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Westland Wasp | Royal Netherlands Navy | Royal Netherlands Navy
thumb|right|Wasp HAS.1 (AH-12A) of the Dutch Koninklijke Marine, 1967
With the Royal Netherlands Navy beginning in the late 1960s, after the fire onboard , NATO anti-submarine commitments were taken over by a squadron of Westland Wasp helicopters, operated from six anti-submarine frigates. The shore base was at De Kooy Airfield. The Royal Netherlands Navy 860 Naval Air Squadron received 12 Wasp helicopters between November 1966 and June 1967, operated from Van Speijk-class frigates as AH-12As and flown in the ASW role. The last of the Dutch Wasps were withdrawn from service in 1981 when they were replaced by the Westland Lynx. |
Westland Wasp | Other operators | Other operators
The Wasp was also in service with the Brazilian, Indonesian, and South African navies. The Indonesian aircraft were all former Dutch aircraft and the last of the type in active service.
The last of the ten surplus Dutch Navy helicopters refurbished by Westland for the Indonesian Navy was grounded in 1998. Flown by 400th Air Squadron (RON 400) from NAS Juanda, when at sea they were embarked upon the Indonesian Navy's ex-Royal Navy and ex-Dutch Navy Van Speijk class frigates.
The Brazilian Navy operated the Wasp as the UH-2 & UH-2A, taking delivery of three new build helicopters in April 1966 and a further seven ex-Royal Navy helicopters in 1977. 1º Esquadrão de Helicópteros de Emprego Geral (HU-1) flew the helicopters from Navy's and -class destroyers and the s.
The South African Navy received their first batch of ten new-build airframes in 1963, followed by the delivery of a second batch of eight from 1973. Only six of this batch were delivered due to the international arms embargo placed on South Africa during the apartheid regime. The Wasps were flown by 22 Flight from Ysterplaat; the unit became 22 Squadron, Maritime Command in 1976. The helicopters were operated from the navy's frigates. The South African Navy also acquired one ex-Bahrain Public Security Force airframe as an instructional airframe to support its Wasp programme. The South African Navy withdrew their last Wasp in 1990. |
Westland Wasp | Variants | Variants
thumb|right|Westland Wasp HAS.1
Sea Scout HAS.1
The Sea Scout HAS.1 was the original Royal Navy designation for the Wasp.
Wasp HAS.1
Shipboard anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Royal Navy.
UH-2/UH-2A
Brazilian Navy designations of the Wasp. The UH-2 was originally designated SH-2. |
Westland Wasp | Operators | Operators
Brazilian Navy
Indonesian Navy
Royal Malaysian Navy
Royal Netherlands Navy
thumb|A Brazilian Wasp hovering over , in 1977.
Royal New Zealand Navy
South African Navy
Royal Navy
700W Naval Air Squadron
703 Naval Air Squadron
705 Naval Air Squadron
706 Naval Air Squadron
771 Naval Air Squadron
829 Naval Air Squadron
845 Naval Air Squadron
848 Naval Air Squadron
860 Naval Air Squadron |
Westland Wasp | Aircraft on display | Aircraft on display
Brazil
Wasp HAS.1 N-7039, which was XT433 in the Royal Navy from 1965 to 1978, is on display at Campo Dos Afonsos.
Germany
Wasp HAS.1 (XS569) is on display at the Flugaustellung L&P Junior, Hermeskeil.
Indonesia
Wasp HAS.1 HS-434 of the Indonesian Navy, former "Marineluchtvaartdienst" 243, is on display as gate guardian at Juanda Naval Air Station in Surabaya.Airliners.net
Wasp HAS.1 of the Indonesian Navy is on display at Naval Doctrine, Education and Training Development Command in Surabaya.Google Maps images
Malaysia
Wasp HAS.1 M499-01, which was XV636 in the Royal Navy, is on display at the Royal Pahang Museum, Pekan, Malaysia.
Wasp HAS.1 M499-07, which was XT426 in the Royal Navy from 1965 to 1992, is on display at the Maritime Museum, Malacca, Malaysia.
New Zealand
Wasp HAS.1 NZ3906 is on display at the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum in Christchurch.
Netherlands
AH-12A Wasp 235 of the "Marineluchtvaartdienst" (MLD), former Royal Navy Wasp HAS.1 XT795, is on display at the Traditiekamer Marineluchtvaartdienst at De Kooy.
United Kingdom: airworthy
G-BYCX a former South African Wasp Mk 1B is owned by Military Vehicle Solutions Ltd. in Dunchurch, Rugby.
G-CBUI a former Royal Navy (XT420) Wasp HAS.1 is owned by the Fly Navy Heritage Trust at RNAS Yeovilton and flies in Royal Navy markings as XT420.
G-CGGK a former 829 NAS Wasp HAS.1 (was RN serial number XT434) is owned by Aeromedical Training Ltd. in Wiltshire.
G-CMBE (previously registered as G-KANZ) a former Royal Navy (XT782) and former RNZN (NZ3909) Wasp HAS.1 is privately owned and flies in RNZN markings as NZ3909.
G-KAXT a former Royal Navy (XT787) and Royal New Zealand Navy (NZ3905) Wasp HAS.1 is privately owned in Hampshire and, as a frequent visitor to airshows, is flown in Royal Navy south Atlantic camouflage scheme wearing the badge of HMS Endurance and its original tail number of XT787.Owner, TMartin statement 2016
G-RIMM a former Royal Navy (XT435) and RNZN (NZ3907) Wasp HAS.1 is privately owned and flies marked as XT435.
United Kingdom: on display
Wasp HAS.1 XS527 is on display at Fleet Air Arm Museum, Yeovilton.
Former Endurance Flight Wasp HAS.1 XS567 is on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford.
Wasp HAS.1 XT443 is on display at The Helicopter Museum, Weston-super-Mare.
Wasp HAS.1 XT788 is based in Devon, England but is displayed at various locations around the United Kingdom as a focal point for charity collection.
United Kingdom: stored or under restoration
G-BZPP a Wasp HAS.1 (was RN serial number XT793)
Wasp HAS.1s XT427 and XT778 are held in storage by the Fleet Air Arm Museum, Yeovilton.
Former 829 NAS Wasp HAS.1 XT439 is privately owned in Hertfordshire.
Wasp HAS.1 XT437 is held by the Boscombe Down Aviation Collection at Old Sarum Airfield, Wiltshire.
A small number of helicopters are still used by the military and technical colleges for maintenance and engineering training. |
Westland Wasp | Specifications (Wasp HAS.1) | Specifications (Wasp HAS.1)
right|400px |
Westland Wasp | See also | See also |
Westland Wasp | References | References |
Westland Wasp | Citations | Citations |
Westland Wasp | Bibliography | Bibliography
Burden, Rodney A., Draper, Michael I., Rough, Douglas A., Smith, Colin R. and Wilton, David. Falklands: The Air War. Twickenham, UK: British Aviation Research Group, 1986. .
Donald, David and Lake, Jon. (eds.) Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London:Aerospace Publishing, Single volume edition, 1996. .
Friedman, Norman. British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing, 2006. .
James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London:Putnam, 1991, .
Scout and Wasp: An All British Success Dave Billinge Aviation News Vol 71 No 2 February2009 |
Westland Wasp | External links | External links
Helicopter History site section on the Wasp
Westland Wasp photogroup on Flickr.
Category:1960s British military utility aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1962
Category:Anti-submarine helicopters
Category:Military helicopters
Category:1960s British helicopters
Category:Single-turbine helicopters
Wasp
Category:Single-rotor helicopters
Category:Aircraft with fixed quad landing gear |
Westland Wasp | Table of Content | short description, Design and development, Operational history, Royal Navy, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal Netherlands Navy, Other operators, Variants, Operators, Aircraft on display, Specifications (Wasp HAS.1), See also, References, Citations, Bibliography, External links |
United Holy Church of America | for | The United Holy Church of America (UHCA) is the oldest African-American Holiness-Pentecostal body in the world. It was established in 1886, with the international headquarters in Greensboro, North Carolina. |
United Holy Church of America | Districts | Districts
The United Holy Church of America is divided into 17 separate districts, with 4 districts being established for international jurisdiction. |
United Holy Church of America | Divisions and reunion | Divisions and reunion
thumb|left|Faith Tabernacle United Holy Church of America, located in Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C., in April 2025
In 1977, the church divided when the Southern District Convocation, located in Goldsboro, North Carolina, withdrew from fellowship with the parent body. However, in May 2000 in the city of Greensboro, North Carolina, the Southern District Convocation was reunited with the connectional body.
