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Ivans Xtc | Table of Content | Infobox film
, Cast, Production, Release, Reception, Accolades, References, External links |
Cleveland Crunch | Infobox football club
| The Cleveland Crunch is an American professional indoor soccer club located in Cleveland, Ohio.
Formed in 1989 as an expansion team in the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL), the Crunch played a total of 16 seasons in three separate leagues under two different names. The team played three seasons in the original MISL, later known as the Major Soccer League (MSL), before joining the rival National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) in 1992. After nine seasons in the NPSL (including winning three league titles - 1994, 1996, 1999), the team joined a second incarnation of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) in 2001. In 2002, the team was rebranded the Cleveland Force in honor of the former team of the same name. After four seasons in the second MISL, the team folded in 2005.
The Cleveland Crunch franchise was revived in 2020. The team joined Major Arena Soccer League 2 (MASL 2) for the 2021 season (winning the MASL 2 championship) and then joined Major League Indoor Soccer (MLIS) for its 2023 season, winning the MLIS Championship in 2024. All totaled, the Crunch recognizes all five championships won under the various incarnations of the franchise (three NPSL, one MASL 2, one MLIS). |
Cleveland Crunch | History | History |
Cleveland Crunch | Founding of the Cleveland Crunch | Founding of the Cleveland Crunch
The original Cleveland Force team had folded on July 22, 1988. Akron businessmen George S. Hoffman and Stuart Lichter formed an ownership group; named Al Miller general manager; and named former Force star Kai Haaskivi player-coach. Miller and Haaskivi brought back many players who had been fan favorites during the Force's height of popularity in the mid-1980s. The Crunch's home arena was originally the Richfield Coliseum.
Near the end of the Crunch's first season, Miller engineered a trade that would help Cleveland make the championship finals in seven of the next 10 years. He sent veteran forward Paul Wright to the San Diego Sockers for Zoran Karic, a feisty forward who immediately hit it off with Cleveland star Hector Marinaro. Within weeks, they were dubbed the "Dynamic Duo" and together rewrote the scoring record books for the next decade. |
Cleveland Crunch | Move to NPSL and Three Championships | Move to NPSL and Three Championships
In 1992 the Crunch joined the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) where it made a name for itself as a dominating soccer club, winning three championships in five seasons.
When the original MISL ceased operation in the summer of 1992, the Crunch, Baltimore and Wichita joined the rival NPSL as "expansion teams". All were permitted to keep only six players, then fill the rest of their rosters in an expansion draft of players made available by other NPSL teams.
The NPSL, in an effort to promote the sport in the United States, had a cap of two non-Americans allowed on a roster. Canadian-born Marinaro and Serbia native Karic filled that quota immediately. Besides Marinaro and Karic, holdovers from the MISL Crunch were midfielders Tommy Tanner and Andy Schmetzer, defender George Fernandez and young goalkeeper Otto Orf.
Orf had only a 14–32 record the previous three years with the club as backup to P.J. Johns. Before switching leagues, Miller had signed four-time NPSL goalkeeper of the year Jamie Swanner from the Canton Invaders. That contract was voided when the Crunch entered the NPSL. Swanner and several ex-Invaders signed as free agents with another expansion team, the Buffalo Blizzard. New Crunch coach Gary Hindley wanted Orf as his starter, citing the big keeper's strong throwing arm as an offensive weapon. He wanted Orf getting the ball to Marinaro and Karic with outlet passes at the team's new home, the CSU Convocation Center, where the playing surface was considerably smaller than at the Richfield Coliseum.
Orf became a 25-game winner, Marinaro and Karic shattered all scoring records, and Cleveland advanced to the league finals, where it lost to the Kansas City Attack, three games to two.
A year later, the Crunch finally broke through to win Cleveland's first championship in any pro sport in 30 years. Marinaro scored the dramatic game-winner in double overtime as Cleveland overcame a 15–10 deficit to defeat the visiting St. Louis Ambush, 17–15, to take the series, three games to one. The team went on to win two more championships, in the 1995-96 and 1998-99 seasons.
Lichter faded from view when the MISL folded and Hoffman became even more active as owner during the Crunch's almost yearly run to the finals. Hoffman eventually sold his interest to a Cleveland group headed by Richard Dietrich. Soon after, the NPSL reorganized itself as the new Major Indoor Soccer League in 2001. The team took on the old Cleveland Force name in 2002. |
Cleveland Crunch | Franchise revival | Franchise revival
In 2020, a new ownership group announced it was reviving the Cleveland Crunch brand, after the team's 18-year hiatus, and returning professional indoor soccer to Cleveland.
The team joined the Major Arena Soccer League 2 (MASL 2) for the 2021 season. In its first season back, the team earned the Cleveland Crunch's fourth league title, defeating the Wichita Wings 11-6 to win the MASL 2 Championship.
In 2023, the team moved to Major League Indoor Soccer (MLIS) winning the MLIS Championship in 2024, and giving the franchise its overall fifth title (from three different leagues) in team history. |
Cleveland Crunch | Championships | Championships |
Cleveland Crunch | NPSL | NPSL
1993–94
1995–96
1998–99 |
Cleveland Crunch | MASL 2 | MASL 2
2021 |
Cleveland Crunch | MLIS | MLIS
2024 |
Cleveland Crunch | Individual honors | Individual honors
Most Valuable Player Award
1992–93 Hector Marinaro
1993–94 Zoran Karic
1994–95 Hector Marinaro
1995–96 Hector Marinaro (shared with Milwaukee's Victor Nogueira)
1996–97 Hector Marinaro
1998–99 Hector Marinaro
1999–00 Hector Marinaro
Scoring Champions
1991–92 Zoran Karic, 102 points in 37 games
1992–93 Hector Marinaro, 248 points in 38 games
1993–94 Zoran Karic, 267 points in 36 games
1994–95 Hector Marinaro, 255 points in 32 games
1995–96 Hector Marinaro, 247 points in 33 games
1996–97 Hector Marinaro, 265 points in 36 games
1997–98 Hector Marinaro, 212 points in 36 games
1998–99 Hector Marinaro, 195 points in 34 games
1999–00 Hector Marinaro, 231 points in 38 games
2000–01 Hector Marinaro, 161 points in 34 games
All-Star Game MVP
1993 game in Cleveland, Zoran Karic
1995 game in Buffalo, Zoran Karic (shared with Kansas City's Brian Haynes)
1999 game in Wichita, Zoran Karic
2001 game in Buffalo, John Ball
Rookie of the Year Award
1991–92 Tommy Tanner
1994–95 Henry Gutierrez
All-Rookie Team
1991–92 Tommy Tanner, 1st team
1993–94 Troy Dayak, 2nd team
1994–95 Scott Schweitzer, 1st team
1994–95 Henry Gutierrez, 1st team
1995–96 Todd Dusosky, 2nd team
1996–97 John Ball, 1st team
1997–98 Shawn Boney, 2nd team
1997–98 Bo Simic, 2nd team
2001–02 Marco Reda, 1st team
2001–02 Justin Evans, 1st team |
Cleveland Crunch | Head coaches | Head coaches
Kai Haaskivi (1989–90) 29–50, .367
Trevor Dawkins (1990–92) 40–25, .615; Playoffs: 8–11, .421
Gary Hindley (1992–95) 78–42, .650; Playoffs: 15–12, .555
Bruce Miller (1995-01) 149–87, .631; Playoffs: 27–18, .600
George Fernandez (2001) 3–5, .375
Mike Pilger (2001–02) 17–31, .354
Andy Schmetzer (2002–04) 33–38, .465; Playoffs: 0–2 .000
Omid Namazi (2004–05) 23–16, .590; Playoffs: 2–2 .500
Louis Kastelic (2020-22) 19-3 .864; Playoffs: 3-1 .750
Benny Dargle (2022-23) 9-3, .750; Playoffs: 2-1, .666
Antonio Manfut (2023-present) 20-4, .833; Playoffs: 3-1, .750 |
Cleveland Crunch | Arenas | Arenas
Richfield Coliseum 1989–92
Wolstein Center 1992-05; 2025 (playoffs)
Soccer Complex 2020-present
I-X Center select games 2022-23 |
Cleveland Crunch | Year-by-year | Year-by-year
YearLeagueReg. seasonPlayoffsAvg. attendance1989–90MISL4th East, 20–32did not qualify5,5431990–91MSL1st East, 29–23Runners-up4,6401991–92MSL3rd MISL, 20–20Lost Semifinal7,0561992–93NPSL2nd American, 25–15Runners-up6,4831993–94NPSL2nd American, 23–17Won Championship6,6771994–95NPSL1st American, 30–10Lost Semifinal7,5791995–96NPSL1st American, 31–9Won Championship7,6471996–97NPSL1st Central, 29–11Runners-up8,0441997–98NPSL2nd Central, 21–19Lost Conference Semifinal8,2651998–99NPSL1st Central, 26–14Won Championship8,0341999–00NPSL1st Central, 27–17Runners-up6,2902000–01NPSL5th American, 18–22did not qualify6,3172001–02MISL5th MISL, 16–28did not qualify4,6882002–03MISL 2nd East, 19–17Lost Conference Semifinal5,3812003–04MISL 3rd East, 15–21Lost Quarterfinal4,9552004–05MISL 2nd MISL, 23–16Runners-up3,6392020-21MASL 22nd M2, 7-1Won Championship1,0002021-22MASL 2 1st Great Lakes, 12-0Runners-up1,0002022-23MLIS2nd Eastern, 9-3 Lost Semifinal1,0002023-24MLIS 1st MLIS, 9-3Won Championship1,0002024-25MLIS 1st MLIS, 11-1Runners-up1,000 |
Cleveland Crunch | Playoffs | Playoffs
1990–91
MSL Eastern Division Finals: Defeated Kansas City Comets, 4–3
MSL Championship Series: Lost to San Diego Sockers, 4–2
1991–92
MSL Semifinals: Lost to Dallas Sidekicks, 4–2
1992–93
NPSL American Division Semifinals: Defeated Buffalo Blizzard, 2–1
NPSL American Division Finals: Defeated Harrisburg Heat, 2–1
NPSL Championship Series: Lost to Kansas City Attack, 3–2
1993–94
NPSL American Division Semifinals: Defeated Buffalo Blizzard, 2–1
NPSL American Division Finals: Defeated Harrisburg Heat, 2–1
NPSL Championship Series: Defeated St. Louis Ambush, 3–1
1994–95
NPSL American Division Semifinals: Defeated Buffalo Blizzard, 2–1
NPSL American Division Finals: Lost to Harrisburg Heat, 3–0
1995–96
NPSL American Division Semifinals: Defeated Buffalo Blizzard, 2–1
NPSL American Division Finals: Defeated Baltimore Spirit, 3–1
NPSL Championship Series: Defeated Kansas City Attack, 4–2
1996–97
NPSL American Conference Semifinals: Defeated Baltimore Spirit, 2–1
NPSL American Conference Finals: Defeated Harrisburg Heat, 3–1
NPSL Championship Series: Lost to Kansas City Attack, 4–0
1997–98
NPSL American Conference Semifinals: Lost to Philadelphia Kixx, 2–0
1998–99
NPSL American Conference Semifinals: Defeated Montreal Impact, 2–1
NPSL American Conference Finals: Defeated Philadelphia Kixx, 2–0
NPSL Championship Series: Defeated St. Louis Ambush, 3–2
1999–2000
NPSL American Conference Semifinals: Defeated Montreal Impact, 2–0
