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The Terror State | Track listing | Track listing |
The Terror State | Personnel | Personnel
Justin Sane - guitar, lead vocals on tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14
Chris Head - guitar, backing vocals
Chris #2 - bass guitar, lead vocals on tracks 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14
Pat Thetic - drums |
The Terror State | Charts | Charts
Chart (2003) Peakposition |
The Terror State | References | References
Category:2003 albums
Category:Anti-Flag albums
Category:Fat Wreck Chords albums |
The Terror State | Table of Content | Infobox album, Track listing, Personnel, Charts, References |
Demeter Iasion | # | redirect Demeter |
Demeter Iasion | Table of Content | # |
Pincher Creek | Short description | Pincher Creek is a town in southern Alberta, Canada. It is located immediately east of the Canadian Rockies, west of Lethbridge and south of Calgary. |
Pincher Creek | History | History
For centuries before European settlers reached this area and inhabited it, Indigenous clans of the Blackfoot, Peigan and Kootenai passed through, lived in or frequented the region.
The town received its name in 1868 when a group of prospectors lost a pincer in the small creek at this location. These pincers would have been used as a device for trimming the feet of the horses and thus had some value to the group. In 1874, the North-West Mounted Police came to southern Alberta. One of them discovered the rusting tools in the creek, and they named the area Pincher Creek.
Pincher Creek was officially listed as a place name in the Geological Survey Report, 1880.
In 1876, the NWMP established a horse farm in the area. It closed in 1881, but many of the troops stayed to help the town. James Schofield opened Pincher Creek's first store in 1884. By 1885 Pincher Creek had a store known as Schofield & Hyde General Store. Harry Hyde succeeded Schofield as Pincher Creek's first postmaster.
In 1898, Pincher Creek was incorporated a village. In 1906, the community was officially incorporated as a town and named Pincher Creek. Many residents are descendants of the pioneer families who settled there over 100 years ago. |
Pincher Creek | Geography | Geography |
Pincher Creek | Climate | Climate
Strong Chinook winds often blow off the mountains and Pincher Creek can be extremely windy. The Oldman River and Castle River valleys seem to act as a kind of funnel for air masses, arguably making the area around Pincher Creek the windiest in Alberta. Any typical day may see wind speeds of 50–90 km/h, the most violent recorded wind being 177 km/h. The strong winds have given rise to a significant amount of wind farm development in the area, with the towers and blades of wind turbines being a characteristic of the scenery. Another consequence of the breezy conditions is that the weather is mostly sunny and very dry as the wind tends to dissipate cloud cover.
The town was severely affected by a flood that hit the area in 1995 as the peak stream flow discharge of the creek that gave the town its name was 271 cubic meters per second.
On January 10, 1962, a dramatic weather change happened in the area. The temperature in the area rose by 41 °C (74 °F) from -19 °C to 22 °C (-2 °F to 72 °F) in only a few hours. |
Pincher Creek | Attractions | Attractions
The Kootenai Brown Pioneer Village is a popular tourist stop open year-round. It was named after Kootenai Brown, who was responsible for the preservation of the land Waterton Park now inhabits. The six-acre site is home to over thirty one historical buildings, all on open exhibit. Each July, the Village has a large Canada Day celebration, as well as hosting other community based events through the year. Among over 18,000 artifacts, historical archives are also located on site and accessible to the public.
Pincher Creek is located north of Waterton Lakes National Park, while Beauvais Lake Provincial Park is a drive to the southwest. Castle Mountain Ski Resort is located to the southwest. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump World Heritage Site is to the northeast. |
Pincher Creek | Airport | Airport
The town is served by the Pincher Creek Airport which is a general aviation airfield that does not currently have any scheduled passenger airline flights. |
Pincher Creek | Media | Media
Pincher Creek is served by two newspapers, the Sun Media owned Pincher Creek Echo, which publishes on Wednesdays and has been in operation since 1900 and the locally owned Shootin' the Breeze which has been serving the community since 2011. It is also served by an online news website, the Pincher Creek Voice, established in 2011.
Pincher Creek is served by Mountain Radio, a country music station based in nearby Blairmore. Mountain Radio's Pincher Creek transmitter can be heard on 92.7 FM. |
Pincher Creek | Demographics | Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Pincher Creek had a population of 3,622 living in 1,521 of its 1,661 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 3,642. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Pincher Creek recorded a population of 3,642 living in 1,490 of its 1,589 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 3,685. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
The population of the Town of Pincher Creek according to its 2013 municipal census is 3,619, a 2.5% decrease from its 2008 municipal census population of 3,712. |
Pincher Creek | Notable people | Notable people
White Bird, Nez Perce leader
Dustin Flundra, rodeo cowboy
Matthew Halton, World War II news correspondent
Beverley McLachlin, Hong Kong Court of Appeal judge and former Chief Justice of Canada
Andy Russell, author and conservationist
Gordon Walter Semenoff, theoretical physicist
Darcy Wakaluk, former professional hockey player
Warren Winkler, former Chief Justice of the Ontario Court of Appeal
Darren Varley, murder victim
Charlie Russell, naturalist, artist
Ernest Sands, American politician
Ruth Collins-Nakai, educator, researcher, physician leader, healthcare advisor, and public health advocate
Fred Stenson, writer
Ray Cote, former professional hockey player |
Pincher Creek | See also | See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of towns in Alberta |
Pincher Creek | Images | Images |
Pincher Creek | References | References |
Pincher Creek | External links | External links
Category:1898 establishments in Alberta
Category:Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Category:Latter-day Saint settlements in Canada
Category:Towns in Alberta
Category:Municipal District of Pincher Creek No. 9 |
Pincher Creek | Table of Content | Short description, History, Geography, Climate, Attractions, Airport, Media, Demographics, Notable people, See also, Images, References, External links |
Melampous | # | redirect Melampus |
Melampous | Table of Content | # |
Inland Northwest | Short description | thumb|Map of the Inland Northwest. Counties highlighted in red are always included, while counties highlighted in pink are sometimes included.
The Inland Northwest, historically and alternatively known as the Inland Empire, is a region of the American Northwest centered on the Greater Spokane, Washington Area, encompassing all of Eastern Washington and North Idaho. Under broader definitions, Northeastern Oregon and Western Montana may be included in the Inland Northwest. Alternatively, stricter definitions may exclude Central Washington and Idaho County, Idaho.
