintop removal mining
- Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining Destroys Communities
- Fact Sheet
- Mountaintop removal (MTR) coal mining is one of the world’s most destructive practices for extracting fossil fuels. This extreme method of strip mining is scarring the landscape and threatening communities. All across Central Appalachia -- between the hollows of West Virginia, bordering the Blue Ridge of Virginia, beyond the bluegrass of Kentucky, and above the smoky vistas of Tennessee -- companies are tearing down mountains to access the coal below. In the process they are clear-cutting miles of forests, filling the rivers with coal mining waste, polluting the waters with toxic runoff, and sacrificing the safety of the people who call this region home. MTR coal mining sites, which can exceed 10 square miles, have already leveled more than 500 summits so far. Get document in pdf.
- Appalachian Heartbreak: Time to End Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining
- Issue Paper
- Coal is America's dirtiest energy source -- and the country's leading source of global warming pollution. Pollution from coal plants produces dirty air, acid rain, and contaminated land and water. Nowhere is the debate over how far we are willing to go for inexpensive energy more contentious than in the coalfields of Appalachia, where mining companies are blowing up America's oldest mountains to get the coal beneath the peaks.
- There Is No Such Thing as "Clean Coal"
Coal Mining Can Have Disastrous Impacts on Human Health and the Environment
- Fact Sheet
- Coal mining has serious impacts on our health and the environment. Clean energy options such as energy efficiency can meet energy demands without the dangerous effects of coal. Get document in pdf.
Track Current Legislation
Recent Testimony Before Congress
- Testimony of Daniel Lashof Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, January 16, 2014
- Written statement of Daniel Rosenberg to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommmittee on Environment and the Economy, June 13, 2013
- Oral testimony of Daniel Rosenberg to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommmittee on Environment and the Economy, June 13, 2013
- Oral testimony of Daniel Rosenberg before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, July 31, 2013
- Written statement of Daniel Rosenberg to the Committee on Environment and Public Works, July 31, 2013
NRDC Gets Top Ratings from the Charity Watchdogs
- Charity Navigator awards NRDC its 4-star top rating.
- Worth magazine named NRDC one of America's 100 best charities.
- NRDC meets the highest standards of the Wise Giving Alliance of the Better Business Bureau.
Donate now > | <urn:uuid:506bc9a5-aa50-465a-b488-7013e82c5f9b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nrdc.org/policy/reports.asp?topicid=60&tag=mountaintop+removal+mining | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097473.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00111-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892749 | 567 | 3.125 | 3 |
Celestite ore (SrSO4) is used as raw material for the production of strontium compounds. The aim of this study is to develop a new and efficient strontianite (SrCO3) production method. Strontianite was obtained from domestic celestite concentrate with direct conversion method in which celestite reacts with CO32- and NH4+ containing solution. Thus, the effect of particle size, time, ammonia concentration on the conversion was investigated. (NH4)(2)CO3 solution was used as carbonate agent. Because the solution is decomposed at 58 degrees C, experiments were performed low temperatures. Celestite ore was converted to strontianite between 3 and 6 h depending on ammonia concentration and celestite mass. Characterization of celestite ore, products and reaction residues were carried out by DSC, TG, XRD, and AAS analytical techniques. | <urn:uuid:ee030d61-753c-4624-b04b-d537ac687a8e> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://avesis.itu.edu.tr/yayin/546628e4-d8a0-4189-9bd8-1dbf318a0edb/production-of-strontianite-from-celestite-ore-in-carbonate-media | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611445.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614043833-20210614073833-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.955982 | 189 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|Browsing: All Content in Math 3 for Line graphs Browse discussions||Login to Subscribe / Save Results||Resource Name||Topic (Course)||Technology||Type||$?||Rating|
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Use these factsheets and worksheets to explain how title, labels, key, etc. provide information in a graph or chart. The unit also looks at how to obtain information from a pictogram, pie chart, bar c...
