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For years, this city was neither genuinely democratic nor entirely authoritarian. Its politics had both democratic and authoritarian elements, though on balance those were more democratic than authoritarian. Hong Kong’s “one country, two systems” arrangement with the Chinese government in Beijing afforded it a high degree of autonomy. The territory was able to maintain the rule of law by constraining the local government’s powers and protecting citizens’ fundamental rights.
Not anymore. In the aftermath of the Umbrella Movement in late 2014, a series of protests and an occupation that paralyzed major Hong Kong streets for 79 days, the Chinese Communist Party (C.C.P.) has adjusted its approach. The Chinese government in Beijing has increasingly cracked down on Hong Kong politically, while steadily integrating the city’s economy into the mainland’s. | <urn:uuid:c4efa0c8-1cf9-4608-9fb8-c663c82dd3b9> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://blog.kinaforum.com/2018/11/benny-tai-yiu-ting-hong-kong-isnt-what.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828507.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217113255-20181217135255-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.952074 | 168 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Navarin Basin, located in the Alaskan Bering Sea, is the approximate size of the state of Louisiana. In 1984, industry paid over $681 million for leases in the Navarin Basin. Amoco Production Company, along with two other companies, decided to explore parts of the Basin in 1985 to evaluate its hydrocarbon potential.
Because of ice encroachment and associated environmental concerns, the drilling window for most of the Navarin Basin is between June and December. Amoco's strategy was to drill four to six wells starting in June (historically the time the ice regresses).
This paper presents how a systems-oriented approach was used to plan, prepare for drilling and drill five wells by mid-November 1985. This paper will show how the project objectives and environment led to the design of the "wareship concept" to support the drilling of five wells without one day being lost waiting on materials or personnel. The paper will present the first major use of Amoco's "Critical drilling Facility" concept to plan, prepare and drill the Navarin wells.
The paper will show how two drilling rigs, a wareship, tanker, four workboats, two standby boats, three helicopters, a staging base in St. Paul and a secondary support base in Dutch Harbor was controlled by the Anchorage Navarin Operations Center using the Tulsa-based Critical Drilling Facility. This was all made possible by the advanced systems technology, including a sophisticated satellite communications system and a project-oriented methodology.
This paper will present the drilling system design, implementation, and results. This includes the design and use of a potassium lime mud system and the optimization of the solids control system on each drilling machine. Included results will show that the designed drilling system achieved all drilling objectives and had a significant impact on the success of the Navarin project. | <urn:uuid:1e00b9ff-8343-46fa-9035-f37d87a79387> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://onepetro.org/SPEDC/proceedings-abstract/86DC/All-86DC/SPE-14732-MS/61929 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100555.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205172745-20231205202745-00739.warc.gz | en | 0.94778 | 371 | 2.734375 | 3 |
by John D. Nystuen
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Click here for The Thünen Society, North American Division webpage.
The Thünen Society, North American Division is an American organization interested in fostering the memory and current applications of the works and spirit of Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850), a 19th Century German landowner, farmer and intellectual. Thünen's seminal ideas on agricultural location theory, the economic notion of the marginal rate of return, social welfare and the value of individual freedom of choice in matters economic and political have influenced generations of regional economists and geographers worldwide. His ideas are still current today and can be used as a guide in understanding the future.
The Thünen Society exists in large measure through the efforts of two people, Herr Rolf-Peter Bartz, Director of the Thünen Museum at Tellow and Professor Robert W. Peplies, a geographer at East Tennessee State University. Herr Bartz is founder and Director of the Thünen Museum at Tellow in Mecklenburg near the Baltic Sea in northern Germany. Tellow is the original estate owed and operated by Thünen and the source of much of the empirical evidence Thünen used to support his theories. Many of the original buildings still exist and now house the current museum. An organization, the Thünengesellschaft e.V., the German counterpart to the Thünen Society, North American Division, supports the museum. The latter was founded in 1992 by Dr. Peplies after he visited Tellow in September of 1990 and was present at the meeting in which the Thünengesellschaft e.V. was established. This was during the time that the estate was part of a larger collective farm under the control of the communist German Democratic Republic (DDR). It was only through an heroic, two-decade long effort on the part of Herr Bartz, a schoolteacher in a nearby village, that Tellow was recognized as an historical site and that Thünen was an historical Mecklenburg citizen well worth remembering. The communist regime had surpressed knowledge of Thünen and his works as he had been a landowner and capitalist who had acknowledged an intellectual debt to Adam Smith (1723-1790), the Scottish economist whose writings defined capitalism. Herr Bartz's purpose was to instill a sense of local pride in schoolchildren through knowledge of the history of rural Mecklenburg. He was surprised to learn from Dr. Peplies that Thünen was well known worldwide.
The Thünen Society, North American Division was established at a meeting in Asheville, North Carolina in August 1992. Since then the society has met five times, usually in September, to hear scholarly papers addressing historical, theoretical and empirical topics that relate to Thünen's ideas as they apply to modern times. Notable meeting have been held at the German Embassy, Washington, D.C. (1993), St. Louis, Missouri, sponsored by Anheuser-Busch, Inc. (1994), an International Symposium held at the University of Rostock, co-sponsored by the Thünengesellschaft e.V. and Thünen Society, N. A. (1995) and twice at the East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee (1996, 1997).
In addition to Thünen's theories and observations on public policy and society, Thünen's methodologies are of consequence. By far, his most well known work is The Isolated State (von Thünen, J. H. (1826) Der Isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonomie, Hamburg: Frederich Perthes. See an English translation, Peter Hall, editor (1966) Von Thünen's Isolated State. Oxford: Pergamon Press). This work contained a simple geographic model of agricultural production, certainly the most famous quantitative model in geography. It is found in nearly every economic geography text and commonly taught in introductory economic geography courses throughout the West. It is an example of a deductive theory. It is unabashedly an application of the positivist scientific method to investigate a social issue. Current methodological commentary frequently refers to positivist thinking about social issues in a pejorative sense, albeit, often in a straw man role. Thünen understood very well the value of using restricting axioms to greatly simplify relationships between variables as a means of understanding associations despite the abstractions being far removed from reality. He justifies this approach:
"…Finally I should like to ask the readers who intend to devote their time and attention to this work not to be deterred by the initial assumptions which deviate from reality and not to consider them as arbitrary and without purpose. On the contrary, these assumptions are necessary in order to clearly understand the effect which a given variable has. In actual life we have only a vague idea of the effect and operation of any single variable because it appears always in conflict with other variables operating at the same time. This procedure has thrown light on so many problems in my life and seems to me to be so generally applicable that I consider it the most important feature of my work." (From the preface of Der Isolierte Staat, 2nd edition, published in Rostock, 1842 and translated in part by Kapp and Kapp, editors, Readings in Economics (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1949).
It is this independent and humanitarian spirit along with the application
of rational inquiry into the affairs of humanity that makes Thünen
and his writings worthy exemplars for a scholarly group that seeks to improve
interdisciplinary studies in the social sciences and humanities.
That Tellow still stands is only an added benefit. It is a beautiful
place that we are pleased to try to help maintain. When you are in
Europe next, consider a trip to the Baltic Sea. Tellow is less than
an hour's drive south of the City of Rostock.
For information about the September 2002 meeting in Washington D. C. contact
Professor Robert Peplies,
East Tennessee State University
Box 10270 Johnson City, TN 37614-0102
phone: 423 439 4319
fax: 423 439 8499 | <urn:uuid:31d18d0b-cbdb-4112-a45b-c9ecbe6f7ee0> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www-personal.umich.edu/~copyrght/image/solstice/sum02/thunenindex.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832939.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00094-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945012 | 1,306 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A major research institution (MRI) has recently announced the discovery of the heaviest chemical element yet known to science. The new element has been tentatively named "Govermentium."Govermentium has 1 neutron, 12 assistant neutrons, 75 deputy neutrons, and 225 assistant deputy neutrons, giving it an atomic mass of 313 . These 313 particles are held together by forces called morons, which are surrounded by vast quantities of lepton-like particles called peons. Since govermentium has no electrons, it is inert. However, it can be detected as it impedes every reaction with which it comes into contact. A minute amount of govermentium causes one action to take over 4 days to complete when it would normally take less than a second. Govermentium has a normal half-life of 2 years; it does not decay, but instead undergoes a reorganization in which a portion of the assistant neutrons and deputy neutrons exchange places. In fact, govermentium's mass will actually increase over time, since each reorganization will cause some morons to become neutrons, forming isodopes.
This characteristic of moron-promotion leads some scientists to speculate that govermentium is formed whenever morons reach a certain quantity in concentration. This hypothetical quantity is referred to as "Critical Morass."
|<< Previous||Back^||Next >>| | <urn:uuid:ac961071-e4e9-41bd-8aff-053e472c47d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.crazyshit.com/docus/funnyshit/42-breaking-news-the-discovery-of-govermentium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720471.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00327-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94861 | 287 | 3.3125 | 3 |
As settlers spread across the Piedmont, the colonial government struggled -- and often failed -- to keep up with them. Residents of the Piedmont grew to resent those failures. In the 1760s, groups of settlers calling themselves Regulators signed petitions, refused to pay taxes, and ultimately used violence in an effort to force the colonial government to treat them fairly. But the seeds of that conflict were sown much earlier in the colonial period.
The Granville District
When North Carolina became a royal colony in 1729, one of the Lords Proprietors, John Carteret, Earl Granville, refused to sell his share back to the crown. He was given the northern portion of North Carolina, a 60-mile wide strip of land south of the Virginia border, as his property. Although he had no say in the colonial government, he continued to collect quitrents and taxes. The region under his control -- which included as much as two-thirds of the colony's population in 1729 -- was known as the Granville District.
Lord Granville sent agents to prepare rolls, or lists, of everyone living on his land and to collect quitrents and taxes. But these agents often failed to do their job, which meant that Granville didn't actually collect much money. Worse, it was difficult for settlers to obtain titles to their land -- legal documents stating that they owned the land they lived on. The District's land office in Edenton was not open on a regular schedule, and his agents kept poor records or overcharged settlers and pocketed the extra money. It wasn't clear which lands had been granted and which were still available. As a result, squatters occupied much of the District's territory, living on land and farming it without clear legal title to it.
The arrangement frustrated not only settlers trying to buy land but also the colonial government, which had only limited authority over the Granville District. When residents of the District refused to pay taxes because they were being treated unfairly, people in the southern part of the colony refused to pay for the entire cost of running the government. Representatives of the Albemarle and from the area around Wilmington fought in the colonial Assembly, tying up the government.
Although the problems of the Granville District affected most of the colony, they hurt worst in the Piedmont, where settlers needed the land office to grant them titles to newly occupied land. The difficulty of travel between the coast and the Piedmont also meant that the colonial government had even less control over officials and agents there than in the east, and Piedmont residents found it difficult or impossible to have their problems resolved. Not until the Revolution, when the new state of North Carolina took over the Granville District, would these problems be resolved.
Each county had its own government, just as counties do today, with a county seat where courts were held and where government offices were located. Settlers had to travel to the county seat for court days and to register wills or deeds, and in large counties, travel on horseback or on foot to the county seat might be quite a burden. Additionally, representation in the colonial Assembly was divided by county, and as population in western counties grew rapidly, westerners might not be fairly represented in the colonial government. Eastern representatives were mainly concerned with helping their part of the colony, and if they dominated the Assembly, the concerns of westerners wouldn't be addressed. And, of course, easterners were perfectly happy with the way things were -- they didn't necessarily want to share power with the west.
For these reasons, it was important for the Assembly to establish new counties promptly when old counties grew too large. By the 1750s and 1760s, though, the population was growing faster than the Assembly could, or would, create new counties. This, too, led to resentment in the Piedmont.
After the Regulator conflict from 1768–1771, new western counties were created. During the Revolution, the new state legislature grew more responsive to the needs of westerners -- in part to keep their support in the war against the British. | <urn:uuid:4e12edf7-ebb6-46b8-a9e0-2c7c44d07db9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ncpedia.org/anchor/governing-piedmont | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100489.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203062445-20231203092445-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.986628 | 840 | 4.125 | 4 |
Hubble spies possible brown dwarf around low-mass star
This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows one of the smallest objects ever seen around a normal star. Astronomers believe the object is a brown dwarf because it is 12 times more massive than Jupiter. The brown dwarf candidate, called CHXR 73 B, is the bright spot at lower right. It orbits a red dwarf star, dubbed CHXR 73, which is a third less massive than the Sun. At 2 million years old, the star is very young when compared with our middle-aged 4.6-billion-year-old Sun.
CHXR 73 B orbits 19.5 billion miles (about 31 billion kilometres) from its star, or roughly 200 times farther than Earth is from the Sun.
The star looks significantly larger than CHXR 73 B because it is much brighter than its companion. CHXR 73 B is 1/100 as bright as its star. The cross-shaped diffraction spikes around the star are artifacts produced within the telescope's optics. The star is 500 light-years away from Earth.
Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys snapped the image in near-infrared light on Feb. 10 and 15, 2005. The colour used in the image does not reflect the object's true colour.
About the Image
|Release date:||7 September 2006, 19:00|
|Size:||322 x 322 px|
About the Object
|Name:||CHXR 73 A, CHXR 73 B|
|Type:||• Milky Way : Star : Type : Brown Dwarf|
• Milky Way : Star : Grouping : Binary
• X - Stars Images/Videos
|Distance:||500 light years|
Colours & filters
|775 nm||Hubble Space Telescope| | <urn:uuid:08c3a9bc-a5fd-4294-a910-2900b1752ad0> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://spacetelescope.org/images/heic0610a/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009295.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00237-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848189 | 376 | 3.375 | 3 |
Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
- Each of these patients had diseases known to predispose to heterotopic calcification including scleroderma, acromegaly, and diabetes mellitus.
- Octreotide also is given to decrease growth hormone secretion in acromegaly.
- Other nonmalignant endocrine disorders with features of androgen excess include Cushing's syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, acromegaly and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
- Example sentences
- The experienced consultant endocrinologist made a spot diagnosis as the couple entered the consulting room and directed his remarks entirely to the husband, who was clearly acromegalic.
- Functional measurements were done at rest, and thus, it is unclear whether DL could increase to a greater extent during exercise in acromegalic patients.
- Scott had been diagnosed at one point as acromegalic, which meant that his body was producing too much growth hormone, but the state was natural, not brought about, by laboratory science.
Late 19th century: coined in French from Greek akron 'tip, extremity' + megas, megal- 'great'.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of acromegaly in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:83f50f10-3adf-4482-94e8-7b380f6e3404> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/acromegaly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832939.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00270-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953723 | 307 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Who hasn’t had the hiccups at one time or another? While typically harmless, hiccups can be annoying. Fortunately, the condition is easy enough to treat at home in most cases.
Hiccup Treatment Options
For those of us who occasionally find ourselves experiencing these involuntary spasms, there are several simple treatments available that really do work. Here are ten of them.
1. Hold Your Breath
Since hiccups include uncontrollable spasms and contractions in the diaphragm, it only makes sense that one cure includes holding in your breath.
Why Holding Your Breath Helps
Holding your breath can cause a buildup of carbon dioxide in the lungs, causing the diaphragm to relax.
How to Hold Your Breath to Relieve Hiccups
- Start by inhaling a big gulp of air.
- Hold your breath as long as you can, at least 10-20 seconds
- Breath out slow and steady.
- Repeat if needed.
2. Sip on Cold Water
Sipping on cold water has a different effect on the body than warm or room-temperature water, and can help put an end to your hiccups.
Why Sipping on Cold Water Helps
Slow sips of cold or icy water can stimulate the vagus nerve and end the spasms in the diaphragm. The vagus nerve (a long cranial nerve) connects the brainstem to the body. One of its functions is Parasympathetic, and its responsibilities are heart rate, respiration, and digestive tract functioning.
How to Sip on Cold Water to End Hiccups
- Fill up a glass with cold water.
- Take a slow sip and swallow.
- Continue until hiccups are gone.
3. Use Measured Breathing
Another way to end those involuntary spasms in your diaphragm is to use measured breathing.
Why Measured Breathing Works
Measured breathing switches you out of regulated breathing to a more conscious process, which can calm the body overall. Using deeper, more measured breaths, the body’s vagus nerve tells the diaphragm to relax.
How to do Measured Breathing
- Breath in slowly, counting to five.
- Breath out, again with an evenly spaced count of five.
- Repeat until hiccups cease.
4. Try Popping Your Ears
Popping your ears on purpose is done by using the Valsalva maneuver.
Why Popping Your Ears Helps
Popping your ears with the Valsalva maneuver interrupts the hiccup reflex, and returns the diaphragm to its relaxed state.
How to do the Valsalva Maneuver
- Pinch your nose closed while keeping your mouth shut tight.
- Exhale, but not too forcefully.
- Keep nose pinched for up to 15 seconds.
- Repeat if necessary, but only a few times (if this is not working after a few tries, then try another treatment).
5. Eat a Spoonful of Sugar
Eating something while you have the hiccups can also disrupt the spasms.
Why Eating Sugar Helps
Eating something granule like sugar can irritate your throat, which may stop the involuntary hiccup reaction.
How to Eat Sugar to Help Ease Hiccups
- Scoop out a spoonful of sugar on a dry spoon.
- Pour the sugar onto the back of your tongue.
- Let it sit for up to 10 seconds.
6. Chomp on a Lemon Slice
Long used by bartenders, the lemon slice, with a drop of bitters, can help calm and silence the hiccups.
Why Chomping on a Lemon Slice Helps
It’s not clear exactly why lemon can stop the hiccups. One suggestion is that it is because of the sour taste. The irritated nerves are overwhelmed by the sourness, and this causes the hiccups to disappear.
How to Chomp on a Lemon Slice to End Hiccups
- Slice or wedge a lemon.
- Add a few drops of bitters, such as Angostura bitters.
- Eat the lemon part, leaving the rind behind.
If you don’t want to eat the lemon, try just sucking on it for a few minutes instead.
7. Breath Into A Small, Paper Bag
Somewhat similar to the previous hiccup treatment of holding your breath, breathing into a paper bag reportedly can halt temporary hiccups just as quickly.
Why Breathing Into a Bag Helps
Breathing into a bag held over your mouth increases the level of carbon dioxide in your blood. This stops the involuntary spasms in your diaphragm.
How to Breath Into a Bag to Relieve Hiccups
- Cover your mouth and nose with a small, paper bag.
- Slowly take a breath in.
- Then slowly breathe out.
As you inhale and exhale, the paper bag will deflate then inflate. This may also distract your mind, which could help stop hiccups as well.
8. Hug Your Knees in Close to Your Chest
A physical action you can take to alleviate the hiccups is to pull your knees into your chest and hug them.
Why Hugging Your Knees Helps
When you hug your knees up to your chest, it creates pressure in a different location. This relieves the pressure on your diaphragm which is causing you to hiccup.
How to Hug Your Knees for Greatest Effect
- Find a comfortable spot to lie down.
- Stretch your legs in front of you.
- Slowly bring your knees up, bending them as close to your chest as you can.
- Hold for two minutes.
- Repeat if necessary.
9. Use the Ice Cube Trick
The ice cube trick simply means strategically placing ice cubes to help rid you of your hiccups.
Why the Ice Cube Trick Helps
As with previous treatments, this one also involves the vagus nerve. The signal from the vagus nerve to the diaphragm, telling it to contract, can be interrupted by the ice cube placement.
How to Do the Ice Cube Trick
- Place one ice cube to the back of your neck, on top of the protruding bone.
- Place a second ice cube a few inches below your jaw.
- Hold for 30 seconds.
10. Apply Pressure to Pressure Points
Sensitive pressure points range throughout the body, and applying pressure to any of them can cause positive effects within the body.
Why Pressure to Pressure Points Helps
By applying slight, constant pressure to certain areas of the upper body, the diaphragm can be relaxed. Also, the vagus nerve can be stimulated.
How and Where to Apply Pressure
There are several pressure points that can be pressed to relieve hiccups.
- Stick out your tongue.
- Grab the tip.
- Pull your tongue gently forward once or twice.
- Place your hand slightly below the bottom of your sternum.
- Apply slight pressure.
What To Do Next
All of these treatments are for the occasional bouts of hiccups. They include breathing techniques, consuming cold water, sugar, or lemons, strategically placing ice cubes on neck and jaw, and also applying pressure to sensitive pressure points. All can relieve the involuntary spasms of the diaphragm itself.
There may be instances, however, such as experiencing chronic, persistent hiccups, when medical attention may be needed. If hiccups occur over and over again for more than two days, it may be a sign of something more serious. These may include:
- multiple sclerosis, or MS
- gastroesophageal reflux, or GERD
On the other hand, if hiccups happen occasionally, or after eating or drinking, you may need to modify some of your lifestyle habits. Here are suggestions on how to prevent the hiccups from returning.
- Slow Down Your Eating. When you eat too fast, air can be caught in between food pieces and swallowed. Slow down and fully chew each piece of food.
- Eat Less. Hiccups often occur after you have consumed a large quantity of food. Many believe that hiccups are your body’s mechanism to tell you to stop eating.
- Cut Down on Spicy Food. Eating too much spicy food can irritate the lining of your stomach. It can also cause acid to creep up into your esophagus. Both of these have been known to cause hiccups.
- Cut Back on Alcohol Intake. Alcohol is another substance that can irritate the stomach lining and also the esophagus. Taking big swigs of alcohol can cause your esophagus to expand quickly and cause you to swallow more air.
- Steer Clear of Carbonated Drinks: The carbonation in these drinks cause expansion in your stomach, which leads to irritation in the diaphragm.
- Relax More. Learning methods of relaxation, such as meditation and deep breathing, can help reduce stress. Stress is often associated with hiccups as well.
Although annoying, hiccups usually aren’t serious and can be stopped rather quickly by using any of these simple treatments. Going one step further and making conscious lifestyle changes can help you eliminate them altogether or at least lower their frequency. | <urn:uuid:2b621984-b68f-4ec5-90d9-dbe87cd03bf2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://rocketfacts.com/hiccup-treatments-that-really-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583083.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015192439-20211015222439-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.914575 | 1,980 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Article - pre-print
Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are skills that can be used to reduce the of risk alcohol-related negative consequences. Studies have shown that, in general, PBS are related to less alcohol consumption and fewer negative consequences; however, other studies have suggested that not all types of PBS (e.g., stopping/limiting drinking [SLD], manner of drinking [MOD] and serious harm reduction [SHR]) are equally effective at reducing alcohol risk. In addition, few studies have explored the longitudinal relationships among PBS, alcohol use and consequences. Using a sample of heavy drinking college students (N = 338), the current study examined PBS use, alcohol consumption and consequences across two time points three months apart. Cross-lagged panel models revealed that MOD predicted a reduction in alcohol use and negative consequences. SHR was longitudinally related to fewer negative consequences, but unrelated to alcohol use. SLD was not associated with drinking or consequences at follow-up. These results highlight the need for future research to examine the effects of different types of PBS and have implications for alcohol intervention programs that incorporate PBS skills training.
This is an author-manuscript of an article accepted for publication in Addictive Behaviors following peer review. The version of record: Napper, L. E., Kenney, S. R., Lac, A., Lewis, L. J., & LaBrie, J. W. (2014). A Cross-Lagged Panel Model Examining Protective Behavioral Strategies: Are Types of Strategies Differentially Related to Alcohol Use and Consequences? Addictive Behaviors, 39(2), 480–486 is available online at: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.020.
Napper, L. E., Kenney, S. R., Lac, A., Lewis, L. J., & LaBrie, J. W. (2014). A Cross-Lagged Panel Model Examining Protective Behavioral Strategies: Are Types of Strategies Differentially Related to Alcohol Use and Consequences? Addictive Behaviors, 39(2), 480–486. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.020 | <urn:uuid:d73ef403-acee-46cb-b3ff-fe9310d70fd5> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/headsup/54/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317100705-20180317120705-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.84975 | 461 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This 1940 photograph shows the House Chamber nearly stripped bare as workers prepared to install support beams to stabilize the ceiling while repairs were made to the roof. During the monthlong installation, the House met in the Ways and Means Committee’s hearing room in the New House Office Building, now the Longworth House Office Building.
History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives, “Repairs to the Roof of the House,” https://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2008/2008-130-038/ (February 20, 2020)
Office of the Historian
Office of Art and Archives
Attic, Thomas Jefferson Building
Washington, D.C. 20515 | <urn:uuid:aca21c21-e6d2-4e2d-99a6-1f0c7d6225b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://history.house.gov/Collection/Detail/30221 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144979.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220131529-20200220161529-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.900766 | 148 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also called sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or Venereal Diseases (VD) are infections that can be transmitted from one person to another during sexual contact and intercourse with an infected individual. These diseases can be passed through vaginal intercourse, anal and oral sex.
The symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases will vary depending on the kind of infection. Some common ones include:
At our Harley Street Clinic in London (Medical Express Clinic) you need to talk to the doctor or general practitioner to know if you suspect you are suffering from a sexually transmitted disease. They will examine your overall health condition and perform STD testing to know if you have STD. The treatment can help you to:
There are various STDs that can be treated with antibiotics. At STD clinic in London, the doctor will give you antibiotics to treat the sexually transmitted diseases. You should take the drug even if you think the symptoms have gone away. Do not attempt other forms of medication not prescribed to cure your symptoms. This may cause difficulties in diagnosing and treating the infection of STDs. You should never share your medicine; however, there are doctors who provide extra antibiotics for your partner so that they can be treated together with you.
Check out some steps to take for staying away from sexually transmitted diseases.
You can be tested for STIs at a sexual health clinic nearby and find out the services that they offer. You may visit Medical Express Clinic, where the best private gp in London help you with STD testing. So that you can stay away from sexually transmitted diseases.
HPV Vaccine: Learn about its unknown Facts03 Mar, 2020
About Coronavirus and What to do with its Symptoms20 Feb, 2020
The ABCs of Hormonal Replacement Therapy21 Jan, 2020 | <urn:uuid:10321fb0-c2fe-4735-8cde-31a866cc31d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.medicalexpressclinic.co.uk/blog/how-sexually-transmitted-diseases-can-be-unsafe-for-your-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371829677.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409024535-20200409055035-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.947342 | 362 | 2.796875 | 3 |
By Carin Tunney
Scientists will return to Lake Huron this summer to explore one of the deepest mysteries of the Great Lakes – underwater sinkholes.
Lake Huron sits on a layer of 400-million-year-old limestone – the remnants of an ancient seabed. Groundwater runs vertically under the lake and pushes through the limestone, making deep, underwater sinkholes, said Steve Ruberg, a researcher with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, which leads the research that begins this August. The project includes scientists from across Michigan and Wisconsin.
Much of the mystery involving the sinkholes relates to a unique “microbial community” that includes a type of cyanobacteria that live on sulfur and other bacteria. Cyanobacteria are one of the oldest organisms on Earth. They are notable for their ability to switch between oxygen and sulfur to produce the energy they need through photosynthesis.
The billions of years old cyanobacteria may hold the secret of how Earth went from inhabitable to habitable, sustaining plant and animal life.
Scientists with the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary in Alpena, Michigan, first discovered deep depressions in the Great Lakes about 20 years ago while searching for shipwrecks. Advanced techniques to map underwater environments helped scientists identify the depressions as sinkholes. Scientists used to think sinkholes only existed in oceans.
There is a lot to learn about these underwater ecosystems, Ruberg said.
“When you look at the Great Lakes, we have a good understanding of ecosystems and how things work,” he said. “But the remarkable thing is how little of the bottom areas we have mapped and how little we understand.”
Scientists explore sinkholes with divers, multi-beam sonar and robotic vehicles. The sinkholes average about 330 feet in diameter.
They’ve retrieved samples from about 410 feet below the surface, but some sinkholes may be deeper, Ruberg said. There are both nearshore and offshore sinkholes. Previous research projects gathered water samples from one about 16 miles from the coastal community of Rockport, Michigan.
Researchers said exploring sinkholes may lead to the discovery of new organisms. The cyanobacteria found in offshore sinkholes have genetic markers only seen in the ocean off the coast of Africa. Those closer to the shore are matched to organisms found in ice-covered lakes in Antarctica.
“So, the mystery here is pretty incredible,” Ruberg said. “It wouldn’t be surprising if we found something, a microbe that had not been found anywhere else.”
Greg Dick, an associate professor of earth and environmental science at the University of Michigan, said the cyanobacteria may also hold secrets about early earth before plants and animals evolved. Cyanobacteria were the first organisms to produce oxygen and make life on earth possible.
“We are hoping to learn what controls oxygen production systems with hope of understanding how that might inform our knowledge about how this earth became what it is, how it became habitable,” he said.
Dick also studies the relationship between the cyanobacteria and other organisms that form extremely rare “carpets of microbes” that look like dense purple mats inside the sinkholes. He said the mats may explain why oxygen production is limited to earth.
“The big picture thing is that we have this really extreme and unique environment right here in our backyard in our Great Lakes,” Dick said. “I think that these mats rival ecosystems like Yellowstone National Park and ice-covered lakes in Antarctica. So, for me, I’ve spent my career going to the bottom of the ocean and all over the world, and it’s really exciting to have these environments right in our Great Lakes.”
Another unique quality of cyanobacteria is that it can potentially be combined with antibodies to make pharmaceuticals, said David Sherman, a researcher with the University of Michigan’s Life Science Institute.
“We can tell a lot of the capabilities are to make certain types of biologically active peptides, so these are very simple proteins,” Sherman said. “These smaller peptides are often very biologically active, and the one that is currently FDA-approved that comes with the cyanobacteria is used for a cancer agent … the peptide is what kills the cancer cells, the antibody is like a guided missile that attaches to the cancer cells.”
Scientists also study how groundwater pushing up from sinkholes influences Great Lakes water levels. Ruberg said it’s another aspect of sinkholes that is not well understood and could have a small effect on lake levels.
Great Lakes Outreach Media produced a short film earlier this year that highlights the fieldwork involved in sinkhole research. | <urn:uuid:6c498f4b-6fdc-454f-abae-5cddaf342ce5> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://greatlakesecho.org/2020/05/29/scientists-explore-mysterious-lake-huron-sinkholes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710968.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204072040-20221204102040-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.937533 | 985 | 3.84375 | 4 |
| A mesh of ropes knotted together with weights around the edge. Originally used by hunters to entangle and entrap prey, it soon found obvious application in battle and gladiatorial arenas. Struggling victims can eventually destroy the net and break free, if they live long enough.
"The look of a scared thing
-Edna St. Vincent Millay, "When the Year Grows Old". 1917.
Throwing nets are Throwing weapons which deal no damage directly, but which can be used to temporarily disable foes and render them susceptible to powerful stabbing attacks. Anything that fails to evade a throwing net becomes entangled and loses the ability to move or make most attacks (spellcasting is unaffected, but all other attacks automatically fail). Because stabbing attacks can deal phenomenal amounts of damage, throwing nets can be useful for quickly subduing even powerful uniques in a few turns. This is usually done from fairly close range, giving you time to reach the enemy in melee and finish them off before they escape. Alternatively, you can net an opponent at the edge of your line of sight that you don't want to deal with, then walk away. This allows you to escape from fast opponents that could normally catch up to you. Be aware that throwing nets are ineffective against monsters that are giant-size or larger or insubstantial monsters.
A throwing net's effect lasts until the victim manages to destroy the net. Each time the victim is prevented from acting due to the net, it attempts to escape. When the entangled monster escapes or dies, there is a chance that the throwing net will mulch.
Gladiators begin play with a stack of throwing nets, and they can be found as random loot throughout the Dungeon. Hunters and Arcane Marksmen can start with 2 nets and throwing items. Also, enemy gnolls and merfolk occasionally generate with throwing nets, though they usually use them as soon as you enter their line of sight, giving you plenty of time to escape.
- Prior to 0.19, the mechanics of escaping nets were more complicated. A creature caught in a net could escape it by either ripping the net or slipping out of it. Being small, evasive and dexterous (player only) made slipping out of nets more likely. On the other hand, big, strong, and berserking creatures were more likely to rip the net. Nearby creatures were adding tension, which sped up both escaping and destroying nets for the player. Cutting weapons, especially flaming and vorpal ones, as well as claws, were good for shredding nets. Also, confused creatures, including the player, had a chance to struggle in a net without any result.
- Prior to 0.15, any flying creature had an additional 66.6% chance to avoid any nets thrown at it, separate from the normal miss chance.
- Prior to 0.14, flying opponents were completely immune to throwing nets, and instead of simply mulching, throwing nets would go through an elaborate deterioration process before finally falling apart entirely. Also, only medium or larger characters were able to use them.
|Axes||Battleaxe • Broad axe • Executioner's axe • Hand axe • War axe|
|Bows||Shortbow (Arrow) • Longbow (Arrow)|
|Crossbows||Arbalest (Bolt) • Hand crossbow (Bolt) • Triple crossbow (Bolt)|
|Maces & Flails||Club • Demon whip • Dire flail • Eveningstar • Flail • Giant club • Giant spiked club • Great mace • Mace • Morningstar • Sacred scourge • Whip|
|Long Blades||Demon blade • Double sword • Eudemon blade • Falchion • Great sword • Long sword • Scimitar • Triple sword|
|Polearms||Bardiche • Demon trident • Glaive • Halberd • Scythe • Spear • Trident • Trishula|
|Short Blades||Dagger • Quick blade • Rapier • Short sword|
|Slings||Fustibalus (Sling bullet, Stone) • Hunting sling (Sling bullet, Stone)|
|Staves||Lajatang • Magical staff • Quarterstaff|
|Throwing||Boomerang • Dart • Javelin • Large rock • Stone • Throwing net| | <urn:uuid:afad4dbf-c27f-459c-aa3d-13557c4f6310> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://crawl.chaosforge.org/Net | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154158.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801030158-20210801060158-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.916549 | 891 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
When an individual is first diagnosed with schizophrenia or psychosis its common for families, friends and caregivers to experience a wide range of emotions which can include concern over the stigma associated with sharing a diagnosis of a mental illness, also a sense of grief due to feeling as though you have lost the person you once knew. Accepting the diagnosis of schizophrenia will make re-stabilizing your lives easier. When a family member or friend is diagnosed with schizophrenia and psychosis, it may help to:
- Acknowledge the illness and recognize the impact it will have on you and your family. Living with any illness may change day-to-day lives for all family members. While adjusting to schizophrenia may take some time, it is still very possible for people with schizophrenia and their families to lead full and enriching lives.
- Have hope for recovery. Many people can and do recover from schizophrenia and psychosis and are able to attain a quality of life that is meaningful to them. While recovery means different things to different people, it is generally understood as an on-going journey that involves controlling the symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosis, maintaining independence, having friends and social support all while sustaining one’s ideal quality of life.
- Learn more about schizophrenia and psychosis. Understanding these illnesses will help everyone in
- your circle of care. SSO is here to help and there are other organizations and online resources designed to increase awareness of schizophrenia and psychosis which can be found here.
- Create a plan. Many people who are given a diagnosis of schizophrenia will have more than one episode of psychosis in their lifetime. When the symptoms reoccur or worsen, this is a relapse. Developing a relapse plan can help minimize the disruption of a crisis and maximize long-term recovery for your loved one. A relapse plan generally includes how to respond to the early warning signs of declining mental health, contacts for professional crisis intervention, a list of people that can be counted on and the needs of your loved one.
- Share the responsibility of caregiving. Talk to people you trust about your caregiving responsibilities and develop a plan that allows members of your family or support system to take on different tasks.
- It’s ok to ask for help. Reach out to local support groups or connect with them online.
- Talk about it. Part of dealing with schizophrenia and psychosis is dealing with the stigma associated with mental health issues. Talking about schizophrenia and mental health issues on a regular basis can help everyone involved to normalize them and can prevent anyone feeling as though they need to keep schizophrenia a ‘secret.’ Disclosing it is actually quite helpful and sharing your situation can be beneficial not just for you but for others in a similar situation.
- SSO is here to help. We provide families with supportive counselling, system navigation as well as developing recovery, self-care and relapse plans.
Keep balance in your life. There's more to you and your family member than schizophrenia. Support groups
can help in finding and keeping this balance and helping you to build a community to assist you and your family. | <urn:uuid:74b6b0d4-d082-4e74-8c21-ba34b6837b3d> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.schizophrenia.on.ca/Get-Help/Resources/Accepting-Schizophrenia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526446.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720045157-20190720071157-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.960418 | 634 | 2.90625 | 3 |
x = range(4) type(x) #=> <class 'range'> y = iter(x) type(y) # an iterator object. next(y) #=> 0 next(y) #=> 1 next(y) #=> 2 next(y) #=> 3 next(y) #=> exception: StopIteration # Could've also done `y.__next__()` over and over.
If you want to be able to loop over instances of one of your own classes (the same way you can loop over lists, strings, dicts, and sets), then you’ll need to have your class implement the iterator protocol. To do this, your class must implement the
__iter__() method; this will make it so you can call
iter(your_instance) and get back an iterator. The
__iter__() method should return an iterator — an object with a
__next__() method — such that
next(the_iterator) works on it.
Note: lists, strings, dicts, sets, and files all implement the iterator protocol. They are not iterators themselves:
>>> z = [11, 12, 13] >>> next(z) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: 'list' object is not an iterator
When you try to loop over anything, Python implicitly calls
iter(the_object) behind the scenes for you.
Functions that contain a
yield return a generator. A generator implements the iterator protocol:
>>> def f(): ... yield 10 ... for i in range(3): ... yield i ... yield 100 ... >>> x = f() >>> next(x) 10 >>> next(x) 0 >>> next(x) 1 >>> next(x) 2 >>> next(x) 100 >>> next(x) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> StopIteration >>> y = f() >>> for i in y: ... print(i) ... 10 0 1 2 100 # Eagerly get all values from the iterator: z = list(f())
You might use a generator in situations like this:
def get_compute_intensive_results(coll): for x in coll: yield time_consuming_computation(x)
Finally, note that there’s a shorthand for creating generators: it’s like a list comprehension but with parens instead of brackets.
foo = (x**2 for x in range(5)) next(foo) #=> 0 next(foo) #=> 1 next(foo) #=> 2 # etc. | <urn:uuid:217a66ac-b4f4-46a5-91b4-42a37b4f72d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://unexpected-vortices.com/python/some-examples/generators.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00637-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.738278 | 567 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A paralysed dachshund has learned to walk again after cells taken from his nose were used to bridge the breaks in his spinal cord.
Jasper, who has been unable to walk since 2008, has now been described as his owner as “whizzing around the house”.
The study offers new hope for paralysed human beings and is the first demonstration of effective spinal cord repair in “real life” injury cases.
Jasper in action - four years after he was paralysed
Professor Robin Franklin, one of the study leaders from Cambridge University, said: "Our findings are extremely exciting because they show for the first time that transplanting these types of cell into a severely damaged spinal cord can bring about significant improvement."
For more than a decade, experts have known that olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) might prove useful in treating damaged spinal cords.
The cells support nerve fibre growth that maintains a communication pathway between the nose and the brain.
Previous research suggests that OECs can help form a bridge between damaged and undamaged spinal cord tissue by regenerating nerve fibres.
Although the treatment had been shown to be safe in human patients, its effectiveness was unknown.
In the new trial, scientists studied 34 pet dogs that had all suffered spinal cord injuries as a result of accidents and back problems. None were injured deliberately for the sake of research.
A year or more after their injuries, the animals were unable to use their back legs to walk and incapable of feeling pain in their hindquarters.
Many of the dogs were dachshunds, which are especially prone to this type of injury. Unlike humans, dogs can suffer serious damage to their spinal cord just by having a slipped disc.
One group of dogs had OECs taken from the lining of their own noses and injected into the injury site. Another was only injected with the liquid in which the cells were suspended.
The trial was "double blind", meaning that until the study ended neither the researchers nor the dog owners knew which animals had received the active treatment.
Dogs were tested for neurological function at one month intervals and had their walking ability assessed on a treadmill.
Significant improvement was seen in the dogs injected with OECs, but not those receiving the placebo treatment, according to the findings reported in the journal Brain.
OEC-treated dogs moved previously paralysed hind limbs and co-ordinated the movement with that of their front legs.
However, the researchers found that new nerve connections were only generated over short distances within the spinal cord.
Prof Franklin warned patients and their loved ones not to expect too much from the approach.
"We're confident that the technique might be able to restore at least a small amount of movement in human patients with spinal cord injuries, but that's a long way from saying they might be able to regain all lost function," he said. "It's more likely that this procedure might one day be used as part of a combination of treatments, alongside drug and physical therapies, for example."
The scientists stress that many spinal injury patients rate a return to sexual function and continence as a higher prize than improved mobility.
Some of the dogs in the trial did regain bowel and bladder control, but the number was not statistically significant.
Dr Rob Huckle, head of regenerative medicine at the Medical Research Council, which funded the study, said: "This proof of concept study on pet dogs with the type of injury sustained by human spinal patients is tremendously important and an excellent basis for further research in an area where options for treatment are extremely limited.
"It's a great example of collaboration between veterinary and regenerative medicine researchers that has had an excellent outcome for the pet participants and potentially for human patients."
Jasper's owner Mrs May Hay, from Cambridge, said: "Before the trial, Jasper was unable to walk at all. When we took him out we used a sling for his back legs so that he could exercise the front ones. It was heartbreaking. But now we can't stop him whizzing round the house and he can even keep up with the two other dogs we own. It's utterly magic."
Professor Geoffrey Raisman, chair of neural regeneration at University College London, said: "This is not a cure for spinal cord injury in humans - that could still be a long way off. But this is the most encouraging advance for some years and is a significant step on the road towards it.
"This innovative process uses olfactory ensheathing cells taken from the dog's own nasal lining. Their purpose is specialised for the repair of nerve fibres in the nose, and by transplanting them to the spinal cord they can do the same repair work there.
"This shows convincingly that the beneficial effects previously reported in rodents can be produced in other species.
"That is encouraging for application in human injuries. But from a clinical perspective, the benefits are still limited at this stage. This procedure has enabled an injured dog to step with its hind legs, but the much harder range of higher functions lost in spinal cord injury - hand function, bladder function, temperature regulation, for example - are yet more complicated and still a long way away."
Suggested For You
Get top stories and blog posts emailed to me each day. Newsletters may offer personalized content or advertisements. Learn more | <urn:uuid:64948234-7514-4ecc-8c58-a17eae8eb27d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/11/19/paralysed-dachshund-jasper-nose-cell-transplant-hope-humans_n_2157343.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541426.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00504-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977838 | 1,100 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the use of IoT technologies in the industrial sector. With a concentration on machine learning and machine-to-machine communication, IIoT improves the efficiency and accuracy of industrial operations.
IIoT comprises industrial applications like software-controlled production operations, medical equipment, and robotics. It combines operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT), making it more advanced than the normal internetworking of IoT enabled, smart consumer devices.
The industrial sector profits greatly from the synergy between OT and IT. This combination of operational technology and information technology provides industries with better system integration in terms of efficiency, automation, and optimization. Read this article for a better understanding of system integration.
Top 4 Applications of IIoT in Manufacturing Industries
- Power Management
A lot of energy is used in manufacturing industries. When this energy is not properly utilized, companies may struggle to get a return on investment. IIoT-based management systems ensure the energy in factories is efficiently and profitably used.
With IIoT-based building management systems, production equipment, fire safety systems, lighting and other energy consuming equipment can be monitored for optimal energy use. This means that the power to manufacturing equipment not in use is completely cut off, helping companies cut down on operational costs resulting from paying for unused power.
Logistics is one of the areas that the industrial internet of things development has helped manufacturers. IIoT powered robots operate autonomously in factories and other places where they can be utilized.
With minimum human supervision, these robots can perform tasks as simple as moving objects around the factory to complex tasks like piling items in organized rows, numbers, and sizes.
In the past robots used in manufacturing factories only carried out pre-set instructions and operations but with the use of IIoT, these robots are now well equipped to act independently. Sensors, software, and artificial intelligence all contribute to the ability of these automated systems to make decisions after analyzing unique situations.
Movements of objects within and around factories have become faster and more efficient because these robots can be designed to carry and move large items that are impossible for humans to move.
- Quality control
The success of a company is often dependent on the quality of products it releases into the market. In the past, humans have been responsible for product inspection and quality control but today, IIoT powered robots are taking over that responsibility.
Many manufacturing companies are beginning to adopt the use of robots to check quality control because human efficiency can be reduced by several factors. For example, human quality control workers can become less efficient when fatigued or distracted.
However, this is not the case with smart quality control robots. Aside from the fact that they cannot be distracted or fatigued, they possess other features that make them better suited for the job.
These robots are equipped with powerful vision systems made up of high-pixel cameras, intelligent image processors and acoustic sensors, all of which work together in helping these robots spot defects in sizes and shapes of products as well as the readability of QR codes and labels.