Mount Calvary Holy Church of America split from the United Holy Church in 1929 to form their own Holiness-Pentecostal body. Mount Sinai Holy Church of America separated from the mother church in 1924 to form an organization to create gender equality in episcopal ordination. |
United Holy Church of America | References | References |
United Holy Church of America | External links | External links
The Official Web Site of the United Holy Church Of America
The Southern District Convocation
The Northern District Convocation
The Virginia District Convocation
The Bermuda District Convocation
The Central Western District Convocation
The Western District Convocation
True Glory Ministries UHC
Littles Memorial Temple UHC
Gospel Tabernacle UHC
Jerusalem UHC, Reidsville, NC
New Stoney Hill UHC, Goldsboro, NC
Category:Pentecostal denominations
Category:Historically African-American Christian denominations
Category:Holiness Pentecostals
Category:Christian denominations established in the 19th century
Category:Religious organizations established in 1886
Category:1886 establishments in North Carolina |
United Holy Church of America | Table of Content | for, Districts, Divisions and reunion, References, External links |
Troupe system | Short description | A troupe system is a way of playing role-playing games in which a group of players takes different roles at different times. The term was coined in Ars Magica, where it referred to each player using multiple characters and, crucially, sharing a pool of characters held in common by the entire group (referred to as the "troupe").Jonathan Tweet and Mark Rein*Hagen. Ars Magica, 2nd Edition, 1989 |
Troupe system | Troupe play in Ars Magica | Troupe play in Ars Magica
In Ars Magica, the troupe's characters all belong to a single Covenant - a small group dedicated to the study and utilization of the magical arts. Each player's primary character is their Magus, one of the wizards who form the core of the Covenant. Each player also creates a Companion, a "skilled person who aids magi but is not necessarily in their pay." Finally the group (or troupe) as a whole creates a number of Grogs, mercenaries and other servants hired by the magi.
A typical session of Ars Magica features one player running their Magus while the other players take on the role of either a Companion or Grog. The Grogs are a communal asset, and, thus, over the course of several sessions the same grog may be played by several different players.
The Ars Magica rulebooks also provide for a single player taking on "secondary roles" and playing multiple characters simultaneously (a Magus and their Companion, for example, or multiple Grogs). It is also noted that, "since players switch characters, it is easy to switch storyguides from story to story as well." neither of these features, however, is considered the primary defining trait of "troupe-style play", although they are common features in many Ars Magica campaigns. |
Troupe system | Other examples of troupe play | Other examples of troupe play
Troupe-style play can also be found in other role-playing games, such as Circle of Hands, (which actually prohibits any player from playing the same character two sessions in a row), and Shock: Human Contact, a science fiction game which starts with a session on a research ship, then a session on a colony, and then additional sessions where characters can be selected from either location.Shock: Human Contact 1.0, Joshua A.C. Newman, 2011 |
Troupe system | References | References
Category:Role-playing game terminology
Category:Collaboration
Category:Ars Magica |
Troupe system | Table of Content | Short description, Troupe play in Ars Magica, Other examples of troupe play, References |
Eddie Mabo | Short description | Edward Koiki Mabo ( ; Sambo) (29 June 1936 – 21 January 1992) was an Indigenous Australian man from the Torres Strait Islands known for his role in campaigning for Indigenous land rights in Australia, in particular the landmark decision of the High Court of Australia that recognised that indigenous rights to land had continued after the British Crown acquired sovereignty and that the international law doctrine of terra nullius was not applicable to Australian domestic law. High court judges considering the case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) found in favour of Mabo, which led to the Native Title Act 1993 and established native title in Australia, officially recognising the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. |
Eddie Mabo | Early life and Background | Early life and Background
Eddie Mabo was born Edward Koiki Sambo on 29 June 1936 in the village of Las located on the island of Mer in the Torres Strait. His parents were Robert Zesou Sambo and Poipe Mabo, but Eddie was adopted by his uncle Benny Mabo when his mother died shortly after he was born. This adoption was part of traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices.
When young, Mabo was influenced by his teacher Robert 'Bob' Victor Miles, a relieving teacher with the Schools for Islanders. Miles was known as a friend of all his students; he not only taught the children of the islands but also learnt their language and encouraged them to use their own language in class. Mabo was one of these students and learnt more than just language from Miles, he also gained an understanding of 'mainland' culture. Mabo, who lived with Miles for a time while his mother was ill, later reflected on the importance of his education. That, along with his confident use of language, self-assured public speaking and understanding of mainland politics, culminated in the landmark case Mabo v Queensland in 1992.
Eddie had a great bond with his tradition. He enjoyed activities such as Aboriginal painting, dancing and singing. But his uncle and aunt, Benny and Maigo Mabo, taught him to respect other's cultures as well.
Mabo married Bonita Neehow, an Australian South Sea Islander, in 1959. The couple had seven children and adopted three more. Bonita Mabo died in Townsville on 26 November 2018, aged 75, just days after receiving an honorary doctorate of letters from James Cook University for her contributions to Indigenous rights and human rights.
One daughter, Gail Mabo (born 1966), is a successful visual artist who has had her work exhibited across Australia. Before beginning her studies in art in the 2000s, she had a career in dance, choreography, and acting. She has also worked with schools in New South Wales as a cultural advisor, and has served as the family's designated spokesperson.
Mabo's nephew was Anglican Bishop Saibo Mabo.
His great-nephew is NBA athlete Patty Mills, the third Indigenous Australian to represent the nation in Olympic basketball. |
Eddie Mabo | Career | Career
Mabo worked on pearling boats, as a cane cutter, and as a railway fettler (worker), becoming a gardener at James Cook University in Townsville, Queensland at age 31.
In 1973, Eddie and Bonita Mabo established the Black Community School in Townsville, where Torres Strait Islander children could learn their own culture rather than European culture.
Speaking to the State Library of Queensland for their podcast series about the Mabo decision, Eddie's daughter Gail Mabo recalled that her father particularly objected to Torres Strait Islander children being taught a version of history that did not include any Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander voices or perspectives. She also said that Eddie Mabo believed that knowledge of their culture would give Torres Strait children growing up on the mainland a solid foundation and a sense of pride.
Noel Zaro attended the Black Community School, also known as BCS. He remembered that on a standard day, the school taught Western subjects such as English and Maths in the morning: after lunch, students would be taught about Torres Strait Islander culture, including basic Meriam language vocabulary as well as traditional dancing. Some students, including Noel Zaro, took field trips to other schools for traditional dance demonstrations, often transported by parents or family members.
As the school was not sanctioned by the Queensland education board, Eddie Mabo served unpaid as principal, cultural instructor and school bus driver. He continued to work as a gardener at James Cook University in the evenings.
The time Mabo spent on the James Cook University campus had a massive impact on his life. In 1974, he was talking with James Cook University historians Noel Loos and Henry Reynolds, and Loos recalls:[W]e were having lunch one day in Reynolds' office when Koiki was just speaking about his land back on Mer, or Murray Island. Henry and I realised that in his mind he thought he owned that land, so we sort of glanced at each other, and then had the difficult responsibility of telling him that he didn't own that land, and that it was Crown land. Koiki was surprised, shocked and even ... he said and I remember him saying 'No way, it's not theirs, it's ours.' See also
Later, when Mabo was a research assistant on an oral history project in the Torres Strait, Reynolds records:
He got as far as Thursday Island and no further. He was refused permission to land on any of the other islands in the Straits. A reputation as a radical was a heavy burden in Queensland at the time. For Eddie the rejection was devastating. He could not go home. He was not only landless in the eyes of white man's law, he was an exile as well.Id., p. 186. |
Eddie Mabo | Land rights advocate | Land rights advocate
In 1981 a land rights conference was held at James Cook University and Mabo gave a speech in which he explained the land inheritance system on Murray Island. The significance of this in terms of Australian common law doctrine was noted by one of the attendees, a lawyer, who suggested there should be a test case to claim land rights through the court system. Perth-based solicitor Greg McIntyre was at the conference and agreed to take the case; he then recruited barristers Ron Castan and Bryan Keon-Cohen. McIntyre represented Mabo during the hearings.
Of the eventual outcome of that decision a decade later, Reynolds said: "it was a ten-year battle and it was a remarkable saga really". |
Eddie Mabo | Death and Mabo decision | Death and Mabo decision
On 21 January 1992, Eddie Mabo died of cancer at the age of 55.
Five months later, on 3 June 1992, the High Court announced its historic decision to recognise the land rights of Indigenous Australians. That decision, formally Mabo v Queensland (No 2), now commonly called "Mabo" in Australia, is recognised for its landmark status.
Three years after Mabo died, that being the traditional mourning period for the people of Murray Island, a memorial service was held. The next day, Mabo's gravesite was attacked by vandals who spray-painted swastikas and racial slurs on his tombstone as well as removing a bronze bas-relief portrait of him. His family decided to have his body reburied on Murray Island. On the night of his reinterment, the Islanders performed their traditional ceremony for the burial of a Meriam king, a ritual not seen on the island for 80 years. |
Eddie Mabo | Legacy | Legacy
In 1992, Edward Koiki Mabo was posthumously awarded the Australian Human Rights Medal in the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Awards, together with the Reverend Dave Passi, Sam Passi (deceased), James Rice (deceased), Celuia Mapo Salee (deceased) and Barbara Hocking (deceased). The award was in recognition "of their long and determined battle to gain justice for their people" and the "work over many years to gain legal recognition for indigenous people's rights".
In 1993, The Australian newspaper commemorated his work by voting him the 1992 Australian of the Year (not to be confused with the official Australian of the Year awards issued by the Australian Government).
A documentary film, Mabo: Life of an Island Man, directed by Trevor Graham, was released in 1997 and received the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Documentary.
The Eddie Koiki Mabo Lecture Series was established in his honour in 2004 at James Cook University. The lectures have been given by eminent Australians on Mabo Day, which takes place every year on 3 June, in National Reconciliation Week, in most years since then.
On 21 May 2008, James Cook University named its Townsville campus library the Eddie Koiki Mabo Library.
Mabo Day is an official holiday in the Torres Shire, celebrated on 3 June, and occurs during National Reconciliation Week in Australia. 50px Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) licence.