The phrase Inland Empire was first used by the Spokane Falls Review newspaper of Spokane Falls, Washington Territory (today’s Spokane, Washington) in its first issue on May 19, 1883.
, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the combined population of eastern Washington and north Idaho alone to be 2,240,645, comparable to that of New Mexico. Its Canadian counterpart, north of the border, is the British Columbia Interior, which together comprise the inland portion of the broader Pacific Northwest. Significant urban centers include the Spokane–Coeur d'Alene area and the Tri-Cities.
There have been several proposals to politically unite the Inland Northwest. In the mid and late 1860s, there was a proposal centered on Lewiston in northern Idaho for a Columbia Territory to be formed in the region from parts of what is now eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana.Merle W. Wells. "Territorial Government in the Inland Empire: The Movement to Create Columbia Territory, 1864–69." The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. Vol. 44, No. 2 (April 1953), pp. 80–87. In 1901, another proposal was made, this time to combine the Idaho Panhandle with Eastern Washington to create the State of Lincoln. A third proposal was popularized in the late 1920s to consist of eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana to the Continental Divide. |
Inland Northwest | Counties | Counties
Washington Adams, Asotin, Benton, Chelan, Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens, Walla Walla, Whitman, and Yakima
Idaho Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone
Oregon (often included)
Morrow, Umatilla, Union, and Wallowa
Montana (sometimes included; never included as part of the Inland Empire)
Flathead, Lake, Lincoln, Mineral, Missoula, Ravalli, and Sanders |
Inland Northwest | Geography | Geography
The region is bounded by the Cascade Mountains on the west and the Rocky Mountains (following the spine of the remote and rugged Cabinet Mountains) on the east, the Blue Mountains of Oregon and foothills of the Wallowa Mountains to the south, southeast, and encompasses the Columbia river basin (or Columbia Plateau). Between the three mountain ranges are large, sweeping areas of semi-arid steppe, part of which has been irrigated due to the Columbia Basin Project, resulting in expansive farmland in central Washington. The Palouse, original home of the Appaloosa, is another major agricultural region located in the gently rolling hills of southeastern Washington and extending into Idaho. In northern Idaho, the precipitation from the Pacific Ocean over the North Central Rockies forests, create the North American inland temperate rainforest. The Coeur d'Alene Mountains of this range is noted for its natural resource wealth, particularly the Silver Valley with its mining heritage dating back to the 1880s.
Spokane, the region's largest city, is located near where the arid, and largely unforested Columbia plateau meets the lush forests of the Selkirk Mountains. The urban area stretches east into Idaho along the I-90 corridor through the Spokane River valley. Across the border in Idaho the suburbs stretch into the cities of Post Falls and Coeur d'Alene on the north shore of Lake Coeur d'Alene. The Northeastern Washington and North Idaho portion of the Inland Empire are mountainous and forested, and the crest of the Bitterroot Range of the Rocky Mountains forms part of the eastern boundary of the Inland Empire region, while the Columbia River forms a significant part of its southern boundary. |
Inland Northwest | Climate | Climate
The Washington side is generally semi-arid, while the Idaho side experiences a mostly dry summer continental climate. |
Inland Northwest | Demographics | Demographics |
Inland Northwest | Population Centers | Population Centers
The Inland Northwest is home to seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), eight if Western Montana is included, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. The two largest centers of population are formed out of multiple neighboring MSAs that are classified as Combined Statistical Areas. The largest in the region is the conurbation formed by the Spokane and Coeur d'Alene MSAs, the Spokane-Coeur d'Alene combined statistical area, which ranks 70th in the nation. The second largest center is the Kennewick-Richland-Walla Walla combined statistical area, which is made up of the Tri-Cities and Walla Walla and ranks as the 103rd largest in the nation. |
Inland Northwest | Statistical Areas | Statistical Areas
Spokane-Spokane Valley-Coeur d'Alene CSA (pop. 773,225)
Spokane-Spokane Valley MSA (pop. 593,466)
Coeur d'Alene MSA (pop. 179,789)
Kennewick-Richland-Walla Walla CSA (pop. 370,395)
Kennewick-Richland MSA (pop. 308,293)
Walla Walla MSA (pop. 62,682)
Yakima MSA (pop. 256,035)
Wenatchee-East Wenatchee MSA (pop. 123,342)
* Missoula MSA (pop. 119,533)
Lewiston MSA (pop. 64,851) |
Inland Northwest | Largest Cities by Population | Largest Cities by Population
Spokane, Washington (pop. 228,989)
Spokane Valley, Washington (pop. 102,976)
Yakima, Washington (pop. 96,968)
Kennewick, Washington (pop. 83,921)
Pasco, Washington (pop. 77,108)
*Missoula, Montana (pop. 73,489)
Richland, Washington (pop. 60,560)
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (pop. 54,628)
Post Falls, Idaho (pop. 38,485)
Wenatchee, Washington (pop. 35,508)
Lewiston, Idaho (pop. 34,203)
Walla Walla, Washington (pop. 34,060)
Pullman, Washington (pop. 32,901)
Moscow, Idaho (pop. 25,435)
Moses Lake, Washington (pop. 25,146)
*Kalispell, Montana (pop. 24,558)
*Hermiston, Oregon (pop. 19,354)
Ellensburg, Washington (pop. 18,666)
*Pendleton, Oregon (pop. 17,107)
Sunnyside, Washington (pop. 16,375)
West Richland, Washington (pop. 16,295)
Hayden, Idaho (pop. 15,570)
East Wenatchee, Washington (pop. 14,158)
Cheney, Washington (pop. 13,255)
*La Grande, Oregon (pop. 13,026)
Liberty Lake, Washington (pop. 12,003)
Grandview, Washington (pop. 10,907)
Airway Heights, Washington (pop. 10,757)
*Sometimes considered to be in the region |
Inland Northwest | Economy | Economy
Agriculture dominates the economy across large swaths of the region. The Palouse is a major producer of wheat and lentils. The Columbia Basin Project opened up 670,000 acres of the Columbia Plateau to irrigated farming. The Yakima Valley is the nation's leading grower of hops as well as a major wine producing region. Washington is second to only California nationally in terms of wine production, with Eastern Washington being home to 19 of the state's 20 recognized American Viticultural Areas. |
Inland Northwest | Culture | Culture |
Inland Northwest | Arts and theater | Arts and theater
In Spokane, the Davenport Arts District has the largest concentration of art galleries and is home to many of Spokane's main performing arts venues, including the Knitting Factory, Fox Theater, and Bing Crosby Theater. The Knitting Factory is a concert house that serves as a setting for many mainstream touring musicians and acts. The Martin Woldson Theater at the Fox, restored to its original 1931 Art Deco state after years of being derelict, is home to the Spokane Symphony Orchestra. The Metropolitan Performing Arts Center was restored in 1988 and renamed the Bing Crosby Theater in 2006 to honor the former Spokanite. Touring stand-up comedians are hosted by the Spokane Comedy Club. Theater is provided by Spokane's only resident professional company, The Modern Theater, though there are also the Spokane Civic Theatre and several other amateur community theaters and smaller groups. The First Interstate Center for the Arts often hosts large traveling exhibitions, shows, and tours.