- Workers’ Safety
Wearable technologies also known as wearables have been adopted by many industrial companies to ensure workers’ safety. Wearables are both popularly used in the industrial and consumer sector to monitor vital signs.
In manufacturing companies, wearables with connected sensors are worn by workers to monitor vital signs like pulse, temperature, and respiration.
These intelligent devices report workers’ vital signs to a central monitoring system in real time.
With technology like this in place, the safety is guaranteed because workers that fall ill on the job are instantly identified and provided adequate medical care. Visit https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/workplace-safety.html to learn more about worker place safety.
Are There Risks to IIoT Powered Manufacturing Systems?
Yes, there are risks associated with this type of system. Despite the advancement of the devices used in this system, risks like, server error, slow response time, and long feedback loops can occur.
Like human inefficiencies, these errors can also affect production and workers’ safety. The lives of workers may be at risk if these automated production systems are hacked or corrupted making them malfunction. However, as a safety measure, skilled, technical experts are always on the ground to ensure the system is functioning adequately. | <urn:uuid:f836eea7-38d7-4c06-b2aa-6049fa09e6f4> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.tricksclues.com/industrial-application-of-iot-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488538041.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623103524-20210623133524-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.943888 | 897 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Developing A Practice Routine: Do Practice Time Lengths Matter?
For musicians, practice is a must. Learning music is a skill and, like any skill, it needs to be developed properly. However, practice doesn’t need to be difficult and it doesn’t need to be something to moan and groan over!
Are long practices a bad thing? Not necessarily. A student who is motivated to put in additional practice and hone their craft should be encouraged. But teachers must bear in mind the influence they have on their students – positive and negative. Haphazard instruction regarding what to practice plus instructions to practice for long periods of time is a powder keg waiting to go off and turn the student away from not wanting to pursue music.
Music teachers are tremendous at instilling strong, lasting loves of music into students young and old. However, they are just as capable of turning students off from music. It’s very important that we share good, structured, specific information about practicing with our students so they achieve the best results.
How Academic Research Changed How and Why We Practice
The biggest misconception about practice is that it is only effective if you invest a large amount of time.
On the surface, the logic adds up very well. You invest a long portion of time into learning a craft and your reward is improvement in that skill. The more time you invest, the better you’ll be. Simple, right?
Perhaps there was a time when it made sense to practice 4, 5 even 6 hours a day at a craft. The culture might have been different and the lifestyle might have allowed for such lengthy spans of practice. Today, though, we know better. Researchers including K. Anders Ericsson, Robert Johnson, Edwin Locke, Gary Latham, and others have worked to understand how we can improve skill development. I’ll discuss their work more extensively in part two of this series.
Why should I practice less?
- Your brain disengages after a certain period of time. After 90 minutes of focus on any activity, your brain turns off and ‘stops learning’. Instead of your mind and muscles working together to absorb and process the music and learning experience, your muscles are expected to take over.
- Reduced confidence. If you’ve ever practiced for 3, 4 even 6 hours in a relatively consistent way, and then gone on to perform, you might have caught yourself feeling anxious and questioning whether or not you actually knew your music. This is a common condition of lengthy, repetition-based practices and the results are exactly what was discussed in the last bullet: your brain becomes disengaged and bored with repetition beyond a certain point and then ‘turns off’, leaving your hands to do the work.
- Simply put: it’s boring. Nothing can suck the fun out of something more than feeling like the only way to do it is the exact same way, over and over, for hours on end.
It’s easy to overcome these common practice pitfalls. Practice shouldn’t be a grinding experience where it feels like every session is a marathon, you’re tired after the first mile, and you need to force yourself to go another two.
If you’re feeling fatigue from practice, then stop! Fatigue is not a weakness: it’s your mind and body telling you it’s no longer engaged with the activity and that anything beyond this point will be a waste of time.
After all, the key to a successful practice session, where musical information is learned, absorbed and played back with confidence while pushing the student forward to new musical challenges and frontiers, is focus.
Practice does not need to be long in order to be effective – quite the opposite! The ‘ideal amount of practice’ is between 30-90 minutes focused on a very specific musical task.
Teachers should encourage their students to practice with purpose. It’s very easy and convenient to simply tell students to go home and practice what they learned during the session. This creates an “out of sight, out of mind” situation in which you disconnect yourself from the learning process and put your faith in how well your student knows what to practice, how long to practice, and what the purpose is.
Try providing a few appropriate specifics to students, like how much time to spend on a specific passage, while still leaving the door open for the student to spend more time on their music if they feel they are not where they should be yet. This way, your student is working within a set of flexible parameters and has space to explore for themselves without feeling teacher-provided pressure.
Want more great music education content?
Keep in touch with Leading Notes by following us on social media or subscribing to our newsletter! | <urn:uuid:4fed3560-31f8-4305-951b-b7278a2e18bf> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.leadingnotes.org/2014/08/06/practice-time-lengths/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825029.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213171808-20181213193308-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.950127 | 990 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Iowa Legislature authorized the formation of 49 counties in previously–unregulated western Iowa on 15 January 1851. This date is usually cited as the date of formation of Ida County; however, as there were no inhabitants of that area, no action was taken to form a county government.
On 12 January 1853, the Legislature authorized creation of Woodbury County, and included the proviso that the area of Ida County be included with Woodbury for revenue, election, and judicial purposes. In 1853 there were still no settlers in Ida County's lands.
The county's first permanent settlers (Comstock and Moorehead) arrived in 1856. In 1858 the county government was organized, with John Moorehead appointed County Judge. There were about 40 county residents at that time.
The county's only postoffice, as well as the first courthouse, was operated from Judge Moorehead's house.
The county's first dedicated school building was raised in 1861.
The county's first newspaper, Ida County Pioneer, was started in 1872. The first bank opened in 1876. Railroads arrived in Ida County in 1877, when the Maple Valley branch of the Chicago & North Western Railway was built. This resulted in a flood of settlers, and within five years, nearly all the available land had been purchased | <urn:uuid:fa29b76f-d79c-49f1-abda-9af3edf826b9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.destinationsmalltown.com/counties/ida-county-ia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154457.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803092648-20210803122648-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.988922 | 271 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Carbon capture, in the form of “artificial trees”, is one idea explored in the BBC Two documentary Five Ways To Save The World. But could these extraordinary machines help to mitigate our excessive burning of fossil fuels and its consequence, global warming?
Artificial trees mimic one of the greatest carbon capturers on earth
In 2006, more than 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide was pumped into the atmosphere. And 80% of the world’s energy supply still relies on fossil fuels.
New York resident and geo-physicist Professor Klaus Lackner thinks he may have found a way of tackling our current excessive use of fossil fuels.
He has designed a synthetic tree, a construction that mimics the function of natural trees whereby leaves pull carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the air as it flows over them.
The CO2 removed from the atmosphere in this way, he believes, could be stored deep underground both safely and permanently.
But even though Professor Lackner only advocates the use of these artificial trees as a way of giving the world some time to come up with alternative, “carbon-neutral” energy sources, how effective would they be in offsetting greenhouse emissions?
“Just like a real tree, an artificial tree would have a structure to hold it up – the equivalent of a trunk, probably a pillar,” explains the professor. “You would find the equivalent of branches which hold up the leaves.”
Unlike in a real tree, he explains, where the leaves are spread out because they have to see sunshine for the purpose of photosynthesis, the leaves on an artificial tree could be packed much more tightly.
“That is one of the reasons why an artificial tree can collect much more CO2 than a natural tree,” he argues.
It was Professor Lackner’s teenage daughter Claire who gave him the inspiration to tackle CO2 in the atmosphere, when she was looking for a school science project.
Claire showed she could actually pull carbon dioxide out of the air by blowing it through a solution of sodium hydroxide.
Overnight, she had collected half of the CO2 from the air blown through the solution.
When CO2 comes into contact with sodium hydroxide, it is absorbed, producing a liquid solution of sodium carbonate.
It is that liquid solution that the professor believes could be piped away, and the time at which the CO2 could be recovered as a concentrated gas in preparation for its final storage.
Nature, of course, has its own way of storing carbon.
Would people be happy to look at fields of artificial trees?
Once trees and other plants have absorbed CO2, the carbon is retained in their tissues.
Todd Forrest, vice president for horticulture at the New York Botanical Gardens, describes trees as “wonderful carbon sinks” and thinks Professor Lackner’s proposals are worth investigating, providing the technology is proven.
His vision is to have thousands of artificial trees and estimates that every single one would remove 90,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide a year – the equivalent emissions of 20,000 cars.
But even if this is possible, could the CO2 collected be stored away forever?
Using existing oil drilling technology, channels thousands of metres deep would be bored into the sea bed.
Carbon dioxide gas would be injected into the sea bed
The carbon dioxide gas would be injected into it, permeating the surrounding porous rock.
At this depth and low temperature, the carbon dioxide is denser than water, locking it in place.
“It cannot rise from there to the ocean floor,” says Professor Lackner, “so it puts it away literally for millions of years.”
It is going to take a great sea change in lifestyles to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to a manageable level.
The growing number of scientists and engineers proposing large-scale geo-engineering projects to combat these emissions say they are reluctant advocates.
Their hope is that humanity will look for and find other carbon-neutral energy sources soon, so that we do not need to resort to such dramatic and intrusive technological interventions.
Content Courtesy – BBC NEWS. | <urn:uuid:70489f44-8c8a-4fe0-833b-f63e41c5750a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://blogs.sap.com/2013/04/10/artificial-trees-a-green-solution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112533.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822162608-20170822182608-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.94743 | 862 | 3.984375 | 4 |
The rainfall that caused massive flooding in Colorado last month was a once-in-a-millennium event, according to a recent study (pdf). And climate change is making those kinds of extreme weather events more common.
The impressively named Hydrometeorological Design Studies Center, a division of the National Weather Service, has concluded with greater than 90% certainty that the rainfall was millennial in nature. Here’s the chart for one rain gauge in Boulder, Colorado, that was inundated over seven days:
The calculations, though, use a dataset “based on the assumption of stationary climate.” As I wrote while the rains were still falling, climate change tilts the odds in favor of extreme weather like the Colorado floods. That means, the actual odds of flooding of this magnitude are much higher. Problem is, no one knows exactly how much higher.
The recent assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that heavier precipitation events in central North America were “very likely” to increase. Without factoring the effects of climate change into construction projects, there’s an increasing risk that roads, bridges, houses, and people will get in the way of bigger floods caused by increasingly heavier downpours. (The Boulder Daily Camera has a particularly fascinating feature-length piece on the Colorado floods and their aftermath.)
Though the storm was called a thousand-year event while rain was still falling, the new analysis is compelling. It’s now clear that in Colorado, the weather is becoming more extreme.
That trend is holding up across the United States, as well: In sharp contrast to two years of extreme drought, new data released Thursday by the National Climate Data Center showed that not a single one of the lower 48 states had a drier than normal warm season in 2013 (defined as April to September).
In fact, after two of the driest years on record, the US was only a quarter-inch away from breaking the record for the wettest six months ever measured, nationwide. The two years ending in September 2013 were also tied for the warmest in the nation’s recorded weather history. | <urn:uuid:b2ad4b31-3d5d-4029-8e62-73b7bdaca2bf> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://qz.com/139132/climate-change-will-make-colorados-millennial-rainstorm-a-lot-more-common/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00270-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965361 | 445 | 3.484375 | 3 |
If you have decided to learn Japanese, you most likely wish to visit or move to Japan. Nevertheless, learning a foreign language means understanding how to cope with any everyday situation, including calling for help.
Although the majority of situations can be handled by those who are not fluent Japanese-native speaker, it is crucial to learn how to deal with any difficult time.
The starting point is memorising a number of useful Japanese phrases that you must have in an emergency. With Speechling's free vocabulary and audio resources, learning your new Japanese words will be even easier.
Japanese Phrases to Help You in an Emergency
In case of an emergency, you should call an ambulance, the police, or the fire department. You can also ask your neighbours or a passer-by for help. In these instances, being able to communicate clearly with a Japanese speaker can be a life-saver.
When speaking with the help-dispatching staff, you must be able to explain your situation, as well as your location. Understanding what the other person says is also essential, and this is why you must work daily on your Japanese listening and speaking skills.
10 Important Japanese Phrases to Help You in an Emergency
Although there are some English-speaking operators working at the Tokyo Fire Department, you should be prepared to handle your emergency by speaking Japanese.
- 警察に電話してください (keisatsu o yonde kudasai) – Please, call the police
- 助けてください (tasukete kudasai) – Please, help me
- 救急車に電話してください (kyūkyūsha wo yonde kudasai) – Please, call an ambulance
- 医者を呼んで下さい (isha o yonde kudasai) – Please, call a doctor
- 救急車お願いします (kyūkyūsha onegai shimasu) - Send an ambulance, please
- けがをしました (kega wo shimashita) – I'm injured
- 火があります (kaji desu) – There is a fire
- 事故が** です** (jiko desu) – There was an accident
- 気分が良くありません (kibun ga amari yokuarimasen) – I'm not feeling well
- パスポートを失くしました (passupoto wo nakushimashita) I lost my passport
Emergency Contacts in Japan
As well as learning common Japanese phrases, you should ensure you can seek help in an emergency while in Japan and be prepared to explain your situation in Japanese.
You do not need a Japanese SIM card to reach emergency numbers. You can call any emergency number from a landline, your mobile phone or a public phone. In this case, all you need to do is to pick up the receiver and press the red emergency button, without the need to insert coins.
To help you through any kind of emergent situations, you should memorise the following Japanese words:
- 警察 (keisatsu) - Police: 110
- 消防士 (syōbōshi) - Fireman: 119
- 救急車 (kyūkyūsha) - Ambulance: 119
- 海上保安** 庁** (kaijō hoan-chō) – Japanese Cost Guard (to be called only if the crime or accident you witnessed was at sea): 118
Once the ambulance arrives, you will be transferred to the nearest medical centre, if needed. In Japan, the transportation of patients by ambulance and the fire and rescue services are free. However, you will be charged for the costs of any care you may need if you do not hold Japanese health insurance.
Useful Japanese Words to Explain your Emergency
When you call one of the Japanese emergency numbers, you will be connected with trained staff, who will ask you for more details about your situations. You need to speak slowly so that the other person can understand your circumstances and send you the help that you need.
You must be able to communicate the following information:
- 私の名前は** … **です (watashi no namae wa… desu) – My name is…
- 私の電話番号は** … **** です**(watashi no denwa bango wa…desu) – My phone number is…
- 私の住所は** … **です (watashi no jyuushyo wa… desu) – My address is…
- 私の症状は…です(watashi no shōjō wa… desu) – My symptoms are…
If you are not able to individuate or explain your current location, you can seek help from a Japanese-speaker person. The dispatchers must always be provided with adequate directions to reach you. However, if you are using a public phone, the emergency staff will automatically track the address where the call comes from.
If you are calling an ambulance on someone else's behalf, you should go and meet it as soon as you hear the siren, and signal where the patient is.
How to Learn Useful Japanese Phrases to Help You in an Emergency
Although some of the emergency operator staff can speak English, knowing some key Japanese terms can help you get help more efficiently.
There are many ways to learn Japanese quickly, but you must first find the one that suits you. For example, with the Speechling method, you can have access to several essential Japanese words. This includes basic Japanese health dictionary, and many phrases you can use daily in any situation, such as words for seeking help in Japan.
How to Learn Japanese Phrases That You Must Have in an Emergency
According to a number of Japanese professional lecturers and studies, the best way to achieve Japanese fluency is to listen to and repeat your targeted words until you memorise them. Once your brain gets accustomed to using your new Japanese vocabulary, it will be easier to handle any situation, including emergencies.
You can use Speechling's free audio dictionary resources as a part of your daily exercise to learn Japanese. When you feel confident enough, you can then move on to the next step, which is conversation. This is definitely the best way to learn all the Japanese words you must have in an emergency, as well as improve your pronunciation and your speaking skills! | <urn:uuid:e81c7010-7b7e-42de-b3f8-7b4c582eeeaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://speechling.com/blog/top-10-useful-japanese-phrases-that-you-must-have-in-an-emergency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335054.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927162620-20220927192620-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.899965 | 1,444 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The library is simultaneously a tool for academic study and a museum collection. As a museum collection it is distinguished by an important collection of historical works on paper. This includes some 3380 manuscripts ranging in date from the early Middle Ages to the early 20th century, some 1000 incunabula, and 3000 prints from the 16th century. Another focus is the special collection ‘German book art of the 20th century.’
Main collection areas
Among the many highlights of the collection are rare manuscripts such as the Echternach Codex, numerous architecture books, botanical books, and artist’s books, in particular hand-pressed prints.
Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium
Maria Sibylla Merian, 1705
Urmanuskript des Struwwelpeters
Heinrich Hoffmann, 1844 | <urn:uuid:cc1ab807-0e71-4c8a-824a-78f23d19074a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.gnm.de/your-museum-in-nuremberg/collections/collections-a-z/library-manuscript-and-rare-prints/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510300.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927135227-20230927165227-00726.warc.gz | en | 0.853751 | 178 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What does the software have to be able to do? Which features should it provide? These are typical questions that requirements engineering attempts to clarify. For this, use cases are created and normally the use case diagram is used to visualize it. But what about about stakeholders’ goals and desires that don’t fit into that? “The system must be completely secure!” is an example of something your customers might say. Good, you think, and create a security requirement that should increase the quality of the system. But this is rather broadly described and difficult to examine. Could a use case be formed from this? Unfortunately, the answer to this is: no, use cases are only recommended for functional requirements – so, descriptions of implementable features. To be able to derive quality requirements (non-functional requirements), you have to think the other way around – what should the system NOT be able to do? Or in this case: what should the system hinder so that it is secure? And then misuse cases come into play.
What is a misuse case?
Misuse cases were described for the first time in 2001 by Guttorm Sindre and Andreas Opdahl, two Norwegian professors in the area of information system development, for requirements in the area of system security. They explained the known requirements process with use cases and use cases diagrams. A misuse case can be imagined as an inside-out use case – so, a feature that should not be implementable in a system. It offers another viewpoint of the system to manage security requirements. Above all, these requirements are very meaningful according to the Kano model of stakeholder satisfaction. | <urn:uuid:ea1db2aa-633c-4d1d-80d7-e3faaf2fd250> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.microtool.de/en/knowledge-base/what-is-a-misuse-case/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053918.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916234514-20210917024514-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.952518 | 333 | 2.65625 | 3 |
– 288 pages
6 Inches × 9 Inches (w × h)
Weight: 479 Grams
BISAC: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Agriculture / Sustainable Agriculture
Publisher: New Society Publishers
Pub. Date: 2015-05-11
Cultivating Food Systems for a Changing Climate
Climate change presents an unprecedented challenge to the productivity and profitability of agriculture in North America. More variable weather, drought and flooding create the most obvious damage, but hot summer nights, warmer winters, longer growing seasons and other environmental changes have more subtle but far-reaching effects on plant and livestock growth and development.
Resilient Agriculture recognizes the critical role that sustainable agriculture will play in the coming decades and beyond. The latest science on climate risk, resilience and climate change adaptation is blended with the personal experience of farmers and ranchers to explore:
- The "strange changes" in weather recorded over the last decade
- The associated shifts in crop and livestock behavior
- The actions producers have taken to maintain productivity in a changing climate.
The climate change challenge is real, and it is here now. To enjoy the sustained production of food, fiber and fuel well into the 21st century, we must begin now to make changes that will enhance the adaptive capacity and resilience of North American agriculture. The rich knowledge base presented in Resilient Agriculture is poised to serve as the cornerstone of an evolving, climate-ready food system.
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Please choose the correct format for your device. | <urn:uuid:3fa71e96-1083-48b5-bbea-a722e4e13e03> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.newsociety.com/Books/R/Resilient-Agriculture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982969890.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200929-00295-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878162 | 437 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Our experts share their top tips for protecting your little one from bad bugs.
Most new moms and dads are paranoid about germs. And rightly so: Babies—especially newborns—have yet to build up their immunity to the viruses and bacteria that can cause illness. Still, it's impossible to shield your child from all the bugs out there—and you'd drive yourself nuts trying. "Parents should use common sense: Keep the house clean, keep their baby away from anyone who is obviously sick, and stay up-to-date on immunizations," says Philip M. Tierno Jr., Ph.D., director of clinical microbiology at New York University Medical Center and author of The Secret Life of Germs. Read on for more sanitary (and sanity-saving) rules every parent should know.
1. Don't let people put their paws on your baby.
"The biggest danger to babies is other people's hands," says Ken Haller, M.D., assistant professor of pediatrics at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, in Missouri. In fact, more than 80 percent of germs are transmitted by touch. Ask anyone who wants to hold your baby to first wash her hands with soap and warm water for 20 seconds. Because telling strangers to wash their hands isn't practical or polite, it may be easier to say, "I'm sorry, but my baby gets sick very easily, so I don't like too many people touching him."
2. Got a newborn? Nix trips to the shopping mall.
Experts agree that it's a good idea to limit where you take your baby during his first weeks. While a stroll in the park is fine, a trip to the mall is not. That's because newborns can easily pick up a bug when exposed to large numbers of people in a confined space. To be safe, keep her away from crowded places—especially those with lots of kids—for the first four to six weeks.
3. Never save unfinished bottles for later.
Whether you feed your baby breast milk or formula, throw out any leftovers as bacteria and digestive enzymes from a baby's saliva can backwash into the bottle and cause contamination. The same goes for baby food: Bacteria from a used spoon can taint what's in the jar. So if you're not going to use the whole thing, put just the portion you'll need in a bowl.
4. Place formula in the fridge.
To keep freshly prepared formula from spoiling, never leave it unrefrigerated for more than an hour. Just-pumped breast milk, however, can be kept at room temperature for up to ten hours, according to La Leche League International. Why the difference? Breast milk is loaded with antibodies and other substances that help keep bacteria at bay.
5. Wash your baby's clothes separately.
"Since family members' clothes—especially underwear—may contain contaminants that could wind up on your baby's sensitive skin, it's best to do her laundry separately," says Dr. Tierno. It's also smart to occasionally run an empty cycle of bleach and hot water to kill bacteria that may be lurking in the machine.
6. Be smart about sterilizing.
If pacifiers and bottles are brand-new, boil them before their first use. After that, wash them in the dishwasher or in warm, soapy water. Should you sterilize water for formula? "If your water comes from a municipal supply, unboiled tap water is fine—it's rigorously tested and monitored," says Roy Benaroch, M.D., assistant clinical professor of pediatrics at Emory University, in Atlanta. If your water comes from a well, have it tested for fecal contamination, nitrates, and heavy metals. Depending on the results, it may be best to boil it or even to use bottled water.
7. Take precautions when it comes to your pets.
Animals' mouths are full of germs that could cause illness. To keep your baby infection-free, don't let Fido lick her face or hands for the first two or three months; the same goes for cats. Once your baby is a bit older, her immune system will be stronger and there's less risk of her getting sick. But no matter your baby's age, always keep her away from the cat's litter box and wash her hands after she's been playing with a pet.
Originally published in Parents magazine. | <urn:uuid:6b7d4c64-48a5-46aa-9b13-715f52af4b9c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.parents.com/baby/health/sick-baby/germ-fighters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400250241.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927023329-20200927053329-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.957181 | 913 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This could be the strangest advice you have heard lately. However, it is true and is backed by science. After a stressful day or after a long learning session, you may feel like you simply cannot learn one thing more. But the next day, when you are well rested, you resume learning new things. Research suggests that there is an important connection between sleep and improved memory, both before and after a learning session. It is suggested that your body strengthens learning and memory pathways in your brain, making it easier for you to learn new things.
The process of learning and forming memory consists of three functions: acquisition, consolidations, and recall.
The introduction of new information into the brain is considered acquisition, whereas consolidation refers to the processes by which a memory becomes stable. This stage is further divided into two specific processes, synaptic consolidation and system consolidation.
Synaptic consolidation occurring within the first few hours of learning takes only minutes or a few hours to assimilate new information into memory. Whereas system consolidation is a slow, dynamic process which can take years to be fully formed in the human brain. Memories from the hippocampal region, where memories are first encoded, are moved to the neo-cortex in a more permanent form of storage. Lastly, recall is the process of accessing information after it has been stored.
For proper memory function, all three steps are important. Scientists suggest that memory consolidation takes place during sleep in which strengthening of the neural connections that form our memories takes place, whereas acquisition and recall occur when the person is awake.
Now the question arises, how does the brain consolidate memory during sleep?
To answer this, let’s see what happens inside the human brain during sleep. In the consolidation stage, the reorganization and pruning of synapses happens.
The central nervous system consists of a network of approximately 1011 (one hundred billion) neurons. Each neuron has, on average, 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons. A neuron processes and transmits information through synapses using electrical and chemical signals. Although the function of neurons is more important, still the cells in the central nervous system mostly consists of glia. Glia are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the central nervous system. Four main types of glia exist: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia. Microglia are the key cells responsible for brain maintenance. To prune away the damaged or unwanted neurons and synapses, they are constantly scanning the central nervous system.
Here’s the best part: You can actually control what your brain decides to delete while you sleep!
The things you spend most of your time thinking about are stored and strengthened during sleep, while the synaptic connections that get used less are marked. Microglial cells then detect that mark and deletes them. For example, when you run out of storage in your laptop’s hard drive what will you do? You probably just delete files you don’t use anymore.
Similarly, during the synaptic pruning process, the brain sheds old, weak connections to makes room for new ones. This process of pruning is important for learning. This is how the human brain makes the physical space for new and stronger connections.
At times, you must have woken up from a good night’s sleep with a good feeling and the verve to think clearly and do things quickly. This happens because all the pruning that took place while you were sleeping has left you with lots of space in your brain to take in new information.
Hence, sleep matters. Next time you are feeling sleepy, don’t force yourself to work longer hours. Instead, take advantage of your brain’s pruning process. Think how much more you can achieve when you are well rested. Think about the things that are important to you. Think about the new things you can learn after some restful sleep.
It’s time to reclaim your sleep and improve your learning!
Do you have tips to share on how to make learning easier? We are all ears. | <urn:uuid:21272d08-fe59-46c0-967e-fe0cc75a08d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://blog.thors.com/if-you-want-to-learn-more-go-to-sleep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571506.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915134729-20190915160729-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.9495 | 848 | 3.765625 | 4 |
This first came into prominence in the opening decades of the 2nd century A.D., but is certainly older; it reached its height in the second third of the same century, and began to wane about the 3rd century, and from the second half of the 3rd century onwards was replaced by the closely-related and more powerful Manichaean movement.
The only part of the Manichaean mythology that became popular was the crude, physical dualism.
The distinction between electi and auditores, however, does not exhaust the conception of the Manichaean Church; on the contrary, the latter possessed a hierarchy of three ranks, so that there were altogether five gradations in the community.
A Manichaean epistle, addressed to one Marcellus, has, however, been preserved for us in the Acta Archelai.
They must be named first, because ancient Manichaean writings have been used in their construction.
In the Manichaean system it is related how the helper of the Primal Man, the spirit of life, captured the evil archontes, and fastened them to the firmament, or according to another account, flayed them, and formed the firmament from their skin (F.
But in addition to these doctrines of an adoptionist origin, they held the Manichaean dualistic conception of the origin of the world.
In genuine Manichaean documents we only find the name Mani, but Manes, Maims, Manichaeus, meet us in 4th-century Greek and Latin documents.
The Manichaean system is one of consistent, uncompromising dualism, in the form of a fantastic philosophy of nature.
Augustine was an auditor for nine years, while Faustus was at that time the most esteemed Manichaean teacher in the West. | <urn:uuid:345ccdce-5bd0-4367-93ba-a0cc4ce7cbb2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.all-dictionary.com/sentences-with-the-word-manichaean | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00156-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967983 | 386 | 3.421875 | 3 |
- How a rising of the ocean waters may flood most of our port cities within the foreseeable future — and why it will be followed by the growth of a vast glacier which may eventually cover much of Europe and North America.
THIS is the story of two scientists, who started five years ago — with a single radiocarbon clue from the ocean bottom and a wild hunch — to track down one of the earth’s great unsolved mysteries: What caused the ancient ice ages? Their search led over many continents and seas, to drowned rivers and abandoned mountain caves, into far-removed branches of science. It took them down through recorded history, from the stone tablets of primitive man to contemporary newspaper headlines.
These two serious, careful scientists — geophysicist Maurice Ewing, director of Columbia University’s Lamont Geological Observatory, and geologist-meteorologist William Donn believe they have finally found the explanation for the giant glaciers, which four times during the past million years have advanced and retreated over the earth. If they are right, the world is now heading into another Ice Age. It will come not as sudden catastrophe, but as the inevitable culmination of a process that has already begun in northern oceans.
As Ewing and Donn read the evidence, an Ice Age will result from a slow warming and rising of the ocean that is now taking place. They believe that this ocean flood — which may submerge large coastal areas of the eastern United States and western Europe — is going to melt the ice sheet which has covered the Arctic Ocean through all recorded history. Calculations based on the independent observations of other scientists indicate this melting could begin, within roughly one hundred years.
It is this melting of Arctic ice which Ewing and Donn believe will set off another Ice Age on earth. They predict that it will cause great snows to fall in the north — perennial unmelting snows which the world has not seen since the last Ice Age thousands of years ago. These snows will make the Arctic glaciers grow again, until their towering height forces them forward. The advance south will be slow, but if it follows the route of previous ice ages, it will encase in ice large parts of North America and Europe. It would, of course, take many centuries for that wall of ice to reach New York and Chicago, London and Paris. But its coming is an inevitable consequence of the cycle which Ewing and Donn believe is now taking place.
The coming of another Ice Age is an event serious scientists have never been able to predict from observable Earth phenomena. For until Ewing and Donn postulated their new Theory of Ice Ages (it was first published in Science in June 1956 and a second report appeared in May 1958) the very nature of the problem seemed to defy the kind of scientific understanding which makes prediction possible.
Scientists know that the glaciers which stand quiet in the Arctic today once covered America with a wall of ice up to two miles thick — its southern boundary extending from Long Island across New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and the Dakotas to the Missouri River, with extensions into the western mountain country … that it covered northern Europe, England, large parts of France and Germany … that it created the Great Lakes, the Hudson and St. Lawrence Rivers … that it moved mountains, crashed down forests, destroyed whole species of life.
They also know that it is cold enough at the Arctic for glaciers to grow today, but almost no snow has fallen there in modern times. What caused those snows that built the Ice Age glaciers until their own height forced them to march, and what caused them finally to retreat? And why has the earth been swinging back and forth between Ice Ages and climate like today’s for a million years, when before then the entire planet enjoyed a temperate climate with no extremes of hot or cold? Scientists could answer these questions only in terms of sudden catastrophe — a volcanic eruption, the earth’s movement into a cloud of cosmic dust — and unpredictable catastrophes are not the concern of contemporary science. Few scientists had even worked on the problem in recent years.
It was only by a combination of lucky circumstance and persistent curiosity that Ewing and Donn as a team began working steadily on the Ice Age Mystery. As Director of Lamont Geological Observatory, located on top of the New York Palisades over the Hudson River, Ewing teaches theoretical geophysics and directs research in earthquake seismology, marine geology and biology, and oceanography. Donn teaches geology at Brooklyn College and directs the research in meteorology at Lamont. Since the two men live twenty miles apart and were occupied all day, they would often meet at eleven at night in a deserted laboratory at Columbia University — midway between their homes — and work into the morning on the Ice Age trail.
Source: Betty Friedan, Harper’s | <urn:uuid:1a0176ba-1510-4d56-b9ad-3c3bab80df4e> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://weathernewsblog.wordpress.com/1958/09/01/the-coming-ice-age-a-true-scientific-detective-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647768.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322034041-20180322054041-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.959829 | 990 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Welcome to Year 2!
Welcome to Miss Dearden and Miss Barranca's Year 2 class page! Here you can find out all about our learning in Year 2. Here you can find out all about what we have been learning and how to support your child at home. We will be updating this page regularly so check back to see what we have been up to!
It is important for your child's development to read at least 3 times a week. Reading helps children to develop a wider bank of vocabulary which they use in their writing. They are expected to read their school book 3 times before they change it so that they have understood what they have read. We would encourage children to read other books as well if they would prefer.
To help children to understand what they have read, it is good to ask them questions, talk about the characters and think about what might happen next.
If you would like support to know what kind of questions to ask your child when they are reading, please click the link below for ideas.
PE will usually be on a Wednesday and a Friday but PE lessons sometimes change. Children are expected to have their PE in school everyday.
PE kit should consist of:
Any child with earrings that cannot be removed will not be taking part in PE.
The Highway Rat - Julia Donaldson
To prepare for our school trip, we have been learning all about the scoundrel 'The Highway Rat' who is a baddie and a beast. The children have painted wonderful pictures, written detailed descriptions and have even started an investigation into where he has disappeared to!
Below are some photographs showing our WANTED posters and our evidence collecting board.
Please use the link below if you would like to listen to Julia Donaldson reading 'The Highway Rat'
Half Term Homework: Design a trap to catch The Highway Rat.
I have asked the children to design or invent a trap to catch The Highway Rat. It can be:
Anything that shows how they might be able to catch him! | <urn:uuid:95b247e5-01e7-45da-bcad-2ca8bc0c8e4f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.stoswalds.worcs.sch.uk/year-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591718.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720154756-20180720174756-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.969205 | 412 | 3.25 | 3 |
Most American teens may see a pool as a chance for a swim or lazy summer relaxation, but one group of California high school students envisions swimming pools as a new source of electricity to power U.S. schools, homes and businesses.
Their energy solution relies upon the power of thermoelectric panels capable of harnessing the temperature difference between a hot surface and the cold water. That could do much more than just power household devices — huge floating farms of the devices might create electricity for energy-hungry coastal towns and cities.
"As this device floats on water, reflector panels focus sunlight onto a black surface that converts the solar energy to heat," said Anthony Silk, a math teacher and adviser to the Harker School team in San Jose, Calif. "This heat is then passed through thermoelectric panels and passively dissipated into the surrounding water."
The sophomores, juniors and seniors on the Harker School InvenTeam saw thermoelectric devices as a way of tapping into "the graveyard" of heat energy that usually ends up wasted. They also realized that water could act as the ideal cooling source to offset sun-warmed material and create the temperature difference needed for the thermoelectric panels.
"Our first thoughts incorporated thermoelectrics into clothing and around computers," Silk told InnovationNewsDaily. "But as we progressed, we sought to harness the most basic gradient between the sun and water."
The student team set out to make their first device for school swimming pools, and soon ended up balancing ideal designs against budget limits. They cut the number of panels they originally wanted by half, but were able to buy off-the-shelf thermoelectric panels. Soltec, a maker of solar absorbent coating, sent samples to help maximize the amount of heat absorbed by the device.
Most recently, the students represented one of 14 student teams participating in the Open Minds exhibition held by the National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance at the Exploratorium museum in San Francisco on March 23. They had received an invitation from the NCIIA and Lemelson-MIT Program.
"As inventors, we look forward to getting feedback about our device and potentially even obtaining further sponsorship and funding from venture capitalists ," Silk explained before the event. "We are also interested in taking a look at the other inventors and their devices for inspiration on how to improve our device further."
Future tests include changing the angles of the sunlight reflectors to boost power generation. The team also wants to try out a transparent Lexan plastic pyramid to see whether it prevents enough heat loss to offset the limits on sunlight reaching the device's heat-absorbing surface.
A finished product should be ready by the time of the EurekaFest held at MIT in June, Silk said. The team has a $9,110 grant from the Lemelson-MIT Program's InvenTeam initiative, and is being sponsored by Lenyard Food Service for the trip to EurekaFest.
The Harker School InvenTeam suggested that fellow inventors should "plan, commit and execute" to succeed. Having a timeline has helped keep the team focused on the task, even if certain details of the invention have evolved over time.
"You have to give your heart and soul into the project," Silk said. "This includes sacrificing playing video games and hanging out with friends to work on your project. You have to be thinking about the subject 24-7."
This story was provided by InnovationNewsDaily, a sister site to LiveScience. You can follow InnovationNewsDaily Senior Writer Jeremy Hsu on Twitter @ScienceHsu. Follow InnovationNewsDaily on Twitter @News_Innovation, or on Facebook. | <urn:uuid:25bd63e1-334e-474a-bbbe-909d30a248b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.livescience.com/19297-students-swimming-pool-power.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529472.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420080927-20190420102927-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.955396 | 767 | 3.46875 | 3 |
CHAPTER 2. Aerodynamics
At a constant air speed, the amount of thrust determines whether an aircraft climbs, fl ies level, or descends. With the engine idle or shut off, a pilot is descending or gliding down. Maintaining a constant airspeed, when enough thrust is added to produce level fl ight, the relative wind stream becomes horizontal with the Earth and the AOA remains about the same. As described for the airplane in the Pilotís Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, thrust equals total drag for level fl ight. [Figure 2-20]
When in straight and level, unaccelerated fl ight:
Lift (L) = Weight (W)
Thrust = Total Drag (DT)
At a constant airspeed, when excess thrust is added to produce climbing fl ight, the relative air stream becomes an inclined plane leading upward while AOA remains about the same. The excess thrust determines the climb rate and climb angle of the fl ightpath. [Figure 2-21]
When in straight and climbing, unaccelerated fl ight:
Lift (L) = Component of weight that opposes lift
Weight (W) = Resultant force (FR) of lift (L) and excess
thrust to climb (TE)
Thrust = Total drag (DT) plus rearward component of weight
Thrust Required for Increases in Speed
Above the lowest total drag airspeed [Figure 2-18], faster speeds (lower angles of attack) for level and climbing fl ight requires greater thrust because of the increased drag created from the faster speeds.
AOA is the primary control of increasing and decreasing speeds, and increasing thrust generally does not produce higher speeds, but additional thrust is required to maintain level fl ight at higher speeds.
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Grab this Headline Animator | <urn:uuid:4414c467-30c9-40e6-9d78-7a441e36a4a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://avstop.com/ac/weight_shift_control/2-10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320270.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624170517-20170624190517-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.892081 | 392 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Few woodland creatures can stop a person in his or her tracks as fast as the skunk. If you know anything about skunks, you realize that this reaction comes from a healthy respect for the animal's ability to spray an extremely smelly fluid at anyone who bothers it.
Humans are not the only ones who wisely stay out of the skunk's range. When that potent spray hits, it leaves a lasting impression, and few creatures risk a second encounter. The skunk's defense is so effective that it is seldom attacked; however, coyotes and the great-horned owl do occasionally kill and eat the small mammal.
Five species of skunks are found in Texas, but you probably won't ever meet one kind – the hooded skunk – unless you live in the Big Bend region. It is considered a Mexican species and has been seen only in Brewster, Presidio, Jeff Davis, Terrell, and Val Verde counties. The other four are the spotted, striped, and two species of hog-nosed skunks.
If you were asked to describe a skunk, you probably would say that it is black with a broad, white stripe that runs from the top of its head to the tip of its tail. That's the way skunks are drawn in cartoons, but in reality, this description fits only the hog-nosed and the relatively rare Gulf Coast hog-nosed skunks in Texas. These two are very similar in looks but the Gulf Coast species has a narrower stripe down its back and is the largest of all North American skunks. It is found in the area from Brownsville north along the coast to Aransas Pass and has been recorded in Aransas, Brooks, Cameron, Kleberg, Nueces, and Webb counties. If you live in the Edwards Plateau region of Central Texas, the Chisos, Davis, or Guadalupe mountains of the Trans-Pecos, or the Big Thicket area of East Texas, you will be in the range of the hog-nosed skunk. Its hoglike habit of rooting around for food has caused it to be called the "rooter skunk," and you may see signs of its plowing and rooting.
A small white spot on its forehead and another in front of each ear gives the spotted skunk its name. Four stripes extend from its head down its back and additional white stripes and spots are found on other parts of its body. This skunk is an excellent mouse catcher, and you may find it denned in or near a barn. Occasionally the spotted skunk develops a taste for eggs and chickens, which makes it an unwelcome guest on the farm.
The striped skunk has a white stripe that starts at the top of its head, splits at the neck, and extends down each side of its body. The width of this stripe and the amount of white on the tail may vary from one skunk to another. This species has been found in all parts of the state.
Have you ever wondered what a skunk eats? Studies show that at least half of its year-round diet is insects and grubs. Bees and wasps, as well as their larvae, honey, and nests, also are favorite items on the menu. Mice and other rodents fill in one-fourth of the diet, and vegetable matter one-tenth. A mixture of spiders, reptiles, amphibians, birds and their eggs, millipedes, and centipedes rounds out the menu.
Although many of its eating habits are quite helpful to man, its defensive spray makes it an undesirable visitor. Let's take a closer look at the skunk's spraying system and how it works.
Two musk sacs or glands contain the foul-smelling ammunition – a clear, golden-yellow sulphide fluid known as n-butyl mercaptan. These glands are located just inside the anal tract on either side of the skunk's rectum. The odor of this liquid is enough to discourage most enemies, but in addition to the awful smell, it also burns and stings when it touches the skin. A direct hit in the face causes painful but temporary blindness and severe inflammation of the eyes, nose, and mouth. Choking, coughing, some degree of nausea, and possible fainting also may result.
The musk is discharged from the glands through two ducts (tubes for carrying the fluid) that are hidden within the rectum when not in use. As the tail is raised, these nozzlelike ducts stick out for service and can be shot separately in any direction at any height. Don't think you are safe from the spray just because the skunk’s rear is pointing in the other direction. Although it usually turns to fire, the animal can shoot to the right, left, front, and back without turning around. It also may rear up on its front legs, as if doing a handstand, and spray forward over its head.
If you think the skunk can fire its weapon only once, you are in for a bad surprise. Each gland holds about one tablespoon of the thick, oily musk, and it can be released in controlled amounts to give the animal five or six shots from each gland. Once the supply runs out, several days are needed to completely refill the musk sacs, but they are workable in about a day.
Although the distance at which a skunk can accurately hit its target varies, anything within ten to twelve feet of the animal is usually in range. With a little help from the wind, more distant targets can be hit. Remember this, and don't get too close when you watch this creature.
Many naturalists believe that a skunk cannot use its spray if it is held suspended by the tail. Even though this may be true, getting close enough to pick up the skunk to make it harmless is dangerous business, and you should think about the time when the skunk has to be put down. You can't hold one by the tail forever.
Since the skunk usually is a gentle, nonaggressive creature that only uses its terrible weapon for defense, the best way for you to avoid its spray is to leave the animal alone. When threatened, the skunk may give three warnings before actually spraying. First, it lowers its head, arches its back, and lifts its tail, except for the tip, which hangs limp. If the enemy doesn't back off, the skunk then rapidly stamps its front feet. Finally it lifts the tip of the tail and prepares for battle. However, if surprised or threatened, the skunk shoots immediately without warning.
If you happen to meet a skunk in the woods, stand as still as possible for a few minutes. As soon as the animal feels you are no threat, it will go about its business, and you can quietly slip away without being sprayed. However, if you or the family pet are unlucky enough to clash with a skunk, you might like to know that although there are many home remedies to remove skunk smell, apple cider vinegar seems to be the most effective. Rub it directly on the sprayed area before bathing, and soak your clothes in it before washing them.
The best advice to follow is leave skunks alone – baby ones included. Don't let the sight of a cute little skunk tempt you into trying to pick it up.
Young skunks are able to spray by the time they are seven weeks old, and they won't hesitate to let you have it. Also, they can and will bite. According to the Texas Department of Health, skunks are the primary carriers of rabies in Texas and account for 73 percent of the reported cases. Be especially wary of “friendly” skunks, since one of the characteristics of rabies in wildlife is a loss of fear of humans.
1990 – Skunks: Introducing Mammals to Young Naturalists. The Louise Lindsey Merrick Texas Environment Series, No. 10, pp. 43-46. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. | <urn:uuid:6a171c3c-02e9-4afb-8cdc-34bcf222e493> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/nonpwdpubs/introducing_mammals/skunks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982291592.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195811-00145-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969149 | 1,655 | 2.96875 | 3 |
*Please bid on this task only if you are able to speak fluently English because this is a paper for my literature class. No grammar errors will be accepted*
Request:I need you to write an essay in reference to the article attached which is about Child Poverty: Effects and Solutions. In the pdf you have all the information about how to write the paper. The paper should be written in APA format and it should be 5 pages of Word document. It is essential to understand that this is not a generalized essay. On the first page of the pdf you have the question which needs to be answered in your essay based on the article.
Question which needs to be answered:
Given the “long-term negative impacts associated with child poverty†(McCarty 1), which often persists not only in a person’s lifetime, but possibly in the lifetime of that person’s children (see McCarty 3), how should American society respond and why?
(The answer should be based on the reading)
- Quote and/or paraphrase and work directly with material from all three readings in this reading set.
