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Arthur Redvers Randell 11 July 1901 March 1988 wrote about life in the English Fens. Biography Randell was born near the River Great Ouse at Wiggenhall St Mary Magdalen, Norfolk, in the United Kingdom. During his early life he made a living from being a railway worker and a molecatcher. He was a great authority on the Fens and its people and customs. He wrote about the blacksmith who was forced to turn to repairing farm implements and kitchen implements, the chimney sweep, the harness maker, the pig-killer, the straw worker, the maker of corn dollies and many other now extinct trades Bibliography Sixty years a Fenman Fenland Railwayman Fenland Memories Footnotes External links River Great Ouse and its route through the Fens Category:1901 births Category:English writers Category:People from King's Lynn and West Norfolk district Category:1988 deaths
The 1988 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 6, 1988. The eight teams that qualified, four from each division, played best-of-seven series for Division Semifinals and Division Finals. The division champions played a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup. The Calder Cup Final ended on May 12, 1988, with the Hershey Bears defeating the Fredericton Express four games to zero to win the Calder Cup for the seventh time in team history. Hershey went an unprecedented 12-0 during their Calder Cup run, which also set an AHL record for most consecutive games won in one playoff. Hershey's Wendell Young won the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as AHL playoff MVP. Playoff seeds After the 198788 AHL regular season, the top four teams from each division qualified for the playoffs. The Hershey Bears finished the regular season with the best overall record. Northern Division Maine Mariners - 99 points Fredericton Express - 95 points Sherbrooke Canadiens - 89 points Nova Scotia Oilers - 81 points Southern Division Hershey Bears - 105 points Rochester Americans - 100 points Adirondack Red Wings - 99 points Binghamton Whalers - 87 points Bracket In each round, the team that earned more points during the regular season receives home ice advantage, meaning they receive the extra game on home-ice if the series reaches the maximum number of games. There is no set series format due to arena scheduling conflicts and travel considerations. Division Semifinals Note: Home team is listed first. Northern Division 1 Maine Mariners vs. 4 Nova Scotia Oilers 2 Fredericton Express vs. 3 Sherbrooke Canadiens Southern Division 1 Hershey Bears vs. 4 Binghamton Whalers 2 Rochester Americans vs. 3 Adirondack Red Wings Division Finals Northern Division 1 Maine Mariners vs. 2 Fredericton Express Southern Division 1 Hershey Bears vs. 3 Adirondack Red Wings Calder Cup Final S1 Hershey Bears vs. N2 Fredericton Express See also 198788 AHL season List of AHL seasons References Calder Cup Category:Calder Cup playoffs
Neophyllis a genus of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. The genus contains two species found in Australasia. References External links Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Lichens
Dead Oceans is an American independent record label based on Bloomington, Indiana with offices in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Austin, London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Berlin. Dead Oceans is a label included in Secretly Group, which also includes Secretly Canadian and Jagjaguwar. Secretly Group includes the three record labels as well as a music publisher known as Secretly Publishing, representing artists, writers, filmmakers, producers, and comedians. History In 2007, Phil Waldorf left Misra Records after nearly a decade of managing the label to form Dead Oceans with Chris Swanson, Ben Swanson, Darius Van Arman, and Jonathan Cargill of Secretly Canadian and Jagjaguwar. Before becoming the head of Dead Oceans, Waldorf was a Virginia native with a teenage love of skateboarding and punk rock seven-inches. He left home to go to college in Athens, Georgia, where he worked at the college radio station, WUOG, as their music director, and in the city's underground music scene. While there, Waldorf came to know future indie bands Neutral Milk Hotel and Olivia Tremor Control in their formative years, going to early house shows before both bands rose to underground fame. In 1998, Waldorf moved to New York City when he was hired by the iconic record store, Other Music. While working at Other Music, Waldorf also managed an indie label, Misra Records. After some time, Chris Swanson and Waldorf became friends and began talking about the possibility of working together. After deciding to partner on a new label, Chris Swanson suggested the name Dead Oceans. The name is lifted from the lyrics of Bob Dylan's A Hard Rains a-Gonna Fall 1962: Ive been out in front of a dozen dead oceans Ive been ten thousand miles in the mouth of a graveyard And its a hard, and its a hard, its a hard, and its a hard And its a hard rains a-gonna fall. In 2007, Waldorf officially started Dead Oceans with the Swanson brothers, Van Arman, and Cargill. The addition of Dead Oceans to Secretly Canadian and Jagjaguwar's partnership led to the formation of Secretly Group. As the label began, some of their earliest releases include titles such as Phosphorescent's Pride, Dirty Projectors Rise Above, and Akron/Family's Set Em Wild, Set Em Free ranging from folk to art punk to groove-y rock. Since then, Dead Oceans has grown to include Julianna Barwick, Mitski, Phoebe Bridgers, Japanese Breakfast, Ryley Walker, The Tallest Man on Earth, Kevin Morby, Marlon Williams, and many others. In 2015, Secretly Group began a partnership with The Numero Group as well. In 2017, the label released Nineties shoegaze band Slowdives return to the industry with their first album after a 22 year hiatus. In 2018, Dead Oceans was listed as #7 on Paste Magazine's top 10 record labels of 2018. Jagjaguwar was listed as #4 and Secretly Canadian was listed as #8. Artists Notable honors and awards GRAMMY AWARDS US/GLOBAL 2019, Mitski, Be The Cowboy - Best Recording Package nominated A2IM LIBERA AWARDS 2019, Dead Oceans Label of the Year finalist 2019, Phosphorescent, Cest La Vie - Best Country/Americana Album finalist 2019, Khruangbin, Con Todo El Mundo - Best Outlier Album WON 2019, Mitski, Be The Cowboy - Album of the Year finalist 2019, Mitski Best Live Act finalist 2019, Mitski, Be The Cowboy - Best Rock Album finalist 2019, Shame, Songs of Praise - Best Rock Album finalist 2019, Durand Jones & The Indications, Durand Jones & The Indications - Best R&B Album finalist 2019, Mitski, Be The Cowboy - Creative Packaging finalist 2019, Dead Oceans Label of the Year finalist 2019, Khruangbin, Con Todo El Mundo - Marketing Genius finalist 2019, Mitski, Nobody - Video of the Year WON 2018, Dead Oceans Label of the Year WON 2018, Slowdive, Slowdive - Album of the Year WON 2018, Phoebe Bridgers, Stranger in the Alps - Best American Roots & Folk Album finalist 2018, Kevin Morby, City Music - Best American Roots & Folk Album finalist 2018, Slowdive Marketing Genius finalist 2017, Mitski, Your Best American Girl - Video of the Year finalist 2017, Ryley Walker, Golden Sings That Have Been Sung - Best Country/Americana/Folk Album finalist 2014, Phosphorescent, Muchacho - Album of the Year finalist 2013, Bear In Heaven, I Love You, Its Cool - Light Bulb Marketing Award finalist AIM INDEPENDENT MUSIC AWARDS UK 2019, Better Oblivion Community Center, s/t - Best Independent Album nominated 2018, Dead Oceans Independent Label of the Year nominated 2018, Shame, Songs of Praise - Album of the Year nominated 2018, Phoebe Bridgers, Stranger in the Alps - Album of the Year nominated 2018, Shame, One Rizia - Track of the Year nominated 2018, Phoebe Bridgers, Motion Sickness - Track of the Year nominated 2018, Phoebe Bridgers International Breakthrough WON 2014, Secretly Group Independent Label of the Year nominated NME AWARDS UK 2018, Shame Best New Artist nominated GRAMMIS AWARDS SWEDEN 2011, Tallest Man on Earth Male Artist of the Year nominated VUT VIA AWARDS GERMANY 2018, Slowdive Best Album nominated See also List of record labels Secretly Canadian Jagjaguwar References External links Dead Oceans official website Category:American independent record labels Category:Indie rock record labels Category:Alternative rock record labels Category:Record labels established in 2007 Category:Indie pop record labels
Atherton Courthouse is located at 81 Main Street, Atherton in Queensland, Australia. The courthouse was built in 1941 and features timber panels constructed from rare quilted, Queensland rainforest maple, which is no longer milled in Australia. The courthouse is still in use by the Atherton Magistrates Court. History Atherton Courthouse was used as a wartime hospital for officers during World War II and has air raid bunkers beneath the building. References Category:Government buildings completed in 1941 Category:Courthouses in Queensland Category:Atherton, Queensland Category:Buildings and structures in Far North Queensland
The Maquis du Mont Mouchet were a group of French resistance fighters during the Second World War that were based at Mont Mouchet. The Germans, having discovered the maquis, made several attacks up until May 1944 with about 3,000 men and using aviation and armoured units. The maquisards fought back fiercely. Little information is available on the German forces. Historians have identified some units: The Jesser Brigade, formed from veterans of the eastern front deployed in the Orléans-Pithiviers sector Sicherungs-Regiment 1000 Aufklärungsabteilung 1000 These were reinforced from: Regiment 2 of the 2 Ost-Bataillone of the Freiwilligen-Stamm-Division: The Volga Tatar legion stationed at Puy-en-Velay The Azerbaijan legion stationed at Rodez former 804th battalion ? The 3rd Battalion of the SS Polizei Regiment 19 A battery of the artillery regiment 28 189th reserve division Battalion of DCA 958 3 motorised response detachments of the Feldgendarmerie An armored reconnaissance platoon originating from Paris 2 Luftwaffe squadrons from Aulnat airbase After several days of combat, the final German attack forced the maquisards to fall back and disperse. Out of revenge for their previous losses, the Germans pillaged several of the surrounding villages, including Clavières. In the course of the battles, the French Forces of the Interior sustained severe losses: 238 killed and 180 wounded as well as about 100 hostages executed by the Nazis. Sources Mémoire de la France Category:National liberation armies Category:Military history of France during World War II Category:French Maquis Category:Battles of World War II involving France Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany Category:Guerrilla warfare Category:Military battles of Vichy France Category:Uprisings during World War II
PS-50 Hyderabad-VIII is a constituency of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh. General elections 2013 General elections 2008 See also Sindh References External links Election commission Pakistan's official website Awazoday.com check result Official Website of Government of Sindh Category:Constituencies of Sindh
Theodorus Maurita Frenkel 14 July 1871 20 September 1956 was a Dutch film director, actor and screenwriter of the silent era. He worked in Britain under the name Theo Bouwmeester, using the surname of his renowned mother and uncle both accomplished actors, before working in Germany in 1913 and 1914 and then returning to the Netherlands, a neutral country, before World War I. He directed 214 films between 1908 and 1928. He also appeared in 21 films between 1911 and 1948. His nephew Theo Frenkel Jr. 18931955 was a film actor. Selected filmography By Order of Napoleon 1910 - director, early feature in Kinemacolor Luchtkastelen 1914 - actor Zijn viool 1914 - actor Fatum 1915 Het Wrak in de Noordzee 1915 Genie tegen geweld 1916 Life's Shadows 1916 Pro domo 1918 Het proces Begeer 1918 De duivel 1918 Ray of Sunshine 1919 The Devil in Amsterdam 1919 Op stap door Amsterdam 1919 Helleveeg 1920 Aan boord van de 'Sabina' 1920 Geeft ons kracht 1920 Menschenwee 1921 De bruut 1922 Judith 1923 Frauenmoral 1923 Cirque hollandais 1924 De cabaret-prinses 1925 References External links Category:1871 births Category:1956 deaths Category:Dutch film directors Category:Dutch male film actors Category:Dutch male silent film actors Category:Dutch screenwriters Category:Dutch male screenwriters Category:People from Rotterdam
Kōmei Abe's Divertimento for Alto Saxophone was originally written in 1951 for alto saxophone and piano and subsequently orchestrated in 1960. It's a result of his interest in woodwind instruments in the postwar years, which led him to learn to play the clarinet in addition to his previous training as a cellist, and in the instrument, which can be traced up to his schoolyears when he was moved by its use in Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Pictures at an Exhibition. The Divertimento is a lyrical and light-hearted work in the vein of French neoclassicism reflecting Abe's adscription to cosmopolitanism rather than to the primitivistic nationalism that was on the rise in Japanese music at the time. It consists of three movements, marked Andante sostenuto, Adagietto and Allegro lasting for about 20 minutes in total, and it was premiered by saxophonist Arata Sakaguchi. The orchestral version was first recorded by Aleksey Volkov and the Russian Philharmonic conducted by Dmitry Yablonsky in 2005. Following the release the Divertimento was rated as an enjoyable work, though not overly distinctive by Jonathan Woolf from Musicweb International, while Steve Hicken from Sequenza21 found that it showed to good effect Abe's straight-forwardly tonal, melodic, [...] lighter than air style and Uncle Dave Lewis from AllMusic praised it as sort of the kind of sax concerto that Richard Strauss might have written, deserving to be added into the instrument's concert repertoire. Discography References Category:Saxophone concertos Category:1951 compositions
Co-rumination refers to extensively discussing and revisiting problems, speculating about problems, and focusing on negative feelings with peers. Although it is similar to self-disclosure in that it involves revealing and discussing a problem, it is more focused on the problems themselves and thus can be maladaptive. While self-disclosure is seen as a positive aspect found in close friendships, some types of self-disclosure can also be maladaptive. Co-rumination is a type of behavior that is positively correlated with both rumination and self-disclosure and has been linked to a history of anxiety because co-ruminating may exacerbate worries about whether problems will be resolved, about negative consequences of problems, and depressive diagnoses due to the consistent negative focus on troubling topics, instead of problem-solving. However, co-rumination is also closely associated with high-quality friendships and closeness. Developmental psychology and gender differences Girls are more likely than boys to co-ruminate with their close friends, and co-rumination increases with age in children. Female adolescents are more likely to co-ruminate than younger girls, because their social worlds become increasingly complex and stressful. This is not true for boys, however as age differences are not expected among boys because their interactions remain activity focused and the tendency to extensively discuss problems is likely to remain inconsistent with male norms. Unfortunately, while providing this support, this tendency may also reinforce internalizing problems such as anxiety or depression, especially in adolescent girls, which may account for higher depression among girls than boys. For boys, lower levels of co-rumination may help buffer them against emotional problems if they spend less time with friends dwelling on problems and concerns, though less sharing of personal thoughts and feelings can potentially interfere with creating high-quality friendships. Co-rumination has been found to partially explain or mediate gender differences in anxiety and depression; females have reported engaging in more co-rumination in close friendships than males, as well as elevated co-rumination was associated with females' higher levels of depression, but not anxiety. Co-rumination is also linked with romantic activities, which have been shown to correlate with depressive symptoms over time, because they are often the problem discussed among adolescents. Research suggests that within adolescents, children who currently exhibit high levels of co-rumination would predict the onset of depressive diagnoses than in children who exhibit lower levels of co-rumination. In addition, this link was maintained even when children with current diagnoses were excluded, as well as statistically controlling for current depressive symptoms. This further suggests that the relation between co-rumination and a history of depressive diagnoses is not due simply to current levels of depression. Another study looking at 146 adolescents 69 female ranging in age from 14 to 19 suggests that comparing gender differences in co-rumination across samples, it appears as if these differences intensify through early adolescence but begin to narrow shortly thereafter and remain steady through emerging adulthood Stress hormones, co-rumination and depression Co-rumination, or talking excessively about each other's problems, is common during adolescent years, especially among girls, as mentioned before. On a biological basis, a study has shown that there is an increase in the levels of stress hormones during co-rumination. This suggests that since stress hormones are released during co-rumination, they may also be released in greater amounts during other life stressors. If someone exhibits co-rumination in response to a life problem it may become more and more common for them to co-ruminate about all problems in their life. Studies have also shown that co-rumination can predict internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety. Since co-rumination involves repeatedly going over problems again and again this clearly may lead to depression and anxiety. Catastrophizing, when one takes small possibilities and blows them out of proportion into something negative, is common in depression and anxiety and may very well be a result of constantly going over problems that may not be as bad as they seem. Co-rumination, that tends to develop the emotional bonds between participants is also a method used by therapy cults to draw in members and increase attachment to the abusive group while at the same time damaging other relationships that may be being discussed e.g. the members own family. Effects in daily life Co-rumination, or lack thereof, leads to different behaviors in daily life. For example, studies have examined the link between co-rumination and weekly drinking habits, specifically, negative thoughts. Worry co-rumination leads to less drinking weekly, while angry co-rumination leads to a significant increase in drinking. There have also been some gender differences found as well in the same study. In general, negative co-rumination increased the likelihood that women would binge drink weekly, versus men who would drink less weekly. When dealing with specific negative emotions, women drank less when taking part in worry co-rumination as opposed to other negative emotions, while there appeared to be a lack of significant difference in men. Ciesla et al., 2011 Therapy Co-rumination treatment typically consists of cognitive emotion regulation therapy for rumination with the patient. This therapy focuses both on the patient themselves and their habits of continually co-ruminating with a friend or friends. Therapies may need to be altered depending on the gender of each patient. As suggested by Zlomke and Hahn 2010 men showed vast improvement in anxiety and worrying symptoms by focusing their attention on how to handle a negative event through refocus on planning. For women, accepting a negative event/emotion and re-framing it in a positive light was associated with decreased levels of worry. In other words, some of the cognitive emotion regulation strategies that work for men do not necessarily work for women and vice versa. Patients are encouraged to talk about their problems with friends and family members, but need to focus on a solution instead of focusing on the exact problem. Types of relationships While the majority of studies have been conducted with youth same-sex friendships, others have explored co-rumination and correlates of co-rumination within other types of relationships. Research on co-rumination in the workplace has shown that discussions about workplace problems have led to mixed results, especially regarding gender differences. In high abusive supervision settings, the effects of co-rumination were shown to intensify its negative effects for women, while associating lower negative effects for men. In low abusive supervision settings, results show that there were no significant effects for women, but had negative outcomes for men. The study suggests the reason men are at risk for job dissatisfaction and depression in low stress supervision, is due to the gender differences at an early age. At a young age, girls report to co-ruminate more than boys, and as they age girls' scores tend to rise, while boys' scores tend to drop. The study further suggests that in adulthood, men have less experience with co-rumination than women, however some men may learn skills through interacting with women or the interaction style with other men in adulthood has changed from activity-based to conversation-based; suggesting that not only do men and women co-ruminate differently, but that the level of stress may be a factor as well. In another study, co-rumination was seen to increase the negative effects of burnout on perceived stress among co-workers, thereby indicating that, while co-rumination may be seen as a socially-supportive interaction, it could have negative psychological outcomes for co-workers. Within the context of mother-adolescent relationships, a study that examines 5th, 8th, and 11th graders has found greater levels of co-rumination among mother and daughter than mother and son relationships. In addition, mother-adolescent co-rumination was related to positive relationship quality, but also to enmeshment which was unique to co-rumination. These enmeshment as well as internalizing relations were strongest when co-ruminating was focused on the mother's problems. Other relationships have also been studied. For instance, one study found that graduate students engage in co-rumination. Furthermore, for those graduate students, co-rumination acted as a partial mediator, which suppressed the positive effects of social support on emotional exhaustion. Primary Researchers Researchers in psychology and communication have studied the conceptualization of co-rumination along with the effects of the construct. A few primary researchers have focused attention on the construct including Amanda Rose Professor of Psychology at the University of Missouri, who was one of the first scholars to write about the construct. Others who are doing work on co-rumination include Justin P. Boren, Associate Professor of Communication at Santa Clara University, Jennifer Byrd-Craven, Associate Professor of Psychology at Oklahoma State University, and Dana L. Haggard, Professor of Management at Missouri State University See also Developmental psychology Communication Self-disclosure Rumination References Category:Developmental psychology
The International Critical Commentary or ICC is a series of commentaries in English on the text of the Old Testament and New Testament. It is currently published by T&T Clark, now an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing. Initially started over one hundred years ago, the International Critical Commentary series has been a highly regarded academic-level commentary on the Bible. It aims to marshall all available aids to exegesis: linguistic, textual, archaeological, historical, literary and theological. No unifying scheme is sought but each scholar has been free to express their expertise. Originally edited by Samuel Rolles Driver, Alfred A. Plummer and Charles Augustus Briggs, the series has been in the hands of various editors since. The current editors are Graham I. Davies and Christopher M. Tuckett. Volumes 552 pages 232 pages 318 pages 489 pages 434 pages 476 pages 421 pages 574 pages 534 pages 384 pages 334 pages 360 pages 360 pages 571 pages 554 pages 212 pages 448 pages 808 pages 472 pages 424 pages 392 pages 560 pages 658 pages 1,396 pages 416 pages 557 pages 478 pages 600 pages 424 pages 560 pages 515 pages 350 pages 731 pages 807 pages 789 pages 317 pages 592 pages 368 pages 740 pages 740 pages 692 pages 1,272 pages 450 pages 480 pages 496 pages 424 pages 404 pages 978 pages 978 pages 539 pages 685 pages 315 pages 512 pages 201 pages 326 pages 163 pages 882 pages 264 pages 319 pages 848 pages 353 pages 242 pages 373 pages 497 pages See also Anchor Bible Series Exegesis Textual criticism List of Biblical commentaries References Category:Biblical commentaries Category:Series of non-fiction books
Maxime Potvin born 3 August 1987 is a Canadian taekwondo practitioner. He is a former World Championships silver medalist. In 2015, he was named to Canada's team at the 2015 Pan American Games that were held in Toronto where he received a silver medal. References Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Canadian male taekwondo practitioners Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada Category:Taekwondo practitioners at the 2015 Pan American Games Category:Pan American Games medalists in taekwondo