On 10 June 2012, Mabo, a television film based on Mabo's life, was broadcast on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).
In June 2014, the annual Eddie Mabo Award for Social Justice was created as one of three awards at the newly-established National Indigenous Human Rights Awards in Sydney, New South Wales.
On 3 June 2015, on the 23rd anniversary of the Mabo decision, a star was named Koiki after Eddie Koiki Mabo. It was named by Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, with the naming ceremony taking place at Sydney Observatory. The star is within the Southern Cross constellation as well as the huge Torres Strait Islanders' constellation known as Tagai, which is very culturally significant and used for nautical navigation.
On 24 August 2015, Tony Abbott became the first Prime Minister of Australia to visit Mabo's grave on Murray Island, where he paid tribute to his legacy.
In 2016, Google Doodle commemorated his 80th birthday.
In 2017, the Royal Australian Mint issued a 50-cent coin commemorating 25 years since Mabo's death and the legal decision and 50 years since the referendum. It was designed by his granddaughter Boneta-Marie Mabo and released in National Reconciliation Week.
In 2022, the State Library of Queensland produced a podcast called Hi, I'm Eddie. Hosted by Rhianna Patrick, the podcast discusses the Mabo's life, the High Court case, and the enduring legacy of both.
The State Library of Queensland holds several significant collections relating to the Mabo decision and the Mabo family, including:
OM95-26 Mabo Cutting Books - these books contain newspaper clippings relating to the Mabo case between November 1990 and October 1994
29122 Album of Photographs Relating to the Mabo Case on Mer Island 1989 - a photographic account of the proceedings of the Mabo case on Mer (Murray Island)
6837 Justice Moynihan - Determination re Mabo Case Papers 27 Feb 1986 - three bound volumes regarding the determination of a reference from the High Court of Australia of the factual issues raised in the action by Eddie Mabo and others, prepared by Justice Moynihan.
32825 Mabo family collection - Includes a collection of shirts worn by and commemorating Eddie Mabo, many made by his wife Dr. Bonita Mabo AO for the extended family. Other significant items include the annotated Mabo family copy of Margaret Lawrie's Myths and legends of the Torres Strait. |
Eddie Mabo | See also | See also
Mabo v Queensland (No 1)
Mabo v Queensland (No 2)
Native title in Australia
Mabo (TV film)
List of Indigenous Australian historical figures |
Eddie Mabo | References | References |
Eddie Mabo | Further reading | Further reading
Apek kebile: Eddie Koiki Mabo : the boy from the other side of the island (videorecording) – "about Eddie Mabo, his love for his people and his homeland ..." / Office for Torres Strait Islander Affairs
Mabo: life of an island man / original screenplay by Trevor Graham (1999, ) |
Eddie Mabo | External links | External links
Hi, I'm Eddie - Podcast by the State Library of Queensland. Winner 2021 Best Indigenous podcast, Australian Podcast Awards.
Album of Photographs Relating to the Mabo Case on Mer Island 1989, State Library of Queensland
Category:1936 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:Culture of the Torres Strait Islands
Category:Australian indigenous rights activists
Category:Australian republicans
Category:Deaths from cancer in Queensland
Category:Torres Strait Islanders
Category:Q150 Icons |
Eddie Mabo | Table of Content | Short description, Early life and Background, Career, Land rights advocate, Death and Mabo decision, Legacy, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Gerrit Verschuur | short description | Gerrit L. Verschuur (born in 1937 in Cape Town, South Africa) is an American scientist who is best known for his work in radio astronomy. Though a pioneer in that field, Verschuur is also an author (he has written about astronomy, natural disasters, and earth sciences), inventor, adjunct professor of physics for the University of Memphis, and Astronomer Emeritus - Arecibo Observatory and now semi-retired. He served for a time as the Chief Scientist for Translucent Technologies, LLC; a company which is based in Memphis, Tennessee.Uncommonly Lakeland
In 1992 Verschuur became a resident of the City of Lakeland, which is located in Shelby County, Tennessee, northwest of Memphis. In 2001 Verschuur was elected, and served a four-year term as commissioner. In 2007 he was elected again and served for a total of 10 years. In Lakeland, Verschuur was also the President of the Garner Lake Association. Since 1986 he has been married to Dr. Joan Schmelz, a fellow scientist whose specialty is solar astronomy, specifically coronal loops.Women in science – Earth and Space – Dr. Joan T. Schmelz Verschuur has one son who lives in England.
During his years living beside the lake in Lakeland he made a fundamental discovery concerning the manner in which light interacts with a so-called Secchi Disk that is used to measure the transparency of lake and ocean waters. The disk had been invented in the mid-nineteenth century by a Jesuit priest (Angela Secchi) but no one before Verschuur had understand the optics underlying the measurement technique.
Verschuur has taught at the University of Manchester, Rhodes University, the universities of Colorado and Maryland, UCLA, and the University of California, Berkeley, among others. (See: Verschuur) He has been an annual speaker at Mid-South Stargaze, "the annual amateur astronomers conference and star party held at Rainwater Observatory in French Camp, Mississippi."Mid-South Star Gaze In 1971 Verschuur was hired as the first Director of Fiske Planetarium for the University of Colorado at Boulder,History // Fiske Planetarium and in 1980 he worked with Dr. John C. Lilly.
In his primary field of study Verschuur "pioneered the measurement of the interstellar magnetic field using the 21-cm Zeeman effect technique." A thing which, according to Virginia Trimble, for the first time allowed astronomers to "measure magnetic strengths and their place-to-place variations with some confidence."http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/26/1/26-1-trimble.pdf (Beamline, Spring/Summer 1996, Vol. 26, No. 1, pages 40–41.) |
Gerrit Verschuur | Biography | Biography
Gerrit L. Verschuur was born in 1937 in Cape Town, South Africa, at the foot of Table Mountain. In 1936, his parents had emigrated from the Netherlands and settled in Cape Town. Two years after he was born—in 1939—his parents moved again, choosing a suburb of Cape Town named Lakeside. While he was living there, Verschuur attended Muizenberg Junior School. Then, when his parents moved to Port Elizabeth in 1950, he attended Grey Junior and subsequently Grey High School.
After graduation he began a six-year stint at Rhodes University in Grahamstown where he earned a BSc in 1957—Majors: Math, Physics, & Applied math; a BSc (Hons) of Physics in 1958; and a MSc degree of physics, in 1960.
In December 1960 he sailed for Southampton, England on Edinburgh Castle, a ship owned by the Union Castle Line. It was one of the last passenger mail boats to ply the SA-England route, but was sold for scrap in 1967. |
Gerrit Verschuur | Current research | Current research
Verschuur is at the center of a recent debate over the age of the universe.Big Bang or Big Goof? Astronomer Verschuur Challenges 'Seeds' Proof He claimed that images from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe are not pictures of the universe in its early form, but rather hydrogen gas clouds in our own galaxy. If he is shown to be correct, much work relating to the Big Bang theory would be undermined.
On December 10, 2007, his work with respect to COBE, WMAP, and HI, was published in The Astrophysical Journal."High Galactic Latitude Interstellar Neutral Hydrogen Structure and Associated (WMAP) High‐Frequency Continuum Emission"(Abstract) However, Land and Slosar Correlation between galactic HI and the cosmic microwave background (Physical Review D, vol. 76, Issue 8, id. 087301) claimed that the data did not support the correlation claimed by Verschuur. He subsequently published 4 more papers on the subject backing up his claims.
His current research is conducted in partnership with Joan Schmelz, his wife, and elaborates on the exciting discovery they made that the so-called high-velocity clouds are produced by supernova events that occurred relatively close to the Sun, of order hundreds of light years distant, several hundred thousand years ago. They solved the 60 year-old mystery concerning the distance to certain clouds when they found that neutron stars (left over after the explosion) exists in spectroscopic binary systems, the primary example having been discovered by researchers in Belgium led by Ana Escorza who used GAIA data to identify likely neutron star candidates. |
Gerrit Verschuur | Selected publications | Selected publications |
Gerrit Verschuur | Books | Books
The Invisible Universe: The Story of Radio Astronomy. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1974http://www.reciprocalsystem.com/nfs/references.html (See: #65.)"Nominated for National book award – then disqualified because I was not a US citizen at the time." (See: Verschuur)
Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1974. Co-edited with K.I. KellermanEnergy Citations Database (ECD) – - Document #4182195
Cosmic Evolution: An Introduction to Astronomy. Houghton Mifflin, 1978. Co-Author with George B. Field and Cyril Ponnamperuma
Starscapes.Little Brown & Co., Boston, 1977http://www.reciprocalsystem.com/nfs/references.html (See: #74.)