- Use ideas from the reading set to analyze the situation of Kisha Dawkins’ family, past and present.
- Incorporate ideas that support your position (and why they are convincing) as well as ideas that disagree with your position (and why they are not convincing).
- Define and employ key terms that seem to be central to the arguments of your sources and, therefore, to your argument as well. Primary among these key terms is poverty. You may choose your own key terms from the reading set, or select some from this list: social mobility; income inequality; socioeconomic context; social determinant; causal relation; material and social resources; toxic stress; ecologies; and psychologically nourishing.
*** The work will be checked for plagiarism through Turnitin by the professor. It is essential for everything to be free of plagiarism otherwise sanctions will be imposed***
Thank you for your support and looking forward to working with you! | <urn:uuid:611912e0-0fd5-468c-b1cc-d4528326784a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://nursingexpertshelp.com/essay-child-poverty-effects-and-solutions-based-on-an-article/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.939794 | 432 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Hypoxia can be life threatening – for cells and the organism. Hypoxia literally means “low oxygen,” but is defined as a deficiency in the amount of oxygen that reaches the tissues of the body.
It differs from hypoxemia, which means an inadequate amount of oxygen traveling in the blood. Hypoxia may be due to hypoxemia, for example, inadequate amount of oxygen reaches the tissues because there is an inadequate amount of oxygen in the blood.
The lack of oxygen in tissues is also known as “oxygen starvation.” If a complete lack of oxygen occurs in the tissues, it is termed anoxia.
Hypoxia may affect the whole body (generalized hypoxia), or a specific organ or area of the body (tissue hypoxia). It can also be classified as acute or chronic, with acute meaning a rapid onset, and chronic meaning that hypoxia has been ongoing for some time.
Types of Hypoxia
The different types of hypoxia are:
- Hypoxic hypoxia (hypoxemic hypoxia) – In this type of hypoxia, the tissues do not have enough oxygen because there is a lack of oxygen in the blood flowing to the tissues.
- Anemic hypoxia – In the setting of anemia, low hemoglobin levels result in a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen that is breathed in, and hence, a diminished supply of oxygen available to the tissues.
- Stagnant hypoxia (circulatory hypoxia) – This form of hypoxia is caused by inadequate blood flow, which results in less oxygen available to the tissues.
- Histiotoxic hypoxia – With histiotoxic hypoxia, an adequate amount of oxygen is inhaled through the lungs and delivered to the tissues, but the tissues are unable to use the oxygen that is present.
- Metabolic hypoxia – Metabolic hypoxia occurs when there is more demand for oxygen by the tissues than usual. Oxygen may be absorbed, transported, and used properly by the tissues, but due to a condition that raises metabolism, it is still not enough. An example of this is sepsis (a serious and overwhelming infection.)
Symptoms and Signs
The symptoms of hypoxia can vary between different people, and by how long the symptoms have been present. Some of them include:
- Dizziness or fainting (syncope)
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
- Confusion, lethargy, and/or lack of judgment
- Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
- Elevated respiratory rate (tachypnea)
- Euphoria and a sense of well-being
- Tingling, warm sensations
- Elevated blood pressure (hypertension)
- Lack of coordination
- Visual changes, such as tunnel vision
- Elevated red blood cell count (polycythemia) in people with chronic hypoxia
- A bluish tinge to the lips and extremities (cyanosis
Effects of Hypoxia
The organs most affected by hypoxia are the brain, the heart, and the liver. If the hypoxia is severe, irreversible damage can begin within 4 minutes of the onset. Coma, seizures, and death may occur in severe cases. Chronic, milder hypoxia can also cause damage to the major organs of the body.
Causes of Hypoxia
It is not surprising that lung diseases are a significant cause of hypoxia, but there are many other causes as well. Some causes of the specific types of hypoxia include:
- Altitude sickness – The FAA recommends supplemental oxygen for flights over 10,000 feet and over 6,000 feet at night (because a pilot’s vision is very sensitive to low oxygen).
- Lung conditions – Inadequate air exchange in the lungs due to illnesses such as COPD, asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, rheumatoid lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension.
- Hypoventilation – Hypoventilation simply means “not breathing enough.” This can be critical if the brain does not tell the lungs to breathe, such as when under anesthesia, due to a stroke or head injury, as a side effect of medications for pain, or as a reaction to illegal drugs. It can also be “peripheral” due to an airway obstruction that interferes with breathing, such as choking (when a foreign body lodges in the trachea or large airways of the lungs), drowning, suffocation, or in a cardiac arrest when breathing stops.
- Anemia of any cause – This can include iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and chemotherapy-induced anemia.
- Methemoglobinemia – Methemoglobinemia, also known as affinity hypoxia, is an abnormal hemoglobin that doesn’t bind oxygen very well.
- Carbon monoxide poisoning – With carbon monoxide poisoning, hemoglobin is unable to bind oxygen.
- Edema – Edema, a swelling in the tissues (like from heart failure), can limit the ability of oxygen present in the blood to adequately reach the tissues.
- Ischemic hypoxia – Obstruction to the flow of blood carrying oxygen, like from a clot in a coronary artery (a heart attack), can prevent the tissues from receiving oxygen.
The treatment of hypoxia will depend upon the underlying cause. While you and your doctor are working together to determine the cause, she may recommend oxygen therapy if you are short of breath or having other symptoms suggestive of moderate or severe hypoxia. If your symptoms are severe, mechanical ventilation with a ventilator may be needed.
However one also needs to address lifestyle risk factors like sleep positions, mouth breathing, overeating, insufficient or incorrect physical exercise, nutritional deficiencies, and many others, in order to achieve changes in breathing patterns and sufficient oxygen in our cells.
Image courtesy: healthtap.com , | <urn:uuid:8de649e4-0a61-4f79-9445-abf6c2690376> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://ethnichealthcourt.com/what-is-hypoxia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153931.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730025356-20210730055356-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.924703 | 1,263 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Faulkner uses setting to evoke the class distinctions that fuel Snopes’s deep resentment. The Snopes family lives in dire circumstances that are vastly different from the lifestyles of the landowning families for whom they work as sharecroppers, and the story hinges on Snopes’s destruction of property and violation of the home. Once content with avenging perceived injustices by burning a landowner’s barn, thus compromising his livelihood, Snopes begins avenging the vaguer wrongs that he feels he has endured simply by virtue of his poverty. At the de Spains’ opulent home, for example, he rudely forces his way inside, staining the rug with manure and then destroying it when he is ordered to clean it. He is avenging nothing: the de Spains were strangers when he walked into the house, strangers who had chosen to allow Snopes to reside on their property and sharecrop on their land. The story’s setting, including the Snopeses’ packed wagon and the expansive de Spain estate, highlights the outsider status of the Snopes family and ignites Snopes’s rage.
Another unique aspect of setting in “Barn Burning” is the courthouse, which is simply a general store that is used for legal proceedings. This is the place where justice is meted out to Snopes, where he is punished for avenging the injustices he believes he has endured. The fact that the courthouse isn’t a real courthouse just augments Snopes’s perception that he isn’t treated fairly, and it highlights his status as a rogue outsider—his own vigilante justice is punished in a haphazard fashion, within the law but also outside it. The idea of a courthouse that isn’t a courthouse appears again when Sartoris first sees the de Spains’ home. “Hit’s big as a courthouse,” he thinks to himself as the house comes fully into view. Because the only courthouse Sartoris has seen is likely the inside of the general store, the courthouse to which he compares the house is simply an image he has created in his imagination. His comparison suggests how removed Sartoris is from the world beyond the small sharecropping community in which the Snopes family lives. | <urn:uuid:62143732-c301-46df-881b-4082d813bf85> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/barn-burning/section2.rhtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936469305.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074109-00327-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965127 | 476 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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Here is a program that can be taught to play
tic-tac-toe. It learns from it's mistakes and successes to improve
it's play over time. This is the virtual world version of
a game that uses 304 match boxes representing the possible unique board positions
for the 1st player. Each match box has a diagram of the board that
it represents, and colored beads. Each bead color uniquely identifies an available cell on the board.
For the machine move, a bead is selected randomly from
the box representing the current board configuration (one color for
each available space on the board) and an X placed
in that square. The machine always plays first and uses X's.
The boxes used remain open and the bead selected remains on top of the
box, At the end of the game, if X wins, it is rewarded by adding
beads of the selected colors to each open box. If it loses,
the machine is punished by removing the beads that led to the
The program learns by playing
against human or computer opponents.
Background & Techniques
This is another program based on an article
in Martin Gardner's The Colossal Book of Mathematics.
He describes the Naughts and Crosses machine designed by Donald Michie in
1961. Dr. Michie was a professor at the University of
Edinburgh, where tic-tac-toe is known as Naughts and Crosses.
(Actually all Brits know tic-tac-toe as Naughts and Crosses.) He called his machine MENACE
(Matchbox Educable Naughts And Crosses Engine).
Gardner devotes a full chapter to the machine, so I'll just present an
outline here. Michie placed 4 beads for each of the 9 colors
representing the 9 available cells in the initial move boxes, 3 beads for
each of the 7 available cells for the machine's 2nd move, 2 beads for
each of the 5 available cells for the machine's 3rd moves, 1 bead
for each of the 3 available cells for the machine's 4th move. A 5th
move might be required to fill in the last available cell, but we didn't
need matchboxes and beads for that case since there is only one
the machine won, each open box was rewarded with 3 beads of the color on
top of the box. For draws, the reward was one bead; and for losses
the bead on top of the open boxes was confiscated.
Michie reports that he trained his machine in 220 games, being
beaten by the machine in 8 of the last 10 games. He probably
played intelligent games to train it that rapidly. My computerized
version takes 1000 or 2000 games to learn how to play well
when playing against a computerized opponent that always plays randomly in
any open cell. Or maybe there's just a bug in the program that
makes my machine a slow learner.
Non-programmers can jump to the bottom of the
page to download the executable version of the machine.
Notes for Programmers
The main problems solved were:
|Selecting a representation of board configurations. My
original design used 2 bits to represent the state of each of the 9
board positions forming an 18 bit integer. I decided this was
overkill, and made debugging difficult so I switch to using a 9
character string made up of X, O, and - characters. Much simpler
and fast enough. A TWeight record was defined to
contain information about the beads associated with each box.
The boxes are kept a Stringlist, Positions, and the Objects
property holds pointers to the TWeight records.|
|Generating the virtual matchboxes - Gardner says that the Michie
machine used 300 matchboxes. It took a while but I finally got
down to 304 boxes. There are 2201 non-winning positions
presented to the first player in the first four moves. The
transforms described below reduce this to 304 positions. Note
that the 2201 positions would work just fine in the computerized
version, probably faster than using the transform procedure. I
wanted to get down to 300 boxes "just for fun". |
Procedure GenNext generates a list of positions.
The transform version takes several seconds, so the resulting list is
saved to a file named Positions.str and only recreated when the
file does not exist.
|The 2201 true board positions are transformed into the 304 virtual
matchboxes by rotating and/or flipping the board. I ended
up with 7 transforms, (8 counting the identity transform):
- rotate right 90 degrees
- rotate left 90 degrees
- rotate 180 degrees
- mirror (vertical flip, exchange 1st and 3rd rows)
- mirror + left 90
- mirror + right 90
- mirror + 180
Each transform is defined by a 9 digit array with the new index
positions for each of the input cells. This happens in procedure
Transform. An inverse transform procedure, InvTransform,
exists for putting transformed boards back in their original
configuration after a move has been made. All of the transforms
are symmetric except for rotate-left and rotate-right. For the
other 5, performing the transform a second time get us back to the
|Selecting a move based on the relative frequency of the bead colors
in a box is a little tricky. It's probably
easiest to explain the procedure with an example: Assume we have
1 red bead, 2 blue beads and 3 green beads to choose from, represented
by the array [1,2,3]. We want to simulate putting them all in a
hat and drawing one randomly. I do it by summing the
number of beads (6), selecting a random number in the range 1 to total
beads, say 4, and running through the array of bead counts
accumulating partial sums, until the partial sum is equals or exceeds
our random number. In this case partial sums are 1, 3 and
6 so 6 is the first partial sum exceeding our random number so we select the third entry and place our X in the position
represented by the green bead. |
At startup time we create a 3X3 array of Tedit components to represent
the playing board. An OnClick exit records opponent
moves. The machine moves by using function FindTransform
procedure to locate the Position list entry that corresponds to the
current board configuration. The Objects property in
the list contains a pointer to a TWeightRec record that has the
bead counts we'll use to make the move.
Quite a bit more to explore here if you are interested.
Addendum November 23, 2004: As a viewer recently
reported, on occasion. the beads remaining in a box seem to get out of
sync with the available open cells. This could result in the machine
placing its X in an occupied cell. I haven't found the cause of the
problem yet but did post a new version today that bypasses the
erroneous result. The problem was only detectable during
manual play when the machine would occasionally overwrite your blocking
"O" with his "X" and claim a win
Running/Exploring the Program
Suggestions for Further Explorations
||Would a smarter opponent train the program
faster? It bothers me that this program is such a slow learner
compared to Michie's version.
would be nice to highlight the list entry used to make each move.
list of board positions (matchboxes) must be sorted in order to
efficiently find our current position. It would more
pleasing if the level numbers were pre-pended to the key data when the
list is built and when doing look-ups so that entries appeared in move
|Original: June 10, 2002
Modified: May 18, 2009 | <urn:uuid:2d341431-8dc7-43a2-9eb1-caae7a95d793> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.delphiforfun.org/Programs/tic_tac_toc_machine.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986423.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00299-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915383 | 1,756 | 2.75 | 3 |
How to Prune (and not Prune) Large Trees
Large trees growing near homes and other structures can be dangerous during windy weather, especially if they have wounds, rot or weak branch connections. However, far too many healthy large trees are damaged by incorrect pruning. Simply reducing the height of a large tree does not necessarily make it safer. In fact, improper pruning can make a large tree even more dangerous.
Large trees such as fir, pine, maple, oak, and ash grow naturally to heights of 70 feet or more. With the exception of older poplar or cottonwood trees, they are not dangerous just because they have reached their normal mature size.
If you are concerned about wind damage to trees, the best way to prune them is to open them up by removing some of the inner branches so that wind can blow through the trees more readily. This practice is called “wind sailing” because it allows the wind to sail through with less resistance. Wind sailing is not recommended for large spruce and cypress trees, but it is for firs, pines and most deciduous trees. If there is good reason for reducing the height of large trees, they can usually be reduced up to 25% with proper pruning. A large branch can be shortened back to a side branch which is at least one third the size of the branch being shortened. This is sometimes called “drop crotch” pruning. The crotch is the point where two branches connect. If major branches are simply stubbed off at an arbitrary length without regard to side branches, severe damage can occur. If a weak or damaged branch does not have appropriate side branches, it is better to remove it completely back to its origin.
Needle evergreen trees should never have the center trunk topped or shortened. Stubbing or “topping” large branches of broad leaf trees causes them to produce many weak “water sprout” branches which grow straight up. These water sprouts grow very rapidly, quickly reaching the tree’s previous height in a year or two. Because of their weak connections to the larger branches, they are very subject to breakage. The wounds created by stubbing large branches are more subject to insect and disease infection. Some branches will die back, creating an even larger target for infection. The multitude of small branches growing like a witch’s broom on the end of bare larger branches destroys the natural shape and beauty of the tree.
Large poplars and/or cottonwood trees (including the new hybrid poplars) should not be planted close to structures. Their wood is more subject to wind damage than slower growing trees. Large branches are more likely to break regardless of how they are pruned.
If you are concerned about the health or danger of large trees, get an arborist to inspect them. We provide free tree assessment consultations. | <urn:uuid:d3c67362-4add-4620-8328-04984ab863b1> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://blogs.columbian.com/gardening-with-allen/2014/08/04/prune-prune-large-trees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824624.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00298-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959739 | 591 | 3.390625 | 3 |
A team of astronomers have found at least 70 planets wandering around space without a host star. Located approximately 420 light-years away from us, this cluster of rogue planets is by far the largest group that has ever been discovered.
Since the majority of planets are detected by gravitational tugs on their host stars or by stellar brightness dips by them passing in front of them (this is known as transiting), the fact that so many worlds have been found without a star is absolutely incredible as they are very hard to spot.
In fact, the manner in which rogue planets are normally found is by a technique known as gravitational microlensing where the planets move in front of stars located in the background. Interestingly, that is not how the astronomers found these new rogue planets. Instead, they studied data and imagery collected over a 20-year period by several ground and space telescopes that include the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile, Japan’s Subaru Telescope in Hawaii, the European Space Agency’s Gaia Spacecraft, and the Dark Energy Camera on the 4-meter Victor M. Blanco Telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile.
According to their study, the astronomers detected infrared energy being produced by 70 to 170 giant gas rogue planets. The exact number is still in question as there are several variables that need to be looked at first, such as the objects that are at least thirteen times larger than Jupiter that are probably not planets and are more than likely brown dwarfs (or “failed stars”). Additionally, they have not calculated the masses of the exoplanets as of yet.
In a statement, Núria Miret-Roig, who is an astronomer at the Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux in France and the University of Vienna in Austria, said, “We did not know how many to expect and are excited to have found so many.” “We measured the tiny motions, the colors and luminosities of tens of millions of sources in a large area of the sky.” “These measurements allowed us to securely identify the faintest objects in this region, the rogue planets.”
And a lot more research needs to be conducted, such as how rogue planets are formed – are they created all alone in space, or were they once part of a solar system but somehow got ejected?
This new discovery seems to suggest that there could possibly be a lot more rogue planets in our Milky Way Galaxy than previously thought and they may even be more common than planets that have host stars. But it’s just a thought for now as that hypothesis has not been proven. A photo of some of the rogue planets can be viewed here.
The study was published in the journal Nature Astronomy.
The post Record-Breaking Number of Rogue Planets Discovered first appeared on Mysterious Universe. | <urn:uuid:46ef7926-7708-4b5a-a187-68c2f9449b88> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.thecontroversialfiles.net/record-breaking-number-of-rogue-planets-discovered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300533.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117091246-20220117121246-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.972709 | 595 | 3.625 | 4 |
In spite of the increase in the number of Distance Learning Programs (DLP) offered by higher education institutions, not all programs have been successful. Successful programs use different types of media resources for instructional delivery. An understanding of the factors affecting decisions related to the type and number of teaching media resources used in successful DLP could provide valuable information not only to those two-year colleges currently offering DLP but also to those planning to offer them in the future. Unfortunately, the majority of the research efforts done in the past focused on DLP in four-year colleges and universities and not on two-year community colleges. Information on the key factors affecting these decisions from the two-year college perspective could help them in budgeting and planning new or enhanced distance learning programs, make an efficient allocation of resources and also give hints on how to improve the competitiveness of the college in a rapidly growing industry. Limited Dependent Variable models were used in this study to analyze quality, technology and experience as factors affecting these decisions made by two-year colleges. It was found that the set of statistically significant factors affecting the decision to use a specific type of media used is not the same for each type of media. It could also be noted that these factors affect differently the decision to use a given number of teaching media resources.
Quality, Technology, Experience and the Use of Media Resources in Distance Learning Programs by Two-Year Community Colleges
INTRODUCTIONIn the past decades, we have experienced rapid demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle changes. Examples include more participation of women in the labor market, additional two income families, declining birth rates, increased number of one-person households, more women in executive positions, higher life expectancy, and higher standards of living.All these changes, in one way or another, have increased the importance of the 'nontraditional" student (full-time employed, more mature, not able to attend regular classroom classes, with family responsibilities, goal-oriented) within the college student population. This increasing number of non-traditional college students has increased the demand for "non-traditional" educational programs, among them Distance Learning Programs (DLP). Distance learning provides access to many more students thanj ust offering higher... | <urn:uuid:d44eb3d0-8569-4d13-9ad5-4287faeb2661> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://law-journals-books.vlex.com/vid/quality-distance-learning-colleges-62895353 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706628306/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121708-00013-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955825 | 448 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Simply put, inflation is the decline in the purchasing power of a currency. If your dollars’ purchasing power decreases, you can buy fewer things with the same amount of money. As long as the cost of goods and services increases by no more than 2% each year, that is considered suitable for the economy since it stimulates demand, which in turn increases production and supply, creating healthy conditions for “competition” within the economy. Usually, when inflation rises at above-average rates without wage increases corresponding to that inflation, problems arise.
In February 2022, two key inflation indicators, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Producer Price Index (PPI), reached 7.9% and 10.0%, respectively. In February 1980, when 14.8% of the CPI index increased, the increase marked the steepest yearly increase since The Great Inflation.
Several factors can cause inflation to affect the commercial real estate market (CRE).
Inflation Impacts Supply and Demand
It can be challenging to keep development costs low when the cost of purchasing and producing is rising. Can you recall when lumber prices skyrocketed to $1,500 per thousand board feet in May 2021? The combined effect of that and increasing labor costs can eventually slow down new construction and limit the future supply of real estate. This is one of the many causes why development projects are often considered high-risk investment opportunities. They are subject to shifting prices, timelines, labor shortages, supply chain issues, and permitting, among other topics.
New construction is often stunted (whatever the reasons are), which sometimes increases the value of existing inventory, especially if the property type is in high demand. In 2021, the industrial and multifamily asset classes mainly saw record-breaking price appreciation and cap rate compression due to increased demand and moderate overall supply.
The value of properties can rise more than twice as fast in markets with excessive demand than in periods of average inflation. If the cap rates remain relatively constant, the value of properties can increase even more.
Cash flows lose their real value as a result of inflation.
Operations costs such as maintenance, utilities, and insurance can also be affected by inflation. When the costs of maintaining a property increase, the cash flow can decrease. The dollar’s purchasing power is also a factor that can negatively impact cash flow, even if the flow remains constant. This can also affect investors’ returns. The inflation rate, for instance, may only make a dollar “worth” $0.93, or even $0.80, based on its earning potential.
As the dollar’s purchasing power falls, property owners who can increase their net operating income (NOI) by rising rents may be able to significantly boost their cash flows and, ultimately, their investor returns when the dollar’s purchasing power is lower.
Some asset types that move quickly to market when inflation rises are said to have “inflation resilience.”
Each asset type is affected differently by inflation
According to the CRE industry, inflation resiliency varies from asset class to asset class depending on whether property owners can adjust rental rates frequently and quickly.
An owner who signs a short-term lease is more likely to be able to move rents more quickly to keep pace with inflation. In theory, self-storage, hospitality, and multifamily properties tend to have the shortest lease terms. HOWEVER, an NNN asset that is fully leased on a long term with predetermined rent increases would lock the investment into a rigid rent schedule, leaving no room for it to increase its NOI or offset inflation. Typical examples would be traditional retailers like Starbucks and Walgreens or long-term industrial leases like those with Amazon (20-30 years).
The objective of adjusting the NOI is to increase a property’s cash flow to maintain parity with inflation, helping investors maintain a true sense of the value of future cash flows and, ultimately, maximizing their returns. In transitory periods of high inflation, many investors are usually well positioned due to the long-term appreciation of real estate assets.
Type of investment matters when it comes to real estate
The CRE sector does not provide the same inflation protection as other sectors. Private real estate investments with the highest returns, for instance, include apartment buildings and industrial properties. Due to its shorter-term leases, retail used to act as a great inflation guard, but since COVID-19, many retail businesses have moved online, which has changed the market.
The inflation that affects stock returns tends to help private real estate while hurting public real estate investment trusts, according to a recent whitepaper. The authors of this whitepaper contend that liquidity is a compounding factor in these situations. In general, private commercial real estate is less liquid, so it is better protected in times of economic crisis and inflation. In contrast, public REITs are typically more liquid and produce better returns when markets are strong.
The CRE sector can be a good hedge against inflation, but investors should ensure they are not undervaluing the property or missing out on future revenue.
Philly Home Investor is a full-service real estate investment company specializing in buying residential and commercial properties nationwide. We buy commercial properties and various different asset classes mainly specializing in warehouse and self-storage facilities. | <urn:uuid:f430e9be-0d4b-4cf9-8eee-e63900e6be24> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.phillyhomeinvestor.com/blog/effects-of-inflation-on-commercial-real-estate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103940327.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701095156-20220701125156-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.948906 | 1,085 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) have originated in southeastern China and spread as a cultivated plant worldwide. Many of the loquat genetic resources collected internationally are of unknown origin, and their genetic background requires clarification. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of 95 accessions by using Rad-Seq SNP markers. Data analysis broadly classified loquat into three groups: (1) Japanese and Chinese cultivars and some Japanese strains (wild plants that are not used for commercial cultivation), (2) Vietnamese, Israeli, Greek, USA, and Mexican cultivars and strains, and (3) other Japanese strains. Group 2 is cultivated mostly outside of East Asia and was clearly distinct from the other groups, indicating that varieties of unknown origin with genetic backgrounds different from those of Japanese and Chinese cultivars may have been introduced to Mediterranean countries and North America. Because Japanese and Chinese cultivars belong to group 1, the current Japanese cultivars are derived from genetic resources brought from China. Some of group 1 may have been introduced to Japan before excellent varieties were developed in China, while group 3 may have been indigenous to Japan that have not been introduced by human activities, or may have been brought to Japan by human activities from China.
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) is a diploid species (2n = 34)1 in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Spiraeoideae, tribe Pyreae, subtribe Pyrinae2,3. These fruit trees are cultivated in temperate and subtropical zones worldwide. Among the 20 species in the genus Eriobotrya, E. japonica is the only species used commercially for fruit production4. The origin of loquat is reportedly southeastern China5,6. In 1784, loquat was transferred from China to the National Garden in Paris, France, and in 1787 from China to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England7. Subsequently, loquat was grown on the Riviera, in Malta, French North Africa, and the Near East, where the fruit began to appear in local markets8. There is also a record that it was introduced to California from Japan in 1899 (Fig. 1A), but the details are unknown9.
In Japan, loquat seeds have been discovered in excavations of strata from the Yayoi period (300 B.C.–300 A.D.), when rice cultivation technology was introduced from the continent. Loquat was first described in Japan in 762 in the Shōsōin archives, and was also recorded in the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (the English translation is “The True History of Three Reigns of Japan”) in 90110. Because the current Japanese cultivars were most likely introduced from China about 150–400 years ago (see below), the descendants of the Japanese loquat that predated this introduction are now likely growing as wild strains (wild plants that are not used for commercial cultivation are defined as “strains”). Two possibilities (not necessarily mutually exclusive) have been proposed for the origin of these wild strains11: they may have been introduced from China in ancient times by human activity, or they may have been originally indigenous to Japan. The first possibility is supported by the fact that loquat has no native Japanese name, but only a Sino-Japanese name (a Japanese word of Chinese origin)10. On the other hand, because some wild strains have been found mixed with native plants throughout Japan and are scattered without forming colonies, and cultivars have not been documented to become wild, wild strains are likely indigenous in Japan12. Loquat that grew wild in Japan may not have been actively cultivated for a long time because of the small size and thin flesh of its fruit12, which may explain the lack of a native Japanese name.
Although loquat has existed in Japan for more than 1000 years, the current Japanese cultivars were probably bred and spread from seeds introduced from China in the Edo period (1600–1868)11. Later, the number of cultivars increased through crossbreeding and bud sport mutations, mainly from ‘Mogi’, ‘Tanaka’, and ‘Kusunoki’.
There are still many unknowns in the transmission of loquat, and elucidation of genetic relationships within this species is important and interesting in loquat breeding research. Loquat genetic diversity has been analyzed with SSR markers13,14 and SNP markers15, but the number of markers was small. Genome-wide analysis is crucial for accurate evaluation of genetic diversity. Compared to these conventional methods, whole genome resequencing is the most effective method for studying genetic diversity. However, the cost has not decreased sufficiently to analyze a large number of individuals with whole genome resequencing. Restriction site–associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) is an inexpensive method that can analyze a large number of individuals, and it can analyze a large number of markers compared to conventional methods. We have used RAD-Seq to study the genetic diversity of citrus16,17, firefly18, Japanese pepper19, and razor clam20, to construct the linkage map of bronze loquat21, and to study the phylogenetic relationships among Aurantioideae (citrus and its relatives)22. In this study, we used genome-wide SNP markers obtained by RAD-Seq to analyze the genetic diversity and structure of wild loquat strains from various parts of Japan; Japanese cultivars; and cultivars and strains introduced from China, Vietnam, Israel, Greece, the United States, and Mexico.
Variant detection by mapping of RAD‑Seq data
The double-digest RAD-Seq (ddRAD-Seq) of the 95 samples (Table 1) generated over 2.8 gigabases with 54.6 million single-ended 51-bp reads. Quality-based filtering yielded 95 samples with an average of 0.57 million reads (maximum, 1.1 million reads; minimum, 0.22 million reads) (Supplementary Table S1). The Stacks program constructed new loci with an average coverage depth of 14 times (Supplementary Table S2). The following analysis was performed using data from 1,822 variant sites.
In principal component analysis (PCA), the contributions of the first and second principal components were 17.1% and 9.47%, respectively (Fig. 2). The first principal component separated the accessions into three major groups: (1) Japanese and Chinese cultivars and some Japanese wild strains, (2) cultivars and strains from Vietnam, Israel, Greece, USA, and Mexico, and (3) other Japanese wild strains. The second principal component separated group 3 from the other groups. Wild strains from different parts of Japan were divided into two groups: some formed a separate group (group 3) and some belonged to group 1. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis also divided the accessions into three major groups (Fig. 3) and supported the grouping by PCA.
PCA and MDS analyses indicated the presence of subgroups. In group 1, most of the Japanese cultivars were in the upper right part, and the Chinese cultivars and some of the Japanese cultivars (22–24, 28, 38, and 48) were in the lower left part. In group 2, with some exceptions, country-specific subgroups could be discerned: Greek subgroup (86, 87, 89, and 90), Israeli subgroup (78, 79, 82, 84, and 85), and Vietnamese subgroup (72–77). Accessions from the USA and Mexico (80, 91 and 93–95) seem to be close to the Vietnamese subgroup. One of the US cultivars (60) belonged to group 1.
Cluster analysis was performed using a pairwise distance matrix. The cluster analysis identified the two clades (A and B) (Fig. 4). Group 2 was placed in clade A, and group 1 and group 3 were placed in clade B.
Admixture analysis performed with the number of ancestral populations (K) ranging from 1 to 10 (Fig. 5, Supplementary Fig. S1) clearly divided the accessions into three groups, which strongly supports the PCA and MDS results. Reflecting the presence of subgroups as described above, the most likely number of ancestral populations was 7 (Supplementary Fig. S1). No gene flow from other groups was detected in group 3, which consisted of Japanese wild strains.
Population genetic statistics
Estimation of the degree of genetic diversity among the three groups using the Fst values (Table 2) showed that groups 1 and 3 were the genetically closest pair, as indicated by the lowest Fst value, and groups 2 and 3 were the genetically most distant pair. The mean values of nucleotide diversity (π) and mean expected heterozygosity (He) were highest in group 2, followed by group 1 (Table 3, Supplementary Table S3). The mean value of inbreeding coefficient (Fis) was lowest in group 3, whereas the Fis values for groups 2 and 3 were similar to each other.
The heterozygosity of each individual was calculated (Supplementary Table S4). Twenty-five individuals exhibited relatively low heterozygosity with a value below 0.15. All 11 individuals (61–71) in group 3 and 6 Japanese wild strains (52–54, and 57–59) in group 2 were in this low heterozygosity group.
Elucidation of the process of asexual reproduction
Several cultivars have been generated through asexual reproduction, as in the case of a bud sport mutation. To examine whether the parent cultivar and its possible child cultivar were derived from a single tree by a somatic mutation, we checked the conservation of heterozygosity using pairwise alignments (Table 4, Supplementary Fig. S2). The conservation ratio of heterozygous sites between technical replicates was above 90%, which is the criterion17 for determining the combinations of the parent–child cultivars derived by asexual reproduction. Consistent with the available records23, ‘Tanaka’ (46) was a parent of ‘Morimoto’ (37). Heterozygous sites were conserved among ‘Amakusagokuwase’ (22), ‘Amakusawase’ (23), and ‘Moriowase’ (38). According to oral tradition, ‘Moriowase’ is the oldest, so ‘Amakusagokuwase’ and ‘Amakusawase’ are its descendants. Although the records10 claim that ‘Moriowase’ (38) is a bud sport mutant of ‘Mogi’ (32), our analysis rejected this possibility because the conservation ratio of heterozygous sites between these two cultivars was only 19.7%.
Our study analyzed the genetic diversity of 95 cultivars and strains of loquat collected from all over the world. On the basis of the analysis of the population structure of 19 Chinese loquat cultivars and strains by RAD-Seq, Hubei Province in China has been suggested as the center of origin of loquat cultivation6. However, the authors have not analyzed the movement of loquats following their introduction from China to other countries and have not verified whether the hypothesis that the cultivation of loquat started in a small area in China24 is correct or not. On the basis of the analysis of samples from around the world, we here propose and discuss a more complex history of loquat cultivation (Fig. 1B).
Although genetic diversity analysis using SSR markers revealed no country-specific cultivar clusters14, the RAD-Seq analysis used in this study allowed for such clusters to be detected. This was possible because more markers are available in RAD-Seq analysis than in conventional SSR marker analysis. RAD-Seq analysis classified the loquat genetic resources into three groups: (1) Japanese and Chinese cultivars and some Japanese wild strains, (2) Vietnamese, Israeli, Greek, US, and Mexican cultivars and strains, and (3) other Japanese wild strains.
Group 2 had the highest mean values of π and He (Table 3). The Fst values (Table 2) showed that group 2 is well separated from groups 1 and 3, which may be due to differences in their place of origin, as discussed below. The Fis value of group 2 was higher than that of the Japanese wild strains (Table 3), which may reflect the fact that group 2 plants have been grown and crossbred by humans.
Group 2 was genetically separated from the Japanese and Chinese loquats. Blasco et al.25 reported that SSR and S-allele markers can distinguish European cultivars from other cultivars. Our results are in good agreement with the above study. Morton8 reported that loquat genetic resources were introduced to the West from China and Japan, but our study does not agree with this report. When plants are preserved in botanical gardens, records are well kept. However, for commercial use, records are not always kept, because the purpose of plant introduction is different. Group 2 plants may have been introduced to the West for commercial cultivation in a different way than they were introduced to botanical gardens.
The place of origin for group 2 may be in China or Japan, although our analysis failed to find any cultivars or strains in group 2 that originated from China or Japan. Unfortunately, the cultivars and strains from China analyzed in this study are not representative of all loquat cultivars from China, and we were unable to analyze cultivars and strains from southern China, such as Yunnan, Guangdong, and Guangxi. Wang et al.6 reported that ‘Younan’ from Guangdong has a close genetic relationship with cultivars from Spain, Italy, and the USA. This suggests that genetic resources from particular regions of China may have been introduced to the West.
The fact that the Vietnamese strains belong to group 2 suggests two possibilities. One is that group 2 originated from Southeast Asian countries other than China, including Vietnam, in particular because cultivars from the USA and strains from Mexico were genetically similar to strains from Vietnam. Interestingly, when group 2 was analyzed in detail, we detected the presence of an Israeli subgroup and a Greek subgroup. They may have originated in Southeast Asian countries other than Vietnam. The second possibility is that cultivars or stains introduced from China and other countries to the USA or France (the former colonial master of Vietnam) were further introduced to Vietnam. Researchers who collected the strains in Vietnam told us that these strains were not used for edible fruit, even though they grew near houses. These plants may have been cultivated in Vietnam as ornamental trees or to be offered to Westerners. Thus, group 2 cultivars are likely to originate from various places.
The differences in taste preferences between the Greek, Israeli, American, and Mexican people and the Japanese and Chinese people may have influenced cultivar differentiation. Indeed, many cultivars and strains from Greece, Israel, USA, and Mexico have higher acid content than those from Japan and China26,27. However, differences in taste preferences need to be studied in detail in the future. Although group 2 strains grow in Vietnam, the Vietnamese most likely prefer to eat group 1 fruits because they do not eat group 2 fruits. In Vietnam, loquat imported from East Asia is commercially available.
In group 1, the mean values of π and He were lower than in group 2 but higher than in group 3 (Table 3). The Fst values indicated that group 1 is genetically closer to group 3 than to group 2 (Table 2). The Fis value of group 1 was higher than that of the Japanese wild strains (Table 3), which may reflect the fact that group 1 plants, like group 2 plants, have been grown and crossbred by humans.
The PCA and MDS analyses placed Japanese and Chinese cultivars in the center of the group 1 cluster. The present Japanese cultivars originated from excellent Chinese cultivars introduced at the Edo period (1600–1868) and were further improved in Japan11. The detection of group 1 reflects this proposed history. The cultivars were believed to have been improved through crossbreeding and bud sport mutations, using mainly ‘Mogi’, ‘Tanaka’, and ‘Kusunoki’. However, some samples (22–24, 28, 38, and 48) were not related to these three cultivars. Other cultivars introduced at the Edo period or earlier or gene flow from Japanese wild strains may have contributed to the formation of these six cultivars.
With the exception of these six samples, the central part of the cluster in group 1 was divided into a subcluster of Japanese cultivars and a subcluster of Chinese cultivars. This separation may reflect differences in the breeding process between China and Japan, where mainly ‘Mogi’, ‘Tanaka’, and ‘Kusunoki’ were used. The slight difference in taste preferences between the Japanese and Chinese may have influenced the formation of the two subclusters, but further research is needed to address this issue.
The PCA and MDS analyses placed the Japanese wild strains at the periphery of group 1. Because group 1 contains Chinese cultivars, the wild strains in this group are closely related to plants introduced to Japan from China. These wild strains may be related to plants introduced before the development of excellent cultivars in China, as well as being related to plants described in ancient Japanese documents. Although other possibilities exist for the five wild strains (52, 53, and 55–57) as discussed below, two strains (54 and 58) are possible descendants of plants introduced to Japan before the Edo period. Analysis of wild strains in China could help to solve this problem, but unfortunately we were unable to analyze them. Among these wild samples, sample 59 was closer to cultivars such as Mogi (32–36, 43, 44, 47), which may be related to cultivar escape.
PCA and MDS analyses placed the Japanese and Chinese cultivars and the Japanese wild strains at the bottom of the cluster in group 1. Admixture analysis suggested that gene flow from isolated Japanese wild strains in group 3 may have occurred in these plants. The finding that gene flow from group 3 may have occurred in Chinese cultivars suggests that plants belonging to group 3 may be present in China. Alternatively, these Chinese cultivars may have been placed here under the influence of populations not analyzed in this study, rather than group 3. Gene flow from group 3 may have occurred to Japanese cultivars (22–24, 28, 38, and 48) and wild strains (52, 53, and 55–57). It is interesting that genetic resources belonging to group 3 are not suitable for edible use and do not have useful traits that can be used to develop new varieties, such as disease resistance.
There are two possibilities for the origin of group 3 plants growing in Japan. The first possibility is that these plants are indigenous to Japan that have not been introduced by human activities. Genetic diversity analysis using SSR markers has demonstrated that wild strains and cultivars in Japan are genetically different14, and our data support this conclusion. Group 3 plants growing in Japan had the lowest mean values of π and He (Table 3). The Fst values indicated that group 3 was genetically closer to group 1 than to group 2 (Table 2). A notable feature of group 3 was that the lowest Fis value (Table 3), suggesting that humans may not have played a role in the formation of this group. Admixture analysis detected no gene flow from other groups to group 3, even though groups 1 and 3 were genetically close, suggesting that the ancestors of group 3 were not introduced by humans from China, but were indigenous to Japan. Common plants often grow in laurel forest ecoregions in East Asia. Loquat is found in these ecoregions, and may have been growing in Japan since prehistoric times. If these plants are indigenous to Japan, the problem to be elucidated in the future is whether plants belonging to this group are present in China. The second possibility is that the group 3 plants growing in Japan were brought to Japan by human activities from China over the last few thousand years. Although modern people do not use group 3 plants for edible purposes, we cannot rule out the possibility that people in the past used them for edible purposes. In order to clarify these issues, it would be desirable to test and analyze individuals from southern China, such as those from Yunnan, Guangdong, and Guangxi provinces, as well as from the northern parts of Southeast Asian countries.
In this study, we also examined the contribution of breeding through asexual reproduction, as in the case of bud sport mutations (Table 4). We confirmed the available records of the asexual emergence of ‘Morimoto’ from ‘Tanaka’. We also found that ‘Moriowase’, ‘Amakusawase’, and ‘Amakusagokuwase’ were asexually propagated from a single tree. On the other hand, we rejected the possibility that ‘Moriowase’ originated asexually from ‘Mogi’. The above cultivars determined to have been born by asexual reproduction were very similar in fruit traits to their parent cultivars. Thus, our DNA-level analysis allowed to clarify the origin of some cultivars.
This study demonstrates that RAD-Seq analysis is applicable to the genome analysis of loquat, which has relatively low genetic diversity14. The information obtained here can be used for loquat cultivar identification and DNA profiling, and in genetic research and breeding programs.
The 95 cultivars and strains examined in this study are listed in Table 1. Among them, 24 are Japanese cultivars, including 11 produced by crossbreeding. The Japanese cultivar ‘Morimoto’ is probably bud sport mutant of ‘Tanaka’, and ‘Moriowase’ is probably bud sport mutant of ‘Mogi’. We also examined 21 cultivars from China, 19 Japanese wild strains, 6 strains from Vietnam, 8 cultivars from Israel, 5 strains from Greece, 3 cultivars from the United States of America, and 3 strains from Mexico. All plants were grown at the Nagasaki Prefectural Agricultural and Forestry Technology Development Center, Nagasaki, Japan. These genetic resources were introduced to Japan before 1997. The collectors took the permit, which was required at the time, and obtained the owner's permission. Samples 33–36 were technical replicates of sample 32, and samples 40 and 44 were technical replicates of samples 39 and 43, respectively.
DNA extraction and double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing
Genomic DNA was extracted by the CTAB method28, treated with RNase and then with phenol/chloroform. The concentration of DNA was measured with a Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit (Invitrogen, MA, USA) and adjusted to 20 ng/µl. Libraries for ddRAD-Seq were prepared using the method of Sakaguchi et al.29, which is a modification of the original ddRAD-Seq method30. The libraries were sequenced by Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea) in one lane of a HiSeq 2000 (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The reads corresponding to each sample were provided.
Analysis of ddRAD-Seq data
Adapter sequences and low-quality bases were trimmed using fastp v 0.23.0 with default parameters31. The genome sequence of a Chinese cultivar ‘Seventh star’ was used as the reference32. The BWA-MEM algorithm of Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (version 0.7.17 r1188)33 was used for mapping to the reference genome sequence. The ref_map.pl script implemented in the Stacks package (version 2.55)34 was used for SNP identification and genotyping (with-X “populations: − R 0.7—ordered-export—vcf—plink—phylip—phylip-var—write-single-snp—min-maf 0.05”). For the PCA and MDS analyses, genotyping data were created to specify all the samples by assigning one individual per population. Each Obs_Het value from “poples.sumstats_summary.tsv” was used for the heterozygosity of each individual. This program was also used to create pairwise alignments between two individuals by changing the -R option to one.
For statistical analysis, groups separated by PCA and MDS analyses were considered as separate populations in the population map data required for the Stacks package. The denovo_map.pl script was re-performed after modifying the data for the population map (with − r 0.7-X “populations: -k—ordered-export—vcf—plink—phylip—phylip-var—write-single-snp—min-maf 0.05”).
Principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling analyses and cluster analysis
The SNPRelate package35 in the R software environment (version 4.1.1) and the vcf file generated by the denovo_map.pl script were used for PCA and MDS analyses. The program converted the vcf file into a gds (genomic data structure) file and created a PCA diagram. Then, the contribution of each principal component was calculated. At this step, only bi-allelic loci were used. The program also used the gds file to create an MDS diagram. The resulting images were generated with the basic functions of the R software environment. The SNPRelate program plotted the dendrogram by considering the identity by state (IBS) pairwise distance. Images of the results were generated using the basic functions of R software environment.
The PLINK 2 program (version 1.90p6.21)36 was used to create the input file for the Admixture program. The admixture program (version 1.3.0)37 was used to create a cross between the history of admixture and a hypothetical run with K (number of ancestral populations) = 1 to 10. The cross-validation error plots were drawn using the obtained log data. The basic functions of R software environment (version 4.1.1) and the Q estimate file created by the admixture program were used to draw the admixture plots.
Sequences are available at the DNA Data Bank of Japan Sequence Read Archive (https://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/dra/index-e.html; Accession no. DRA013114).