NPSL American Conference Finals: Defeated Baltimore Blast, 2–0
NPSL Championship Series: Lost to Milwaukee Wave, 3–2
2002–03
MISL Eastern Conference Semifinals: Lost to Baltimore Blast 1–0
2003–04
MISL Eastern Conference Quarterfinals: Lost to Dallas Sidekicks 1–0
2004–05
MISL Semifinals: Defeated Philadelphia Kixx 2–0
MISL Finals: Lost to Milwaukee Wave 2–0
2020-21
MASL2 Semifinals: Defeated FC Amarillo Bombers 12–6
MASL2 Finals: Defeated Wichita Wings 11–6
2021-22
MASL2 Semifinals: Defeated Muskingun Risers 6-5
MASL2 Finals: Lost to San Diego Sockers2 4-7
2022-23
MLIS Wild Card: Defeated Chicago Mustangs 12-6
MLIS Semifinals: Lost to Omaha Kings 7-8
2023-24
MLIS Semifinals: Defeated Grand Rapids City FC 11-5 MLIS Finals: Defeated Omaha Kings 9-4
2024-25
MLIS Semifinals: Defeated PAO Chicago 14-2 MLIS Finals: Lost to Amarillo Bombers 10-8 OT |
Cleveland Crunch | References | References |
Cleveland Crunch | External links | External links
Official team website
Cleveland's first sports championship since the 1964 Browns
Category:1989 establishments in Ohio
Category:Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) teams
Category:Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008) teams
Category:National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) teams
Category:Soccer clubs in Ohio
Category:Soccer clubs in Cleveland
Category:Association football clubs established in 1989 |
Cleveland Crunch | Table of Content | Infobox football club
, History, Founding of the Cleveland Crunch, Move to NPSL and Three Championships, Franchise revival, Championships, NPSL, MASL 2, MLIS, Individual honors, Head coaches, Arenas, Year-by-year, Playoffs, References, External links |
CherryOS | Short description | CherryOS was a PowerPC G4 processor emulator for x86 Microsoft Windows platforms, which allowed various Apple Inc. programs to be operated on Windows XP. Announced and made available for pre-orders on October 12, 2004, it was developed by Maui X-Stream (MXS), a startup company based in Lahaina, Hawaii and a subsidiary of Paradise Television. The program encountered a number of launch difficulties its first year, including a poorly-reviewed soft launch in October 2004, wherein Wired Magazine argued that CherryOS used code grafted directly from PearPC, an older open-source emulator. Lead developer Arben Kryeziu subsequently stated that PearPC had provided the inspiration for CherryOS, but "not the work, not the architecture. With their architecture I'd never get the speed."
After further development, CherryOS 1.0 was released in its final form on March 8, 2005, with support for CD, DVD, USB, FireWire, and Ethernet. It was described as automatically detecting "hardware and network connections" and allowing "for the use of virtually any OS X-ready application," including Safari and Mail. Estimated to be compatible with approximately 70 percent of PCs, MXS again fielded accusations that CherryOS 1.0 incorporated code from PearPC. MXS argued CherryOS was "absolutely not" a knockoff," and that though "certain generic code strings and screen verbiage used in Pear PC are also used in CherryOS... they are not proprietary to the Pear PC product." Shortly afterwards the creators of PearPC were reported to be "contemplating" litigation against Maui X-Stream, and on April 6, 2005, CherryOS was announced to be on hold. A day later, CherryOS announced that "due to overwhelming demand, Cherry open source project launches May 1, 2005." |
CherryOS | History | History |
CherryOS | Background and development | Background and development
On October 12, 2004, the emulator CherryOS was announced by Maui X-Stream (MXS), a startup company based in Lahaina, Hawaii and a subsidiary of Paradise Television. At the time MXS was best known for developing software for video streaming, particularly their VX3 encoder. As a new emulator intended to allow Mac OS X to be utilized on x86 computer architecture, CherryOS was advertised as working on Windows 98, Windows 2000 or Windows XP, with features such as allowing files to be dragged from PC to Mac, the creation of multiple profiles, and support for networking and sound. With development led by MXS employee and software developer Arben Kryeziu, CherryOS was made available for pre-order on the MXS website.
Some articles hailed CherryOS as a new potential competitor for programs such as MacWindows, while the Irish Times would later write that certain groups of consumers "were suspicious as to how a little-known Hawaii-based outfit... could suddenly do something that had evaded much larger firms." In explaining the suspicion, Ars Technica later noted that emulators by small developers like PearPC had reputations for working extremely slowly, meaning CherryOS's claim of operating 80 percent of the host PC's speed would have been "a major breakthrough" in the industry. When asked by the Star Bulletin, at this point Kryeziu denied any possibility that CherryOS would contain code from a rival program like Apple, MacWindows, Emulators.com, or PearPC, stating that "our lawyers have looked at this and say we're in the clear. We wrote this from scratch and we're clean as a whistle."
According to the Star Bulletin, suspicions that CherryOS might be a hoax "were fanned" by glitches on the CherryOS home website, and three days after the site opened for pre-sales it crashed after taking 300,000 daily hits. MXS president Jim Kartes crediting the crash on both unexpected high traffic and Mac "purists" who had hacked and destroyed the servers, and though MXS continued to accept non-digital pre-orders, by October 19 the CherryOS website was offline entirely as MXS switched to a new web host. |
CherryOS | Pre-release version | Pre-release version
Initially the company did not offer a trial version of CherryOS, citing concerns the code might be pirated. However, "as a direct result of the overwhelming response to our October 12 announcement," as of October 15 the company was readying a free beta version with a projected release date of November 25, 2004. On October 18, Kryeziu stated that a free public demo would be released within a week, and CherryOS was first registered to be trademarked in the United States on October 19, 2004. On October 19, however, Kryeziu withheld a timetable for the CherryOS release, stating the company had been pre-emptive in releasing the earlier "soft launch" version, and that CherryOS still had too many software bugs to predict a release date. Wired News reviewed a pre-release version around this time, reporting on October 22 that an expert had found distinguishing "watermarks" from PearPC's source code in CherryOS. Moreover, the pre-release version was reviewed to run at the same slow speed as PearPC, though Wired noted "they've actually done some work on it. They've written a whole graphical interface that makes [PearPC] easier to use."
In response to the article, MXS stated that the edition tested by Wired had been a "very bad...premature version" that "is not CherryOS," and that one of the CherryOS programmers had since been fired for directly grafting elements of PearPC code into the release. A competing emulator, PearPC been released the year before under the GNU General Public License, which allows commercial products to use the software for profit under "certain conditions, such as acknowledging previous work." Kryeziu stated PearPC had provided the inspiration for CherryOS, but "not the work, not the architecture. With their architecture I'd never get the speed I got." He argued that some similarities between CherryOS and PearPC were a result of "the fact that they were designed to perform similar functions," and that "there are some functionalities that can only be done a certain way, and names are going to be similar or identical." Wired senior editor Leander Kahney posited that if the final CherryOS release did contain PearPC code, PearPC would be unlikely to sue Maui X-Stream for "a cut of any profits since open-source codes are protected more by an honor system than any legal basis." By October 22, Kryeziu stated to Wired that he'd been contacted by Apple Computer for an undisclosed reason that "wasn't bad." |
CherryOS | CherryOS 1.0 release | CherryOS 1.0 release
After a delay, CherryOS 1.0 was released in its final form on March 8, 2005. Maui-X Stream initially offered a free copy for evaluation on its website, with 14 boot allowances and five free days per copy. According to MXS president Jim Kartes, within the first few days the free version was downloaded 100,000 times. Stated Kartes to the Mac Observer on March 8, 2005, "there has been a lot of misinformation about this product... I think we have proven those skeptics wrong." Initial reports of certain computers encountering slow speeds and glitches were explained by MXS as "expected," as "it's got bugs. That is why we're offering a free trial download. If it doesn't work, they shouldn't buy it.... we will use the testing of consumers to improve its stability and performance." Kartes extrapolated that after development, somewhere between "60% and 70% of all PC owners" would be able to use the CherryOS product. MXS announced plans to market CherryOS throughout the summer of 2005, but withheld specifics on when it would be released for sale.
BetaNews.com reviewed CherryOS upon its public release, arguing that there were again similarities between CherryOS and PearPC, including specific non-generic lines of code. Maui X-Stream president Jim Kartes denied that CherryOS had grafted in PearPC code, and on March 24, 2005, a spokesperson for CherryOS stated to the Irish Times that CherryOS 1.0 was "absolutely not" a knockoff of Pear PC, as "there are considerable differences between the two products: Both products emulate the Apple operating system but the similarity ends there." The spokesperson further explained that "certain generic code strings and screen verbiage used in Pear PC are also used in CherryOS. They are not proprietary to the Pear PC product. For example, Pear tops out at G3 emulation and CherryOS is the only stable G4 emulator on the market today. CherryOS uses multithreading architecture for speed and ease of use. Pear employs a step-by-step approach; CherryOS features a shared-drive emulator, a drag-and-drop option allows you to connect the Windows drive to a Mac environment and CherryOS is the only emulator to support sound." Kartes further stated that although PearPC introduced their code before CherryOS, that "doesn't give them a claim on certain technical aspects of our product."