Cosmic Catastrophes. Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co., 1978
Interstellar Matters: Essays on Curiosity and Astronomical Discovery. Springer-Verlag, 1989
Hidden Attraction: The History and Mystery of Magnetism. Oxford University Press, 1996, (First Published 1993)
Impact!: The Threat of Comets and Asteroids. Oxford University Press, 1996
The Invisible Universe: The Story of Radio Astronomy. Springer, 2nd. ed., 2007 |
Gerrit Verschuur | Encyclopaedia articles | Encyclopaedia articles
"Interstellar Medium" Encyclopædia Britannica (15th edition) Volume I-J. pp 790–800, 1973
"Interstellar Matter" Encyclopædia Britannica (Asian edition) 1986
"Magnetic Fields and Galactic Structure." Reference Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Ed. S. Maran, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York, 1992 |
Gerrit Verschuur | References | References
Category:American astronomers
Category:1937 births
Category:Living people |
Gerrit Verschuur | Table of Content | short description, Biography, Current research, Selected publications, Books, Encyclopaedia articles, References |
Asia Argento | Short description | Asia Argento (; born Aria Maria Vittoria Rossa Argento; 20 September 1975) is an Italian actress and filmmaker. The daughter of filmmaker Dario Argento, she has had roles in several of her father's features and achieved mainstream success with appearances in XXX (2002), Land of the Dead (2005), and Marie Antoinette (2006). Her other notable acting credits include Queen Margot (1994), Let's Not Keep in Touch (1994), Traveling Companion (1996), Last Days (2005), and Islands (2011). Argento is the recipient of several accolades, including two David di Donatello awards for Best Actress and three Italian Golden Globes. Her directorial credits include The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things (2004) and Misunderstood (2014).
After the Weinstein scandal in 2017, Argento became a leading advocate in the "#MeToo" movement. In August 2018, The New York Times published allegations that Argento had sexually assaulted actor Jimmy Bennett in 2013, when he was 17 and she was 37. |
Asia Argento | Early life | Early life
thumb|left|upright|Asia Argento and her father Dario at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival
Asia Argento was born Aria Maria Vittoria Rossa Argento in Rome on 20 September 1975. Her father is Dario Argento, an Italian filmmaker known for his work in the Italian giallo genre and for his influence on modern horror and slasher movies. Her mother was actress Daria Nicolodi and her maternal great-grandfather was composer Alfredo Casella.
When Argento was born, the city registry office in Rome refused to acknowledge "Asia" as an appropriate name, and instead officially inscribed her name as "Aria" (a name accepted by the city registry). She went by the name Asia, which she later used professionally. She pronounces her name as "AH-she-ah", which friends sometimes abbreviate to sound like "Ozzie". Argento has said that as a child she was lonely and depressed, owing in part to her parents' work. Her father used to read her his horror scripts as bedtime stories. At age eight, Argento published a book of poems. At the age of 14, she ran away from home.
Argento has mentioned in interviews that she does not have a close relationship with her father.Daniel Robert Epstein. Interview with Asia Argento. SuicideGirls.com. 7 March 2006. She has mentioned that he was absent when she was a child, and has also mentioned that, because of this, she did not have a happy childhood. Regarding her relationship with her father and her reason for acting, she has stated that:
In an interview with Filmmaker magazine, she stated that, at one time, "I was sick for a while; I was agoraphobic. I was afraid to go out of my apartment for a long time, I could only go out to work." |
Asia Argento | Career | Career
Asia Argento began to act at the age of nine,Joan Dupont. "Asia Argento at Cannes: A modern heroine bares all – almost". International Herald Tribune. 21 May 2007. when she was cast in a small role in a film by Sergio Citti. When she was 16, she starred in her father's film Trauma (1993). She received the David di DonatelloHorror-Movies.ca, Asia Argento, Horrific Filmography. Retrieved on 16 February 2008. (Italy's version of the Academy Award) for Best Actress in 1994 for her performance in Perdiamoci di vista, and again in 1996 for Compagna di viaggio, which also earned her a Grolla d'oro award. Argento subsequently began to appear in English-language movies, such as B. Monkey and New Rose Hotel (both 1998). Argento also performed in French-language roles, beginning with Charlotte de Sauve in La Reine Margot (1994).
Around the same time, she made her first foray into directing with the short films Prospettive and A ritroso (both 1994) and a documentary about her father (in 1996) and Abel Ferrara (in 1998). In 2000, Argento directed and wrote her first fiction feature film, Scarlet Diva (2000), which her father co-produced. In a review, Filmmaker magazine called the film "riotously funny" and dubbed Argento "a filmmaker with a great degree of promise".
left|thumb|upright|Argento at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival
She achieved wider recognition when she portrayed Russian undercover spy Yelena in the Hollywood action film XXX (2002), alongside Vin Diesel. The film grossed $277.4 million and launched Argento to international fame. She directed her second feature film, The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things (2004), based on a book by JT LeRoy.
In addition to her cinematic accomplishments, Argento has written a number of stories for magazines such as Dynamo and L'Espresso, while her first novel, titled I Love You Kirk, was published in Italy in 1999. She has modeled for the denim jeans brand Miss Sixty. She became a fan of the band Hondo Maclean when they wrote a track named after her and liked the track so much that she sent them pictures which they used as the cover of their 2003 album Plans for a Better Day.
She appeared in Placebo's music video for "This Picture", and appeared on Placebo frontman Brian Molko's cover version of "Je t'aime... moi non plus". Argento has also starred in Catherine Breillat's period drama The Last Mistress.Kristin Hohenade. "Therapy for Paralysis: Controversial Film". New York Times. 28 January 2007" Peut-on jouer Barbey ? ", Anne-Elisabeth Blateau, in Carré d'art : Byron, Barbey d'Aurevilly, Dalí, Hallier, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Editions, 2008, p. 143–149. She dubbed the Italian version of the video game Mirror's Edge in the role of the runner Faith Connors, from 2008 to 2009.
Argento has been part of the Legendary Tiger Man's project Femina, which was released on 14 September 2009. She is featured on the song "Life Ain't Enough for You", which was released as a single along with the B-side "My stomach is the most violent of all Italy", in which she also contributes vocals.
In May 2013, Argento's debut album, entitled Total Entropy, was released by Nuun Music.
In 2014, Argento played supporting role in the British film Shongram, a fictional romantic drama based around the factual and historical events of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.
Also in 2014, she directed her third feature film, titled Misunderstood (2014), was selected to compete in the Un Certain Regard section at that year's Cannes Film Festival. That year, while promoting the film, Argento stated that she was not going to act anymore and that she had decided to concentrate on writing and directing. |
Asia Argento | Personal life | Personal life
thumb|upright|Argento at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival
Besides Italian, Argento speaks English and French, which she learned for her role in Les Morsures de L'Aube."Dangerous Beauty". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved on 16 February 2008.
In 2009, Argento signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. In 2017, she expressed regret for signing the petition, calling it "a mistake" and stating later on that Polanski's continued career "speaks terribly of the industry".
Argento moved to Germany in 2017, citing experiences of victim blaming received in Italy following her allegations against Harvey Weinstein. |
Asia Argento | Relationships | Relationships
Her first child, Anna Lou Castoldi, was born in 2001.Alan Jones. "Biography". OdetoAzia.com. September 2002. Italian rock and roll musician Morgan (lead singer of Bluvertigo), is the father. She named her daughter after her half-sister Anna Ceroli, who died in a motorcycle accident.
Argento married film director Michele Civetta on 27 August 2008 in Arezzo. Her second child (a son) was born in 2008 in Rome. The couple divorced in 2013. She and her children live in the Vigna Clara neighborhood of Rome.
Argento worked and became romantically involved with Anthony Bourdain in 2016 during the production of the Rome episode of Parts Unknown. Bourdain became outspoken alongside Argento during her allegations against Harvey Weinstein for a time after those events. |
Asia Argento | Sexual assault allegations by Argento | Sexual assault allegations by Argento
Argento alleged in an October 2017 New Yorker article by Ronan Farrow that she had been sexually assaulted by Harvey Weinstein in the 1990s. She would later have consensual albeit "one-sided" sexual relations with him. She confirmed that a scene in Scarlet Diva where her character is accosted by a movie executive was indeed a reference to Weinstein. Later, Argento stated that the "article did a huge disservice to me and to my truth by simplifying all this", and accused Farrow of "misrepresenting" what happened to her.
Argento delivered a speech on 20 May 2018, following the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, calling the festival Weinstein's "hunting ground", alleging that she was raped by Weinstein in Cannes when she was 21. She added, "And even tonight, sitting among you, there are those who still have to be held accountable for their conduct against women".
On 24 January 2021, Argento alleged that director Rob Cohen had drugged her with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and raped her during the filming of xXx. A representative of Cohen denied Argento's assault accusation as "absolutely false". |
Asia Argento | Sexual assault allegation against Argento | Sexual assault allegation against Argento
On 19 August 2018, The New York Times published allegations that Argento sexually assaulted actor Jimmy Bennett. Argento had first met Bennett when he played her son in the 2004 film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things when Bennett was seven years old. The alleged assault occurred in 2013 when he was two months past his 17th birthday in a hotel room in California, where the age of consent is 18; Argento was 37 at the time. According to Bennett, in their encounter Argento gave him alcohol, performed oral sex on him and had sexual intercourse with him. If true, this would have been deemed statutory rape as Bennett was legally a minor under California law.Harvey Weinstein's lawyer slams Asia Argento's 'stunning level of hypocrisy' after #MeToo campaigner was accused of sexually assaulting a 17-year-old, insider.com. Accessed 31 December 2022.
Argento quietly arranged a $380,000 nondisclosure settlement with Bennett in the months following her revelations regarding Weinstein. Bennett said when Argento came out against Weinstein, it stirred memories of his own experience in 2013. He imparted that he had sought to resolve the matter privately, and had not spoken out sooner "because I was ashamed and afraid to be part of the public narrative".