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This work was partially supported by a KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(C) (18K05624) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). We are grateful to Dr. Shao-Hui Zheng for confirming the English transliteration of the Chinese accession names.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Nagano, Y., Tashiro, H., Nishi, S. et al. Genetic diversity of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) revealed using RAD-Seq SNP markers. Sci Rep 12, 10200 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14358-9 | <urn:uuid:70922969-eba0-4a0b-88ca-dc484351f6b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14358-9/?error=cookies_not_supported | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334915.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926175816-20220926205816-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.917556 | 8,294 | 3.25 | 3 |
In addition to doing homework, your children should spend time reading not only with you, but also on their own. If a child finds pleasure in reading, it will become a lifelong habit.
Let Your Children See You Reading
If your children see you reading regularly, there is a good chance that they will follow your lead and sit down with a book themselves. Set aside some time to talk with them about what each of you is reading. If you have been regularly reading aloud to your children, by school age they'll probably want to read aloud to you, too!
Talk About Your Day
Find time to talk with your children about your respective days—including what they did at school. Even on a night when you are particularly busy, you should still be able to find a time and place to talk. This gives your children a chance to re-teach you what they learned that day.
Encourage Art & Writing
It is great for children to write and/or draw without any educational purpose in mind other than to express themselves. For example, you can encourage your children to write original stories, cards, letters, and invitations to friends and relatives. Keep paper, pencils, crayons, markers, and tape in a convenient location so your children can sit down and use them easily. Research has shown that writing improves a child's reading skills—and vice versa.
Plan One-on-One Time
Plan some activities that you can do with your child—such as an art project. Keep phone call interruptions and media use to a minimum during this special time. Make it a time you are spending with each other. Some children say they wish they could call their parents on the phone, because a phone call or mobile device always gets first priority. See Parents of Young Children: Put Down Your Smartphones.
Use Caution with "Educational" Apps
Even though tablets, computer games, and apps are advertised as "educational," the truth is most of them have not been tested to show that children actually learn from them. They teach very basic skills, so don't assume an "interactive" game will be a good learning experience. Children learn better through creative playtime—where their brain takes the lead, not the app or computer game.
More Suggestions for Parents
Put a map on the wall in your child's bedroom and refer to it frequently. You might ask, "Where does Aunt Linda live?" or "Can you find the city where the President lives?" You can also use the map to talk about history, especially around a historical holiday.
Have a family calendar where you can teach your child to plan ahead and stay organized.
Take your children to your local library and get each of them a library card. Because they use the school library frequently, most children almost instinctively feel at home when they go to the local library.
Find community activities that are pure fun. Despite their recreational nature, these activities can still be viewed as providing support for what is being taught in school. They will broaden your children's experiences and give them something new to write about.
Try reinforcing your child's health education at school by making healthy food choices when you shop. No matter what is taught in the classroom and served in the school cafeteria, your children will be influenced more by watching your own food selections. Actively involving your children in the cooking process—reading recipes and measuring ingredients—can reinforce nutrition education.
Schedule some weekend or after-school activities that are appropriate for the entire family. Swimming, tennis, bicycle riding, and skiing are some of the sports that children can participate in for their entire lives—long after they have left school. Do not overlook walking as a perfect way for the family to enjoy physical activity together. Studies now show that the more children exercise, the better they focus!
Additional Information from HealthyChildren.org: | <urn:uuid:8824e2c8-fa8c-420f-ba2f-d62b792592ff> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/gradeschool/school/Pages/How-to-Reinforce-Your-Childs-Learning.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107898499.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028103215-20201028133215-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.970747 | 790 | 3.671875 | 4 |
On Monday night there will be an incredible supermoon – when the full moon will be at its biggest and brightest for almost 70 years.
At 216,486 miles from us, it will be at its closest since 1948 and will not be this close again until November 2034.
The moon appears larger in diameter because it is closer and because of this it also shines around 30% more light onto the Earth making it unusually bright.
Dr Michael Brown, an astronomer at Monash University, Australia, says that the best way to appreciate the increase in size is to compare it to other objects as it rises explaining: “When the moon is close to the horizon and you can see it next to trees it does look bigger than when it’s up in the sky in isolation.”
Look at sunset
As it is a full moon, it will rise at about the same time as sunset so you don’t have to stay up to see it. If the sky is clear, it will be seen rising in the East as the sun sets in the West – start looking around 4.40pm.
“I’d suggest that you head outside after sunset, or once it’s dark and the Moon is a bit higher in the sky. You don’t have to stay up all night to see it, unless you really want to!” says Noah Petro of NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission.
Photographers may get lucky with an orange/red coloured moon as it reflects the colours of the setting sun, although the moon will a be at its brightest a few hours later when the sky is dark.
Don’t worry if it is cloudy tonight, as it will still be pretty large on the nights either side, just not completely full.
Elliptical orbit causes supermoons
The moon is periodically closer to the Earth as it does not follow a circular orbit around the Earth but an elliptical one bringing the moon closer and further from us during each individual 28 day orbit. Its closest position to earth is called the perigee and its most distant is the apogee.
Full moons occur when the moon is directly on the opposite side of the earth to the sun. Slight changes in the elliptical orbit means that some perigrees, like tonight’s, bring the moon particularly close to the Earth. | <urn:uuid:4bab89dd-a4b2-468e-80f6-6ca201ac52e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.carrickfergustimes.co.uk/news/offbeat/largest-supermoon-in-70-years-visible-tonight-1-7679168 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860041.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618031628-20180618051628-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.946725 | 490 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Wales announces 2021 single-use plastics ban
Image credit: Dreamstime
The Welsh Government has said it will ban single use plastics from next year as part of plans to move the country towards a circular economy.
The Government said the ban would include a wide array of commonly available plastic items including straws, stirrers, cotton buds and cutlery.
It plans to launch a consultation on the proposals in the coming months with restrictions due to come into force in the first half of 2021.
Plastic pollution is rife in Wales, and has a particularly deleterious effect on its beaches and coasts which can cause harm to marine life.
In a 2019 Welsh Government study, a large proportion of litter collected was made up of plastic items.
The Government said the aim of these new measures is to “prevent litter from occurring in the first place, keeping valuable resources in the system and minimising the amount of waste transported to landfill sites”.
Deputy Minister for Housing and Local Government, Hannah Blythyn said: “The single use plastics we want to ban are hard to recycle and often found on the beaches and seas around our coast, blighting our beautiful country and harming our natural and marine environments.
“It is vital we don’t throw away our future – which is why we believe taking this direct action will have a significant impact on changing people’s behaviour and make them think about their waste when ‘on-the-go’.
She added that she want to ensure that citizens “who may be reliant” on some plastic items are not negatively affected by the proposals.
The UK Government has already promised to scrap all “avoidable” plastic waste by 2042 which includes broader proposals than the Welsh Government has announced today.
While single-use plastics have understandably been given a bad reputation in recent years, the Covid-19 outbreak has seen their resurgence in the US due to fears that reusable bags and straws could transmit the virus.
Governors in Massachusetts and Illinois have banned or strongly discouraged the use of reusable grocery bags.
Oregon suspended its brand-new ban on plastic bags this week, and cities from Bellingham, Washington, to Albuquerque, New Mexico, have announced a hiatus on plastic bag bans as coronavirus rages.
The plastics industry has seized the moment and is lobbying hard to overturn bans on single-use plastics by arguing disposable plastics are the safest option amid the crisis.
California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, New York, Oregon and Vermont have state-wide bans on plastic bags, and Oregon and California have laws limiting the use of plastic straws.
New York’s state-wide plastic bag ban is on hold because of a lawsuit.
The Plastics Industry Association recently sent a letter to Alex Azar, head of the US Department of Health and Human Services, and asked him to speak out against plastic bag bans because they put consumers and workers at risk.
Critics argue people with reusable bags do not regularly wash them.
“If those bags coming into the store are contaminated with anything, they get put on the conveyor belt, the counter, and you’re putting yourself in a bad spot,” said Matt Seaholm, executive director of the American Recyclable Plastic Bag Alliance.
“It’s an unnecessary risk.”
Sign up to the E&T News e-mail to get great stories like this delivered to your inbox every day. | <urn:uuid:a456cfee-81ec-4885-a799-c8f0933d0f0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2020/04/wales-announces-2021-single-use-plastics-ban/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663048462.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529072915-20220529102915-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.953626 | 725 | 2.640625 | 3 |
By Austin Sherman, Emery Telcom IT Specialist
Phishing? I thought it was spelled fishing?
In the hacker world, phishing is the attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details (and, indirectly, money), often for malicious reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Phishing is typically carried out by email spoofing or instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter personal information at a fake website, the look and feel of which are almost identical to the legitimate one. Similar in the way that fishermen try to hook fish and reel them in, hackers try to trick unsuspecting computer users to click on a malicious link in an email or on a web page to reel them in to steal their sensitive information.
Tech firm Ubiquiti lost $46 million as a result of a phishing campaign that targeted Ubiquiti’s finance department. The attackers impersonated high level executives to give orders to wire money to the attackers controlled bank accounts.
Ransomware is something that almost everybody that uses a computer has been affected by or they know of somebody being hit by it. Ransomware is often delivered via a phishing email that tries to get the receiver to click on a link that will take the user to a malicious website that will initiate the ransomware download and the encrypting of the users files.
How can we protect ourselves from being phished?
- Be a skeptic when it comes to electronic communication. Be wary of emails asking you to click on links and give personal information.
- Make sure the links contained in the email are what they claim to be. Hover over the link without clicking on it to view the web address.
- Verify the email address, not just the name, that sent the email. If the email says it’s from SomeBank then the email address should be something like [email protected] and not [email protected]. Sometimes you have to dig a little deeper in the email program to see the actual email address that is associated with the email.
- As always, install the latest security updates for your OS and installed applications.
Stay safe out there and don’t get phished! | <urn:uuid:ecf915f6-0bc7-4a81-84b2-b0f412ffbb44> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://etvnews.com/how-to-avoid-being-phished/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038089289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416191341-20210416221341-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.937145 | 459 | 3.25 | 3 |
The mechanical removal of blood clots in acute stroke is highly effective but not suitable for all patients. This is a finding of a recent study presented at the 4th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN 2018; 16–19 June, Lisbon, Portugal). Thrombectomy can also help very old patients age 80 and over to achieve a life free of disabilities following a stroke. But the risks involved are considerable.
Numerous international studies have shown that endovascular treatment is a substantial improvement over purely drug-based therapy. The procedure is especially effective in dealing with extremely long blood clots and large obstructions of the cerebral arteries and often yields positive results: Thanks to this procedure, more than 60% of those treated survive the stroke without any subsequent impairment or with only minor subsequent impairment.
Ary Lopes de Sousa (Lisbon) reported: “More and more study results show the high effectiveness of mechanical removal of blood clots after a stroke. But researchers are still trying to determine the type of patient for whom this relatively new procedure is the best treatment option.”
De Sousa and his colleagues reviewed the treatment success of thrombectomy in more than 200 patients who had suffered an anterior acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and had no or only slight disability prior to this event. The patients were divided into two groups: one with individuals under 80 years old and one with individuals 80 years and older.
In the group of elderly patients age 80 and older hypertension was more frequent, the same goes for transitory ischaemic attacks. The actual treatment did not differ for the two groups, e.g. in terms of the time frame of the revascularisation. But in the older group, two thirds of the patients exhibited a poor functional outcome at three months after the treatment, i.e. they were moderately or severely limited in their ability to handle their daily tasks. The number of impaired individuals was substantially larger there than in the younger group, where just short of half (46%) faced limitations in their everyday lives. On the other hand, one third of the patients age 80 and older were able to handle their everyday lives three months after the treatment with no or mild impairments from the stroke. In terms of death, no difference was observed between the two age groups.
De Sousa: “For patients over 80, thrombectomy appears to be riskier than for younger patients. But one third of the patients over 80 can be fully functional in their everyday lives after the procedure, so we must identify the factors associated with this favourable outcome. This will support us applying this modern procedure efficiently to those individuals among the very old who can benefit from it.” | <urn:uuid:36b11108-8444-4452-aca0-cea949e3a5a4> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://neuronewsinternational.com/thrombectomy-in-acute-stroke-therapy-feasible-for-very-old-patients-but-not-without-risks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527907.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722092824-20190722114824-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.958437 | 558 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This section is from the book "The Gardener's Monthly And Horticulturist V22", by Thomas Meehan. See also: Four-Season Harvest: Organic Vegetables from Your Home Garden All Year Long.
The following article is offered in competition for the $25 special prize offered by Peter Henderson, for the best essay on prevention and destruction of insects under glass:
There are few of the insects that attack plants grown under glass, but such as are to a greater or less extent injurious to the gardener; but in this, as in all other ills that affect plants, prevention is of more importance than cure. One of the most common insects attacking plants is the Aphis or Green fly. In any well regulated greenhouse this should never be seen, for a complete prevention is tobacco, either in solution made by steeping the refuse steins in water until of the color of strong tea, and syringing it on the plants twice a week, or in the form of dust or snuff, which after syringing may be dusted on the plants: or by burning the dampened stems twice a week, in quantity of, say (1) one pound to every 1000 square feet of glass. This last is rather the best method where greenhouses are detached, but when the conservatory is attached to the dwelling, either of the two former will answer.
The next best known enemy to plants under glass is the Red Spider, always found in greatest abundance in a hot and dry atmosphere. When a good force of water is obtainable, so that plants can be syringed by hose, there is little excuse for this insect, for it cannot exist to do much injury where leaves can be forcibly washed by water. When there is not sufficient head of water to syringe by hose, the next best thing is some form of garden engine or hand-syringe, in addition to which the paths and under the branches should be copiously watered so as to counteract the aridity of the air consequent from tire heat. The fumes of sulphur is also destructive to red spider, but this can only be safely applied by painting the hot water sides with sulphur, or if the greenhouse is heated by flue, it is only safe to do so at the cold end, for if sulphur is volatilized in a temperature much higher than 200° it will injure the leaves.
The next insect in importance as injurious to plants under glass is the mealy bug, a pest which has made rapid increase in nearly all greenhouse establishments, of late years, owing to the immense increase in the growing of plants in high temperature for the forcing of flowers in winter. The usual method has been the tedious one of rubbing the insects off with a soft brush; and until recently the scores of substances with which we have tried to destroy the insect either failed to do so, or else in ruining the insect they destroyed the plant. I say until recently, for there is now a certain remedy known as " Cole's insect exterminator." This put on with a Barber's atomizer at once kills the mealy bug, without injuring the most delicate or tender plant. The serious objection to the " exterminator" is its price, which is upwards of $2.00 per quart. A quart, however, is sufficient to go over at least 1000 square feet of plant surface, as it is thrown out by the atomizer in spray fine as mist.
The Black Rust on verbenas, heliotropes, petunias, etc, is caused by an insect known as the verbena mite, too small to be visible without a microscope. This, like nearly all other parasites that attack plants, is rather a consequence than a cause of disease, for we find whenever plants are neglected, by being pot-bound, or by insufficiency of water, or any other cause that lessens the vigor of the plant, it is more likely to be attacked. It is thought that the fumes of sulphur, given out by painting the sides, is destructive to it, but of this we are not certainly assured. There is but little doubt that this insect spreads quickly, and it is safest when plants are affected to at once throw them out, for if seriously affected they rarely recover.
Ants are often troublesome in greenhouses. A simple remedy is to steep pieces of bread or sponge in some solution of sugar. They will leave everything else for that, and soon thousands of them may be thus caught and destroyed.
Snails are often destructive, as they usually keep under the benches during the day and come up to feed on the leaves at night. I have found that salt strewed along the edge of the table was a complete barrier to their getting at the plants from below.
The Thrip is a troublesome insect, appearing in quite a number of varieties on different plants. The same directions may be given for its destruction as for that of the red spider, though in such plants as cannot be reached by the syringe there is nothing for it but sponging the leaves, or else in using the " exterminator" with the atomizer, as is done with mealy bug.
The Carnation Twetter, - so-called for want of a better name, - is an insect but little known, as its ravages are often ascribed to red spider or thrip, but it has no resemblance to either. Its presence is indicated on carnations or pinks (we have never seen it but on plants of this family), by the end of the shoot having a slight curve or twist. If this twist is carefully unfolded, the insect will be seen varying in length from the sixteenth to thirty-second part of an inch, and as thin as the point of a fine needle. It is either green, yellow, or black, according to its stage of development. In many places it has completely destroyed, year after year, the whole crops of carnations. It is believed to be fostered by growing the plants in too high a temperature, as we find it makes but little headway under 50°. I can give no remedy except the general one, to stimulate by manure water, or by any other means plants so affected into a vigorous growth, so, as it were to outgrow its ravages.
I now come to the Rose Bug, the insect that of all others is of interest at the present time, owing to the vast quantities of roses grown under glass, but as the subject has been recently so thoroughly discussed, I can say but little new in the matter. The rose bug, so-called, is in the perfect insect about the size of a large house fly, of a leaden-grey color, resembling in appearance somewhat the curculio that attacks the plum tree, but larger. It feeds on the leaves of the rose plant for probably a month in this stage, and then goes down and deposits its eggs in the soil. These in time develop into maggots, which at once begin to feed on the roots of the rose plant. This is its destructive stage, and a rose plant cannot long retain its vigor while this pest is sapping at its vitals. When the insect is in the maggot stage, it is believed there is no remedy. I have tried to kill it with a dozen different things that are usually destructive to insect life, with no effect whatever. The only remedy then, is to catch and kill the perfect insect on the plant. Professor Riley has suggested that folded strips of paper be inserted close to the stem of the plant in the soil, as he has discovered that the insect deposits its eggs in the rough bark near the surface.
This I tried, but so far with no results, as no eggs were found in the traps so set. There is reason to believe that many failures of roses to do well is in consequence of this pest at the roots. When this has been ascertained to be the case, there is no remedy but to take them up at once and throw out every particle of soil wherein they have been grown. It is easier to manage the pest when roses are grown in pots, then, if affected, there is no necessity to sacrifice the plants if taken in time. Some of the most extensive rose growers grow their roses in pots, so as to have full control of the rose bug. Their system is this: After growing the plants in the floweriug pots during winter, they are taken from the greenhouses in May or June and stood outside and kept rather dry until August; the ball is then shook and every particle of soil rinsed or washed from the roots. This, of course, carries off every egg and insect also adhering to the roots, and the plants are potted in fresh mould and are then entirely clear of the pest.
I have seen many thousands of plants so treated that are now (November) growing luxuriantly and flowering in greatest profusion. | <urn:uuid:74e5f62d-8865-4f63-9588-29cb2a7b2ff6> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Gardener-Monthly-V22/Destruction-Of-Greenhouse-Insects-The-Peter-Henderson-Prize-Essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948587496.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216084601-20171216110601-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.97533 | 1,830 | 3.28125 | 3 |
What kind of vegetation is found in Ganga and Brahmaputra delta?
VEGETATION: -In the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta,sundari trees arefound which provide durable hard timber. -Palm,coconut,keora,agar also grow in some parts of the delta. -Mangrove are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged under water.
What type of trees are found in the Ganga Brahmaputra basin?
The Ganges–Brahmaputra basin has tropical deciduous forests that yield valuable timber: sal, teak, and peepal trees are found in these areas. It is estimated that 30,000 chital (Axis axis) are in the Sundarbans part of the delta.
How does the type of vegetation vary across the different parts of the Ganga Brahmaputra basin?
In Ganga- Bhramaputra plain tropical deciduous trees grow, along with teak ; sal and peepal. In Bhramaputra plain thick bamboo groves are common. In parts of Uttrakhand and Sikkim and Arunachal pradesh; coniferous trees like pine, deodar and fir can be seen because climate is cold and hills are steep.
What are the natural factors that have helped the Ganga Brahmaputra basin become one of the most densely populated regions of the world?
Answer Expert Verified GANGA AND BRAHMAPUTRA REGION IS THICKLY POPULATED BECAUSE IT IS SAID TO BE THAT THE PLAINS FORMED BY THESE RIVERS ARE MOST FERTILE LAND IN THE WORLD. . SO PEOPLE CAN LEAD THEIR LIVELIHOOD BY FARMING SO THESE AREA IS THICKLY POPULATED. ..
Which is the world largest and fastest growing delta?
Hint: Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is the popular delta of India. It is also called Ganges Delta or the Brahmaputra Delta.
Which is the largest delta of world?
This Envisat image highlights the Ganges Delta, the world’s largest delta, in the south Asia area of Bangladesh (visible) and India. The delta plain, about 350-km wide along the Bay of Bengal, is formed by the confluence of the rivers Ganges, the Brahmaputra and Meghna.
What are main features of the Ganga Brahmaputra basin?
The main features of this river basin are:
- A fertile belt that includes most of north and east India.
- Rich source of alluvial soil.
- Number of ox-bow lakes over the plains.
- Bounded on the north by the mountains and foothills of the Himalayas.
- On east, lies the famed Sundarbans delta.
Does Ganga originate in China?
The Ganges rises in the southern Great Himalayas on the Indian side of the border with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Its five headstreams—the Bhagirathi, the Alaknanda, the Mandakini, the Dhauliganga, and the Pindar—all rise in the mountainous region of northern Uttarakhand state.
Which is the biggest delta in world?
Which is the world largest growing delta?
The Ganges-Brahmaputra delta is the world’s largest delta, covering most of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal (India). The size of the delta is a reflection of the enormous input of sediment being washed off the still-growing Himalayan mountains into the Ganges river basin.
What kind of vegetation is found in Ganga Brahmaputra basin?
The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin has rich and varied natural vegetation. Tropical deciduous forests are found in the plain region of the basin. Some main species of trees are teak, sal and peepal. Still have questions?
What are the characteristics of the Brahmaputra River?
The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation.
What kind of animals live in Brahmaputra delta?
In the delta areas Bengal Tiger , Crocodiles and Alligators are found .Aquatic kife is present in the fresh river waters , the lakes and Bay Of Bengal Sea . Popular varieties of fishes are rohu , catla etc . Rhinoceros found near the Brahmaputra plain .
What kind of animals live in the Ganga River basin?
Rohu, Hilsa, Catla and Susu (Blind Dolphin) are the aquatic animals present in abundance in the rivers and lakes adjoining the basin. Many prominent cities and towns embank the Ganga Brahmaputra basin. The Ganga river flows through densely populated cities like Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lichkow, Patna and Kolkata. | <urn:uuid:a9ed9329-71e3-4f22-9528-75a5ee551833> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://princeharrymemorial.com/what-kind-of-vegetation-is-found-in-ganga-and-brahmaputra-delta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662526009.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519074217-20220519104217-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.88383 | 1,063 | 3.375 | 3 |
Many things exist on our Earth, which was formed billions and trillions of years ago. For instance, trees, rivers, mountains, plants, land, rock, birds, and animals are all examples of natural phenomena. All of this is a part of our environment. We come into contact with them daily. There are two categories of things in our environment: live things and non-living things. A living thing is anything that has life, while a non-living thing is anything that does not have life.
Living things and nonliving things are distinguished in a variety of ways. This distinguishing feature is not limited to activities such as walking, running, or eating but encompasses a wide range of possibilities. Many living things on the planet, as we all know, do not move, run, or eat. Plants, for example, cannot move.
Plants have a life even when they do not eat. Bacteria that can’t be seen with the unaided eye are thought to be the first form of life on the planet. So, how do we tell the difference between living and nonliving things? The distinction between living and non-living things is the focus of this article.
What are Living Things?
Organisms that are alive are referred to as living things. The tissues that make up these organisms are made up of microscopic units of a structure called cells. As a result, these concerns combine to create organs, and all of the organs work together as an integrated unit known as an organ system. As a result, all living things include humans, animals, birds, plants, insects, microbes, and more.
All of these living things share certain characteristics, such as the ability to move independently. Second, they continue to grow and develop through time. They also require nutrients and emit energy through respiration.
Characteristics of Living Things
Every live thing exhibits the features listed below. A living creature is defined by its qualities. These elements demonstrate that these things have life. All live organisms reproduce, grow, and die. Every living thing on Earth goes through a life cycle.
1. Cellular organization: As previously established, all living organisms must have a cellular structure. Living entities can be unicellular or multicellular, but they cannot exist without the existence of cells.
Moreover, numerous activities within the cell serve as operating systems for specific functions. Cellular respiration, for example, is the primary source of energy creation. It’s the process of taking in nutrients from meals and converting them to energy.
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2. Respiration: The second basic process that ensures life’s continuation is respiration. Exchanging gases is the process of respiration. The purpose of breathing is to produce energy. This process also produces waste products in living creatures that must be removed from the body.
3. Growth: The life cycle of living organisms includes many stages of development. This is referred to as development. Every living thing develops. As a result, growth is a crucial property of living creatures.
4. Movement: Most living things can move. Animals can move independently. Leopards, cats, and dogs, for example, can run. Plants, for example, migrate towards the sun since it is necessary for their growth.
5. Stimulus response: All living organisms respond to stimuli in their environment. They have a high sensitivity to touch and react to their surroundings.
6. Excretion: Various chemical processes occurring in the bodies of living creatures produce an unusable bi-product. This is waste, which must be removed from the body. Excretion is the process of eliminating the waste produced by the body. Excretion is another feature that only living things have.
7. Reproduction: Only living entities have the potential to reproduce offspring that pass on their lineage. They carry a small amount of genetic material from their parents, as well as genetic variety owing to gene mixing. Reproduction is thus another significant feature of living beings.
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What are Non-Living Things?
Non-living things are anything that isn’t alive. We must look at their definitions to grasp the difference between living and non-living objects. As a result, you can see that the absence of life is present in all non-living entities. In other terms, they lack any characteristics of life.
For example, these things lack growth, development, adaptation, reproduction, mobility, metabolism, and other functions. These things are also made up of non-living components. Iron, cotton, wool, leather, plastic, metals, and other non-living materials are examples.
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Characteristics of Non-Living Things
The following are some of the features of non-living entities:
1. Non-living things are devoid of life. They are devoid of life. As a result, they don’t require cells to carry out various functions. Non-living entities, therefore, lack cells, which are the fundamental unit of life.
2. No metabolic activities are going on inside them because there are no cells, tissues, or organs. No metabolic activity equals no energy production.
3. Non-living things don’t move: They are immobile. Moving non-living things from one location to another requires an external force.
4. They don’t need nutrients because they don’t show any signs of life: They produce energy without the need for food. They don’t develop any further. They have no children. As a result, in their life cycle, there is no process of reproduction.
5. Things that aren’t alive don’t die: They won’t just vanish. They do not show signs of wear and tear. They can only be destroyed by outside forces. Mountains, cars, ships, oceans, houses, and so on are all examples of objects.
9 Key Differences Between Living and Non-Living Things
The following paragraphs outline the major differences between living and non-living things:
1. Living things are living entities composed of small particles such as cells. Things that were previously alive but are no longer alive are classified as non-living.
2. Responsiveness is a quality that permits living creatures to detect and respond to environmental stimuli. External stimuli, on the other hand, do not affect non-living creatures.
3. Anabolism and catabolism are only found in living things, and no comparable reactions exist in non-living things.
4. Growth is a basic property of all living things, i.e., the presence of cells in the body causes the living entity to grow in a controlled manner. Non-living things, on the other hand, do not grow.
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5. Living things regulate their internal environment to maintain the bare minimum of conditions necessary for cell function. Non-living things, on the other hand, are exempt from this requirement.
6. Living creatures are subject to evolution, which means that their genetic makeup changes through time to allow them to survive and reproduce in their environment. Evolution does not occur in non-living entities.
7. Living things are extremely well organized in the sense that cells form tissues, and organs are made up of numerous tissues; when these organs operate together as a system, it is referred to as an organ system. Non-living things, on the other hand, lack organization.
8. Living beings require food, water, and air to survive, and they cannot exist without them. Non-living entities, on the other hand, have no such requirement.
9. Every living thing has a lifespan after which it dies. Non-living things, on the other hand, lack life and can thus be recycled or reused even after they have become outmoded.
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We come across various things in our daily lives that may or may not have a life. Except for plants, living beings may travel from one location to another on their own. Non-living things, on the other hand, are mobile, but they require someone to move them. Differentiation can be seen in different phases of development in live species, but it does not occur in non-living things.
Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. | <urn:uuid:dc90a4d8-7745-490a-8f7b-6a9b2a96b7b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bscholarly.com/differences-between-living-and-non-living-things/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511424.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004220037-20231005010037-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.949661 | 1,790 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Tomorrow, September 15th(ish) is International Dot Day. Inspired by Peter H. Reynold’s lovely The Dot, students all over the world create some dot(ish) artwork. I borrowed some lesson plan ideas from Mr. Winner @ The Busy Librarian and so far… It’s been awesome!
I only have one class on Mondays, but I have faith that if the K3s can do this well, my bigger kids can, too! They had a lot of fun coloring and swapping their quarters to make new art together.
Last year, students created dots with a template I found online. Every student, from pre-pre-school to fifth grade, designed and colored their own dot, which I cut out and pasted all over the entire library.
This year, I wanted to shake things up a bit… and not just because I couldn’t bear the thought of tearing down all of those lovely dots. (That was the original plan: I would have students make new dots to decorate the library every year.)
So my youngest kids (pre-pre-K/pre-K) will be coloring in some dots, while older students do some dot fractions to share with their classmates and create artwork together. This year, I photographed each student with their dot and sent them home.
Our library periods are short (40 minutes a week) and I have to fit story time and book choice in, plus the art project, but today it was very doable and not too rushed. I just hope my older students can remember their library rules as well as my kindergarteners!
Last year, I wanted to connect students to their school. This year, their art connects them to each other. Next year, I hope I can find a way to connect our school with others. … connect the dots! | <urn:uuid:e78e4b17-a785-400b-913e-44100c1c3069> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://perfectworry.wordpress.com/2015/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656530.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190115225438-20190116011438-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.974715 | 378 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Introduction to Small Business
Martin and Gardiner (2007, p.309) states that “every business big or small in its present scenario is started in the form of a small business only” (Martin and Gardiner, 2007). Steve Jobs, one of the greatest entrepreneurs and founder of Apple Company, have also said that every small business requires being passionate in order to succeed. However, Green (2014) also agrees to the same and said that due to rising challenges in the business environment of an organization, there is requirement of constant work and passion to become successful (Green, 2014). Globalization and internet are the major reason for the growth of small businesses. This is due to the fact that these developments assist business working and operations to lower its operational cost. As per Martin and Gardiner (2007, p.310), any business which has less then 500 employees is termed as a small business enterprise (Martin and Gardiner, 2007, p.310). Although, Van Auken (2015) critizes that "this number varies from industry to industry" (Van Auken, 2015). Small enterprises do not generate revneue as high as the big enterprises, but play vital role on the growth of an economy. They provide employment opportunities to many unemployed individuals. Thus, they are offering a source of income to deserving candidates thus leading to increase their living standards. They promote innovations and thus help an economy to increase its business potentials. It was also found that small business enterprise or SME's provide business associated assistance to large corporations as well. Generally, SMEs stand for Small and Medium Enterprises of a nation which operate their business at small level and a very low scale.
In United Kingdom itself, there were 1,46,000 increase in number of small businesses. This led to a record of 5.4 million of private sector SME's by the start of 2015 (Statistics, 2015). Private sector comprises of 99.3% of small business and 62% of sole proprietors (BDO Hospitality Consulting, 2014, p.6). Small enterprises generated 25.2 million of employment and produced a turnover of £3,500 billion. Since 2010, Wales had taken a lead initiative in the development of small and medium size business. This has radically increased their growth. 400,000-500,000 number of small businesses are encouraged by the individuals who wanted to become an entrepreneur or business man (BDO Hospitality Consulting, 2014, p.6). In the next five years, small business sector is estimated to grow more in numbers. There are currently various factors that are helping the small business entrepreneurs to grow and flourish in the economy. Furthermore, as more financial funding will be available to these businesses, it is expected that they will increase their operational capabilities thus will generate more earnings and revenues. Internet will also help them to groom and grow. As government are providing financial assistance, it is evident that support from various institutions will help SME to expand.
Background of UK Hospitality Industry
UK's hospitality industry is inclusive of tourism, travel, and leisure oriented enterprises that were affected by the economic recession. This economic crisis got over but it has deeply affected the economy of United Kingdom. Although, the recession of 2008 is over, the effects are still visible especially on the hospitality industry (BDO Hospitality Consulting, 2014, p.7). It is evident from the less number of tourist traffic which has been shown from low return to the business. Already the country is facing unemployment problems such low number of available jobs to the individuals and etc. Rise in competition due to increase in small enterprises and entrepreneurship is also apparent. The main issue in hospitality industry is to increase employment level up-to 208,000 by the end of 2017. This is a challenge as only those individuals will be recruited who have good customer services skills and is qualified up-to the norms of hospitality industry. Thus, the individual with only high qualification and better skills have greater scope in this industry. Around 30 million of tourists visited UK and generated £16 billion earning to the economy. Recently, UK industry has generated 1.7 million people, helping around 6% of population to receive employment (Hemmington, 2012, p.1). The total worth of the hospitality industry is £60 billion. The major contribution to the amount is from hotels, spas, resorts, restaurants, camping sites, pubs, entertainment, Venuses and convention centres. Tourism industry has generated great growth opportunists from the locals of the United Kingdom. Residents of the country were able to spend around £59 billion on average of 75 million holidays.
The number of small and medium size entrepreneurs are more in number as compared to the large companies. On average, 75% of SMEs have appointed less then 10 young individuals in order to promote employment (Hemmington 2012, p.3). Although the financial crisis created numerous amount of problems for the economy. These business have tried to overcome them and have successfully grown. Sectors like catering, leisure, tourism, language mediators and food industry is attracting students as it is a reliable source of career. Individuals are drawn in as they have identified scope in hospitality industry. BHA i.e. British Hospitality Association manages all responsibility of the hospitality industry. The organisation's main aim is to increase the potentials of UK hospitality industry to become the leader (Hemmington 2012, p.4). BHA is achieving its objective by indulging all industry players along with the government to attain its main goals. Increasing growth prospective, generating competitive advantage, and securing valuable jobs for the people. This is the best time for UK's hospitality industry in terms of business growth and expansion. Although still the industry is facing difficulties but it is admirable that it is able to generate up-to 25% of jobs for the individuals as compared to the last two years (Hemmington 2012, p.4). Another objective of the organization is to stimulate job opportunities and help the tourism industry in terms of growth for the betterment of the economy.
It is evident that small and medium sized enterprises are playing an important role for the economy as well as the hospitality industry of United Kingdom. On contrary it is still facing financial problems. This industry is struck with the problem of low tourist traffic as less customers are coming which is reducing income prospects of the industry. Thus it is getting very difficult for the hospitality industry to manage growth and generate employment opportunities (Cole, R.A., 2013). This is considered as a negative factor for the economy as a whole. As contrary these SMEs are available to create a good number of earning through their business activity. They can improve their present condition with the help of financial support . This is die the fact that adequate finance will help them to bring innovation in their products and services at a fair price which will in return attract potential customers towards the same. This will prove fruitful for the growth of economy in return. Grants, funds and loans are considered to be good source of finance for these SMEs.
Rationale/Reason of the Study
This research is based on the study of market trends in order to identify the factor that will help SMEs in creating growth opportunities. The study also helps in finding out financial resource to provide support to the small and medium size enterprises. Another theme that the research studies is the sources that are currently used by the small business. Thus the research is able to discover the source of finances being utilized by the SMEs.
- In the hospitality industry, which financial sources are accessible to the small business?
- What are the sources that are only accessible to the small business of the hospitality industry?
- What sources are being used by the small business in the hospitality industry.
- To identify the financial sources that are accessible to the SMEs in the hospitality industry.
- To determine as to which sources are only accessible to the small enterprises.
- To find out which financial sources are actually used by the small business enterprise in the hospitality industry.
Personal savings, loans from friends and family, angel investors and speciality loans are the main sources of financial funding accessed by the small business enterprises in the United Kingdom (Lee and Drever, 2014). These are easily available and do not require any security and does not levy any restriction like the government agencies and banks.
Sources of finance accessible to small businesses
All around the world many people or individuals dream to start their own small business or to become an entrepreneur. While making the decision to start a new venture, many other significant decision have to be taken by the SME like funding the business and identifying needs of the operations and etc (Melia 2011, p.5). Business plans plays a vital role in identifying sources for funding the business. Business demonstrates how the business will be able to generate revenue for the entrepreneur. In the process of making a business plan, the plan clearly demonstrates how the business will be making money for profitability. There are numerous number of financial funding available to the business and many sources are being currently used by the hospitality industry as well. Every type of business is able to access these sources of finances working in the hospitality industry. Among them personal saving is the major source of finance. This source is easily available and does not requires the entrepreneurs in wasting his/her time and efforts. The business is only accountable for the borrowed money and does not have to bother for any debt or interest which increases the principle amount. On the other hand, the main disadvantage of using personal savings is that the person is in high risk to loose his/her life savings in the form of personal savings (Jenkins 2013, p.35). The major risk probability lies if the business is not able to succeed in the market, in this case the entire money is been lost. It is advisable for entrepreneurs who are starting their business through sources of personal savings to get an bank account dedicated to their savings only. The person can invest the amount of savings in this account and thus may be able to reduce risk of losing the money.
Another source of financial funding is taking loans or borrowing money from closed family members or friends (Jenkins 2013, p.40). There are few umber of entrepreneur who prefer to borrow more from their friends and family as they might not be in a sound financial position as to accept a borrowing. Many a times friends and family members are also not in a state to provide money to the borrower. Although many individuals prefer this option as funds in this are easily available as compared to borrowing loan from the bank or financial institution. One disadvantage of this source is that it discourages people as they are not certain that they will be able to pay back the borrowed amount to the respective person or not. The risk is that they might fail to succeed and thus will have to bear problem of debt. The one thing that can be applied while borrowing loans from friends and family is to make an agreement with the lender to avoid any sort of conflicts among the two parties. This way the borrower will be able to eliminate the factors that mazy force him/.her to face issue of a huge debt.
The third source of funding is applying for a business loan in a financial institution in a bank. There are numerous number of institutions who are providing loan to support small business enterprises in their initial phase (Rana 2009, p.25). The loan is given on the basis of the amount exactly required by the business in order to start their business. The loan can be used for promotional activities or purchasing of raw material or paying for the salaries of the employees or paying rent for the office or maintenance of the management. A loan for the business is recommended as it will boost the business in starting up all the business activity of the business as a whole. The personal loan can be taken from independent financial institution other then banks. These institution may or mazy not have toes with the entrepreneur and can help him/her in starting the business. It is recommended for the venturist to understand all the term and condition levied by the banker or the lender of the loan in before signing any contract with wither of the parties. These conditions may be regarding payment of the interest and principal amount of the loan or any sort of penalties/ default that may be levied by the bank in absence of any accurate knowledge of the entrepreneur. In the current situation there are 'n' number of financial institutions that are offering business loans to news and emerging business enterprises and start ups. This lets the banker or the financial institution in attracting more customers who are in need to purchase loan services. As the banker or the financial institution will be able to achieve their target of customers by encouraging in more start ups and SME to buy for a personal loan further helping the economy grow.
Sources of finance only accessible for small businesses
There are numerous sources available for the entrepreneurs to fund their business. But there are few specific sources that are available to only hospitality industry. Banks have rejected proposal of hospitality industry thus this method have been evolved for them. More then 47% of hotels, restaurants, and investors were rejected for a loan (Jenkins 2013, p.44). Thus lenders offering specialised loans have increased with a subsequent number. Boost capital and Ashley business cash offers loan for specific business activity like purchasing new equipment and etc. These speciality lenders understand the market trends and issues that new businesses face at the time of starting up. They provide help to the business in resolving these issues (Jenkins 2013, p.44).
These speciality lender offer lump sum cash which has to be paid on a daily basis. They also do not charge extra fee or any late penalty. As the demand for these loans are high it is expected that speciality lenders will also increase. Thus small and medium business enterprise can generate earning through acquiring specialised loans for establishing their business.
Sources of finance being used by small businesses
There care many sources of funding available to the entrepreneurs but all of them is not accessible by them. All the hotel owners may prefer different form of sources for funding (Jenkins 2013, p.50). As bank loans are very expensive they are not preferred by the small business enterprise of hospitality industry. For example bank loans can only be used for the reason they are assigned. If funds were borrowed in horde to expand the businessman can not use them for reason other then this. As bank loans have high interest rate they discourages the entrepreneur to choose them. Personal saving, loans from family and friends, speciality loan and angel investment is only preferred by the SMEs (Jenkins 2013, p.54).
Discussion And Analysis
Finding of the literature review has reflected that most of the small business enterprises (SMEs) of UK which are operating their business in hospitality industry require funds for different purposes. These organizations have tried to use different sources of finance for raising their capital but only few firms have got success in getting appropriate funds for running their business operations (Martin and Gardiner, 2007). Lots of SMEs fails to obtain funds from various resources because of the financial position, low growth rate and termination of operation and production for some specific time, etc. Due to all these reasons, most of the banks do not provide funds to small business enterprises of hospitality industry of UK. In this situation, SMEs move towards family and friends who are ready to give specific amount of credit (Jenkins, 2013, p.35). There are different reasons because of which small business enterprises require fund such as SMEs want to expand their business at large level as well as also wishes to increase their number of customers by augmenting marketing activities. Organizations require funds for satisfying the demand of their customers by producing appropriate goods as per their needs for funds. Along with this, literature has also disclosed that most of the SMEs want to enter into the other market of different locations for raising number of customers for their organization. Geographical expansion of the business augments the demand of funds (Jenkins, 2013, p.36).
At the time of expansion, small business needs to focus on development of the company’s office at new location, selection of new staff members and increment in number of operations and production, etc. All these functions need to increase the demand of investment. Along with this, small business require funds if it wants to start any new venture into the market. Any business which have appropriate amount of fund and retained earnings can easily manage the different operations in effective manner. But all those organization which wants to start new venture they require appropriate amount of money for purchasing necessary equipment and machinery to start production. Along with this, promotion of new venture also raise demand of money (Hemmington, 2011). In addition, funds are also helpful in reflecting the cash flow as well as helps in remaining business in running manner. Including this, money is also required for paying salary to employees and payment to suppliers for raw materials in operation and production. Along with this, payment of utility business also increases the demand of capital for small business enterprise. Findings of literature has also reflected that funds are required for different other activities of the business such as renovation and any other renovations due to the disaster in the organization (Jani and Han, 2013).
As per the literature review, financial resources has positive as well as negative impacts on financial performance of an organization. Most of the sources of funds are linked with the high amount of interest payment and security volume which augment the total cost of the financial resource. Along with this, it also raise the cost burden on small business enterprise which can increase the financial expenses and reduce the new profitability of the organization. Therefore, cost of financial resource can decline the overall performance of the company. But, on the other hand, Small business enterprise gets appropriate amount of funds by these resources which helps in purchasing equipment, machinery and other assets. All these things help in improving performance and proficiency of operation and production department of company. It will help in improving quality of the organization. Customers can easily satisfy their needs by the products and services of the funds which leads high sales and demand of the products and services. Overall, it will leads a strong hike in performance of the company. Therefore, current study has reflected that Small business enterprise can easily improve their performance by using most appropriate and suitable sources of funds for raising financial capital of the organization.
The report can be concluded that the major source of funding for small business is personal savings, speciality loans as well as angel investors. These are mainly used by small hotels that are operating in UK hospitality industry. The sources are mainly preferred by hotel owners on account of their easy access, non-requirement of any collateral as well as lack of restrictions related to bank loans and government grants. It has further been concluded that there has been a substantial increase in small and medium hotels. This has been on account of improvisations observed in economic conditions, presence of many domestic and foreign investors who are looking for profit making. These conditions if remain persistent then they may promote the growth of business in best possible manner.
There is a presence of huge competition in the market which is making it difficult for the enterprises to enjoy profitability. As a result it is very difficult for small businesses to operate in such a market. This is as the markets may not be able to attract consumers on account of decreased innovation, low production, declined service quality as well as poor facility. There is further a presence of lower morale that may impact the overall operators of small business. It is further concluded that the need is to acquire funds so as to optimize the performance. However, it may not seem to be an easy option on account of risks associated with poor managerial expertise, no collateral as well as high leverage. This may result in causing hindered or slow growth.
- BDO Hospitality Consulting, 2014. Trends in the UK Hotel Industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
- Creswell. J., 2013. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th ed. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Green, C.H., 2014. Banker's Guide to New Small Business Finance: Venture Deals, Crowdfunding, Private Equity, and Technology. John Wiley & Sons.
- Hemmington. N., 2012. From Service to Experience; Understanding and Defining the Hospitality Business. The Services Industry Journal.