On March 30, 2005, Ars Technica reported that the creators of PearPC were "contemplating" litigation against Maui X-Stream. On April 6, 2005, Cherry OS was announced by its developers to be on hold "until further notice." A day later, CherryOS announced on its website that it would no longer be a commercial product, and that "due to overwhelming demand, Cherry open source project launches May 1, 2005." The trademark for CherryOS was filed as abandoned as of June 21, 2006. |
CherryOS | Technical features | Technical features |
CherryOS | Overview | Overview
CherryOS was a PowerPC G4 processor emulator for x86 Microsoft Windows platforms. Originally written to work with Windows 98, Windows 2000 or Windows XP, among other features Cherry OS purported to allow files to be dragged from PC to Mac, the creation of multiple profiles, support skins, and support for networking and sound. In October 2004, the program's developer announced CherryOS as having "full network capabilities" and "complete access to the host computer's hardware resources - hard drive, CPU, RAM, FireWire, USB, PCI, PCMCIA bus, Ethernet networking and modem." By October 21, 2004, the program was reported to be a 7 MB download with Velocity Engine included. At the time, MMX stated they were developing 3D acceleration for CherryOS.
The program was publicly released on March 8, 2005, with support for CD, DVD, USB, FireWire, and Ethernet. It was described as automatically detecting "hardware and network connections" and allowing "for the use of virtually any OS X-ready application," including Safari and Mail by Apple. Estimated to be compatible with approximately 70 percent of PCs, the CherryOS system required a Pentium 4 1.6 gigahertz (GHz) CPU or equivalent hardware and Windows XP, as well as 512 megabytes of memory and 3 gigabytes of hard drive space. After the initial March 8 release, speed of CherryOS 1.0 was reported to be variable. Karol McGuire of MXS stated that speed was depended on computer processor, as "a processor that has inadequate space on the hard drive or that runs at less than optimum operating speeds will not allow CherryOS to perform as designed." Following the public launch, the company announced that Kryeziu would be overseeing development on "sound support and network bridging, as well as improving speed." Kryeziu explained "we think we'll have the first two issues solved fairly soon. It's the type of product that will be continually updated as we go along. We think we can make it faster than it is right now, but this will take time." |
CherryOS | Apple TOS | Apple TOS
For its year in development, there was some question in the press as to the legality of CherryOS in relation to Apple's "Use and Restrictions" agreement, which only allows Apple programs to be used on a singular "Apple-labeled computer" at one time. The publication Ars Technica notes, however, that "a PPC emulator [like CherryOS or PearPC] isn't just for violating ToS agreements and bringing down the wrath of Apple Legal. It has legitimate uses too... you could use an emulator to run a PPC version of Linux on x86 hardware, and you could even use a P2P network to get that distribution of Linux, justifying two technologies with one rationalization." Despite this fact, the Irish Times pointed out that CherryOS was marketed exclusively to run Mac OSX, which it argued was "clear" violation of the OS X license agreement. |
CherryOS | Versions | Versions
+ Version Debut License Notes CherryOS Pre-release Version October 18, 2004 Private beta Released for private review only CherryOS 1.0 March 8, 2005 Commercial Released as full download and free partial download CherryOS Open Source May 1, 2005 Open-source Announced on April 7, 2005 |
CherryOS | See also | See also
List of computer simulation software
List of emulators
Comparison of platform virtualization software |
CherryOS | References | References |
CherryOS | External links | External links
"CherryOS goes open source" - article by Jim Dalrymple for MacWorld (April 2005)
Category:Windows emulation software
Category:Virtualization software
Category:Vaporware
Category:PowerPC emulators
Category:Discontinued software
Category:Free emulation software |
CherryOS | Table of Content | Short description, History, Background and development, Pre-release version, CherryOS 1.0 release, Technical features, Overview, Apple TOS, Versions, See also, References, External links |
The Word (TV series) | Short description | The Word was a Channel 4 variety show in the United Kingdom that aired from 1990 to 1995. |
The Word (TV series) | Format | Format
The show's presenters included Terry Christian, comedian Mark Lamarr, Dani Behr, Katie Puckrik, Jasmine Dotiwala, Alan Connor, Amanda de Cadenet and Huffty. Originally broadcast in the old Tube time slot of 6 pm Friday evenings, The Word'''s main live show was shifted to a late-night timeslot from 9 November 1990. The magazine format allowed for interviews, live music, features and even game shows. The flexible late-night format meant that guests could do just about anything to be controversial.
There was also an 'I'll do anything to be on TV' section called "The Hopefuls" which ran for half of series 4 and half of series 5 in which people did generally repulsive things in order to get featured on the programme.
Production
The show was the brainchild of Charlie Parsons and Terry Christian, the name of the show coming from Christian's Page covering up and coming Manchester bands in the Manchester Evening News which he started writing in the autumn of 1989 called The Word Is Terry Christian and appeared in the paper every Friday evening . |The show originally had a working title of Club X2 and was originally produced for series 1 and 2 by the production company 24 Hour Productions, which later became Planet 24.
Paul Ross was the series editor on series 3 and 4, and became executive producer for series 5. Jo Whiley worked as a researcher/band booker on series 2 and half of series 3 and is credited as having given Nirvana their historic and notorious first TV appearance.
The programme ran for five series from 1990 to 1995. From the start, there was considerable tabloid backlash against the show. In mid 2000, Channel 4 screened a short-running compilation series titled Best of The Word, which mostly featured music performances.
Tango sponsored the show in 1994.
Notable moments
Nirvana's international television debut performance of "Smells Like Teen Spirit", with Kurt Cobain declaring Courtney Love to be "the best fuck in the world."
Singer/guitarist Donita Sparks of L7 removing her jeans and underwear during a performance, the full-frontal nudity displayed when she drops her guitar being briefly broadcast.
The TV debut of Oasis playing "Supersonic".
Rage Against the Machine playing "Killing in the Name", resulting in a stage invasion with guitarist Tom Morello and singer Zack de la Rocha both being stopped from performing by the chaotic crowd.
Lynne Perrie, best known for her role as Ivy Tilsley in soap opera Coronation Street'', performing a tuneless rendition of the Gloria Gaynor song "I Will Survive".
A very drunk Oliver Reed giving a barely coherent interview before performing "Wild Thing" by The Troggs with Ned's Atomic Dustbin."
Shabba Ranks advocating crucifixion of homosexuals, which met with universal condemnation including an onscreen retort from presenter Lamarr. |
The Word (TV series) | References | References |
The Word (TV series) | External links | External links
Category:1990 British television series debuts
Category:1995 British television series endings
Category:1990s British music television series
Category:British music television shows
Category:Channel 4 original programming
Category:Television series by ITV Studios
Category:Television shows shot at Teddington Studios |
The Word (TV series) | Table of Content | Short description, Format, References, External links |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Short description | The Hong Kong Film Awards (HKFA; ), founded in 1982, is an annual film awards ceremony in Hong Kong. The ceremonies typically take place in April, and have mostly been held at the Grand Theatre of the Hong Kong Cultural Centre since 1991. The awards recognise achievement in various aspects of filmmaking, such as directing, screenwriting, acting and cinematography. The awards are regarded as the Hong Kong equivalent of the Academy Awards.
The HKFA, incorporated into Hong Kong Film Awards Association Ltd. since December 1993, are currently managed by a board of directors, which consists of representatives from thirteen professional film bodies in Hong Kong. Voting on eligible films for the HKFA is conducted January through March every year and is open to all registered voters, which include local film workers as well as critics, and a selected group of adjudicators. |
Hong Kong Film Awards | General rules | General rules
The Hong Kong Film Awards are open to all Hong Kong films which are longer than an hour and commercially released in Hong Kong within the previous calendar year. A film qualifies as a Hong Kong film if it satisfies two of the three criteria, namely: the film director is a Hong Kong resident, at least one film company is registered in Hong Kong, and at least six persons of the production crew are Hong Kong residents. Since 2002, the HKFA also feature a Best Asian Film category, which accepts non-Hong Kong films which are commercially released in Hong Kong.
In January each year, a first round of election, open to all registered voters and a selected group of 100 professional adjudicators, is held to determine the five nominees for each award category. In the rare case where there is a tie between two nominees within the top five slots, six nominees will be allowed. Nominations are usually announced in February, after which a second round of election is held to determine the winner. Voting in the second round is open to a group of 50 professional adjudicators, Executive Committee members of the HKFA, as well as members of the thirteen professional film bodies. Each voting group holds a percentage of the ultimate score for each nominee, and each film body holds a higher share in the categories associated with it. |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Board of directors | Board of directors
The Board of Directors consists of representatives from thirteen professional film bodies in Hong Kong, listed below.
City Entertainment
Hong Kong Kowloon and New Territories Motion Picture Industry Association
Hong Kong Film Directors' Guild
Hong Kong Theatres Association
Hong Kong Society of Cinematographers
Hong Kong Movie Production Executives Association
Hong Kong Cinematography Lighting Association
Hong Kong Stuntman Association
Hong Kong Screen Writer's Guild
Hong Kong Performing Artistes Guild
Hong Kong Film Arts Association
Hong Kong Society of Film Editors
Hong Kong Chamber of Films |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Categories | Categories
The Hong Kong Film Awards currently feature 19 regular categories, listed below.