More: lessons, discussions, ratings, reviews,... | <urn:uuid:31fdcdb6-5a73-4587-8e68-821a3ab634e4> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://mathforum.org/mathtools/cell/m3,5.10.6,ALL,ALL/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115855094.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161055-00013-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.702693 | 121 | 3 | 3 |
This summer, trade your gardening shovel for a kayak paddle and harvest your greens from the Pacific Ocean.
More nutrient rich than kale or chard, seaweed is the miracle lettuce of the sea and contains almost all of the minerals found in the ocean. In Seaweed 101 we travel to beautiful Lopez Island to kayak and learn the ecology and uses of seaweed and sea vegetables. In addition to harvesting, drying and pickling enough seaweed to last your family the entire year, we’ll incorporate sea vegetables into all of our meals and craft a variety of beauty products using our harvested seaweed. You’ll leave with an expanded palate, some delicious new recipes, nourishing treatments for your skin and hair and an oceanic knowledge of seaweed history, nutrition and identification. Plus, harvesting from a kayak beats digging in the dirt any day! * No kayaking experience necessary.
Seaweed 101 is co-taught by Jennifer Adler and celebrated whole foods chef Zephyr Dunnicliffe. Both skilled foragers, Jennifer and Zephyr will share the incredible health benefits of seaweed and show you how to deliciously incorporate this miraculous food into your diet and beauty routine.
- Date: August 8-10, 2014
- Accommodations: Tent camping
- Food: Whole foods breakfasts & dinners provided. Check out the delicious sample menus (below) from last year’s workshops.
- Cost: $550 per person. Please register early, workshop is limited to 20 participants.
- Questions? Call 206-595-0376 or email [email protected].
- Eat, Love, Seaweed: How to bring sea veggies into your diet, everyday.
- Seaweed Science: Identify different seaweed species and learn their role in each tidal zone. (Seaweed identification cards are provided for each student.)
- Holdfast Etiquette: How to harvest seaweed safely and ecologically.
- Culinary Favorites: Make your own miso and more.
- Take Your Vitamins: Boost your immune system and overall health with this miracle plant.
- Play with Your Food: Have fun gathering and eating these ancient plants.
- I Spy Seaweed: How to identify the different seaweed species that you harvest and buy at the market.
- Get Carried Away: Experience what it feels like to sit in an ancient kelp bed.
- Got Kelp? Each participant goes home with a Got Kelp T-shirt and a laminated seaweed I.D. card for future use.
Friday Night Dinner
- Smoky Black Bean Stew topped with Polenta Croutons & Mango Salsa (dulse)
- Pressed Kale Salad with Queso Fresco, Pepitas & Chile Lime Drizzle (arame)
- Sesame Kelp Brittle (kelp)
- Scrambled Eggs or Tofu Scramble
- Summer Vegetable Hash with Toasted Nori
- Nettle Peppermint Infusions
- Hibiscus Orangina
- Not included: We’ll stop by the Lopez Farmer’s Market for lunch.
Saturday Pre-Dinner Snack
- Mezze Platter: Beecher’s Flagship Cheddar, Delice de Buorgone, Olives, Hummus (kelp or dulse) Roasted Nuts, Pita Bread & GF Crackers
- Balsamic & Basil Marinated Salmon (Ground Kelp)
- Balsamic & Basil Marinated Tofu Skewers (kelp)
- Mixed Greens & Arame with Sweet Lemon Vinaigrette (Arame)
- Quinoa Skillet Bread (dried kelp)
- Anise & Vanilla Toasted Coconut Pudding topped with Blackberry Chile Syrup (Agar)
- Lopez Island Vineyards – Madeleine Angevine
- Barbolini Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro
- Steel Cut Oats with Fresh Kelp
- Fresh grilled peaches (Dulse flakes)
- Orange Blossom Infused Yogurt
- Assortment of Toasted Nuts and Dried Fruit
- Gourmet Falafel Platter: Baked Falafel Medallions (Kelp), Red Onion Marmalade, Whole Wheat Pita Bread, Coriander Tzatziki & Kalamata Olives
- Quinoa Tabouli with Honey Citrus Dressing (Fresh Kelp)
- Mixed Greens and Strawberry Salad (Fresh Kelp) | <urn:uuid:4c4d97ab-f9d0-465f-8dc6-2a10f2c76733> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.passionatenutrition.com/classes/seaweed-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146600.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00280-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.825585 | 958 | 2.640625 | 3 |
After watching the famous series "Starwar, "many want to feel as one of the heroes, or to fly on the same spacecraft. With the advent of the Internet dream come true fans.