- Jenkins. L., 2013. Creative Financing: How to Get a Small Business Loan without a Banker. 1st ed. New York: Gold Alliance Group, Inc. | <urn:uuid:4dd7f1f6-c15d-4ef0-a618-ed62357c968b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.assignmentdesk.co.uk/sample-on-small-business | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592309.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721032019-20180721052019-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.963506 | 4,146 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The small town of Kuşköy, which is tucked into an isolated valley on the rainy, mountainous Black Sea coast of Turkey, looks much like the other villages in the region. Houses balance on steep hillsides beside tea fields and hazelnut orchards. A narrow white minaret and a small domed mosque stand beside a noisy creek. Kuşköy is remarkable not for how it looks but for how it sounds: here, the roar of the water and the daily calls to prayer are often accompanied by loud, lilting whistles—the distinctive tones of the local language. Over the past half-century, linguists and reporters curious about what locals call kuş dili, or “bird language,” have occasionally struggled up the footpaths and dirt roads that lead to Kuşköy. So its thousand or so residents were not all that surprised when, a few years ago, a Turkish-born German biopsychologist named Onur Güntürkün showed up and asked them to participate in a study.
Whistled languages, although unusual, have been around for centuries. Herodotus described communities in Ethiopia whose residents “spoke like bats,” and reports of the whistled language that is still used in the Canary Islands date back more than six hundred years. Most of the forty-two examples that have been documented in recent times arose in places with steep terrain or dense forests—the Atlas Mountains, in northwestern Africa; the highlands of northern Laos, the Brazilian Amazon—where it might otherwise be hard to communicate at a distance. All are based on spoken languages: Kuşköy’s version, for example, adapts standard Turkish syllables into piercing tones that can be heard from more than half a mile away. The phrase “Do you have fresh bread?,” which in Turkish is “Taze ekmek var mı?,” becomes, in bird language, six separate whistles made with the tongue, teeth, and fingers.
For Güntürkün, whistled Turkish was not only a fascinating cultural oddity but also an exciting natural experiment. How, he wondered, does the brain handle a language that renders words as something like music? Although neuroscientists have long understood that brain functions do not divide cleanly between the left and right hemispheres, the left hemisphere appears to play a consistently dominant role in our understanding of language—regardless of whether the language is tonal or atonal, spoken or written, signed with the hands or clicked with the tongue. The right hemisphere, meanwhile, seems to govern our understanding of pitch, melody, and rhythm. In Kuşköy, Güntürkün tested this cranial division of labor by recruiting thirty-one volunteers, all fluent in both spoken and whistled Turkish, to listen to pairs of different syllables played simultaneously through headphones, one in each ear. When he gave them spoken Turkish, the participants usually understood the syllable played through the right speaker, suggesting that the left hemisphere was processing the sound. When he switched to whistled Turkish, however, the participants understood both syllables in roughly equal measure, suggesting that both hemispheres played significant roles in the early stages of comprehension.
Although the technique that Güntürkün used, called dichotic listening, isn’t as precise as laboratory techniques for measuring brain activity, his results, published in today’s issue of Current Biology, are tantalizing. “They tell us that the organization of our brain, in terms of its asymmetrical structure, is not as fixed as we assume,” he told me. “The way information is given to us appears to change the architecture of our brain in a radical way.” He now wonders whether people whose spoken-language comprehension is damaged by a left-hemisphere stroke could learn to understand a whistled dialect, much as some people with stroke-damaged speech can communicate by singing.
The opportunity to study whistled Turkish, however, is fading. In 1964, a stringer for the Times reported that children in Kuşköy were learning to communicate by whistling before they started school, and that both men and women regularly gossiped, argued, and even courted via whistle. Three years later, a team of visiting linguists observed that whistling was widely used in both the village and the surrounding countryside. But Güntürkün found that few, if any, young women had learned the language, and that, although some young men were fluent whistlers, they had learned the skill as teen-agers, more out of pride than any practical need. In recent years, the town has organized a whistling contest to encourage both tourism and cultural preservation, but the bird language is rapidly disappearing from daily life. In a small town filled with nosy neighbors, texting affords a level of privacy that whistling never did.
From time to time, though, whistled Turkish still comes in handy. When the residents of Kuşköy call Güntürkün’s university office, they often reach his secretary, who speaks German. When that happens, he says, they know exactly how to make themselves understood: they just whistle. | <urn:uuid:1a0abea8-16e5-4986-b551-bec8806587b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-whistled-language-of-northern-turkey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295854.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00100-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969878 | 1,094 | 3.5 | 4 |
- Urban sprawl comes in interrelated formats: Physical sprawl and social sprawl
- Physical sprawl (to be examined in this article) involves a basic decision of “build up or build out,” and can be seen in comparing population growth rates with pace of land development.
- Social sprawl (to be examined in a follow-up article) underpins physical sprawl. Shrinking households, due to socio-demographic changes, accelerate physical sprawl by creating a need for more land per person.
- The greater the preference for “build out,” the greater the chance of higher fuel consumption.
Urban sprawl is a key theme that stimulates discussions of urban design, fuel consumption, and vehicle ownership trends. Many writers rail against the evils of sprawl, proclaiming that it holds significant responsibility for America’s petroleum dependence. But what, in fact, is “sprawl”? How does one measure it? How does one know that it exists, and how much of it there is?
This article will deal with the “what is sprawl” question, attempting to clarify a term which does not always lend itself to clear, precise characterization. There are in fact several indices and classifications, each one addressing the same fundamental issue of “build up or build out.” As population grows (with 25 million new Americans being added per decade)—will the built environment (the complex of all manmade structures) expand upward, in terms of taller buildings closer together, or outward, in terms of lower-density development? The “build up or build out” dilemma plays out in multiple dimensions, in that the physical rate of sprawl is heavily influenced by social, cultural, and demographic trends. This article will affect physical sprawl and the following article social sprawl.
Conceptually, fuel consumption rises when vehicle travel increases. Sprawl has a major impact on travel by extending trip distances in urban landscapes as well as creating a need for additional vehicle trips, by undermining the walkability as well as the densities needed for transit. Therefore, understanding the components of the rate of sprawl can help to better understand fuel consumption trends.
Developed land: Basic indicator of physical sprawl
At a very basic level, an increase in the amount of developed land indicates sprawl may have occurred. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has published a nationwide land survey every five years since 1982 (most recent data 2012). Total area of U.S. developed land has increased from 112,383 square miles (71.9 million acres) in 1982 to 178,301 square miles (114.1 million acres) in 2012, an increase of 58.7 percent.
Developed land grows faster than population: “Build Out”
While developed land increased at a rate of 58.6 percent, between 1982 and 2012, the total U.S. population only increased by 35.6 percent during this time, from 231.7 million people in 1982 to 314.1 million people in 2012. The differential growth rate between developed land and population, where land is developed at a faster rate than population grows, is the essence of a sprawling “build-out” dynamic. When population growth induces the additional people to use land faster than the population grows, it means that the fundamental question of “build up or build out” has been answered by “build out.”
Growth in developed land per person: “Build Out” on individual level
The “build out” dynamic can also be expressed on a per-person level. This can be seen in a nationwide average of how much developed land each American “consumes,” by dividing U.S. developed land by U.S. population. The average “land consumption” per person has increased steadily, indicating a sprawl dynamic.
While an increase of 0.08 square miles per 1,000 people, or 0.05 acres per person, over thirty years may not seem like much. However, when multiplied by 82.4 million new Americans in these thirty years, it translates into 6,595 extra square miles or 4.12 extra million acres of land developed in these thirty years that would not have been developed if the lower ratio of 1982 had been maintained. This is the essence of “build out”—each new additional person consumes more land than previously, and thus developed land grows at a faster rate than population.
Urban and Metropolitan Areas
The differing rates of population growth versus land expansion can also be seen in urbanized and metropolitan areas, the land-use types where the vast majority of American population growth and land development have occurred since 1950. For both urbanized and metropolitan areas, land area expanded at a much faster rate than population over the span of 60 years—a clear statistical indication of sprawl.
The same trend can be seen at the level of individual cities, a favorite mention for anti-sprawl groups in their publications. Individual urban/metro areas have experienced diverse rates of sprawl. Examples of low, medium, and extensive sprawl metro areas illustrate the trend in the graphs below.
Cleveland (“high sprawl”) and Minneapolis-St. Paul (“medium sprawl”) exhibit different magnitudes of the same trend, where land development occurs at a faster rate than population growth. As each city built Interstates and automobile-dependent suburbs from the 1950s onward, population grew at a slower rate than the expansion of developed land area. This rate differential occurred even more so in Cleveland than Minneapolis-St. Paul. But both metro areas experienced non-trivial, significant amounts of sprawl, as per the statistical definition.
For both urbanized and metropolitan areas, land area expanded at a much faster rate than population over the span of 60 years—a clear statistical indication of sprawl.
The surprising result of Los Angeles as a “non-sprawl” city reveals several underlying aspects of how to measure sprawl that often go overlooked. The land area of the Los Angeles metro area has actually shrunk by five square miles, from 4,853 to 4,848 (according to the Census Bureau), between 1950 and 2010, even as population nearly tripled, from 4.4 million to 12.8 million. Many urbanists have commented on how Los Angeles has paradoxically become one of the most densely populated places in the United States, even as it contains one of the most highway-oriented, automobile-dependent landscapes. Los Angeles land area has not expanded primarily due to natural barriers—the hills in the north, the desert in the east, and the sea in the west and southwest. Thus, new population must fit into existing boundaries, and density rises.
The case of Los Angeles shows the limitations of measuring sprawl strictly by the relative rates of population growth and land development. A landscape that takes on many of the features commonly thought of as “sprawl” may at the same time not necessarily meet one of the statistical definitions of sprawl. Therefore, additional measures are needed. Another defining feature of sprawl is conversion of other types of land. Environmental groups decry the loss of farmland and other previous uses as new housing subdivisions get built on the fringe of existing developed areas. Statistically, the amount of farmland (and other) conversion has actually been measured, on a national level, in the USDA’s National Resources Inventory.
As developed land has increased, cropland, pastureland, and rangeland have all decreased. That is exactly what anti-sprawl advocates have warned of. The dynamic can be seen even more clearly when expanding the above land-uses to comprehensively include all other land-use types in the United States.
This graph corroborates, arithmetically, that the largest source of land lost to development has indeed been farmland, followed by pasture and range lands. Its comprehensive cross-section at 10-year intervals shows how all most types of land (other than developed, crop, pasture, and range) have remained relatively constant, with only slight increases in federal lands, forest lands, and other rural (the entire “rural” category includes crop, pasture, range, forest, and other rural).
Strikingly, developed land comprises very little of total U.S. land area. The Midwestern, western and southern states tend to contain vast, enormous areas of undeveloped land. The following graph illustrates the ratio of developed land to total U.S. land from 1982 through 2012.
While the proportion of developed land has indeed grown significantly over the past few decades, it still remained only six percent of total U.S. land as of 2012. A propensity toward even further “sprawl” is certainly possible because of the low proportion of developed land to total land and the abundance of land tends to reduce its price (even accounting for the costs of sewers, roads, electricity, and other infrastructure on newly converted land).
“Build Up or Build Out”: Impact on fuel consumption and petroleum dependence
When land is developed at a faster rate than people can populate it, densities decrease, and vehicle trips, trip distances, vehicle ownership, and fuel consumption tend to rise.
When land is developed at a faster rate than people can populate it, densities decrease, and vehicle trips, trip distances, vehicle ownership, and fuel consumption tend to rise. Other articles in The Fuse have shown a strong correlation between decreasing density on the one hand, and increasing fuel consumption, vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT), and vehicle ownership on the other. In a geographic sense, another way of seeing these occurrences is through the lens of “build up or build out.” When land is developed on a “build up” pattern, it means that population growth outpaces land expansion, and density increases. In contrast, on a “build out” pattern, population growth lags behind land expansion, and density goes down. In turn, decreasing density is strongly associated with increased vehicle ownership, more frequent vehicle trips, and longer vehicle trips—all elements which feed into increased fuel consumption.
A look at how social sprawl underpins physical sprawl
The next article in this series will examine a coincident pattern known as “social sprawl.” Examining the “socio-demographics” of the American population over the past several decades—in the form of household sizes, children per family, preference for single-family housing units, and related factors—shows that social and cultural preferences exercise a quiet but profound impact on choices regarding whether to “build up or build out.” It turns out that physical sprawl is underpinned by “social sprawl,” and that the causes of “social sprawl” spring from some unexpected sources. | <urn:uuid:7fd1c593-9080-4fa1-8999-ec0590e9fcbd> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://energyfuse.org/urban-sprawl-effects-fuel-consumption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738944.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812200445-20200812230445-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.942149 | 2,252 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Criminology – cja314 (3 credits)
Criminology is an introductory course in the study of crime and criminal behavior, focusing on the various theories of crime causation. This course highlights the causes of crime, criminal behavior systems, societal reaction to crime, and criminological methods of inquiry.
This undergraduate-level course is 5 weeks. This course is available as part of a degree or certificate program. To enroll, speak with an Enrollment Representative.
- Identify major theoretical principles associated with a sociological perspective of crime.
- Describe the primary theoretical underpinnings of social structure, social process, social development, and social conflict theories.
- Assess policy implications according to social structure, social process, social development theories, and social conflict theories.
- Identify common critiques of social structure, social process, social development, and social conflict theories in criminological thought.
Types of Crime
- Distinguish between personal and property crimes, including motivational factors of the offender.
- Evaluate causal factors associated with white-collar, corporate, and organized crime.
- Describe contemporary policy issues associated with the attempted control of organized crime.
- Analyze social policy and political implications associated with the regulation of public order crimes.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of the law enforcement response to the war on drugs.
- Evaluate the implications of drug abuse and drug-related crimes in contemporary American society.
Criminology, Social Policy, and Future Directions
- Evaluate the role of globalization as it relates to international policy making.
- Analyze the primary typologies of terrorism, including specific categories associated with each typology.
- Critique the projected crime control policies of the future, including potential implications as they relate to transnational crimes.
- Evaluate the correlation between evolving technologies and evolving criminal behaviors.
- Describe contemporary cybercrimes and policy implications for combating these crimes.
- Analyze potential civil liberty violations inherent with the attempted control of cybercrimes.
- Identify specific, historical crime-fighting measures adopted by the federal government, including relevant legislation.
Research Methods, Theory Development, and Patterns of Crime
- Differentiate between deviance and criminality.
- Determine how criminological research dictates social policy as it relates to crime control.
- Evaluate the history of data collection methods and crime analyses.
- Analyze the purpose of criminology and the functions of criminologists.
- Assess the major contemporary sources of crime data and their limitations.
- Identify the four primary definitional perspectives of crime according to criminological thought.
Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
- Identify the major principles of the Classical School of criminological thought.
- Discuss the policy implications of biological theories.
- Compare the major theoretical principles of classical versus neoclassical criminology.
- Evaluate policy implications inherent with the Classical School.
- Identify causal factors of criminality according to biological theorists.
- Identify the central principles of the psychological and psychiatric perspectives of crime.
- Evaluate the influence of psychological and psychiatric theories on the law and social policy.
The University of Phoenix reserves the right to modify courses.
While widely available, not all programs are available in all locations or in both online and on-campus formats. Please check with a University Enrollment Representative.
Transferability of credit is at the discretion of the receiving institution. It is the student’s responsibility to confirm whether or not credits earned at University of Phoenix will be accepted by another institution of the student’s choice. | <urn:uuid:ab7be567-fd82-4bdc-9276-25b04c9279d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.phoenix.edu/courses/cja/cja314.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719566.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00224-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874734 | 749 | 2.625 | 3 |
Cultivation of guava
Guava is a popular fruit of India. In the field of production and production, guava attains the fourth place among fruits grown in the country. Keeping in mind its multi-utility and nutrition, people call it the apple of the poor. It is extremely beneficial to health. Vitamin C is found in high concentration in Guava.
In addition, vitamin A and B are also found. There are good amounts of iron, lime and phosphorus in it. Jelly and Barfi (cheese) are also made from Guava. It can be kept safe in air tight containers and kept safe.
Climate for guava
Hot and arid climate is most suitable for guava. It can tolerate heat and litter. Only small plants are affected by frost. The cultivation of guava is favourable to 15 to 30 degree centigrade temperature. It also tolerates drought well. The adverse effects of high fluctuations in temperature, hot air, low rainfall, and water cycle are less adverse.
Soil for guava
Guava can be grown in almost every type of soil, but fertile sandy loam soil has been found to be good for good production. 6 to 7.5 pH is suitable for guava production. There is a possibility of outbreaks of neck disease in the soil with pH of more than 7.5.
Proliferation of guava
veneer grafting method
This method of putting a scion is easy and cheap. To prepare the scion, the single-mounted moles of one month of age are taken and they are disinfected to develop the bud. Now the root and scion are both 4-5 cm in length. Is cut until lengthy, and the two are wrapped with a strip of alkaline,
When the shoot begins to sprout from the scion, the upper part of the root system is separated. These ranges are put in the month of June-July, approximately 80 percent of the pen is applied.
This method is adopted to multiply the plants with a root root of urad. First of all, the original plant is allowed to grow for 2 years. Then in the month of March, it is 10-15 cm from the ground. The height is cut off. When 20-35 cm If the new stems of height rise, then the bark near the base of each stem is 2 cm long. The peels are peeled in the form of wide rings.
On this scattered part, indolitative bacterial acid of 5000 per gallon is prepared in a lanolin paste, and the bruised part is coated on it, after which these treated prophylaxis are covered with soil, roots come in a month and a half, these roots plants Are separated after one and a half months and they are placed in karias or gamls.
The main time of planting guava plants is from July to August but in places where there is irrigation facilities, the plants can be planted in February-March.
Pit for guava plantation
Prepare the 60 × 60 × 60 centimeters (length × width × depth) pits at a fixed distance by drawing the plants after placing the plant 15-20 days before planting.
These pits are 15-20 kg Fill the well prepared cow dung compost, 500 gm super phosphate, 250gm potash and 100 gm methyl parathion powders well into the soil and fill the pits 15 cm height from the surface.
After filling the pit, make irrigation so that the soil is well frozen. After that plant the plants. Irrigation immediately after transplanting.
Typically 5 × 5 or 6 × 6, can be applied to 500 to 5000 hectares per hectare in compact method, and from time to time, the plants are kept small by cutting and sorting and using increased controllers. This type of horticulture produces 30 tons to 50 tons. can be taken.
Dense implantation method can be planted at intervals of 3 × 1.5 meters (2222 plants / ha), 3×3 meters (1111 plants), 6 × 1.5 (555 plants / ha).
Irrigation in guava
Irrigation of one to two years old plants of guava, from 10-15 days in heavy land and 5-7 days in light soil. Reduce the interval of irrigation in summer and irrigate it quickly. Provide water for plants over two years and making them a straw in 20 days in heavy land and 10 days in light soil.
fertilizer application in guava
Age of plants Manure (kg) Nitrogen (gm) Phosphorus (gm) Potash
1 year 10 50 30 50
2 years 20 100 60 100
3 years 30 150 90 150
4 years 40 200 120 200
5 years 50 250 150 250
6 years & above 60 300 180 300
In addition to the above fertilizers and fertilizers, 0.5 percent zinc sulphate, 0.4 percent boric acid and 0.4 percent of copper suphate will be successful in increasing the production and production of plants by making the sprinkling of flowers before flowering.
Organic manure in guava
Neem khali 6 kg in guava By adding per plant, fruits are produced along with good quality as well as increase in production. Dung manure 40 kg Or 4 kg With Vermi compost, 100 gms of biological compost, such as azospirilum, V.A.M. And psm With the use of production and production of good quality fruits is produced.
Time and method for manuring the guava
Nutrients that take nutrients in guava, around the stem and 30 cm. Is in depth. Therefore, while keeping manure, keep in mind that manure, 15-20 cm in the spread of the tree. Make a plate in depth The quantity of cow dung manure, phosphor and potash and quantity of nitrogen before the end of the rainfall in June-July and the amount of remaining nitrogen before September-October.
Harvesting of guava
Let the plants shape the work of cutting-sorting in the initial year. To plant the plants, first they should be 60-90 cm Let’s grow upright. Then after this height 15-20 cm Choose 3-4 branches on the difference. After this, harvesting and sorting the top and edge branches of the main stem, so that the shape of the tree is controlled.
Separate dry and diseased twigs from large trees. Keep removing the whiskers from the surface of the ground around the stem. Cut off the main and secondary branches of old plants whose production capacity has reduced, so that new branches will come and the production capacity of old plants will be increased.
Flowering and blooming time in guava
Guava trees produce flowers and fruits thrice a year or so throughout the year, and ultimately crop up at different times of the year, this method of giving flowers and fruits is not desirable for commercial cultivation. Well defined durations are-
Types of flowers Flowering time The time of harvesting The quality of the fruit
Ambe bahar February-March July-September Fade, like water, taste and keep quality bad
Mrig bahar June-July November-January Excellent
Hasth bahar October-April April Good, but yields less, good price
To control the feeling of flowers and fruits in the guava for the deer
In India, deer is more preferred than the Bahar, Ambe Bahar and hand out. Therefore, the control of flowers becomes necessary so that the deer can produce excessive flowers and produce fruits in the winter. The following method of work is adopted for this purpose
A) Measures to restrict irrigation water
Guava trees should not be irrigated from February to mid-May. Thus, during the summer season (April-May) the trees fall to relax and leave their leaves. During this time, trees can preserve food in their branches. In the month of June, irrigation is done after properly planting of trees and fertilizing. After 20-25 days the flowers grow in abundance in the tree. Fruits mature during winter.
B) To uncover the roots
To give sunlight to the roots, the upper soil around the torso (45-60 cm radius) is carefully removed. This action decreases the supply of soil moisture, resulting in the leaves falling and the tree goes to rest. After 3-4 weeks, the exposed roots are covered again by soil. After this fertilization and water is given.
C) Tilting the trees
The tree that is direct to the tree is very less productive, such trees that can be folded from the edges of the ground by tilting the branches. In this way passive buds are activated and they start giving flowers and fruits.
D) Use of growth regulators
The winter crop is much better in quality than the monsoon crop. Farmers often drop the flowers of the monsoon crop to get a high quality winter crop and higher price for the same in the market.. These growth regulators, such as Naphthalene acitic acid (NAA), Naphthalene acetamide, have been found to be effective in manipulating the flowering and harvest season.
Fruit tumble and produce
After 120-140 days of flowering, the fruit begins to ripen. When the colour of the fruit starts falling light yellow, then it is harvested. Every year 400 to 600 fruits are obtained from a full grown guava plant, which weight 125 to 150 kg. Its storage capacity is very low. Therefore, they should be sent every day and send it to the market.
Insect and Disease Control in Guava
This is the most destructive disease of guava. Symptoms of this disease are first seen in years. The leaves of the patient trees are brown and the tree is withered. The branches of affected trees start drying one by one. This disease spreads rapidly in red litterite and alluvial soil.
Treat the diseases of plants / trees pests of this disease by mixing one gram benlet or carbendazim per liter of water (20 liters per pit). Reduce the outbreak of disease by mixing lime, gypsum and organic compounds in the soil.
Bark Bhakta Worm: The worst damage to Guava is caused by this Worm, the wick worms eat the bark of the stem and makes a hole in the stem. After eating bark leaves a type of black residue that remains sticking to the affected parts.
For prevention of this, put the cotton wool in pores or kerosene from petrol or newwon, and close the mouth of the hole from the wet soil. | <urn:uuid:eda7203e-4d68-4359-a949-bc0e97b2187f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://abcofagri.com/cultivation-of-guava/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.937563 | 2,193 | 3.203125 | 3 |
As the crew of the space shuttle Endeavor made the journey home after a 16-day mission, scientists at NASA and the Canadian Space Agency credit them with taking the first step in a robotic partnership that will help humans press further out into the solar system.
The Endeavour and its crew of seven astronauts have landed at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral. The crew set a record for running the longest mission of space station construction -- delivering a Japanese lab to the International Space Station and assembling a 1,500 kilo, 3.7 metre-tall robot.
"The work we're doing now -- the robotics we're doing -- is what we're going to need to do to build any work station or habitat structure on the moon or Mars," said Allard Beutel, a spokesman for NASA. "Yes, this is just the beginning."
Further joint human-robot projects will "be a symbiotic relationship. It's part of a long-term effort for us to branch out into the solar system. We're going to need this type of hand-in-robotic-hand [effort] to make this happen. We're in the infancy of space exploration. We have to start somewhere and this is as good a place as any."
The astronauts worked with a ground crew of engineers from NASA and the Canadian Space Agency to get the US$200 million robot, named Dextre, assembled and operational. With two arms and a wing span of 9.1 metres, Dextre is designed to do maintenance on the outside of the space station, cutting down on the number of dangerous space walks the astronauts will have to perform. The robot was built by the Canadian agency. | <urn:uuid:076f9c0d-a35c-454b-8df5-a24c1af9e505> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/210220/nasa_shuttle_returns_just_start_space_robotics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612502.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529165246-20170529185246-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.946661 | 348 | 3.390625 | 3 |
How playing an instrument benefits your brain – Anita Collins
In Anita’s video “How playing an instrument benefits your brain,” she compares playing an instrument to full-body brain workout. I can definitely see this as my student plays the music while tapping steady beat with the foot and chant the rhythm at the same time.
Today as I play my piano, I’d like to imagine fireworks go off everywhere inside my brain…like July 4th celebration. How exciting is that!
When you listen to music, multiple areas of your brain become engaged and active. But when you actually play an instrument, that activity becomes more like a full-body brain workout. What’s going on? Anita Collins explains the fireworks that go off in musicians’ brains when they play, and examines some of the long-term positive effects of this mental workout. | <urn:uuid:e2827d0c-65d1-4a76-8807-a6ed1e9f9cef> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://youlovepiano.com/2014/09/05/how-playing-an-instrument-benefits-your-brain-anita-collins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.944464 | 178 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Location: Faribault, MN
Client: Rice County
Shattuck-St. Mary’s School was identified as a potential site to build stormwater best management practices (BMPs) to target stormwater runoff and reduce pollutants that enter the Straight and Cannon rivers.
Rice County, the City of Faribault, and Shattuck-St. Mary’s School partnered to manage stormwater using targeted BMPs to produce measurable water quality benefits for the nearby rivers. Houston Engineering, Inc. (HEI) joined Rice County in producing a feasibility study to target, identify, and prioritize practices that will reduce sediment and pollutant loading into the Shattuck-St. Mary’s campus.
The HEI team began the analysis in January 2015 by performing desktop and field site assessments and developing hydraulic and hydrologic models. The hydraulic and hydrologic models were used to determine the amount of discharge entering the ravines and how large the BMPs needed to be to accommodate the modeled volumes.
These assessments and models allowed HEI to determine the amount of pollutants reaching the nearby ravines and how to effectively reduce those numbers. Because significant erosion had been identified on the campus ravines, HEI assessed five ravines to evaluate how their erosion affected the pollutant loads. It was determined that the ravines contributed a combined 365 tons of sediment and 365 pounds of phosphorus to the Straight River each year.
HEI recommended 22 potential BMPs that would reduce discharge to the ravines, help stabilize the ravines, and reduce pollutant loading. Shattuck-St. Mary’s chose 12 of these BMPs to evaluate further. The study also involved recommendations for existing BMPs for inspection or reconstruction to improve their functionality.
- Reduced sediment and pollutant loading into nearby rivers, which resulted in increased water quality.
- Reduced erosion along ravines.
- Conceptual designs for 12 new BMPs that can be implemented to improve stormwater filtration and reduce peak discharge.
- Client is better positioned for future grant funding with the ability to demonstrate the exact quantities of pollutants. | <urn:uuid:123e68a8-911f-4b42-a88a-8d913d05615c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.houstoneng.com/shattuckstmary39sravinestabilizationandstormwaterbestmanagementpracticesfeasibilitystudy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948532873.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214000736-20171214020736-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.934033 | 439 | 2.65625 | 3 |
by Jessica Nimon for ISS Science News
Houston TX (SPX) Feb 25, 2013
James Bond might be the first to tell you that a well-shaken martini is a vast improvement over one that has settled and separated. A good mixture depends on understanding exactly how much to agitate a drink, as well as how quickly the ingredients will settle and if there are other mediating factors, such as temperature. If Bond really wanted to understand the science of his spirits, he could follow the examples of researchers who sent fluid mixture experiments to the International Space Station.
The Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument-Influence of Vibrations on Diffusion of Liquids, or SODI-IVIDIL, investigation addressed the question of fluid physics fundamentals while looking at how heat and particles move through liquids in microgravity. The scientists who conducted the space station investigation from October 2009 to January 2010 were not interested in cocktails, however, but instead wanted to verify current math models to predict liquid mixture behavior.
Information from this study adds to the collective knowledge of fluid physics, advancing that area of science.
"Any research initiative is a small step forward, a venture into a land of unknown, toward a better understanding of nature and the world we are living in," said Valentina Shevtsova, Ph.D., principal investigator for SODI-IVIDIL at the Microgravity Research Center, ULB, Belgium. "Before this venture is realized, much work is needed to increase the chance of success. And this is where the pre-experimental computer and theoretical studies rule."
Researchers knew that studying reduced convection buoyancy -- the transfer of heat by movement -- aboard the space station could reveal fluid mixture behaviors hidden by gravity in experiments on the ground. Still, they needed to check if there were any side effects from the minor on-orbit tremors, known as g-jitter, such as crew movements or mechanical vibrations that could distort data.
To perform this series of experiments, researchers used the SODI optical instrument, which also helps with other station studies, such as SODI-Colloid. The European Space Agency, or ESA, built the SODI instrument for use aboard the station for fluids research in the space environment. The crew put the IVIDIL sample cells into SODI for processing and observation. The liquid binary solution samples, which are essentially fluids made up of a two-part mixture -- similar to if Bond had vodka and water instead of his trademark martini -- were then tested for their response to various vibrations.
After 55 repetitions of the experiment, researchers found that only major space station vibrations caused impacts, such as orbital debris avoidance maneuvers or dockings and undockings of spacecraft. The more common minor movements that are part of daily life aboard station did not influence the samples.
"The SODI-IVIDIL experiment clearly showed that onboard jitters do not affect fluid investigations of this type in microgravity, paving the way for future studies with more complex samples," said Shevtsova.
This is the first successful station study to gauge the impact of on-orbit g-jitter, providing benchmark values for future fluid diffusion experiments. These results provide proven numbers for equations to predict movement of liquids, which were not possible to obtain on Earth, due to gravity.
Now that scientists know their numerical models are reliable, they can use them with confidence as a reference point as they move forward with additional research in the area of fluid physics and in physical and life science studies aboard station. This is good news for future station investigations, such as Diffusion Coefficients in MIXtures, or DCMIX, and Vibrational Phenomena In Liquids, or VIPIL, as well as applications for space equipment.
"The studied phenomenon in SODI-IVIDIL allows for the control of fluids in microgravity important for material processing, space-enabling operations and even life support," said Shevtsova. "European scientists expect to obtain bullet-proof benchmark results from future space station studies with three component mixtures, such as DCMIX, to validate ground experimental techniques."
So what does this study mean for those of us on Earth, since we are not likely worried about Bond's quest for the perfect martini in an orbital lounge? These results actually have direct applications to petroleum research.
Data from these space studies may help the oil industry generate formulas to predict correct measurements for the liquid to gas ratio in potential wells. This information aids geophysics and mineralogy experts as they evaluate the capacity of reservoirs -- collections of natural resources that lay hidden in the ground. Using these formulas could prevent costly mistakes during exploration, leading to more accurate and affordable speculation.
"The convection flows created by vibrations in microgravity are similar to the convection created on the ground by buoyancy," said Shevtsova.
While SODI-IVIDIL examined a binary solution, it paved the way for more complex mixture research on orbit by showing that g-jitter would not complicate the results. For instance, DCMIX will look at a three part liquid and other, more complex solutions will follow.
DCMIX is scheduled to launch aboard a Russian Progress spacecraft to the space station in the summer of 2013. Since oil is a multicomponent mixture, as this microgravity fluid physics research continues to evolve, so also will the advances made in exploration in space and on Earth.
ISS Program Science Office
Space Technology News - Applications and Research
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:84528c44-149b-4104-b02e-4c8b61517290> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Fluids_in_Space_Shaken_Not_Stirred_999.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049282275.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002122-00148-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936977 | 1,253 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Albany Public Library members have access to several online databases where you can find newspapers and research materials on many different subjects. If you are researching at home or school, enter your library card number to gain access to the database of your choice.
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GALE In Context: Opposing Viewpoints – Provides a great resource for current events, critical thinking, and writing students. Contains a range of perspectives on many important issues, with over 13,000 pro/con viewpoints. Includes a variety of resource types: reference, news, primary sources, multimedia, and more. | <urn:uuid:40288d2c-b47c-4274-b388-9a5e7ac303f1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.albanypubliclibrary.org/books-and-more/research-databases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511284.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003224357-20231004014357-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.877008 | 1,520 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Created By: Nazareth College
Address: 1023 Swann Rd, Youngstown, NY 14174
The History of the Fatima Shrine
The shrine itself is dedicated to the Virgin Mary as she is an incredibly significant figure among catholic literature and represents the moment when she performed the Miracle of the Sun in front of approximately 70,000 witnesses. The story that precedes this is that the Virgin Mary gave three shepherd children instructions to commit acts of reparations and penance, and made visits for each of the 3 children, instilling one secret in them each. Upon returning to their village, those around them believe the story to be too farfetched to be taken seriously and the kids were then promptly jailed for their “outlandish” claims. The Children were eventually released and saw the Blessed Virgin again, in which they asked for permission to share the secrets. On her final visit, the aforementioned “Miracle of the Sun” was performed and the secrets were shared. It would later be apparent by 1941 that only 2 of the secrets would ever be known to the public as there is a written account of such an event on a letter by one of the children, but the 3rd secret will forever remain a mystery, as the surviving child at the time refused to reveal it.
The Niagara falls communities had a large piece of catholic influence and as such the Polish and Italian communities brought themselves together in the mid 1950’s and decided they wanted to support the Barnabite Fathers, which are a missionary faction which found their way into the region. (Clemens, 2020). Together, these groups came up with the idea and constructed the Shrine of Lady Fatima in present day Lewiston NY in order to commemorate and show importance to the aforementioned story. At first it was simply a single statue which made up the shrine, but later in 1960, the rest of the shrine complete with a basilica and a much larger property would become what we know of the shrine today.
Clemens, C. (2020, May 18). Our Lady of Fatima Shrine and Basilica in Lewiston, NY. Exploring Upstate. Retrieved December 10, 2022, from https://exploringupstate.com/basilica-of-the-national-shrine-of-our-lady-of-fatima/
Written by: Jack Hughes
This point of interest is part of the tour: Historic Religious Site Tour of Lewiston & Youngstown NY
Please send change requests to [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:8d5edf47-799b-4456-8f14-7d75c9457d4c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://pocketsights.com/tours/place/Our-Lady-of-Fatima-Shrine-71069:7569 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654606.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608071820-20230608101820-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.975541 | 526 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The joyous event of the glorious Resurrection is expressed in Orthodox Iconography with the Icon of the Descent into Hades. Although there are various versions of this Icon, in essence, they all depict the rescuing of the righteous souls from Hades by our Lord during His entombment on Great and Holy Saturday. The Icon described in detail below is that of the fresco my Manuel Panselinos (circa 1300 AD) and found in the Protaton Church at Karyes, Mt Athos, Greece. The Icon shown above is a slightly different version.
In this Icon, the Lord is depicted with bright garments within a transparent and interrupted circular glory that follows the contour of the cross-engraven crown of light around His head. The glory is faintly noticeable above His head. The Lord, having descended into Hades with Authority, is seen with a firm footing and a powerful stance upon the gates of Hades, which have fallen in the shape of a cross beneath His feet. In His left hand, Christ is holding a huge Cross, the symbol of victory.
With His right hand ( the mark of the nails is clearly visible here as well as on His feet) Christ is raising out of the depths of Hades our forefather Adam, who symbolises the human race, with a vigorous and unilateral motion. As a result of this movement, the garment of the triumphant Christ is shown as being blown upwards by the wind. Together with Adam, Eve also stretches forth her arms in a beseeching manner.
Behind them and a little higher is St John the Baptist and Forerunner of Christ, who is pointing to and indicating the Lord. Behind St John is the righteous Abel, (the son of Adam, who was murdered by his brother) shown as a young, beardless man with a long shepherds staff and an ecstatic expression. In the dark cave of Hades can be seen the locks of death, the age-old bars and chains that kept the dead captive, smashed by the Power of the Resurrection.
At the top of the Icon two angels are bending over the craggy peaks and are sharing in the triumph of the cosmic and eschatological victory of the God-Man Jesus Christ.
from The mystery of death
The Orthodox Brotherhood of Theologians (The Saviour), | <urn:uuid:695e7a4f-290d-4678-a0e6-e0f601df34b8> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.orthodoxchristian.info/pages/Descent.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163922753/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133202-00035-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94868 | 466 | 2.75 | 3 |
The initial situation
People having to flee from wars or disasters usually only make it to the neighboring regions which very often struggle to cope with the masses of refugees arriving. Worldwide, hundreds of thousands of refugees are stuck in refugee camps located near crisis regions without any perspective of leading a decent life. Only few of them are able and willing to risk their lives getting to Europe. Without help from the outside, many of them are unable to find protection.
The safe alternative for refugees
In such situations, the resettlement program comes into effect. Resettlement means the transfer and permanent settlement of refugees with special protection needs who cannot be permanently integrated into the country where they have sought refuge and whose return to their country of origin is not feasible or reasonable in the foreseeable future due to the prevailing conditions. Single women, single mothers, unaccompanied children and adolescents, persons suffering from trauma, victims of torture, elderly people, refugees with medical needs, and oppressed minorities are considered as refugees with special protection needs. The hardships of fleeing in order to seek refuge in a safe country are almost impossible for these persons to take on. Therefore, the resettlement program provides a safe way for them to achieve permanent protection in a third state that has agreed to admit them.
Why is resettlement important?
The resettlement program provides a safe alternative for refugees and prevents people from taking dangerous journeys. Thereby, it particularly prevents further deaths. Moreover, it is an instrument to take action against smugglers and traffickers – and often it is the only possibility to provide protection and a future in dignity as well as peace to people. With the admission to a developed country, the most vulnerable among the refugees get the chance of leading a normal life.
The refugees are granted complete protection by the third country admitting them. They are offered language and integration courses right from the beginning, receive a work permit as well as intensive assistance and are entitled to social benefits. In this way, they have the possibility to integrate into society.
Resettlement is rather considered as a complement to the provision of refugee protection to be applied in emergency situations than as a substitute for the known asylum procedures. Resettlement alone will surely not be the solution to the worldwide refugee situation, but it is the rescue for many people. Long, dangerous and costly means of fleeing can thus be avoided. Nonetheless, refugees must still have the right to seek protection and asylum at European borders. However, resettlement sets a clear signal against exclusion, discrimination and isolation of refugees. | <urn:uuid:8236f609-6361-4d89-a571-333c57f45f4b> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.save-me-muenchen.de/en/resettlement-2/what-is-resettlement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738653.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810072511-20200810102511-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.968344 | 494 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Friday, August 10, 2007
National Geographic on Saturn and Titan
It appears that there are at least four places in the Solar System besides earth where carbon-based life is possible or may have existed in the past. Mars, the Jupiter moon Europa (as in the movie 2010), and now Enceladus.
The 2006 issue of National Geographic is called “Saturn As You’ve Never Seen It”, and then “Beautiful Stranger: Saturn’s Mysteries Come to Light.” There are two live color pictures from the Huygens probe of Titan (Jan. 2005), one having two low mountains with rivulets. The other (better known) is a river bed covered with ice pebbles. The smoggy sky is brighter than expected at such a distance from the Sun. The article maintains that methane (CH-4) rain may fall once a millennium near the equator, but much more often near the poles where the countryside looks like northeastern Minnesota (without vegetation), with methane or ethane lakes, some twenty miles across. Along the equator there are miles of parallel sand dunes. Carl Sagan, in a book written in the late 1980s, had speculated that thiolins fall onto the surface of Titan. Scientific American had a major article on Titan in 1986, and discussed its "reducing atmosphere."
Enceladus apparently has interior water, the erupts as ice geysers. It’s unclear how it got there.
Saturn itself is, of course, a gas giant (like Jupiter) with the thickening atmosphere, liquid hydrogen, probably metallic hydrogen, and rocky core. The article has huge pictures of the rings.
Venus could have had life at one point, before a runaway greenhouse gas effect and “global warming”, maybe rather suddenly less than a billion years ago, produced the current furnace.
Another possibility, besides Europa (with its underground ocean) could be Ganymede, which also might have an internal ocean.
I have a sci-fi “sociological” screenplay called “69 Minutes to Titan” at this link:
Because of certain sensitivities, some material has been removed form the version displayed on line; my private version is more complete (about 124 min, R). One of my hypotheses is that angels use Titan as a staging area before traveling to Earth to interact with humans, who are finally abducted and invited to come to Titan.
I'd like to see an Imax movie show the surface of Titan.
Picture: A Titan-like smog hides the US Capitol. | <urn:uuid:9cd3c0b2-b4f6-4fdd-b295-4db74c8aba09> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.billsbookreviewsandnews.com/2007/08/national-geographic-on-saturn-and-titan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203448.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324124545-20190324150545-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.946686 | 542 | 2.859375 | 3 |
It is of much concern to UK these days regarding the fact that quite a lot of evidence is there to prove that in Syria, usage of chemical weapons is being done.
William Hague, the foreign secretary, said that the claims should be looked into and those involved must be held to account for it.
By some British sources of intelligence, BBC was told that samples of soils taken randomly from some Syrian sites have been taken for testing to UK.
According to the sources, the evidence tells about some usage of the chemical weapons, though it’s not understandable by which of the sides.
It is believed that Syria has stocks of highly toxic sarin which is a verve agent and also much mustard gas.
Only a few countries are left who have not signed “Chemical Weapons Convention”,or CWC for short, that bans the use internationally. Syria happens to be one of these.
When Mr Hague was facing questioned by the ministers at the ‘House of Commons’, he said that he couldn’t publicly give any comment regarding matters of intelligence.
Yet, he appreciated the announcement by the secretary general of UN regarding investigation of the allegations. He called on Syria’s regime to fully cooperate, giving UN team limitless access.
Syrian Chemical Weapons
- CIA thinks that Syria has some programme regarding chemical weapons from many years and has got CW agents aplenty, which could be transferred by ballistic missile, artillery rocket and aircraft.
- It is believed that the toxic nerve agent sarin and mustard gas is possessed by Syria.
- CIA also thinks that Syria tried to produce nerve agents that are quite persistent and toxic, like VX gas
- A report regarding Western, Arab and Turkish intelligence agencies have placed Syria’s stockpile on about 1000 tonnes chemical weapons, being stored in cities and towns amounting to 50.
- The CWC has not been signed by Syria neither is the “Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention” been ratified by the country
He also said that they should take heed that the world is watching and those who order the use of chemical weapons or participate in their use must be held to account.
The British Office of “Foreign and Commonwealth” informed BBC that they do believe some reports which are saying that weapons like these have been used by the regime in a number of urban locations in tactical military engagements.
An expert team of UN in Cyprus is waiting for permission to gain entry in Syria.
This inquiry’s focus would be on the incident in Khan-al-Assal last month, in the province of Aleppo.
Damascus says that the rebel forces made use of the chemical weapons, though the rebel commanders blamed the forces of government of executing this attack, making reference to reports about the victims suffering from bluish skin and breathing difficulties.
If it gets verified, then it’d happen to be first time of use of the chemical weapons in the conflict from two years, that is thought by UN to take about 70, 000 lives.
Frank Gardner, the security correspondent of BBC, thinks that British Government provided the team all the technical training but whose task has been postponed due to the diplomatic wrangling on access and also their security.
Opposition’s demands about allowing inspectors to visit more such locations where government forces are accused of using chemical weapons by the rebels, are rejected by Damascus.
US President Obama said the use by Syrian government of the chemical weapons will mark “red line” and its crossing will have quite significant consequences.
The Security Council of UN is divided due to resentment among themselves regarding Syrian War, just after China and Russia opposed the resolutions quite often, which were to increase pressure on Syrian government.
UN investigation is welcomed by Russia but it says that the investigation should only be limited to incident of Khan al-Assal.
UN investigation has been welcomed by Russia, however claims that should be confined to the Khan al-Assal event. | <urn:uuid:712ea6f3-9584-4f9f-92d6-6cc11983cf9d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://innewsweekly.com/the-syria-conflict-concerns-of-uk-regarding-use-of-chemical-weapon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103920118.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701034437-20220701064437-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.972871 | 812 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Don't rely on BNP levels to detect CHF for trauma
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a neurohormone secreted by the heart in response to fluid overload, has been shown to be elevated in medical patients with left ventricular dysfunction, which speeds diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. But can it also detect CHF in critically ill trauma patients?