In a statement provided to the Times, he said: "I was underage when the event took place, and I tried to seek justice in a way that made sense to me at the time because I was not ready to deal with the ramifications of my story becoming public. At the time I believed there was still a stigma to being in the situation as a male in our society. I didn't think that people would understand the event that took place from the eyes of a teenage boy." Bennett said he would like to "move past this event in my life", adding, "today I choose to move forward, no longer in silence".
Argento initially denied the allegations, falsely claiming that she never had a sexual encounter with Bennett and that when he made a request for money to her, her partner Anthony Bourdain paid him to avoid negative publicity.
On 22 August, she released a statement reading: "I strongly deny and oppose the contents of the New York Times article dated 20 August 2018, as circulated also in national and international news. I am deeply shocked and hurt by having read news that is absolutely false. I have never had any sexual relationship with Bennett." A spokeswoman for the Times responded, "We are confident in the accuracy of our reporting, which was based on verified documents and multiple sources". Fellow #MeToo advocate Rose McGowan initially expressed support for Argento and implored others to show restraint, stating, "None of us know the truth of the situation and I'm sure more will be revealed. Be gentle." McGowan faced criticism on social media for her comments, which contradicted the #MeToo movement's message of believing survivors.
Following Argento's denials, a photograph of her topless in bed with Bennett was published, as well as her alleged admission of sex with him in text messages to model Rain Dove. In the screenshots, Argento reputedly stated: "I had sex with him it felt weird. I didn't know he was a minor until the shakedown letter."
In a letter published online in September 2018, Argento's attorney admitted there was a sexual encounter, but claimed the underage Bennett "sexually attacked" Argento. Amid the allegations, Argento was dropped as a judge on X-Factor Italy. |
Asia Argento | Filmography | Filmography |
Asia Argento | Film | Film
Year Title Role Notes1986Demons 2Ingrid Haller1988ZooMartina1989LotteRed Wood PigeonValentina1992Close FriendsSimona1993TraumaAura PetrescuCondannato a nozzeOlivia Diary of a Man Condemned to Marriage1994Let's Not Keep in TouchAriannaQueen MargotCharlotte de SauveDeGenerazioneLorna1996Det. Anna ManniTraveling CompanionCora1998Viola Kisses EverybodyViolaNew Rose HotelSandiiB. MonkeyBeatrice/B. MonkeyChristine Daaé2000Scarlet DivaAnna BattistaAlso writer and director2001Les Morsures de l'aubeViolaine Charliera.k.a. Love Bites2002Det. Anita Staro XXX Yelena2004SarahAlso co-writer and directorGina2005Last DaysAsiaCindy: The Doll Is MineCindy Sherman / The ModelShort filmLand of the DeadSlack2006Live Freaky! Die Freaky!Habagail Folger (voice)Marie AntoinetteMadame du BarryTransylvaniaZingarinaFriendly FireGrand DameVideo2007Boarding GateSandraGo Go TalesMonroeVelliniSarah Mandy2008On WarUma2009Diamond 13Calhoune2011HorsesMadreIslandsMartinaBaciato dalla fortunaBettyDriftersBeatrice Plana2012Dracula 3DLucy KisslingerDo Not DisturbMonicaFirmezaAsiaShort film2013NayaObsessive RhythmsMargo2014ShongramSarahBangladeshi filmMisunderstoodDirector and writer2017ShadowShort film2018Alien Crystal PalaceSybille Atlante2020AgonyIsidora2021Sans soleilLéa2022Dark GlassesRitaPadre PioTall ManVeraAsia2023AnnaDario Argento Panico HerselfDocumentary film2024Queens of DramaMagalie Charmer Romeo Is Juliet HerselfCameo |
Asia Argento | Television | Television
Year Title Role Notes1985Sogni e bisogniGloriaEpisode: "Il ritorno di Guerriero"2000Les MisérablesÉponine ThénardierTV miniseries2004MiladySally La ChèvreTV film2011Sangue caldoAnna RosiEpisodes: "1.1", "1.2"2014Rodolfo Valentino – La leggendaNatacha RambovaEpisode: "1.2"2016Anthony Bourdain: Parts UnknownHerselfSeason 10, Episode 8: "Southern Italy: The Heel of the Boot"2016Ballando con le stelleContestant Series 112018The X Factor ItalyJudgeseries 12; auditions / judges' houses2020Pechino Express Contestant along with Vera Gemma Season 8 |
Asia Argento | Video games | Video games
Year Title Role Notes2008–2009Mirror's EdgeFaith ConnorsDubbed in the Italian version; Xbox 360/PlayStation 3/Microsoft Windows version |
Asia Argento | Writing | Writing
Argento's autobiography, Anatomy of a Wild Heart, was published in Italy on 26 January 2021. |
Asia Argento | Music videos | Music videos
"(s)AINT" – Marilyn Manson
"This Picture" – Placebo
"Live Fast! Die Old!" – with Munk
"Someone" – with Archigram and Antipop
"Sexodrome" – with Morgan
"Life Ain't Enough for You" – with The Legendary Tigerman
"My Stomach Is the Most Violent of All of Italy" – with The Legendary Tigerman
"Ours" – with Tim Burgess
"La vie est belle" – Indochine
"Dead Meat" – Sean Lennon |
Asia Argento | Discography | Discography
Album ReleasedAsia Argento (1 Disco Sux / 2 U Just Can't Stop the Rock / 3 Sad Core) 2008Archigram & Friends Total Entropy 2013Music From My Bed 2021 |
Asia Argento | Awards and nominations | Awards and nominations
AwardYearCategory Nominated workResultBrooklyn Film Festival2000Best New DirectorScarlet DivaCiak d'Oro1994Best ActressLet's Not Keep in Touch1996The Stendhal SyndromeDavid di Donatello1994Best ActressLet's Not Keep in Touch1997Travelling CompanionGlobo d'Oro1989Best ActressZoo1996Travelling Companion2010European AwardHerself2012Best ActressIslandsGrolla d'oro1996Best ActressTravelling CompanionMystFest1995Audience AwardDe GenerazioneNastro d'Argento1993Best ActressClose Friends1994Best Supporting ActressCondannato a nozze1995Best ActressLet's Not Keep in Touch1997Travelling Companion2006The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things2014Best ScreenplayMisunderstoodBulgari AwardHerselfPremi Flaiano1994Best ActressLet's Not Keep in Touch |
Asia Argento | Recognition | Recognition
In 2012, Argento was highlighted in the retrospective Argento: Il Cinema Nel Sangue at the Museum of Arts and Design in New York City. The retrospective celebrated the influence of the Argento family on filmmaking in Italy and around the world. It highlighted Asia's contribution as well as that of her mother (Daria Nicolodi), father, grandfather (Salvatore), and uncle (Claudio). |
Asia Argento | See also | See also
Cinema of Italy |
Asia Argento | References | References |
Asia Argento | External links | External links
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Italian actresses
Category:21st-century Italian actresses
Category:Actresses from Rome
Category:Child writers
Category:David di Donatello winners
Category:Ciak d'oro winners
Category:Women DJs
Category:Italian child actresses
Category:Italian female models
Category:Italian film actresses
Category:Italian film directors
Category:Italian people of Brazilian descent
Category:Italian women screenwriters
Category:Italian women film directors
Category:Italian television actresses
Category:Italian voice actresses
Category:People of Sicilian descent
Category:People of Tuscan descent
Category:People of Piedmontese descent
Category:20th-century Italian screenwriters
Category:21st-century Italian screenwriters
Category:Italian electronic dance music DJs
Category:21st-century Italian singers
Category:21st-century Italian women singers
Category:Italian women in electronic music
Category:Models from Rome
Category:Musicians from Rome
Category:Argento family |
Asia Argento | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, Personal life, Relationships, Sexual assault allegations by Argento, Sexual assault allegation against Argento, Filmography, Film, Television, Video games, Writing, Music videos, Discography, Awards and nominations, Recognition, See also, References, External links |
Optical mark recognition | Short description | Optical mark recognition (OMR) collects data from people by identifying markings on a paper.
OMR enables the hourly processing of hundreds or even thousands of documents. A common application of this technology is used in exams, where students mark cells as their answers. This allows for very fast automated grading of exam sheets. |
Optical mark recognition | Background | Background
thumb|OMR tests form, with registration marks and drop-out colors, designed to be scanned by dedicated OMR device
Many OMR devices have a scanner that shines a light onto a form. The device then looks at the contrasting reflectivity of the light at certain positions on the form. It will detect the black marks because they reflect less light than the blank areas on the form.
Some OMR devices use forms that are printed on transoptic paper. The device can then measure the amount of light that passes through the paper. It will pick up any black marks on either side of the paper because they reduce the amount of light passing through.
In contrast to the dedicated OMR device, desktop OMR software allows a user to create their own forms in a word processor or computer and print them on a laser printer. The OMR software then works with a common desktop image scanner with a document feeder to process the forms once filled out.
OMR is generally distinguished from optical character recognition (OCR) by the fact that a complicated pattern recognition engine is not required. That is, the marks are constructed in such a way that there is little chance that the OMR device will not read them correctly. This does require the image to have high contrast and an easily recognizable or irrelevant shape. A related field to OMR and OCR is the recognition of barcodes, such as the UPC bar code found on product packaging.
One of the most familiar applications of OMR is the use of #2 pencil (HB in Europe) bubble optical answer sheets in multiple choice question examinations. Students mark their answers, or other personal information, by darkening circles on a forms. The sheet is then graded by a scanning machine.