In the Tri-Cities, the Richland Players Theater has offered live performances annually for over 70 years. Originally known as The Village Players, the theater group was created in 1944 to bring music, comedy, and cultural opportunities to the local community. Today, the theater has more than 7,500 attendees annually attracting audiences from across the region such as Spokane, Yakima, and Walla Walla. The theater also serves the local community by bringing local retirees to shows and accommodating the visually and hearing impaired (with the participation of non-profit United Blind). |
Inland Northwest | Sports | Sports
The Inland Northwest is home to the Spokane Indians and Tri-City Dust Devils, professional teams in Minor League Baseball's Northwest League; the Western Hockey League's Spokane Chiefs and Tri-City Americans; and the Spokane Velocity and Spokane Zephyr teams in soccer. |
Inland Northwest | Media | Media
The Spokane area is served by The Spokesman-Review, a daily newspaper, as well as the Inlander, an alternative weekly, and the bi-weekly Spokane Journal of Business. Spokane is the 73rd largest TV market in the nation according to Nielsen. KREM carries CBS on channel 2, KXLY carries ABC on channel 4, KHQ carries NBC on channel 6 and KAYU carries FOX on channel 28.
The Tri-Cities is served by the Tri-City Herald, a daily newspaper. Yakima is served by the Yakima Herald-Republic, a daily newspaper. The Tri-Cities and Yakima are considered one media market by Nielsen, the 122nd largest in the country. KNDU carries NBC, KVEW carries ABC, KEPR carries CBS and KFFX carries Fox. |
Inland Northwest | Gallery | Gallery |
Inland Northwest | See also | See also
Palouse
Columbia Plateau (ecoregion)
Inland Empire Highway
Silver Valley, Idaho
Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)
Appaloosa
Okanagan Country |
Inland Northwest | Notes | Notes |
Inland Northwest | References | References
Category:Geography of Idaho
Category:Regions of Washington (state)
Category:Regions of the United States |
Inland Northwest | Table of Content | Short description, Counties, Geography, Climate, Demographics, Population Centers, Statistical Areas, Largest Cities by Population, Economy, Culture, Arts and theater, Sports, Media, Gallery, See also, Notes, References |
Pope Sisinnius | Short description | Pope Sisinnius (died 4 February 708) was the bishop of Rome from 15 January 708 to his death on 4 February. Besides being Syrian and his father being named John, little is known of Sisinnius' early life or career. At the time of his election to the papal throne, Sisinnius suffered from severe gout, leaving him weak. During the course of his twenty-day papacy, Sisinnius consecrated a bishop for Corsica and ordered the reinforcement of the walls surrounding the papal capital of Rome. On his death, Sisinnius was buried in Old St. Peter's Basilica. He was succeeded by Pope Constantine. |
Pope Sisinnius | Background | Background |
Pope Sisinnius | Religious | Religious
In the late fifth century, the churches of the East and West were divided over the monophysite controversy, the East largely accepting that Jesus Christ's divine nature overshadowed his human nature, and the West (under the guidance of the 451 Council of Chalcedon) believing in a hypostatic union. The Eastern Byzantine emperors sought a theological compromise to hold their domains together, but the popes in Rome (the papal capital) suspected them of harboring heretical sympathies and accordingly attempted to resist imperial claims of dominance over the Church. By the time of Pope Martin I (), East–West relations had become incredibly strained; by the late seventh century, as the historian Eamon Duffy describes, "[t]he requirement that the pope[s] should wait for confirmation of their appointment from Constantinople before they could be considered was waived, the Exarch at Ravenna [the Byzantine representative in the Italian Peninsula] being empowered to issue the necessary mandate".
The role of the pope in the time of Sisinnius, and the first millennium as a whole, was limited to that of a mediator. As the theologian Richard McBrien explains, the popes were not able to appoint all bishops, nor were they able to "govern the universal Church". They also did not publish encyclicals or catechisms, and were not able to canonize saints or convene ecumenical councils. |
Pope Sisinnius | Political | Political
The centuries preceding the reign of Sisinnius were characterized by external intervention in the selection of the pope. The eastern Byzantine Empire nominated men of the Roman aristocracy to the office; the Italian Ostrogothic kingdom chose members of the provincial aristocracy. As the historian Jeffrey Richards explains, "[t]he reasons for this are both political and social". The monarchs of both states relied on the support of the groups they installed on the papal throne. The seventh century saw a shift in the geographical origins of the popes: only eight out of twenty-seven popes between 604 and 752 were Roman, compared to the figure of eleven out of seventeen from 483 to 604. The change has its origins in the restoration of Byzantine dominion over Italy under Justinian I (), which saw the phasing out of the Roman senate as an institution as senatorial families were either executed or fled to the East. During the Ostrogothic kingdom's rule over Rome from the late-fifth to the mid-sixth century, the senate held major sway over the selection of new popes, but following the imperial reconquest, control over the papal throne was no longer in its hands. Instead, the election of the pope was left to the clergy of Rome, the city's people, and the Imperial military garrison. Richards argues that before the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and after the rise of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy in 752, the "prestige, power and influence" of the pope was augmented under the protection of the imperial powers, and notes the papacy's growth in power during the sixth and seventh centuries.