Researchers looked at 50 trauma patients and found that there was no relationship between elevated BNP levels and echocardiographic evidence of CHF.1 "The BNP is a great test for medical patients, to decide if the cause of their hypoxia is CHF or pulmonary disease," says Kenneth Waxman, MD, one of the study's authors and director of surgical education and trauma services medical director at Santa Barbara (CA) Cottage Hospital. "It's a wonderful test and it's verified, but it hasn't really been looked at in trauma patients."
Therefore, BNP is not a good way to differentiate the causes of hypoxia or determine whether a trauma patient has CHF, he says. "There is a trend to do a lot of BNPs in the ED, to kind of screen for heart failure," Waxman says. "Nurses should keep in mind that the BNP just doesn't work for trauma patients. For example, in head-injured patients, we found elevated BNPs in people who didn't have heart failure."
At Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, ED nurses obtain the blood sample for CHF patients, administer medication for the patient as ordered by the ED physician, and monitor the effects of these medications, says Kelly Kam, RN, trauma and pre-hospital manager.
"BNP is a very useful test in helping to diagnose why a patient may be short of breath," Kam says. "Continuous monitoring of airway, breathing, and circulation are the No. 1 priority. Any intervention to maintain these should not be withheld while awaiting this lab value."
The test has become standard of care in the ED and is used "on a daily basis" to help make or confirm a diagnosis of CHF, says Kam. "This test also acts as a marker to determine the severity of the heart failure if the test is positive," she says. "It will also show how well the prescribed treatment is working."
Frequently reassess the CHF patient's airway, breathing, circulation, and neurological status and their response to any medications given, says Kam. Document and report these findings, she says. "Any compromise in these particular areas is cause for alarm and requires immediate intervention," Kam says.
- Stewart D, Waxman K, Brown C, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide levels may be elevated in the critically injured trauma patient without congestive heart failure. J Trauma-Injury Inf Crit Care 2007; 63:747-750. | <urn:uuid:86f37006-6dcc-44ca-b29c-e995a41b9444> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/9504-don-t-rely-on-bnp-levels-to-detect-chf-for-trauma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363641.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209000407-20211209030407-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.951748 | 606 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The holiday season is filled with hustle and bustle. There’s plenty of excitement from seeing family and friends, but also stress, travel, long lines, planning, preparation — and a range of emotions from positive to negative.
For many, the holiday season means planning and taking care of others. However, this leaves little time for taking care of oneself. Below are a few ideas on how to practice self-care during this holiday season.
- Regularly schedule time to engage in self-care activities. Schedule self-care activities (exercise, meditation, a hobby you enjoy) at the same time each day so they become routine or set a timer or alarm to remind yourself.
- Practice gratitude for the people and events in your life. This might include writing in a journal about what you appreciate in your life, or letting others know the gratitude you feel.
- Engage in deep breathing or other relaxation skills. This can include listening to soothing music or engaging in an imagery exercise. You can also engage in a number of other relaxation skills.
- Tune into the emotions you are experiencing. Emotions may be positive, negative, or a combination of the two. Call "time outs" for yourself and check in on your feelings. Write down your feelings in a journal.
- Try to understand why you might be experiencing negative emotions. For some people, negative emotions might be related to unrealistic expectations or goals of themselves around the holidays, or from feeling overwhelmed. Readjust goals so they are specific and attainable.
- Monitor your stress level. Write down your stress level in a journal at various times during the day. Take note of the situation you are in when feeling stressed. Is it around certain people? Or engaging in specific activities? Have a list of activities you can engage in to relax for a few minutes. Perhaps this is taking a walk, doing a few minutes of yoga, or watching a favorite TV show or movie.
- Being present around the presents. Practice mindfulness and meditation. This can include spending a minute or two being present in your environment. Take notice of the smells, sounds, and sights of the holidays. Notice the differences between the holiday season and other times of the year. Mindfulness techniques can be more than quiet contemplation .
- Take care of your physical health. Ensure adequate sleep and a nutritious diet. Develop a plan to enjoy the special foods and treats around the holidays, while balancing them with healthy eating .
So, enjoy the holidays and remember to take time to care for your own needs and emotions. Remember, as the flight attendants say as part of their safety preparations, you need to put on your own oxygen mask first before helping others. This may help you more fully appreciate and find meaning this holiday season.
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No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. | <urn:uuid:479aca3d-8def-43b5-b655-5be58d7bf932> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/self-care-strategies-holiday-season-2017121812926 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337906.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007014029-20221007044029-00715.warc.gz | en | 0.949918 | 627 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Entomological holdings of the Alabama Museum of Natural History include pinned, papered, microscope slide and alcohol preserved collections of terrestrial and aquatic insects, primarily from Alabama. While we concentrate on Alabama fauna, we have substantial holdings from other parts of North America, including southwestern, western and northeastern states. Collections also include a substantial number of specimens from Canada, Meso and South America, the Caribbean, and Africa. The museum is home to several identifiable collections, including three valuable historical pinned collections of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera as well as extensive collection of aquatic insects, either preserved in alcohol, pinned or in envelopes.
Collection Summary and Highlights
Chermock Lepidoptera Collection
ALMNH was gifted a collection of ~34,000 Lepidoptera by the estate of Dr. Ralph L. and Ottile Chermock. This collection includes ~22,000 pinned specimens plus ~12,000 that are papered, all dating from the 1940s to the 1960s covering the length of Dr. Chermock’s career. Specimens were collected both by Ralph Chermock and Ottile Chermock. The collection spans the breadth of the US, and includes ~875 papered specimens from Costa Rica from the early 1960s. Pinned specimens are now stored in seven metal cabinets within which are 178 very old custom-sized, glass-topped display drawers. Specimens are arranged by taxa across sampling locations to exhibit intra-specific geographic variation. Specimens from several display cases broken beyond repair have been transferred to Cornell drawers. For preservation and curatorial purposes there is a critical need to replace all of the Chermock display boxes and transfer specimens to Cornell drawers. The pinned specimens are well curated and generally well preserved, with associated ID and collection information on the pins. However, the papered specimens are in need of examination and possible conservation. We now have the papered specimens from 43 states (plus non-US countries) sorted and stored by geographic location and date, but are not inventoried.
At this time there is a limited inventory of approximately 750 specimens in the collection as well as estimates of the total number of specimens. Identifications and collection information is present on the pinned specimens. On the paper triangles identifications are noted as well as collection dates and location. In addition, some of Dr. Chermock’s field notes for the Costa Rican specimens are part of our holdings. The Chermock Collection has been accessed several times in the past 2-3 years by authors of a book on Alabama butterflies.
To learn more about Chermock’s butterfly collection, watch this behind-the-scenes video featuring Mary Beth Prondzinski (UA Museums’ Natural History Collection Manager), Jamie Bynum (Research & Collections Volunteer Coordinator), and volunteers, Katherine Zobre and Lauren Henk.
Löding Beetle Collection
ALMNH houses a highly valuable collection of Coleoptera gifted by the estate of Henry P. Löding. The collections were made in the first half of the 20th century by Mr. Löding, an amateur naturalist from Mobile, AL. Specimens in the collection are mostly from Alabama, but many are from other parts of US, as well as from Canada and Mexico. The collection has historical value in that the earliest specimen collection dates are prior to 1900, while the latest were in the mid to late 1930s. His correspondence with other entomologists of his time documents that Löding exchanged specimens frequently, as many specimens in the collection are from across North America and Canada. Most of the specimens are still housed their original in Schmitt boxes, and the vast majority are relatively well curated with identifications and collection information. There are 15-20 Schmitt boxes in which the specimens are unidentified and not sorted or curated. Preservation had been effective as there are very few instances of insect damage. Of the original ~220 Schmitt boxes, specimens have been transferred to fill 56 Cornell drawers, but an additional 188 Schmitt boxes containing approximately 30,500 specimens remain to be transferred.
Valentine Lepidoptera/Coleoptera Collection
ALMNH houses a collection of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera gifted by Dr. J. Manson Valentine in the early 1960s. Together with the Chermock collection, these two gifts constitute the bulk of ALMNH Lepidoptera holdings. Most of the Lepidoptera gifted by Dr. Valentine are pinned and were collected in Highlands, NC and from the Caribbean. Specimens were identified by Dr. Valentine and included complete location data. The Vallentine gift comprises several thousand well-curated specimens, most of which are now housed in 26 Cornell drawers. Another 500 specimens, in need of conservation, were collected in 1935 by JMV and EAV from Figi and Hawaii. In addition, more than 1,200 specimens from South Florida, western US and from NC remain stored in Schmitt boxes as well as in a variety of cigar boxes. There is a great need to transfer these specimens to more secure storage. In addition to the Lepidoptera, the Valentine collection includes a dozen drawers of Carabidae, especially Sphaeroderus, as well as cave beetles from Alabama and eastern North America, including some holotypes, paratypes and allotypes.
Aquatic Insect Collections
A large aquatic insect collection gifted by the current curator, Dr. Milt Ward, to ALMNH contains more than 23,100 vials plus pinned specimens amassed from the curator’s own research as a UA faculty member, plus specimens from other UA faculty, students and professional taxonomists who conducted research in Alabama and adjacent states. The collection, preserved mostly in alcohol, is focused primarily on fauna from Alabama and surrounding states. It consists largely of Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera, but contains examples of most groups of aquatic insects. A large collection of Alabama Trichoptera amassed by Dr. Steven Harris and students of Dr. Harris and the curator represents the bulk of our holdings that have species identifications (11,500 vials).
Identified specimens are housed in 50 vial trays stored in 5 vial cabinets in MHB 331. We have an additional 5,100 vials in three cabinets (30 vial trays) in 338 that await more specific identification and inclusion into the database. We also have specimens in another 6500 vials, not now housed in vial cabinets, donated by former graduate students that await further examination, sorting and cataloging.
Dr. John Abbott, Director of Research Collections for ALMNH, has a large collection of aquatic insects, particularly a world-wide collection of Odonata, numbering approximately 50,000 specimens (adult and nymphs) that are now part of the ALMNH collections.
People and other Information
- Milt Ward, Curator Emeritus of Entomology
- John Abbott, Chief Curator & Director of Research
- Brooke Bogan, Collections Manager of Natural History
- Students and other volunteers
Feel free to contact the curator if you would like to become a volunteer or intern of the entomology collection to help curate the collection, learn more about insects, and acquire multiple new skills.
The entomology collections are supported by the Museum Collection Enhancement Fund. Please check it out for tax-deductible donations. | <urn:uuid:15fb635f-d5ce-4bb3-b95d-d8f16b7bc358> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://collections.museums.ua.edu/entomology-collection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949387.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330194843-20230330224843-00740.warc.gz | en | 0.946759 | 1,534 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Thank you to the organisers of this conference for the opportunity to be here today to help address some of the big issues facing humanity. As we'll be hearing there are a number of them, involving threats to life's essentials such as food and clean water, overpopulation, the increasing frequency of climate-induced disasters, and the threats posed by war and weapons of mass destruction. I'm going to focus on the issue of warfare generally, the need to prevent it, and offer some thoughts on how we can go about this. The title of this conference 'Shaping the future" is well chosen and we must remember that the future is not a foregone conclusion but is a matter of how we create it.
Firstly, why is war a problem?
The answer to that is in some ways fairly obvious; war is destructive on a massive scale and leaves legacies that continue for decades and longer. But it's helpful to remind ourselves of just how destructive warfare is, and of some of the hidden costs. In relation to health impacts, we should remember a resolution from the World Health Organisation from 1981, which stated 'The role of physicians and other health workers in the preservation and promotion of peace is the most significant factor for attainment of health for all". That resolution is still as relevant and important today as it was nearly 30 years ago.
The impacts of wars are vast.
- It's estimated that during the 20th century, 190 million deaths could be directly and indirectly related to war . Civilian war deaths constitute 85% to 90% of casualties caused by war, which is a dramatic change from 100 years ago. Small arms and light weapons cause hundreds of thousands of deaths in war each year. In addition to war's death toll, much larger numbers of people are left either physically maimed or psychologically scarred for life, or both. Psychological injures in particular can affect subsequent generations when they are associated with substance abuse, interpersonal conflict, violence and suicide. In the US, in 2013, more troops committed suicide than died in combat.
- Warfare brings with it the destruction of communities and infrastructure, including health care facilities, access to food and water, water purification and sewerage facilities. There is disruption of services and often deliberate targeting of healthcare workers.
- Sexual crimes often flourish during warfare, sometimes on a very large systematic scale; as do other grave human rights violations
- There is the issue of refugees - the UNHCR currently estimates there are over 50 million forced to feel their homes, either to another country or within their own country. In Syria, the Central African Republic and South Sudan refugees number in the many millions.
- There are weapons that kill long after war is over, the UXO such as landmines, cb's; Cambodia, 1 in 236 is an amputee from landmines; 70 to 90% of the victims of the 110 million landmines planted globally since 1960 were civilians
- There are other weapons with long-lasting effects, such as depleted uranium that has been used extensively in several recent wars, including in the Balkans, Iraq and Afghanistan, and which leaves a long-term radioactive legacy.
- Agent Orange and other herbicides were sprayed over 10 - 15 % of South Vietnam between 1962 and 1971. We know that Agent Orange is carcinogenic and has other health effects. Vietnamese authorities estimate that over 3 million citizens suffer serious health effects as a result of Agent orange exposure. Herbicides in Vietnam were used partly against food crops, with the goal - successfully achieved - of forcing the rural Vietnamese into the US- dominated cities, where many of them lived in slums. In effect, civilian famine was used as tool of war.
- Env impacts of warfare are multiple and include toxic waste that's left behind at many military and former military sites, in the form of lead, heavy metals, live bombs, ammunition, asbestos, and PCBs
- Fossil fuel usage by the world's militaries is enormous. Consider the energy needed to move tens or hundreds of thousands of troops, especially to distant shores, with all their fighting equipment and means of survival, including medical and other essential infrastructure. That's even before the fighting - with its aircraft, ships, tanks and support systems - starts. Modern fighting machines burn fuel at rates that make most civilian usage pale by comparison. A study ordered by the Pentagon and released in 2007 stated that the military in Iraq and Afghanistan are using sixteen times more fuel per soldier than in World War II.
- War also can trigger acts of environmental sabotage, such as occurred in the 1991 Gulf War with the release of oil into the Persian Gulf and the burning of oil wells by Saddam Hussein's forces.
- And then there are the economic costs of going to war and preparing for it. The SIPRI estimates that global military spending in the year 2013 was $1,747 billion, that's $1.747 trillion annually, which is approximately $4.7 billion every day . This represents an unconscionable diversion of resources from areas of basic human need such as food, clean water, shelter, health care and education. In 2010 the World Bank, estimated that less than 5 percent of global military spending would be enough to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, lifting all people out of poverty.
The final thing i'm going to mention about the impacts of warfare is the fact that the weapons of war have brought humanity to the situation where we can virtually destroy our species, along with many others, if the wrong decisions are made by our leaders, or perhaps even accidentally. I'm referring of course to nuclear weapons, about which Bill Williams will speak much more tomorrow. Suffice it to say here that nuclear weapons are unique, they are the ultimate instrument of terror, they destroy indiscriminately on a massive scale, drawing no distinction between soldier and civilian, child and adult, innocent and guilty, and they leave a radioactive legacy that lasts for thousands of years. In November 2011, the International Committee of the Red Cross passed a resolution which stated that these weapons raise "profound questions about the extent of suffering that humans are willing to inflict, or to permit, in warfare". Even the testing of these weapons has been estimated to eventually result in excess cancer deaths of approximately 2.4 million people, mostly in the northern hemisphere.
These weapons must be abolished for a host of reasons that include moral, strategic, legal, environmental, human rights, economic and other concerns. I'll note here, and Bill will explain further tomorrow, that Australia is deeply implicated in the nuclear weapons policies of our ally, even though we do not possess these weapons ourselves. At the very least Australia should declare a nuclear weapons free defence policy.
So they're some of the reasons we need to prevent wars. But how do we do it?
There is of course no simple answer to that and some would say it is impossible. But there are steps that can be taken to greatly reduce the prospects of warfare, and I'll mention some of them.
1. The first thing I believe we need to do is to challenge and reject some of the myths that help perpetuate warfare, including the notion that nothing can be done because people are inherently violent. If we start from this premise, then we will indeed have a violent future. But if we recognise that individuals, communities and nations actually have a wealth of conflict resolution skills that are under-used, then we can make some progress. The defeatist approach would be a bit like saying that we're never going to eradicate illness therefore why try to even reduce it?
The anthropologist Douglas Fry wrote a fascinating book on the subject, "The Human Potential for Peace", in which he examined in detail the available evidence on conflict resolution strategies in a very large number of human societies. He reported on a wealth of cross-cultural information on conflict management, reconciliation and peace-making from around the world, and concluded that humans have a tremendous capacity for resolving conflicts without violence. War really represents the ultimate failure of diplomacy, and it's a pursuit that has no real winners.
Scholarly work on the greater need for diplomacy is supported by evidence that people are generally not well-suited psychologically to killing. The prevalence of profound emotional disturbance among returned soldiers, as mentioned previously, suggests a general aversion to killing or inflicting suffering on fellow humans, or even to witnessing such suffering.
So the need for greater use of diplomacy to resolve conflicts becomes even more important.
2. The second thing we need to do to prevent wars is to recognise that all human lives are equally valuable, and no nation has a monopoly on goodness or wisdom. For us in Australia, if we regard non-Western lives as being expendable in the quest for our own security, then we can hardly expect non-Westerners to treat us any better. For example, if the bombing of countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq, with the entirely predictable mass civilian casualties that accompany warfare, is acceptable to us, then we increase the chances that there will be hostile acts in return. We cannot expect one rule for us and another rule for others. Once our "enemy" becomes a little less important, or even dehumanised as regularly happens during wartime, then we are more likely to turn a blind eye to atrocities.
Related to this is the need to really care about how the rest of the world lives - for example the 3 billion people who live on less than $2.50 per day while we spend $1.7 trillion annually on preparing for and fighting wars. A correction of these distorted priorities would go some way to making the world a more stable place. And these distorted priorities are not just a developing world problem, of course. In Australia the government is spending $24 billion on F35 fighter jets, to be used against an unspecified enemy, while slashing social spending at just about every level and cutting our overseas aid due to a budgetary "crisis".
3. The next myth for us to challenge is the notion that weapons make us safe and therefore more weapons make us safer. At a regional level, when nations start stockpiling weapons the chances of weapons being used to resolve conflict increases. That surely was one of the lessons of WW1. The current increasing militarisation of our region, the Asia-Pacific, especially Australia's willingness to cooperate with and contribute to the significant expansion of US war-fighting capacity in the region is a major concern. As our military preparations for war - against an unspecified enemy - increase, funding for our diplomacy via the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade lags way behind. Rather than blindly following the US into wars, Australia could speak loudly and clearly about the need to de-escalate tensions in our region and globally. Increasing our funding for diplomacy and reducing our military funding, would help to establish a role for Australia as an independent and peaceful nation.
To return to Douglas Fry's book, one of the important observations he makes is that the degree of peacefulness or aggression in a given society is not fixed in time, but can change depending on various influences. Warfare encourages further violence; ready access to weapons left behind in communities, even after hostilities cease, can lead to the resort to violence in domestic and other disputes. Peaceful means of conflict resolution are easily marginalised when weapons are available. Similarly, in societies where the widespread private possession of firearms is tolerated, such as in the US, the availability of the weapons leads to higher rates of violence.
Australia has played a strong and important role in the achievement of the Arms Trade Treaty that was concluded in April last year (but has not yet come into effect). However we would do well to build on that by refusing to host any more arms fairs, where weapons are promoted much as any other profit-making commodity.
4. The next challenge I'll mention in reducing warfare is for us to resist the fear and propaganda that we are constantly confronted with. Fear is a powerful tool in the hands of leaders to achieve [acquiescence ]of their people in policies that would otherwise be very disturbing. Australia's refugee policy is one example of this. Propaganda comes in many forms, often in the form of dehumanising of the "enemy".
Harold Pinter, who received the Nobel prize for literature in 2005, stated what he saw as the essential task before us if we are to prevail against what he called the "tapestry of lies" that confronts us. He said, "I believe that, despite the enormous odds which exist, unflinching unswerving fierce intellectual determination, as citizens, to define the real truth of our lives and our societies is a crucial obligation which devolves upon us all. It is in fact mandatory. If such a determination is not embodied in our political vision we have no hope of restoring what is so nearly lost to us - the dignity of man."
5. The next point I'd like to make is that we must support and strengthen international law, so that the principles it embodies are upheld globally. This is absolutely basic to our security, as it is in civil society. If we violate i'n law we cannot complain when dictators do the same. In 2003, Western nations including Australia invaded Iraq in an illegal act of aggression. There has been no accountability for that action. In Australia there are calls for a high level inquiry into the process by which we became involved in such a catastrophe, in an attempt to ensure that it cannot happen again, and to ensure parliamentary debate and approval before the country ever goes to war again. The notion of a Prime Minister alone, or with the support of a tiny handful of cabinet colleagues, taking the country to war, as happened in 2003, is fraught with risk. It is suited to a dictatorship, but not to a democracy.
6. Similarly we must support the United Nations, which was set up after WW2. The preamble to its Charter states "We, the peoples of the United Nations, determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in or lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind....." Australia has made very important contributions to the work of the UN, but our ongoing and indeed strengthening relationship with the US greatly compromises our capacity to adhere to the UN's noble goals.
7. A further requirement in preventing wars, and perhaps the most important, is the need to address their many root causes rather than simply prepare ourselves to do battle in anticipation of hostilities breaking out. Resource scarcity is one of the major issues that will increase tensions and the likelihood of war breaking out. There are many steps needed here, including serious efforts to reduce global warming, responsible management of water resources, and forward looking energy policies. Far greater and faster implementation of renewable energies by all nations is needed to not only slow down the pace of global warming but also to reduce tensions as fossil fuel reserves dwindle, as they will. Nuclear power has far too many major problems, including its association with nuclear weapons, to be part of our response to energy and climate challenges.
8. Another step that would contribute to reducing warfare is an examination in the way in which we commemorate it, especially now with the WW1 commemoration upon us. Australia's official war commemoration runs into hundreds of millions of dollars of expenditure and is totally overshadowing other important aspects of our history. Warfare has become, in the world of officialdom, a defining factor in our national identity. Australia already has a very large number of war memorials, and more are planned for the centenary.
What does that say about us as a nation? What does it say to our young people - that going to war is the most important thing that Australia has done, and perhaps something they also should aspire to ? We need much more hopeful and constructive versions of our history than one built on warfare if we want this century to be any less bloody than the last. We must educate our young people about the true costs of war, not a sanitised and glorified version of it. Our best tribute to those who died in WW1, "the war to end all wars", and all the subsequent wars would be to learn from the events and decisions that lead us to war in the first place.
I'm going to now say a little about our region and reiterate some concrete steps that Australia could take to reduce our prospects of going to war again, especially in our region the Asia Pacific.
Militarisation of our region is occurring, and it increases tensions and suspicions. Australia's role in this is that we are hosting a definite build-up of US military presence on our soil. What might seem to us benign and non-threatening developments in our military preparedness is not necessarily perceived in that way by our neighbours. It is long overdue for Australia to examine our major military alliance, whose interests it really serves and its impact on tensions in the region. Australia should develop a voice that is independent of our ally's, for a number of reasons:
- Australian interests and US interests are not always the same
- Friends urge restrain and caution when it is called for; they do not simply act as an obedient servant
- Australia's relationships with our neighbours will be diminished if we are seen as just a mouthpiece for a great power.
- The strong role that alliances played in setting the scene for unleashing the slaughter of WW1
Former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser has focussed attention on this issue, and writes about the best approach Australia could take towards our relationships towards both the US and China. He says:
"The only way peace and security can be achieved throughout this region is through a concert of nations where all the relevant countries have a seat at the table, where the great powers, especially America and China, are treated with respect but neither one seeks to assert or claim dominance over the other. That outcome will not be achieved by Australia compliantly going along with whatever the United States wants."
All these issues need public debate and scrutiny, and public input into government decision making processes. Analysis of issues such as the threats we actually face, their probability, the risks entailed and how we can best mitigate them deserve far better analysis than they have received in our most recent defence white papers. The defence white paper currently being developed does not show promise of analysing these issues with any better diligence than in the past.
In addition, Australia needs far greater emphasis on diplomacy and less on militarism . The Department of Foreign Affairs has been progressively starved of funds, for both diplomacy and overseas aid, compared to the funds made available for major weapons acquisitions.
In finishing I want to return to the title of this conference "Shaping the Future" and to emphasise that our future will be what we make of it; it is not pre-ordained.
Our fate is determined only if we lose hope, and if we give up. There are many examples of social movements that have succeeded in bringing about transformation in their societies -for example the abolition of slavery, the movement for which began with a dozen or so activists gathered in London to discuss the abolition of an institution that was deeply ingrained in society, was regarded as part of the natural order of things, and was very profitable for the wealthy. There was the abolition of apartheid in South Africa, the civil rights movement in the US, and Gandhi's non-violent resistance to the injustices of the British Empire. In all of these there was hope of a better society, and the essential quality of persistence.
The abolition of war is a bolder dream again, but we must hold fast to this goal. We must dedicate to it all the imagination, the humanity, the intellectual strength, the wisdom and the courage that we can muster. Already there is activity globally, in this WW1 commemoration period, to de-glorify war and to lay bare all the evidence against it. Warfare is an institution that has outlived any utility it might ever have had. | <urn:uuid:24209ea9-24f0-4baa-bcce-9bc132bf23ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://newparadigmjournal.com/Dec2014/sue.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145282.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220193228-20200220223228-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.967027 | 4,036 | 3.078125 | 3 |
How Parents Can Help Their Toddlers Get Ready to Read
How To Use This Booklet
You are your child's first and most important teacher. This booklet gives you ideas on how to help your young child get ready to read.
- Read the story Jack's First Book on pages 1-3. Watch for ways the parent in the story helps her child get ready to read. You might want to look at the checklist on the back page first for ideas.
- The page from the alphabet book on page 4 suggests some questions and activities you can use to help your children learn more about stories, and how letters look and sound.
- The ideas in this booklet can be used with other books when you read with your child.
- The checklist on the back page can remind you of ways to make reading time more fun and interesting. You might post it on the refrigerator or use it as a bookmark.
Jack's mom talks to him from the day he is born.
Jack's mom uses interesting, funny voices when she reads to make books interesting for Jack.
Jack's mom reads words clearly so Jack hears all the sounds.
A Parent's Story
Jack's First Book
I remember the day Jack came home. I held him tight every step of the way! A baby feels so fragile when you carry him out of the hospital. Jack depended on me for everything. I knew someday that would change. In fact, Jack turns three years old today and he has grown up so much already. But in those early days, I had to figure out a lot on my own.
For example, after the baby wakes up from his nap, and you feed him and change his diaper--what do you do then? They don't tell you about that in the hospital! I played peek-a-boo with him, said funny words and sounds, and counted his fingers and toes. But was that enough? I asked my sister, who teaches first grade. She said "babies learn by playing," which meant I was doing the right things to help Jack learn about the world around him and the sounds of language.
When Jack was a few months old, my sister gave him a beautiful alphabet book. "Sandra," she said, "let's read with Jack this afternoon." I thought she was crazy. Jack was more likely to chew on the book than read it! But I sat him on my lap and held the book open. He slapped and grabbed at the pages, ripping some of them. I kept reading even though it felt silly. At first I read the words exactly the way they were written, but when I put more enthusiasm into reading aloud and used special voices, Jack liked it more. I'm a shy person, so it felt strange at first roaring like a lion on the "L" page or crowing like a rooster on the "R" page.
I started getting tired of reading the same books every day and almost gave away the alphabet book. But when Jack was about a year old, I noticed that he liked the book in new ways. When we got to the lion page, he was waiting for me to roar. He roared with me and shrieked with laughter! When I read the "J" page ("Jacob the jumpy Jaguar juggles the jagged jewels") Jack got quiet and looked carefully at the picture. I wondered if he was hearing the "J" sound from his name in all of those words.
After dinner one night I gave Jack the alphabet book but he held it upside down. I never thought of that before: there are "rules" for how you read a book! A book has a top and a bottom. We turn pages from right to left, and read words from the left side of the page to the right side. I thought kids just knew this, but we have to show them how a book works! We even have to show them the difference between a letter and a word, and between words and pictures!
One afternoon, when Jack was eleven months old, was very special for me. I was talking to my sister on the phone about the huge new shopping center in our little town. I said, "it's so big," and Jack said from his crib, "big!" although it sounded more like "beek!"
Before then, he would say sounds like "ma" when I said "ma," but this was a real word! I told my sister I'd call her back, went over to Jack and said "big."
"Beek," he said again, giggling and smiling like the sun had just come out.
Jack and I had been communicating since he was born, but this felt like the first time we actually talked together. Jack watched my mouth when I said words and looked back and forth between my eyes and my lips. (I never knew I could be so entertaining!)
More and more, he would imitate me, say the same sounds, and laugh when I laughed. My sister said these were the "baby steps" to reading.
The "B" page in Jack's alphabet book had the word "bananas," and when we had bananas for breakfast I said "bananas" slowly to him so that he could hear all of the sounds in the word.
My sister says this is called "phonemic awareness," or knowing the sounds of spoken language, but I just call it "fun with food."
As Jack got older, he became a real chatterbox. My sister said, "Ask him a lot of questions. Encourage him to answer with more than one-word." Great advice--I asked him questions and encouraged him to answer in whole sentences. Then he started asking me the questions! I tried to be patient, which wasn't always easy.
On one trip to the grocery store, when Jack was two, it was late and I was tired, and he kept asking questions. He picked up an avocado: "What's this?" He pointed to a cereal box: "Mom, look!" He pointed to a stack of soda cans. I thought he was going to push them down and I started to get angry, but then I saw the look in his eyes: he was just curious. I decided right then that every question deserved an answer.
I can't wait for Jack to open his birthday presents. He asked for a bulldozer, red sneakers, and some books. New books! What a relief! Not that I'm complaining. All of those hours of reading, talking, and playing with Jack helped him get used to how words and letters sound, and what words mean. My sister said that the more words he knows, the better reader he will be. The fact that he knows "bulldozer" and "rooster" and lots of other words makes me proud.
For his birthday, I'm giving Jack three books. One is about animals that live in the Amazon jungle. Another is about farm machines. The third is a brand new copy of his first alphabet book. The original is pretty torn up and dirty. We'll keep that one, for sure, but I want him to have a nice copy to keep forever. Because that's where it all started.
Jack's mom shows him picture books while he's a baby.
Jack's mom reads the books Jack likes over and over again.
Jack's mom lets him play with books--opening the pages, turning them around, and pointing to the pictures.
There's more to reading together than just saying the words.
Try asking your toddler questions like these when you read together.
Point to the pictures
- Do you see the big bird? Point to the big bird.
(Child points to Nichelle)
- Do you see the owls? Point to them.
(Child points to them)
- How many are there?
- I see two things that the animals are eating. Can you show me?
(Child points to lollipop, milkshake)
Talk about the pictures
- How many animals are on this page? (Count with your child, with both of you using your fingers.)
Seven (including the three owls)
- Does Max the Monkey have ears? Show me where they are.
- What is Max doing?
Drinking a milkshake.
- What is Linus doing?
Licking a lollipop.
- What flavor do you think it is?
- What kind of animal is Linus?
- Linus looks like a cat. What sound does a cat make?
- What do cats like to do?
(Play, take naps in the sun, drink milk)
- Linus has spots. Can you show me his spots?
Some three-year-olds can begin learning letter sounds and names. Try these:
- Let's look at this big letter L. (Point to it and say the L sound.) "Linus" and "lollipop" begin with L. Let's think of other words that start with L?
(Suggest some) Lunch, love, light, laugh.
- How about "lamp?" Does that begin with the L sound?
- Show me the four big letters and let's say their names. (Trace each letter with your fingers and say it. Do it a few times.)
Linus the leopard
likes large, lemon lollipops.
Max the monkey makes a messy
Nichelle the nightingale
nests in neat noodles.
Opal the octopus
organizes the owl orchestra.
for Parents of Infants & Toddlers
Here are some ways you can help your child "get ready to read "during the ages of 2 and 3.
- I read with my child every day, even if it's only for a few minutes.
- I encourage my child to bring his favorite books to me so that we can read together.
- I point to pictures and name them out loud, and encourage my child to point to pictures while we read.
- I watch to see if my child sometimes makes eye contact with me when I read aloud. That tells me she is paying attention to me and the story.
- I talk with my child throughout the day about things we are doing and things that are happening around us.
- I try to be patient when my child wants to read the same book over and over again.
- I encourage my child to "play" with books--pick them up, flip them from front to back, and turn the pages.
- Sometimes I listen when my child "pretends" to read a book--he holds the book, goes from page to page, and says words, even though they're not the words on the page.
- I give my child paper and crayons so she can scribble, make pictures, and pretend to write.
This checklist is adapted from A Child Becomes a Reader-Birth Through Preschool.
This publication was produced under National Institute for Literacy Contract No. ED-00CO-0093 with RMC Research Corporation. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the policies of the National Institute for Literacy. No official endorsement by the National Institute for Literacy of any product, commodity, entity, or enterprise in this publication is intended or should be inferred.
The National Institute for Literacy, an agency in the Federal government, is authorized to help strengthen literacy across the lifespan. The Institute works to provide national leadership on literacy issues, including the improvement of reading instruction for children, youth, and adults by sharing information on scientifically based research.
Sandra Baxter, Director
Lynn Reddy, Deputy Director
The Partnership for Reading, a project administered by the National Institute for Literacy, is a collaborative effort of the National Institute for Literacy, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the U.S. Department of Education, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to make evidence-based reading research available to educators, parents, policy-makers, and others with an interest in helping all people learn to learn well.
This Partnership for Reading publication describes strategies proven to work by the most rigorous scientific research available on the teaching of reading. The research that confirmed the effectiveness of these strategies used systematic, empirical methods drawn from observation or experiment; involved rigorous data analyses to test its hypotheses and justify its conclusions; produced valid data across multiple evaluators and observations; and was accepted by a peer-reviewed journal or approved by a panel of independent experts.
The application of these research-based strategies will increase the likelihood of success in reading instruction. Adherence to scientifically based research in this publication was ensured by a review process that included representatives of each Partnership for Reading organization and external expert reviewers.
Written by C. Ralph Adler and Elizabeth Goldman, design by Lisa T. Noonis and Diane Draper, and production by Bob Kozman, all of RMC Research Corporation.
This brochure is based on A Child Becomes A Reader--Birth to Preschool, published by the National Institute for Literacy.
To order print copies, contact the National Institute for Literacy at ED Pubs, PO Box 1398, Jessup, Maryland 20794-1398. Call 1-800-228-8813 or email [email protected].
Date Published: 2006
Date Posted: March 2010 | <urn:uuid:5316083b-0bd8-4948-9563-2c8315087ad4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/shiningstarstoddlers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00882.warc.gz | en | 0.971886 | 2,814 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The search for existing medications that could be used to treat COVID-19 continues apace, and researchers may have struck gold in one of the unlikeliest sources.
Scientists investigate the effects of existing medications because they have already passed safety approval tests, meaning they can skip various trials before attempting them on human subjects.
Researchers at Hong Kong University believe that a leprosy drug, which is listed on the World Health Organization’s list of essential medicines, has shown promise against the COVID-19 virus and could potentially be used as an at-home treatment for those infected.
According to the findings, the drug clofazimine has exhibited strong antiviral responses against SARS-CoV-2 and prevents the exaggerated inflammatory response associated with severe COVID-19.
Based on the results, the scientists believe that a phase two study evaluating clofazimine as an at-home treatment for COVID-19 could begin immediately.
“Clofazimine is an ideal candidate for a COVID-19 treatment,” study co-author Dr Sumit Chanda said. “It is safe, affordable, easy to make, taken as a pill and can be made globally available.
“People with COVID-19 would be able to simply receive a regime of low-cost pills, instead of travelling to a hospital to receive an injection.
Read more: Overcoming your fear of needles
“We hope to test clofazimine in a phase two clinical trial as soon as possible for people who test positive for COVID-19 but are not hospitalised.
“Since there is currently no outpatient treatment available for these individuals, clofazimine may help reduce the impact of the disease, which is particularly important now as we see new variants of the virus emerge and against which the current vaccines appear less efficacious.”
Clofazimine was initially identified by screening one of the world’s largest collections of known drugs for their ability to block the replication of SARS-CoV-2.
Read more: Experts call for rapid COVID tests
Dr Chanda’s team previously reported that clofazimine was one of 21 drugs effective in vitro, or in a lab dish, at concentrations that could most likely be safely achieved in patients.
In this study, the researchers tested clofazimine in hamsters – an animal model for COVID-19 – that were infected with SARS-CoV-2.
The scientists found that clofazimine lowered the amount of virus in the lungs, including when given to healthy animals prior to infection.
The drug also reduced lung damage and prevented ‘cytokine storm’, an overwhelming inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that can be deadly.
“The animals that received clofazimine had less lung damage and lower viral load, especially when receiving the drug before infection,” explained co-author Dr Ren Sun.
“Besides inhibiting the virus, there are indications that the drug also regulates the host response to the virus, which provides better control of the infection and inflammation.”
The research team believes that the drug could also have the ability to fight future coronavirus pandemics as well.
“Potentially most importantly, clofazimine appears to have pan-coronavirus activity, indicating it could be an important weapon against future pandemics,” explained co-author Dr Kwok-Yung Yuen.
“Our study suggests that we should consider creating a stockpile of ready-made clofazimine that could be deployed immediately if another novel coronavirus emerges.”
How do you feel about the upcoming vaccination program? Do you think we will still need COVID treatments as the virus continues to mutate?
If you enjoy our content, don’t keep it to yourself. Share our free eNews with your friends and encourage them to sign up. | <urn:uuid:2f965f63-3e35-4fc1-8c4b-1165966de54e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.yourlifechoices.com.au/health/covid19/leprosy-drug-holds-promise-as-at-home-covid-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521883.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518083841-20220518113841-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.960767 | 833 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–27)
|Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–27)|
|Part of Banana Wars|
Mexico (provided weapons and supplies)
|Commanders and leaders|
(political, until 11 November 1926)
(political, 11-14 November 1926)
(political, from 14 November 1926)
Juan B. Sacasa|
José María Moncada
The Nicaraguan Civil War of 1926–27, or the Constitutionalist War, broke out after a coup d'état by Emiliano Chamorro, a member of the Conservative Party, removed Nicaragua's democratically elected government, resulting in a rebellion by members of the Liberal Party. The conflict came to an end after a military and diplomatic intervention by the United States resulted in the Peace of Tipitapa. Although the civil war came to an end, one Liberal general, Augusto César Sandino, refused to lay down his arms and waged the Sandino Rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and the United States Marine Corps until 1933.
Nicaragua had been occupied by one hundred American Marines since the former country's civil war of 1912. The Nicaraguan presidential election of 1924 brought a coalition government to power, with Conservative Carlos Solórzano being president and Liberal Dr. Juan B. Sacasa being vice president. The United States now decided it was safe to leave the Central American nation. The Marines were withdrawn after a thirteen-year occupation on the 3 August 1925. Shortly after they left, on the 28 August, Emiliano Chamorro, former president of Nicaragua and member of the Conservative Party, launched a coup d'état when his "ultra-conservative partisans" seized Loma Fortress, the military building "dominating Managua" (the Nicaraguan capital), forcing Solórzano and Sacasa to flee the country. He also removed all liberals from the Nicaraguan Congress. The United States refused to recognize Chamorro's regime, since it had come to power through "unconstitutional means".
War breaks out
Part of a series on the
|History of Nicaragua|
The situation deteriorated into civil war on the 2 May 1926 when a group of Liberal exiles landed at Bluefields. Soon, the east coast of Nicaragua was ablaze with rebellion. Liberal forces wore red hatbands, while the Conservatives donned blue ones. However, many soldiers carried both colors in case they were wounded and required medical attention from the enemy's side. The primary commander of the Liberals on this coast was José María Moncada, who fought to make the exiled Dr. Sacasa president. Another Liberal general was Anastasio Somoza García, who led an army in the southwestern part of Nicaragua. American Marines and sailors were sent to occupy the country's ports to establish "neutral zones", which would prevent fighting in these areas and push the Liberal rebels inland. The United States was deeply concerned with matters in Nicaragua, since the left-wing government of Mexico was supplying the rebels with arms.
To try to put an end to the conflict, the United States arranged a truce and had Lawrence Dennis oversee Conservative and Liberal representatives at a meeting aboard the USS Denver on the 1 October 1926. Nothing came out of the conference and fighting resumed shortly afterwards. On the 11 November 1926, Chamorro resigned from the presidency, leaving Sebastián Uriza holding the reins of power. On 14 November Adolfo Díaz, who was referred to as "our Nicaraguan" by the United States, became president and was recognized by the U.S. Dr. Sacasa returned to Nicaragua on the 1 December 1926, arriving at the port of Puerto Cabezas and proclaiming a rival government, which was only recognized by Mexico. In January 1927, U.S. president Calvin Coolidge lifted the arms embargo on the Nicaraguan government, allowing his country to legally provide military aid to the Conservatives.
Moncada's forces began marching westwards towards Managua, defeating Conservative forces along the way. Meanwhile, Liberals led by Francisco Parajón struck at the city of Chinandega, causing one of the most destructive battles of the war. The battle raged from 6 to 9 February 1927, and saw 500 Conservative defenders face off against between 600 and 2,000 Liberal attackers, with "hundreds [being] killed on each side." During the fighting, much of the city was destroyed by fire. The blaze was "probably" caused by Liberal soldiers or "civilian looters", but many blamed two American airmen flying for the Conservative government. Eventually, the rebels were driven from the city after some bitter house-to-house fighting.
With the Liberals advancing on Managua, the United States found itself on the verge of war. It couldn't afford to let a left-wing Mexican-backed regime rise to power in the region. Díaz appealed to American fears of communism by saying the rebels were Bolshevist in nature. Marine reconnaissance aircraft flying for the Conservatives were already occasionally receiving fire from Liberal forces, although the more "[r]esponsible" rebel officers tried to prevent a clash with the Americans.
Peace of Tipitapa
To put an end to the civil war without using the Marines to actively fight the Liberals, Coolidge sent Henry L. Stimson to negotiate an end to hostilities. Traveling across the war-scarred Central American nation, Stimson met Moncada at the town of Tipitapa, which sits along the river of the same name, on the 4 May 1927. Here, Moncada agreed to the Peace of Tipitapa, ending the conflict. The conditions of the peace were that Adolfo Díaz would remain president until a new, American-supervised election in 1928, both sides would disarm, and a new National Guard would be established. Any soldier who turned in a rifle or machine gun would be given the equivalent of ten U.S. dollars. In all, the Liberals turned in 31 machine guns and 3,704 rifles, while the Conservatives turned in 308 machine guns and 10,445 rifles.
Augusto César Sandino played a notable role in the civil war as a general on the Liberal side. His first battle saw him and twenty-nine of his followers try to take the town of El Jícaro, which was held by a force of two hundred Conservatives, on the 2 November 1926. Sandino's men managed to kill "some" of the defenders (while suffering no fatalities), but failed to capture the village. Later, in early March 1927, he and one hundred men managed to repulse a government attack on their position on Mount Yucapuca in a seven-hour battle. The Conservatives numbered four hundred and were armed with six machine guns. Sandino scored another victory when he and two hundred followers attacked the city of Jinotega on the 28 March 1927 and captured it "[a]fter a day of fierce fighting," while serving on José María Moncada's right flank. However, Moncada had no love for Sandino and ordered him to take the city of Boaco, apparently neglecting to warn him about the strong government garrison there. After observing Boaco's defenses for himself, Sandino decided not to attack and to tag along with Moncada instead. Sandino would consider the latter a traitor after he agreed to the Peace of Tipitapa.
Despite an end to the fighting, American Marines would face renegade Liberals, possibly led by Francisco Sequeira ("General Cabulla"), in combat at the Battle of La Paz Centro on the 16 May 1927. Two Americans were fatally wounded and at least fourteen Nicaraguans perished in the firefight. Augusto César Sandino viewed the peace settlement as treasonous and would fight a guerrilla war against the Marines and Nicaraguan National Guard until 1933. The first battle of his rebellion took place at Ocotal on the 16 July 1927.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 26.
- Musicant 1990, p. 291.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 24.
- Langley 2001, p. 178.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 24–25.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 25.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 28.
- Langley 2001, p. 182.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 26–28.
- Musicant 1990, p. 292.
- Musicant 1990, p. 293.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 27.
- Musicant 1990, p. 293–294.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 33.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 29.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 36.
- Boot 2003, p. 234–235.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 40.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 55.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 56.
- Macaulay 1998, p. 57.
- Boot, Max (May 27, 2003). The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power. New York City: Basic Books.