In the United States and most European countries, a horizontal or vertical "tick" in a rectangular "lozenge" is the most commonly used type of OMR form;
The most familiar form in the United Kingdom is the UK National lottery form.
Lozenge marks represent a later technology that is easier to mark and easier to erase. The large "bubble" marks are legacy technology from very early OMR machines that were so insensitive a large mark was required for reliability. In most Asian countries, a special marker is used to fill in an optical answer sheet. Students, likewise, mark answers or other information by darkening circles marked on a pre-printed sheet. Then the sheet is automatically graded by a scanning machine.
Many of today's OMR applications involve people filling in specialized forms. These forms are optimized for computer scanning, with careful registration in the printing, and careful design so that ambiguity is reduced to the minimum possible. Due to its extremely low error rate, low cost and ease-of-use, OMR is a popular method of tallying votes.Haag, S., Cummings, M., McCubbrey, D., Pinsonnault, A., Donovan, R. (2006). Management Information Systems for the Information Age (3rd ed.). Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
OMR marks are also added to items of printed mail so folder inserter equipment can be used. The marks are added to each (normally facing/odd) page of a mail document and consist of a sequence of black dashes that folder inserter equipment scans in order to determine when the mail should be folded then inserted in an envelope. |
Optical mark recognition | Optical answer sheet | Optical answer sheet
thumb|350x350px|A response to an SAT math question marked on an optical answer sheet
An optical answer sheet or bubble sheet is a special type of form used in multiple choice question examinations. OMR is used to detect answers. The Scantron Corporation creates many optical answer sheets, although certain uses require their own customized system.
Optical answer sheets usually have a set of blank ovals or boxes that correspond to each question, often on separate sheets of paper. Bar codes may mark the sheet for automatic processing, and each series of ovals filled will return a certain value when read. In this way students' answers can be digitally recorded, or identity given. |
Optical mark recognition | Reading | Reading
The first optical answer sheets were read by shining a light through the sheet and measuring how much of the light was blocked using phototubes on the opposite side. As some phototubes are mostly sensitive to the blue end of the visible spectrum,Mullard Technical Handbook Volume 4 Section 4:Photoemissive Cells (1960 Edition) blue pens could not be used, as blue inks reflect and transmit blue light. Because of this, number two pencils had to be used to fill in the bubbles—graphite is a very opaque substance which absorbs or reflects most of the light which hits it.
Modern optical answer sheets are read based on reflected light, measuring lightness and darkness. They do not need to be filled in with a number two pencil, though these are recommended over other types (this is due to the lighter marks made by higher-number pencils and the smudges from number 1 pencils). Black ink will be read, though many systems will ignore marks that are the same color the form is printed in. This also allows optical answer sheets to be double-sided because marks made on the opposite side will not interfere with reflectance readings as much as with opacity readings.
Most systems accommodate for human error in filling in ovals imprecisely—as long as they do not stray into the other ovals and the oval is almost filled, the scanner will detect it as filled in. |
Optical mark recognition | Designing and printing | Designing and printing
There are specific dimensions of designing OMR sheets with 0.05 mm precision on scale. If the dimensions are not up to the precision scale, the accuracy of the OMR sheet may vary, so the sheet should be designed, printed and cut perfectly.
Single Part – Sheets are printed on 105 gsm to 120 gsm paper on A4/Legal sheets.
Double Part (Carbonless) – Two sheets are printed; one on 105 gsm paper and one on 60-70 gsm paper on A4 sheets. The bottom of the first sheet and the top of the second sheet are chemically treated so that the impression of the first sheet comes on the second sheet.
Three Part (Carbonless) – Three sheets are printed on one 105 gsm paper and the other two are printed on 60-70 gsm paper on A4 sheets. The bottom of the first sheet, the top and bottom of the second sheet, and the top of the third sheet are chemically treated so that the impression of the first sheet comes on the second and third sheets. |
Optical mark recognition | Errors | Errors
It is possible for optical answer sheets to be printed incorrectly, such that all ovals will be read as filled. This occurs if the outline of the ovals is too thick, or is irregular. During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, this occurred with over 19,000 absentee ballots in the Georgia county of Gwinnett, and was discovered after around 10,000 had already been returned. The slight difference was not apparent to the naked eye, and was not detected until a test run was made in late October. This required all ballots to be transferred to correctly printed ones, by sequestered workers of the board of elections, under close observation by members of the Democratic and Republican (but not other) political parties, and county sheriff deputies. The transfer, by law, could not occur until election day (November 4). |
Optical mark recognition | OMR software | OMR software
thumb|Plain paper OMR survey form, without registration marks and drop-out colors, designed to be scanned by an image scanner and OMR software
OMR software is a computer software application that makes OMR possible on a desktop computer by using an Image scanner to process surveys, tests, attendance sheets, checklists, and other plain-paper forms printed on a laser printer.
OMR software is used to capture data from OMR sheets. While data capturing scanning devices focus on many factors like thickness of paper dimensions of OMR sheet and the designing pattern. |
Optical mark recognition | Commercial OMR software | Commercial OMR software
One of the first OMR software packages that used images from common image scanners was Remark Office OMR, made by Gravic, Inc. (originally named Principia Products, Inc.). Remark Office OMR 1.0 was released in 1991.
The need for OMR software originated because early optical mark recognition systems used dedicated scanners and special pre-printed forms with drop-out colors and registration marks. Such forms typically cost US$0.10 to $0.19 a page. In contrast, OMR software users design their own mark-sense forms with a word processor or built-in form editor, print them locally on a printer, and can save thousands of dollars on large numbers of forms.
Identifying optical marks within a form, such as for processing census forms, has been offered by many forms-processing (Batch Transaction Capture) companies since the late 1980s. Mostly this is based on a bitonal image and pixel count with minimum and maximum pixel counts to eliminate extraneous marks, such as those erased with a dirty eraser that when converted into a black-and-white image (bitonal) can look like a legitimate mark. So this method can cause problems when a user changes their mind, and so some products started to use grayscale to better identify the intent of the marker—internally scantron and NCS scanners used grayscale.
OMR software is also used for adding OMR marks to mail documents so they can be scanned by folder inserter equipment. An example of OMR software is Mail Markup from UK developer Funasset Limited. This software allows the user to configure and select an OMR sequence then apply the OMR marks to mail documents prior to printing. |
Optical mark recognition | History | History
Optical mark recognition (OMR) is the scanning of paper to detect the presence or absence of a mark in a predetermined position. Optical mark recognition has evolved from several other technologies. In the early 19th century and 20th century patents were given for machines that would aid the blind.
OMR is now used as an input device for data entry. Two early forms of OMR are paper tape and punch cards which use actual holes punched into the medium instead of pencil filled circles on the medium. Paper tape was used as early as 1857 as an input device for telegraph. Punch cards were created in 1890 and were used as input devices for computers. The use of punch cards declined greatly in the early 1970s with the introduction of personal computers.Palmer, Roger C. (1989, Sept) The Basics of Automatic Identification [Electronic version]. Canadian Datasystems, 21 (9), 30-33 With modern OMR, where the presence of a pencil filled in bubble is recognized, the recognition is done via an optical scanner.
The first mark sense scanner was the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine; this read marks by sensing the electrical conductivity of graphite pencil lead using pairs of wire brushes that scanned the page. In the 1930s, Richard Warren at IBM experimented with optical mark sense systems for test scoring, as documented in US Patents 2,150,256 (filed in 1932, granted in 1939) and 2,010,653 (filed in 1933, granted in 1935). The first successful optical mark-sense scanner was developed by Everett Franklin Lindquist as documented in US Patent 3,050,248 (filed in 1955, granted in 1962). Lindquist had developed numerous standardized educational tests, and needed a better test scoring machine than the then-standard IBM 805. The rights to Lindquist's patents were held by the Measurement Research Center until 1968, when the University of Iowa sold the operation to Westinghouse Corporation.
During the same period, IBM also developed a successful optical mark-sense test-scoring machine, as documented in US Patent 2,944,734 (filed in 1957, granted in 1960). IBM commercialized this as the IBM 1230 Optical mark scoring reader in 1962. This and a variety of related machines allowed IBM to migrate a wide variety of applications developed for its mark sense machines to the new optical technology. These applications included a variety of inventory management and trouble reporting forms, most of which had the dimensions of a standard punched card.
While the other players in the educational testing arena focused on selling scanning services, Scantron Corporation, founded in 1972, had a different model; it would distribute inexpensive scanners to schools and make profits from selling the test forms. As a result, many people came to think of all mark-sense forms (whether optically sensed or not) as scantron forms.
In 1983, Westinghouse Learning Corporation was acquired by National Computer Systems (NCS). In 2000, NCS was acquired by Pearson Education, where the OMR technology formed the core of Pearson's Data Management group. In February 2008, M&F Worldwide purchased the Data Management group from Pearson; the group is now part of the Scantron brand.
OMR has been used in many situations as mentioned below. The use of OMR in inventory systems was a transition between punch cards and bar codes and is not used as much for this purpose. OMR is still used extensively for surveys and testing though. |
Optical mark recognition | Usage | Usage
The use of OMR is not limited to schools or data collection agencies; many businesses and health care agencies use OMR to streamline their data input processes and reduce input error. OMR, OCR, and ICR technologies all provide a means of data collection from paper forms. OMR may also be done using an OMR (discrete read head) scanner or an imaging scanner.http://datamanagement.scantron.com/pdf/icr-ocr-omr.pdf |
Optical mark recognition | Applications | Applications
thumb|OMR betting form used in Japan Racing Association Fukushima Racecourse, Japan.
thumb|Betting ticket using this form.