The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers. It was started in 1986. The rankings are based on a player's position in individual tournaments i.e. not pairs or team events over a rolling two-year period. New rankings are produced each week. During 2018, nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system. All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings. In 2019, 23 tours will factor into the world rankings. As well as being of general interest, the rankings have an additional importance, in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments. Tours included in the rankings The ranking system is endorsed by the four major championships and six major professional tours, five of which are charter members of the International Federation of PGA Tours: PGA Tour European Tour Asian Tour not a charter member of the Federation PGA Tour of Australasia Japan Golf Tour Sunshine Tour Points are also awarded for high finishes on other tours: Korn Ferry Tour, the official developmental tour for the PGA Tour Challenge Tour, the official developmental tour for the European Tour PGA Tour Canada, which became a full member of the Federation in 2009 under its former name of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour Korean Tour, from 2011 PGA Tour Latinoamérica, from 2011 Tour de las Américas in 2011 and early 2012 Asian Development Tour, the official developmental tour for the Asian Tour, from 2013 PGA Tour China, from 2014 Alps Tour, from July 2015 Nordic Golf League, from July 2015 PGA EuroPro Tour, from July 2015 ProGolf Tour, from July 2015 MENA Golf Tour, from April 2016 Big Easy Tour, from 2018 China Tour, from 2018 All Thailand Golf Tour, from 2019 Professional Golf Tour of India, from 2019 Abema TV Tour, from 2019 Starting in 2012, some events received points that had not previously received any. These were the Sunshine Tour Winter Series and the PGA Tour of Australasia State Based and Regional Tournaments. Previous tours: Asia Golf Circuit, from 1986 until 1997. OneAsia Tour, added in 2009 but was dropped in 2018. History The initiative for the creation of the Official World Golf Ranking came from the Championship Committee of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, which found in the 1980s that its system of issuing invitations to The Open Championship on a tour by tour basis was omitting an increasing number of top players because more of them were dividing their time between tours, and from preeminent sports agent Mark McCormack, who was the first chairman of the International Advisory Committee which oversees the rankings. The system used to calculate the rankings was developed from McCormack's World Golf Rankings, which were published in his World of Professional Golf Annual from 1968 to 1985, although these were purely unofficial and not used for any wider purpose such as inviting players to major tournaments. The first ranking list was published prior to the 1986 Masters Tournament. The top six ranked golfers were: Bernhard Langer, Seve Ballesteros, Sandy Lyle, Tom Watson, Mark O'Meara and Greg Norman. Thus the top three were all European, but there were 31 Americans in the top 50 compared with 17 at the end of 2010. The method of calculation of the rankings has changed considerably over the years. Initially, the rankings were calculated over a three-year period, with the current year's points multiplied by four three in 1986, the previous year's points by two and the third year's points by one. Rankings were based on the total points and points awarded were restricted to integer values. All tournaments recognised by the world's professional tours, and some leading invitational events, were graded into categories ranging from major championship whose winners would receive 50 points to other tournaments whose winners would receive a minimum of 8. In all events, other finishers received points on a diminishing scale that began with runners-up receiving 60 of the winners' points, and the number of players in the field receiving points would be the same as the points awarded to the winner. In a major, for example, all players finishing 30th to 40th would receive 2 points, and all players finishing 50th or higher, 1 point. Beginning in April 1989, the rankings were changed to be based on the average points per event played instead of simply total points earned, subject to a minimum divisor of 60 20 events per year. This was in order to more accurately reflect the status of some particularly older players, who played in far fewer events than their younger contemporaries but demonstrated in major championships that their ranking was artificially low. Tom Watson, for example, finished in the top 15 of eight major championships between 1987 and 1989, yet had a total points ranking of just 40th; his ranking became a more realistic 20th when based on average points. A new system for determining the weight of each tournament was also introduced, based on the strength of the tournament's field in terms of their pre-tournament world rankings. Major championships were guaranteed to remain at 50 points for the winners, and all other events could attain a maximum of 40 points for the winner if all of the world's top 100 were present. In practice most PGA Tour events awarded around 25 points to the winner, European Tour events around 18 and JPGA Tour events around 12. In 1996, the three-year period was reduced to two years, with the current year now counting double and the minimum number of events reduced from 60 to 40. Points were extended to more of the field, beginning in 2000, and were no longer restricted to integer values. Beginning in September 2001, the tapering system was changed so that instead of the points for each result being doubled if they occurred in the most recent 12 months, one eighth of the initial multiplied up value was deducted every 13 weeks. This change effectively meant that players could now be more simply described as being awarded 100 points not 50 for winning a major. Beginning in 2007, the system holds the points from each event at full value for 13 weeks and then reduces them in equal weekly increments over the remainder of the two-year period. In 2010, a maximum number of tournaments was introduced as well as the minimum of 40. The maximum number was initially set to 60 from January 2010 and was reduced by 2 every six months until it reached 52 in January 2012. This means that since 2012 only the player's 52 most recent tournaments within the two-year period are used to calculate his ranking average. At first only the Championship Committee of the Royal and Ancient used the rankings for official purposes, but the PGA Tour recognized them in 1990, and in 1997 all five of the then principal men's golf tours did so. The rankings, which had previously been called the Sony Rankings, were renamed the Official World Golf Rankings at that time. They are run from offices in Virginia Water in Surrey, England. Calculation of the rankings Source: Simply put, a golfer's World Ranking is obtained by dividing their points total by the number of events they have played, which gives their average. Players are then ranked; a higher average yields a higher rank. Event ranking The first stage in the calculation is the ranking of each event. For most events the ranking depends on the current world rankings of the participating golfers and the participation of the leading golfers from the home tour. A world rating value is calculated. Any golfer currently ranked in the world top 200 is given a rating value. The world No. 1 is allocated 45, the No. 2 is allocated 37, the No. 3 is allocated 32, down to those ranked between 101 and 200 who are allocated a rating value of 1 each. The maximum possible world rating value is 925 but this would only happen if all the top 200 golfers were playing. A home tour rating value is calculated. The leading 30 golfers from the previous year's home tour are given rating values. Most tours use earnings lists for their top 30, but the PGA Tour currently uses the FedEx points list calculated after the playoffs. Major championships and WGC events use the current world top 30 list. The home tour No. 1 is allocated 8 down to those from 16 to 30 who are allocated a rating value of 1 each. The maximum home tour rating value is 75 if all the top 30 players from the home tour are competing. The total home tour rating value is limited to 75 of the world rating value. The world rating value and home tour rating value are added together to give a total rating value. This is then converted into an event ranking using a table. As examples, a total rating value of 10 converts to an event ranking of 8, a total rating value of 100 converts to an event ranking of 24, while a total rating value of 500 converts to an event ranking of 62. Major championships have a fixed event ranking of 100 points. For each tour, there is a minimum ranking for each event. In addition, some tours have a flagship event that is guaranteed a higher ranking. * Previously the Thailand Golf Championship 72-hole tournaments which are reduced to 54 holes retain full points, but if a tournament is reduced to 36 holes, its points allocation is reduced by 25. 54-hole tournaments reduced to 36 holes retain full points. The events with the highest Total Rating in 2019 are shown in the following table. Rank refers to the player's world ranking before the event. Player rankings Having calculated the ranking of the event, the ranking points of the players for that event can be calculated. The winner's ranking points are the same as the ranking of the event, so that major winners get 100 ranking points. The second place golfer gets 60 of this amount, 40 for 3rd, 30 for 4th, 24 for 5th, down to 14 for 10th, 7 for 20th, 3.5 for 40th to 1.5 for 60th. Players tied for a position share the points for those positions so that if, for example, two players tie for second place they would each receive 50, the average of 60 and 40. A player's ranking points for an event must be at least 1.2. Players who would get less than this using the above formula get no ranking points. For example, if an event has a ranking of 10 only the leading 12 players and ties receive any ranking points since the player in 12th place gets 12 of the event ranking i.e. 1.2. The player in 13th position gets no points. Where there is a tie for the final scoring place, those players are guaranteed to receive at least 1.2 points. Using the above example, if there were two or more players tied for 12th place, each would receive 1.2 points. The only exceptions to this system are in the major championships where all players who make the cut get a minimum of 1.5 ranking points. Adjusted rankings For the first 13 weeks after an event the player receives the full ranking points earned in that event. However, from then onwards they are reduced in equal weekly increments over the remainder of a two-year period. This gives priority to recent form. Each week the ranking points are reduced by a factor of 1/92 approximately 1.09 so that in week 14 only 98.91 of the ranking points are credited, continuing until week 104 when only 1.09 is credited. From week 105 the ranking points are completely lost. Ranking average The player's adjusted points for all events in the two-year period are then added together, and this total is divided by the number of events to give the average ranking. However, players are subject to both a minimum and maximum number of events over the two-year period. If a player competes in fewer than 40 tournaments over the two-year period his adjusted points total is divided by 40 and not the actual number of events he has played in. There is also a maximum of 52 tournaments, which means that only the player's 52 most recent tournaments within the two-year period are used. The resulting averages for all players are put into descending order to produce the ranking table. This means that the player who has obtained most cumulative success does not necessarily come top of the rankings: it is average performance levels that are important, and some golfers play substantially more tournaments than others. New rankings are released every Monday. Importance of the rankings A professional golfer's ranking is of considerable significance to his career. Currently a ranking in the World Top 50 grants automatic entry to all the majors and World Golf Championships; see table below. In addition, rankings are the main criterion for selection for the International Team in the Presidents Cup, while ranking points are one of the qualification criteria for the European Ryder Cup team. The rankings are also used to help select the field for various other tournaments. Note: The PGA Championship does not have an official automatic entry based on the Official World Golf Ranking. However, the PGA of America invites additional players, and traditionally has invited those in the top 100 for the last several years. It makes note of its strong field by referencing the number of top 100 ranked golfers entered in its press releases. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, the top-15 world-ranked players will be eligible, with a limit of four players from a given country. Beyond the top-15, players will be eligible based on the world rankings, with a maximum of two eligible players from each country that does not already have two or more players among the top-15. Within the 60 players participating, each of the five continents of the Olympic Movement will be guaranteed at least one player and the host nation will be guaranteed one player. Timeline of the number one ranking The first official ranking list was published prior to the Masters in April 1986, with Bernhard Langer the first world No. 1 ranked player, ahead of Seve Ballesteros, who had topped the unofficial McCormack's World Golf Rankings at the end of the previous year. Ballesteros briefly held the No. 1 spot after Langer, before Greg Norman's worldwide success over the rest of that season made him the first year-end No. 1. Ballesteros took the No. 1 position back from Norman in 1987, and the pair exchanged the No. 1 position several times over the next two years. During 1990, Nick Faldo remained ranked just behind Norman despite winning three majors in two years and more world ranking points in total than his rival, albeit having entered more events. As detailed in Mark McCormack's World of Professional Golf 1991 annual, it was also the case but less immediately apparent that Norman had won a total of 14 events during the ranking period to Faldo's 10, and when the two had competed in the same tournament, had finished ahead of his rival 19 times to 11, so Norman's No. 1 position on the new average points system had some justification. Faldo did inherit the No. 1 ranking for the first time early in 1991. In April 1991, a quirk in the way the rankings treated results from previous years meant that Ian Woosnam, who had never won a major, took the No. 1 spot from Faldo on the eve of the latter's attempt to win the Masters for a third year in succession; as if justifying the ranking system, Woosnamand not Faldowon the tournament. Twelve months later, Fred Couples similarly took over the No. 1 ranking shortly before the 1992 Masters, then also went on to make that tournament his first major victory. Faldo's Open victory in 1992 lifted him back to the No. 1 position, and he held that spot until replaced by Nick Price, who in 1994 became the first African ranked No. 1 after his back-to-back major victories that summer. By 1996, Greg Norman had regained the top spot and ended 1996 and 1997 narrowly ahead of first Tom Lehman, and then Tiger Woods and Ernie Els in the rankings, despite his rivals enjoying major victories in those years while he won none. Lehman, Els and Woods would all briefly become No. 1 during 1997, Lehman for a week to date, the only player to hold the No. 1 ranking for just one week. In 1996, Colin Montgomerie also led the rankings in total points earned over the two-year period but never on average points per event; in 1997 Els was top of a similar total points list. Those were the last occasions on which a player led on total points but not average points until 2016, when Dustin Johnson similarly had more points in total than the world number one Jason Day. Woods then finished 1998 narrowly ahead of Mark O'Meara even though the latter won two major titles that year while Woods won just once on the PGA Tour. In March 1999, David Duval became world No. 1 after winning The Players Championship, his sixth victory in a twelve-month period that came before his first major victory which would follow two years later at the Open Championship. In 2000, Tiger Woods had an unprecedented season of success that saw him earn 948 world ranking points in a single calendar year, so many points that even had his 1999 points which represented the previous single-season record been totally discounted from the calculation, Woods would still have had a points average easily high enough to lead the rankings and Woods would still have led at the end of 2001 even had he earned no further points that year. Tiger Woods dominated the No. 1 spot for the following five years, but when Vijay Singh won the PGA Championship in 2004 and with it took the No. 1 ranking, that change highlighted the fact that Woods had not won a major for over two years, and also the extraordinary success Singh had recently on tour had that had allowed him to overtake the American. Woods responded by winning the very next major, the 2005 Masters, and with it regained the No. 1 spot, which he would then retain for a further five years. Following knee surgery in the summer of 2008, Woods missed the entire second half of the year, while Pádraig Harrington won two major championships, to add to the Open Championship he won in 2007. Despite earning no further ranking points during his absence, Woods remained No. 1 on the ranking system in December 2008. During 2010, there was much debate as to whether Woods' continued retention of the No. 1 ranking which he held up until the end of October was justified given his relatively poor formWoods finished fourth in two major championships in 2010, but failed to finish in the top ten of any other events he entered. During the 2010 season, several of his rivals for the No. 1 spot - including Masters champion Phil Mickelson who had won four majors since 2004 but had yet to reach No. 1 in the rankings, Lee Westwood who had yet to win a major but had finished second in both the Masters and Open Championships in 2010, and then Martin Kaymer who had won the PGA Championship among four worldwide wins each missed opportunities to win particular events that would have taken them above Woods, before Westwood finally became world No. 1 on October 31. During 2011, the possession of the No. 1 ranking would be the subject of much discussion among European golf commentators as it passed from Westwood to Kaymer, back to Westwood and then in May to Luke Donald, who took No. 1 spot by defeating Westwood in a playoff for the BMW PGA Championship. Donald, in becoming the fifteenth world No. 1, also became the first ever to reach No. 1 before having won or finished runner-up in a major championship in his career. Donald's position at the top of the rankings was justified by his consistency through the rest of the 2011 season becoming the first golfer ever to win the money title on both the European and PGA Tours in the same season. In March 2012, Donald lost the No. 1 position to Rory McIlroy; the pair then exchanged the No. 1 position a further four times in the following two months, so the volatility of the No. 1 ranking again became a source of comment. At the end of 2012, McIlroy had opened up a clear lead at the top of the rankings, following his second major victory at the PGA Championship and emulating Donald in leading the money lists on both sides of the Atlantic. However, by the end of March 2013, a resurgent Tiger Woods had returned to the top of the rankings, after adding three PGA Tour wins in 2013 to his three victories from 2012 while McIlroy struggled with his form following equipment changes. Woods then suffered a back injury that sidelined him for the early part of 2014, and in his absence, Adam Scott, winner of the 2013 Masters, became the 17th world No. 1 on May 18, despite not winning an event in 2014 to that date; he would win the following week to secure his No. 1 position and avoid following Tom Lehman as a one-week No. 1. He held the No. 1 position until August 3, when McIlroy regained the top spot by following his Open Championship victory with another at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. On August 16, 2015, following Jordan Spieth's second-place finish at the 2015 PGA Championship that followed earlier wins at the Masters and the U.S. Open, Spieth became the 18th world No. 1. Over the following three weeks, the No. 1 spot passed back and forth between McIlroy and Spieth, due to the way each player's average points which were almost identical fluctuated as their point weightings and events played divisors changed, until, on September 20, both were overtaken by Jason Day, the 2015 PGA Championship winner, who became the 19th world No. 1 with victory in the BMW Championship, his fifth of the season. A week later, Spieth regained the No. 1 spot from Day after winning the Tour Championship and with it, the FedEx Cup, and concluded 2015 as world No. 1, but Day's continued good form took him back to number one after winning the WGC Matchplay in March 2016. On February 19, 2017, Dustin Johnson became the 20th player to reach number one in the rankings following his victory at the Genesis Open. He would remain number one for over a year before being overtaken in May 2018 by Justin Thomas, who had won the PGA championship and four other events in 2017. Johnson regained top spot but was overtaken again in September 2018 by Justin Rose, who had finished second at the Open and again in two FedEx Cup playoff events. Rose became the 22nd player to reach number one, and the fourth Englishman. Johnson regained the number one position from Rose but was replaced by a new number one for a third time in 2018 on October 21, when Brooks Koepka added victory in the CJ Cup to his two 2018 major titles. Koepka remained number one on the ranking at the end of 2018, even though Rose had amassed a higher total of ranking points from more events entered. Dustin Johnson regained the number one position early in 2019 with victory at the WGC-Mexico Championship, but Koepka returned to number one when he retained his PGA Championship title in May 2019. Koepka remained number one at the end of 2019, although FedEx Cup winner Rory McIlroy had like Rose the year before amassed more ranking points in total than him. On February 9, 2020, McIlroy regained the number one position as his higher 2019 points total became reflected in the weighted average. Rankings archive Year-end world number 1 ranked golfers 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Greg Norman 2 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Greg Norman 3 1990 Greg Norman 4 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Nick Faldo 2 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 5 1996 Greg Norman 6 1997 Greg Norman 7 1998 Tiger Woods 1999 Tiger Woods 2 2000 Tiger Woods 3 2001 Tiger Woods 4 2002 Tiger Woods 5 2003 Tiger Woods 6 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 7 2006 Tiger Woods 8 2007 Tiger Woods 9 2008 Tiger Woods 10 2009 Tiger Woods 11 2010 Lee Westwood 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 12 2014 Rory McIlroy 2 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Jason Day 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Brooks Koepka 2019 Brooks Koepka 2 Mark H. McCormack Award Awarded to the player with the most weeks at No. 1 during calendar year and named after Mark McCormack, originator of the ranking. 1998 Tiger Woods 1999 Tiger Woods 2 2000 Tiger Woods 3 2001 Tiger Woods 4 2002 Tiger Woods 5 2003 Tiger Woods 6 2004 Tiger Woods 7 2005 Tiger Woods 8 2006 Tiger Woods 9 2007 Tiger Woods 10 2008 Tiger Woods 11 2009 Tiger Woods 12 2010 Tiger Woods 13 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 14 2014 Rory McIlroy 2 2015 Rory McIlroy 3 2016 Jason Day 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Dustin Johnson 2 2019 Brooks Koepka Single-season total ranking points leaders Although not recognized by any official award, these golfers have won the most World Ranking Points during the years for which the rankings have been calculated points totals prior to 1996 are scaled to the current standard, i.e. major wins are worth 100 points: Breakdown by nationality A breakdown of the year-end top-100 by nationality. A breakdown of the year-end top-100 by eligibility for the major team competitions: Ryder Cup USA vs. Europe and Presidents Cup USA vs. non-European international team. *Two men tied for 100th place. Note: The Presidents Cup was founded in 1994. World Ranking of major championship winners The table shows the World Rankings of the winners of each major championship in the week before their victory. ''Note: The R&A announced on April 6, 2020 that the 2020 Open Championship would be canceled due to the 201920 coronavirus pandemic. Summary World Money List From 1996 to 2012, the International Federation of PGA Tours sanctioned a World Money List which was the total official money earned by a player on all member tours. It was computed in United States dollars. The yearly leaders are listed below. See also List of world number one male golfers List of male golfers who have been in the world top 10 Women's World Golf Rankings for female professional golfers World Amateur Golf Ranking for male and female amateur golfers Notes and references External links Category:Golf terminology Golf Category:Golf rankings
Ralph Murphy May 1, 1895 February 10, 1967 was an American film director. Born in Rockville, Connecticut, Murphy was active in films from 1931 through 1962, with some work in television. From 194144 he was married to Gloria Dickson, whom he directed in I Want a Divorce. His films include: The Big Shot 1931 Girl Without a Room 1933 Golden Harvest 1933 She Made Her Bed 1934 The Notorious Sophie Lang 1934 Men Without Names 1935 The Man I Marry 1936 Top of the Town 1937 Our Neighbors - The Carters 1939 I Want a Divorce 1940 Pacific Blackout 1941 Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch 1942 Night Plane from Chungking 1943 The Town Went Wild 1944 The Man in Half Moon Street 1945 Mickey 1948 Red Stallion in the Rockies 1949 Dick Turpin's Ride 1951 Lady in the Iron Mask 1952 Captain Pirate 1952 References External links Category:1895 births Category:1967 deaths Category:People from Rockville, Connecticut Category:Disease-related deaths in California Category:Film directors from Connecticut
The ITC Stella Maris is a tennis complex in Umag, Croatia. The complex is the host of the annual 250 series stop, the Croatia Open Umag. The stadium court has a capacity of 3,500 people. See also List of tennis stadiums by capacity References Category:Tennis venues in Croatia Category:Buildings and structures in Istria County
Unga-Chuck of the Nsswe Neppe, is a mythological character from the Meskwaki-Sauk tribal folklore. The tale comes from the Fox and Sac tribes in what is now central Iowa. The Asikiwaki or Sauk or Sac tribe and the Meskwaki or Fox tribe. The Meskwaki and Asikiwaki Indians were related to each other and spoke the same language, but they were politically independent. However, the Fox tribe was nearly destroyed in a war with the French, and the surviving Fox Indians fled to the Sauk villages for protection. The two tribes merged into a single tribe called the Sac and Fox. Most Sac and Fox people still live together today. The version below was collected by John Tobin in his book With No Intention. The Story of Unga Chuck Unga-Chuck's story takes place on Cedar River in Iowa. Unga Chuck lived in a clearing by the banks of the river. The exact setting is referred to as the meeting of The Three Waters. He was the grandson of Chief Poweshiek and the son of Magor. He was considered the pride of the village. Life goes well for him until Magor his father does not return from a hunt. Unga Chuck then goes on to live with his grandfather and learns to become a great leader in his village. The village lived very peaceful and happy lives with Unga Chuck marrying his sweetheart Lees-wa Later Unga-Chuck one day sees visions that upsets him. The first being three trees silhouetted like people on the horizon. The two trees were to one side of a tree that stood alone. Then Unga-Chuck saw three suns setting possibly explained today as sundogs. The visions were strange and troubling to the tribe. However, since good fortune followed the signs were soon forgotten. A few years later an evil man in the village named Napatog started to hate Unga-Chuck becoming jealous of his skills and the fact that Unga_Chuck would be the next chief of the village. Napatog plans to murder Unga-Chuck, then he would become the next chief. Napatog waits until Unga-Chuck takes a morning walk in the foggy valley to carry out his plan of murder. He shots and kills Unga-Chuk with an arrow. The day turns bright and sunny except where the body of Unga-Chuck lies. The villagers soon began to worry about this mystery fog. The village soon discovers what has happened and rise up to drive Napatog away. The village is rewarded with a beautiful sunset that lets them know that Unga-Chuck has made it safely to his final resting place. Unga-Chuck's death brings peace to the village and he removes all evils from the tribes. The story finishes with a red rose growing in Nesswe Neppe as proof that the blood spilled by Unga-Chuck nourished and made the ground of this land fertile and good. It is said that on the anniversary of Unga-Chuck's death when the fog is lifting from the valley he can be heard still calling for his beloved Lees-Wa. Notes References Native languages Tobin, JohnW.; With No Intention, Laurance Press Company Cedar Rapids, 1979 Category:Deities and spirits Category:Algonquian mythology
Altid ballade English: Nothing but trouble is a 1955 Danish drama film directed by Gabriel Axel which focuses on a working-class family. The film was a remake of Edith Carlmar's 1954 film Aldri annet enn bråk, and Axel's début as a film director. Sigrid Horne-Rasmussen received a Bodil Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her role as Helga Nielsen. Cast Sigrid Horne-Rasmussen Asbjørn Andersen Jørn Jeppesen Kai Holm Kirsten Passer Annie Birgit Hansen Karen Lykkehus Valsø Holm Birgit Sadolin References External links Category:1955 films Category:Danish drama films Category:Danish films Category:1955 drama films Category:Films directed by Gabriel Axel Category:Norwegian film remakes Category:Danish black-and-white films
The Château de Careil is a fortified house in the commune of Guérande in the Loire-Atlantique département of France. History Constructed from the end of the 14th century, and enlarged in the 15th and 16th centuries, this manor house had originally a defensive function, as witnessed by the crenellated curtain wall which still exists. Under the Reformation, it served as a place of worship for the Protestants established in the Guérande peninsula. For this reason, it was attacked and pillaged on 11 May 1589 by the Catholic League. In 1699, some time after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the manor was seized and sold to a Catholic family. After becoming a restaurant in 1924, the site is currently a visitors' centre. A third wing of the building no longer exists; it was destroyed in an accidental fire in the 18th century. Privately owned, it has been listed since 1925 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. See also List of castles in France References External links Ministry of Culture listing for Château de Careil Web site of the Château de Careil Category:Castles in Pays de la Loire Category:Châteaux in Loire-Atlantique Category:Monuments historiques of Pays de la Loire