Someone is playing in your favorite characters, and someone he creates a spacecraft using a computer and the Internet.
You will need
- - the Internet-
- - a computer-
- - The program Corel Draw-
- - Cymmetrical Lattice program.
When you create a future spacecraft necessary to take the help of two programs: Corel Draw and Cymmetrical Lattice.
The program Corel Draw, draw a diagram of the ship's future. With the points marked the approximate size of the ship, and then in the resulting space is schematically drawn wings and nose of the spaceship.
Create an outline of the ship using Corel softwareDraw. Draw a picture of the ship, and for a more accurate and plausible this type of transport is necessary to adhere to the following requirements: high resolution images, smooth transition of colors, black background and the square shape of the original scheme.
Use the program Cymmetrical Lattice. It is a primitive program and allows you to create simple models. When you open the program, configure all the parameters for image processing and creation of models. To do this, select the tab Grid and set the desired size.
Create a texture for it in this menuMaterial labs program selected tab, after it selected the button with the letter "P" and there is an image of squares. Then, the desired color is selected and placed in the upper square, and nearby there is white, you end up with a new color. Here it is the texture.
Create a model of the spacecraft and the loadimage for this Pictures to press buttons and Apply. These two buttons are loaded and processed the scheme, which was created in Corel Draw program. For a more accurate model of the starship select Raiser.
Draw the smallest details. In order to put the extra touches in the form of various logos or labels, you must use the same methods of texture mapping in Corel Draw, and that when you create a ship.
Draw joints, but to create these elements,You need to use another kind of texture. It is created in the same way as the previous one, with the only difference that should be immediately tick the words "Elevation Exaggeration" and "Stitches". Virtual spaceship ready! | <urn:uuid:ef994b9e-bfa7-4492-8bf6-d785690c6eae> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://learn-myself.com/create-a-spaceship-16766/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00587-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90022 | 506 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Biofeedback and neurofeedback are commonly used interchangeably, but there are several differences between both brain training options. Biofeedback best describes the process of electrical monitoring, and it offers useful feedback on your body’s involuntary functions. The valuable information obtained from this form of training can help you to gain more control over your body’s involuntary functions. Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback, but it’s a very specific type.
Understanding the Neurofeedback Process
Neurofeedback is a specific protocol, and it’s used to improve the brainwave activity within your brain. Many patients have found this protocol to be extremely useful for treating sleep disorders, epilepsy and anxiety. However, neurofeedback can be effective for treating a variety of other conditions.
It’s best to think of neurofeedback as a type of reward system, and it can teach your brain how to function in a range that is best for your life. The main reason why neurofeedback works well is because it focuses on your subconscious.
For example, it might involve training a person to think a happy thought to get to sleep. With the help of specialized neurofeedback equipment, your brain can learn how to operate in a range that is best for sleep, and it can accomplish the same goal when used for other neurological conditions.
The Biofeedback Process
Biofeedback is helpful because it uses medical instruments to give you important feedback. The purpose of this process is to help you gain more control over your physiological activity, and it can help to improve your performance and health.
Many different medical conditions can be treated with biofeedback, and it’s regularly used to treat anxiety, stress, hypertension and chronic pain. The purpose is to give a patient long-term benefits and help them control troublesome symptoms.
How These Programs Work
Biofeedback can be effective for treating several undesirable emotional problems. For example, it can treat headaches caused by muscle tension, jaw pain and neck pain. Blood flow in certain parts of the body can be increased, and it can help individuals who regularly feel too hot or cold.
EDR biofeedback can measure your body’s tendency to enter the fight-or-flight response, which can occur after experiencing a traumatic event. There are also different types for measuring abdominal and chest breathing.
What are the Benefits?