Best Film
Best Director
Best Screenplay
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best New Performer
Best New Director
Best Cinematography
Best Film Editing
Best Art Direction
Best Costume Make Up Design
Best Action Choreography
Best Original Film Score
Best Sound Design
Best Original Film Song
Best Visual Effects
Best Asian Chinese Language Film |
Hong Kong Film Awards | History | History
Year Best Film Original title Director Country1982 Father and Son Allen Fong 1983 Boat People Ann Hui 1984 Ah Ying Allen Fong 1985 Homecoming Ho Yim / 1986 Police Story Jackie Chan 1987 A Better Tomorrow John Woo 1988 An Autumn's Tale Mabel Cheung 1989 Rouge Stanley Kwan 1990 Beyond the Sunset Jacob Cheung 1991 Days of Being Wild Wong Kar-wai 1992 To Be Number One Poon Man Kit 1993 Cageman Jacob Cheung 1994 Tung-Shing Yee 1995 Chungking Express Wong Kar-wai 1996 Summer Snow Ann Hui 1997 Comrades: Almost a Love Story Peter Chan 1998 Made in Hong Kong Fruit Chan 1999 Beast Cops Gordon Chan & Dante Lam 2000 Ordinary Heroes Ann Hui / 2001 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon Ang Lee / / / 2002 Shaolin Soccer Stephen Chow / 2003 Infernal Affairs Wai-keung Lau & Alan Mak 2004 Running on Karma Johnnie To & Ka-Fai Wai 2005 Kung Fu Hustle Stephen Chow / 2006 Election Johnnie To 2007 After This Our Exile Patrick Tam 2008 The Warlords Peter Chan & Raymond Yip / 2009 Ip Man Wilson Yip 2010 Bodyguards and Assassins Teddy Chan / 2011 Gallants Clement Cheng & Derek Kwok 2012 A Simple Life Ann Hui 2013 Cold War Lok Man Leung & Kim-ching Luk 2014 The Grandmaster Wong Kar-wai / 2015 The Golden Era Ann Hui / 2016 Ten Years Ng Ka-leung, Jevons Au, Chow Kwun-Wai, Fei-Pang Wong, Kwok Zune 2017 Trivisa Frank Hui, Jevons Au, Vicky Wong 2018 Our Time Will Come Ann Hui / 2019 Project Gutenberg Felix Chong / 2020 Better Days Derek Tsang / 2022 Raging Fire Benny Chan 2023 To My Nineteen-Year-Old Self Mabel Cheung & William Kwok 2024 A Guilty Conscience Jack Ng |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Records | Records |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Mosts | Mosts
Most wins for a film: The Grandmaster — won 12 awards in 2014, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, Best Cinematography, Best Film Editing, Best Art Direction, Best Costume & Make Up Design, Best Action Choreography, Best Sound Design and Best Original Film Score.
Most wins for Best Director: Ann Hui — awarded 6 times in 1983, 1996, 2009, 2012, 2015 and 2018.
Most wins for Best Actor: Tony Leung Chiu Wai — awarded 6 times in 1995, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2024.
Most wins for Best Actress: Maggie Cheung — awarded 5 times in 1990, 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2001.
Most wins for Best Supporting Actor: Five actors with 2 times each.
Tony Leung Chiu Wai
Paul Chun
Anthony Wong Chau Sang
Liu Kai-Chi
Eric Tsang
Most wins for Best Supporting Actress: Elaine Jin — awarded 4 times in 1987, 1988, 2016 and 2017.
Most nominations for a film:
Bodyguards and Assassins — received 18 nominations in 2010 and won 8 including Best Film.
The Last Dance — received 18 nominations in 2025.
Most nominations for Best Director: Johnnie To — nominated 18 times between his first nomination in 1990 and his latest in 2017.
Most nominations for Best Actor: Lau Ching-wan — nominated 17 times between his first nomination in 1994 and his latest in 2023.
Most nominations for Best Actress: Sylvia Chang — nominated 12 times between her first nomination in 1983 and her latest in 2023.
Most nominations without win: Chin Ka-lok — nominated 14 times between his first nomination for Best Supporting Actor in 1996 and his latest for Best Action Choreography in 2024, and not a single win.
Most consecutive wins in the same category:
Arthur Wong, awarded Best Cinematography in 1998, 1999 and 2000.
Kinson Tsang, awarded Best Sound Design in 2016, 2017 and 2018.
Wu Lilu, awarded Best Costume Make Up Design in 2020, 2022 and 2023. |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Firsts | Firsts
First winner: Kara Hui — awarded Best Actress in the 1st Hong Kong Film Awards, making her the first recipient of the Hong Kong Film Awards.
First non-Hong Kong resident winner: Song Hongrong — born in Mainland China, awarded Best Art Direction in 1984.
First non-Hong Kong resident winner for Best Actor: Jet Li — born in Mainland China, awarded Best Actor in 2008 for his role in film The Warlords.
First non-Hong Kong resident winner for Best Actress: Siqin Gaowa — born in Mainland China, awarded Best Actress in 1985 for her role in film Homecoming. |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Special | Special
The films winning all 5 major awards (film, director, screenplay, actor, actress):
Summer Snow by Ann Hui in 1996.
A Simple Life by Ann Hui in 2012. |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Best 100 Chinese Motion Pictures | Best 100 Chinese Motion Pictures
To celebrate a century of Chinese cinema, the Hong Kong Film Awards unveiled a list of Best 100 Chinese Motion Pictures (which in fact includes 103 films) during the 24th Hong Kong Film Awards ceremony on 27 March 2005. The list, selected by a panel of 101 filmmakers, critics and scholars, includes 24 films from Mainland China (11 from pre-1949 and 13 from post-1949), 61 from Hong Kong, 16 from Taiwan, and 2 co-productions.
Rank Title Year RegionLanguage Director(s) 1 Spring in a Small Town 1948 China Mandarin Fei Mu 2 A Better Tomorrow 1986 Hong Kong Cantonese John Woo 3 Days of Being Wild 1990 Hong Kong Cantonese (+) Wong Kar-wai 4 Yellow Earth 1984 China Mandarin Chen Kaige 5 City of Sadness 1989 Taiwan Taiwanese (+) Hou Hsiao-hsien 6 Long Arm of the Law 1984 Hong Kong Cantonese Johnny Mak 7 Dragon Gate Inn 1967 Taiwan Mandarin King Hu 8 Boat People 1982 Hong Kong Cantonese (+) Ann Hui 9 A Touch of Zen 1971 Taiwan Mandarin King Hu 10 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 2000 China/Hong Kong/Taiwan/United States Mandarin Ang Lee 11 Street Angel 1937 China Mandarin Yuan Muzhi 12 A Brighter Summer Day 1991 Taiwan Mandarin (+) Edward Yang 13 The Private Eyes 1976 Hong Kong Cantonese Michael Hui 14 The Mission 1999 Hong Kong Cantonese Johnnie To 15 One-Armed Swordsman 1967 Hong Kong Mandarin Chang Cheh 16 Fist of Fury 1972 Hong Kong Mandarin / English Lo Wei 17 In the Heat of the Sun 1994 China Mandarin Jiang Wen 18 In the Face of Demolition 1953 Hong Kong Cantonese Lee Tit 19 A Chinese Odyssey 1995 Hong Kong Cantonese / Mandarin Jeffery Lau 20 The Arch 1970 Hong Kong Mandarin Tang Shu Shuen 21 Rouge 1987 Hong Kong Cantonese Stanley Kwan 22 Chungking Express 1994 Hong Kong Cantonese (+) Wong Kar-wai 23 Homecoming 1984 Hong Kong Cantonese / Mandarin Yim Ho 24 The Time to Live and the Time to Die 1985 Taiwan Mandarin / Taiwanese Hou Hsiao-hsien 25 Red Sorghum 1987 China Mandarin Zhang Yimou 26 Father and Son 1981 Hong Kong Cantonese Allen Fong 27 The Spring River Flows East 1947 China Mandarin Cai Chusheng, Zheng Junli 28 Comrades: Almost a Love Story 1996 Hong Kong Cantonese Peter Chan 29 The Goddess 1934 China (Silent) Wu Yonggang 30 The Big Road 1934 China (Silent) Sun Yu 31 The Secret 1979 Hong Kong Cantonese Ann Hui 32 Infernal Affairs 2002 Hong Kong Cantonese Andrew Lau, Alan Mak 33 Drunken Master 1978 Hong Kong Cantonese Yuen Woo-Ping 34 The Butterfly Murders 1979 Hong Kong Cantonese Tsui Hark 35 Ashes of Time 1994 Hong Kong Cantonese Wong Kar-wai 36 Made in Hong Kong 1997 Hong Kong Cantonese Fruit Chan 37 Sorrows of the Forbidden City 1948 China Mandarin Zhu Shilin 38 The Love Eterne 1963 Hong Kong Cantonese / Mandarin Li Han-Hsiang 39 Story of a Discharged Prisoner 1967 Hong Kong Cantonese Patrick Lung Kong 40 Zu Warriors 1983 Hong Kong Cantonese Tsui Hark 41 Terrorizers 1986 Taiwan Mandarin / Taiwanese Edward Yang 42 The Killer 1989 Hong Kong Cantonese John Woo 43 Once Upon a Time in China 1991 Hong Kong Cantonese / English Tsui Hark 44 Center Stage 1992 Hong Kong Mandarin (+) Stanley Kwan 45 The Story of Qiu Ju 1992 China Mandarin Zhang Yimou 46 This Life of Mine 1950 China Mandarin Shi Hui 47 Kingdom and the Beauty 1959 Hong Kong Mandarin Li Han Hsiang 48 The Winter 1969 Taiwan Mandarin Li Han Hsiang 49 An Autumn's Tale 1987 Hong Kong Cantonese (+) Mabel Cheung 50 A Chinese Ghost Story 1987 Hong Kong Cantonese Ching Siu-Tung 51 The Purple Hairpin 1959 Hong Kong Cantonese Lee Tit 52 The Orphan 1960 Hong Kong Cantonese Lee Sun-Fung 53 Two Stage Sisters 1965 China Mandarin Xie Jin 54 City on Fire 1987 Hong Kong Cantonese / Mandarin Ringo Lam 55 Farewell My Concubine 1993 Hong Kong/China Mandarin Chen Kaige 56 Yi