Towton Hall is a Grade II listed building, near the village of Towton in Yorkshire. The building is believed to be Richard IIIs commemorative chantry chapel, which was built after the Battle of Towton. The commemorative chantry chapel at the Towton Battlefield was built to remember the victory of the House of York in the battle of Towton. Many male skeletons of the soldiers were discovered beneath the floor of the dining room of Towton Hall. External links Library Remains of battle victims found at hall War of the Roses in Yorkshire - Yorkshire Battlefields \| Welcome to Yorkshire References Category: Selby District Category:Grade II listed buildings in Towton Category:Towton
Dina Poljakoff 19192005 was a Finnish nurse. Despite being Jewish, she was offered the Iron Cross by Nazi Germany during World War II. A native of Finland, Poljakoff was studying dentistry before the outbreak of World War II. During the war, she worked as a nurse for Lotta Svärd, an auxiliary organization associated with the White Guard. She served in the front lines of combat during World War II alongside German military units. She was not the only Jewish nurse to perform such service; her cousin, Chaje Steinbock, also worked as a nurse and accumulated a scrapbook of heartfelt messages of thanks from German soldiers who had been under her care. Poljakoff made quite an impression on her German patients, to the point that she was nominated for the Iron Cross. She was one of three Finnish Jews to be offered the award; like the other two Leo Skurnik and Salomon Klass, she did not accept the award. Unlike the other two, she did not ask for her name to be withdrawn from the recipient list, and on the day of the awards ceremony she checked the display table to verify that her award was there, before leaving without it. Poljakoff later immigrated to Israel, where she died in 2005. References Category:1917 births Category:2005 deaths Category:Finnish Jews Category:Finnish women Category:Finnish nurses Category:Women nurses Category:Finnish emigrants to Israel
Group B was one of two pools in the Americas Zone Group II of the 1997 Fed Cup. Seven teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to Group I in 1998. Uruguay vs. Jamaica Cuba vs. Bermuda Bolivia vs. Costa Rica El Salvador vs. Antigua and Barbuda Uruguay vs. Antigua and Barbuda Cuba vs. El Salvador Jamaica vs. Costa Rica Bolivia vs. Bermuda Uruguay vs. Costa Rica Cuba vs. Antigua and Barbuda Jamaica vs. Bermuda Bolivia vs. El Salvador Uruguay vs. Cuba Jamaica vs. El Salvador Bolivia vs. Antigua and Barbuda Costa Rica vs. Bermuda Uruguay vs. Bermuda Cuba vs. Bolivia Jamaica vs. Antigua and Barbuda Costa Rica vs. El Salvador Uruguay vs. Bolivia Cuba vs. Jamaica Costa Rica vs. Antigua and Barbuda El Salvador vs. Bermuda Uruguay vs. El Salvador Cuba vs. Costa Rica Jamaica vs. Bolivia Bermuda vs. Antigua and Barbuda placed first in the pool, and thus advanced to Group I in 1998. However, they placed eighth overall were thus relegated back to Group II for 1999. See also Fed Cup structure References External links Fed Cup website Category:1997 Fed Cup Americas Zone
Jesse S. Cave 18721948 was briefly acting mayor of New Orleans from July 15 to August 17, 1936. Cave arrived in New Orleans in 1904 as a manager of an iron cistern company, and was elected president of the New Orleans Board of Trade in 1930. In 1932 he was elected Louisiana State Treasurer. Along with A. Miles Pratt and Fred A. Earhart, Cave was one of three acting mayors who served in the summer of 1936 between the resignation of Mayor T. Semmes Walmsley and the accession of Robert Maestri. After his brief tenure as acting mayor, Cave was elected Commissioner of Public Finance under the commission council government of the Maestri administration where he served from 1936 to 1946. References Sources Choctaw Club of New Orleans. Truth Achievements of the Mayor Robert S. Maestri Administration. Franklin Printing Co., 1943. Category:1872 births Category:1948 deaths Category:Mayors of New Orleans Category:Louisiana Democrats Category:People from Van Alstyne, Texas
Krauncha Giri is a small settlement in Karnataka, India, about 10 km from Sandur in Bellary District. It is notable for two ancient Hindu temples which are in the same compound, and are both protected monuments. The more famous in religious terms is the Kumaraswami Temple 8th-10th century, believed to be the first abode in south India of Murugan or Karthikeya, the Hindu god of war, son of Parvati and Shiva, and brother of Ganesha. To art historians the Parvati Temple beside it 7th-8th century is the more unusual in terms of Hindu temple architecture. Temples The complex houses temples of Parvati and Kumaraswami. The Ganesha idol in the Kumaraswami Temple is more popular these days than the main deity Kartikeya. Both monuments are now a protected monuments. It was discovered by the local rulers, the Ghorpades, in the thickly-wooded Swamimale hill in the 15th century. Women were earlier strictly not allowed to enter the shrine. Murarirao Yeshwantrao Ghorpade lifted the ban on women in October 1996. After the ban was lifted, nearly 3,000 women have worshipped at the temple. The Ghorpades, well loved and respected by the locals, had declared the temple open to Harijans as early as the 1930s. After learning of this on his visit to Sandur in 1934, Mahatma Gandhi said, a small state in south India has opened the temple to the Harijans, the heavens have not fallen. Parvati temple The Parvati temple has a number of unusual features. It apparently belongs to the middle phase of Badami Chalukya architecture, also called the Vesara style by some, and Karnataka Dravida by Adam Hardy, who sees this Deccan style as a part of the Dravidian architecture of the south, distinct from the version that developed in Tamil Nadu. The temple has no mandapa, but a long antarala, over which is, according to Adam Hardy, possibly the first use of a sukanasa in a Dravida temple. The vimana tower over the shrine is a very unusual composition, strangely advanced-looking in the compression of horizontal layers, and in he sense of outsurge. According to one account, the Parvati temple which was originally called Kumaraswamy temple was built by the Badami Chalukyas 7th -8th century and has the image of Parvati as the main deity. Kumaraswami Temple The temple currently called the Kumaraswamy temple originally had Shanmukha as the main deity was constructed during the rule of the Rashtrakutas 8th-10th century. Legends of the mountain A distinctive feature of the mountain is its elliptical shape with a diametric narrow pass. According to legend, this gap is made when Kartikeya pierced the mountain in the battle with the demon Tharaka, with his sphere weapon vel to kill the demons who were hidden inside mountain. This legend is held in high esteem in Hindu mythologies including Mahabharata salya parva.46, Skanda Puranaasura kandam. Krauncha Giri is also associated with legends of the sages Agastya and Parasuram. Kalidasa in his work Megha Sandesa describes the gap in the mountain. This place is connected with legends of Sri Sailam jyotirlinga in Andhra Pradesh. The name 'Krauncha Giri' is very familiar to many, but few know the location of this legendary mountain. For many, it's just a mythical one like Mount Meru. Swamimale forest range According to geologists, this peculiar mountain is made of volcanic eruptions and is very rich in mineral deposits. The soil and lake here is red marshy that owes to presence of rich ferrous deposits. Nowadays due to mindless mining in this area is resulting in habitat destruction. Many plant species such as Strobilanthes kunthiana neela kurunji is found in the shola type grasslands of mountains, many birds such as orange-headed thrush, tickell's blue flycatcher, Indian pitta, verditer flycatcher, spot-brested fantail, yellow throated bulbul, spotted dove, red whiskered bulbul, oriental white eye, brown-headed barbet, puff-throated babbler, blue-capped rockthrush, red breasted flycatcher etc. Many more birds species of western ghats can be found here. It is a good habitate for many species of orchids too. The place is filled with dense green forests which normally resemble the rainforests of western ghat. Though the place is in a hot region, because of high mountains it is always cool, many cool atmosphere-loving species of plants and fungi such as mosses, ferns, lichens, mushrooms, toad stools tinder fungus, puff ball fungus, thrive here, giving boost to many shade loving insects reptiles. Trees such as rosewood, sandalwood, teak wood, etc. flourish in forests. This centuries old temple complex is located inside Swamimalai forest range and is said to be infested with venomous snakes like russell viper and spectacled cobras. Peacocks are also a very common sight here. The forest range is also a very good habitat of leopards.Tigers roamed in the forests till 1960. But due to hunting habitat loss due to mining, they were swept away. Transport Karnataka State highway No.40 pass through the above said gap in mountain, connecting Sandur to rest of the State. Temple is approachable by road from Sandur. Nearest Rail Heads are Hospet& Bellary on Guntakal-Hubli line. The temple complex is located on south-west corner and is connected to Sandur by road. Notes 2. Google Maps References Hardy, Adam, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, 1995, Abhinav Publications, , 9788170173120, google books Category:Mountains of Karnataka Category:Hindu temples in Bellary district Category:Geography of Bellary district
Edward John Teddy Ouimet born July 6, 1947 is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender who played in one National Hockey League game for the St. Louis Blues during the 196869 NHL season. Ouimet was a fine junior and minor pro player during a career that lasted over a decade. Born in the Quebec mining town of Rouyn-Noranda, Ouimet played three years with the Montreal Junior Canadiens, where he led the Ontario Hockey League in shutouts 3 and GAA 2,75 before joining the London Nationals in 1967-68. In June, 1968 he was traded to the St. Louis Blues in a cash deal by the Montreal Canadiens, who had a surplus of talented netminders in their system at the time. Ouimet played one game for the Blues during his rookie season in the pros but spent most of his time with Kansas City of the Central Hockey League 19631984. He continued to toil in the minors until 1975 and also played one game for the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association. Before retiring after the 1974-75 season, Ouimet's best year was in 1973-74 when he recorded a 2.97 goals against average for the Syracuse Blazers and was named to the North American league First All-Star Team. Ted has three sons: Terry Ouimet, Mark Ouimet and Jesse Ouimet. See also List of players who played only one game in the NHL External links Category:1947 births Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders Category:Cleveland Barons 19371973 players Category:Sportspeople from Rouyn-Noranda Category:Kansas City Blues players Category:Living people Category:London Nationals players Category:Montreal Junior Canadiens players Category:New England Whalers players Category:Port Huron Flags players Category:Port Huron Wings players Category:St. Louis Blues players Category:San Diego Gulls WHL players Category:Syracuse Blazers players Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec
Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling event produced by New Japan Pro-Wrestling NJPW. It took place on January 4, 1998 in the Tokyo Dome. Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome was the seventh January 4 Tokyo Dome Show held by NJPW. The show drew 55,000 spectators and $6,000,000 in ticket sales. One of the focal points of the show was the retirement of wrestling legend Riki Choshu, who would wrestle five times that night against select opponents in what was billed as the Riki Road Final Message 5, the completion of a months-long retirement tour for Choshu. The show also featured successful defenses of the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, which made Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome the first January 4 Tokyo Dome show to not have a single championship change hands. Besides the five Riki Road Final Message 5 matches the show featured eight additional matches. Production Background The January 4 Tokyo Dome Show is NJPW's biggest annual event and has been called the largest professional wrestling show in the world outside of the United States and the Japanese equivalent to the Super Bowl. Storylines Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results References External links NJPW.co.jp Category:1998 in professional wrestling Category:1998 in Tokyo Category:January 1998 events in Asia 1998
Saint Herbert also Habern, Herbern dates of birth and death unknown is a saint who is said to have once been the bishop or abbot of Marmoutier, France and archbishop of Tours. No other records of his life exist. His feast day is on 22 November, however this is more commonly observed on the nearest Monday to 22 November. References External links Orthodoxengland.org.uk: Herbert Category:Christian saints in unknown century Category:Bishops of Tours Category:Medieval French saints Category:Year of birth unknown
The Mountain Enterprise is a weekly newspaper published since 1966, circulating in the Mountain Communities of the Tejon Pass east and west of the Grapevine section of the Interstate 5 in the San Emigdio Mountains region of California, midway between Los Angeles and Bakersfield. Its sister publication is The New Mountain Pioneer, published monthly. Coverage area The newspaper's 600-square-mile coverage area spans northern Los Angeles County, eastern Ventura County, and southwestern Kern County, including the developments of the 270,000 acre Tejon Ranch property, the Western Antelope Valley, Gorman, Lebec, Frazier Park, Lake of the Woods, Lockwood Valley, Cuddy Valley and the Pine Mountain Club community. Ownership The first edition of The Mountain Enterprise was issued on September 22, 1966, by Nedra Hawley Cooper as a mimeographed, hand-stapled and hand-drawn publication; its first editions were produced on a blue Royal typewriter now housed at the Ridge Route Communities Museum & Historical Society. Fred Kiesner was editor from 1973 to 1976. Keith Nelson, superintendent of Ridgelite Products, and Kitty Jo Nelson, a teacher, purchased the business from Neil Keyzers in 1985. The Nelsons sold it to Bob Weisburg and Morrie Prizer in 1995. In late 2004 the management of Hometown Publishing, LLC and its publications The Mountain Enterprise and The New Mountain Pioneer plus the Mountain Communities Phone Book was assumed by Gary Meyer publisher and Patric Hedlund editor. In November 2006 ownership of Hometown was taken over by Meyer, Hedlund and Pam Sturdevant, with general management continuing under Meyer and Hedlund. In 2014 ownership passed to Meyer and Hedlund, who remain its managers. It is today published in a tabloid format of between 28 and 36 pages weekly. Awards 2017 The National Newspaper Association NNA announced The Mountain Enterprise was awarded First Place for Best Breaking News Series for SWAT Standoff Alarms Mountain, by Patric Hedlund. 2015 The Mountain Enterprise was awarded First Place by the National Newspaper Association for Best Feature Photo by Jeff Zimmerman. 2014 First Place for Best Editorial Comment was awarded for Patric Hedlund's Brought to you compliments of AB109: Convicted burglar returns to the mountain. 2013 The Mountain Enterprise was awarded Artistic Photo Second Place from the California Newspaper Publishers Association for Patric Hedlund's image of a colorful benefit run for Mountain Youth Can Change Communities MyC3. That same year Gary Meyer and Patric Hedlund won Editorial Comment Second Place for Lebec County Water District needs serious leadership. The newspaper also won Second Place for Front Page design that included a towering smoke plume over Interstate 5 by Aaron Rose, and a fourth Second Place for Website excellence. 2011 In April 2011, The Mountain Enterprise won the California Newspaper Publishers Association CNPA 2010 First Place award for Best Website and First Place for Online Breaking News Coverage. 2010 In April 2010, The Mountain Enterprise won the California Newspaper Publishers Association First Place award for Best Website and First Place in Public Service for its 2009 ongoing coverage of the remote Pine Mountain Club community's struggle to obtain life-saving firefighter-paramedic service. 2009 The newspaper won awards from the National Newspaper Association on July 10 for 1 a series of investigative reports on the starvation of horses in Lockwood Valley Second Place, 2 reporting on the struggle by Pine Mountain Club residents to secure Kern County's first firefighter-paramedic program Third Place, 3 Editorial Writing about the newspaper's public-service responsibility in The Stinkin' Public and Our School District's Brain Drain, by Patric Hedlund Honorable Mention, and 4 an environmental story headed Secret Negotiation between Tejon Developers and 'Big Green' Groups Sprouts Deal Third Place. 2007 On July 14, the newspaper was given three awards for excellence by the California Newspaper Publishers Association. They won First Place in the Environmental Reporting category for achievement in continuous reporting of the Fallingstar home development proposed for 700 homes around Frazier Mountain High School by Patric Hedlund, Gary Meyer, members of the community and The Mountain Enterprise team. The newspaper also won First Place for Best Website. The Mountain Enterprise also won Second Place in the Public Service category for achievement in continuous reporting of the Pine Mountain community's decade-long initiative to get Kern County to provide life-saving firefighter paramedic services through the Kern County Fire Department. Controversies 2011 Lebec County Water District board member Julie McWhorter demanded that The Mountain Enterprise reporters cease using flash photography during the district's public meetings. When the newspaper refused to stop taking flash photographs, McWhorter claimed that the flashes were causing her medical problems. She also claimed that California Government Code Section 54953.5 and 54953.6 gave her the right to stop the use of illuminated photography during LCWD's public meetings. The newspaper refused to cease its photography in the face of threats by McWhorter and board member Tony Venegas to call the sheriff. Kern County Sheriff's Sergeant Mark Brown attended an LCWD meeting in June 2013 and stated afterward that he believed the photography was appropriate for a public meeting. McWhorter chose not to run in the next election and Venegas ceased his threats against the newspaper. 2010 In December the newspaper was the target of criticism by the Kern County Grand Jury for its coverage of a controversy regarding the destruction of heritage oak trees during the construction of a new Frazier Park county library. A jury committee said a lack of communication was responsible for the controversy and blamed that circumstance on the people of the area and their newspaper, adding that The Enterprise news articles appear to be inaccurate and/or inadequately researched. The Mountain Enterprise responded citing three statements made in the jury's report that The Enterprise says were false, and stating that the county's own arborist had told The Mountain Enterprise that the Grand Jury had not contacted him to corroborate the three claims made in the report. In an editorial, Meyer and Hedlund wrote that the jury made no attempt to contact them before issuing the report, which, they said, attacks the citizens and the newspaper . . . with statements that are shocking in their shallowness. 2006 Pine Mountain resident David Seidner filed a lawsuit against The Mountain Enterprise for defamation, citing stories published in the newspaper during the 2005 campaign for the Pine Mountain Club Property Owners Association Board of Directors. Seidner's preferred candidates lost the election and he claimed that The Mountain Enterprise had made untrue statements about him in the course of its reporting about the campaign issues. Seidner also had claimed that the publisher and the editor of the newspaper Gary Meyer and Patric Hedlund had tampered with the ballot box in the election. The Mountain Enterprise filed an Anti-SLAPP motion to strike with the court which required Seidner to demonstrate that his arguments had merit or risk paying the newspaper's attorney's fees. The suit was dropped immediately. See also Kim Noller, former editor References External links Company website A look back at The Mountain Enterprise in 1985 Category:Newspapers published in California Category:Media in Kern County, California Category:Mass media in Ventura County, California Category:Mountain Communities of the Tejon Pass Category:Newspapers published in Greater Los Angeles Category:Publications established in 1966 Category:1966 establishments in California
NLWC may refer to: National League Wild Card Game, an annual playoff game in Major League Baseball Navy League Wrennette Corp, a former girls Navy cadet corps in Canada No Longer with Company
The R338 is a Regional Route in South Africa that connects Aberdeen with the R329 between Steytlerville and its origin at the R75. Its northern origins is from the N9 at Aberdeen. It heads southeast to Klipplaat. At the town it intersects the R337 at a staggered junction. It leaves the town, and heads south-east to its southern origin at the R329. External links Routes Travel Info Category:Regional Routes in the Eastern Cape
Punctozotroctes guianensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tavakilian and Neouze in 2007. References Category:Acanthoderini Category:Beetles described in 2007
Arbieto Municipality is the third municipal section of the Esteban Arce Province in the Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. Its seat is Arbieto. At the time of census 2001 the municipality had 9,438 inhabitants. Subdivision Arbieto Municipality is divided into three cantons. References External links Map of Esteban Arce Province Category:Municipalities of the Cochabamba Department
Øksnes Church is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Øksnes Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located on the southeastern tip of the island of Skogsøya. It is one of the churches for the Øksnes parish which is part of the Vesterålen prosti deanery in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform style in 1703 by an unknown architect. The church seats about 450 people. History The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to 1381. Not much is known about the medieval church or the buildings on the site over the centuries. The present church was possibly built in 1703. In 1716, it underwent some repair work and then again in 1754-1755 there was another renovation. By 1788, the church was in fragile condition so a massive renovation was planned. In 1794-1795, the church was totally renovated. The building was virtually rebuilt from the foundation up, reusing all of the materials that were still in good condition. In 1864, the roof of the church was taken off and rebuilt. It is quite possible that parts of the present-day church still include materials that were present in the church several hundred years ago. The altarpiece is a replica of a painting made by Gottfried Ezekiel ca. 1719-1798 in 1759. The original is in the Bergen Museum. A native of Königsberg, Gottfried Ezekiel received a commission as a painter in Bergen during 1744. In 1751, he arrived in northern Norway, where he painted a number of church altarpieces. Media gallery See also List of churches in Nordland References External links Øksnes menighet website Category:Øksnes Category:Churches in Nordland Category:Cruciform churches in Norway Category:Wooden churches in Norway Category:18th-century Church of Norway church buildings Category:Churches completed in 1703 Category:1703 in Norway
Dan Curran born October 28, 1976 is a former American football fullback, and currently the head football coach at Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts. Curran became fifth head coach of the Merrimack football program after spending the three seasons as the offensive coordinator of one of the top offenses in the country. Curran has led the program to several marquee victories over the past three seasons, including the programs first victory over a Division I opponent when it defeated reigning Northeast Conference champion and Division I FCS Tournament participant Wagner, as well as multiple wins over conference rival Bentley, two victories against conference power LIU Post, and the team's first-ever road win at the University of New Haven Curran came to Merrimack after playing eight years of professional football which included time spent with the Seattle Seahawks and New Orleans Saints of the National Football League as well as the New Orleans Voodoo and Georgia Force of the Arena Football League. As a player in the Arena Football League, Curran earned First Team All-League Honors and was named to the All-Ironman Team after leading the league in rushing and becoming just the third player in league history at the time to rush for over 20 touchdowns in a season He was hired as Merrimack head coach in February 2013. Early years Curran was named Boston Globe Player of the Year. He also earned All American status in USA Today and was named the 6th best player in New England by Super Prep Magazine. He led Chelmsford High School to a Super Bowl victory over Brookline High School. College career Curran attended the University of New Hampshire and played for Head Coach Sean McDonnell and Offensive Coordinator Chip Kelly earning Atlantic 10 honors his Senior year after rushing for 1,059 yards and scoring 16 touchdowns. Head coaching record References External links Merrimack profile Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:American football running backs Category:American football fullbacks Category:American football linebackers Category:Georgia Force players Category:Merrimack Warriors football coaches Category:Nashville Kats players Category:New Hampshire Wildcats football players Category:New Orleans VooDoo players Category:New Orleans Saints players Category:Seattle Seahawks players Category:People from Chelmsford, Massachusetts Category:Players of American football from Massachusetts
Events from the year 1719 in Denmark. Incumbents Monarch Frederick IV Grand Chancellor Christian Christophersen Sehested Events 4 October The Dannebroge explodes and sinks. Undated The first lottery in Denmark is held. The prizes are royal land lots. Births 23 October Peter Fenger died 1774 Deaths January 17 - Sophie Amalie Moth, royal mistress born 1654 References Category:1710s in Denmark Denmark Category:Years of the 18th century in Denmark
During the 18991900 season Hearts competed in the Scottish First Division, the Scottish Cup and the East of Scotland Shield. Fixtures East of Scotland Shield Rosebery Charity Cup Scottish Cup East of Scotland League Inter City League Scottish First Division See also List of Heart of Midlothian F.C. seasons References Statistical Record 99-00 External links Official Club website Category:Heart of Midlothian F.C. seasons Heart of Midlothian