Sisinnius' predecessor, John VII () was installed as the bishop of Rome the same year that the Byzantine emperor Justinian II () was restored to his throne. Shortly after regaining power, the latter sent several decrees of canon law from the 692 Quinisext Council to John, any of which he could approve or reject. Out of worry of displeasing the Emperor, the Pope sent the decrees back to Justinian unchanged. The issue of the Quinisext canons continued into the reign of Sisinnius' successor, Constantine, who travelled to Constantinople in 711 to negotiate with the East over the matter. |
Pope Sisinnius | Life and papacy | Life and papacy
thumb|The Duchy of Rome (numbered 3) within the Byzantine Empire in Sisinnius' time
Little information about Sisinnius before his election to the papal throne is extant. Much of what is known about him is deduced from four lines of the (), a collection of papal biographies. The historian Jean Durliat stated that "[t]he concision of his biography may be interpreted as the result of aversion to him on the part of the Roman clergy, or perhaps a reflection of the absence of anomaly in an ecclesiastical career that led naturally to the pontificate". By birth, Sisinnius was Syrian and his father was named John. Sisinnius was respected for his upright, moral disposition and concern for the people of Rome, politically and militarily part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. Like many of his immediate predecessors, he was likely not a member of the upper class, as indicated by the paucity of donations of gold and silver during his pontificate and the pontificates of the popes between him and Pope Honorius I in the seventh century.
Sisinnius was elected to become the bishop of Rome, likely in October 707, and was consecrated on 15 January 708; the nearly three-month delay was due to a wait for confirmation of Sisinnius' election by the exarch of Ravenna. By the time of his election, Sisinnius was ridden with gout and could not feed himself using his hands. He was one of many such early medieval popes who were elderly, which Richards explains by saying that "[o]ld age in the popes generally also betokened experience" in either administrative or spiritual tasks, which the electorate would have taken into consideration when choosing a new pope. During his reign, Sisinnius consecrated a bishop for Corsica. He also ordered the preparation of lime so that the walls surrounding the city of Rome, which by then were in poor condition due to past attacks, could be reinforced. The task was never executed, as Sisinnius died in Rome on 4 February after a reign of twenty days. He was buried in the left nave of Old St. Peter's Basilica; his tomb was destroyed in the 17th century during the Basilica's demolition. The next pope elected was Constantine, another Syrian, who was consecrated on 25 March 708. |
Pope Sisinnius | Notes | Notes |
Pope Sisinnius | References | References |
Pope Sisinnius | Sources | Sources
|-
Category:7th-century births
Category:708 deaths
Category:Popes
Category:Syrian popes
Category:Popes of the Byzantine Papacy
Category:8th-century archbishops
Category:8th-century popes
Category:7th-century religious leaders
Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica |
Pope Sisinnius | Table of Content | Short description, Background, Religious, Political, Life and papacy, Notes, References, Sources |
Amphiaraos | # | redirect Amphiaraus |
Amphiaraos | Table of Content | # |
Spider wasp | Short description | Wasps in the family Pompilidae are commonly called spider wasps, spider-hunting wasps, or pompilid wasps. The family is cosmopolitan, with some 5,000 species in six subfamilies. Nearly all species are solitary (with the exception of some group-nesting Ageniellini), and most capture and paralyze prey, though members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are kleptoparasites of other pompilids, or ectoparasitoids of living spiders.
In South America, species may be referred to colloquially as or , though these names can be generally applied to any very large stinging wasps. Furthermore, in some parts of Venezuela and Colombia, it is called , or "horse killers", while in Brazil some particular bigger and brighter species of the general kind might be called /, or "throat locker". |
Spider wasp | Morphology | Morphology
Like other strong fliers, pompilids have a thorax modified for efficient flight. The metathorax is solidly fused to the pronotum and mesothorax; moreover, the prothorax is best developed in Pompilidae and Scoliidae because wasps in these families use their forelegs to dig.
thumb|left|200px|A spider wasp
Pompilids typically have long, spiny legs; the hind femur is often long enough to reach past the tip of the abdomen. The tibiae of the rear legs usually have a conspicuous spine at their distal end. The first two segments of the abdomen are narrow, giving the body a slender look. The pompilid body is typically dark (black or blue, sometimes with metallic reflections), but many brightly colored species exist. From a lateral view, its pronotum looks rectangular and it extends back to the tegulae, near the base of the wings. Most species are macropterous (having long wings), but a few brachypterous (short-winged) and apterous (no wings) species are known.
Spider wasps are best distinguished from other vespoid wasps in having (in most species) a transverse groove bisecting the mesopleuron (the mesepisternal sclerite, a region on the side of middle segment of the thorax above the point where the legs join). They have antennae with 10 flagellomeres in females and 11 in males. Most Pompilidae have straight inner eye margins. The hind wings do not have a distinct claval lobe, but they have a distinctive jugal lobe. The hind leg has a tibial spur with a tuft or row of fine hairs. The legs are long and slender with the tips of the tibia (metatibia) long enough to extend beyond the tip of the abdomen (metasoma). Sexual dimorphism is not pronounced, although females are often larger than the males. Coloration and wing appearance vary greatly among the many species. General coloration is aposematic (warning off predators), generally based on black, often with markings of orange, red, yellow, or white. Larvae can also be identified by physical examination. |
Spider wasp | Systematics | Systematics
The Pompilidae have in the past been split into either 4 or 6 subfamilies. However, Pitts, Wasbauer & Von Dohlen (2005) found that Notocyphinae was nested within the Pompilinae, while Epipompilinae was nested within the Ctenocerinae. This left 4 subfamilies as monophyletic clades, with Ceropalinae being the most basal subfamily and Pepsinae being the sister clade to the more derived Ctenocerinae and Pompilinae. Waichert et al (2015) resurrected the Notocyphinae as a subfamily, to have 5 subfamilies within Pompilidae. In this classification Ctenocerinae were found to be the basal group; Pepsinae and Notocyphinae were sister taxa, as were Pepsinae and Pompilinae. They placed the genus Epipompilus in the Pepsinae.
thumb|Notocyphus dorsalis
The subfamilies according to Waichert et al are:
Ceropalinae containing 2 genera, Ceropales and Irenangelus
Notocyphinae containing a single genus, Notocyphus, distributed in both the Nearctic and Neotropics
Ctenocerinae containing 26 genera, including 2 genera in the Neotropics, 4 in Australia and 11 in Africa
Pepsinae a diverse subfamily containing 84 genera, distributed worldwide except for Antarctica
Pompilinae a diverse subfamily containing 107 genera, distributed worldwide except for Antarctica |
Spider wasp | Evolution | Evolution
The oldest fossil currently known is an indeterminate fossil from the Early Eocene (Ypresian) Klondike Mountain Formation of Washington State, USA. Other fossil species are known from Dominican and Baltic ambers, the Florissant Formation and various other localities in Germany, France and Spain. Bryopompilus described from the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber was initially thought to belong to this family; however, it was subsequently placed in its own family, the Bryopompilidae. |
Spider wasp | Ecology and behavior | Ecology and behavior
Unlike many other families in the Aculeata, essentially all wasps in this family are solitary (nests made by a single female).