Yi 2000 Taiwan Mandarin / Taiwanese Edward Yang 57 Cold Nights 1955 Hong Kong Cantonese Lee Sun-fung 58 At Dawn 1967 Taiwan Sung Tsun-Shou 59 Raining in the Mountain 1979 Taiwan Mandarin King Hu 60 Police Story 1985 Hong Kong Cantonese Jackie Chan 61 1993 Hong Kong Cantonese Derek Yee 62 The Wedding Banquet 1993 Taiwan Mandarin / English Ang Lee 63 Platform 2000 China Mandarin Jia Zhangke 64 The Wild, Wild Rose 1960 Hong Kong Mandarin Wang Tian-Lin 65 The Great Devotion 1960 Hong Kong Cantonese Chor Yuen 66 My Intimate Partner 1960 Hong Kong Cantonese Kim Chun 67 Dangerous Encounters of the First Kind 1980 Hong Kong Cantonese Tsui Hark 68 Ah Ying / Ban Bian Ren 1983 Hong Kong Cantonese / Mandarin / English Allen Fong 69 Durian Durian 2000 Hong Kong Cantonese / Mandarin Fruit Chan 70 Little Toys 1933 China (Silent) Sun Yu 71 Ai le zhongnian 1949 China Mandarin Sang Hu 72 The House of 72 Tenants 1973 Hong Kong Cantonese Chor Yuen 73 Nomad 1982 Hong Kong Cantonese Patrick Tam 74 Dust in the Wind 1986 Taiwan Hou Hsiao-hsien 75 92 Legendary La Rose Noire 1992 Hong Kong Cantonese Jeffrey Lau 76 Shaolin Soccer 2001 Hong Kong Cantonese Stephen Chow 77 Song at Midnight 1937 China Mandarin Ma-Xu Weibang 78 China Behind 1974 Hong Kong Tang Shu Shuen 79 The Spooky Bunch 1980 Hong Kong Cantonese Ann Hui 80 Taipei Story 1985 Taiwan Mandarin Edward Yang 81 The Blue Kite 1993 China Mandarin Tian Zhuangzhuang 82 Long Live the Missus! 1948 China Mandarin Sang Hu 83 Mambo Girl 1957 Hong Kong Mandarin Yi Wen 84 Feast of a Rich Family 1959 Hong Kong Cantonese Lee Sun-Fung, Lee Tit, Ng Wui, Lo Ji-Hung 85 Execution in Autumn 1972 Taiwan Mandarin Lee Hsing 86 Hibiscus Town 1986 China Mandarin Xie Jin 87 God of Gamblers 1989 Hong Kong Cantonese Wong Jing 88 As Tears Go By 1988 Hong Kong Cantonese / Mandarin Wong Kar-wai 89 Happy Together 1997 Hong Kong Mandarin / Cantonese / Spanish Wong Kar-wai 90 In the Mood for Love 2000 Hong Kong Cantonese / Shanghainese Wong Kar-wai 91 Myriad of Lights 1948 China Mandarin Shen Fu 92 Festival Moon 1953 Hong Kong Mandarin Zhu Shilin 93 Parents' Hearts 1955 Hong Kong Cantonese Kim Chun 94 Lin Zexu 1959 China Mandarin Zheng Junli, Cen Fan 95 Dream of the Red Chamber 1962 China Mandarin Cen Fan 96 Digital Master 1983 Hong Kong Cantonese Kirk Wong 97 Shanghai Blues 1984 Hong Kong Cantonese Tsui Hark 98 The Eight Diagram Pole Fighter 1984 Hong Kong Cantonese Lau Kar-Leung 99 The Black Cannon Incident 1985 China Mandarin Huang Jianxin 100 Rebels of the Neon God 1992 Taiwan Mandarin / Taiwanese Tsai Ming-liang 101 The Puppetmaster 1993 Taiwan Mandarin / Taiwanese / Japanese Hou Hsiao-hsien 102 Summer Snow 1995 Hong Kong Cantonese Ann Hui 103 Not One Less 1998 China Mandarin Zhang Yimou |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Presenters | Presenters
Year Ceremony Presenter/s 1982 1 Eric Ng and Zhan Xiaoping 1983 2 Eric Tsang and Josephine Siao 1984 3 Chung King-fai 1985 4 Winnie Yu 1986 5 Winnie Yu 1987 6 Carol Cheng and Chung King-fai 1988 7 Lydia Shum and Paul Chung 1989 8 Lydia Shum, Eric Tsang and Philip Chan 1990 9 Philip Chan and John Sham 1991 10 Anita Mui and Philip Chan 1992 11 Philip Chan and Lawrence Cheng 1993 12 Lydia Shum and John Sham 1994 13 Lydia Shum and John Sham 1995 14 John Sham and Meg Lam 1996 15 Sandra Ng, Dayo Wong and Veronica Yip 1997 16 Lydia Shum and Nancy Sit 1998 17 Carol Cheng and Cheung Tat Ming 1999 18 Carol Cheng, Cheung Tat Ming, Vincent Kok, Chin Ka Lok and Jerry Lamb 2000 19 Eric Tsang, Sandra Ng and Vincent Kok 2001 20 Carol Cheng, Eric Tsang, Gigi Leung and Eric Ng 2002 21 Eric Tsang, Cecilia Yip, Cheung Tat Ming and Jacqueline Pang 2003 22 Eric Tsang, John Sham, Athena Chu and Anna Yau Hoi Man 2004 23 Dayo Wong, Candice Yu, Athena Chu, Josie Ho, Bowie Tsang, Cherrie Ying and Ada Choi 2005 24 Carol Cheng and Lawrence Cheng 2006 25 Eric Tsang, Teresa Mo and Chapman To 2007 26 Nick Cheung, Bowie Tsang and Lam Chi-chung 2008 27 Carol Cheng, Sandra Ng and Sammi Cheng 2009 28 Eric Tsang, Sandra Ng, Teresa Mo, Vincent Kok, Kay Tse, Denise Ho, Chin Ka Lok, Fan Siu Wong, Wong Cho Lam, Lam Chi Chung, Tin Kai-man and Michelle Loo 2010 29 Lawrence Cheng 2011 30 Lawrence Cheng, Teresa Mo and Vincent Kok 2012 31 Eric Tsang, Gordon Lam, Bowie Tsang, Ronald Cheng and Angelababy 2013 32 Eric Tsang, Gordon Lam, Ronald Cheng and Jerry Lamb 2014 33 Teresa Mo, Gordon Lam and Ronald Cheng 2015 34 Jordan Chan, Gordon Lam and Miriam Yeung 2016 35 Lau Ching Wan 2017 36 Ronald Cheng 2018 37 Charlene Choi and Louis Cheung 2019 38 Hedwig Tam, Neo Yau, Venus Wong, Babyjohn Choi, Angela Yuen, Lam Yiu Sing, Kaki Sham, To Siu Kiu, Kevin Chu, Shirley Chan, Himmy Wong, Jennifer Yu, Cecilia So, Kochun Tse, Rachel Leung, Yatho Wong, Koyi Mak, Ling Man-lung, Zeno Koo, Hanna Chan, Ashina Kwok, Siuyea Lo, Larine Tang, Kyle Li, Carmen Tong, Ng Siu Hin, Kelvin Chan, Gladys Li, Enson Lau, Fish Liew, Tony Wu and Rose Chan 2020 39 None 2022 40 Kearen Pang |
Hong Kong Film Awards | See also | See also
Hong Kong Film Awards statue
Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong
Hong Kong International Film Festival |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Notes | Notes |
Hong Kong Film Awards | References | References |
Hong Kong Film Awards | External links | External links
"The 26th Hong Kong Film Awards - Rules of Election" . Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
香港电影金像奖，不少经典片段 - The Hong Kong Film Awards: Many classic moments, a news article about The 30th Hong Kong Film Awards, Thinking Chinese.
Hong Kong Film Awards Official Site
Category:Awards established in 1982
Category:1982 establishments in Hong Kong |
Hong Kong Film Awards | Table of Content | Short description, General rules, Board of directors, Categories, History, Records, Mosts, Firsts, Special, Best 100 Chinese Motion Pictures, Presenters, See also, Notes, References, External links |
HKFA | '''HKFA''' | HKFA may refer to:
Hong Kong Film Award, an annual film awards ceremony in Hong Kong
Hong Kong Film Archive, located at 50 Lei King Road, Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Football Association, the association football federation of Hong Kong, China |
HKFA | Table of Content | '''HKFA''' |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Python Face | [[Python Face]] | Python Face
See above. -- Solitude 13:49, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
Delete: Funny band on its own label. Ha ha, delete. Geogre 14:52, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
I deleted an elephant in my pajamas the other day. Rimshot, please. Oh, and delete. - Lucky 6.9 16:54, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
How'd it get into your pajamas? Delete. Spatch 19:19, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Delete. Garage band vanity. — Gwalla | Talk 00:23, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Doesn't seem to exist. Delete unless an external link to a respectable verifiable source is given in the article. anthony (see warning) 16:03, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Python Face | Table of Content | [[Python Face]] |
Fred R. Harris | Short description | Fred Roy Harris (November 13, 1930 – November 23, 2024) was an American politician from Oklahoma who served from 1957 to 1964 as a member of the Oklahoma Senate and from 1964 to 1973 as a member of the United States Senate.
Harris was elected to the Oklahoma Senate after graduating from the University of Oklahoma College of Law. He ousted the appointed U.S. Senate incumbent, J. Howard Edmondson, and won a 1964 special election to finish Robert S. Kerr's term, narrowly defeating football coach Bud Wilkinson. Harris strongly supported the Great Society programs and criticized President Lyndon B. Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War. He was reelected in 1966 and declined to seek another term in 1972.
From 1969 to 1970, Harris chaired the Democratic National Committee. In the 1968 presidential election, Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey strongly considered him as his running mate. Harris unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972 and 1976. After 1976, he was a professor at the University of New Mexico. |
Fred R. Harris | Early life | Early life
Harris was born on November 13, 1930, in Cotton County, Oklahoma, near Walters, Oklahoma, the son of Eunice Alene (Pearson) and Fred Byron Harris, a sharecropper. His parents disagreed on whether his middle name should be "Ray" or "Roy", and his handwritten birth certificate was ambiguous, allowing Harris to choose; he eventually used his mother's preferred name, Roy.