The SS Gothenburg was a steamship that operated along the British and then later the Australian and New Zealand coastlines. In February 1875, Gothenburg left Darwin, Australia and while en route to Adelaide it encountered a cyclone-strength storm off the north Queensland coast. The ship was wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef north-west of Holbourne Island on 24 February 1875. Survivors in one of the lifeboats were rescued two days later by Leichhardt, while the occupants of two other lifeboats that managed to reach Holbourne Island were rescued several days later. Twenty-two men survived, while between 98 and 112 others died, including a number of high-profile civil servants and dignitaries. Description and history Gothenburg was built 1855 at Lungley's building yards in Millwall, Essex. The vessel was 501-tons, 197 feet long, with a , coal-burning engine. Records at the time described Gothenburg as barquentine rigged, with its funnel set well aft between the main and mizzen masts and was fitted with four lifeboats, two port and two starboard. Gothenburg was launched stern-first on 1 April 1854. Although on launching it collided with the steamship Clyde, which sank in the River Thames. Gothenburg was severely damaged at the stern, including extensive propeller damage. The North of Europe Steam Navigation Company, operated her between Irongate Wharf, near the Tower of London, and Sweden. In 1857, she was acquired by the Union Castle Line and renamed as RMS Celt. In June 1862, McMerkan, Blackwood and Co. of Melbourne purchased her for the Australian trade and in that year she made a protracted voyage from England to Australia by sail. She was one of the most modern vessels working around the Australian coastline in the 1860s, and became a popular ship as she was considered reliable. After many years on the Australia-New Zealand run, her owners transferred her to the Australian coastal service. In 1873, she was lengthened and refitted in Adelaide to enable longer distances under steam and greater passenger and cargo capacity. Following her modifications, her name reverted once again to Gothenburg. In November 1874, several shipowners were contracted for two years from the South Australian government to provide ten round trips between the colonial capital of Adelaide and its furthest outpost, Port Darwin. Port Darwin was feeling the effects of a gold rush at Pine Creek and growing quickly as a trade post with the Dutch East Indies. However, all the local banks sent their money, together with government paperwork and the Royal Mail, around the east coast to Adelaide. On successful completion of each voyage, the South Australian government would pay the owners £1000 sterling. When Gothenburg left Port Darwin on Tuesday, 16 February 1875, Captain Robert George Augustus Pearce was under orders to make best possible speed. Pearce had been her captain on the Adelaide-Darwin run for some time and had built up a solid reputation. He was a man of the sea, a man of sobriety and kindness and was well respected by his fellow sea captains. Amongst the approximately 98 passengers and 37 crew surviving records vary were government officials, circuit court judges, Darwin residents taking their first furlough and miners. Also aboard was the French Vice Consul Edouard Durand and James Millner, the medical officer in George W. Goyder's 1869 expedition to found the first colony at Port Darwin. There were also several prisoners aboard, bound for the Adelaide jail. Locked in the Captain's cabin was approximately of gold valued at £40,000 consigned to the ES&A Bank in Adelaide. approx US$2.6 million in 2008. Durand reportedly also carried a tin box with him containing gold sovereigns and coins worth in excess of £3,000. In three days of fine weather, Gothenburg travelled from Palmerston Darwin to Somerset on Cape York. The weather began to worsen so the ship stopped to take on ballast at Somerset. While she was anchored, conditions deteriorated to a point where both anchor chains parted. After the loss of the anchors, Gothenburg was forced to prematurely steam out because of strong currents; at that point, she brought up for the night. Two days later, Tuesday 23 February, Gothenburg passed Cooktown at about 2:00 pm. The wind and rain severely increased and cloud cover became so thick it blocked out the sun. Despite this, she continued the journey south into worsening weather, in a deep water passage between the North Queensland coastline and the Great Barrier Reef, known as the inner route. Although taking this route provided some protection from the open sea, captains had to navigate and thread their way through a number of then uncharted reefs. All passengers and crew expected to be in Newcastle on Sunday evening for a scheduled stopover. Shipwreck On the evening of 24 February 1875, the ship was still heading south in almost cyclonic conditions with fore, top and mainsails set and the steam engines running at full speed. Flooding rains lashed the entire Queensland coast and Captain Pearce reportedly could not see land or sun. At approximately 7:00 pm, and for reasons undetermined, he altered course and shortly afterwards, at full speed 11 to 12 knots, hit a section of the Great Barrier Reef at low tide north west of Holbourne Island. Gothenburg struck with such force that she was left high up on the reef. Immediately, an order came out to lower the sails. At first, there was no panic and many passengers returned to their cabin bunks expecting Gothenburg would come off the reef at high tide. In an attempt to refloat her, Captain Pearce ordered Gothenburg to be lightened forward. Water casks used as ballast and passengers were positioned aft in an endeavour to refloat her as the tide rose, but without success. Finally, a fatal attempt was made to refloat her, by reversing the engine hard. The vessel came half off the reef, but holed herself badly and then slewed broadside to the waves, in a much worse position. However, with the tide rising and some cargo now being dumped overboard, all aboard still expected Gothenburg to float free. With strong winds changing direction and seas increasing, the boiler fires were extinguished by water rising through the damaged stern. Around midnight, the chief engineer came on deck to report that the engine room was flooded and the engine was of no further use. With heavy seas now rushing down hatchways and into the cabins, Gothenburg was doomed and Captain Pearce was forced to admit that the situation had become desperate. The storm made launching the lifeboats almost impossible. At about 3:00 am, Captain Pearce ordered the two port lifeboats lowered, each with four crew on board. While being passed astern one of the boats broke the painter and became adrift. Her crew tried hard to pull up to the ship's side, but it was impossible in the heavy squall. The other was accidentally let go and both boats, in heavy seas, were unable to be retrieved. At about 3:30 am on Thursday, 25 February, Gothenburg continued to heel over. The deck became so steep that passengers and crew had to climb over the rails to get on her side. At about 4:00 am, the two remaining starboard lifeboats were lowered and were rushed by the passengers. One starboard lifeboat, crammed with women and children, capsized when others tried to board it. Some half dozen men righted her in the water, but, damaged and without oars, food or water, it quickly drifted away and was never found. The second starboard lifeboat also capsized when the sea crashed over, washing all the occupants into the sea. One passenger recalled the sea on the downwind side of the ship being covered with human heads bobbing up and down like corks. Five or six men and one woman climbed onto the upturned hull. The boat was still connected to its painter, but it was unable to be recovered from the heavy sea and wind which swept the woman off and drowned her. A passenger, John Cleland, swam to the connected, but upturned lifeboat and further secured it with a rope tied to Gothenburg. In less than fifteen minutes, nearly 100 people had drowned; washed away or trapped in their water-filled cabins. By this time, several sharks were circling the wreck. Those still on board Gothenburg tried to cling to the rigging, but throughout the early morning of 25 February, several more people were drowned after they were swept overboard by large broadside waves. Many passengers associated with the gold diggings were unwilling to let go of their gold and money belts, as it was probably their life savings; these individuals insisted on keeping them tied and once overboard reportedly drowned very quickly. Survivors By morning of the 25 February, only the masts were visible protruding from the water, with 14 people clinging to the rigging, where they remained for the next twenty four hours in cyclonic weather. At low tide, Gothenburg sank stern first and the wreck fell apart. However, the remaining starboard lifeboat, which had capsized, was still held by her painter and the rope attached by Cleland. At first light on 26 February the weather eased and the survivors managed to right the boat and bail it out; they prepared a makeshift sail and paddled for the mainland. About seven hours later they realised they could not make mainland, so they altered course for an island that could be seen in the distance. When they arrived, they were met by four of the crew from one of the port lifeboats. Their lifeboat had been severely damaged on the rocks on the opposite side of the island in an attempt to land there the day before. [[File:Gothenberg Turtle Shell.jpg\|thumb\|left\|175px\|Gothenburgss Turtle Shell Roll]] The other port lifeboat, with four crew on board, was picked up by the steamer Leichhardt at an island at the entrance to Whitsunday Passage. The steamer immediately reversed course back towards the wreck, which she reached at approximately 3.30 pm on Friday, 26 February. Gothenburg was a complete wreck; the funnel was gone and she had sunk to the eyes of the lower rigging. Leichhardt'''s Chief Officer and four hands went alongside, but nothing other than her masts could be seen above the water except for the body of a naked man floating nearby. They assumed the other victims had been taken by sharks. Leichhardt searched for survivors until last light and then made way for Bowen where the alarm was raised. At Holbourne Island, the other 18 survivors were living off raw bird's eggs and rain water that had pooled in the island rocks. Because rescue was uncertain, they engraved ship details and their names on the concave side of a large turtle shell, in the hope that it would be found in the future. On Sunday, 28 February 15 of them set off in the starboard lifeboat for an island about 20 miles away to the south, which appeared to be closer to the main shipping lane. A rescue ship, sent looking for survivors, picked up the group and took them safely to Bowen. Another rescue ship, Bunyip from Townsville, subsequently returned to Holbourne Island and rescued the three remaining survivors. Aftermath Although reports vary, records show that between 98 and 112 people drowned. Most records state the death toll at 102. Only 22 people survived 12 crew and 10 passengers. All 25 women and children aboard and all the officers died. Edward W. Price, Magistrate and Commissioner Circuit Court of the Northern Territory, who remained behind in Darwin, lost his wife and six children. Devastated by the news, he was given six months leave on full pay by the government. The retired fifth Premier of South Australia, Thomas Reynolds and his wife, Anne, both drowned as did Eduard Durand, the French Vice Consul. Other notable passengers who died were Dr James Millner and his family, Justice William A. Wearing QC, Circuit Court Judge; Joseph Whitby, acting South Australian Crown Solicitor; Richard Wells, NT Times & Gazette editor; Lionel Pelham, a senior public servant; Commander Andrew Ross of the Royal Navy; C. J. Lyons, Justice Wearing's senior assistant; William Shoobridge, Secretary to several mining companies; A. L. McKay, Government Surveyor; and several Overland Telegraph employees. Never before in Australian history had so many high-profile public servants, dignitaries and diplomats died in a single tragedy. Many passengers who died were Darwin residents and news of the tragedy severely affected the small community, reportedly taking several years to recover. Most of Gothenburg's crew were from Melbourne and as a result of the shipwreck, 11 widows and 34 children were left destitute in Victoria. At Bowen, twelve survivors left with Captain Lake on the ship Victoria headed for Sydney. They all got free passage from McMerkan, Blackwood and Co, the owners of Gothenburg. The four survivors from the second port lifeboat that were picked up by the steamer Leichhardt, remained with that ship and subsequently made way for Brisbane. Two weeks later a hard-hat diver, sent down to recover the gold and other valuables, found the bodies of two women at the foot of the saloon staircase, one with her arm around the other. The diver tried to reach them to take a lock of hair or some other personal item that could be identified by their loved ones, but the restriction of the air line made it impossible. The gold in the Captain's cabin was recovered after much difficulty. While recovering the gold, several sharks that were caught near the wreck were found to contain human bones, remains and jewellery. There were three heroes identified that tragic night, all attested to by all the other survivors, for their attempts to save other passengers. In recognition of their bravery, on 26 July 1875, the Governor of South Australia, Sir Anthony Musgrave, presented passengers James Fitzgerald and John Cleland and crewman Robert Brazil with gold medals and a gold watch. The Gothenburg Relief Fund Committee also presented each of them with a gold chain. Report The report of the Marine Board of Queensland determined that: Lifeboats There was also much speculation at the time in the Adelaide and Melbourne press on why the lifeboats had not been launched earlier. Survivor James Fitzgerald pointed out in his recollection that, had the lifeboats been filled to capacity, no one would have survived the severe weather conditions experienced. He also commented that passenger vessels were not required to carry enough lifeboats, concluding that there were insufficient places for all Gothenburgs passengers and crew. It was not until RMS Titanic sank some 37 years later in 1912, that it was made compulsory for all British registered ships to carry sufficient lifeboats for everyone on board. Present day Today, only parts of the deteriorated iron hull and the coal fired square boilers of Gothenburg remain. The wreck lies between 9 and approximately of water on the western side of Old Reef, southeast of Townsville. The Gothenburg shipwreck is registered on the Queensland National Estate place ID #8923 as a Heritage site, and is protected under Section 7 of the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976, which requires that divers have a permit to enter the 200m protected zone that has been declared around the wreck. Its official location is: Old Reef, Great Barrier Reef, north-east of Ayr, at . The reef around the wreck provides good diving with an extensive coral garden. A strict non-disturbance policy applies to marine flora and fauna as well as to the fabric of the wreck. Pelagic fish and reef sharks are common. Legacy The northern Darwin suburb of Millner was named after Dr James Millner who, together with his family, lost their lives on Gothenburg''. Most streets in the northern Darwin suburb of Coconut Grove and some in the adjacent suburb of Millner, were named after local Darwin residents, interstate visitors and crew who lost their lives during the shipwreck. Gothenburg Crescent, in the inner Darwin suburb of Stuart Park, was named after the ship. The large turtle shell, which was engraved by the 18 survivors at Holbourne Island, is displayed at the South Australian Museum, on North Terrace in Adelaide. Survivors In 1875, a detailed list of all passengers and crew was published by J.H. Lewis, Printer & Publisher, albeit with several errors and spelling mistakes. That document was used as the main source of the following survivors' table. The survivors' surnames have been reconciled against rescue ships' log books, other records and a photo of the engraved turtle shell. Known discrepancies have been clarified, where possible, in the comments section. Survivors Full known passenger list Full known crew list See also References Category:1854 ships Category:Ships built on the River Thames Category:Maritime incidents in April 1854 Category:Victorian-era merchant ships of the United Kingdom Category:Victorian-era merchant ships of Australia Category:Shipwrecks of Queensland Category:Maritime incidents in 1875 Category:History of Australia 18511900 Gothenburg, SS Gothenburg, SS Category:Ships built in Millwall Category:Great Barrier Reef Category:North Queensland Category:Wreck diving sites Category:History of Darwin, Northern Territory Category:Australian Shipwrecks with protected zone
Phoenix Dynasty Online Chinese: 凤舞天骄, commonly abbreviated as PDO was a fantasy MMORPG developed by Object Software Limited. It was first released in Mainland China in 2006. And then Ingle Games Ltd., the North American Publisher of Phoenix Dynasty Online, announced its Closed Beta on Aug 1st. The Open Beta test began on Oct 9, 2007. It was soon recognized by IGN and released its vault and granted IGN an interview. Until now the game is still under development and new contents have been added continuously. The upcoming 7400 expansion pack is scheduled for July 2009. Phoenix Dynasty Online is set in ancient China. Players can learn and practice the Chinese Kungfu to advance their character and rule the dynasty. Gameplay Classes The game features four different classes: Wizard, Assassin, Paladin, Priest, all with different sets of skills and abilities. Crafting System Players can choose to learn one of the four crafting skills: Blacksmithing creates weapons, armor crafting creates armor and boots, leather crafting creates helmets and gauntlets, and Jewel crafting creates necklaces and rings. The materials for crafting can be obtained by killing non-humanoid monsters. Players can also earn gold by providing crafting service to others from setting a crafting booth. Mount System The mount system allows players to ride a beast mount as a means of fast transportation and also provide instant buffs. Available mounts are horses, which can be bought from Horse Breeder by gold, and other beast mounts, such as bears, bulls, tigers, tortoises, quad-horns and Phoenix. There are rare mounts obtained by consuming contribution points that can be gained through Guild War. Guild System Players can create their own guilds by paying 100,000 gold to the guild officer. Guild leaders can assign titles and jobs to the guild members. They can use guild bulletin to deliver their message to all members. And the guild leadership can be transferred to the guild member. There are daily guild collection quests available for players to obtain contribution points. Guild War The guild war takes place in an area called Bayer Tribes. There are 9 cities in this area and all of them can be occupied by guilds. All nine cities can be occupied by armed forces. Initially the cities have only a few wandering soldiers of the Bayer Tribes. After destroying the city symbol, players can occupy the city. Other guilds will challenge the guild that captures the cities at a designated time each week. The winner of the battle will then be allowed to occupy the city for a week. Artifact System Artifact System is newly introduced in the game's latest content expansion,Rise of Kingjow. Artifacts are rumored to be the legacies of Chinese ancient champions, and in the game they grant player characters impressive power, improving one of character attributes, including attack rate, attack force AP, health point, mana point, defense, dodge rate and critical hitting rate. Item Formula The item formula is a fantastic addition to the current crafting experience. Using the item formula, player characters stand a chance of forging gears with more powerful attributes. There are two way of getting an item formula: 1. Dismantle equipment at Doctor of Sun City. 2. Loot from mobs. Quests The game provides over 100 quests that simulate the events which happened in the old Chinese Zhou Dynasty's four States Zhao, Chu, Chi, Qin, Players must beat furious monsters, historical beasts, princes and kings to receive valuable rewards. Marriage System Phoenix Dynasty Online has a romantic marriage system. The couples will wear the traditional Chinese wedding costumes and be teleported to the specially designed wedding hall after completing the marriage quest. They can also invite their friends to their wedding ceremony. An announcement of the wedding will be made to all players in the server through system message. After that, both players will have a wife/husband title and enjoy a 5 EXP. bonus when both are online. See also List of free MMOGs References External links Category:2007 video games Category:Massively multiplayer online role-playing games Category:Video games developed in China Category:Video games with isometric graphics Category:Windows games Category:Windows-only games Category:Products and services discontinued in 2010
The Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities AALAU is as a consortium of leading liberal arts universities located in countries and regions in Asia. Formed in November 2017, AALAU enable member universities to renew and reinvigorate the liberal arts education traditions and development. Its Alliance Secretariat located in Lingnan University in Hong Kong. Overview Due to the fact that university rankings have not been able to present teaching quality for a long time, 15 of universities with similar visions and characteristics have formed the alliance. The founding member universities of AALAU are all well-known universities in their respective countries, their common feature is highly internationalized, high social reputation, and high education quality high graduate achievement. Some of these members were selected as the Top 10 Liberal Arts Colleges In Asia by Forbes. Membership The Alliance features 15 founding member universities marking †. At present, AALAU has 25 members. Hong Kong Lingnan University † China Duke Kunshan University † East China Normal University † Northeast Normal University NYU Shanghai Observer University of Nottingham Ningbo China † Yuanpei College, Peking University † Taiwan Fu Jen Catholic University † National Chengchi University † Tunghai University † Japan International Christian University † Kyushu University Rikkyo University Sophia University † The University of Tokyo † Waseda University † South Korea Dongguk University Ewha Womans University Kyung Hee University † Seoul National University † University of Seoul Yeungnam University Yonsei University † India Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts Thailand Mahidol University International College See also Liberal arts college Global Liberal Arts Alliance List of higher education associations and alliances References External links The Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities AALAU Category:Liberal arts colleges Category:International college and university associations and consortia Category:2017 establishments in Asia
Fermín Tangüis March 29, 1851 August 24, 1930, was a Puerto Rican businessman, farmer, and scientist who developed the seed that would eventually produce the Tanguis cotton in Peru and save that nation's cotton industry. Early years Tangüis' father, Henri Tangüis, emigrated from France to San Juan, Puerto Rico where he met and married a young Spanish Puerto Rican girl by the name of Justa Uncal. Tangüis was born in San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico, and there he received his primary and secondary education. Tangüis moved to Cuba to pursue a university degree; however when the Ten Years' War 18681878 broke out in that island, he decided that it would be best to move to South America. He moved to Lima, Peru in 1873, when he was 22 years old and worked as a mercantile accountant. Tangüis went on to work in the mines of Castrovirreyna and later established his own businesses in Ayacucho and in Huancavelica. In July 1884, he married Isabel Novoa and in 1890, at the age of 39, he purchased land in Valle de Pisco and established a plantation dedicated to cultivation of cotton. Cotton and its significance in Peru's economy Sugar and cotton were the two most important agricultural products of Peru in the 19th century. In 1901, Peru's cotton industry suffered because of a fungus plague caused by a plant disease known some places as cotton wilt and in others as Fusarium wilt Fusarium vasinfectum. The plant disease, which spread throughout Peru, enters the plant by its roots and works its way up the stem until the plant is completely dried up. Many of the agriculturists who dedicated themselves to the cultivation of cotton were ruined and the cotton industry in general was in crisis. Tangüis cotton Tangüis began to study some species of the plant that were affected by the disease to a lesser extent and experimented in germination with the seeds of various cotton plants. In 1911, after 10 years of experimenting and failures, Tangüis was able to develop a seed which produced a superior cotton plant resistant to the disease. The seeds produced a plant that had a 40 longer between 29 mm and 33 mm and thicker fiber that did not break easily and required little water. The cotton grown in Peru Egyptian cotton before the fungus plague grew only once a year; the Tangüis cotton grows six times a year. This type of fiber showed a better resistance and performance than other fibers. Tangüis shared his new seeds with the other cotton growers, who named the plant which the seeds produced Tangüis Cotton. Tangüis cotton grows in Canete's valley south of Lima and in the Central Coast of Peru. The success of the Tangüis cotton, which is also known in Peru as Oro Blanco White Gold, saved the cotton industry of that nation. In 1918, Peru began to export the Tangüis cotton variety, which together with the exportation of sugar, made it possible for the government of Peru to cover its national budget. It is highly regarded worldwide and is listed on the Cotton Exchange of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. In 1997, the Tanguis cotton, the variety which is preferred by the Peruvian national textile industry, constituted 75 percent of all the Peruvian cotton production, both for domestic use and apparel exports. The Tanguis cotton crop was estimated at 225,000 bales that year. Later years The President of Peru Augusto B. Leguia 1919 to 1930, honored Tangüis by presenting him with the Orden del Sol Order of the Sun medal. The Orden del Sol is a decoration which the Government of Peru presents to its citizens and foreigners for their extraordinary accomplishments in the fields of the arts, literature, culture and politics. Tangüis became a wealthy man and continued to tend to his plantation the remainder of his life. Fermín Tangüis died on August 24, 1930 and is buried in the Maestro Presbitero Cemetery in Lima. Legacy In Lima, there is a statue of Tangüis on a horse in Parque de la Reserva Park of the Reserve. In 1985, Dr. Alberto Giesecke, committee member of the Cosapi National Prize, suggested that books be published about the lives and accomplishments of Peru's civilian heroes. The first book published was that of the life of Fermin Tangüis. See also List of Puerto Ricans French immigration to Puerto Rico Puerto Rican scientists and inventors References External links Cotton Category:1851 births Category:1930 deaths Category:Puerto Rican scientists Category:Puerto Rican businesspeople Category:People from San Juan, Puerto Rico Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru
Niall Mitchellborn 1997 is an Irish hurler who plays as a centre-forward for the Westmeath senior team. Born in Clonkill, County Westmeath, Mitchell first played competitive hurling at juvenile and underage levels with the Clonkill club. He subsequently played with the club's senior team, winning a county championship medal in 2015. Mitchell made his debut on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he was selected for the Westmeath minor team. He had two championship seasons with the minor team, before later joining the under-21 team. Mitchell made his debut with the Westmeath senior team during the 2016 championship. Career statistics Honours Clonkill Westmeath Senior Hurling Championship 1: 2015, 2018 Westmeath Junior Hurling Championship 1: 2014 Westmeath Bord Gáis U21 Team of the Year 2016 References Category:1997 births Category:Living people Category:Clonkill hurlers Category:Westmeath inter-county hurlers