If you’re considering these brain training options, you should be aware of the benefits. The benefits that you can gain depend on the skills that you’d like to learn. This process can help you decrease migraine headaches and lower your blood pressure. Neurofeedback can help you to alter brainwave frequencies and clear your mind.
It’s important to remember that biofeedback is like a general protocol, and neurofeedback is a specific type of biofeedback. Depending on the problems you’re dealing with, you might benefit from one or both options. These are the main differences between the two types of processes. To learn more, you can set up a time to talk to the team at the Advanced Health and Performance Institute in Orlando. Contact us today to schedule a consultation! | <urn:uuid:f13d3713-1db4-4dd7-b2fc-97ff67100b72> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://ahpinstitute.com/differences-biofeedback-neurofeedback/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746465.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120150950-20181120172950-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.923653 | 656 | 2.953125 | 3 |
While you are driving a car, you do the followings in parallel.
- watch forward of the read, get feedback of your action
- hear outside sounds
- manipulate handle by hand and brake/accelerator bu foot
- talk with passenger seat person
You sight organ, audio organ, and body motor systems are working in parallel, even two parts of body motor systems are working in parallel, and you can achieve your goal to get some place.
How wonderful the power of the human being is!
On the contrarily, current human computer interaction is very limited and naive. It doesn’t take advantage of the human power as above: You give information only by hand, and get information only by sight of 2D, serially. Voice interaction is going to add another channel b/w human and machine, but the channel is isolated from the others. | <urn:uuid:6a3e9d4d-3f88-45d8-b610-dac5fa74ad94> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://yoshiharusato.wordpress.com/2017/02/04/car-driving-as-a-human-machine-interaction-model/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865145.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623171526-20180623191526-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.953595 | 179 | 2.828125 | 3 |
When prospective clients consult with Brain Works, they often ask, “Will this help my child?” The answer is YES!
Our method can help them learn faster and maximize their potential while boosting the learning process. The brain training program can help improve learning, reading, and math skills, but it is uniquely focused on cognitive skills improvement.
Who Can Benefit from Brain Training?
Students, career professionals, and anyone who wants to sharpen their mental focus can benefit, whether they’re looking for improvement in a certain area or struggle with a learning disability.
This form of cognitive skills training is more effective than tutoring because it:
- Strengthens the skills and processes needed to learn, think, read, and perform.
- Goes beyond individual subject content and improves the ability to grasp information.
- Focuses on memory, attention, processing speed, logic/reasoning, and other core cognitive skills.
- Involves personal training on a one-on-one basis.
- Concentrates on learning challenges to improve cognitive skills.
There have been many arguments for and against brain training. A 2016 CNN report noted how the Federal Trade Commission took a stance on businesses that offered brain gaming.
Even as it began cracking down on some companies and there had previously been a statement from 75 scientists and experts worldwide in 2014 (arguing against the benefits for older adults), more spoke out with favorable evidence. An international group of 133 scientists and practitioners said training programs aimed at boosting brain power were effective, just a few months after the initial statement by university and institutional professionals.1
Nonetheless, Brain Works has real evidence its cognitive skills program is beneficial over the repetitive nature of traditional tutoring centers. If you are wondering “are brain training programs effective,” an effective program with purpose, scientific validation, adaptability, engagement, and challenges can help. Here are some of our results to help you see for yourself.
Results of Brain Training vs. Tutoring
Tutoring only repeats the same material the student was presented with in class. It can provide a quick fix but does not address the underlying mental processes related to one’s difficulties. If they’re not addressed, the same lacking cognitive skills will serve as a hindrance to learning at the next level of learning.
- We know our results last because we do our best to measure the results.
- The Woodcock Johnson Test is used to measure cognitive skills before and after our program.
Positive Impacts of Brain Training
The positive impacts on children and students have been reported by many clients. Testimonials on our website provide conclusive evidence that training the brain and improving cognitive skills at the core of learning do work.
Struggles in school and a lack of motivation sparked Julie to enroll her son Craig in the program. Challenges such as auditory and visual processing disorders and short attention span were impacting performance in and out of the academic environment. After completing cognitive training assignments, he showed signs of brain training benefits such as improved confidence and comprehension. Craig also completed a job testing and training process with the potential to kick off a successful career.