Harris attended the University of Oklahoma (OU) on a scholarship, graduating in 1952 with a bachelor's degree in history and political science. He then entered the OU law school, where he was administrative assistant to the dean and successively book editor and managing editor of the Law Review. The August 1956 issue contained his first published article. He received the LL B. degree with distinction and was admitted to the bar in 1954.
Harris was elected to the Oklahoma Senate in 1956 and served in it until 1964. For most of that time, he was one of its youngest members. During his tenure he introduced legislation to prohibit race discrimination in state employment. He made an unsuccessful bid for governor of Oklahoma in 1962, which made him better known throughout the state. |
Fred R. Harris | U. S. senator | U. S. senator
In 1964, Harris ran to serve the remainder of the Senate term of Robert S. Kerr, who had died in office. With Kerr's family's support, he defeated former governor J. Howard Edmondson, who had appointed himself to succeed Kerr, in the Democratic primary. The general election was a high-profile campaign against the Republican nominee, legendary Oklahoma Sooners football coach Bud Wilkinson. Both parties invited political leaders from out of state to campaign for their nominees. Republicans brought former Vice President Richard Nixon to campaign for Wilkinson, while Harris hosted President Lyndon B. Johnson and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. Harris defeated Wilkinson, by 21,390 votes, becoming one of the youngest members of the U.S. Senate. At 33 years old, he was the youngest senator-elect in Oklahoma history. His Senate tenure began on November 4, 1964.
Harris firmly supported President Johnson's Great Society programs, which were often unpopular in Oklahoma. He voted for the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and while he missed the votes pertaining to the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 (he was away on official Senate business) and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (he was absent because of illness), he supported both; it was announced on the Senate floor that, if he had been present, he would have voted for Marshall's confirmation and the 1968 Act. Harris was present for the vote on the motion to end the filibuster conducted by senators who opposed the 1968 Act, and voted to end the filibuster so that the Act could be voted on.
In July 1967, Johnson appointed Harris to the Kerner Commission. He quickly became one of its most active members and was deeply concerned about economically deprived Black urban residents. He also strongly supported agricultural programs, the Arkansas River Navigation Program, and the Indian health programs, which were all very popular in Oklahoma.
Despite being quite liberal in an increasingly conservative state, Harris was elected to a full term in 1966, defeating attorney Pat J. Patterson, by 47,572 votes. Patterson had tried to unseat Harris by announcing his support for a constitutional amendment proposed by Senator Everett Dirksen to allow school boards to provide for prayers in public schools. Dirksen's amendment had enthusiastic political support in Oklahoma, but Harris opposed it in a public letter: "I believe in the separation of church and state and I believe prayer and Bible reading should be voluntary".
Harris briefly chaired the Democratic National Committee, preceded and succeeded in that position by Larry O'Brien. He was one of the final two candidates presidential nominee Hubert Humphrey considered as his running mate in 1968; Humphrey chose U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie because of Harris's young age of 37.Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1968, New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1969, p.355-356 According to O'Brien, Humphrey vacillated between the two until finally choosing Muskie at the last minute. Harris broke with Johnson and Humphrey over the Vietnam War.
In 1970, Harris was a major player in the legislation to restore to the inhabitants of the Taos Pueblo 48,000 ac (19,425 ha) of mountain land that President Theodore Roosevelt had taken and designated as the Carson National Forest early in the 20th century.Julyan, B: New Mexico's Wilderness Areas: The Complete Guide, page 73. Big Earth Publishing, 1999 The struggle was particularly emotive since this return of Taos land included Blue Lake, which the Pueblo consider sacred. To pass the bill, Harris forged a bipartisan alliance with President Richard Nixon, with whom Harris sharply disagreed on numerous other issues, notably the Vietnam War. In doing so, he had to overcome powerful fellow Democratic Senators Clinton Anderson and Henry M. Jackson, who firmly opposed returning the land. As recounted by Harris's wife, LaDonna, who was actively involved in the struggle, when the bill finally passed and came up to be signed by the president, Nixon looked up and said, "I can't believe I'm signing a bill that was sponsored by Fred Harris."LaDonna Harris : A Comanche Life, University of Nebraska Press, 2000, , p. 90.
In 1971, Harris was the only senator to vote against confirming Lewis F. Powell Jr. as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He opposed Powell because he considered him elitist and to have a weak record on civil rights.
Harris called for the abolition of the Interstate Commerce Commission. |
Fred R. Harris | Presidential campaigns | Presidential campaigns
Harris did not seek another Senate term in 1972 and instead ran for president, but failed to attract support and ended his campaign after only 48 days. He ran again four years later; both his campaigns were populist and centered on what he called "economic democracy". He also supported abortion rights, desegregation busing, and disbanding the Central Intelligence Agency. To keep expenses down, he traveled the country in a recreational vehicle and stayed in private homes, giving his hosts a card redeemable for one night's stay in the White House upon his election. He emphasized issues affecting Native Americans and the working class. His interest in Native American rights was linked to his ancestry and that of his first wife, LaDonna Harris, a Comanche who was deeply involved in Native American activism.
After a surprising fourth-place finish in the 1976 Iowa caucuses, Harris coined the term "winnowed in", saying, "The winnowing-out process has begun and we have just been 'winnowed in'." He won more than 10% of the vote, pushing Mo Udall, who at one point led the polls, into fifth place. Harris was "winnowed out" just over a month later. He finished fourth in the New Hampshire primary and, a week later, third in Vermont and fifth in Massachusetts. Harris remained in the contest for another month, with his best showing a fourth-place finish in Illinois, with 8%.Jules Witcover, No Way to Pick a President: How Money and Hired Guns Have Debased American Elections, 2001, p. 166George C. Edwards, John Howard Kessel, Bert A. Rockman, Researching the presidency: vital questions, new approaches. 1993, p. 60 He suspended his campaign on April 8, 1976. |
Fred R. Harris | Later life | Later life
thumb|Harris at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2018.
Harris left electoral politics for academia after 1976. He became a professor of political science at the University of New Mexico and wrote many books on political subjects, including Potomac Fever (Norton, 1977 ) and Deadlock or Decision: The U.S. Senate and the Rise of National Politics (Oxford University, 1993 ). In 2003, Harris was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board. He also wrote three novels. He lived in Corrales, New Mexico.
Harris remained active well into his final years. In a 2023 interview, he expressed support for President Joe Biden, saying concerns about Biden's age were unfounded, and strongly criticized former President Donald Trump for his attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election and the consequent January 6 United States Capitol attack. The next year, he and his wife attended the 2024 Democratic National Convention in support of the Democratic ticket. His last book, a memoir titled Report from a Last Survivor, was published by the University of New Mexico Press in September 2024. |
Fred R. Harris | Personal life and death | Personal life and death
Harris married LaDonna Harris, born LaDonna Crawford, in 1949, and they had three children. They divorced in 1981, and he married Margaret Elliston the next year.
Harris died at a hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on November 23, 2024, 10 days after his 94th birthday. He was the last living former U.S. senator who left office in the 1970s. |
Fred R. Harris | References | References |
Fred R. Harris | External links | External links
Oklahoma State University – Digital Library_Chronicles of Oklahoma – Fred Harris
Fred R. Harris Collection and Photographs Series at the Carl Albert Center
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Fred Harris. First person interview conducted on April 26, 2012, with Fred Harris.
Interview with Senator Fred Harris by Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, July 1, 2010
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Category:1930 births
Category:2024 deaths
Category:20th-century American male writers
Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers
Category:20th-century American novelists
Category:20th-century Oklahoma politicians
Category:21st-century American male writers
Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers
Category:21st-century American novelists
Category:American political writers
Category:Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election
Category:Candidates in the 1976 United States presidential election
Category:Democratic National Committee chairs
Category:Democratic Party Oklahoma state senators
Category:20th-century members of the Oklahoma Legislature
Category:Democratic Party United States senators from Oklahoma
Category:Left-wing populism in the United States
Category:People from Corrales, New Mexico
Category:People from Walters, Oklahoma
Category:Taos Pueblo
Category:University of New Mexico faculty
Category:University of Oklahoma alumni
Category:University of Oklahoma faculty
Category:Writers from New Mexico
Category:Writers from Oklahoma
Category:20th-century United States senators |
Fred R. Harris | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, U. S. senator, Presidential campaigns, Later life, Personal life and death, References, External links |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-Werk | [[E-Werk]] | E-Werk
The only techno club I can seem to find is E-werk in Koln, also it does not have an entry on the German Wikipedia, afaik its not notable. -- Solitude 13:56, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
The E-Werk has been closed a few Years ago.... So let it be forgotten since it didn't get much notability when it was open. Delete. jni 14:25, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Delete: A defunct club. I'm sure it was fun (though I do think techno fans could save money but just buying their own drum machines and shouting randomly while it plays). Geogre 14:50, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
I was in Germany at the start of the 90's and it was famous enough for philistines such as myself to have heard of it. IIRC it had a pivotal role in the German techno scene or something (the something was probably the famous techno track "d-d-d-d-d-d-d-d-d-d-d-bom-bom-bom-bom-bom-bom-bom-bom-" at 180 beats per minute), or possibly it was just a famous club. Delete if no-one comes up with more qualified information. --Ianb 20:27, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
Keep and cleanup. Notable club. anthony (see warning) 16:00, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
keep. Intrigue 21:48, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-Werk | Table of Content | [[E-Werk]] |
Large Millimeter Telescope | short description | The Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) (, or GTM), officially the Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano (), is the world's largest single-aperture telescope in its frequency range, built for observing radio waves in the wave lengths from approximately 0.85 to 4 mm. It has an active surface with a diameter of and of collecting area.
200px|thumb|left|Location of the LMT in Mexico
The telescope is located at an altitude of on top of Sierra Negra, the fifth-highest peak in Mexico and an extinct volcanic companion to Mexico's highest mountain Pico de Orizaba, inside the National Park Pico de Orizaba in the state of Puebla. It is a binational Mexican (70%) – American (30%) joint project of the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Millimetre-wavelength observations using the LMT give astronomers a view of regions which are obscured by dust in the interstellar medium, thus increasing our knowledge of star formation. The telescope is also particularly fitted for observing solar system planetesimals and planets as well as extra-solar protoplanetary disks which are relatively cold and emit most of their radiation at millimetre wavelengths.