There are many other applications for OMR, for examples:
In the process of institutional research
Community surveys
Consumer surveys
Tests and assessments
Evaluations and feedback
Data compilation
Product evaluation
Time sheets and inventory counts
Membership subscription forms
Lotteries and voting
Geocoding (e.g. postal codes)
Mortgage loan, banking, and insurance applications |
Optical mark recognition | Field types | Field types
OMR has different fields to provide the format the questioner desires. These fields include:
Multiple, where there are several options but only one is chosen. For example, the form might ask for one of the options ABCDE; 12345; completely disagree, disagree, indifferent, agree, completely agree; or similar.
Grid: the bubbles or lines are set up in a grid format for the user to fill in a phone number, name, ID number and so on.
Add, total the answers to a single value
Boolean, answering yes or no to all that apply
Binary, answering yes or no to only one
Dotted lines fields, developed by Smartshoot OMR, allow border dropping like traditional color dropping. |
Optical mark recognition | Capabilities/requirements | Capabilities/requirements
In the past and presently, some OMR systems require special paper, special ink and a special input reader (Bergeron, 1998). This restricts the types of questions that can be asked and does not allow for much variability when the form is being input. Progress in OMR now allows users to create and print their own forms and use a scanner (preferably with a document feeder) to read the information.Bergeron, The user is able to arrange questions in a format that suits their needs while still being able to easily input the data.LoPresti, 1996 OMR systems approach one hundred percent accuracy and only take 5 milliseconds on average to recognize marks. Users can use squares, circles, ellipses and hexagons for the mark zone. The software can then be set to recognize filled in bubbles, crosses or check marks.
OMR can also be used for personal use. There are all-in-one printers in the market that will print the photos the user selects by filling in the bubbles for size and paper selection on an index sheet that has been printed. Once the sheet has been filled in, the individual places the sheet on the scanner to be scanned and the printer will print the photos according to the marks that were indicated. |
Optical mark recognition | Disadvantages | Disadvantages
There are also some disadvantages and limitations to OMR. If the user wants to gather large amounts of text, then OMR complicates the data collection.Green, 2000 There is also the possibility of missing data in the scanning process, and incorrectly or unnumbered pages can lead to their being scanned in the wrong order. Also, unless safeguards are in place, a page could be rescanned, providing duplicate data and skewing the data.
As a result of the widespread adoption and ease of use of OMR, standardized examinations can consist primarily of multiple-choice questions, changing the nature of what is being tested. |
Optical mark recognition | See also | See also
AI effect
Applications of artificial intelligence
Clock mark
Electronic data capture
Mark sense
Object recognition
Optical character recognition
Pattern recognition
Benjamin D. Wood
Lists
List of emerging technologies
Outline of artificial intelligence |
Optical mark recognition | References | References
Category:Optical character recognition
Category:Paper data storage
ja:マークシート |
Optical mark recognition | Table of Content | Short description, Background, Optical answer sheet, Reading, Designing and printing, Errors, OMR software, Commercial OMR software, History, Usage, Applications, Field types, Capabilities/requirements, Disadvantages, See also, References |
TI-83 series | Short description | The TI-83 series is a series of graphing calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments.
The original TI-83 is itself an upgraded version of the TI-82. Released in 1996, it was one of the most popular graphing calculators for students. In addition to the functions present on normal scientific calculators, the TI-83 includes many features, including function graphing, polar/parametric/sequence graphing modes, statistics, trigonometric, and algebraic functions, along with many useful applications. Although it does not include as many calculus functions, applications and programs can be written on the calculator or loaded from external sources.
The TI-83 was redesigned twice, first in 1999 and again in 2001. TI replaced the TI-83 with the TI-83 Plus in 1999. The 2001 redesign introduced a design very similar to the TI-73 and TI-83 Plus, eliminating the sloped screen that had been common on TI graphing calculators since the TI-81. Beginning with the 1999 release of the TI-83 Plus, it has included Flash memory, enabling the device's operating system to be updated if needed, or for large new Flash Applications to be stored, accessible through a new Apps key. The Flash memory can also be used to store user programs and data. In 2001, the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition was released, which featured approximately nine times the available flash memory, and over twice the processing speed (15 MHz) of a standard TI-83 Plus, all in a translucent grey case inlaid with small "sparkles". The 2001 redesign (nicknamed the TI-83 "Parcus") introduced a slightly different shape to the calculator itself, eliminated the glossy grey screen border, and reduced cost by streamlining the printed circuit board to four units. |
TI-83 series | Additional models | Additional models |
TI-83 series | TI-83 Plus | TI-83 Plus
The TI-83 Plus was designed in 1999 as an upgrade to the TI-83. The TI-83 Plus is one of TI's most popular calculators. It uses a Zilog Z80 microprocessor running at 6 MHz, a 96×64 monochrome LCD screen, and 4 AAA batteries as well as backup CR1616 or CR1620 battery. A link port is also built into the calculator in the form of a 2.5 mm jack. The main improvement over the TI-83, however, is the addition of 512 KB of Flash ROM, which allows for operating system upgrades and applications to be installed. Most of the Flash memory is used by the operating system, with 160 KB available for user files and applications. Another development is the ability to install Flash Applications, which allows the user to add functionality to the calculator. Such applications have been made for math and science, text editing (both uppercase and lowercase letters), organizers and day planners, editing spread sheets, games, and many other uses.
Designed for use by high school and college students, though now used by middle school students in some public school systems, it contains all the features of a scientific calculator as well as function, parametric, polar, and sequential graphing capabilities; an environment for financial calculations; matrix operations; on-calculator programming; and more. Symbolic manipulation (differentiation, algebra) is not built into the TI-83 Plus. It can be programmed using a language called TI-BASIC, which is similar to the BASIC computer language. Programming may also be done in TI Assembly, made up of Z80 assembly and a collection of TI provided system calls. Assembly programs run much faster, but are more difficult to write. Thus, the writing of Assembly programs is often done on a computer. |
TI-83 series | TI-83 Plus Silver Edition | TI-83 Plus Silver Edition
thumb|upright|TI-83 Plus Silver Edition
The TI-83 Plus Silver Edition was released in 2001. Its enhancements are 1.5 MB of flash memory, a dual-speed 6/15 MHz processor, 96 KB of additional RAM (but TI has yet to code support for the entire RAM into an OS), an improved link transfer hardware, a translucent silver case, and more applications preinstalled. This substantial Flash memory increase is significant. Whereas the TI-83+ can only hold a maximum of 10 apps (or more often less, dependent on size), the Silver Edition can hold up to 94 apps. It also includes a USB link cable in the box. It is almost completely compatible with the TI-83 Plus; the only problems that may arise are with programs (e.g. games) that may run too quickly on the Silver Edition or with some programs which have problems with the link hardware. The key layout is the same.
A second version of the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition exists, the ViewScreen (VSC) version. It is virtually identical, but has an additional port at the screen end of the rear of the unit, enabling displays on overhead projectors via a cable and panel. It looks similar to the standard TI-83 Plus, but has a silver-colored frame, identical to the standard Silver Edition, around the screen.
The TI-83 Plus Silver Edition is listed on the Texas Instruments website as "discontinued."
In April 2004, the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition was replaced by the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition. They feature the same processor and the same amount of Flash memory, but the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition features a built-in USB port, clock, and changeable faceplates. |
TI-83 series | Technical specifications | Technical specifications
CPU: Zilog Z80 CPU, 6 MHz (TI-83, 83+), or 15 MHz (Silver Edition), or Inventec 6SI837 (TI-83+ revision A)
ROM
24 kB ROM (TI-83)
Flash ROM: 512 KB with 163 KB available for user data and programs (83+) or 2 MB (Silver Edition)
RAM: 32 KB RAM with 24 KB available for user data and programs (128 KB on Silver Edition, however the extra 96 KB is not user accessible by default, this extra memory is used in some Applications such as Omnicalc for a RAM recovery feature and a virtual calc)
Display
Text: 16×8 characters (normal font)
Graphics: 96×64 pixels, monochrome 3" LCD
I/O
Link port, 9.6 kbit/s
50 button built-in keypad
Power: 4 AAA batteries plus 1 CR1616 or CR1620 for backup
Integrated programming languages: TI-BASIC, Assembly language and machine code. C requires a computer with a Z80 cross-compiler or an on-calc assembler. |
TI-83 series | Programming | Programming
The TI-83 Plus series are very similar in the languages natively supported by the calculator. These include "TI-BASIC", an interpreted language used by all of TI's calculators, and "TI-ASM", an unofficial name for the native Z80 assembly language on which the calculator is based. |
TI-83 series | TI-BASIC | TI-BASIC
TI-BASIC is the built-in language for TI-83 series calculators, as well as many other TI graphing calculators. Due to its simplicity and the ubiquity of TI calculators in school curricula, for many students it is their first experience with programming. Below is an example of a hello world program equivalent to the assembly language example.