- Langley, Lester D. (November 1, 2001). The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- Macaulay, Neill (February 1998). The Sandino Affair. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
- Musicant, Ivan (August 1990). The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama. New York City: Macmillan Publishing Company. | <urn:uuid:b97b3248-1a2d-4180-abe3-ce9f1e7b0a26> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_civil_war_(1926%E2%80%9327) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321112407-20190321134407-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.94017 | 2,004 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Definition of complementary medicine (modified) from the Cochrane Collaboration1
Complementary medicine (CM) is a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CM includes all such practices and ideas self-defined by their users as preventing or treating illness or promoting health and well-being. Boundaries within CM and between the CM domain and that of the dominant system are not always sharp or fixed.
We use the term complementary medicine synonymously with the terms "complementary therapies" and "complementary and alternative medicine" found in other texts, according to the definition used by the Cochrane Collaboration.
The Therapeutic Goods Administration definition of complementary medicines2
In Australia, medicinal products containing such ingredients as herbs, vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements, homoeopathic and certain aromatherapy preparations are referred to as 'complementary medicines' and are regulated as medicines under the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (opens in new window) (the Act).
Definition of complementary medicine from the World Health Organisation (WHO)3
Traditional medicine (TM):
Traditional medicine has a long history. It is the sum total of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as
well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. (http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/).
Complementary medicine (CM):
The terms "complementary medicine" or "alternative medicine" refer to a broad set
of healthcare practices that are not part of that country's own tradition or conventional medicine and are not fully integrated into the dominant healthcare system. They are used interchangeably with traditional medicine in some countries. (http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/).
Traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM):
T&CM merges the the terms TM and CM, encompassing products, practices and practitioners.
There are many definitions of "integrative" healthcare, but all involve bringing conventional and complementary approaches together in a coordinated way.
Integrative medicine and health reaffirms the importance of the relationship between practitioner and patient, focuses on the whole person, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic and lifestyle approaches, healthcare professionals and disciplines to achieve optimal health and healing.
Types of Integrative Healthcare Approaches
Most complementary health approaches fall into one of two subgroups—natural products or mind and body practices.
This group includes a variety of products, such as herbs (also known as botanicals), vitamins and minerals, and probiotics. They are widely marketed, readily available to consumers, and often sold as dietary supplements.
Researchers have done large, rigorous studies on a few natural products, with variable result. While there are indications that some may be helpful, more needs to be learned about the effects of these products in the human body and about their safety and potential interactions with medicines and other natural products.
Mind and Body Practices
Mind and body practices include a large and diverse group of procedures or techniques administered or taught by a trained practitioner or teacher. In 2012, yoga, chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, meditation, and massage therapy were among the most popular mind and body practices used by U.S adults. The popularity of yoga has grown dramatically in recent years, with almost twice as many U.S. adults practicing yoga in 2012 as in 2002.
Other mind and body practices include acupuncture, relaxation techniques (such as breathing exercises, guided imagery, and progressive muscle relaxation), tai chi, qi gong, healing touch, hypnotherapy, and movement therapies (such as Feldenkrais method, Alexander technique, Pilates, Rolfing Structural Integration, and Trager psychophysical integration).
The amount of research on mind and body approaches varies widely depending on the practice. For example, researchers have done many studies on acupuncture, yoga, spinal manipulation, and meditation, but there have been fewer studies on some other practices.
Facts and Statistics
Complementary medicines have a long history of use. Some 2,500 years ago, the Chinese were using treatments made of mouldy soybean curd to treat infections. Only in 1942 did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain develop the manufacturing process for penicillin, enabling the first antibiotics
to be sold as drugs.
Many modern pharmaceuticals are derived from plants used in complementary medicine. Common examples include aspirin (from willow bark), the cardiac drug digoxin (from foxglove), quinine (from cinchona bark) and ephedrine (from ma huang, a widely used Chinese medicine).
At least two out of three Australians use some form of complementary medicine,4 with rates as high as 87 per cent among specific patient groups, such as those with breast cancer.5
Australians invest heavily in complementary medicines, spending over $3.5 billion each year on complementary medicines and therapies.6
Consumers use them as part of their self-care approach and seek better information to support their healthcare choices.7
Australians spent $2 billion in out of pocket expenses on complementary medicines in 2010–11. This is more than the out of pocket contribution to pharmaceuticals of $1.6 billion.8
Evidence has shown many complementary medicines to have excellent safety and efficacy profiles, providing advantages over available treatment, and offering treatment options where none currently exists.
* Acupuncture for relief of chronic lower back pain and depression9
* Omega 3 fatty acids to prevent secondary cardiovascular events in Australia10
* Calcium and vitamin D supplementation to reduce the incidence and severity of osteoporosis11
* St John's wort for mild to moderate depression12
Complementary medicines represent a substantial, growing industry with manufacturing jobs and export potential in Asia. Industry revenue is currently $3.5 billion and is expected to grow to $4.6 billion in 2017–18.13 Over this period, employment is
anticipated to rise to 45,000.14
Australian companies export around $200m in complementary medicines to more than 20 countries in Southeast Asia, Europe and the Americas and this continues to grow at higher rates than domestic consumption. There is enormous growth potential for the export market.15
Australian Government support for complementary medicine research is minimal. NHMRC funding for complementary medicine has been 0.2 per cent of total funding from 2003-2012, despite high levels of usage by the Australian public and despite being acknowledged as a major health issue
in successive NHMRC Strategic Plans. In 2012, funding for complementary medicines fell to 0.14 per cent of total funding or $1.24m out of a total of $780m.
1. Zollman C, Vickers A. What is complementary medicine? BMJ. 1999;319(7211):693-6. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7211.693.
2. Therapeutic Goods Administration. An overview of the regulation of complementary medicines in Australia. Available from: http://www.tga.gov.au/industry/cm-basics-regulation-overview.htm
3. World Health Organisation (WHO). WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. Geneva, Switzerland 2013. Available from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/92455/1/9789241506090_eng.pdf
4. National Prescribing Service. National Consumer Survey 2006: final report. Sydney: National Prescribing Service, 2006.
5. Kremser T, Evans A, Moore A, Luxford K, Begbie S, Bensoussan A, et al. Use of complementary therapies by Australian women with breast cancer. Breast. 2008;17(4):387-94. DOI: 10.1016/j. breast.2007.12.006.
6. Access Economics. Cost effectiveness of complementary medicines, Report to the National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Sydney, Australia. 2010.
7. National Prescribing Service, Information Use and Needs of Complementary Medicines Users, December 2008.
8. Australia Institute of Health and Welfare. Health expenditure Australia 2010-2011. (Health and welfare expenditure series no. 47. Cat. no. HWE 56). 2012.
9. Vickers AJ, et al. Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172(19):1444-1453. Published online September 10, 2012. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3654.
10. Access Economics. Cost effectiveness of complementary medicines, Report to the National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Sydney, Australia. 2010.
10. Tang BMP, et al. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2007; 370(9588): 657-666.
12. Morgan AJ, Jorm AF. Self-help interventions for depressive disorders and depressive symptoms: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2008; 7:13.
13. IBIS World, Alternative Health Therapies in Australia, August 2012.
14. IBIS World, Alternative Health Therapies in Australia, August 2012.
15. CHC Industry Audit May 2011.
This material is provided by NICM for your information. It is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your primary healthcare provider. We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your doctor or healthcare professional. The mention of any product, service, or therapy is not an endorsement by NICM. This information is adapted from the USA National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Duplication is encouraged. | <urn:uuid:1246189d-4b5e-4a86-9ee1-652de1974f2d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.nicm.edu.au/health_information/information_for_consumers/understanding_cm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573052.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917040727-20190917062727-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.902712 | 2,112 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Engineered for success
Maningrida Community College students have constructed small cars to boost their understanding of science, technology, engineering and mathematics principles.
The 18 preschool to Year 10 students considered power options, wheel size, and wheel and motor placement in their designs.
Teacher Anthony Gomes said the exercise was an excellent way for the Garmadi Homelands students to hone their problem solving and troubleshooting skills, working to optimise the performance of the pulley-operated vehicles.
“The students are learning about renewable energy, and debated battery, capacitor, solar and wind generated energy as power sources for the machines,” he said.
“The cars were raced on cement, and time trialled on a course around the Homeland community.
“The students have been totally engaged by this project. Put simply, they love it. The cars have already been converted to solar power, and run successfully using a capacitor charged by a battery or the sun. The next step is to power them using a fan, and by gas created from kitchen ingredients.
“Feedback from the students has included, ‘How can I make my car go faster?’, ‘I want to make a car that will go through the boggy mud’, and ‘Solar power is great, but when the sun goes behind the clouds the car just stops’.
“They now have ambitions to build an electric skateboard, and a quadcopter.”
Last updated: 07 March 2018 | <urn:uuid:f445b74b-dd96-4c0a-bdea-dfd55b01f78f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://education.nt.gov.au/news/2018/engineered-for-success | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829812.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218204638-20181218230638-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.962249 | 315 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Islam is the state religion, its official language Arabic, and the principles of Islamic Shari’a are the main source of legislation.
For Egyptian Christians and Jews, the principles of their religious laws are the main source of legislation in personal and religious matters as well as in the selection of their spiritual leaders.
Al-Azhar is an independent Islamic body and it alone addresses its internal affairs. Its scope covers the Muslim nation and the entire world. It spreads religious studies and the call to Islam. The state guarantees sufficient funds for it to achieve its goals. The law determines the method for selecting Al-Azhar’s Grand Imam, who shall be independent and cannot be removed from office.
The opinion of Al-Azhar’s Council of Grand Scholars shall be taken in matters related to Islamic Shari’a.....
The state is obliged to sponsor and protect ethics and public morals, empower authentic Egyptian traditions, take into account a high level of nurturing, religious and patriotic values, scientific facts, Arab culture, the historical and cultural heritage of the people, as regulated by the law....
The state is obliged to revive and encourage the religious endowments system.
The law regulates religious endowments, determines the procedures for founding and managing them, investing them, and distributing their returns on beneficiaries as per the terms of the endowers. | <urn:uuid:a7585499-58bd-43e4-8c6f-9f21d010f08d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://religionclause.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/drafts-of-proposed-egyptian.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542009.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00086-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93622 | 277 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Research shows that the body’s own microbes are effective in maintaining immune cells and killing certain oral infections.
A team of Case Western Reserve University researchers found that antibiotics actually kill the “good” bacteria keeping infection and inflammation at bay.
Scientists have long known that overuse of antibiotics can do more harm than good. For example, overuse can cause antibiotic resistance. But research into this phenomenon in oral health was uncharted territory.
Pushpa Pandiyan, an assistant professor of biological sciences in the School of Dental Medicine, led a team of researchers to examine “resident” bacteria, their fatty acids and their effect on certain types of white blood cells that combat infections in the mouth.
Specifically, researchers looked at the “short-term maintenance” of Tregs and Th-17 cells in fighting fungal infections, such as Candida, in a laboratory setting.
They found that those natural defenses were very effective in reducing infection and unwanted inflammation — and antibiotics can prevent such natural defenses. Their work was recently published in Frontiers in Microbiology.
“We set out to find out what happens when you don’t have bacteria to fight a fungal infection,” Pandiyan said. “What we found was that antibiotics can kill short-chain fatty acids produced by body’s own good bacteria.”
“We have good bacteria doing good work every day, why kill them?” Pandiyan added. “As is the case with many infections, if you leave them alone, they will leave on their own.”
“Of course, antibiotics are still needed for life threatening infections. No question about that. Our bodies have many natural defenses that we shouldn’t meddle with,” she said. However, needless overuse of antibiotics is not helpful, she said.
“Also, we know there is a definite link between oral health and overall health,” she added.
Pandiyan said the study could have broader implications on protective effects of “resident microbiota” in other types of infections. | <urn:uuid:fbba002f-d1cb-4aef-80fb-b00f0aac9d92> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://organicslant.com/antibiotics-destroy-good-bacteria-and-worsen-oral-infection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104692018.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707124050-20220707154050-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.957699 | 437 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Routine health assessment of laboratory rodents can be improved using automated home cage monitoring. Continuous, non-stressful, objective assessment of rodents unaware that they are being watched, including during their active dark period, reveals behavioural and physiological changes otherwise invisible to human caretakers. We developed an automated feeder that tracks feed intake, body weight, and physical appearance of individual radio frequency identification-tagged mice in social home cages. Here, we experimentally induce illness via lipopolysaccharide challenge and show that this automated tracking apparatus reveals sickness behaviour (reduced food intake) as early as 2-4 hours after lipopolysaccharide injection, whereas human observers conducting routine health checks fail to detect a significant difference between sick mice and saline-injected controls. Continuous automated monitoring additionally reveals pronounced circadian rhythms in both feed intake and body weight. Automated home cage monitoring is a non-invasive, reliable mode of health surveillance allowing caretakers to more efficiently detect and respond to early signs of illness in laboratory rodent populations.
Keywords: automated health assessment; circadian; health; mouse; refinement. | <urn:uuid:b12aeb4d-c1ea-4a09-8963-da711a4d195f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30286683/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361776.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228205741-20210228235741-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.925981 | 222 | 2.59375 | 3 |
MetadataShow full item record
PublisherThe University of Arizona.
RightsCopyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
AbstractData provenance refers to the lineage or pedigree of data, including information such as its origin and key events that affect it over the course of its lifecycle. In recent years, provenance has become increasingly important as more and more people are using data that they themselves did not generate. Tracking data provenance helps ensure that data provided by many different providers and sources can be trusted and used appropriately. Data provenance also has several other critical uses, including data quality assessment, generating data replication recipes, data security management, etc.One of the major objectives of our research is to investigate the semantics or meaning of data provenance. We describe a generic ontology of data provenance called the W7 model that represents the semantics of data provenance. Formalized in the conceptual graph formalism, the W7 model represents provenance as a combination of seven interconnected elements including "what," "when," "where," "how," "who," "which" and "why." The W7 model is designed to be general and comprehensive enough to cover a broad range of provenance-related vocabularies. However, the W7 model alone, no matter how comprehensive it is, is insufficient for capturing all domain-specific provenance requirements. We hence present a novel approach to developing domain ontologies of provenance. This approach relies on various conceptual graph mechanisms, including schema definitions and canonical formation rules, and enables us to easily adapt and extend the W7 model to develop domain ontologies of provenance. The W7 model for data provenance has been widely adopted and adapted for use within Raytheon Missile Systems and the iPlant Collaborative, as well as the US Army's ATRAP IV (Asymmetric Threat Response and Analysis Program) system.We also developed a domain ontology of provenance for Wikipedia based on the W7 model. This domain ontology enables us to extract provenance for each Wikipedia article. We present a study in which we use their provenance to assess the quality of Wikipedia articles. Assessing and guaranteeing data quality has become a critical concern that, to a large extent, determines the future success and survival of Wikipedia since the quality of Wikipedia has been continuously called into question due to various incidents of vandalism and misinformation since its launch in 2001. Our study shows that the quality of Wikipedia articles depends not only on the different types of contributors but also on how they collaborate. We identify a number of contributor roles based on the provenance. Based on the roles and provenance, our research identifies several collaboration patterns that are preferable or detrimental for data quality, thus providing insights for designing tools and mechanisms to improve Wikipedia article quality.
Degree ProgramGraduate College
Management Information Systems | <urn:uuid:510aa801-5661-4750-b0f4-2aca87cbd887> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/145314 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741016.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20181112172845-20181112194845-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.938787 | 616 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Keeping your toddler busy is something we all strive to do throughout each day. When they’re entertained, there are less tantrums and more quiet time for you!
However, since a 1 or 2 year old’s focus is only sustained for 1-2 minutes, it’s not easy to find activities that your child will be interested in for that long.
You need to really zone in on their interests and what makes them happy and that should hopefully keep them occupied for several minutes (fingers crossed!).
This post may contain affiliate links which I would receive a small commission should you make a purchase.
Why water play is fun
Water play is a fun, sensory activity that your toddler will enjoy for
You don’t have to go outside to have water play! Even if it’s inside, you may just have to clean up a little water, but at least it doesn’t stain!
My 1 year old loves playing with water and there are so many different activities we came up with.
What you will need:
What to do:
This activity is so simple!
1.Fill a cup or bowl with water. I don’t fill it all the way because the more water they have, the higher the chances that it will be dumped all over the floor.
2. Line up 2-3 pieces of colored construction paper out in front of them.
3. Demonstrate how to dip the brush into the water and brush it onto the paper. When the colored paper gets wet, it will look like they are actually coloring!
4. They will be amazed by making the darker colors appear on the paper with their very own brush strokes!
5. If you’re sitting with your child, use plenty of language during this activity (see below). However, this activity can be done with your child left alone.
Tip: Put a towel down on the floor underneath to minimize cleanup and soak up the water ahead of time.
Skills that this activity addresses
Our children are constantly learning every day about the world around them through play
They can learn
You can pretty much find skills that will be worked on through any playtime activity. For this Water Play activity, the following skills are being strengthened for our toddlers:
- Language/Vocabulary: Hearing and talking about different objects (paper, brush, water, cup, paint)
- Cognition: Learning and understanding new objects and concepts (dip the brush in the cup, make strokes on the paper, paint the paper)
- Fine motor skills: Strengthening and coordinating the muscles of their hands by using them to hold the brush and make strokes. Also, working on bilateral coordination (using two hands together in different ways) by holding the paper still with one hand and using the brush to paint with the other hand.
- Sensory play: Feeling and seeing different textures can be calming or stimulating for a child. Even though children are in contact with water often, it can still be an exciting experience for them. They will get to explore different textures from the bristles on the brush, the wetness of the water, and
smoothnessof construction paper.
Ways to incorporate cognition and language
You really can and SHOULD incorporate cognition (knowledge) and language into any activity you are doing with your little one. Just merely talking through the steps that they’re performing will help build their vocabulary and understanding about new words and concepts.
Remember your baby or toddler is constantly listening and absorbing everything around them, including language.
Here are a few ways to build cognition and language during this activity:
- Point to a piece of paper and ask, What color is this?
- Ask them to point to the green paper, pink paper,
paint brush, cup, etc.
- Work on opposite concepts like in, out, on top, under, above, below, wet, dry, dark, light
- Vocabulary words such as water, cup, bowl, towel, brush, paper
Ways to work on fine motor skills
Fine motor skills allow us to use the small muscles of our hands and fingers. They enable us to grab, manipulate, turn, twist, and hold objects.
Bilateral coordination also allows us to use both hands together in a coordinated manner usually to transfer objects and stabilize with one hand to manipulate with the other.
This activity can help develop these skills in a variety of ways.
- Have your child hold the paintbrush properly with a tripod grasp (brush end coming out by thumb) thumb instead of a fisted grasp (brush end coming out by pinky).
- Hold the paper down with one hand while brushing with the other hand
- Flip over the sheets of paper to paint on the back
- Transfer brush from one hand to another | <urn:uuid:56bb4375-01c7-48e8-80c2-fe5b071d12eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.teachinglittles.com/painting-with-water-toddler-sensory-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141716970.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202205758-20201202235758-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.948161 | 995 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Unless you fancy a ride with the unrelenting rigidity of that Flexible Flyer sled you had as a kid, you probably like having a vehicle with a suspended chassis. The suspension helps isolate you from the road, absorbing bumps and even compensating for a vehicle's weight as it becomes more laden with you and your stuff.
Metal leaf springs appeared in England in 1804, for the first time, somewhat isolating passengers from the less-than-perfect and often uneven roads that connected population centers. At the end of the 19th century, early automobile suspensions resembled those found on horse-drawn carriages. While there were early attempts to dampen the spring movement, it wasn't until the first hydraulic shocks were brought to the market in 1918 that things really began to change. Since the 1950s, the standard for automobiles has been a metal sprung suspension, be it with coil or leaf springs or torsion bars, coupled to hydraulic shocks.
As part of a car's suspension, springs absorb impacts from the roadway, isolating passengers from uneven or damaged roads. A wheel that bounces up compresses the spring, which then does what a spring is supposed to do and rebounds back to its original position. Unchecked, this action could make for a ride with plenty of jounce.
A shock absorber does as its name describes. Sometimes called a damper, a hydraulic shock absorber dampens, or softens, the violent and rapid nature of a spring's movement by forcing hydraulic fluid through a narrow opening, turning the spring's kinetic energy into heat. When the spring bounces back to return to its original position, the shock absorber pulls that fluid back through the orifice, again damping the movement in the opposite direction, leading to them sometimes being referred to as double-action shock absorbers.
The typical shock consists of a pressure tube with a piston that moves inside of it. Some shocks have a reserve tube and pressure tube together in one assembly. Monotube shocks have a single tube that acts as the reserve and pressure tube together. Some high-performance racing-type shock absorbers have a remote fluid reservoir. In most applications, the pressure tube is mounted to the part of the suspension that moves, such as a control arm. The piston is connected to a rod affixed to the chassis itself. The piston contains the valve which the hydraulic oil passes through. Steel discs and a spring help control the flow rate of that fluid, allowing the damper to automatically adjust its operation to the severity of the suspension movement.
Although the rod moves through a tight seal, because it is partially exposed when fully extended, most shock absorbers have an additional outer tube that acts as a dirt shield to keep the rod clean. Gas shocks get their name from having nitrogen injected into the reserve to keep the oil from foaming.
As the spring's energy is converted to heat in the shock, the viscosity of the fluid can break down and the shock can lose its ability to effectively dampen movement. Sometimes seals can also wear and begin to leak oil. Worn shocks can lead to unwanted tire movement and excessive wear. A simple test for checking the effectiveness of your shocks is to push down on a corner of the car. It should move down and then back up one time. Any additional bounce or movement is a sign that it's probably time to replace them.
Shock absorbers should not be confused with struts. Though a strut contains a shock absorber, it is a structural part of the suspension that integrates the coil spring, shock, spring perches and strut bearing. Almost universal on modern front-wheel-drive cars, struts are used on some rear-wheel-drive vehicles as well.
This article originally appeared in the August, 2012 issue of Hemmings Motor News.
Order Backissues of Hemmings Motor News
Subscribe to Hemmings Motor News | <urn:uuid:71632911-643b-4bca-b47b-46ada873402d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hmn/2012/08/Shock-Absorbers/3715701.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123312.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823171414-20170823191414-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.956315 | 792 | 3.359375 | 3 |
HTML was designed from day 1 for exactly the role it is fulfilling today. The only difference is over time, the theology of how HTML should work has changed. Initially the idea was just to tag the information and allow the client device decide how it should be displayed. Along the way it turned into a WYSIWYG technology. Meaning the author needs the ability to define precisely how something has been displayed. Overall though, the change from HTML4 and HTML5 is not that dramatic. The biggest changes is the addition of the video tag, but that was done in a broken manner. So for a long time to come web authors will continue to use the HTML4 way of doing things.
As for FORTRAN. It's strongest use has alway been scientific programming. It was designed from the ground-up to be useful for that purpose, and has continued to be redefined with that end goal in mind. Weather forcasting is just one example. The biggest difference between FORTRAN and C, is FORTRAN is designed to optimize as much as possible, even at the point of possibly sacrificing what the less savvy programmer thought they were telling it to do. While C is designed to do exactly what you tell it to do, no matter how stupid. Lets take a simple example. Lets say you tell a computer to count to a million to add a time delay. The C program optimization might optimize the counting variables so it counts to a million very quickly. The FORTRAN program will just discard the whole counting operation, as it already knows the end result is a million. While a professional programmer can do the same level of optimization writing C, since few FORTRAN programmers are professional programmers, it is doubtful FORTRAN will ever be replaced.
Keep Up with TechRepublic | <urn:uuid:f75ba1f3-91e6-465c-bb6a-ca7a4ba318cd> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.techrepublic.com/forum/discussions/102-392784-3679385 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711406217/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133646-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969766 | 363 | 3.390625 | 3 |
For the average citizen, algae are often viewed as a problematic growth within backyard swimming pools and local rivers and ponds. On the other hand, algae are now a hot topic among environmentalists as agroindustrial developments see them being used to sequester carbon dioxide and produce biofuels.
Algae can serve as a feedstock for biodiesel and ethanol. Since their basic requirements for growth include carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, and sunlight, using algae to produce biofuels can also help reduce carbon dioxide emissions at the same time as reducing the need for feedstocks that would otherwise be used for human consumption.
Indeed, some argue that algae could be perhaps the ultimate source of plant-based oil for biodiesel and ethanol, since it can flourish in otherwise hostile growing environments, including non-arable land, or in dirty water.
When algae flourishes, it is unmatched by any terrestrial feedstock known. Algae can double in mass several times daily. For example, with respect to estimating the number of US gallons of biodiesel produced from a variety of feedstock materials, algae is considered to be perhaps the highest in efficiency when compared to a variety of other crops. Algae will produce 1,800 to 15,000 gallons of biodiesel per acre (gpa): a huge amount compared to other popular biofuel feedstocks such as palm oil (508 gpa), rapeseed (102 gpa) and soy (59.2 to 98.6 gpa).
Greatest yield per acre
The US Department of Energy estimates that algae fuel can yield up to 30 times more energy per acre than land crops such as soybean, and a growing consensus suggests that biodiesel produced from algae is the only feasible solution today for replacement in full of petro-diesel products.
No other feedstock has the oil yield sufficient in volume to produce such large volumes of oil. To illustrate this point, in order to produce sufficient oil for biodiesel from crops such as soy or palm, all growing regions for all of today’s crops would have to produce simply soy (for example) to yield sufficient biodiesel for full replacement. Given the high oil yield from algae, some 10 million acres would however be sufficient – as land, pond, or ocean space – to grow enough algae to replace the total petro- diesel fuel in the United States today. This is about 1% of the total amount of acreage used in the United States today for grazing and farming; that being about 1% of one billion acres.
In the end, one could conclude that the vastly superior biodiesel feedstock material for the large scale replacement of petro-diesel is clearly algae. However, in order to produce large scale quantities of algae for such massive biodiesel projects, it is essential to have sustainable high oil producing strains of algae, on a large scale basis; followed by the ability to adequately extract the oil from algae on such a scale.
To follow, of course, there would need to be capabilities to convert algae oil into biodiesel. The first two steps are essentially specific to algae; and the final step is typical of all biodiesel processes related to all plant based oils.
Finally, the challenges of greatest need now are to define and refine the most viable strains of algae strains and develop/maintain the most effective and optimal cultivation methods.
But what other benefits do algae bring? Well, as mentioned at the start of this piece, algae can also be used to sequester or capture carbon dioxide at the same time as it is grown as a biofuel feedstock.
When a full loop or cycle is considered, algae require carbon dioxide to grow and thereby extract this greenhouse gas from the atmosphere as they grow. Algae can then be used in the manufacture of biodiesel and/or a feedstock for fermentation as ethanol. The production of biofuels leads to the creation of more carbon dioxide, which can then be pumped back into the cycle to boost algae growth still further. Effectively, this process kills two birds with one stone: curbing carbon dioxide emissions and creating more sustainable biofuels.
As a rule of thumb, approximately one ton of carbon dioxide would be removed (from otherwise airborne emissions) via the growth of two tons of algae. This offers us an extraordinary opportunity to reduce emissions, capture carbon dioxide, and foster new renewable energy technologies to replace diesel and jet fuels in the future.
Editor’s note: This is an edited version of an article kindly provided by Sam A. Rushing of Advanced Cryogenics, Ltd. Sam is a chemist with 30 years in the carbon dioxide industry, in both merchant and consultant roles. If you wish to contact Sam to find out more about his company’s work, send an e-mail to [email protected] or visit the Advanced Cryogenics website.
Retrieved from: Eco Periodicals | <urn:uuid:c42ed883-946c-4d46-a912-5d8b67882d1f> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://agroindustriindonesia.blogspot.com/2010/10/dual-benefits-of-algae-farming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00185-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944108 | 994 | 3.75 | 4 |
There’s a Time for Tmesis
Tmesis is a linguistic device in which a word or phrase interrupts another word or phrase. (The word is a Greek term that refers to cutting.) Depending on the type of tmesis, it is either acceptable in formal usage or relegated to humorous and/or emphatic colloquialisms.
Phrasing in which the preposition down is located within the verb phrase “turn down” in “Turn down that music,” as opposed to its placement in “Turn that music down,” is a standard form of tmesis, as are whatsoever and unbeknownst, in which, respectively, so is inserted in whatever and be is placed within an archaic form of unknown. (Interestingly, in some literary usage, a tmetic word is itself cloven, as in the biblical verse “He shall be punished, what man soever offendeth.”) By contrast, seemingly tmetic words such as notwithstanding and nevertheless do not qualify, because the framing syllables do not constitute words or set phrases.
A form of tmesis often heard spoken spontaneously but best reconstructed for writing is a possessive phrase such as “the girl in the back row’s,” referring to something belonging to a girl sitting in a back row; the modifying phrase “in the back row” is artificially inserted between girl and the possessive s. “The book is the girl in the back row’s,” for example, should be recast as “The book belongs to the girl in the back row.”
Informal tmetic usage is ubiquitous but discouraged in formal writing. Examples include “a whole nother” and “any old how” as intensifications of another and anyhow. Recently, however, this form of tmesis has been supplanted in popularity by a form formally known as expletive infixation, in which a profane or otherwise emphatic word is inserted into an adjective to fortify its impact, as in abso-frickin’-lutely and la-dee-frickin’-da. Another colloquial construction is the emphatic insertion of so in such statements as “I am so not going there.”
These contemporary conversational habits have their place in transcriptions of casual dialogue and in light-hearted informal prose, but they’re intrusive in formal writing.
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5 Responses to “There’s a Time for Tmesis”
Leif G.S. Notae
Huh, still keep learning things I never knew about before. I will have to make sure I keep an eye out when I write for this trickly little devil. Thanks for sharing!
Forty years ago I was studying in Holland. One of my teachers, a complete Anglophile, said that of all the things he loved about English tmesis was the best. He quoted a First World War soldier for his favourite example, the man having served in ‘Meso-bloody-potamia’! So expletive infixation is not all that new.
Is “turn down” just an example of standard forms of tmesis, or are you suggesting that it is only standard in relation to the preposition down? I’m thinking of instances like “turn the water off” or “turn the heat up” or “look this person up” or “turn this situation around.” I work with editors who would hypercorrect to “turn around this situation,” which is not something anyone would say.
A very interesting article! I would say, however, that “down” (in “Turn down that music” or “Turn that music down”)or “off” (in “Turn off the water” or “Turn the water off”) is an adverb, not a preposition, regardless of its placement.
I agree with Melissa regarding the word “down.” I, too, think it’s an adverb.
For example, in “She turned the heat down” or “She turned down the heat,” “down” is describing the action of turning. This is similar to “off” and “up” in the following sentences.
“She turned off the heat.”
“She turned up the heat.”
As with other adverbs, “down” in these sentences answers the question “How”–Turn the heat how? Down. Also, as with other adverbs, these words can be placed variously in sentences, including the final position.
In “We will go down from the mountain,” “down” is still an adverb. Here, “down” describes where the action occurs. This example could also be written “Down we will go from the mountain.”
Regarding ending sentences with prepositions. The sentence “Look the definition up” does not end with a preposition. Rather, it ends with the adverb “up,” which describes how the action is performed.
Question: If “down” in these cases is an adverb, is “Turn the music down” still an example of tmesis? I’m thinking that it probably is because the main phrase is still “turn down.” Thoughts? | <urn:uuid:03c25619-b50e-4364-9b0a-23c0fe406b81> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.dailywritingtips.com/theres-a-time-for-tmesis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607325.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523025728-20170523045728-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.958509 | 1,238 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In 2008, the FDA released guidance for drug metabolite safety testing (MIST), emphasizing the importance of metabolite toxicity testing in the drug development process. Indeed, drug toxicity, which accounts for roughly 40% of clinical drug failures, is a leading cause of the high drug attrition rates that have contributed to the skyrocketing drug development costs witnessed over the past few decades.
Traditionally, drug metabolites have been both difficult and hugely expensive to synthesize. Conventional methods of metabolite synthesis, such as those that employ the use of microsomes (while they have proven valuable as a predictive tool, their productive capabilities could be limited by NCE stability) or synthetic chemistry, can be extremely costly and time consuming. Consequently, drugmakers often choose to forego metabolite synthesis (and subsequent metabolite toxicity testing ) early on in the drug development process, opting instead to wait until lead compounds are further along in development before carrying out these essential functions. This decision, perceived to be a calculated risk, ultimately comes at huge price, as drug makers lose millions each year on investments in lead drug candidates that eventually turn out to be failures due to toxicity.
Biomimetic Chemistry, on the other hand, possesses the advantages of both chemistry and biology and is thus a much more efficient tool for metabolite synthesis. In fact, with biomimetic chemistry, large scale metabolite generation is enabled in one step, by mimicking and optimizing the same biotransformation reactions that occur in the liver. | <urn:uuid:61f0daf0-5ca9-4efa-8bd2-8cf42a262c52> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.tebu-bio.com/blog/2015/01/22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902496.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710015901-20200710045901-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.951793 | 304 | 2.671875 | 3 |
WHY THIS MATTERS IN BRIEF
- Technology is changing our world at an unprecedented rate, and it’s only going to get faster, as a consequence today’s children will face a radically different future and they need to be prepared for it
Thanks to the team at Quill.com for reaching out with this infographic that shines a light on the use of 3D Printing in schools, as well as a subject close to my heart, which is how we prepare our children for tomorrow’s world, one that will be drastically different from today’s reality, where, for example, on demand 3D printing will increasingly be the norm, and where Creative Machines and Artificial Intelligence (AI) and new manufacturing technologies, such as 4D Printing and Nanomanufacturing, and even Molecular Assemblers, will come together to create robots, like this one, that self evolve and then print themselves off in the printer. Take this one step further with 4D Printing and they’ll “evolve” themselves, print themselves and be able to walk right out of the printer… and much, much more.
If you’re an educator then I’d love to hear your views about how you’re preparing our children for careers that will span fifty years when the rate of change is already so rapid, and if you’d like to hear more about my work with a number of UK Local Education Authorities (LEA’s) where I’m helping “fine tune” after school programs and curriculums then just ping me. Now over to the infographic and best of luck, Matt.
If, ten years ago, someone would have told a manufacturer or a doctor that they could print airplane parts or prosthetic limbs on a printer, they would have shaken their heads in disbelief. It just wasn’t possible – or even probable.
Luckily for everyone, 3D printers have changed all that, both for business, non profits, organizations, and home. 3D printers cut down on waste, they cut down on pollution, and they make highly intricate design both accessible and customizable. And 3D printing also holds the promise to transform the classroom, especially the study of the highly coveted STEM cohort, also known as science, technology, engineering, and math fields.
STEM is unique in that it aims to emphasize discovery, experimentation, and exploration, all qualities that can be enhanced by integrating the potential of 3D printers in the classroom. How else can 3D printers combined with STEM learning prepare students? Use this infographic, or go to the Quill’s site to find out more. | <urn:uuid:333cdeb1-8a12-49c3-bcb0-85c7893b2144> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.311institute.com/infographic-3d-printing-in-schools-and-preparing-children-for-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989819.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518094809-20210518124809-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.943379 | 547 | 3.375 | 3 |
NASA spacecraft zooms over Jupiter’s swirling clouds at 131,000 mph
Buckle up for a wild flyby.
NASA’s Juno spacecraft — essentially the most distant probe orbiting one other planet — made its forty first shut swoop over Jupiter’s clouds in April. The area company recently posted footage of the encounter with the swirling, Jovian ambiance.
The animated GIF under reveals a collection of photographs captured by the 66-foot-long orbiter, which was created by the citizen scientist Andrea Luck. Juno got here inside 2,050 miles of Jupiter’s clouds whereas touring at some 131,000 mph.
“By comparability, at closest strategy Juno was greater than 10 occasions nearer to Jupiter than satellites in geosynchronous orbit [the location of some major U.S. weather satellites] are to Earth, touring at a pace about 5 occasions quicker than the Apollo missions did once they left Earth for the Moon,” NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory explained.
Credit score: Picture information: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SwRI/MSSS / Picture processing by Andrea Luck CC BY
Why touchdown a spaceship on the moon remains to be so difficult
Juno arrived at Jupiter in 2016, on a mission to disclose the mysteries behind the biggest planet in our photo voltaic system: What’s beneath Jupiter’s dazzling clouds? What’s Jupiter made from? How, precisely, did Jupiter type? The spacecraft’s cameras and devices have already sleuthed Jupiter’s psychedelic ambiance for almost six years.
The distant spacecraft has an particularly thrilling flyby approaching in September 2022. Juno will swoop extraordinarily near Jupiter’s moon Europa, passing simply 221 miles from its icy floor. The area company hopes to seize detailed footage of the moon’s cracked, icy floor.
Europa is a captivating world. “Scientists are nearly sure that hidden beneath the icy floor of Europa is a salty-water ocean thought to comprise twice as a lot water as Earth’s oceans mixed,” writes NASA. “Europa would be the most promising place in our photo voltaic system to search out present-day environments appropriate for some type of life past Earth,” the area company added. | <urn:uuid:6d8d1212-e3b5-46a8-a4a8-4b48abbd389f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://fullgist.com.ng/nasa-spacecraft-zooms-over-jupiters-swirling-clouds-at-131000-mph/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.902776 | 476 | 3.3125 | 3 |
James Madison Facts
James Madison (1751-1836), the fourth president of the United States, was one of the principal founders of America's republican form of government.
James Madison lived all his life in the county of Orange, Va., on a 5,000-acre plantation that produced tobacco and grains and was worked by perhaps 100 slaves. Though Madison abhorred slavery and had no use for the aristocratic airs of Virginia society, he remained a Virginia planter, working within the traditional political system of family-based power and accepting the responsibility this entailed. Like his neighbors and friends Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe, Madison worked creatively if not always consistently to make republican government a reality amid a social system and a slave economy often deeply at odds with principles of self-government and individual fulfillment.
After learning the fundamentals at home, Madison went to preparatory school and then to the College of New Jersey at Princeton. The bookish boy got a thorough classical education as he learned Latin and Greek. Since all of his teachers were clergymen, he was also continually exposed to Christian thought and precepts. He received his bachelor of arts degree in 1771 and remained for six months studying under President John Witherspoon, whose intellectual independence, Scottish practicality, and moral earnestness profoundly influenced him. Madison also had gained a wide acquaintance with the new thought of the 18th century and admired John Locke, Isaac Newton, Jonathan Swift, David Hume, Voltaire, and others who fashioned the Enlightenment world view, which became his own.
From his first consciousness of public affairs Madison opposed British colonial measures. He served on the Orange County Committee of Safety from 1774, and two years later he was elected to the Virginia convention that resolved for independence and drafted a new state constitution. His special contribution was in strengthening the clause on religious freedom to proclaim "liberty of conscience for all"—an exceptionally liberal view. Elected to the governor's council in 1777, he lived in Williamsburg for two years, dealing with the routine problems of the Revolutionary War. He also began a lifelong friendship with Governor Thomas Jefferson.
Madison's skill led to his 1780 election to the Continental Congress, where he served for nearly four years. During the first year he became one of the leaders of the so-called nationalist group, which saw fulfillment of the Revolution possible only under a strong central government. Madison thus supported the French alliance and Benjamin Franklin's policies in Europe. He also worked persistently to strengthen the powers of Congress. By the end of his service in 1783, after ratification of the peace treaty and demobilization of the army, Madison was among the half dozen leading promoters of stronger national government. He had also earned a reputation as an exceedingly well-informed and effective debater and legislator.
After three years in Virginia helping enact Jefferson's bill for religious freedom and other reform measures, Madison worked toward the Constitutional Convention, which gathered in Philadelphia in May 1787. There, Madison spent the most fruitful months of his life. He advocated the Virginia plan for giving real power to the national government, guided George Washington and other Virginia delegates to support this plan, worked with James Wilson and other nationalists, accepted compromises, and—altogether—became the most constructive member of the convention.
Madison's basic theoretical contribution was his argument that an enlarged, strengthened national government, far from being the path to despotism its opponents feared, was in fact the surest way to protect freedom and expand the principle of self-government. His concept of "factions" in a large republic counteracting each other, built into a constitution of checks and balances, became the vital, operative principle of the American government. In addition to taking part in the debates, Madison took notes on them; published posthumously, these afford the only full record of the convention.
Establishment of the New Government
Madison shared leadership in the ratification struggle with Alexander Hamilton. He formulated strategy for the supporters of the Constitution (Federalists), wrote portions of the Federalist Papers, and engaged Patrick Henry in dramatic and finally successful debate at the Virginia ratifying convention (June 1788). Then, as Washington's closest adviser and as a member of the first Federal House of Representatives, Madison led in establishing the new government. He drafted Washington's inaugural address and helped the President make the precedent-setting appointments of his first term.
In Congress, Madison proposed new revenue laws, ensured the President's control over the executive branch, and proposed the Bill of Rights. From the Annapolis Convention in 1786, when he had assumed leadership of the movement for a new constitution, through the end of the first session of Congress (October 1789), Madison was the guiding, creative force in establishing the new, republican government.
Growth of the Party System
However, Hamilton's financial program, presented in January 1790, and Madison's quick opposition to it marked the beginning of Madison's coleadership, with Jefferson, of what became the Democratic-Republican party. Madison opposed the privileged position Hamilton accorded to commerce and wealth, especially when it became apparent that this power could awe and sometimes control the organs of government.
Madison and Jefferson saw republican government as resting on the virtues of the people, sustained by the self-reliance of an agricultural economy and the benefits of public education, with government itself remaining "mild" and responsive to grass-roots impulses. This attitude became the foundation of their political party, which was fundamentally at odds with Hamilton's centralized concept of government, requiring strong leadership.
As Madison and Jefferson organized opposition to Hamilton, they seized on widespread public sympathy for France's expansive, revolutionary exploits to promote republican sentiment in the United States. The Federalists, on the other hand, cherished America's renewed commercial bonds with Britain and feared disruptive, entangling involvement with France. Madison opposed Jay's Treaty, feeling that it would align the United States with England in a way that was dependent and betrayed republican principles. Thus, the final ratification of Jay's Treaty (April 1796), over Madison's bitter opposition, marked his declining influence in Congress. A year later he retired to Virginia.
Madison viewed with alarm the bellicose attitude toward France of John Adams's administration. He felt that the "XYZ" hysteria, resulting in the Alien and Sedition Acts, severely threatened free government. With Jefferson, he executed the protest against these acts embodied in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798. Madison's drafts of the milder Virginia Resolutions and the Report of 1800 defending them are his most complete expression of the rights of the states under the Constitution. He did not, however, advocate either nullification or secession, as some later claimed. The political frustrations of the years 1793-1800 were relieved by Madison's happy marriage in 1794 to the vivacious widow Dolley (or Dolly) Payne Todd, whose name became a symbol for effusive hospitality in Washington social life.
Secretary of State
Madison worked hard to secure Jefferson's election as president in 1800 and was appointed secretary of state. With the President and the new secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin, he made up the Republican triumvirate that guided the nation for eight years. Madison skillfully took advantage of Napoleon's misfortune in the West Indies to purchase Louisiana in 1803 and supported suppression of the Barbary pirates by American naval squadrons (1803-1805). The renewed war between France and Britain, however, became a major crisis, as both powers inflicted heavy damage on American shipping. Britain also engaged in the outrageous impressment of American sailors. Finding appeals to international law useless, and lacking power to protect American trade, Madison promoted the 1807 embargo, which barred American ships from the high seas. However, an unexpected capacity by the belligerents to replace American trade, and substantial smuggling and other evasions by Americans, prevented the embargo from having real force. Madison therefore accepted its repeal at the end of Jefferson's administration.
Elected president in 1808, Madison continued his struggle to find peace with honor amid world war. Republican doctrine, which he shared in part, precluded a heavy military buildup, so Madison's administration lurched from one ineffective commercial policy to another. At the same time, interparty squabbling, Cabinet shuffles, and powerful opposition in Congress undermined his authority. Finally, in November 1811, receiving only insults and deceit from Europe and most heavily injured by Britain, Madison asked Congress for war. "War Hawks," led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, spurred Congress to some inadequate defense measures, and, as final peace attempts failed, war with England was declared in June 1812. Bitter, active opposition to the war by virtually all New England preachers and politicians (near treasonable in Madison's eyes) severely hindered the war effort and added to the President's difficulties. He nonetheless was reelected easily in 1812.
War of 1812
Madison hoped that American zeal and the vulnerability of Canada would lead to a swift victory. However, the surrender of one American army at Detroit, the defeat of another on the Niagara frontier, and the disgraceful retreat of yet another before Montreal blasted these hopes. Then victories at sea, and the 1813 defeat of the British by Commodore O. H. Perry on Lake Erie and by Gen. W. H. Harrison on the Thames battlefield, buoyed American hopes. Yet the chaos in American finance, Napoleon's debacles in Europe, and another fruitless military campaign in New York State left Madison disheartened. His enemies gloated over his nearly fatal illness in June 1813. New England threatened secession, and the republican government seemed likely to fail the test of survival in war.