Clifford the Big Red Dog is an upcoming live-action/CGI family comedy film directed by Walt Becker and written by Justin Malen and Ellen Rapoport. It is based on Norman Bridwell's series of children's books of the same name. The film stars Darby Camp, Jack Whitehall, John Cleese, Sienna Guillory, Kenan Thompson, and Rosie Perez, as well as the vocal effects of David Alan Grier. Cast Darby Camp as Emily Elizabeth David Alan Grier as Clifford voice Jack Whitehall as Uncle Casey Izaac Wang as Owen Yu John Cleese as Mr. Bridwell Sienna Guillory Kenan Thompson Rosie Perez Production Development In May 2012, it was reported that Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment would produce a live-action/animated film based on the book. Matt Lopez was hired to write the script while Chris Meledandri and Deborah Forte were to produce, but in July 2013, it was reported that Illumination cancelled the project. On September 13, 2013, it was reported that the film was still in development at Universal Pictures with David Bowers in talks to direct the film. Like the 2011 film Hop, the titular dog character will be animated while the other characters will be live-action. In 2016, Paramount Pictures had purchased the rights to develop a live-action and animated hybrid film. On September 25, 2017, it was reported that Walt Becker had been hired to direct from a script being re-written by Ellen Rapoport, and from the original written by Justin Malen, which would be produced by Forte through her Silvertongue Films banner. Casting In May 2019, Darby Camp and Jack Whitehall signed on to star in the film. In June 2019, John Cleese, Sienna Guillory, Izaac Wang, Kenan Thompson, Rosie Perez, David Alan Grier, Keith Ewell, Bear Allen Blaine, and Lynn Cohen joined the cast. Filming Principal photography began in July 2019 in New York City. Release Clifford the Big Red Dog is scheduled for release on November 13, 2020, by Paramount Pictures. Universal Pictures initially slated the film for April 8, 2016 and then pushed back to December 31, 2016. References External links Category:Upcoming films Category:2020 films Category:American children's comedy films Category:American children's fantasy films Category:American films Category:Films about giants Category:Films about dogs Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Category:Films about friendship Category:Films about size change Category:Films directed by Walt Becker Category:Films scored by John Debney Category:Films shot in New York City Category:Films set in New York City Category:Films based on children's books Category:2020 fantasy films Category:2020s children's fantasy films Category:2020s fantasy-comedy films Category:Paramount Pictures films Category:Walden Media films Category:Entertainment One films
The Howland Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Piscataquis River at its confluence with the Penobscot River in Howland, Penobscot County, Maine. The Howland Dam was purchased by the Penobscot River Restoration Trust in 2010 from PPL Corporation, formerly Pennsylvania Power and Light under an agreement reaches several years earlier. A fish bypass was constructed around the dam in 2015. References Category:Buildings and structures in Penobscot County, Maine Category:Dams in Maine
The rapid British advance during Operation Compass 9 December 1940 9 February 1941 forced the Italian 10th Army to evacuate Cyrenaica, the eastern province of Libya. In late January, the British learned that the Italians were retreating along the Litoranea Balbo Via Balbia from Benghazi. The 7th Armoured Division Major-General Sir Michael O'Moore Creagh was dispatched to intercept the remnants of the 10th Army by moving through the desert, south of the Jebel Akhdar Green Mountain via Msus and Antelat as the 6th Australian Division pursued the Italians along the coast road, north of the jebel. The terrain was hard going for the British tanks and Combeforce Lieutenant-Colonel John Combe, a flying column of wheeled vehicles, was sent ahead across the chord of the jebel. Late on 5 February, Combeforce arrived at the Via Balbia south of Benghazi and set up road blocks near Sidi Saleh, about south-west of Antelat and north of Ajedabia. The leading elements of the 10th Army arrived thirty minutes after the British who sprung the ambush. Next day the Italians attacked to break through and continued their attacks into 7 February. With British reinforcements arriving and the Australians pressing down the road from Benghazi, the 10th Army surrendered later that day. Between Benghazi to Agedabia, the British took captured and of the Operation Compass totals of and On 9 February, Churchill ordered the advance to stop and troops to be dispatched to Greece to take part in the Greco-Italian War; Unternehmen Marita, a German attack through Macedonia was thought imminent. The British were unable to continue beyond El Agheila anyway, because of vehicle breakdowns, exhaustion and the effect of the much longer supply transport distance from the base in Egypt. A few thousand men of the 10th Army escaped the disaster in Cyrenaica but the 5th Army in Tripolitania had four divisions. The Sirte, Tmed Hassan and Buerat strongholds were reinforced from Italy, which brought the 10th and 5th armies up to about German reinforcements were sent to Libya to form a blocking detachment under Directive 22 11 January, these being the first units of the Afrika Korps Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel. Background Libya In 1936, General Alberto Pariani had been appointed Chief of Staff of the army and begun a reorganisation of divisions to fight wars of rapid decision, according to thinking that speed, mobility and new technology could revolutionise military operations. In 1937, three-regiment triangular divisions began to change to two-regiment binary divisions, as part of a ten-year plan to reorganise the standing army into twelve mountain, three motorised and three armoured divisions. The effect of the change was to increase the administrative overhead of the army, with no corresponding increase in effectiveness as the new technology, tanks motor vehicles and wireless communications were slow to arrive and were inferior to those of potential enemies. The dilution of the officer class by the need for extra unit staffs, was made worse by the politicisation of the army and the addition of Blackshirt Militia. The reforms also promoted frontal assaults to the exclusion of other theories, dropping the previous emphasis on fast mobile warfare backed by artillery. Cyrenaica the eastern province of Libya had been an Italian colony since the Italo-Turkish War 19111912. With Tunisia, a part of French North Africa to the west and Egypt to the east, the Italians prepared to defend both frontiers through a North Africa Supreme Headquarters, under the command of the Governor-General of Italian Libya, Marshal of the Air Force Italo Balbo. The Supreme Headquarters in Libya had the 5th Army General Italo Gariboldi and the 10th Army General Mario Berti, which in mid-1940 had nine metropolitan divisions of about each, three Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale Blackshirt and two Libyan Colonial divisions with each. Morale was considered to be high and the army had recent experience of military operations. The Italian navy had prospered under the Fascist regime, which had paid for fast, well-built and well-armed ships and a large submarine fleet but the navy lacked experience and training. The air force had been ready for war in 1936 but had stagnated by 1939 and was not considered by the British to be capable of maintaining a fast tempo of operations. The 5th Army with eight divisions was based in Tripolitania, the western half of Libya opposite Tunisia and the 10th Army with six infantry divisions, held Cyrenaica in the east. When war was declared, the 10th Army moved the 1st Libyan Division Sibelle to the frontier from Giarabub to Sidi Omar and XXI Corps from Sidi Omar to the coast, Bardia and Tobruk. The XXII Corps moved south-west of Tobruk to act as a counter-attack force. Egypt The British had based forces in Egypt since 1882 but these were greatly reduced by the terms of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936. The small British and Commonwealth force garrisoned the Suez Canal and the Red Sea route, which was vital to British communications with its Far Eastern and Indian Ocean territories. In mid-1939, Lieutenant-General Archibald Wavell was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief GOC-in-C of the new Middle East Command, over the Mediterranean and Middle East theatres. Until the Franco-Axis armistice, the French divisions in Tunisia faced the Italian 5th Army on the western Libyan border. In Libya, the Royal Army had about and in Egypt, the British had about with another training in Palestine. British forces included the Mobile Division Egypt Major-General Percy Hobart, one of only two British armoured training formations, which in mid-1939 was renamed the Armoured Division Egypt. On 16 February 1940, it became the 7th Armoured Division. The EgyptLibya border was defended by the Egyptian Frontier Force and in June 1940, the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division Major-General Richard O'Connor took over command in the Western Desert, with instructions to drive back the Italians from their frontier posts and dominate the hinterland if war began. The 7th Armoured Division, less the 7th Armoured Brigade, assembled at Mersa Matruh and sent the 7th Support Group forward towards the frontier as a covering force, where the RAF also moved most of its bombers; Malta was also reinforced. The HQ of the 6th Infantry Division, which lacked complete and fully trained units, was renamed the Western Desert Force on 17 June. In Tunisia, the French had eight divisions, capable only of limited operations and about in three poorly armed and trained divisions in Syria, along with border guards, most as an army of occupation against the civilian population. Italian land and air forces in Libya greatly outnumbered the British in Egypt but suffered from poor morale and were handicapped by some inferior equipment and poor serviceability. In Italian East Africa were another and African troops, with tanks and Italy declared war from 11 June 1940. Terrain The Western Desert was about wide, from Mersa Matruh in Egypt to Gazala on the Libyan coast, along the Litoranea Balbo Via Balbia, the only paved road. The Sand Sea inland marked the southern limit of the desert at its widest at Giarabub and Siwa; in British parlance, Western Desert came to include eastern Cyrenaica in Libya. From the coast, extending inland lies a raised, flat plain of stony desert about above sea level, that runs in depth until the Sand Sea. Scorpions, vipers and flies populated the region, which was inhabited by a small number of Bedouin nomads. Bedouin tracks linked wells and the easier traversed ground; navigation was by sun, star, compass and desert sense, good perception of the environment gained by experience. During the Italian invasion of Egypt of September 1940, the Maletti Group got lost after leaving Sidi Omar and reconnaissance aircraft had to find it. In spring and summer, days are miserably hot and the nights are bitter cold. The Sirocco Gibleh or Ghibli, a hot desert wind, blows clouds of fine sand, which reduces visibility to a few metres and coats eyes, lungs, machinery, food and equipment; motor vehicles and aircraft need special oil filters and the barren ground means that supplies for military operations, have to be transported from outside. Operation Compass Following the invasion of Egypt by the 10th Army and the advance to Sidi Barrani, Wavell ordered the commander of British Troops Egypt, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, to plan a limited operation to push the Italians back. Operation Compass, for administrative reasons, was originally planned as a five-day raid but consideration was given to continuing the operation if it succeeded. On 28 November, Wavell wrote to Wilson that, On 8 December, the British had begun the operation against the fortified Italian camps, which had been set up in a defensive line outside Sidi Barrani. Berti was on sick leave and Gariboldi had temporarily taken his place. The raid succeeded and the few units of the 10th Army in Egypt that were not destroyed had to withdraw. By 11 December, the British converted the raid a counter-offensive and the rest of the 10th Army in Egypt was swiftly defeated. The British prolonged the operation to pursue the remnants of the 10th Army to Sollum, Bardia, Tobruk, Derna and Mechili, then advanced through and around the Jebel Akhdar Green Mountain, to cut off the Italian retreat to Beda Fomm and El Agheila on the Gulf of Sirte. Prelude Derna, Mechili The area east of the Jebel Akhdar mountains was garrisoned by the XX Motorised Corps Lieutenant-General Annibale Bergonzoli with the 60th Infantry Division Sabratha and the Babini Group General Valentino Babini, which had already lost some of its tanks in the British capture of Tobruk. The Babini Group had an establishment of but these included had landed recently at Benghazi. The new tanks needed ten days to be made battle worthy and a three-day journey to reach Mechili but in the crisis, tanks had been rushed forward, which reduced the serviceability of the vehicles. A defensive position was established by the 60th Infantry Division Sabratha on a line from Derna along Wadi Derna, with the Babini Group concentrating at Mechili Fort inland and slightly south-west of Derna where several desert tracks converged, Giovanni Berta and Chaulan, to guard the flank and rear of the infantry. On 22 January, the British advanced towards Derna with the 19th Australian Brigade Brigadier Horace Robertson and sent another Australian brigade to reinforce the 4th Armoured Brigade Brigadier J. A. L. Caunter of the 7th Armoured Division Major-General Michael O'Moore Creagh, south of the Jebel Akhdar, for an advance on Mechili. In the turmoil created by Operation Compass, the 10th Army had several commanders in quick succession, General Berti until 23 December 1940, Gariboldi when Berti was on sick leave, General Giuseppe Tellera 23 December 1940 7 February 1941 killed and General Annibale Bergonzoli surrendered 7 February. On 23 January, Tellera ordered a counter-attack against the British as they approached Mechili Fort, to avoid an envelopment of the XX Motorised Corps from the south but communication within the Babini Group was slow, because only the tanks of senior commanders had wireless. Next day, ten to fifteen M13/40s of the Babini Group attacked the 7th Hussars of the 4th Armoured Brigade, which was heading west to cut the DernaMechili track. The Italians fired on the move, hit several tanks and pursued as the British swiftly retired, calling for help from the 2nd RTR, which ignored the signals through complacency. By the British had lost several light tanks and a cruiser tank, one cruiser had a jammed gun and the third was retiring at speed, after taking fifty rounds to knock out two M13s. Eventually the 2nd RTR was alerted, caught the Italian tanks while sky-lined on a ridge and knocked out seven M13s, for a British loss of the cruiser and six light tanks. Tellera intended to use the Babini Group to harass the southern flank of the British and cover a withdrawal from Mechili but Graziani ordered him to wait on events. By the evening, a report had arrived from Babini that the group was down to fifty to sixty tanks and that their performance had been disappointing, along with alarmist tales of tanks advancing round the southern flank. Graziani ordered Tellera to disengage the Babini Group by next morning. Some tanks of the group had been held back at Benghazi and work had begun on a defensive position at Sirte, westwards along coast. On 25 January, the 2/11th Australian Battalion near the coast engaged the 60th Infantry Division Sabratha and companies of the Babini Group at Derna airfield, making slow progress against determined resistance. Italian bombers and fighters flew sorties against the 2/11th Australian Battalion as it attacked the airfield and high ground at Siret el Chreiba. The swept the flat ground with field artillery and machine-guns, stopping the Australian advance short of the objective. The 4th Armoured Brigade was ordered to encircle Mechili and cut the western and north-western exits, while the 7th Armoured Brigade cut the road from Mechili to Slonta but the Babini Group had retreated from Mechili during the night. The group was attacked by Desert Air Force DAF fighters south of Slonta the next day and pursued until 28 January by the 4th Armoured Brigade. On 26 January, Graziani ordered Tellera to continue the defence of Derna and to use the Babini Group to stop an advance west from the area MechiliDerna. Tellera requested more tanks but this was refused until the defences of Derna began to collapse the next day. During the day, the 2/4th Australian Battalion in the DernaGiovanni Berta area, attacked and cut the DernaMechili road and a company crossed Wadi Derna during the night. On the northern edge of the wadi, a bold counter-attack with artillery support was made across open ground by the 10th of the Babini Group, which with reports in the morning that the group was attacking round the southern flank, deterred the Australians from continuing the advance on Derna, at the cost of forty killed and During 27 January, Australian attempts to attack were met by massed artillery-fire, against which the Australian artillery reply was rationed to ten rounds per-gun-per-day; the 2/4th Australian Battalion repulsed another counter-attack by an Italian infantry battalion. A column of Bren Carriers of the 6th Australian Cavalry Regiment was sent south to reconnoitre the area where the Italian tanks had been reported. The column was ambushed by a party from the Babini Group with concealed anti-tank guns and machine guns; four Australians were killed and three taken prisoner. The 11th Hussars found a gap at Chaulan, south of Wadi Derna, which threatened the Babini Group and the defenders in Derna with encirclement and Bergonzoli ordered a retreat. The Italians disengaged on the night of before the garrison could be trapped; Babini Group rearguards cratered roads, planted mines, set booby-traps and managed to conduct several skilful ambushes, which slowed the British pursuit. Italian defensive preparations The Italians in Libya were dependent supplies from Italy, which were moved by road and short stretches of railway. The from Tripoli to Benghazi was long, prone to flooding and attacks by the DAF now it was in range. Driving on desert tracks to avoid air attack increased vehicle wear and led to more accidents. The Babini Group had escaped destruction at Mechili on 24 January but the inferiority of the Italian tanks and that they were substantially outnumbered possibly due to British attempts at deception with a dummy tank regiment led to doubts that Derna was defensible. The 10th Army still had about and tanks, about half being serviceable. Rumours circulated about British intrigues in Tunisia and Algeria and the exploits of the Long Range Desert Group, Free French forces and Senussi rebels in the southern province of Fezzan, which added to Italian apprehensions about the western and southern approaches to Tripolitania. It had soon become clear to Graziani that the British were going to attempt the capture all Cyrenaica. On 1 February, he reported to Mussolini that he intended to withdraw to Sirte, where Gariboldi, the commander in Tripoli, had been ordered to prepare defences. On 3 February, after Graziani had sacked Berti, Tellera took over command in Cyrenaica, with orders to command the retreat. The Australians had caught up with the Italians west of Derna, at Giovanni Berta, on 31 January and British air reconnaissance reported indications of a general Italian withdrawal. British plan and assembly In late January 1941, the British learned from decoded messages that the Italians were evacuating Cyrenaica through Benghazi along the . The 6th Australian Division pursued the Italians, along the coast road north of the Jebel Akhdar, with the 11th Hussars on their left flank. Babini Group reports about the Hussars led Tellera to assume that the 7th Armoured Division was behind the Australians so did not assemble a big flank guard or expect an outflanking move through Msus. The Australians closed up to Giovanni Berta on 1 February but the Italians eluded them by the speed of their withdrawal. O'Connor had intended to pause while supplies were built up around Mechili and wait for parts of the new 2nd Armoured Division to arrive. The failure to trap the 10th Army led O'Connor to ignore the lack of supplies and the decrepitude of the 40 serviceable cruisers and tanks. The 7th Armoured Division was ordered on 4 February to intercept the remnants of the 10th Army, by moving inland from Mechili to Msus, to cut off the Italians between Soluch and Ghemines. All British aircraft were to support the move and protect lorries carrying a days' supplies just behind the tanks and a big convoy with two days' supplies a short distance further back but DAF ground attacks had been stopped on 3 February due to an engine shortage. Even if all the supplies arrived no more could be delivered for several days, which meant that a battle had to be won in three days or fail through lack of fuel, water and ammunition. Italian wireless interception of 11th Hussars messages revealed Soluch as its objective and Tellera inferred that the British armoured forces would advance on Msus and Sceleidima. Little could be done, apart from withdrawing through the jebel faster, sowing Thermos bombs along the path of the British advance and garrisoning Msus, Sceleidima and Antelat to delay the British forces. The rugged terrain was hard going for the British tanks and caused more delays than Italian counter-measures; if a tank broke down it was left behind until a recovery team could tow it back to Tobruk. At dawn on 4 February, the 11th Hussars left Mechili over ground which had only been reconnoitred from the air, to avoid alerting the Italians. Low-flying aircraft had reported that the going was difficult and for the first the route was the worst yet encountered in the desert. By armoured cars had reached Msus, away, where the garrison left hurriedly, some cars followed up for another to Antelat and the 7th Support Group reached the 4th Armoured Brigade, which was still preparing to move from Mechili. Combeforce News arrived from air reconnaissance that a large Italian convoy was south of Benghazi, which was taken to mean that a general withdrawal from Cyrenaica had begun. The convoy was actually one of rear-area personnel; most of the XX Motorised Corps was east of Benghazi and the Babini Group was covering the Italian rearguard, which was retiring from Barce. Because the British tanks needed more time for maintenance, Creagh took a bold decision to send an improvised flying column of wheeled vehicles, south-west across the chord of the jebel, to block the Via Balbia between Benghazi and Agedabia as quickly as possible. The tracked vehicles were to follow on to the south-west, rather than continue westwards to Soluch. Combeforce Lieutenant-Colonel J. F. B. Combe, consisted of an armoured car squadron from each of 11th Hussars and King's Dragoon Guards, the 2nd Rifle Brigade, an RAF armoured car squadron, six 25-pounder field guns of C Battery 4th Royal Horse Artillery 4th RHA and the 106th Lancashire Hussars Battery RHA, with nine Bofors 37 mm anti-tank guns portée, a total of about Battle 5 February In the Jebel Akhdar, the 6th Australian Division advanced down the Via Balbia, with the 17th Australian Brigade leap-frogging a battalion to Slonta, where the 19th Australian Brigade using the rest of the divisional transport and captured petrol, passed by and reached Barce despite mines and roadblocks on 5 February. The Australians got to Benghazi before night on 6 February, despite more mines and heavy rain. Combeforce reached Antelat during the morning and by had observers overlooking the Via Balbia west of Beda Fomm and Sidi Saleh, about south-west of Antelat and north of Ajedabia, with the rest of Combeforce following on. An Italian convoy drove up about thirty minutes later and ran into a minefield, where it was ambushed. The British artillery, anti-tank guns and armoured cars, threw the column into confusion. Some members of the 10th Bersaglieri tried to advance down the road and others looked for gaps in the British positions on either side of the road. The Bersaglieri had little effect, being unsupported by artillery, most of which was with the rearguard to the north. The attempts by the Italians to break through became stronger and in the afternoon, the 2nd Rifle Brigade crossed the Via Balbia into the dunes, to block the route south between the road and the sea. Combe also brought up a company behind the roadblock, placed some 25-pounders behind the infantry and kept some armoured cars manoeuvring in the desert to the east, to deter an Italian outflanking move. Several hundred prisoners were taken but only a platoon of infantry could be spared to guard them. The vanguard of the Italian retreat had no tanks, contained few front-line infantry and had been trapped by the ambush which forced them to fight where they stood. While waiting for the 4th Armoured Brigade, which had been brought up to establishment by transfers from the 7th Armoured Brigade and had the 3rd Hussars, 7th Hussars and the 2nd RTR under command, Combe reconnoitred to the north and near a small white mosque found several long, low, northsouth ridges with folds between, in which tanks could hide from the road as they moved back and forth to fire at close range. The brigade set off from Msus at led by light tanks and cruisers of the 7th Hussars, followed by the 3rd Hussars, brigade headquarters, 4th RHA, 2nd RTR and D Battery 3rd RHA in the rear, about back. The journey was delayed by moving in single-file through a field of Thermos bombs and the brigade took until to cover the to Antelat, where they came into the range of Combforce wireless transmissions. Combe briefed Caunter to head for the mosque north of the roadblock and then attack all along the Italian column, to reduce the pressure on Combeforce. Caunter ordered the 7th Hussars and the artillery at full speed to the Via Balbia followed by the 2nd RTR in their slower tanks and the 3rd Hussars were sent north-east, to cut the routes from Soluch and Sceleidima. The brigade moved westwards on hard, flat sand, raising clouds of dust and soon reached the Via Balbia. The tank going was found to be good but some tanks ran out of fuel; the rest pressed on to the ridges, from which they could see the traffic jam on the road. Despite the fuel shortage, the 7th Hussars attacked the Italian column at points apart, to create maximum confusion. The first attackers caught the Italians stationary and then split north and south to run past the convoy in both directions, shooting at everything on the road. Little return fire was offered, because most of the Italian troops were rear-area personnel or civilians and many Italian drivers tried to escape by heading west off the road into the sand dunes and got bogged down. Lorries carrying petrol caught fire and lit the dusk, illuminating targets for the British gunners and giving the tanks en route a mark to drive at. The British artillery was not needed so the crews rounded up about and recovered undamaged Italian vehicles, particularly those carrying petrol to refuel stranded tanks. Seven cruiser tanks from the 2nd RTR arrived north of the hussars and destroyed the anti-aircraft battery from Benina airfield by the light of burning vehicles. As dark fell the attacks were stopped despite the Italian disarray, because the 4th Armoured Brigade had been reduced to syphoning the petrol from artillery vehicles and looting Italian supplies to keep going. A better organised and supported Italian breakthrough attempt had to be anticipated for the morning and the tanks disengaged and moved about east of the road to refuel and rearm. Italian vehicle movements around Ghemines and air reconnaissance reports showed that the Italians had achieved a measure of co-ordination and that reinforcements were arriving from the north. Two tanks were seen in the gloom but the crews surrendered to a British soldier, when he knocked on their hatches. Further south, a Rifle Brigade patrol escorting two RHA anti-tank guns moved along the column, firing from different points to give the impression of a larger force and to keep the Italians pinned down, as Combeforce dug in deeper and sowed more mines. To the north, the Australians captured Barce just after the Italians managed to detonate an ammunition dump and then pressed on towards Benghazi. Tellera had to retain part of the Babini Group, rather than send all of it south to reinforce Bergonzoli, for the attempts to break through to Agedabia. The 7th Armoured Brigade with only the 1st RTR, after the reinforcement of the 4th Armoured Brigade and most of the 7th Support Group, had driven west from Msus to capture Sceleidima. The fort had been garrisoned by the Bignami Group Colonel Riccardo Bignami, to block the route towards the north end of the Italian column on the Via Balbia and Tellera detached another thirty tanks from the Babini Group as reinforcements. The breakthrough attempts to the south could not be fully reinforced and the Italians could not expect to be undisturbed for long by British attacks along the convoy or the Australian advance down the Via Balbia, towards the tail of the column. When the rest of the Babini Group arrived at Beda Fomm it could be supported only by improvised artillery and infantry groups, which had little idea of British dispositions, in the absence of reconnaissance. 