:ClrHome
:Disp "Hello World!" |
TI-83 series | Assembly language | Assembly language
The TI-83 was the first calculator in the TI series to have built-in assembly language support. The TI-92, TI-85, and TI-82 were capable of running assembly language programs, but only after sending a specially constructed (hacked) memory backup. The support on the TI-83 could be accessed through a hidden feature of the calculator. Users would write their assembly (ASM) program on their computer, assemble it, and send it to their calculator as a program. The user would then execute the command "Send (9prgm" (then the name/number of the program), and it would execute the program. Successors of the TI-83 replaced the Send() backdoor with a less-hidden Asm() command.
Z80 assembly language gives a programmer much more power over the calculator than the built-in language, TI-BASIC. On the downside, Z80 assembly is more difficult to learn than TI-BASIC. Z80 assembly language can be programmed on the computer and sent to the calculator via USB port, written by hand directly into the program editor (using the hexadecimal equivalents to the op-codes) or compiled using third party compiler programs. Programs written in assembly are much faster and more efficient than those using TI-BASIC, as it is the processor's native language, and does not have to be interpreted.
An example program that displays "Hello World!" on the screen is given. Note that b_call() is not an instruction, but a macro (syntactic sugar) for calling an OS routine.
.nolist ; Standard header
#include "ti83plus.inc"
.list
.org userMem-2
.db t2ByteTok,tAsmCmp
Main:
b_call(_ClrScrnFull) ; Clears the screen
b_call(_HomeUp) ; Moves the cursor to the top-left corner of the screen
ld hl,Hello ; Loads the address that points to "Hello World" into register hl (16-bit)
b_call(_PutS) ; Displays "Hello World" on the screen
ret ; Pops the last value pushed onto the stack into the program execution register
; May be used to end the program depending on what's on the stack
Hello: ; Gives the label an equate address in memory
.db "Hello World!",0 ; The hex values of "Hello World" are stored in program data
.end ; Marks the end of a file
.end ; Two .ends must be used because of a bug in the standard compiler |
TI-83 series | Firmware replacement | Firmware replacement
TI continued to rely on RSA cryptographic signing keys only 512 bits long for many years after it was known that longer keys were necessary for security. 512-bit keys had been publicly cracked in 1999 as part of the RSA Factoring Challenge.Herman te Riele (1999-08-26), New factorization record (announcement of factorization of RSA-155). Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
In 2009, a group of enthusiasts used brute force and distributed methods to find all of the cryptographic signing keys for the TI calculator firmware, allowing users to directly flash their own operating systems to the devices. The key for the TI-83 Plus calculator was first published by someone at the unitedti.org forum. They needed several months to crack it. The other keys were found after a few weeks by the unitedti.org community through a distributed computing project. Texas Instruments then began sending out DMCA take-down requests to a variety of different websites mirroring the keys, including unitedTI and reddit.com. They then became subject to the Streisand effect and were mirrored on a number of different sites. |
TI-83 series | Successor | Successor
The TI-84 Plus series was introduced in April 2004 as a further update to the TI-83 Plus line. Despite the new appearance, there are very few actual changes. The main improvements of the TI-84 Plus and TI-84 Plus Silver Edition are a modernized case design, changeable faceplates (Silver Edition only), a few new functions, more speed and memory, a clock, and USB port connectivity. The TI-84 Plus also has a brighter screen with a clearer contrast, though this caused a bug with the LCD driver in some calculators sold. The TI-84 Plus has 3 times the memory of the TI-83 Plus, and the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition has 9 times the memory of the TI-83 Plus. They both have 2.5 times the speed of the TI-83 Plus. The operating system and math functionality remain essentially the same, as does the standard link port for connecting with the rest of the TI calculator series.
While mobile devices and the internet have superseded any calculator's capabilities, standardized testing precludes the use of those devices. Furthermore, textbooks have been tailored for the TI-83 effectively giving the calculator a "monopoly in the field of high school mathematics." |
TI-83 series | See also | See also
Comparison of Texas Instruments graphing calculators
Calculator Gaming
Cemetech
Small Device C Compiler
Z88DK |
TI-83 series | References | References |
TI-83 series | External links | External links
Features of the TI-83 Plus, and TI-83 Plus Silver Edition Texas Instruments Product Info
TI-83 Plus Guide Book Texas Instruments Product Documentation
How Texas Instruments Monopolized Math Class How students are using DonorsChoose to raise money to buy TI graphing calculators
Category:Graphing calculators
TI-83
Category:Products introduced in 1996
Category:Z80 |
TI-83 series | Table of Content | Short description, Additional models, TI-83 Plus, TI-83 Plus Silver Edition, Technical specifications, Programming, TI-BASIC, Assembly language, Firmware replacement, Successor, See also, References, External links |
Scientific calculator | Short description | thumb|120px|Casio fx-991DE X - a modern digital calculator from Casio with a dot matrix "Natural Textbook" LCD
thumb|120px|Casio fx-77, a solar-powered digital calculator from the 1980s using a single-line LCD
A scientific calculator is an electronic calculator, either desktop or handheld, designed to perform calculations using basic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and advanced (trigonometric, hyperbolic, etc.) mathematical operations and functions. They have completely replaced slide rules as well as books of mathematical tables and are used in both educational and professional settings.
In some areas of study and professions scientific calculators have been replaced by graphing calculators and financial calculators which have the capabilities of a scientific calculator along with the capability to graph input data and functions, as well as by numerical computing, computer algebra, statistical, and spreadsheet software packages running on personal computers. Both desktop and mobile software calculators can also emulate many functions of a physical scientific calculator. Standalone scientific calculators remain popular in secondary and tertiary education because computers and smartphones are often prohibited during exams to reduce the likelihood of cheating. |
Scientific calculator | Functions | Functions
When electronic calculators were originally marketed they normally had only four or five capabilities (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root). Modern scientific calculators generally have many more capabilities than the original four- or five-function calculator, and the capabilities differ between manufacturers and models.
The capabilities of a modern scientific calculator include:
Scientific notation
Floating-point decimal arithmetic
Logarithmic functions, using both base 10 and base
Trigonometric functions (some including hyperbolic trigonometry)
Exponential functions and roots beyond the square root
Quick access to constants such as and
In addition, high-end scientific calculators generally include some or all of the following:
Cursor controls to edit equations and view previous calculations (some calculators such as the LCD-8310, badge engineered under both Olympia and United Office keep the number of the previous result on-screen for convenience while the new calculation is being entered.)
Hexadecimal, binary, and octal calculations, including basic Boolean mathematics
Complex numbers
Fractions calculations
Statistics and probability calculations
Programmability — see Programmable calculator
Equation solving and computer algebra
Matrix calculations
Calculus
Letters that can be used for spelling words or including variables into an equation
Conversion of units
Physical constants
Vector calculations
Random number generation
While most scientific calculators have traditionally used a single-line display similar to traditional pocket calculators, many of them have more digits (10 to 12), sometimes with extra digits for the floating-point exponent. A few have multi-line displays, with some models from Hewlett-Packard, Texas Instruments (both US manufacturers), Casio, Sharp, and Canon (all three Japanese makers) using dot matrix displays similar to those found on graphing calculators. |
Scientific calculator | Uses | Uses
Scientific calculators are used widely in situations that require quick access to certain mathematical functions, especially those that were once looked up in mathematical tables, such as trigonometric functions or logarithms. They are also used for calculations of very large or very small numbers, as in some aspects of astronomy, physics, and chemistry.
They are very often required for math classes from the junior high school level through college, and are generally either permitted or required on many standardized tests covering math and science subjects; as a result, many are sold into educational markets to cover this demand, and some high-end models include features making it easier to translate a problem on a textbook page into calculator input, e.g. by providing a method to enter an entire problem in as it is written on the page using simple formatting tools. |
Scientific calculator | History | History
left|thumb|120px|HP-35, the world's first scientific pocket calculator, was introduced in 1972 by Hewlett-Packard. It used reverse Polish notation and an LED display.
right|thumb|120px|TI SR-50
The first scientific calculator that included all of the basic ideas above was the programmable Hewlett-Packard HP-9100A,HP-9100A/B at hpmuseum.org released in 1968, though the Wang LOCI-2 and the Mathatronics Mathatron had some features later identified with scientific calculator designs. The HP-9100 series was built entirely from discrete transistor logic with no integrated circuits, and was one of the first uses of the CORDIC algorithm for trigonometric computation in a personal computing device, as well as the first calculator based on reverse Polish notation (RPN) entry. HP became closely identified with RPN calculators from then on, and even today some of their high-end calculators (particularly the long-lived HP-12C financial calculator and the HP-48 series of graphing calculators) still offer RPN as their default input mode due to having garnered a very large following.
The HP-35, introduced on February 1, 1972, was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first handheld scientific calculator.HP-35 Scientific Calculator Awarded IEEE Milestone Like some of HP's desktop calculators it used RPN. Introduced at US$395, the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975.
Texas Instruments (TI), after the production of several units with scientific notation, introduced a handheld scientific calculator on January 15, 1974, in the form of the SR-50.SR-50 page at datamath.org TI's long-running TI-30 series being one of the most widely used scientific calculators in classrooms.
Casio, Canon, and Sharp, produced their graphing calculators, with Casio's FX series (beginning with the Casio FX-1 in 1972Casio FX-1 Desktop Scientific Calculator). Casio was the first company to produce a Graphing calculator (Casio fx-7000G). |
Scientific calculator | See also | See also
Formula calculator
Calculator input methods
Software calculators
Mathematical software |
Scientific calculator | References | References
Category:Calculators
Category:Office equipment |
Scientific calculator | Table of Content | Short description, Functions, Uses, History, See also, References |
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