The mission of the LMT is to: 1) pursue pioneering research, 2) train future generations of scientists and engineers, and 3) develop new technology for the benefit of society. The LMT mainly studies thermally cold objects, most of which are associated with large amounts of cosmic dust and/or molecular gas. Among the objects of interest are comets, planets, protoplanetary discs, evolved stars, star-forming regions and galaxies, molecular clouds, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), high-redshift galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the cosmic microwave background.
The LMT has a bent Cassegrain optical system with a 50m-diameter reflecting primary surface (M1) formed by 180 segments distributed in five concentric rings. The number of segments in the rings, from the center of the dish to the outside, are: 12, 24 and 48 in the three outermost rings. Each segment is connected to the structure of the telescope through four actuators, allowing for an active reflecting primary surface. In addition, each segment is formed by eight precision electro-formed nickel sub-panels. The reflecting secondary surface (M2) has a 2.6-m diameter, also built by nine electro-formed nickel sub-panels, and is attached to the telescope with an active hexapod that allows precise focus, lateral offsets, and tilts. The hexapod is attached to the telescope through a metal tetrapod. Finally, the reflecting tertiary surface (M3) is almost flat, elliptical with a 1.6-m major axis and delivers the light beam to the receivers. |
Large Millimeter Telescope | History | History
INAOE and UMass-Amherst signed the agreement to develop the Large Millimeter Telescope project on 17 November 1994, but construction of the telescope did not begin until 1998. The first observations were taken in June 2011 at 1.1 and 3 mm using the AzTEC camera and Redshift Search Receiver (RSR), respectively. In May 2013, the Early Science phase began, producing over a dozen scientific articles. The official name of the LMT was changed to "Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano" on 22 October 2012 in order to honour the initiator of the project, Alfonso Serrano Pérez-Grovas. |
Large Millimeter Telescope | Instrumentation | Instrumentation
The set of LMT instrumentation is built by heterodyne receivers and broad-band continuum cameras, some of them still under development: |
Large Millimeter Telescope | Broad-band continuum | Broad-band continuum
TolTEC
TolTEC is a three-band imaging polarimeter which completed laboratory testing and was installed on the LMT in December of 2021, later undergoing commissioning in several phases up to 2023. TolTEC can image the sky at three (1.1, 1.4 and 2.1 millimetre) bands simultaneously using 7000 polarization-sensitive kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). Each TolTEC observation produces nine independent images - measuring total intensity (I) and two Stokes parameters (Q and U) in all three bands. Because of the nearly ubiquitous presence of dust in our universe, TolTEC's science reach includes cosmology, the physics of clusters, galaxy evolution and star-formation along the history of the Universe, the relation between the star-forming process and the molecular clouds, small bodies of the Solar System, and much more. The instrument is designed to be capable of rapid mapping of the sky and is capable of a rate of mapping in excess of eight times greater than the decommissioned AzTEC instrument. The TolTEC Project is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). |
Large Millimeter Telescope | Heterodyne Receivers | Heterodyne Receivers
SEQUOIA
SEQUOIA operates in the range 85–116 GHz band using a cryogenic focal-plane array of 32 pixels arranged in dual-polarized 4×4 arrays fed by square horns separated by 2 fλ. The arrays are cooled to 18K and use low-noise Indium Phosphide (InP) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) preamplifiers designed at UMass to provide a characteristic receiver noise of 55K in the range 85–107 GHz, increasing to 90K at 116 GHz.
Redshift Search Receiver (RSR)
A novel MMIC-based receiver designed to maximize the instantaneous receiver bandwidth to cover the 90 GHz atmospheric window from 75 to 110 GHz in a single tuning. The receiver has four pixels arranged in a dual-beam and dual polarized configuration. Orthogonal polarizations are combined in waveguide-based orthomode transducers. Beam-switching at 1 kHz on the sky is achieved using a fast Faraday rotation polarization switch and a wire-grid to interchange the reflected and transmitted beams to each receiver. This ultra-wide-band receiver typically achieves noise temperatures < 50K between 75 and 110 GHz. The Redshift Search Receiver has exceptional baseline stability because it does not involve mechanical moving parts, therefore being well-suited to the detection of redshifted transitions of the CO ladder from star-forming galaxies at cosmological distances. An innovative wide-band analog autocorrelator system which covers the full 38 GHz with 31 MHz (100 km/s at 90 GHz) resolution serves as the backed spectrometer. |
Large Millimeter Telescope | Decommissioned | Decommissioned
AzTEC
The AzTEC millimetre camera was developed to operate at 1.1mm. It is formed by a 144 silicon nitride micromesh bolometer array arranged in a compact hexagonal package and fed by an array of horns separated by 1.4 fλ. The detectors are cooled down to ~250 mK inside a 3He closed-cycle cryostat, achieving a ~3 mJy Hz-1/2 pixel sensibility. The AzTEC field of view at the LMT is 2.4 arcminutes square and manages to take completely sampled images through telescope or reflecting secondary surface movements. |
Large Millimeter Telescope | References | References |
Large Millimeter Telescope | External links | External links
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica
University of Massachusetts Astronomy Department
TolTEC instrument website
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Category:Radio telescopes
Category:Astronomical observatories in Mexico
Category:Buildings and structures in Puebla
Category:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt |
Large Millimeter Telescope | Table of Content | short description, History, Instrumentation, Broad-band continuum, Heterodyne Receivers, Decommissioned, References, External links |
Mahishasura | Short description |
Mahishasura (, ) is a bovine asura in Hinduism. He is depicted in Hindu literature as a deceitful demon who pursued his evil ways by shape-shifting. Mahishasura was the son of the asura Rambha and the brother of buffalo-demoness named Mahishi. He was ultimately killed by the goddess Durga with her trishula (trident) after which she gained the epithet Mahishasuramardini ("Slayer of Mahishasura"). Mahishasura had a son named Gajasura.
The Navaratri ("Nine Nights") festival eulogises this battle between Mahishasura and Durga, culminating in Vijayadashami, a celebration of his ultimate defeat. This story of the "triumph of good over evil" carries profound symbolism in Hinduism, particularly Shaktism, and is both narrated as well as reenacted from the Devi Mahatmya at many South and Southeast Asian Hindu temples.
The Mahishasura Mardini Stotra by Adi Shankara was written to commemorate her legend. |
Mahishasura | Legend | Legend
Mahishasura is a Sanskrit word composed of Mahisha meaning "buffalo" and asura meaning "demon", translating to "buffalo demon". As an asura, Mahishasura waged war against the devas, as the devas and asuras were perpetually in conflict. Mahishasura had gained the boon that no man could kill him. In the battles between the devas and the demons (asuras), the devas, led by Indra, were defeated by Mahishasura. Subjected to defeat, the devas assembled in the mountains where their combined divine energies coalesced into the goddess Durga. The newborn Durga led a battle against Mahishasura, riding a lion, and killed him. Thereafter, she was named Mahishasuramardini, meaning The Killer of Mahishasura. According to the Lakshmi Tantra, it is the goddess Lakshmi who slays Mahishasura instantaneously, and extolling her feat is described to offer everlasting supremacy.
Mahishasura's legend is told in the major texts of the Shaktism traditions known as the Devi Mahatmya, which is part of Markandeya Purana. The story of Mahishasura is told in the chapter where Markandeya is narrating the story of the birth of Savarnika Manu. Per the Markandeya Purana, the story of Mahishasura was narrated in the second Manvantara (approximately 1.3 billion years ago, as per the Vishnu Purana) by Maharishi Medha to a king named Suratha. Mahishasura is described as an evil being who can change his outer form, but never his demonic goals. According to Christopher Fuller, Mahishasura represents the forces of ignorance and chaos hidden by outer appearances. The symbolism is carried in Hindu art found in South Asia and South-East Asia (e.g., Javanese art), where Durga is shown as a serene, calm, collected and graceful symbol of good as she pierces the heart and kills the scared, overwhelmed and outwitted Mahishasura. |
Mahishasura | Art | Art
Durga slaying Mahishasura is a prominent theme which was sculpted in various caves and temples across India. Some of the prominent representations are seen at the Mahishasuramardini caves in Mahabalipuram, the Ellora Caves, in the entrance of Rani ki vav, Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu and many more temples across India. The worship of Durga during Durga Puja in Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and other eastern states is represented in Pandal which depict Durga killing Mahishasura.Durga Puja, Encyclopaedia Britannica The legend of Mahishasura has also been inspiration for films, plays and dance dramas. |
Mahishasura | Etymology of Mysore | Etymology of Mysore
The popular legend is that Mysore (Mahishooru) gets its name from Mahishasuramardini, a manifestation of goddess Durga. The buffalo demon Mahishasura, states the regional tradition, had terrified the local population. It is believed that goddess Durga (Chamundeshwari) killed Mahishasura on top of the Chamundi Hills. The spot was constructed as the Chamundeshwari Temple in Mysuru, an event that is annually celebrated at Navaratri and Mysuru Dasara. The British Era in India saw the name change to "Mysore" and later Kannadized back into "Mysuru".
The temple of the city's guardian deity, Chamundeshvari, has a giant statue of Mahishasura on the hill facing the city. The earliest mention of Mysore in recorded history may be traced to 245 B.C., i.e., to the period of Ashoka when on the conclusion of the third Buddhist convocation, a team was dispatched to Mahisha Mandala. |
Mahishasura | Gallery | Gallery |
Mahishasura | See also | See also
Raktabīja
Sumbha and Nisumbha
Rambha (asura)
Chanda and Munda |
Mahishasura | References | References |
Mahishasura | Further reading | Further reading
Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, David Kinsley ().