6 February During the night, Bergonzoli organised an attack down the Via Balbia, to pin down the defenders and a flanking move by the Babini Group eastwards through the desert, just west of the Pimple to get behind Combeforce, because the retirement of the 4th Armoured Brigade into laager, led Bergonzoli to believe that the force would concentrate in defence of the road block. At the Babini Group advanced without artillery support and with no knowledge of the situation beyond the first ridge to the east. Caunter had ordered the light tanks to continue the harassment of the flanks of the convoy and that Italian tanks were to be left to the cruiser tanks, with the artillery supporting both forces. The British had and tanks left near the Italians on the Via Balbia, with ten cruisers and eight light tanks in the 1st RTR to the north but these were held back by Creagh and sent south from Sceleidima to Antelat as a reserve, after Creagh received reports that the 10th Army was already south of Ghemines. The 7th Support Group, which was left with only the 1st King's Royal Rifle Corps 1st KRRC and some artillery, was held up at Sceleidima by minefields covered by artillery and the tanks of the Babini Group detachment. The 1st RTR lost contact with the brigade and got lost in a sandstorm and no air support was available, because the advanced airfields occupied by the RAF were out of range, as were those of the Regia Aeronautica, which could make only a few sorties to Beda Fomm. At dawn on 6 February, the Australians continued their attacks on Benghazi from the north and the 1st KRRC made slow progress at Scledeima, where Bignami was ordered to retire at send the Babini Group detachment south to reinforce the attack on the Pimple and keep the British off the rear of the column; the 7th Support Group followed the retirement, occupied Soluch and sent patrols towards Ghemines and Benghazi. During the morning of 6 February, patrols reported that the Italian column was several miles long. The 2nd Royal Tank Regiment 2nd RTR held the Pimple, a low round hillock west of Beda Fomm, from where the road could be watched both ways; further west were of flat sands between the road and the beach. The 2nd RTR had and seven light tanks still operational and was to stop 10th Army columns on the road by attacks from the east. To the north, the 7th Hussars with a cruiser and tanks were sent to find the north end of the Italian column and to attack it from both sides of the road. A squadron of light tanks from the 3rd Hussars was to watch for the 1st RTR on the tracks leading north to Soluch and Scledeima from Antelat, which left seven cruisers and six light tanks to attack the convoy about north of Beda Fomm. The 2nd RTR was left near the Pimple and A Squadron, equipped with A13s Cruiser Mk III, received the attack of the Babini Group at The first wave of ten M13s advanced slowly and were surprised, when turrets of the British cruisers appeared over a ridge away. The cruiser gunners rapidly knocked out eight M13s, before the tanks disappeared below the ridge. The cruisers drove to the ridge near the white mosque and knocked out another seven M13s with the same tactic. The Italian artillery opened fire on the mosque and every operational tank the Babini Group had left, advanced towards the Pimple and the mosque. C Squadron, in its slower A9s Cruiser Mk I and A10s Cruiser Mk II, arrived and the commander of F Battery, 4th RHA drove in a truck next to the tank of the 2nd RTR commander, directing the guns, which threw up clouds of dust, obscuring the movements of the tanks. The British tanks had the advantage of radio, unlike most of the Italian tanks, which had to move to an objective and then stop while the commanders dismounted to receive orders. At and in poor visibility, the 7th Hussars tried to find the rear of the Italian column and cut the road west of Beda Fomm, just as another big convoy arrived from the north. The convoy was escorted by M13s, which forced back the hussars and showed that the 10th Army had far more than sixty tanks, since that many had already been knocked out. Support from the 1st RTR was needed but having emerged from the sandstorm near Antelat, it had to refuel before moving. The Babini Group M13s mixed in with the column, kept the light tanks at a distance but these still managed to cause much damage and confusion. The units of the 4th Armoured Brigade moved from position to position among the ridges near the Pimple and mosque, raiding the column as more M13s arrived from the north. Combeforce could see the fighting and picked up Italians who got through, C Battery bombarding any Italian party which looked organised and by noon a lull had fallen and the Rifle Brigade Officers' mess tent was put up behind the reserve company. The weather turned to rain as more Italian columns arrived near the Pimple and were engaged by the cruisers and light tanks of the 2nd RTR, wherever there were no Italian tanks to stop them. By noon, forty Italian medium tanks had been knocked out, about fifty were left and the 2nd RTR was down to three of which were knocked out by Italian artillery. The Italian rearguard arrived in the afternoon and the concentration of tanks and artillery enabled the Italians to recapture the Pimple, open the road south and continue the outflanking move to the east. The attacks of the Babini Group left the convoy free to move past the Pimple and A Squadron pursued the Italians, firing into the convoy and setting many alight, forcing drivers to abandon their vehicles and others to leave the road for the dunes to the west, where they dodged British artillery-fire and attacks by light tanks of C Squadron, which took At the 7th Hussars found the north end of the Italian column and attacked, the 3rd Hussars north-east of Beda Fomm facing the Babini Group had been ordered to stand its ground and the 2nd RTR had been pushed back from the Pimple and had tried to get across the road to the west side and been repulsed by Italian artillery-fire. Communication with the British artillery had failed, when the armoured observation post had been knocked out, which took an hour to remedy before the artillery could accurately bombard the Pimple again. The 1st RTR arrived from Antelat as night was falling and intercepted the Babini Group as it was breaking out just to the north but several Italian vehicles and thirty tanks got past the Pimple. Bergonzoli abandoned attempts to hook round the eastern flank and sent the last of the Babini Group west through the dunes, just as the 2nd RTR had to rearm, which reported at that it was incapable of stopping the main column, which had begun to move south, through the British artillery-fire. Caunter ordered the 4th Armoured Brigade, which still had fifteen operational cruisers and tanks, to take up night positions closer to Combeforce; the 1st RTR was almost intact. 7 February On 6 February, Combeforce had faced some well-organised attacks with artillery and tank support, which had been repulsed by C Battery RHA and nine Bofors anti-tank guns of the 106th RHA. Italian infantry had used wrecked tanks as cover for their advance, while many more lost hope and surrendered. During the night, some tanks from the Pimple arrived and four were knocked out by mines and gunfire, four got through with some lorries and the rest gave up. O'Connor had spent 6 February with Creagh at the 7th Armoured Division HQ, in touch with Mackay at the 6th Australian Division HQ. Advanced troops of the 19th Australian Brigade had entered Benghazi unopposed during the afternoon, to a great welcome by the Libyan inhabitants and during the night O'Connor ordered Mackay to send two battalions of infantry past Benghazi, to attack the tail end of the columns of the 10th Army. Just before dawn on 7 February, the 7th Support Group attacked the north end of the Italian convoys, the 2nd RTR moved south along the west side of the Via Balbia and the 1st RTR moved east, to cover the desert flank of Combeforce. The Italians had only about thirty tanks left and planned to force their way through Combeforce at dawn, before the British could attack the flanks and rear of the column. The attack had artillery support as soon as it was light enough to see movement by the anti-tank guns portée of the 106th RHA. The infantry of the 2nd Rifle Brigade stayed under cover as they were overrun by the Italian tanks, which concentrated on the RHA anti-tank guns. C Battery 4th RHA fired on the Rifle Brigade positions as the tanks passed and the Rifle Brigade resumed fire on Italian infantry following the tanks, to pin them down. The M13s knocked out all but one anti-tank gun and kept going into the reserve company area but the last gun was driven to a flank by the battery commander, his batman and the cook. The improvised crew commenced firing as the last M13s drove towards the Officers' mess tent put up the day before and knocked out the last tank from the tent. On the road, the Italians could hear British tank engines on the flanks and from the rear and further north, the 4th Armoured Brigade surrounded another group, at which point the Italians surrendered. The Australians had reached El Magrun, south of Ghemines, about half way to the Pimple and the 19th Australian Brigade Group battalions were ferried onwards with all speed. The Beda Fomm area had become a line of destroyed and abandoned lorries, about out or captured tanks and including Tellera found mortally wounded in one of the M13s, Bergonzoli and the 10th Army staff. Aftermath Analysis The British plan to trap the 10th Army had worked, despite the British being outnumbered medium tanks and most of the Italian tanks being new, while the British tanks had covered more than since the beginning of Operation Compass. The speed of the dash from Mechili had surprised the Italians, despite the obvious danger of such a move, especially when the British reached Msus on 4 February; had the Italians on the Via Balbia been prepared for a road block and made an organised attack, the 10th Army might have escaped. The British had gambled with the provision of fuel and supplies, which were capable only of sustaining a short operation and narrowly succeeded but the pursuit could not continue beyond El Agheila, due to broken-down and worn out vehicles. O'Connor requested through Wavell that the government reconsider the conquest of Tripolitania, just as the Greek government announced that it would resist German aggression and accept reinforcement by the British if sufficient forces could be made available. The success of the 7th Armoured Division encouraged a belief in the Royal Tank Regiment, that manoeuvre could win battles but the engagement with the Babini Group on 24 January, also led to the conclusion that armoured divisions needed more artillery. No integration of tanks and infantry was considered necessary or that anti-tank guns should be used offensively and the lack of cover from air observation in the desert encouraged dispersion to avoid air attack, where the British lacked air superiority, at the expense of the concentration of fire power at the decisive point. Due to the exiguous nature of supply and transport, conservation during lulls also encouraged the use of small jock columns, of a motorised infantry company, a field-gun battery and several armoured cars. The success of such columns against the Italians, led to exaggerated expectations which were confounded, when better equipped and trained German troops arrived in Libya. The 7th Armoured Division concluded that the defensive mentality of the Italians, had justified the taking of exceptional risks which would be unjustified against German troops. Only a few thousand men of the 10th Army had escaped the disaster in Cyrenaica but the 5th Army had four divisions in Tripolitania and the Italians reinforced the Sirte, Tmed Hassan and Buerat strongholds from Italy, which brought the total of Italian soldiers in Tripolitania to about The Italian forces in Libya experienced a renaissance during 1941, when the 132nd Armoured Division Ariete, the 102nd Motorised Division Trento, and the 101st Motorised Division Trieste arrived along with better equipment. Italian anti-tank units performed well during Operation Brevity, Operation Battleaxe and the Ariete Division defeated the 2nd Armoured Brigade at Bir el Gubi on 19 November, during Operation Crusader. Casualties At the Battle of Beda Fomm, the British took about over many still operational, and vehicles. During Operation Compass, the British had advanced , destroyed or captured about and pieces, taken and Italian prisoners of war, besides a vast quantity of other war material. The prisoners included and the Italian general staff recorded of all types lost. The British and Commonwealth forces suffered and a portion of which were incurred at Beda Fomm. Subsequent operations The defeat of the 10th Army appeared to mean that the British could hold Cyrenaica with fewer ships, men and aircraft, as long as the offensive was terminated. The Navy and RAF commanders were against another offensive, having supported two land campaigns, supplied Malta and protected Egypt from the growing threat from the Luftwaffe. On 9 February, Churchill ordered the advance to stop and troops to be dispatched to Greece Operation Lustre, to take part in the Greco-Italian War and forestall a German invasion. On 11 February, Wavell made a lukewarm suggestion to the Chief of the Imperial General Staff CIGS to continue the offensive, emphasising the opposition of the RAF and Navy. On 8 February, the 11th Hussars patrolled westwards without air cover to the area east of Sirte, lifting prisoners and equipment and finding no organised Italian defences. The first troops of the DAK, landed in Tripolitania on 11 February, as part of Unternehmen Sonnenblume Operation Sunflower. With the arrival of the DAK Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel the Axis rout ended and the British faced a better-equipped and led opponent, during a period of temporary weakness. On 25 March, General Italo Gariboldi replaced Marshal Rodolfo Graziani who had asked to be relieved as Governor-General of Libya. Wavell made Wilson the Military Governor of Cyrenaica and disbanded the headquarters of XIII Corps the renamed Western Desert Force, dispersing its skilled and experienced personnel. On 14 February, as the 11th Hussars handed over to the King's Dragoon Guards, aircraft were seen through a haze, which made the most devastating attack that the Hussars had experienced; a few hours later Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers arrived overhead and attacked. Order of battle 5th and 10th armies: 10 June 1940, 10th Army: 13 September; Western Desert Force: 10 June, 9 December Details taken from Christie 1999, unless indicated 10 June 1940 Supreme Commander Italian Forces in North Africa: Air Marshal Italo Balbo Western Frontier LibyaTunisia border 5th Army X Corps 25th Infantry Division Bologna 60th Infantry Division Sabratha XX Corps 17th Infantry Division Pavia 61st Infantry Division Sirte 27th Infantry Division Brescia XXIII Corps 1st CCNN Infantry Division 23 Marzo CCNN: Blackshirts 2nd CCNN Infantry Division 28 Ottobre 2nd Libyan Infantry Division Pescatori reserve to 5th Army Eastern Frontier, Egypt 10th Army XXI Corps 63rd Infantry Division Cirene 62nd Infantry Division Marmarica XXII Corps 64th Infantry Division Catanzaro 4th CCNN Infantry Division 3 Gennaio 1st Libyan Infantry Division Sibelle reserve to 10th Army Commander-in-Chief Middle East, General Sir Archibald Wavell Western Desert Force, Commander-Lieutenant General R.N. OConnor 7th Armoured Division. Commander Major-General M. OMoore 4th Armoured Brigade, Mersa Matruh 1st Royal Tank Regiment 6th Royal Tank Regiment 7th Armored Brigade, Sidi Sulieman 7th Hussars 8th Hussars Support Group. Motorized Infantry Brigade Sidi Barrani 1st K.R.R.C. Battalion 2nd Motor Battalion The Rifle Brigade 3rd Battalion Coldstream Guards 1st Royal Northumberland Fusiliers 3rd Royal Horse Artillery F Battery, 4th Royal Horse Artillery 11th Hussars attached to Support Group from 7th Armoured Brigade Forward at Sidi Barrani with operations on the Libyan-Egyptian Border Cairo Infantry Brigade Garrison for Mersa Matruh Other Commonwealth Forces in Egypt 4th Indian Division less one infantry brigade Nile Delta 5th Indian Infantry Brigade 11th Indian Infantry Brigade Divisional Troops 6th Australian Infantry Division forming, Nile delta 2nd Zealand Infantry Division forming, Nile delta 13 September 1940 XXI Corps 10th Army Reserve Located in Tobruk 61st Infantry Division Sirte 2nd CCNN Infantry Division 28 Ottobre LX Light Tank Battalion L3 XXII Corps 64th Infantry Division Catanzaro 4th CCNN Infantry Division 3 Gennaio XXIII Corps Commander: General Annibale Bergonzoli 1st CCNN Infantry Division 23 Marzo fully motorised for the invasion of Egypt 62nd Infantry Division Marmarica partially motorised for the invasion LXIII light tank battalion L3 reinforcing the 62nd Infantry Division 63rd Infantry Division Cirene partially motorised for the invasion LXII light tank battalion L3 reinforcing the 63rd Infantry Division 1st Libyan Infantry Division Sibelle non-motorized 2nd Libyan Infantry Division Pescatori non-motorized IX light tank battalion L3 reinforcing the 2nd Libyan Infantry Division Comando Carri Armati della Libia 1st Raggruppamento Carri reserve to XXIII Corps under control of 10th Army I Medium Tank Battalion M11 XXI Light Tank Battalion L3 2nd Raggruppamento Carri XX Light Tank Battalion L3 LXI Light Tank Battalion L3 Maletti Raggruppamento part of XXIII Corps II medium tank battalion M11 3 Motorized Libyan Infantry Battalions Western Desert Force Commander-in-Chief, Middle East: General Sir Archibald Wavell Western Desert Force: Lieutenant-General R. N. OConnor Corps Troops 7th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment Matildas 1st Royal Horse Artillery 104th Royal Horse Artillery 51st Field Regiment R.A. 7th Medium Regiment R.A. 64th Medium Regiment R.A. 7th Armoured Division 4th Armoured Brigade 7th Armoured Brigade Support Group Infantry Brigade Divisional Troops 4th Indian Division 5th Indian Infantry Brigade 11th Indian Infantry Brigade Divisional Troops 16th Infantry Brigade attached to 4th Indian Division until 11 December 1940 6th Australian Division from mid-December 16th Australian Infantry Brigade 17th Australian Infantry Brigade 16th Infantry Brigade attached from 4th Indian Division 11 December Divisional troops 7th RTR attached from 7th Armoured Division Selby Force Brigade Group for the defence of Mersa Matruh Notes Footnotes References Books Journals Theses Websites Further reading External links The History of the British 7th Armoured Division: Beda Fomm Operation Compass part 2 Category:Conflicts in 1941 Category:1940 in Egypt Category:1941 in Egypt Category:1940 in Italy Category:1941 in Italy Category:1940 in Libya Category:1941 in Libya Category:Battles of World War II involving Australia Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy Category:Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Category:Military operations involving the United Kingdom Category:Western Desert Campaign Category:Libya in World War II Category:Egypt in World War II Category:World War II operations and battles of Europe Category:Military history of Italy during World War II Category:February 1941 events
Anona Winn born Anona Edna Wilkins, 5 January 1904 2 February 1994 was an Australian-born actress, broadcaster and singer, who spent most of her career in the UK. Career Born in Sydney, she studied at the Redland College For Girls and briefly considered a legal career. She then studied piano and eventually opera at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music and Melba Memorial Conservatorium of Music, which the latter was possible due to a scholarship from Dame Nellie Melba. Melba, who convinced her to change her name to Winn, also called her a human flute due to her massive range. She became disillusioned with the training, calling it the strait-jacket of opera training, though she was thankful for Melba's guidance. She would join a touring company of The Merry Widow, but after finding it hard to be a successful singer, she would become a journalist. After playing parts varying from pantomime to Shakespeare in a repertory company, she moved to England. She played the leading part for 8 weeks in Hit The Deck. Within a few years she had made more than 300 appearances in various radio shows including the BBC's Just a Minute. Winn was a regular in the BBC Radio version of Twenty Questions and Petticoat Line. In 1933, she married Frederick Lamport. Winn was made an MBE in 1954. She died in Bournemouth aged 90. Film credits 1934 On the Air References Further reading Moanin' Low: A Discography of Female Popular Vocal Recordings, 19201933 By Ross Laird Anona Winn Life On The Wireless by Karen Winters. Memory Lane magazine Issue 162 Spring 2009 Obituary: Anona Winn by June Averill. Independent, 18 Feb 1994. External links Category:1904 births Category:1994 deaths Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:Actresses from Sydney
Marjie Lundstrom born 1956 is an American journalist. She received the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 1991. Biography Lundstrom was born in 1956. Her parents, Dr. and Mrs. Max Lundstrom, are from Wayne, Nebraska. A journalism graduate of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1959, Lundstrom has served on the staffs of The Ft. Collins Coloradoan, Denver Monthly, and The Denver Post. She is a reporter and senior writer for The Sacramento Bee. At The Bee she also has been a columnist and assignment editor. She worked with the Sacramento Bee from January 1989 - March 1990 but later returned after deciding she wanted to live on the West Coast. She was a 1991 recipient of a journalism Pulitzer Prize. Lundstrom and Rochelle Sharp of New York Cityat the time, both reporters for Gannett News Service, based in Washington, DCwere jointly awarded the prize for National Reporting for a series of stories they wrote about child abuse. References External links The Sacramento Bee Pulitzer Prizes, 1991 Category:Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting winners Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:People from Wayne, Nebraska Category:University of NebraskaLincoln alumni Category:Writers from Sacramento, California Category:American newspaper reporters and correspondents Category:Writers from Nebraska Category:20th-century American journalists Category:American women non-fiction writers
Insein Prison is located in Yangon Division, near Yangon Rangoon, the old capital of Myanmar formerly Burma. From 1988 to 2011 it was run by the military junta of Myanmar, named the State Law and Order Restoration Council from 1988 to 2003 and the State Peace and Development Council SPDC from 2003 to 2011, and was used largely to repress political dissidents. The prison is notorious worldwide for its inhumane conditions, corruption, abuse of inmates, and use of mental and physical torture. Conditions Sanitation and healthcare At Insein, diseases and injuries usually go untreated. A former prisoner at Insein recalls that When we had fever they never gave us any medicine. If it gets very bad then they send you to the prison hospital, where many people die. The sick prisoners want to go to the hospital, but the guards never send them there until it's already too late, so many die once they get to the hospital. I got fever but I didn't want to go to their hospital, because I was afraid of their dirty needles and contagious diseases. At the hospital they have doctors, but not enough medicines. The same prisoner continued, [t]hey allowed us to have a bath once a day. We had to line up in rows of 5 men at a time, and we were allowed 5 bowls of water, then soap, then 7 more bowls of water. But there were many problems sometimes there was no water supply, so they wouldn't let us take a bath and we could hardly even get water to drink. There were latrines in 2 places outside of the room for the daytime, and in the room at night. The latrines always had guards, and to use them you had to bribe the guard with 2 cheroots. The latrine was just a bucket, with no water. You could use paper if you could get some, but we used to beg scraps of cloth from the men who worked in the sewing workshop out in the compound. Tortures Prisoners have reportedly been beaten with a rubber pipe filled with sand and chased by dogs, forcing them to crawl on their hands and knees across a gravel path. Protests within the prison 1991 prisoner hunger strike According to a former prisoner's account, in 1991 several prisoners held a hunger strike, demanding proper healthcare and the right to read newspapers. However, their demands were not met, and the prisoners were tortured by being chased across the gravel path. 2008 mass shooting of inmates On 3 May 2008, over 100 prisoners were shot by guards at the prison resulting in the deaths of 36 inmates. A further four inmates were later tortured and killed by the prison guards who believed they had been the ringleaders of the initial protest that culminated in the mass shooting. 2011 prisoner hunger strike On 24 May 2011, the Myanmar government retaliated against a hunger strike by about 30 political prisoners in the prison by forcing the ringleaders into solitary confinement. The hunger strike began when seven female prisoners protested against a government prisoner amnesty program that failed to include most political detainees. On 23 May, 22 male prisoners, including three Buddhist monks, joined the protest, demanding better prison living conditions and improved family visiting rights. According to Aung Din, the executive director of the Washington-based U.S. Campaign for Burma, The latest information we have received is that six of the leaders of the strike from the male group have been moved to what is known as the 'dog cell'a small cell block where they could be tortured and family visits are not allowed. One of the prisoners moved was an editor of The Kantaryawaddy Times, Nyi Nyi Htun. Notable prisoners One of its most famous prisoners is the Nobel Peace Prize-winning human-rights activist Aung San Suu Kyi, who has been confined to Insein on three separate occasions in 2003, 2007 and 2009. Well-known prisoners include student leaders of the 1988 Uprising, including Min Ko Naing, Pyone Cho, Ko Ko Gyi, Ko Jimmy, Mya Aye, and others. Other activists held in Insein prison from 1988 to 2016, include the intellectual and democracy activist, Win Tin; and a host of others who were elected to parliament as members of the National League for Democracy NLD in 1990 none of these individuals were allowed to serve their term in parliament. Other known prisoners include a 21-year-old Burmese video-journalist named Sithu Zeya who after being arrested in April 2010, is currently serving an 8-year sentence for photographing the aftermath of an attack on civilians by the military junta. Another imprisoned video-journalist is 29-year-old Ngwe Soe Lin who was arrested in an internet cafe in Rangoon on April 14, 2010 for his video coverage of Burmese children orphaned by Cyclone Nargis in 2008. Democracy activist Aye Yung was held for trial at Insein Prison for distribution of leaflets at Dagon University. Reuters journalists Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo were held at the prison for more than 500 days following their arrest on 12 December 2017, due to their investigation of the Inn Din massacre. Amid international outcry over their imprisonment, the pair were released on 7 May 2019, following a pardon from President of Myanmar Win Myint. While imprisoned in Insein Prison, Wa Lone wrote a children's book, Jay Jay the Journalist. References External links HIV Spreads in Insein Prison PDF Burma's Insein Prison: punishment and oppression Burma Campaigner Aung San Suu Kyi in Insein Prison Assistance Association for Political Prisoners Myanmar Burmese AAPPB Joint Report on Insein Prison Myanmar Government Prisons Category:Prisons in Myanmar Category:Buildings and structures in Yangon Region