Her fifth-grade daughter was three years behind in learning and was quite reclusive. After three weeks of training, she began to participate in class rather than avoid speaking up. By seventh grade, she was helping other students in her grade with math problems. A year later, she was reading at college level and was earning straight A’s and engaging in many social activities once in college.
She enrolled her 10-year-old son who had academic and behavioral issues related to ADD and a daughter who was far behind academically. After a month of cognitive training, the boy showed signs of improvement. He was better cooperating with his football team and was more focused on chores at home as well. Over time, her daughter improved her vocabulary, reading, and test scores.
After completing the Brain Works program, Ammon was able to improve in spelling, reading, math, and other subjects. Beforehand, he struggled in the classroom. An improvement in school subjects was noted later. He also expressed confidence he’d succeed during the upcoming school year.
At nine years old, her daughter was struggling with concentration and keeping up with school work. Homework was a challenge to complete. After two months, she demonstrated a clearer focus and improved reading levels. She surpassed the expected reading level of her class. Katie also noticed similar results with her six-year-old daughter.
Our Cognitive Skills Training Program
The brain training definition differs from tutoring in that it focuses directly on why a student struggles to grasp and process information.
Our cognitive skills training program doesn’t re-teach information. It hones in on the skills needed to more quickly learn a topic or skill and master it the first time it’s taught. Brain training can help youngsters who have trouble learning, doing homework, participating in class, and socializing. It also helps individuals later, including those who have difficulties finding and holding down a job.
The Process of Brain Training
Treating the root cause of learning problems, it focuses on cognitive skills and the learning process. These key skills include attention because the ability to focus and concentrate is crucial for learning at any stage of development or grade level. The two types are selective attention, or the ability to concentrate with distractions, and divided attention, which defines the ability to recall information while multitasking.
Both short and long-term memory are important for learning. It is needed for recalling information for use during a school project or while taking a test. Children are also often required to read directions and follow them closely. Logic and reasoning are the core skills behind thinking, which students need to answer questions and solve math problems and master other skills in life, such as brainstorming, reading manuals, or solving problems at work or at home.
Knowing how to do important tasks isn’t the endpoint…
The speed at which an individual processes information is important. Processing speed enables one to read more quickly, listen better, and complete math problems. With techniques such as cognitive training, a person can more easily visualize information they read and hear, which helps increase mental sharpness.
In Addition to its Focus on Individual Cognitive Skills, Brain Training Also Focuses on the Following:
The Learning Process: By learning and improving cognitive skills, it is easier for children to learn. The non-academic training provided by Brain Works targets attention, memory, logic/reasoning, processing speed, and other core mental abilities. It not only aims to improve performance at their grade level but skills that help them become better problem-solvers throughout life.
One-on-One Training: Students work with a private training specialist throughout the process. This professional works at their pace and is dedicated to addressing individual abilities and goals, rather than those of an entire class. A customized training plan can, therefore, be developed and implemented.
A Four-Step Process
Brain Works has established a four-step process to identify and address students’ strengths and weaknesses. These include:
1. Schedule time for an assessment or to receive a demonstration on how the program works; a meeting with a location director can be set up as well.
2. Cognitive Skills Assessment: After an hour-long test, Brain Works can identify well-developed cognitive skills and ones that need improvement; the program can be customized to address any cognitive weakness. At this time, proficiency and deficits in brain skills are discussed, as is how they may be contributing to learning struggles.
3. A 26 to 32 week training process, in which a brain trainer works with the student for about an hour daily, comes next.
Our programs include Brain Training 101 and Brain Training 102. These offer numerous exercises that serve as workouts for the brain. From physical and mental workouts to visual and listening exercises, to quizzing, the levels and learning modules address many skills on a sequential basis.