The summer of 1814 brought to the American battlefields thousands of battle-hardened British troops. They fought vastly improved American armies to a standstill on the Niagara frontier and appeared in Chesapeake Bay intent on capturing Washington. Madison unwisely entrusted defense of the city to a sulking secretary of war, John Armstrong, and to an inept general, William H. Winder. A small but well-disciplined British force defeated the disorganized Americans at Bladensburg as Madison watched from a nearby hillside. His humiliation was complete when he saw flames of the burning Capitol and White House while fleeing across the Potomac River. However, after he returned to Washington 3 days later, he was soon cheered by news of the British defeat in Baltimore Harbor. News also arrived that two American forces had driven back a powerful British force coming down Lake Champlain.
Thus, with Armstrong dismissed and a new secretary of the Treasury, Alexander J. Dallas, restoring American credit, Madison felt that his peace commission in Ghent could demand decent terms from Britain. On Christmas Eve, 1814, a peace treaty was signed restoring the prewar boundaries and ensuring American national self-respect. Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans achieved on the battlefield what the treaty makers recognized at Ghent: Britain had lost any remaining hope of dominating its former colonies or blocking United States expansion into the Mississippi Valley.
In his last two years as president, Madison urged a sweeping program of internal development. Madison's program, though only partially enacted by Congress, showed that republican principles were not incompatible with positive action by the Federal government. He retired from office in March 1817, enjoying a popularity unimaginable a few years earlier.
Years of Retirement
In happy retirement at Montpelier, Madison practiced scientific agriculture, helped Jefferson found the University of Virginia, advised Monroe on foreign policy, arranged his papers for posthumous publication, and maintained wide correspondence. He returned officially to public life only to take part in the Virginia constitutional convention of 1829. However, informally, he wrote influentially in support of a mildly protective tariff and the national bank, among other issues. Most important, he lent intellectual leadership and vast prestige to the fight against nullification, which in Madison's eyes betrayed the benefits of the union for which he had fought all his life. But his health slowly declined, forcing him more and more to be a silent observer. By the time of his death on June 28, 1836, he was the last of the great founders of the American Republic.
Further Reading on James Madison
Madison's writings are collected in W.T. Hutchinson and others, eds., The Papers of James Madison (6 vols. to date, 1962-1969). The standard biography is Irving Brant, James Madison (6 vols., 1941-1961); a one volume abridgment of this is The Fourth President: The Life of James Madison (1970). Another account is Ralph Ketcham, James Madison (1971). Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (1950), discusses Madison's views on selected topics. On the elections of 1808 and 1812 see Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections, vol. 1 (1971). | <urn:uuid:d8d718ae-c9c9-466e-9f84-a5b4f32e2099> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://biography.yourdictionary.com/james-madison | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827080.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00093-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964317 | 2,636 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Charles Coates’s monumental 1802 work ‘The History and Antiquities of Reading’ is a treasure house for discoveries surrounding the history of the county town of Royal Berkshire. In its discussion of the specifics of the area of Katesgrove, the book records a short poem in 32 dactylic hexametres. They are presented as composed by ‘Mr Allen, then an assistant at the School’ (i. e. Reading School) and ‘spoken at the Triennial Visitation in 1752’.
The poem reads as follows:
Conchae prope Raedingum effossae probant diluvium
[‘Sea shells unearthed near Reading prove the deluge’]
Qua properat, Patrem ad Thamesinum brachia tendens,
Praecipitesque urget rapidus Cunetio fluctus,
Eruit attonitus rerum novitate colonus
Littus arenosum natasque sub aequore conchas:
Non leve prodigium. Quippe his distantia longe 5
Finibus Oceanus raucos ad littora fluctus
Volvit, & has nullis agitat terroribus oras:
Undique frondosi colles atque amnibus udae
Spectantur valles, herbisque virentia prata.
At detossa jugi sub mole haec monstra fatentur, 10
Humida Nereïdas tenuisse his sedibus antra,
Coeruleasque rotas delphine egisse jugato;
Dum circum phocae, pecus illaetabile, passim
Tonderent algam & nondum indurata coralla.
Huc ades, oh quicumque sacris sermonibus aures 15
Impius avertens, veteris portenta Noëmi
(Qui mare, quondam uterum, tunc rerum immane sepulcrum,
Exigere humano tutus de crimine poenas
Vidit) uti nugas figmentaque anilia rides.
Huc ades; atque haec ima miracula mente revolvens 20
Contemplare, oculisque tuis fiducia detur.
Salve, concharum feries veneranda! superstes
Rerum ex naufragio! Mundi salvete prioris
Sanctae relliquiae! Queis certa immotaque sedes,
Innumerisque quies saec’lis invicta remansit, 25
Dum tot mille vices dominorum terra novavit,
Et sacrum quodcunque habitum, quodcunque superbum,
Regalesque arces, confisae moenibus urbes,
Et templa aevorum vix tandem extructa labore,
Turres Iliacae, Capitoli immobile saxum, 30
Regia Pyramidum moles, & Mausolei
Omnia concussa atque annis eversa labascunt
[The following version of the text is marked ‘A Translation of the above, by the Author’ by Coates]
Where rapid Kennet rolls his headlong stream,
Eager to share with Thames a nobler name,
While lab’ring hinds for future fabric toil
In the dark bosom of the yielding soil,
Amaz’d they view of shells and sand a shore,
On which no bursting waves are heard to roar.
In distant coasts, the traveller may tell,
How raging oceans’s foaming horrors swell,
But here the swain with ravish’d eye can trace
The chearful landskip’s variegated grace;
The rising hill, embrown’d with many a grove,
And vales, where streams in bright Meanders rove.
Yet these strange reliques of the main declare
That the rough sea once drove its billows there;
That o’er the rising hill embrown’d with shade,
The stream-wash’d valley and the verdant mead,
The grazing Sea-calf trod with humid foot,
And cropp’d the budding coral’s tender shoot.
Approach, thou impious wretch, who, blind yet bold,
Presum’st to doubt what sacred lips have told,
That by divine command the rising wave,
The womb of nature once, was once her grave.
By virtue rescued, and by virtue’s God,
While earth was ravag’d by the raging flood,
While all around the heaving ocean boil’d,
A chosen few at all its terrors smil’d.
Approach – believe – and dread the wrath of heav’n,
And pray thy impious doubts may be forgiv’n.
Hail, sacred reliques of a former world,
Safe, while all nature was in ruin hurl’d!
These wondrous shells unhurt by time endure,
And for unnumber’d ages rest secure,
While what mankind as strong or great reveres,
Has sunk beneath the weight of rolling years.
Th’ environ’d citadel’s stupendous pile,
The solemn temple, rais’d by tedious toil,
The less’ning fame of Ilion’s lofty tow’r,
The wrecks of Rome, that hastes to be no more,
Mausolos’ tomb, and Egypt’s mould’ring pride,
All yield to rapid Time’s o’erwhelming tide.
The text is of course a remarkable piece, reflecting on a time when Reading was a rather different place and the conurbation had not yet sprawled out to the South significantly beyond London Road. The ancient map, as published by Coates, indicates the position of the oyster banks in the area that is now Elgar Road, just north of the area now known as Waterloo Meadows:
The geological structure of the neighbourhood of Reading was reported, for example, by J. Rofe jun. in a contribution to the Transactions of the Geological Society of London in 1834, which can be read online in a number of formats, and the geological condition of the area led to the rise of a number of kilns and mines in the Katesgrove area, among which, for example, the ancient Katesgrove Kiln Chalk Mine, marked ‘Mr Waugh’s Brick Kiln’ in the ancient map.
More interesting still, however, is the following observation. The translation that is recorded in Coates’s volume is not altogether faithful to the Latin (which is nowhere near as horrid as the translation), and it certainly is rather more obsessed with keeping up its rhyme scheme than it should have been. What Mr Allen actually wrote in the very first few lines of his poem, rather than talking about ‘lab’ring hinds for future fabrics (…) in the dark bosom of the yielding soil’ is this:
Where torrential Kennet rushes, extending its arms towards the Themse-ian father,
And headlong pushes its floods,
The settler, astonished by the novelty of those matters, unearths
A sandy shore and shells, born under the sea:
A veritable prodigy!
The settler, colonus, is the one first to encounter the remarkable find – a clear indication of the ways in which the Katesgrove area, adjacent to the river Kennet, became of increasing interest to the inhabitants of Reading – starting to link the site of ‘Mr Waugh’s Brick Kiln’ with the area west of Southampton Street (i. e. the area that is now Alpine Street), an area that the poem describes as an in fact rather idyllic, serene grove (an impression that a walk along the Kennet-Avon canal on occasion manages to sustain).
The poem extends the invitation to come and see the wondrous feature of nature to those who ‘who, blind yet bold, / Presum’st to doubt what sacred lips have told’, i. e. those who – despite the proximity of the Church of St Giles – felt less than inspired by its preachings: inspection of the miracles, seeing the sea shells with one’s own eyes, thus becomes a means to strengthen one’s faith – a miracle emphatically welcomed by the poet himself (Salve, concharum series veneranda!).
Yet, one cannot help but feel that this poem is not about religious edification. It ends in a dark vision about the death and decay of even the biggest, most outstanding of human achievements – invoking Classical examples: Troy, the Capitol of Rome, the Pyramids, the tomb of Mausolos. Omnia concussa atque annis eversa labascunt: ‘everything falls, shattered and eradicated by time,’ is the poet’s conclusion.
Could this mean that the poem’s actual point is a criticism of Reading’s starting expansion to the south of London Road, not least driven by commercial interests, ultimately destroying the beauty of nature that Katesgrove once must have been – idle ambition and arrogance to create something huge, with the sole prospect of being overthrown eventually? This thought presents the poem’s centre – inconspicuously hidden away in parenthesis! – in a different light (and again only a more literal translation can bring this aspect out more clearly):
He (= Noah), who saw the sea, once the womb, then the horrendous tomb of all matters,
Execute the punishment for human misdeed,
Being Safe himself.
The miracle of nature of Katesgrove, clearly sea-related, easily linked to the biblical flood in poetic imagery, thus has become a tool for the poet to remind his audience of the causes for the deluge – human wickedness and arrogance. How will the colonus respond, the colonus who dwells in the very place where ‘These wondrous shells unhurt by time endure, / And for unnumber’d ages rest secure, / While what mankind as strong or great reveres, / Has sunk beneath the weight of rolling years.’
An aside: sea shells, more specifically scallop shells, hold particular symbolism for Reading, as they had been a constituent of the arms of Reading Abbey, still preserved in the arms of the University of Reading. Perhaps that gives the University an additional right, every now and then, and without confessional motivation or dimension, to contemplate the bigger picture, to consider aspects of global responsibility and sustainability, and not just to pursue short-term interests that may damage and destroy more than they manage to create? | <urn:uuid:c0585ff7-a386-460e-9071-048549ec469b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://thepetrifiedmuse.blog/2013/09/19/sea-shells-or-how-the-deluge-reached-reading/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890893.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121214857-20180121234857-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.872566 | 2,357 | 2.625 | 3 |
Imminent Some people believe the day of judgment is close at hand. of…. Imminent These common words series with meaning in Urdu entirely fruitful for preparation of competitive exam as well academic exam preparation. Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani. All rights of the publication are reserved by UrduPoint.com. How to use imminence in a sentence. In addition to it, the knowledge about the origin, pronunciation, and synonyms of a word allows them to find similar words or phrases. Impending definition, about to happen; imminent: their impending marriage. imminent meaning in Hindi with examples: सfन्नकट करीब निकटस्थ सन्निकट पास का आने ... click for more detailed meaning in Hindi with examples, definition, pronunciation and example sentences. meaning in Urdu is Imminent synonym words People often want to translate English words or phrases into Urdu. PM promises all resources to Navy to face imminent challenges - DAWN.com, - However, a person feels better to communicate if he/she has sufficient vocabulary. meaning in Urdu has been searched It is written as Vikretā in Roman. Virus Outbreak: News and Analysis From Dec. 14 - Bloomberg, - (esp. Meaning in Urdu – Utilize the online English to Urdu dictionary to check the Urdu meaning of English word. )A belief in God’s immanence holds that God is present in all of creation, while remaining distinct from it. How to use imminent in a sentence. The same trick also works for immanent . Imminent What is the meaning of this urdu word Urdu meaning of Imminent is نزدیک, it can be written as Nazdik in Roman Urdu. Access other dictionaries such as English to Arabic, English to French, and English to Hindi to check the Shrewd Synonyms. Imminent is the strongest: it denotes that something is ready to fall or happen on the instant; as, in imminent danger of one's life. Since mankind has many immanent characteristics, use man and immanent as a reminder of the meaning of this word. threat meaning in Urdu (Pronunciation -تلفظ سنیۓ ) US: 1) threat. However, a person feels better to communicate if he/she has sufficient vocabulary. Question: "What is the immanence of God?" Imminent Meaning in Urdu 1644. Qareeb See more. An imminent threat to public health - The Nation, - Another word for imminent. In imminent danger. Summary. Imminent. Showing page 1. So, keep in touch […] Imminent are something that is imminent, especially an impending evil or danger. Threatening to occur immediately; near at hand; impending; -- said especially of misfortune or peril. Origin of Imminent Late Middle English: from Latin imminent- ‘overhanging, impending’, from the verb imminere, from in- ‘upon, towards’ + minere ‘to project’. imminent meaning: 1. coming or likely to happen very soon: 2. coming or likely to happen very soon: 3. Urdu translation of Shrewd. Meanings of the word Impending in Urdu is سر پر لٹکا - sar par latka. خطرے کا باعث: 2) threat. Impending. It is important to understand the word properly when we translate it from English to Hindi. The page not only provides Urdu meaning of Monkey but also gives extensive definition in English language. Reply. meaning in different languages. Full of danger; threatening; menacing; perilous. 29616 (twenty-nine thousand six hundred and sixteen) Noun. also commonly used in daily talk like as imminent meaning in Urdu (Pronunciation -تلفظ سنیۓ ) US: 1) imminent. A warning that something unpleasant is imminent. Answer: God’s immanence refers to His presence within His creation. which means “قریب” Meaning of Very in Urdu. Search meanings in Urdu to get the better understanding of the context. If you mean 'famous' or 'superior,' use the word eminent; if you mean 'impending, about to happen' that is imminent; and if you mean 'present, inherent,' use the word immanent.. Most common vocabulary words in English with meaning in Urdu are the most popular and useful words for everyone who wants to learn English language. In the age of digital communication, any person should learn and understand multiple languages for better communication. See more. Imminent is tredning recently in news and blogs with following headlines: - Is it immanent or imminent? Learn more. Shrewd meaning in other languages. Imminent definition is - ready to take place : happening soon —often used of something bad or dangerous seen as menacingly near. imminent about to occur at any moment; impending: in imminent danger Not to be confused with: emanate – to flow out, issue, or proceed; come forth; originate; emit; arise, spring: His great talent emanates from the very depths of his being. The definition of Impending is followed by practically usable example sentences which allow you to construct your own sentences based on it. close in time; about to occur. Definition of imminent in the Definitions.net dictionary. Imminent Check: Remember that immanent means inherent. The example sentences play a good role in this regard. the state or condition of being imminent or impending: the imminence of war. translation in both Urdu and Roman Urdu language. Meaning of imminent. and in Urdu.Imminent Reproduction without proper consent is not allowed. Urdu meaning of word Shrewd. Learn more. In order to facilitate the aspirants, we have started a new trend of posting vocabulary on our website. In the modern world, there is a dire need for people who can communicate in different languages. You can also use these words for your daily English […] Since imminent means impending, another I word, you can use the same technique to remember this word’s meaning, as well. English Roman Urdu اردو Imminent: amad honay wala آمد ہونے والا Definition & Synonyms. Examples of eminent vs imminent Eminent. Imminent meaning in Urdu: قریب - Qareeb meaning, Definition Synonyms at English to Urdu dictionary gives you the best and accurate urdu translation and meanings of Imminent and Qareeb Meaning. Every aspirant knows the importance of English language and vocabulary. With Polls Imminent in Assam and Bengal, BJP Is Now Dragging Its Feet on the CAA. Pronunciation of Imminence definition is - something imminent; especially : impending evil or danger. Your search Imminent meaning in Urdu found (3) Urdu meanings, (32) Synonyms, (1) Antonyms (3) Related Words Get instant definitions for any word that hits you anywhere on the web! adj. Retribution is at hand. English to Urdu Dictionary gives you the best and accurate Urdu meanings of Shrewd Imminent. UN warns that Yemen is in imminent danger of world's 'worst famine' in decades - FRANCE 24 English. However, it will allow you to learn the appropriate use of Imminent in a sentence. Immanent is a synonym of inherent. قریب. Earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan. There are many synonyms of Imminent which include Abases, Approaching, Brewing, Close, Coming, Expectant, Following, Forthcoming, Gathering, Immediate, Impending, Ineluctable, Inescapable, Inevitable, Likely, Looming, Menacing, Near, Nearing, Next, Nigh, Possible, Threatening, Unavoidable, Probable, About To Happen, In The Air, etc. Here you can check all definitions and meanings of Imminent Meaning in English to Urdu is قریب, as written in Urdu and Qareeb, as written in Roman Urdu. Imminent Hindi Meaning - Find the correct meaning of Imminent in Hindi. Urdu meanings, examples and pronunciation of threat. Pronunciation of nutmeg with 1 audio pronunciation, 8 synonyms, 2 meanings, 14 translations and more for nutmeg. Imminent You have searched the English word Qareeb meaning in English: Imminent - Qareeb meaning, Definition Synonyms at Urdu to English dictionary gives you the best and accurate English translation and meanings of قریب and Qareeb Meaning. Shrewd nearby words. Imminent and immanent are adjectives that are homophones. There are always several meanings of each word in Hindi. Imminently. Shrewd in Urdu. "The change was intended to increase sales". Synonyms. We provide breaking news, Pakistani news, International news, Business news, Sports news, Urdu news and Live Urdu News. To understand how would you translate the word Impending in Urdu, you can take help from words closely related to Impending or it’s Urdu translations. Meanings of the word Bonnet monkey in Urdu are . adj. Jaiphal Jorenk. Dec 14, 2020. What does imminent mean? Noun. threat meaning in Urdu (Pronunciation -تلفظ سنیۓ) US: 1) threat. The correct meaning of Imminent in Hindi is आसन्न. Princeton's WordNet (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: ... (Urdu) Magyar (Hungarian) मानक … of…. Immanent vs. Some linguists have suggested that the earliest forms of Urdu evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) Apabhraṃśa register of the preceding Shauraseni language, a Middle Indo-Aryan language that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages. (With upon) Bent upon; attentive to. Here, you can check Imminent means about to happen. Close in time; about to occur. Find English word Imminence meaning in Urdu at UrduWire online English to Urdu dictionary. Something that is a source of danger. Find more Urdu words at wordhippo.com! in Urdu writing script is imminent definition: 1. coming or likely to happen very soon: 2. coming or likely to happen very soon: 3. Shrewd meaning in Urdu. in roman Urdu is "Qareeb" and Translation of This page has a vast collection of Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word imminent. Urdu meanings, examples and pronunciation of imminent. Imminent The word Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word imminent. Impending denotes that something hangs suspended over us, and may so remain indefinitely; as, the impending evils of war. ; Imminent Imminent definition: If you say that something is imminent , especially something unpleasant , you mean it is... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples adj. A warning that something unpleasant is imminent. Something which is imm a nent is a lways there- in this case, the mnemonic device is the shared A . Similar words of The White House state dinner hosted a gathering of eminent personalities from various countries. The vocabulary will include the words from dawn newspaper along with their meanings which will save a lot of time of the aspirants. Report: Concord's gasholder is in imminent danger of collapse but no easy quick fix is available - Concord Monitor, - Imminent (esp.
جس میں وحدت ِ … Jorenk David De Gea pushed over a strike from Haris Seferovic. On imminent and eminent cy. The Urdu for imminent is قریب. Imminence & thousands of English and Urdu words Synonyms, definition and meaning. Imminent Meaning in English to Urdu is قریب, as written in Urdu and Qareeb, as written in Roman Urdu. The page not only provides Urdu meaning of Impending but also gives extensive definition in English language. Find more ways to say imminent, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. UrduPoint Network is the largest independent digital media house from Pakistan, catering the needs of its users since year 1997. Imminent times till "Your opinion differs from mine", Raay Nuqta E Nazar Ronuma Hona : Happen : come to pass. (It is not to be confused with imminence, which refers to the timing of Jesus’ return to earth. You can get more than one meaning for one word in Urdu. Qareeb Shrewd Urdu meaning along with definition. Eminent vs Imminent Usage. | <urn:uuid:09ced722-3ada-408b-97a4-233eccb72681> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://tabvue.com/litres-per-ygdrtca/1e8b04-imminent-meaning-in-urdu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061820.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411085610-20210411115610-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.919786 | 2,793 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Scottish, or Scots, is a unique form of the English language traditionally spoken in Southeastern Scotland since the 7th century and written since the 14th century. Some scholars regard Scots as a distinct language.
Scots is derived from the Northumbrian dialect of the Old English language. In the Middle Ages, Scots spread from the Central Lowlands to the northeast to Aberdeenshire and to the far north where it was blended with the Norn (Norse) dialects of the Orkney and Shetland islands.
Scots was the national and court language of Scotland until the 17th century, but the transfer of the court to England in 1603 and the dissemination of the King James Bible, effectively reduced the language's popularity. With the help of various literary and linguistic revivals, Scots still exists in Scotland today and can often be found intermixed with standard English.
Other ancient Scottish languages include Scottish Gaelic and Manx, the Celtic language from the Isle of Man. The Scots dialect is often associated with Lowlanders and Gaelic with Highlanders. | <urn:uuid:60b1393e-cf8b-42de-b963-79f3c738a96f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.houseofnames.com/xq/asp/kbId.299/title.Scottish+Names+/qx/knowledgebase.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.958537 | 219 | 4.125 | 4 |
Sugar is of course an important component in many sweet treats and indulgences, but what some overlook is the significant role all-natural sugar (or sucrose) plays in other foods.
Sugar is used in foods not only because it provides sweet taste, but because it also provides essential functional properties required in food formulation, especially the microbiological safety required in today’s food supply.
In addition, numerous studies have confirmed that sugar makes many healthful foods palatable, which helps contribute to intakes of key vitamins and minerals necessary to maintain good health.
The American Heart Association acknowledged the important role of sugars in the diet, saying, “In fact, when sugars are added to otherwise nutrient rich foods, such as sugar-sweetened dairy products like flavored milk and yogurt and sugar-sweetened cereals, the quality of children’s and adolescents’ diets improved, and in the case of flavored milks, no adverse effects on weight status were found.”
Sugar is also used to make vegetables more appealing. When sautéing, sugar enhances browning and flavor development. When used as a glaze, it promotes tenderization.
Sugar increases the browning of meats, adds a depth of flavor to stew dishes featuring well-browned meat and balances the flavor of delicate fish, poultry and other meats in brine solutions.
As a preservative, sugar helps many foods last longer on the shelf.
Sugar is an important component in many sauces and salad dressings, offsetting acids such as lemon or lime juice, tomato products and vinegars.
Clearly, the important consideration for healthy eating is not the sugar content of a food but the nutrient contribution of the food and having a healthy overall diet that does not exceed your caloric needs. Simply avoiding certain ingredients in foods will not assure nutrient rich diets or reduce caloric intakes. This was the lesson learned from the low-fat decade in the 1990s.
Studies show that sugar is uniquely satiating. The old saying, “a little bit goes a long way” certainly holds true for foods made with all-natural sugar. | <urn:uuid:0fef8a9f-a378-4512-a987-46a22c2147c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.sugarproducer.com/2014/05/sugars-key-role-in-savory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00331-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939525 | 436 | 3.28125 | 3 |
As a classroom teacher, I used to require all of my fourth and fifth grade students to complete a formal science fair presentation following the scientific process with a tri-fold board and a classroom competition. I made it a big deal and organized many school-wide science fairs with elaborate themes and events. My intent was to get students and our community engaged and excited about science.
When my own children started participating in science fairs, I learned that my actual impact looked a little less like engagement and excitement, and a little more like torture — for the whole family! I was definitely not my best parenting self while trying to coerce my own children to finish their projects, and I realized that it’s time for a science fair revolution.
Check out this hilarious article by Susan Messina, creator of the turmoil project.
Time for A Shift
The shift from a strict adherence to the scientific process to the Science and Engineering Practices should be reflected in our school science events. There are eight practices and only one of them is Planning and Carrying Out Investigations.
It’s time to broaden our view of a science fair, just like we’ve broadened our definition of the practices.
The “scientific method” makes science into a series of rigid steps — and can lead students to disengage. In contrast, the Science and Engineering Practices highlight how science is a highly social, creative, and iterative problem-solving process, involving a variety of different kinds of intellectual work.
District Event Approach
Issaquah School District decided to start highlighting the amazing STEM work that was happening in classrooms, clubs, and organizations in our community in a district-wide event.
We invited teachers and their students to showcase how they integrate STEM skills and knowledge. In addition to classroom booths, STEM-related industries shared recent work in their respective fields.
Here’s a video walkthrough of our first annual STEMposium.
Highlights included student “STEM Ambassadors” presenting at booths using a variety of methods, including videos, boards, and hands-on demonstrations.
The topics ranged from engineering to computer science, environmental advocacy to robotics, and various scientific disciplines. We invited all levels — kindergarten through high school — to present. This was our inaugural event and I’m excited to report that there were over 500 people in attendance!
Many elementary and middle schools still hold traditional science fairs. This year, numerous schools in my district asked how they could adapt their long-standing science fair into a STEM Fair. There is clearly an interest in change, but not a wealth of resources available.
If you’d like to shift your science fair to a STEM fair, here are some ideas I’ve gathered through research and collaboration with peers.
Link the STEM fair topic to units of study already happening in the classroom.
- Investigating phenomenon
- Engineering solutions to real-world problems
- Using computer science and coding to solve problems
- Real-world connection
- Majority of the work is done in the classroom to ensure equity
- Student voice, choice, and advocacy is embedded
- Learning focused, not product focused
- Many opportunities for students to revise scientific thinking and reasoning
- STEM career connection with diverse representation
- Posters or tri-fold boards
- Digital presentations or videos
- Coding platforms, such as Scratch
- Prototypes, inventions, or models
- Formative assessment embedded throughout the process
- Clear rubric with a few focused assessment standards
- Standards-based, not percentages or points
- A celebration of learning, not competitive
This may seem like a lot of change to implement at once, so start small. For example, your first step might be to include engineering or to complete a grade-level engineering project to showcase at the event.
There’s not one correct way to plan and organize a great STEM Fair. Be responsive to your students and community. And always remember, the most important thing about this process is that we’re reimagining how to authentically engage students and families in STEM experiences and learning.
- Family Engineering Nights: A blog post about increasing authentic family engagement with tons of resources.
- STEM or Not STEM: A great article dissecting two different lessons with a STEM lens.
- Characteristics of STEM: A quick read about what to include in your STEM lessons.
- Dream Big Engineering in Our World: A movie for students about real-world engineering with TONS of hands-on engineering tasks for teachers.
- Equity: An article discussing the inequities of learning for traditional science fairs.
Liza Rickey is a science and STEM curriculum specialist at Issaquah School District in Issaquah, Washington. She has taught elementary students for the past 13 years. Liza is a University of Washington graduate with a bachelors in Zoology and a Masters in Teaching, Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy alumni, and Teachers College Writing Institute alumni. She is currently working on her administration certification and is excited to be a part of Teaching Channel’s Next Gen Science Squad. Connect with Liza on Twitter: @lizarickey. | <urn:uuid:147aed35-f523-4d1a-95b1-fb3171bad464> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.teachingchannel.org/blog/2018/04/23/end-the-torture-of-science-fairs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621055646-20180621075646-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.932634 | 1,063 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Seat belts work by restraining the strongest part of the body to slowdown the impact on the body while and spreading out the force of the crash. They protect the brain and spinal cord and keep the occupant inside the vehicle. Seat belts are the best protection from serious injury and death in a Missouri motor vehicle accident.
Despite numerous studies that prove the value of seat belts, many Missouri and Kansas drivers do not buckle up. They may believe that seat belts are inconvenient or that they are safer unbuckled. The Kansas City auto accident attorneys at Kansas City Accident Injury Attorneys bring you the truth behind the most common seat belt myths.
MYTH #1: Seat belts are uncomfortable and inconvenient.
A seat belt may be slightly uncomfortable or confining if you are not used to wearing one and it may be a hassle to remember to buckle up, but once you make wearing a seat belt a habit, you won't notice any discomfort or inconvenience.
MYTH #2: The belts in my car aren't tight; they don't work properly.
Seat belts in recent model cars are designed for comfort. They allow drivers and passengers the freedom to move. If the car suddenly changes speed or direction, the seat belt automatically tightens and locks up. This freedom of movement is a design feature, not a defect.
MYTH #3: My car has airbags; I don't need to wear a seat belt.
Air bags are designed to work with seat belts. Drivers and passengers who are not buckled up may slide under the airbag and sustain serious injury. In addition, front airbags only offer protection in head-on crashes. A seat belt offers protection in all types of crashes.
MYTH #4: It is better to be thrown clear of the vehicle in a Missouri car crash.
If you are thrown from your vehicle during a Missouri car accident, you are likely to have your body crash through the windshield, scraped along the asphalt, and possibly crushed by another car on the road. If you wear a seat belt; however, you are likely to remain in your vehicle and have your impact buffeted by the vehicle's air bags and padding.
If you wear only a lap belt while driving your car, your chances of surviving a Missouri car accident are twice as good as those of someone who is not buckled up. If you wear a lap and shoulder belt, your chances of survival after a car accident are three to four times better. To learn more about how seat belts work, read our article, "Seat Belts save Lives: A Lafayette County, MO Auto Accident Lawyer Explains How Seat Belts Work."
To learn more about seat belt safety, read out article: "Three More Seat Belt Myths: Knowing The Facts May Save Your Life."
Have You Been Injured In A Kansas City Area Car Accident?
If you've been injured in a car accident you need to speak with an experienced car accident lawyer as soon as possible. Contact us online or call our Kansas City office directly at 816.471.5111 to schedule your free consultation. | <urn:uuid:772e79ab-d2e2-4c38-a555-6995cac55486> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.kansascityaccidentinjuryattorneys.com/library/kansas-city-auto-accident-attorneys-four-seat-belt-myths.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060877.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928153533-20210928183533-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.959665 | 634 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Forests & Fire
Forest ecosystems are dynamic and complex. A disturbance to any part of the network can alter the balance of relationships and affect the entire ecosystem either positively or negatively. Fire is unique in that it can be either a beneficial natural process or a devastating catastrophe. For species like lodgepole pine, fire is necessary to help reduce competition and help the species release its seeds. However, climate change, drought and other conditions have caused occurrences of intense wildfire to increase, which can damage forests so badly that it takes years for them to naturally recover. Wildfire is necessary for forests, but also a threat to them, so strong policies and management are imperative to make sure wildfire is working for our forests instead of against them.
American Forests partners with other organizations to protect the surviving trees on burned lands and to restore forests, educating the public and key decision makers about the importance of these trees. Over the last 10 years, roughly 26 percent of our Global ReLeaf projects have restored forests damaged by fires.
In 2007, ConocoPhillips pledged $2.8 million to fund American Forests’ wildfire restoration project in this area, as part of a carbon offset settlement between the energy company and California Attorney General Jerry Brown. The ongoing Cuyamaca project has laid the groundwork to encourage forest restoration throughout the region.
At the federal level, American Forests has long advocated that decision makers in the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Department of the Interior and Congress should address wildfire threats and develop plans and policies for wildfire mitigation and prevention. This resulted in the establishment of the Federal Land Assistance, Management and Enhancement Act (FLAME Act) Coalition, which supported the passage of the FLAME Act that would allow the federal government to enforce funding for larger emergency wildfires without taking away from other important projects.
Visit American Forests’ Action Center to send pre-written letters to Congress and other representatives to support sound wildfire policy. Letters available now include:
- Asking Congress to support the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration program, which restores forests and reduces fire risk in U.S. communities.
Forest Fire News from our Loose Leaf blog
by Alison Share, Environmental Public Policy Associate, Crowell & Moring LLP
H.R. 1526, the Restoring Healthy Forests for Healthy Communities Act, passed 244-173 with 17 Democrats voting to support the measure and only one Republican voting in opposition. Proponents of the bill argue that over the next decade, it will create more than 200,000 jobs and save nearly $400 million. Opponents, which include both the White House and environmental groups, criticize the bill’s limited environmental reviews and its delegat... (Read More)
by Susan Laszewski
A study, conducted by Oregon State University researchers, funded by the National Science Foundation and published in Geophysical Research Letters, found that snowpack melts faster in forests which have been charred by wildfire. The researchers explain that as the charred particles are shed from the tree throughout the winter, they darken the snow, reducing its reflectivity.
How much of a difference could a few burned bits make? The... (Read More)
by Loose Leaf Team
By Lizzie Wasilewska
Today is the anniversary of one of the most biologically and geologically unique parks in the U.S.: Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve. In addition to its famous desert dunes, Great Sand Dunes includes grasslands and wetlands; lakes, rivers and streams; tundra; and forests that spread from the desert’s edges to the peaks of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The range of tree species f... (Read More) | <urn:uuid:a45f9764-100d-4986-9715-b599aa44cc16> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.americanforests.org/conservation-programs/forests-and-fire/page/4/?gclid=CPyWgcTrnLMCFcU-MgodmhAAoQ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00133-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933648 | 758 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Health Tip: Postpartum Depression
- Depression that follows the birth of a baby is common, as new moms are overwhelmed by the changes in their bodies and routines.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services offers this list of reasons for why postpartum depression affects some new mothers:
- New moms can suffer from lack of sleep after the baby's birth, which can lead to fatigue, stress and depression.
- New moms can feel overwhelmed by all of the new things to do, and by other changes in their lives. They may even feel unsure of their parenting skills.
- New moms may set unrealistic expectations for themselves.
- New moms have less time for themselves, with their partners, and less time to do what they want.
Posted: January 2008 | <urn:uuid:9c73c617-17de-4db1-91e0-ffa8f490a7b5> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.drugs.com/news/health-tip-postpartum-depression-10604.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736675795.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215755-00003-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961625 | 161 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Ulysses: looking at the future
With an impressive number of successes already under its belt, what lies ahead for Ulysses?
Its mission has already been extended to March 2008. In February 2007, Ulysses will visit the Sun’s south pole for the third time. Conditions are expected to be similar to those encountered in 1994, when the spacecraft was flying over the south pole for the first time.
This time there will be one major difference, though: even if the Sun will once again be close to a minimum in activity, its magnetic field polarity will be opposite to that during the first polar pass.
New observations will provide a unique opportunity to obtain closure on questions related to the Sun’s magnetism, such as the movement of cosmic rays. These are charged particles travelling through space that are constrained to travel along the galactic and heliospheric magnetic field lines, like on rails.
It is already known that when they get close to the Sun their dynamics is linked to our star’s magnetic cycles. However, the mechanism by which causes the number of cosmic rays reaching Earth to be lower when the solar activity is maximum, is not clear yet.
Scientists will also dig into the puzzling asymmetry in the Sun’s magnetism that was discovered by Ulysses during the first polar passes. Why is one magnetic hemisphere larger than the other? Is it a temporary process? Or is it due to the fact that the solar dynamo, responsible for creating the solar magnetic field, is not exactly at the centre of mass of the Sun?
So, although the spacecraft and its instruments are still in excellent health, Ulysses cannot remain operational indefinitely. This is mainly because a Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG), providing the on-board electrical power for the spacecraft, has an output that naturally diminishes with time, by about 4 Watts each year.
Furthermore, since Ulysses spends a significant fraction of each orbit at large distances from the Sun, it requires power-hungry heaters to prevent the on-board hydrazine fuel from freezing (this is needed to keep the high-gain antenna pointing at Earth).
Because of this, a payload power-sharing scheme was introduced in October 2004, with few instruments being temporarily switched off to save power. Full payload operation will be possible again in 2007 when Ulysses comes close enough to the Sun to be warmed by solar heating.
This period covers a major part of the third and fourth polar passes, as well as the rapid transit from southern to northern hemisphere. In early 2008, however, Ulysses will start to head back to the cold, making viable scientific operations increasingly difficult.
For more information:
Richard Marsden, ESA Ulysses Project Scientist
E-mail: richard.marsden @ esa.int
Ulysses findings and science are being discussed in October 2005 at the 54th Ulysses Science Working Team meeting taking place in Pasadena, USA. | <urn:uuid:4a53c37d-f7ec-4232-ad50-b45cb99a3bd7> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Ulysses_looking_at_the_future/(print) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00031-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953699 | 618 | 3.125 | 3 |
How to Measure the Distance to the Moon
The moon has an elliptical orbit around the Earth so it’s not a constant distance away.
In fact, the moon varies between 225,622 miles and 252,088 miles due to its elliptical orbit.
But if you took an average distance, the moon is approximately 238,855 miles (384,400 km).
How do we measure the distance between the Earth and the Moon?
Over time, scientists have found new techniques to measure the distance from the moon to Earth.
Each one, more accurate than the next. Find out more below.
1 Lunar Laser Ranging Experiments
When the Apollo program (11, 14 & 15) astronauts visited the moon, they left retro-reflectors on the lunar surface. When they send a laser pulse to the moon, it reflects off the reflector and back to Earth. And the entire time this pulse is traveling, scientists count the time it takes for it to return.
To put this into perspective, light travels at 300,000 km/s. It takes about a second for the light to travel to the moon. Then, it takes another second for it to return. Actually, only a handful of photons come back. So astronomers count how long it takes for those photons to make the journey to the moon.
Currently, the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiments is the most reliable method to estimate the lunar distance. For example, it has exceeded millimeter accuracy involving multiple laser facilities.
2 Radar echoing and lunar distance
Similar to the Laser Ranging Experiments, radar sends a signal and measures how long that echo takes to return. If you know how fast the wave travels, then you can understand distance.
In 1957, a US Naval Research Laboratory broadcasted radar pulses to determine the distance to the moon. After the pulse echoed off the moon, they measured the time it took for the return signal. However, the noise was so high that it couldn’t produce a reliable, repeatable measurements.
One year later, this experiment was repeated by the Royal Radar Establishment, in England Using a longer pulse duration, the return echo estimated the moon’s distance as 384,402. Although this was the most accurate lunar distance estimate at the time, it had an error of ±1.2 km.
3 Parallax with two reference points
Astronomers have also estimated the Earth-Moon distance using parallax. For example, you can test out parallax by blinking your left and right eyes back and forth. When you do this, you gain two different vantage points to gain depth perception.
From two different vantage points, both observers take a picture of the moon and compare stars in the background. Knowing the fixed distance between both reference points and orientation, parallax uses triangulation to estimate the distance to the moon based on its apparent shift in positions.
You compare the distance change between both images and measure the parallax angle at two different reference points. With a bit of geometry, you can determine the moon’s distance from the parallax angle from the two views.
4 Earth’s radius and a lunar eclipse
Over 2000 years ago, the Greeks found the circumference of the Earth by looking deep into a well. Eratosthenes estimated the Earth’s diameter was approximately 8,000 miles.
When you hold out a spherical object, Greeks also found through trial and error that a 1-inch diameter object casted a shadow with a length of 108 inches. So if you were to hold up a 1-inch sphere to shield the moon 108 inches away from the eye, it would perfectly block out the sun.
During a lunar eclipse, the Earth shields the moon from the sun’s light. They observed that the Earth cast a full shadow on the moon equal to two and a half moon diameters. From here, they used the properties of isosceles triangles to formulate that the moon has a diameter of about 2300 miles.
Remember how a 1-inch diameter sphere perfectly blocks the Earth at about 108 inches away from the eye? Finally, they multiplied 108 by 2300 miles to approximate the moon’s distance is about 248,000 miles away. | <urn:uuid:5077c822-ceff-4103-a2a9-61fad70f1a12> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://earthhow.com/how-to-measure-the-distance-to-the-moon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313996.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818185421-20190818211421-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.917762 | 874 | 3.828125 | 4 |
2017 is predicted to be the year that the Blockchain technology moves towards main stream implementation.
To visualize this, let us consider a use case of a credit card processing giant, that facilitates new commerce opportunities for the digital transfer of value by allowing businesses and financial institutions to facilitate transactions on a distributed ledger. In this use case, the distributed digital ledger will be shared within a network of computers held by the participating businesses and financial institutions. The participants in the network will have copies of the existing Blockchain, and approval for any new transaction is subject to the decision of the majority of the participants. The new block is added to the Blockchain once the transaction’s validity is authenticated.
The heart of the Blockchain validation technology is a Smart Contract. A Smart Contract is a set of rules in the form of programmable constructs that are capable of automatically enforcing themselves when pre-defined conditions are met. An example of a pre-condition could state that transactions beyond a certain limit will undergo additional validations.
From a technology standpoint a Smart Contract is an API. It has public functions which might be called by anyone registered on the Blockchain network. However, unlike a traditional API, a Smart Contract cannot call external web APIs.
The reason why testing is very critical is that when a contract is created, it is immutable; once deployed to the Blockchain it stays there forever. If you find a defect in production, a new version of the contract has to be created and deployed. When you deploy a new version of an existing contract, data stored in the previous contract isn’t automatically transferred – you have to manually initialize the new contract with the past data which makes it very cumbersome. Similarly, updating a contract is not possible and neither is rolling back an update; this greatly increasing the complexity of implementation and places a huge responsibility on the quality assurance team to get it right the first time. Three critical steps in testing a smart contract have been defined below; it is crucial to keep these in consideration when testing Blockchain.
- Step 1: Validating the methods in a Smart Contract: This is essentially similar to API testing where one would use method validations, boundary value analysis, decision tables, test driven development and behavior driven development techniques.
- Step 2: Validating encryption and transmission of Smart Contracts: This refers to the validation of the encrypted Smart contracts sent out to other computers via a distributed network of ledgers (i.e. Distributed Ledgers). Two validation scenarios are possible: facilitated via public permission less Blockchain (you do not need a previous relationship with the ledger) such as bitcoin, the contract is sent out similar to the way that a network update of a bitcoin transaction would occur. This can also be done in a permissioned (recognized by ledger) hybrid distributed ledger platform such as R3.
- Step 3: Validating Processing of Smart Contracts: This is the most complicated part. Once the computers in this network of distributed ledgers, in this case financial institutions, receive the executing code(Smart Contract api), they each come to an individual agreement on the code execution.The network would then update the distributed ledgers to record the execution of the contract and ending with monitoring for compliance within the terms of the smart contract. In this type of system, execution is no longer in the hands of a single party. Validation is a very manual intensive process requiring a great deal of understanding of the business process of the participating financial institutions behind the Smart Contract .Other things that will come into play are regulatory tests, performance tests and business impacts of downstream systems.
Smart Contract testing is complicated and in the nascent stage; forward-thinking QA teams need to future-proof by building specialized capabilities for validating Smart Contracts. Testers will need to learn API skills, regulatory, security, data and business process domain skills. Those who can bridge the gap between business, domain and technology will be highly sought after in the near future. | <urn:uuid:ba1d02de-2721-45b4-80ca-78499f296b06> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.capgemini.com/2017/01/testing-of-smart-contracts-in-the-blockchain-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178349708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224223004-20210225013004-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.927602 | 793 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Wild Flowers and Plants of NC
Blooms May - June
The Figwort Family is quite large, containing about three thousand species of mostly herbaceous plants that are widely distributed throughout the world. Native wild flowers in this family include Turtleheads, Indian Paint Brush, and Wood Betony. Penstemon genus consists of some three hundred species in North America, all featuring opposite leaves, erect stems with a terminal cluster of nodding flowers, and a strong fragrance. Two very similar species P. smallii and P. canescens both grow in the mountains of NC.
Growing one and a half to two feet tall, this endemic finds its home on well drained soil where it can receive sun roughly half the day, such as on the edge of woods and along roadsides. Just four short weeks of glory is all the blooming time this lovely perennial receives, beginning mid-May and ending in mid-June. The flowers are pink to purple, turning white towords the tube, with purple nectar guides on the lower petals, a good indication of pollination by insects. One stamen is sterile and is heavily bearded with yellow trichomes, or hairs. It projects from the center of the flower like a tounge, thus giving the plant its namesake.
NC Range of Penstemon canescens | <urn:uuid:efacfaf5-0d93-47e0-a6fd-b5ccae3ec376> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.ncnatural.com/wildflwr/berdt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007056.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00098-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948645 | 268 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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