Brazil is scheduled to compete in the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru from July 26 to August 11, 2019. On July 25, 2019, it was announced that, for the first time in the history of the Pan American Games, a nation would have two flag bearers during the opening ceremony. The indicated were Brazilian 49er FX class sailors Martine Grael and Kahena Kunze. In 2019, Brazil pulled off its best performance in history, winning 54 gold and 168 overall medals, and finishing second in the standings for the first time since they hosted the competition in 1963. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors per gender participating at the games per sport/discipline. Medalists The following competitors from Brazil won medals at the games. In the by discipline sections below, medalists' names are bolded. Archery Brazil qualified a full team of eight athletes four men and four women. Men Mixed Artistic swimming Brazil has qualified a full team of nine athletes. Athletics Men Track & road events Field events Combined events Decathlon Women Track & road events Field events Combined events Heptathlon Badminton Brazil qualified a full team of eight athletes four men and four women. Men Women Mixed Basketball 5x5 Summary Women's tournament Preliminary round Semifinal Gold medal game 3x3 Summary Men's tournament Women's tournament Preliminary round Semifinal Bronze medal game Basque pelota Brazil qualified one athlete to the basque pelota competition. Men Bodybuilding Brazil qualified a full team of two bodybuilders one male and one female. Men Classic bodybuilding Women Bikini fitness Bowling Brazil qualified a full team of four athletes two men and two women. Boxing Brazil qualified eight boxers five men and three women. Men Women Canoeing Slalom Brazil qualified a total of six slalom athletes three men and three women. Sprint Brazil qualified a total of 10 sprint athletes six men and four women. Men Women Cycling Brazil has qualified 16 athletes: 10 men and 6 women. The team was officially announced on June 4, 2019. BMX Freestyle Racing Mountain Road Men Track Men Sprint Keirin Women Madison Omnium Diving Brazil qualified a full team of eight divers four men and four women. Men Women Equestrian Brazil qualified a full team of 12 equestrians four per discipline. Dressage Eventing Jumping Fencing Brazil qualified 15 fencers 9 men, 6 women. The team was officially announced on June 5, 2019. Men Women Golf Brazil qualified a full team of four golfers two men and two women. The team was officially announced on June 4, 2019. Gymnastics Artistic Brazil qualified a team of ten gymnasts in artistic five men and five women. Men Team & Individual Qualification Qualification Legend: Q = Qualified to apparatus final Individual finals Women Team & Individual Qualification Qualification Legend: Q = Qualified to apparatus final Individual finals Rhythmic Brazil qualified two individual gymnasts and five gymnasts for the group event in rhythmic seven women. Individual Group Trampoline Brazil qualified three gymnasts in trampoline one man and two women. Handball Brazil qualified a men's team of 14 athletes by winning the 2018 South American Games. Brazil qualified a women's team of 14 athletes by winning the 2018 South American Games. Summary Men's tournament Semifinal Bronze medal match Women's tournament Semifinal Final Judo Brazil has qualified a full team of fourteen judokas seven men and seven women. The team was officially announced on May 27, 2019. Men Women Karate Brazil qualified a team of 15 karatekas seven men and eight women. Kumite sparring Kata forms Modern pentathlon Brazil qualified five modern pentathletes two men and three women. Roller sports Figure Brazil qualified a team of two athletes in figure skating one man and one woman. Speed Brazil qualified one male athlete in speed skating. Rowing Brazil qualified 14 boats, for a total of 20 rowers, at the 2018 Pan American Qualification Regatta. Men Women Rugby sevens Brazil qualified a women's team of 12 athletes by winning the Women's competition at the 2018 South American Games. Brazil qualified a men's team of 12 athletes after being finalist at the 2019 Sudamérica Rugby Sevens Olympic Qualifying Tournament. Summary Men's tournament Semifinal Bronze medal match Women's tournament Pool stage Semifinal Bronze medal match Sailing Brazil has qualified 11 boats for a total of 17 sailors. Men Women Mixed Open Shooting Brazil qualified a team of 21 shooters twelve men and nine women. Men Pistol and rifle Shotgun Women Pistol and rifle Shotgun Mixed Squash Brazil qualified a male team of 3 athletes through the 2018 Pan American Squash Championships. Men Surfing Brazil qualified eight surfers four men and four women in the sport's debut at the Pan American Games. Artistic Race Swimming Brazil has qualified 35 athletes total, 18 men and 17 women: Men Women Mixed Table tennis Brazil qualified a full team of six athletes three men and three women. The team was officially announced on June 10, 2019. Men Women Mixed Taekwondo Brazil has qualified a full team of eight athletes four men and four women at Kyorugi events. The team was officially announced on June 4, 2019. Kyorugi Men Women Tennis Brazil has qualified a full team of six athletes three men and three women. After the withdrawal of Marcelo Demoliner and Beatriz Haddad Maia, the nation competed with two athletes of each gender. Men Women Mixed Triathlon Brazil qualified a full triathlon team of six athletes three men and three women. The team was officially named on June 2, 2019. Mixed relay Volleyball Beach Brazil has qualified a men's and women's pair for a total of four athletes. Indoor Brazil qualified a men's team of 12 athletes by finishing in the top five at the 2018 Men's Pan-American Volleyball Cup. Brazil qualified a women's team of 12 athletes by finishing in the top five at the 2018 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup. Summary Men's tournament Group stage Semifinal Bronze medal match Women's tournament Group stage Semifinal Bronze medal match Water polo Brazil qualified a men's team of 11 athletes by winning the 2018 South American Swimming Championships. Brazil qualified a women's team of 11 athletes by winning the 2018 South American Swimming Championships. Summary Men's tournament Preliminary round Quarterfinal Semifinal Gold medal match Women's tournament Water skiing Brazil qualified two water skiers one of each gender and two wakeboarders one of each gender. Men Women Weightlifting Brazil qualified five weightlifters three men and two women. The team was officially announced on May 29, 2019. Wrestling Brazil qualified nine wrestlers four men and five women. Men Women See also Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics References Category:Nations at the 2019 Pan American Games 2019 Category:2019 in Brazilian sport
Mammillaria geminispina, the twin spined cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to central Mexico. It grows to tall by broad. The clustering spherical stems, 8 cm in diameter, are covered in white down and white spines. Carmine pink flowers are borne in summer and autumn. Its status is listed as Least concern by the IUCN Red List. Cultivation Mammillaria geminispina is one of several Mammillaria species to be cultivated. In temperate regions it must be grown under glass with heat. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. References geminispina Category:Cacti of Mexico Category:Endemic flora of Mexico Category:Flora of Hidalgo state Category:Flora of Querétaro Category:Flora of San Luis Potosí
Allendale is a former settlement in Alameda County, California now annexed to Oakland. It was located northeast of Fruitvale. A post office opened in 1903 and by 1908 was a branch of the Oakland post office. Allendale was named for Charles E. Allen, a real estate broker. The commercial district of Allendale is located along 38th Avenue up and down from where it crosses Allendale Avenue. Allendale Elementary School is located there. Allendale is on what might be called the cinema archipelago of East Oakland. Each commercial district with an exception or two had a theatre beginning with the 1920s or so. This applied to not only Allendale District, but nearby Laurel which had two, Fairfax, Dimond, and Fruitvale which had a second one nearby at Foothill and 35th Avenue, and another at the foot of Park Boulevard on the east side of the lake. The Allendale theatre, like most of the others, has been converted to another use. The one that has continued in use as a theatre is the Grand Lake, at the edge of East Oakland at the north end of Lake Merritt. There are others in downtown Oakland and North Oakland. References Category:Neighborhoods in Oakland, California
Siddharth Nigam born 13 September 2000 is an Indian actor, who works in Indian television and films and is known for his roles of Young Sahir/Samar in Dhoom 3 and Prince Ashoka in Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat. He is currently seen as Aladdin in Sab TV's AladdinNaam Toh Suna Hoga. Early life Nigam was brought up in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his tenth class studies at Khelgaon Public School, where he practiced for gymnastics. Later he moved to Mumbai from Allahabad. Nigam has won a gold medal in parallel bar and a silver medal in high bar at 58th National School Games, Pune. He has an elder brother Abhishek Nigam and his mother runs an NGO and a beauty parlour. Nigam started off as a gymnast. He was selected on the national-level gymnastics, where he won a gold medal. Career Nigam started his acting career in 2011 by appearing in a Bournvita advertisement. After watching him in advertisement, makers of the film Dhoom 3 called him for an audition to play the Young Sahir/Samar. The film was directed by Vijay Krishna Acharya, and it was released on 20 December 2013. Taran Adarsh of the entertainment portal Bollywood Hungama reviewed, Siddharth Nigam is a talent to watch out for. He's superb! Writing for India Today Suhani Singh said, He lights up the screen with his self-assured performance and charming presence. After his successful debut in film, he debuted on television with the role of Young Rudra in the mythological drama series Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani. The show aired on 15 December 2014 on Life Ok television. In February 2015, Nigam was seen in the historical drama series Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat where he played the lead role of Young Ashoka. For his performance in the series, he received fame and critical acclaim, and won Zee Gold Award for Best Actor Debut - Male, Television Style Awards for Most Stylish Debut - Male, Lions Gold Awards and Indian Telly Awards for Best Child Actor - male, Indian Television Academy Award 2015 for Desh Ka Ladla. In 2016 he won Golden Petal Awards for Favourite Child Actor. On 15 February 2015, Nigam appeared as a guest in a special Mahashivratri episode on K9 Productions comedy/talk series Comedy Nights with Kapil. In 2016, he was seen in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9 as a contestant and later as Young Shivaji in Peshwa Bajirao. In 2017, he portrayed the character of Bindusara son of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya in Chandra Nandini. Currently he is seen as Aladdin in Sab TV's AladdinNaam Toh Suna Hoga. He also featured in numerous music videos latest being 'Luck Di Kasam'. Apart from being featured in music videos he has also launched his music label BonBros Records with his brother Abhishek Nigam. Filmography Films Television Awards Sibling Siddhartha Nigam's elder brother Abhishek Nigam made his television debut in the year 2017 with Big Magic's 'Akbar - Rakt se takht ka safar.' Abhishek played the titular role of the Mughal emperor Akbar. Both the siblings share a striking resemblance. They celebrate their birthdays together on 13 September; however, they are not twins and were born three years apart. Abhishek Nigam made his Bollywood debut with the 2019 period drama Panipat, sharing the screen space with Arjun Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt, and Kriti Sanon. See also List of Indian television actors References External links Category:Living people Category:21st-century Indian male child actors Category:Indian male television actors Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema Category:Male actors from Allahabad Category:Indian TikTokers Category:Male TikTokers Category:2000 births Category:Actors from Mumbai
The 1895 Ljubljana earthquake or the Easter earthquake struck Ljubljana the capital and largest city of Carniola, a Crown land of Austria-Hungary and the capital of Slovenia on Easter Sunday, 14 April. It was the most, and the last, destructive earthquake in the area. Earthquake With a Richter magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of VIIIIX, the earthquake struck at 20:17 UTC 22:17 local time. The earthquake's epicentre was located in Janče, about to the east of the Ljubljana downtown. The focus was deep. The shock was felt in a circle with a radius of and an area of , reaching as far away as Assisi, Florence, Vienna, and Split. More than 100 aftershocks followed in the next ten days. Damage The largest damage was caused in a circle with a radius of , from Ig to Vodice. At the time, Ljubljana's population was some 31,000, with around 1,400 buildings. About ten percent of buildings were damaged or destroyed, although few people died in the destruction. On Vodnik Square , an old monastery, which contained a diocesan girls' college and a library was sufficiently damaged that it had to be razed, and the site eventually was turned into an outdoor market Ljubljana Central Market, , now an important site in the city. The damage was estimated to 7 million guldens. Response The next morning, the Municipal Council adopted emergency measures to assist the worst-affected victims, to direct the police force in extra security measures, and to direct the police force to inspect the damaged houses. All the city's schools were temporarily closed, and some factories temporarily ceased operation. A few days later, emergency shelters were created for the homeless. Many citizens of Ljubljana left the city as refugees. Lack of food was quickly felt in the city, and five emergency kitchens were established, which were free or low cost and distributed several thousand hot meals each day. Other areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially Vienna, the Czech Lands and Croatia-Slavonia assisted in the aid. Among the individual members of the Municipal Council, the Liberal Nationalist Ivan Hribar, showed particular organizational abilities in providing aid. Shortly thereafter, he was elected mayor and organized the town's extensive reconstruction. The damage was substantial. Most houses were damaged on Hospice Street Špitalska ulica, today Stritar Street, , where all houses were destroyed except for one, and the markets. Post-earthquake development Until the event, Ljubljana had a provincial appearance. Expansion of the city and a widespread Vienna Secession architectural change began, which today is juxtaposed against the earlier Baroque style buildings that remain. Many buildings, such as the Mladika, were constructed in the aftermath. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the revival of Ljubljana not just because of these architectural changes from which a great deal of the city dates back to today, but for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism that followed. From 1895 to 1910, 436 new buildings were created and hundreds of buildings were renovated or extended in the Vienna Secession style. Most of Ljubljana's bridges, monuments, parks, and main buildings date back to the post-earthquake development. A chapel, dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary, was erected in 1895 in Janče by the people of Ljubljana so that Mary would protect them from such disasters. In 1897, the first Austro-Hungarian seismological observatory was established in Ljubljana at Vega Street . See also List of historical earthquakes References Ljubljana Category:Events in Ljubljana Ljubljana Earthquake, 1895 Category:19th century in Carniola Category:1895 in Austria-Hungary Category:April 1895 events
Sarcus is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. See also Communes of the Oise department References INSEE Category:Communes of Oise
Jaswal is a village and union council, an administrative subdivision, of Khushab District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Khushab Tehsil. References Category:Union councils of Chakwal District Category:Populated places in Chakwal District
Kenya competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing. The country's delegation consisted of thirteen competitors captained by three-time Paralympic gold medalist Henry Wanyoike. Also on the team was javelin thrower Mary Nakhumicha. Wanyoike competed in the 5000 metres, 10000 metres, and the marathon. Medallists Athletics Men's track Men's field Women's track Women's field Powerlifting Men See also Kenya at the Paralympics Kenya at the 2008 Summer Olympics External links Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Official Site International Paralympic Committee References Category:Nations at the 2008 Summer Paralympics 2008 Paralympics
The Herzegovina uprising Херцеговачки устанак, also known as Vukalović's Uprising, was an uprising fought by ethnic Serbs in the Herzegovina region against the Ottoman Empire between 1852 and 1862. It was led by chieftain Luka Vukalović. Background After the death of Ali-paša Rizvanbegović, who had made efforts to promote agriculture and recuperate the economy of the Herzegovina Eyalet under his rule, the eyalet was abolished and merged into the Bosnia Eyalet. In March 1852, Ottoman general Omar Pasha Omer-paša decided to disarm the Herzegovinians, which sparked an outrage in the region. The chieftain of the Herzegovinians was Luka Vukalović. The refusal of giving up arms resulted in minor fights between Vlasi from Herzegovina and Turks local Slavic Muslims, which in turn resulted in an uprising, which Vukalović would lead. Uprising The uprising began in winter 1852/53, when Grahovo, Banjani and Drobnjaci refused to pay the Turks a debt. As the actions against Montenegro by the Ottomans began, the East Herzegovinian clans fought alongside Montenegrins. Although there weren't major actions in the period of 185357, there wasnt peace. Austria evidently interfered in the actions of Vukalović, as it would help Montenegro, and the French consulates followed the uprising. The uprising was boosted in December 1857, after Knez Danilo started backing the rebels, bitter at the Porte because of its statements in the Paris Congress in 1856. After the Battle of Grahovac on May 1, 1858, when Montenegrin and Herzegovinian rebels defeated the Turks, Knez Danilo titled Vukalović the voivode of Zubac, Kruševica, Dračevica and Sutorina, giving him some autonomy. The Porte agreed on appeasement, it carried out a border with Montenegro, thus recognizing the independence of Montenegro. As the great part of East Herzegovina, except Grahovo, part of Banjani, Drobnjaci, Župa and Nikšič Rudina was left under Ottoman rule, Vukalović continued the uprising. This strongly echoed in Bosnia, in particular the revolts in Bosanska Krajina and Posavina in 1858. Afraid that the uprising would spill over in its territory, Austria increased its tackling of Vukalović, helping in different ways even the Turks. Vukalović in his requests didn't only deal with economical problems of Herzegovina, but marking the fight for national liberation, seeking for Herzegovina to join Montenegro. This character of uprising sparked the interest of the great powers of Europe, whom consulate representatives worked on giving Vukalović to the Ottoman government. Vukalović continued fighting against the Turks, and after the violent death of Knez Danilo in 1860, inspired by the unification of Italy which was led by Garibaldi. Since 1861, Omer-paša tried in many ways to end the uprising, unsuccessfully. But when Montenegro, after a defeat to the Turk in August 1862, promised that it wouldn't help the rebel movement in Herzegovina, Vukalović understood this as the people had been strained and then wrote to Omer-paša, who promised amnesty for all rebels. Aftermath Omer-paša promised Vukalović that he would continue his office as voivode of Zubac, Kruševica, Dračevica and Sutorina, but this was not held, he instead appointed him bimbaša of 500 pandurs who would secure peace along the borders. When he saw that the Ottomans didn't give their promises of relief on feudal duties and tax cuts, he tried in 1865 to once again start an uprising, but without any help, was unsuccessful. Vukalović left his birthplace and migrated to Russia, where he died in 1873. See also MontenegrinOttoman War 185253 Epirus Revolt of 1854 References Sources The Uprisings in Herzegovina, 1852-1862 Category:Serb rebellions Category:1850s in the Ottoman Empire Category:1860s in the Ottoman Empire Category:OttomanSerbian Wars Category:Principality of Serbia Category:Principality of Montenegro Category:Rebellions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Category:19th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina Category:History of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Category:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire Category:19th-century rebellions Category:Rebellions in Montenegro
On Another's Sorrow is a poem by the English poet William Blake. The poem discusses human and divine empathy and compassion. It was published as part of the Songs of Innocence and of Experience in 1789 as the last song in the Songs of Innocence section. Blake argues that human sympathy is a valuable trait. After making this observation about man he then speaks of the sympathy of God, as well. In his commentary on the poem, D. G. Gillham notes that though Blake discusses the nature of God, he attempts to do so in a rational way without referring to the supernatural. The poem is one of the few entries in Songs of Innocence and of Experience that contains an explicit declaration of innocence. It is also the only poem in the volume that is in Blake's own voice. References Bibliography External links On Another's Sorrow by William Blake Category:Songs of Innocence and of Experience
Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load weight, force, etc. without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs. Structural integrity is the ability of an itemeither a structural component or a structure consisting of many componentsto hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively. It assures that the construction will perform its designed function during reasonable use, for as long as its intended life span. Items are constructed with structural integrity to prevent catastrophic failure, which can result in injuries, severe damage, death, and/or monetary losses. Structural failure refers to the loss of structural integrity, or the loss of load-carrying capacity in either a structural component or the structure itself. Structural failure is initiated when a material is stressed beyond its strength limit, causing fracture or excessive deformations; one limit state that must be accounted for in structural design is ultimate failure strength. In a well designed system, a localized failure should not cause immediate or even progressive collapse of the entire structure. Introduction Structural integrity is the ability of a structure to withstand its intended loading without failing due to fracture, deformation, or fatigue. It is a concept often used in engineering to produce items that will serve their designed purposes and remain functional for a desired service life. To construct an item with structural integrity, an engineer must first consider a materials mechanical properties, such as toughness, strength, weight, hardness, and elasticity, and then determine the size and shape necessary for the material to withstand the desired load for a long life. Since members can neither break nor bend excessively, they must be both stiff and tough. A very stiff material may resist bending, but unless it is sufficiently tough, it may have to be very large to support a load without breaking. On the other hand, a highly elastic material will bend under a load even if its high toughness prevents fracture. Furthermore, each components integrity must correspond to its individual application in any load-bearing structure. Bridge supports need a high yield strength, whereas the bolts that hold them need good shear and tensile strength. Springs need good elasticity, but lathe tooling needs high rigidity. In addition, the entire structure must be able to support its load without its weakest links failing, as this can put more stress on other structural elements and lead to cascading failures. History The need to build structures with integrity goes back as far as recorded history. Houses needed to be able to support their own weight, plus the weight of the inhabitants. Castles needed to be fortified to withstand assaults from invaders. Tools needed to be strong and tough enough to do their jobs. However, the science of fracture mechanics as it exists today was not developed until the 1920s, when Alan Arnold Griffith studied the brittle fracture of glass. Starting in the 1940s, the infamous failures of several new technologies made a more scientific method for analyzing structural failures necessary. During World War II, over 200 welded-steel ships broke in half due to brittle fracture, caused by stresses created from the welding process, temperature changes, and by the stress concentrations at the square corners of the bulkheads. In the 1950s, several De Havilland Comets exploded in mid-flight due to stress concentrations at the corners of their squared windows, which caused cracks to form and the pressurized cabins to explode. Boiler explosions, caused by failures in pressurized boiler tanks, were another common problem during this era, and caused severe damage. The growing sizes of bridges and buildings led to even greater catastrophes and loss of life. This need to build constructions with structural integrity led to great advances in the fields of material sciences and fracture mechanics. Types of failure Structural failure can occur from many types of problems, most of which are unique to different industries and structural types. However, most can be traced to one of five main causes. The first is that the structure is not strong and tough enough to support the load, due to either its size, shape, or choice of material. If the structure or component is not strong enough, catastrophic failure can occur when the structure is stressed beyond its critical stress level. The second type of failure is from fatigue or corrosion, caused by instability in the structures geometry, design or material properties. These failures usually begin when cracks form at stress points, such as squared corners or bolt holes too close to the material's edge. These cracks grow as the material is repeatedly stressed and unloaded cyclic loading, eventually reaching a critical length and causing the structure to suddenly fail under normal loading conditions. The third type of failure is caused by manufacturing errors, including improper selection of materials, incorrect sizing, improper heat treating, failing to adhere to the design, or shoddy workmanship. This type of failure can occur at any time and is usually unpredictable. The fourth type of failure is from the use of defective materials. This type of failure is also unpredictable, since the material may have been improperly manufactured or damaged from prior use. The fifth cause of failure is from lack of consideration of unexpected problems. This type of failure can be caused by events such as vandalism, sabotage, or natural disasters. It can also occur if those who use and maintain the construction are not properly trained and overstress the structure. Notable failures Bridges Dee bridge The Dee bridge was designed by Robert Stephenson, using cast iron girders reinforced with wrought iron struts. On 24 May 1847, it collapsed as a train passed over it, killing five people. Its collapse was the subject of one of the first formal inquiries into a structural failure. This inquiry concluded that the design of the structure was fundamentally flawed, as the wrought iron did not reinforce the cast iron, and that the casting had failed due to repeated flexing. First Tay Rail Bridge The Dee bridge disaster was followed by a number of cast iron bridge collapses, including the collapse of the first Tay Rail Bridge on 28 December 1879. Like the Dee bridge, the Tay collapsed when a train passed over it, killing 75 people. The bridge failed because it was constructed from poorly made cast iron, and because designer Thomas Bouch failed to consider wind loading on it. Its collapse resulted in cast iron being replaced by steel construction, and a complete