Adult pompilids are nectar-feeding insects and feed on a variety of plants. Depending on genus and species, pompilids capture a variety of spiders for their larvae to feed on, covering nearly all free-living spider families, including tarantulas, wolf spiders (Lycosidae), huntsman spiders (Sparassidae), jumping spiders (Salticidae) and baboon spiders (Harpactirinae), though any given pompilid tends to attack only a limited diversity of spiders.
A female wasp searches the ground and/or vegetation for a spider, and upon finding one, stings it, paralyzing the spider. The targeted spider is typically unable to kill the wasp, because the wasp can just fly out of reach, so at best the spider fights fiercely to escape. Tarantula hawks (Pepsini) do not attack when adult tarantulas are close to or in their burrows. Instead, the wasps seek out adult males who have left their burrows in search of females to mate with. In the open the wasp first uses its wings to beat air over the tarantula, deceiving the tarantula into thinking that it is being targeted by a large bird so the tarantula reacts by curling up to appear smaller and less noticeable, which in turn makes the tarantula defenseless against the wasp's attack. However, Brazilian Wandering spiders (Phoneutria) and their predators have a different interaction dynamic, and the spiders often manage to defeat the hunting wasp.
Once the spider is paralyzed, a female pompilid digs a burrow or flies or drags the spider to a previously made burrow.Spider Wasps Australian Museum Online Because of the large body size of their prey, tarantula hawks usually will either construct burrows near the site of attack or use the host's own burrow or tunnel. Pompilids typically provide each of their larvae with a single prey/host, which must be large enough to serve as its food source throughout its development. Typically, a single egg is laid on the abdomen of the spider, and the nest or burrow is closed so the larva can develop without disruption by other parasites or scavengers. The female wasp may then engage in spreading soil or other changes to the area, leaving the nest site inconspicuous. One species of spider wasp protects its nests by putting dead ants into the outermost chamber, where the ants' chemicals deter predators.
thumb|left|Wasp dragging a spider to its nest
The egg hatches and the larva feeds on the spider, breaking through the integument with its mandibles. As the larva feeds on its host, it saves the vital organs, such as the heart and central nervous system, for last. By waiting until the final larval instar, it ensures the spider will not decompose before the larva has fully developed. The larva has five instar stages before it pupates; no major morphological differences are noted between the first four instars, with the exception of size. At the conclusion of the final instar, the larva spins a durable silk cocoon, and emerges as an adult either later in the same season or overwinters, depending on the species and the time of year the larva pupates. Some ceropalines lay their egg on a still-active spider, only temporarily paralyzing it, and the wasp larva feeds externally by extracting hemolymph after the egg hatches. In time, the spider will die, and the mature wasp larva will then pupate.
The size of the host can influence whether the wasp's egg will develop as a male or a female; larger prey often yield the (larger) females.
Pepsis thisbe of the southwestern United States exhibits a direct correlation between adult wasp body length and the weight of its host spider, Aphonopelma echina. Because the size of a P. thisbe adult is determined by the size of the host provided for it by its mother, the seasonal frequency of host sizes implicitly will determine the size variation in adult wasps.
In another study on Pepsis thisbe, chemosensory cues were shown to be used to detect specific hosts. Specific chemosensory cues attract the wasp to its prey, Aphonopelma echina, despite other host spiders of the same size and frequency being present. In studies on Pepsis grossa (formerly P. formosa), a pompilid of the southwestern United States, the wasps were found to have behavioral plasticity. Their hunting behavior concerning their host Rhechostica echina improved with experience. The time required to complete all behavioral components decreased with each spider killed.
Concerning mating behavior, males acquire perch territories to scan for incoming receptive females. In studies on the tarantula wasp Hemipepsis ustulata, larger males are more likely to acquire perch territories and territorial males appear to increase their chances of mating because receptive females fly to perch sites held by said males.
thumb|center|800px|Spider-hunting wasp Anoplius dragging a spider larger than herself backwards across a sandy heath (four stages are shown in the composite image) |
Spider wasp | Sting | Sting |
Spider wasp | Toxins | Toxins
The Pompilidae produce a venom, delivered when they sting, containing a variety of powerful neurotoxins named pompilidotoxin (PMTX). These inhibit the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, causing too much sodium to flow through neuron cell membranes, causing long bursts of nerve impulses (action potentials), and thus overstimulating these nerves. Alpha- and beta-PMTX are both small peptide chains of just 13 amino acids; alpha-PMTX has been studied in Anoplius samariensis, while beta-PMTX has been studied in Batozonellus maculifrons. |
Spider wasp | Schmidt pain index | Schmidt pain index
In 1984, Justin O. Schmidt developed a hymenopteran sting pain scale, now known as the Schmidt sting pain index. In this index, a 0 is given to a sting from an insect that cannot break through human skin, a 2 is given for intermediate pain, and a 4 is given for intense pain. The scale rates stings from 78 different species in 42 different genera. The species Pepsis grossa, one of the species of tarantula hawk, has a sting rating of 4. The sting is described as "blinding, fierce, and shockingly electric. A running hair dryer has been dropped into your bubble bath." |
Spider wasp | Gallery | Gallery
thumb|Video of spider wasp with prey (23s) |
Spider wasp | References | References |
Spider wasp | External links | External links
A series of photos showing Anoplius viaticus trapping a spider and fighting off other predators, in order to lay her egg.