Mahishasura Mardini Stotram (Prayer to the Goddess who killed Mahishasura), Sri Sri Sri Shankara Bhagavatpadacharya. |
Mahishasura | External links | External links
Devī Māhātmya by Swami Sivananda at Divine Life Society
Category:Asura
Category:Animals in Hinduism
Category:Water buffalo |
Mahishasura | Table of Content | Short description, Legend, Art, Etymology of Mysore, Gallery, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Aerocar International | short description | Aerocar International was a roadable aircraft manufacturer, founded by Moulton Taylor in Longview, Washington. Work continued until the late 1960s, when changing legislation made Taylor's designs impractical.
thumb|250px|Taylor Aerocar displayed at the EAA Aviation Museum |
Aerocar International | History and background | History and background
Moulton Taylor was a former naval commander, and is credited with flying and demonstrating the first guided missile. In 1947, he produced the first conceptual drawings for the Aerocar, and in 1948, he began development. The first model built was backed with a $50,000 investment from 49 investors. The first Aerocars were manufactured on a custom basis, and were priced at $12,000, approximately $7000 more than the cheapest light plane in 1951. There were seven Aerocars built from 1950 through 1967, in two different versions. The interior in both versions were cramped, with only fourteen cubic feet of baggage space over the engine compartment. Aerocar I had the capability to cruise at 100+ mph and its range was 300 miles on a 23.5 gallon fuel tank. On the road, its speed was 55-60 mph.
Moulton wanted to mass produce the Aerocar in order to make it more affordable, so he entered into an agreement with Ling-Temco Enterprises in 1961, in Dallas, Texas for production. According to Moulton, the company accepted $278,000 in pre-order deposits and absconded with the money. Taylor sued the company and was involved in a two-year lawsuit in an attempt to retrieve the money. Taylor was never successful in producing the Aerocar on a mass scale, he says, because of the Federal Aviation Administration and their costly regulations, which would govern the industry. |
Aerocar International | Aircraft | Aircraft
Aerocar I (1949) – Single-engine two-seat roadable aircraft. aircraft engine
Aerocar Aero-Plane (1964) – Aircraft-only derivative of Aerocar I. aircraft engine
Aerocar III – Reworked fuselage derivative of Aerocar I. aircraft engine. One produced
Aerocar Coot (1969) – Single-engine two-seat floatplane with pusher propeller
Aerocar IMP – Single-engine four-seat pusher aircraft
Aerocar Mini-IMP – Single-engine single-seat smaller version of IMP
Aerocar Bullet – Single-engine two-seat version of IMP
Aerocar Micro-IMP (1981) – Single-engine single-seat smaller version of Mini-IMP
Aerocar Ultra-IMP (1987) – Development of Micro-IMP with ultralight aircraft engine. One produced |
Aerocar International | See also | See also
Aerocar 2000, a roadable aircraft currently in development in the United States |
Aerocar International | References | References |
Aerocar International | External links | External links
(archived April 15, 2013)
Areocar, EAA AirVenture Museum
Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Category:Defunct companies based in Washington (state) |
Aerocar International | Table of Content | short description, History and background, Aircraft, See also, References, External links |
Olt (river) | short description | The Olt (Romanian and Hungarian; ; or , , Alytos) is a river in Romania. It is long, and its basin area is . It is the longest river flowing exclusively through Romania. Its average discharge at the mouth is . It originates in the Hășmaș Mountains of the eastern Carpathian Mountains, near Bălan, rising close to the headwaters of the river Mureș. The Olt flows through the Romanian counties of Harghita, Covasna, Brașov, Sibiu, Vâlcea, and Olt. The river was known as Alutus or Aluta in Roman antiquity. Olt County and the historical province of Oltenia are named after the river.
Sfântu Gheorghe, Râmnicu Vâlcea and Slatina are the main cities on the river Olt. The Olt flows into the Danube river near Turnu Măgurele. |
Olt (river) | Settlements | Settlements
thumb|left|Crossing the Olt river, 1869 watercolor by Amedeo Preziosi
The main cities along the river Olt are Miercurea Ciuc, Sfântu Gheorghe, Făgăraș, Râmnicu Vâlcea and Slatina.
The Olt passes through the following communes, from source to mouth: Bălan, Sândominic, Tomești, Cârța, Dănești, Mădăraș, Racu, Siculeni, Ciceu, Miercurea Ciuc, Sâncrăieni, Sântimbru, Sânsimion, Tușnad, Băile Tușnad, Bixad, Micfalău, Malnaș, Bodoc, Ghidfalău, Sfântu Gheorghe, Ilieni, Prejmer, Hărman, Vâlcele, Bod, Feldioara, Hăghig, Măieruș, Belin, Apața, Aita Mare, Ormeniș, Baraolt, Augustin, Racoș, Hoghiz, Ungra, Comăna, Părău, Șercaia, Mândra, Făgăraș, Beclean, Voila, Viștea, Ucea, Arpașu de Jos, Cârța, Porumbacu de Jos, Avrig, Racovița, Tălmaciu, Turnu Roșu, Boița, Câineni, Racovița, Brezoi, Călimănești, Dăești, Bujoreni, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Budești, Mihăești, Galicea, Băbeni, Ionești, Olanu, Drăgoești, Orlești, Dobroteasa, Prundeni, Vulturești, Verguleasa, Drăgășani, Voicești, Teslui, Grădinari, Strejești, Curtișoara, Pleșoiu, Găneasa, Olt, Slatina, Slătioara, Milcov, Piatra-Olt, Brâncoveni, Ipotești, Osica de Sus, Coteana, Fălcoiu, Mărunței, Drăgănești-Olt, Fărcașele, Stoenești, Dăneasa, Gostavățu, Sprâncenata, Băbiciu, Scărișoara, Rusănești, Cilieni, Tia Mare, Izbiceni, Lunca, Giuvărăști and Islaz. |
Olt (river) | Tributaries | Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries of the river Olt (from source to mouth):
Left: Mediaș, Fântâna lui Gal, Sedloco, Babașa, Șoarecu, Cad, Racul, Nicolești, Delnița, Pustnic, Fitod, Fișag, Tușnad, Vârghiș, Valea Roșie, Micfalău, Pârâul Urșilor, Malnaș, Hereț, Talomir, Râul Negru, Valea Neagră, Ghimbășel, Bârsa, Homorod (Ciucaș), Crizbav, Valea Cetății (Rotbav), Valea Seacă, Hotaru, Măieruș, Bozom, Valea Lungă, Remetea, Ormeniș, Top, Valea Cetății (Racoș), Valea Mare, Bogata, Lupșa, Comana, Veneția, Părău, Găvan, Șercaia, Urăsa, Mândra, Iaz, Sebeș, Racovița, Hurez, Săvăstreni, Netot, Dridif, Breaza, Sâmbăta, Racovița, Drăguș, Hotarul, Viștea, Corbul Viștei, Corbul Ucei, Ucea, Racovița, Gârlățel, Gostaia, Arpaș, Valea Neagră, Cârțișoara, Opat, Scorei, Sărata, Porumbacu, Avrig, Mârșa, Racovița, Sebeș, Strâmba, Rândibou, Curpăn, Valea Satului, Boia Mare, Pârâul Sec, Băiaș, Lotrișor, Văratica, Păușa, Valea Satului, Sălătrucel, Alunoasa, Valea Satului, Sâmnic, Aninoasa, Pârâul Ruzii, Topolog, Ursana, Stăneasa, Geamăna, Cungra, Sterpul, Cepturaru, Surduiu, Cungrișoara, Recea, Racovăț, Teslui, Strehareți, Milcov, Cinculeasa, Oboga, Dârjov, Iminog
Right: Sipoș, Lunca Mare, Lunca, Modicea, Mădărașul Mare, Șopot, Var, Segheș, Știuca, Beta, Capolnaș, Techera, Valea Mare, Chendreș, Valea Merilor, Chereș, Pârâul Mare, Mitaci, Răchitiș, Calnic, Valea Crișului, Arcuș, Valea Porumbelor, Debren, Valea Sâmbrezii, Ilieni, Baciu, Vâlcele, Hăghig, Iarăș, Corlat, Belinul Mare, Valea Adânca, Aita, Valea Mateiașului, Pârâul Adânc, Căpeni (Chepeț), Baraolt, Cormoș, Pârâul Sărat, Homorod, Dăișoara, Crăița, Ticuș, Felmer, Galați, Poenița, Cincu, Golbav, Pârâul Nou, Valea Fermelor, Brad, Cibin, Pleașa, Megieș, Lotrioara, Vad, Valea Largă, Valea lui Vlad, Uria, Robești, Sărăcinești, Călinești, Lotru, Lotrișor, Căciulata, Valea Căldărilor, Muereasca, Bujoreanca, Olănești, Pârâul Sărat, Govora, Focșa, Bistrița, Luncavăț, Nisipoasa, Pesceana, Oporelu Canal, Oltișor, Olteț, Teslui, Caracal, Vlădila, Suhat, Crușov |
Olt (river) | Dams | Dams
For supply of drinking water and water for irrigation and for the production of hydroelectricity, 44 reservoirs have been built in the Olt river basin. There are 24 reservoirs for hydropower on the river Olt itself, and three on its tributary Lotru.Hydro-technical infrastructure in Romania, SEPIC, Bucharest (2004) pp. 23-27 There are hydropower plants at (from source to mouth) Voila, Viștea, Arpaș, Scoreiu, Avrig, Gura Lotrului, Turnu, Călimănești, Dăești, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Râureni, Govora, Băbeni, Ionești, Zăvideni, Drăgășani, Strejești, Arcești, Slatina, Ipotești, Drăgănești, Frunzaru, Rusănești and Izbiceni. The total energy production of the 43 hydropower plants in the Olt basin was 2,980 GWh in 1996.Danube Pollution Reduction Programme, National Reviews 1998 Romania, pp. 84-87 (of 262) |
Olt (river) | Gallery | Gallery
More pictures: Raft ride (rafting) on Olt |
Olt (river) | See also | See also
Olt Defile
Limes Alutanus |
Olt (river) | References | References
Category:Rivers of Romania
Category:Rivers of Harghita County
Category:Rivers of Covasna County
Category:Rivers of Brașov County
Category:Rivers of Sibiu County
Category:Rivers of Vâlcea County
Category:Rivers of Olt County
Category:Rivers of Teleorman County |
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