4. A Final Cognitive Skills Assessment: After they complete the program, a second cognitive assessment is conducted to measure changes in a student’s cognitive performance. As such, Brain Works can track how many of its students improve and by how much. For example: some students gain 15 IQ points, while, after 72 hours of brain training, others have gained three years of reading skills.2
Help for Learning Disabilities
Cognitive skills training is a tool that can help anyone improve their mental abilities. It has also gained traction as a way to help those diagnosed with learning disabilities, such as attention deficit disorder. The Brain Works program focuses on attention, a skill that can be improved and developed, as shown by research in the neuroscience community. Regions of the brain can be targeted and stimulated to strengthen one’s attention skills, rather than eliminating distractions. In fact, the brain training program aims at improving attention while introducing distracting stimuli to boost cognition.
The program also helps students who have trouble processing letter and sound relationships and combinations. It provides a different path to overcoming learning struggles, which rarely disappear on their own. Problems learning and paying attention are caused by a deficit in cognitive skills, which can only be identified with the appropriate testing. To address deficits, it takes a custom training program, in which the results are much more effective and longer lasting than with tutoring alone.
Brain Works has seen improvements in students’ attention and concentration, memory, reading, reasoning, listening, and motor skills. Its programs have addressed problems such as impulsivity and inattentiveness, resulting in a more focused, positive attitude. They address the complex interaction of cognitive abilities that enable the brain to learn.
A secondary program focuses on sensory development and behavior modification through life application concepts. The process involves physical activity to generate neurological pathways. It also focuses on awareness of how one’s brain functions, and on reshaping the person’s behavior and attitude toward learning and problem-solving.
Brain training benefits children and other people with:
- Central auditory processing disorder
- Visual processing disorder
- Sensory integration disorder
- Non-verbal learning disorder
- Asperger’s syndrome
When students benefit from brain training through Brain Works, they have shown improvements in learning, reading, concentrating, and articulating. They have demonstrated more focus and motivation, along with improved performance and grades.
If traditional methods such as tutoring are not yielding the desired results for your student, contact Brain Works today at 801-997-1334 for a free assessment and information on a customized brain training program. | <urn:uuid:c46b90fb-d7d7-4f45-98b1-18769817957d> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.brainworksutah.com/brain-training/benefits-of-brain-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107867463.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20201019232613-20201020022613-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.962314 | 2,162 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Hepatitis E is prevalent in patients living with HIV in Bangui, the capital city of the Central African Republic, researchers reported.
According to their findings, 7.5% of patients with HIV had test results indicative of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and 68% had anti-HEV antibodies. The results, they said, “should be taken into account in identifying the risk factors” of people living with HIV for HEV infection.
Writing in Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Narcisse Patrice Komas, PharmD, PhD, and colleagues from the Pasteur Institute in Bangui noted that HEV, a waterborne virus, causes acute hepatitis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent. The virus is one of the main agents of enterotransmissible viral hepatitis and is most often self-limited and asymptomatic, they added. According to the study, the Central African Republic is one of the few countries in the world that is endemic for HEV and HIV, with HIV affecting 4.9% of adults aged 15 to 49 years.
“As cases of chronic HEV infection have been reported in immunocompromised individuals, HEV may be a significant threat to the survival of people living with HIV,” Komas and colleagues wrote. “Immune system failure due to HIV infection exposes the body to attack by other infectious agents that are controlled by a healthy immune system. Few studies have been done on the prevalence of HEV infection among [people living with HIV] in resource-poor countries [such] as the Central African Republic, although several outbreaks have been reported in Bangui, the capital.”
Komas and colleagues conducted a cross-sectional study between April and September of 2015 to characterize the epidemiology of HEV in people living with HIV in the city. Results were based on questionnaire answers and collected blood samples.
The study included 200 people living with HIV, 7.5% (n = 15) of whom had IgM, the immunoglobulin that characterizes acute HEV infection, Komas and colleagues reported. This included 8.9% of women and 2.2% of males. Results also showed that the overall seroprevalence of HEV IgG was 68%, including 48% in women and 70.4% men, indicating that men are significantly more exposed to the virus, the researchers said.