Category:Articles containing video clips |
Spider wasp | Table of Content | Short description, Morphology, Systematics, Evolution, Ecology and behavior, Sting, Toxins, Schmidt pain index, Gallery, References, External links |
Antipope Christopher | Short description | Christopher claimed the papacy from October 903 to January 904. Although he was listed as a legitimate pope in most modern lists of popes until the first half of the 20th century, the apparently uncanonical method by which he obtained the papacy led to his being removed from the quasi-official roster of popes, the Annuario Pontificio. As such, he is now considered an antipope by the Catholic Church. |
Antipope Christopher | Life and reign | Life and reign
Little is known about the life of Christopher; the lack of reliable, consistent sources makes it difficult to establish a concise biography. It is believed that he was a Roman, and that his father's name was Leo. He was cardinal-priest of the title of St. Damasus when he became pope. His predecessor, Leo V, was deposed and imprisoned, most likely around October 903. As it is believed that Leo died in prison, Christopher may be regarded as pope after his death. However, the account of Auxilius of Naples says that Sergius III murdered both Leo V and Christopher. An eleventh-century Greek documentMon. Græca ad Photium pertinent., p. 160, ed. Joseph Hergenröther, Ratisbon, 1869. says that Christopher was the first pope to state that the Holy Ghost proceeded "from the Father and from the Son". However, the document claims that Christopher made this profession to Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople. At that time, however, Nicholas Mystikos was Patriarch of Constantinople, making the account historically suspect. (Sergius I was Patriarch in 610–638, and Sergius II in 1001–1019.)
thumb|Imaginary portrait by Giovanni Battista de'Cavalieri |
Antipope Christopher | Dethroning | Dethroning
Christopher was driven from the antipapacy by Pope Sergius III (904–911). Hermannus Contractus contends that Christopher was compelled to end his days living as a monk.Chronicle of Hermannus Contractus, ad an. 904. However, the historian Eugenius Vulgarius says he was strangled in prison.Ernst Dümmler, Auxilius und Vulgarius (Leipzig, 1866), 160, 135. |
Antipope Christopher | Legitimacy | Legitimacy
Some hold that Christopher was a legitimate pope, regardless of the illegitimate means by which he appears to have acquired the title. His name is included in all major catalogues of the popes through the early twentieth century.Liber Pontificalis, II, ed. Duchesne; Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum Vitae, I; and Origines de l'Église romaine, I, par les membres de la communauté de Solesmes, Paris, 1836. His portrait figures among the other likenesses of the popes in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, and among the frescoes of tenth-century popes painted in the thirteenth century on the walls of the ancient church of San Pietro a Grado, outside Pisa. He was, moreover, acknowledged as pope by his successors. For example, in confirming the privileges of the Abbey of Corbie in France, Leo IX mentioned the preceding grants of Benedict and Christopher.Philipp Jaffé, Regesta RR. Pont., I, n. 4212. This privilege is the only one of Christopher's acts that is extant.Philipp Jaffé, Regesta RR. Pont., 3532, 2d ed. However, he has not been considered a legitimate pope since the first half of the 20th century and has been erased from the Annuario pontificios list of popes. |
Antipope Christopher | See also | See also
Papal selection before 1059 |
Antipope Christopher | Notes | Notes
Category:904 deaths
Category:10th-century antipopes
Category:Antipopes
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica |
Antipope Christopher | Table of Content | Short description, Life and reign, Dethroning, Legitimacy, See also, Notes |
Ixhuatlán del Café | Infobox settlement
| Ixhuatlán del Café is a city in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It serves as the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name.
The municipality covers a total surface area of 134.07 km2 and, in the 2020 census, reported a population of 23,232.
It is located at .
Its chief products are corn, coffee and fruits. |
Ixhuatlán del Café | External links | External links
Municipal website
Category:Populated places in Veracruz |
Ixhuatlán del Café | Table of Content | Infobox settlement
, External links |
Poza Rica | Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info ----------------> | Poza Rica (), formally: Poza Rica de Hidalgo is a city and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Its name means "rich well/pond". It is often thought that the name came to be because it was a place known for its abundance of oil. In reality, before oil was discovered, there existed a pond rich in fish, which gave origin to the city’s name. In the 20th century oil was discovered in the area. It has since been almost completely extracted. This has resulted in the decline of oil well exploration and drilling activities, though there are still many oil facilities.
The city shares borders with the municipalities of Papantla, Tihuatlán, and Coatzintla, and stands on Federal Highway 180. The archaeological zone of El Tajín is located approximately from Poza Rica. The area is tropical, with two beaches within one hour, Tuxpan, and Tecolutla, and one within 40 minutes east, Cazones. Mexico City is about from Poza Rica.Unlike most Mexican cities, it does not have old buildings because it is a new city founded officially on November 20, 1951. For that reason it has contemporary architecture with well-lined and designed streets with a modern look.
While the petroleum industry features heavily amongst the industrial landscape in Poza Rica, the city also has a wide variety of other industries with a large middle class. As one of the largest and most populous cities in Veracruz, Poza Rica is an important industrial and commercial center, and a central hub for several road transportation lines. The city has recently seen much growth, with several shopping malls opening around the city. The city had an official population of 180,057 inhabitants and the municipality had 189,457 at the census of 2020.Censo Poza Rica 2020 CEEIG However, the Poza Rica metropolitan area, which includes the municipalities of Cazones de Herrera, Coatzintla, Papantla and Tihuatlán, showed a total population of 521,080. |
Poza Rica | Main Attractions | Main Attractions
Poza Rica is close to the Costa Esmeralda, the northern beaches of Veracruz, such as Tecolutla, Tuxpan, Cazones and Playa Esmeralda.
The UNESCO World Heritage Site of El Tajin is away.
The downtown area presents shopping opportunities.
It has a high viewing point called "El cerro del abuelo" where it's possible to see the whole city and its "quemadores", big petroleum burners which were used to light the city in the early years. A few of them remain.
The annual "Desfile del 18 de marzo" (March 18 Parade, "Petroleum Day") commemorates Mexican oil expropriation and has two parades, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. The city's populace is predominantly young. Though there are few expatriates, a few English-language schools employ teachers for locals and PEMEX employees.
thumb|left|240px|Petroleum Day dancers |
Poza Rica | Economy | Economy
Recently the city has experienced a revival in economic activity, driven by investments in oil production by the parastatal PEMEX company. The economy is driven by trade, the petroleum industry, fashion, and tourism. This has brought a boom in trade, which together with its strategic location and concentration of services, causes a daily flow of residents from other towns, municipalities and nearby cities like Papantla, Gutiérrez Zamora, Tecolutla, Martínez de la Torre and Tihuatlán in the state of Veracruz. This extends its area of influence of the neighboring towns and villages State of Puebla that converge to it for various reasons, among which are health, employment, education or shopping, as it is located in the major centers of supply, trade and services.
The city of Poza Rica has three malls: Plaza Gran Patio Poza Rica, Crystal Square and Poza Rica Square. |
Poza Rica | Neighborhoods | Neighborhoods
The city consists of five neighborhoods (The 5 Barrios de Poza Rica).
Poza Rica Center is the commercial center of the city.
52 is an area which is northeast of the city which also has markets and busy shopping centers and the GREAT PATIO Commercial Square.
Totolapa is the third area of the city located across the bridge of Poza Rica.
Petromex is one of the colonies where most of the pozarricenses, citizens of Poza Rica, reside.
Arroyo del Maiz is the area which houses the Tecnológico de Poza Rica, also Conalep School.
thumb|Ruiz Cortinez Boulevard walkway |
Poza Rica | Parks | Parks
The city of Poza Rica has 36 parks. The most important are:
Parque Plaza March 18. It is the city's central park is located between Avenues Lázaro Cárdenas and Calle 8 Norte. It has an auditorium for musical events. It also attracts young people who practice hobbies such as rollerblading and biking.
Juarez Park. It is the second-largest park in the city, located on 16th Avenue West.
Parque de las Americas. The park features all the flags of America, and is located on the hillside.
thumb|Juarez Park |
Poza Rica | Sights | Sights
The city has 18 monuments. |
Poza Rica | Education | Education
The city has:
5 Nurseries
81 Preschools
110 Elementary schools
46 Public and private high schools
36 Baccalaureate programs
2 Adult Education programs
10 Universities, including 7 private and 3 public
Major universities in the city are the UV Universidad Veracruzana, University Spanish America, the Gulf of Mexico University, the University of the Huasteca, and Technological Poza Rica.
The city has 21 public libraries. The most important are:
Library Adolfo Rendon Rendon. Located in Central East and Cologne Petromex.
Lira Francisco Lara Library. Located in the Parque Juárez.
Founders Library. Located in Chapultepec street corner in Colonia Francisco Sarabia Manuel Avila Camacho. |
Poza Rica | Transport | Transport
Public transport is the main means of transport of pozarricenses. Transport in the city are buses that take you to different areas of the city, as well as shared taxis.
Poza Rica taxis are the tsuru model that move around the city.
Central Bus Terminal: For land transport with the rest of the country, Poza Rica has three bus terminals:
The North Central, where more than 30 lines come from across the country (Estrella Blanca, ADO, Axis Gulf, First Plus, Chihuahuan, AU, PLATINUM ADO, ADO GL, Premium Green, Futura, Omnibus de Mexico)
the second terminal has access only to passengers going to the neighboring city of Tuxpan. (ADO Bus)
The third terminal is in the Petromex (Alternate Petroleum), which exits south of the country (Xalapa, Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Villahermosa, Ciudad del Carmen, Chiapas, etc.)
El Tajín National Airport in Tihuatlán serves Poza Rica."DIRECTORIO DE OFICINAS DE VENTAS ." Aeromar. 4/7. Retrieved on December 18, 2010. |
Poza Rica | Religion | Religion
Most pozarricenses profess the Catholic faith, but there are groups of Pentecostals, Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, evangelical Christians, and Baptists, among others. |
Poza Rica | Urban culture | Urban culture
In the city are various youth groups like emos, skaters, Punk, Rappers, Cholos, reggaeton, Rastafarians, metalheads, Goths, Darcketos, Popular, Zoot, Hippies and kpopers. |
Poza Rica | Tourism | Tourism
Tourism is a major economic activities of the city as each year thousands of national and international tourists comes into the city, though most are from Mexico City, Guadalajara, Puebla, Pachuca, Monterrey, Tulancingo, Reynosa, Matamoros, McAllen, Dallas, and Houston. The main destinations are the beach which is just 45 kilometers from the city center as well as the archaeological site of El Tajin, where every year a summit is held. Another attraction is the Tajin Teayo Castle. |
Poza Rica | Food | Food
As for the local cuisine, this is distinguished by typical regional dishes Totonac and Huastec, of which the best known is the Zacahuil, plus a variety of typical Mexican snacks, among which are sopes, bocoles, molotes, tlacoyos, enchiladas, and blanditas. |
Poza Rica | Sports | Sports
Football, baseball, and basketball are sports that are practiced in Poza Rica. The city has a third-rank football team. A professional division called Poza Rica Oil has a team in the second. Another division is called Los Lobos. During the oil splendor the city had a professional baseball team. The Ranger Soccer is considered high quality football. It excels in the football tournament of the Barrios, an event that is organized by the newspaper La Opinión and of which the founder was José Hernández Soto, a character linked to major sporting events in the city. The city has a football stadium located at Heriberto Jara Corona in the northern part of the city, which is home to the Oilers in Poza Rica, and the 2500 seat Gimnasio Municipal Miguel Hidalgo. |
Poza Rica | Geography | Geography
thumb|Map of Metropolitan Zone of the City.
The administrative boundaries of the municipality are determined by the municipality northeast of Papantla, south to the town of Coatzintla and to the northwest by the municipality of Tihuatlán, separated from the latter by the course of the river Cazones.
|
Poza Rica | Geology and relief | Geology and relief
The center of the city sits in a small valley on the basin river Cazones, in the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico, with an average altitude of 60 m, although most of the land sits on uneven ground and mostly hills northeast of the city, among which is the Cerro del Meson, with a maximum height of 242 meters. The predominant soils are of the vertisol type, with a high content of clay forming expansive cracks in dry seasons.
Since its inception, the rapid urban growth in extension exceeded the capacity of available flat land in the city, expanding the urban area to the northeast of the city, using increasingly uneven ground and hills bordering the town of Papantla, inhabiting the slopes of the hills that surround the city center. |
Poza Rica | Hydrography | Hydrography
thumb|200px|Cazones River Sunrise on the banks of the city of Poza Rica
The town of Poza Rica is located in the watershed of the river Cazones, this River 100 km long born in the mountainous region of Hidalgo and flows into the Gulf of Mexico, has a higher average annual runoff of 40 m3/s in its mouth. The city is also surrounded by several Cazones River tributary streams such as the Mollejón, Hueleque, Salsipuedes and Arroyo Corn, which is regularly affected by flooding the annual rainy season.
Mexico's only nuclear power plant, Laguna Verde nuclear power plant, is about away, near the state's capital city of Xalapa, Veracruz. |
Poza Rica | Notable people | Notable people
Enrique Agüera, academic and politician.
Cintia Angulo Leseigneur, entrepreneur.