“It might be possible to monitor biochemical, biological and hematological parameters in [people living with HIV] by ensuring good therapeutic management of HEV and to extend the study of risk factors by isolating HEV from the stools of [people living with HIV] and including samples from their environment,” the authors concluded. “Our results should be taken into account in identifying the risk factors of [people living with HIV] for HEV infection. The sample size may have been too small, and further larger studies are required to confirm these results.” – by Caitlyn Stulpin
Disclosures: The authors report no relevant financial disclosures. | <urn:uuid:ff25f302-fc43-4a2f-a0dc-07b04acd3853> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/hiv-aids/news/online/%7B0a10b5df-b72f-4304-ba91-6a1b3d76c3a2%7D/hepatitis-e-prevalent-among-patients-with-hiv-in-central-african-republic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.961591 | 639 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Chemist Christopher Beaudry and colleagues patented a method for making anti-leukemia compounds that until now have only been available via an Asian tree that produces them.
The synthesis of cephalotaxine and homoharringtonine paves the way toward less-expensive, more readily available leukemia drugs whose production is not subject to the risks and inefficiencies associated with harvesting natural sources.
Also, the synthesis of cephalotaxine opens the door to preparing other, structurally related compounds for evaluation as potential new cancer drugs.
“We want to partner with industry so we don’t have to grow trees to get this anymore,” said Beaudry. “And maybe we can come up with a more potent protein translation inhibitor, or a more selective inhibitor. There’s also a chance this molecule can find application in blocking bacterial protein synthesis, which would be useful for treating antibiotic-resistant pathogens.”
The story was picked up by Technology Networks and findings were published in Angewandte Chemie. | <urn:uuid:385a8dbd-859b-410d-a806-2dde1a30e3b4> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://impact.oregonstate.edu/2019/03/research-paves-way-for-new-source-for-leukemia-drug/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141396.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216182139-20200216212139-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.939491 | 217 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Published on Fri Feb 27 12:08:52 UTC 2015
| 51 views
Question - cylindrical bucket, 32 cm high and with radius of base 18 cm, is filled with sand. This bucket is emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand is formed. If the height of the conical heap is 24 cm, then find the radius and slant height of the heap.
Vedantu - Your Personal Teacher Online
- Get an clear edge over other students by constant revision of important topics with an awesome teacher.
- Get your doubts and questions resolved instantly by booking an instant live session
- Prepare for competitive exams with our exam courses and achieve your goal
- Skipped a topic in tuitions? Learn it on Vedantu by taking our topic courses | <urn:uuid:77741366-aa2b-4b02-87e9-ad4a4763182d> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.vedantu.com/contents/cbse-10-mathematics-last-5-year-question-paper-solutions-2011-2015/video/5048246770597888 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867055.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525082822-20180525102822-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.912942 | 161 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Race, the Holocaust, and Postwar Germany
More than half a century before the mass executions of the Holocaust, Germany devastated the peoples of southwestern Africa. While colonialism might seem marginal to German history, controversial new scholarship compares the acts of this period with Nazi practices on the Eastern and Western fronts.
Examples of the most important research conducted on the "continuity thesis" over the past five years, the chapters in this anthology debate the connections between German colonialist activities and the behavior of Germany during World War II. Some argue that the country's domination of southwestern Africa gave rise to perceptions of racial difference and superiority at home, contributing to a nascent nationalism that blossomed into National Socialism and the Holocaust. Others remain skeptical, and both sides are well-represented. Contributors merge Germany's colonial past with debates over the country's identity and history and compare its colonial crimes with other European ventures. Issues discussed range from the denial or marginalization of German genocide to the place of colonialism and the Holocaust within Germany and Israel's postwar relations. Authors also compare the legacy of genocide in both Europe and Africa.
400 pages; ISBN 9780231520546
, or download in or
Title: German Colonialism
Author: Volker Langbehn; Mohammad Salama
The Wright Brothers 2015 US$ 14.99 650 pages
Bill O'Reilly's Legends and Lies 2015 US$ 14.99 320 pages | <urn:uuid:210f49cd-d601-41d8-bf67-88690c8ec909> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ebooks.com/895126/german-colonialism/langbehn-volker-salama-mohammad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091587.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00060-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901551 | 283 | 3.421875 | 3 |
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