Sergio Basáñez, actor.
Enrique Cabrera, plastic artist.
Delia Casanova, actress.
Jessica Aguilar, MMA fighter.
Luiz Hernández, footballer.
Ovidio Hernández, musician. |
Poza Rica | References | References
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Veracruz Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México |
Poza Rica | External links | External links
Gobierno de Poza Rica Official website
Category:Populated places in Veracruz
Category:1951 establishments in Mexico |
Poza Rica | Table of Content | Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info ---------------->, Main Attractions, Economy, Neighborhoods, Parks, Sights, Education, Transport, Religion, Urban culture, Tourism, Food, Sports, Geography, Geology and relief, Hydrography, Notable people, References, External links |
Westland Wasp | short description | The Westland Wasp is a small 1960s British turbine-powered, shipboard anti-submarine helicopter. Produced by Westland Helicopters, it came from the same Saunders-Roe P.531 programme as the British Army Westland Scout, and is based on the earlier piston-engined Saunders-Roe Skeeter. It fulfilled the requirement of the Royal Navy for a helicopter small enough to land on the deck of a frigate and carry a useful load of two homing torpedoes. |
Westland Wasp | Design and development | Design and development
The increasing speed and attack range of the submarine threat, and the increased range at which this threat could be detected, led to a Royal Navy requirement for a "Manned Torpedo-Carrying Helicopter" (MATCH). Contemporary shipboard weapons did not have the necessary range, therefore MATCH was in essence a stand-off weapon with the helicopter carrying the torpedo or other weapon to the target and being instructed when and where to drop it.Friedman 2006, pp. 245–246. Unlike the larger Westland Wessex, the Wasp carried no sonar of its own, and was limited strictly to working in partnership with its parent ship, other ships or other anti-submarine warfare (ASW) units.James 1991, pp. 347, 372.
thumb|left|First Wasp at the SBAC show 1962, a month before the first flight
The first prototype Saro P.531 flew on 20 July 1958,James 1991, p.365. with the prototypes being subject to detailed testing by the Royal Navy, including the evaluation of several undercarriage layouts, before settling on the definitive arrangement. An order for a pre-production batch of two "Sea Scouts" was placed in September 1961. The first flight of the two pre-production Wasp took place on 28 October 1962.James 1991, pp.371–372. Full production soon commenced, 98 in total being procured for the RN. The Wasp was successfully exported to Brazil, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand and South Africa. 133 aircraft were built in total.Donald and Lake 1996, p.439.
Wasp was essentially a navalised Scout, indeed it was originally to be called the Sea Scout, and differed mainly in design details. It had a unique 4-wheeled castering undercarriage that allowed the aircraft to be manoeuvred on small, pitching flightdecks. The Wasp could use "negative pitch" from the rotor-blades to enable the aircraft to "adhere" to the deck until the lashings were attached. Additional fuel tankage was installed in the cabin floor, and both the tail boom and main rotor blades were foldable to allow stowage in the small hangars fitted to the first generation helicopter-carrying escorts. It was fitted with a winch above the starboard rear door, and also had the capacity to carry underslung loads from the semi-automatic cargo release unit mounted under the fuselage. With a crew of two (Pilot and Missile Aimer/Aircrewman) and the capacity to seat three passengers, Wasp was useful for short-range transport missions, and for casualty evacuation with room for one stretcher fitted across the rear cabin area.
Later modifications included the ability to carry the Nord SS.11 wire-guided missile, with the fitting of the Aimer's sight in the left cockpit roof, and the installation of large inflatable emergency floats in sponsons on either side of the cabin to prevent capsizing of the top-heavy aircraft in the event of ditching. The SS.11 had limited range, targeting small surface targets such as patrol boats or shore positions, and was later replaced by the AS.12, which effectively had double the range. |
Westland Wasp | Operational history | Operational history |
Westland Wasp | Royal Navy | Royal Navy
thumb|Wasp from HMS Galatea landing personnel on Aldabra atoll, Indian Ocean (1970)
The Wasp HAS.1 was introduced to service in the small ships role in 1964, after an intensive period of trials by 700(W) Intensive Flying Trials Unit between June 1963 and March 1964. It served in this primary role with 829 Naval Air Squadron, but also in training units to supply crews for the front line with 706 NAS between 1965 and 1967 and in 703 NAS between 1972 and 1981. Single airframes also served for light liaison duties in the Commando Assault squadrons, 845 NAS and 848 NAS, until 1973. Although effective as a submarine killer, it was best deployed paired with a Wessex HAS.3 submarine hunter. In the late 1970s, the Westland Lynx started to replace the Wasp.
On 25 April 1982 the Argentinian submarine was spotted by a Wessex helicopter from . The Wessex and a Lynx HAS.2 from then attacked it with depth charges, a Mk 46 torpedo, and also strafed it with General Purpose Machine Gun. A Wasp launched from and two Wasps launched from fired AS.12 anti-ship missiles at the submarine, scoring hits. Santa Fe was damaged badly enough to prevent her from submerging. The crew abandoned the submarine at the jetty on South Georgia and surrendered to the British forces, thus becoming the first casualty of the sea war, as well as the first direct engagement by the Royal Navy Task Force.
The last Wasp was withdrawn from service in 1988 when the last of the Type 12 frigates was decommissioned. |
Westland Wasp | Royal Malaysian Navy | Royal Malaysian Navy
The Wasp came into service with the Royal Malaysian Navy quite late, compared to the other nations who procured the aircraft when it joined the RMN on 8 April 1988. The Wasp had a relatively short career and was phased out ten years later, replaced by the Eurocopter Fennec. |
Westland Wasp | Royal New Zealand Navy | Royal New Zealand Navy
The first four of an eventual nineteen Wasps were purchased by the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) in 1966, being immediately assigned to the new frigate, . They fulfilled numerous tasks, as well as taking part in the Armilla Patrol in the Persian Gulf during the 1980s. The Wasps were flown by RNZN pilots but maintained by ground crews of No. 3 Squadron RNZAF.
In 1997, four Wasps performed a flypast marking the arrival of the new frigate, HMNZS Te Kaha.
The Wasp served 32 years with the RNZN, retiring in 1998, the same year HMNZS Waikato, which first operationally deployed the Wasp in New Zealand, was herself decommissioned. They were replaced by the Kaman SH-2 Seasprite as a stopgap until the arrival of their SH-2G(NZ). |
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