redesign in 1890 of the Forth Railway Bridge, making it the first entirely steel bridge in the world. First Tacoma Narrows Bridge The 1940 collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge is sometimes characterized in physics textbooks as a classic example of resonance, although this description is misleading. The catastrophic vibrations that destroyed the bridge were not due to simple mechanical resonance, but to a more complicated oscillation between the bridge and winds passing through it, known as aeroelastic flutter. Robert H. Scanlan, father of the field of bridge aerodynamics, wrote an article about this misunderstanding. This collapse, and the research that followed, led to an increased understanding of wind/structure interactions. Several bridges were altered following the collapse to prevent a similar event occurring again. The only fatality was a dog named Tubby. I-35W Bridge The I-35W Mississippi River bridge officially known simply as Bridge 9340 was an eight-lane steel truss arch bridge that carried Interstate 35W across the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The bridge was completed in 1967, and its maintenance was performed by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The bridge was Minnesota's fifthbusiest, carrying 140,000 vehicles daily. The bridge catastrophically failed during the evening rush hour on 1 August 2007, collapsing to the river and riverbanks beneath. Thirteen people were killed and 145 were injured. Following the collapse, the Federal Highway Administration advised states to inspect the 700 U.S. bridges of similar construction after a possible design flaw in the bridge was discovered, related to large steel sheets called gusset plates which were used to connect girders together in the truss structure. Officials expressed concern about many other bridges in the United States sharing the same design and raised questions as to why such a flaw would not have been discovered in over 40 years of inspections. Buildings Thane building collapse On 4 April 2013, a building collapsed on tribal land in Mumbra, a suburb of Thane in Maharashtra, India. It has been called the worst building collapse in the area: 74 people died, including 18 children, 23 women, and 33 men, while more than 100 people survived. The building was under construction and did not have an occupancy certificate for its 100 to 150 low- to middle-income residents ; its only occupants were the site construction workers and their families. The building was reported to have been illegally constructed because standard practices were not followed for safe, lawful construction, land acquisition and resident occupancy. By 11 April, a total of 15 suspects were arrested including builders, engineers, municipal officials, and other responsible parties. Governmental records indicate that there were two orders to manage the number of illegal buildings in the area: a 2005 Maharashtra state order to use remote sensing and a 2010 Bombay High Court order. Complaints were also made to state and municipal officials. On 9 April, the Thane Municipal Corporation began a campaign to demolish illegal buildings in the area, focusing on dangerous buildings, and set up a call center to accept and track the resolutions of complaints about illegal buildings. The forest department, meanwhile, promised to address encroachment of forest land in the Thane District. Savar building collapse On 24 April 2013, Rana Plaza, an eight-storey commercial building, collapsed in Savar, a sub-district in the Greater Dhaka Area, the capital of Bangladesh. The search for the dead ended on 13 May with the death toll of 1,129. Approximately 2,515 injured people were rescued from the building alive. It is considered to be the deadliest garment-factory accident in history, as well as the deadliest accidental structural failure in modern human history. The building contained clothing factories, a bank, apartments, and several other shops. The shops and the bank on the lower floors immediately closed after cracks were discovered in the building. Warnings to avoid using the building after cracks appeared the day before had been ignored. Garment workers were ordered to return the following day and the building collapsed during the morning rush-hour. Sampoong Department Store collapse On 29 June 1995, the five-story Sampoong Department Store in the Seocho District of Seoul, South Korea collapsed resulting in the deaths of 502 people, with another 1,445 being trapped. In April 1995, cracks began to appear in the ceiling of the fifth floor of the store's south wing due to the presence of an air-conditioning unit on the weakened roof of the poorly built structure. On the morning of 29 June, as the number of cracks in the ceiling increased dramatically, store managers closed the top floor and shut off the air conditioning, but failed to shut the building down or issue formal evacuation orders as the executives themselves left the premises as a precaution. Five hours before the collapse, the first of several loud bangs was heard emanating from the top floors, as the vibration of the air conditioning caused the cracks in the slabs to widen further. Amid customer reports of vibration in the building, the air conditioning was turned off but, the cracks in the floors had already grown to 10 cm wide. At about 5:00 p.m. local time, the fifth-floor ceiling began to sink, and at 5:57 p.m., the roof gave way, sending the air conditioning unit crashing through into the already-overloaded fifth floor. Ronan Point On 16 May 1968, the 22-story residential tower Ronan Point in the London Borough of Newham collapsed when a relatively small gas explosion on the 18th floor caused a structural wall panel to be blown away from the building. The tower was constructed of precast concrete, and the failure of the single panel caused one entire corner of the building to collapse. The panel was able to be blown out because there was insufficient reinforcement steel passing between the panels. This also meant that the loads carried by the panel could not be redistributed to other adjacent panels, because there was no route for the forces to follow. As a result of the collapse, building regulations were overhauled to prevent disproportionate collapse and the understanding of precast concrete detailing was greatly advanced. Many similar buildings were altered or demolished as a result of the collapse. Oklahoma City bombing On 19 April 1995, the nine-story concrete framed Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma was struck by a huge car bomb causing partial collapse, resulting in the deaths of 168 people. The bomb, though large, caused a significantly disproportionate collapse of the structure. The bomb blew all the glass off the front of the building and completely shattered a ground floor reinforced concrete column see brisance. At second story level a wider column spacing existed, and loads from upper story columns were transferred into fewer columns below by girders at second floor level. The removal of one of the lower story columns caused neighbouring columns to fail due to the extra load, eventually leading to the complete collapse of the central portion of the building. The bombing was one of the first to highlight the extreme forces that blast loading from terrorism can exert on buildings, and led to increased consideration of terrorism in structural design of buildings. Versailles wedding hall The Versailles wedding hall , located in Talpiot, Jerusalem, is the site of the worst civil disaster in Israel's history. At 22:43 on Thursday night, 24 May 2001 during the wedding of Keren and Asaf Dror, a large portion of the third floor of the four-story building collapsed, killing 23 people. World Trade Center Towers 1, 2, and 7 In the September 11 attacks, two commercial airliners were deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact and resulting fires caused both towers to collapse within less than two hours. The impacts severed exterior columns and damaged core columns, redistributing the loads that these columns had carried. This redistribution of loads was greatly influenced by the hat trusses at the top of each building. The impacts dislodged some of the fireproofing from the steel, increasing its exposure to the heat of the fires. Temperatures became high enough to weaken the core columns to the point of creep and plastic deformation under the weight of higher floors. The heat of the fires also weakened the perimeter columns and floors, causing the floors to sag and exerting an inward force on exterior walls of the building. WTC Building 7 also collapsed later that day; the 47 story skyscraper collapsed within seconds due to a combination of a large fire inside the building and heavy structural damage from the collapse of the North Tower. Aircraft Repeated structural failures of aircraft types occurred in 1954, when two de Havilland Comet C1 jet airliners crashed due to decompression caused by metal fatigue, and in 196364, when the vertical stabilizer on four Boeing B-52 bombers broke off in mid-air. Other Warsaw Radio Mast On 8 August 1991 at 16:00 UTC Warsaw radio mast, the tallest man-made object ever built before the erection of Burj Khalifa collapsed as consequence of an error in exchanging the guy-wires on the highest stock. The mast first bent and then snapped at roughly half its height. It destroyed at its collapse a small mobile crane of Mostostal Zabrze. As all workers left the mast before the exchange procedures, there were no fatalities, in contrast to the similar collapse of WLBT Tower in 1997. Hyatt Regency walkway On 17 July 1981, two suspended walkways through the lobby of the Hyatt Regency in Kansas City, Missouri, collapsed, killing 114 and injuring more than 200 people at a tea dance. The collapse was due to a late change in design, altering the method in which the rods supporting the walkways were connected to them, and inadvertently doubling the forces on the connection. The failure highlighted the need for good communication between design engineers and contractors, and rigorous checks on designs and especially on contractor-proposed design changes. The failure is a standard case study on engineering courses around the world, and is used to teach the importance of ethics in engineering. See also Structural analysis Structural robustness Catastrophic failure Earthquake engineering Porch collapse Forensic engineering Progressive collapse Seismic performance Serviceability failure Structural fracture mechanics Collapse zone Engineering disasters Tofu-dreg project References Notes Citations Bibliography Feld, Jacob; Carper, Kenneth L. 1997. Construction Failure. John Wiley & Sons. . Lewis, Peter R. 2007. Disaster on the Dee. Tempus. Petroski, Henry 1994. Design Paradigms: Case Histories of Error and Judgment in Engineering. Cambridge University Press. . Scott, Richard 2001. In the Wake of Tacoma: Suspension Bridges and the Quest for Aerodynamic Stability. ASCE Publications. . Category:Solid mechanics Category:Materials science Category:Building engineering Category:Mechanical engineering Category:Building defects Category:Mechanical failure modes Category:Structural engineering Category:Engineering failures
Constituting America is a non-profit, non-partisan organization that educates and informs the public about the U.S. Constitution. The organization utilizes popular culture music, film, television, internet, and social media to reach, educate and inform Americas adults and students about the non-partisan relevancy of the U.S. Constitution. Constituting America was founded on February 17th, 2010 by actress/author Janine Turner and Cathy Gillespie, a former senior congressional aide. Constituting America is dedicated to increasing the general knowledge and understanding of the U.S. Constitution and is committed to reversing the trend of civic apathy and ignorance that exists among the American society. School Involvement Founded to preserve the U.S. Constitution, Constituting America places special emphasis on bringing the Constitution to life in schools across the country. The founders of the organization visit schools in a school speaking program and provide patriotic clubs for students to become involved in. Additionally, Constituting America hosts an annual We The Future scholarship contest for students across the country. Through this contest, the organization has awarded tens of thousands of dollars in scholarships to students across the United States. 90 Day Study Every year, Constituting America hosts a 90 Day Study of 90 essays written to educate and inform Americans of the importance of the founding documents. The 90 Day Study is a compilation of essays written about the U.S. Constitution, The Federalist Papers, and the Founding Era. The 2020 90 Day Study is a study of important dates in American history that shaped the United States and changed the world. The scholastic study is written by constitutional scholars from the some of the most notable universities and law schools in the country. References Category:Non-profit organizations Category:United States Constitution Category:Nonpartisan organizations in the United States Category:Non-profit organizations based in the United States Category:501c3 nonprofit organizations Category:Non-profit organizations based in Texas Category:Organizations established in 2010 Category:Civil liberties advocacy groups in the United States Category:Human rights organizations based in the United States Category:Civil liberties in the United States Category:Civil liberties advocacy groups Category:Educational organizations based in the United States
Bolshoy Cheremshan , literally Greater Cheremshan, is a river in Russia, a left tributary of the Volga between the Kama River and Samara River. It is long, and has a drainage basin of . It flows southwest to the Volga near Dimitrovgrad. The main inflows are the Bolshaya Sulcha and Maly Cheremshan. The maximal discharge is 1979, and the minimal mineralization is 600-800 mg/l. The riverbed is meandering and the meadows are wide. From around 1650 the Trans-Kama Line of forts ran along or near the Cheremshan. References Category:Rivers of Tatarstan Category:Rivers of Samara Oblast Category:Rivers of Ulyanovsk Oblast
András Szalai born 3 February 1998 in Budapest is a Hungarian football player who currently plays for KFC Komárno on loan from Paksi FC. Career Paks On 13 August 2016, Szalai played his first match for Paks in a 1-3 loss against Budapest Honvéd FC in the Hungarian League. Club statistics Updated to games played as of 16 December 2018. References External links Profile at MLSZ Soccerway Category:1998 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Budapest Category:Hungarian footballers Category:Hungarian expatriate footballers Category:Hungary youth international footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Paksi FC players Category:Dorogi FC footballers Category:KFC Komárno players Category:Balmazújvárosi FC players Category:Nemzeti Bajnokság I players Category:Nemzeti Bajnokság II players Category:2. Liga Slovakia players Category:Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovakia
Keith A. Taylor is an American retired United States Coast Guard Rear Admiral. He is the current Senior Vice President of Fleet Operations at Holland America Line Inc. and Seabourn Cruise Line Limited. Early life Taylor was born on May 21, 1961, in Springfield, Massachusetts, and attended the U.S. Coast Guard Academy from 1979-1983. He holds a Bachelor of Science with honors, a Master of Science in Industrial Administration from Purdue University, and a Master of Business Administration from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While at MIT Taylor was a Sloan Fellow. Coast Guard Career Taylor served over 30 years in the U.S. Coast Guard, in a variety of command, operational, engineering, and staff assignments. Taylor worked at Coast Guard headquarters in Washington, D.C., between 1996 and 2000, where he conducted program review and budget development for all Coast Guard law enforcement. In 2003, Taylor was an aviator and aircraft maintenance officer, and became commanding officer of Air Station Miami. From 2006 to 2008, Taylor served as deputy chief of staff of the Coast Guard, until he was promoted to flag officer rank in 2008. He then he served as assistant commandant for resources and chief financial officer of the U.S. Coast Guard. Taylor continued his career as commander of the 13th Coast Guard District. Taylor eventually rose to the rank of Rear Admiral. He retired on August 29, 2013. His final post was as the Commander of Coast Guard District 13, based in Seattle, Washington, a position he held since July 2011. During his time as commander, the district was responsible for saving the lives of 401 people during 3,284 search and rescue cases; the district also responded to calls for help resulting in the assistance to 6,350 people, as well as responding to 6,000 oil spills or chemical releases. Finally, under his command the district saved $21.75 million in property values. Post-military career Upon his retired from the military, Taylor was named senior vice president, fleet operations, for both Holland America Line and Seabourn. Beginning January 1, 2014, Taylor took over the fleet management responsibilities of Dan Grausz, executive vice president of fleet operations. Personal life On November 12, 1988, Taylor married his wife, Sharlene, in Osterville, Massachusetts. References Category:United States Coast Guard Category:1961 births Category:Living people
Schoolcraft State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the banks of the Mississippi River near Grand Rapids and Deer River. It was named for the explorer Henry Schoolcraft. External links Schoolcraft State Park Category:1959 establishments in Minnesota Category:Protected areas established in 1959 Category:Protected areas of Cass County, Minnesota Category:Protected areas of Itasca County, Minnesota Category:Protected areas on the Mississippi River Category:State parks of Minnesota
Aiyaru is a river flowing in the Namakkal district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. References See also List of rivers of Tamil Nadu Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu Category:Namakkal district Category:Rivers of India ta:ஐயாறு ஆறு
The James Heber Dean House, at 390 W. 500 North in Beaver, Utah, was built in 1911. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is described positively, in 1979, by L.L. Bonar in its Utah State Historical Society review:This home was built in 1911 and its style was definitely influenced by high style architecture rather than the local vernacular. It has a cruciform plan with the front facade in one of the long ends of the cross. All four ends have a gable and each is decorated with a full return cornice and fancy shinglework. On the front facade, the corners of the building have been bevelled, a trait common in some of the Victorian styles of architecture but quite rare in Beaver. At the top of each of these bevelled corners are decorative wooden elements that complete the cut-off corner. This woodwork is the most decorative of any found on the house and it is quite well done. Also for decorative effect are the voussoir/pendant motifs above the windows and doors done in brick. The home is well maintained and the grounds are lovely. The house's brickwork was done by mason Bill Pierson; stone foundation was laid by Jack Frazer. References Category:Victorian architecture in Utah Category:National Register of Historic Places in Beaver County, Utah Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1911
The Tromboncino M28 'Little Trombone' was an interwar period infantry weapon developed by the Italians. It combined a grenade launcher with a carbine. Purpose The grenade launcher was permanently mounted on the right-hand side of a modified Carcano M91TS carbine. This was the Carcano M91/28 Moschetto per Truppe Speciali, 'carbine for special troops', i.e. intended for those other than front-line infantry such as machine gun crews, a shortened version of the M91 infantry rifle. The intention was to give infantry riflemen their own grenade launcher capability, instead of relying on crew-served mortars. Operation The launcher was permanently attached to the carbine, but only one could be used at a time. It used a unique 'shared bolt' system: to use the grenade launcher, the carbine's bolt was removed from the receiver of the carbine and installed in the launcher. The grenade was of 38.5 mm calibre. The standard S.R.2 grenade weighed around 160 grammes, with a cast-iron head, a finned aluminium tail and an explosive filling. It had an effective range of up to 200 m, with a small blast radius. Grenades were impact-fuzed, with a safety ring pin removed before loading them through the muzzle, where they were then retained by a spring detent. Grenades were propelled by a standard-issue rifle round, in 6.5×52mm Carcano, with a standard bullet. This was loaded individually into the breech. Inside the launcher was a bullet trap, a steel plug between the chamber and the grenade, with four gas ports around it. The bullet trap was part of a 'spigot' within the grenade chamber, although this was not a spigot mortar, but merely a distance piece keeping the grenade from seating at the bottom of the chamber. This made the lower part of the chamber into an expansion space, giving a high-low chamber pressure effect, as used by modern 40 mm grenades. The bullet trap was headspaced to have the bullet resting on it before firing. The cartridge chamber was relieved at the front of the case, so that the bullet did not move when fired and instead the cartridge bottleneck crimp blew out sideways. This allowed the bullet trap to be of lighter construction, as the bullet did not hit it with any significant energy, also the bullet was not 'trapped' in the trap but could fall out easily after firing, once the bolt was removed. If the bullet did jam in the trap, the fore end of the spigot was squared and could be unscrewed by a wrench in the rifle toolkit. A single trigger worked both weapons, depending on where the bolt was installed. As both receivers were fitted to the same bolt, both were identically numbered. The same rear sight was also used for both, although with separate markings and separate fore sights. WWI-era rifle grenades were fired by placing the butt of the rifle on the ground, as the recoil of firing a much heavier hand grenade could injure the firer. Also these heavier grenades, still propelled by a single rifle cartridge, had slow, high-arching trajectories needing greater elevation. A separate sight was provided for the grenade launcher, similar to a long-range volley sight. The existing adjustable sight had an additional V notch added to the left-hand side. Together with a post foresight mounted on the side of the stock, this gave a high-angle sight. The rear sight was adjustable by the usual Carcano mechanism, but had new graduations on the side for grenade ranges of 100, 150 and 200 m. Drawbacks The obvious drawback was the slow process of moving the bolt from one breech to the other, with the weapon unfirable in the meantime. Despite the economy of sharing the bolt, the overall weapon was still heavy and expensive. They were withdrawn from service in 1934, with the weapons being converted to the regular M91/TS configuration. The infantry's need for an organic mortar capacity was then met by the conventional 45 mm Brixia Model 35, introduced in 1935. A few have been reported to have survived into WWII service, but this appears most unlikely, given the unique ammunition required. Modern examples Modern examples are rare. Although not seen as particularly collectible, their scarcity makes them valuable. One for sale in a 2018 US auction sold for $4,888. Like other contemporary rifle grenade launchers, US regulations allow them to be collected and the carbine part fired as a Curio and Relic, although any live grenades would be classed as destructive devices. Notes References External links Category:Rifles of Italy Category:Grenades of Italy Category:Grenade launchers
Cursed may refer to: Curse, adversity thought to be inflicted by supernatural spirits, Television Cursed 2000 TV series, a 20002001 sitcom Cursed House, a 2005 episode of the TV series House Cursed 2020 TV series, an upcoming web television series Films Cursed 2004 film, by Yoshihiro Hoshino Cursed 2005 film, by Wes Craven, starring Christina Ricci Music Cursed band, a hardcore punk band Cursed Morgoth album, 1991 Cursed Ion Dissonance album, 2010 Cursed Scaramanga Six album, 2011 Cursed Rotten Sound album, 2011 Cursed 9xDead album, 2012 Cursed Righteous Vendetta album, 2017 Other Cursed Buffy/Angel novel, a 2003 original novel based on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off Angel Cursed, the second novel in Benedict Jacka's Alex Verus series Conomor the Cursed, sixth century ruler of Brittany See also List of people known as the Accursed
Neofytos Sakellaridis-Mangouras Greek: Νεόφυτος Σακελλαρίδης-Μάγκουρας; born January 31, 1989 is a Greek cyclist. Major results 2008 1st National Under-23 Time Trial Championships 2009 1st National Under-23 Time Trial Championships 2010 3rd National Under-23 Time Trial Championships 3rd National Road Race Championships 2011 2nd National Under-23 Time Trial Championships 2nd National Road Race Championships 2012 3rd National Time Trial Championships 2013 2nd National Time Trial Championships 2014 3rd National Time Trial Championships 2015 2nd National Time Trial Championships References Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:Greek male cyclists
The Boston Tea Party was a 1773 colonial protest action which presaged the American Revolution. Boston Tea Party may also refer to: Boston Tea Party political party, a libertarian U.S. political party founded in 2006 Boston Tea Party café chain, a chain of cafés in England Boston Tea Party concert venue, a concert venue in Boston, Massachusetts, during the late 1960s Boston Tea Party TV series, a Swedish TV show The Boston Tea Party 1908 film, a film by Edwin S. Porter The Boston Tea Party 1915 film, a film by Eugene Nowland The Boston Tea Party, a 1934 film narrated by John B. Kennedy Boston Tea Party, an educational Disney film excerpted from Johnny Tremain The Boston Tea Party, a 1976 play by Allan Albert Boston Tea Party, a song by the Sensational Alex Harvey Band from SAHB Stories See also Boston T. Party or Kenneth W. Royce, American libertarian author Tea party disambiguation Tea Party protests, a series of hundreds of protests first organized in 2009
Mesa Redonda Internacional Spanish for International Round Table is a Latin American news analysis talkshow broadcast by teleSUR live from Havana, Cuba, on Thursday nights. The program is, according to the description given of it in the network's website, a television program for the integration of various forms of political and social thought throughout our continent Latin America. The program is sometimes hosted by Randy Alonso Falcón or Arleen Rodríguez Derivet, both Cuban journalists and contributors in various media on the Internet, including Cubadebate. The program is also broadcast in Cuba via public-owned media in a sporadic way. References External links Cuban Institute of Radio and Television Official Site Cubadebate: Cuban news, opinion and debate site Category:Television in Cuba Category:Mass media in Havana Category:Cuban television shows
Eburodacrys hesperidis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1970. References Category:Eburodacrys Category:Beetles described in 1970
Thomas Butler died 11 November 1923 was an English footballer who played as an inside-left. He played 60 league games in the English Football League, scoring 23 goals. He played for non-league Willenhall, before spending the 192122 season at Walsall. He joined Port Vale via Darlaston in December 1922. He broke his arm in a game on 3 November 1923, and died eight days later from a subsequent tetanus infection. Playing career Butler started his career at Birmingham & District League side Willenhall, before joining Walsall in 1921. He played 28 Third Division North games for the Saddlers in 192122, scoring 12 goals. He then returned to semi-professional football with Darlaston. He had a one-month trial at Second Division Port Vale in December 1922, and manager Joe Schofield signed him permanently for £100 the following month. Butler was a huge success in the 192223 season, becoming top scorer with nine goals in 26 games. At the end of the season he played in a defeat to local rivals Stoke in the North Staffordshire Infirmary Cup. He started 192324 by scoring in a defeat to Stoke at The Old Recreation Ground. However, after scoring in a 11 draw with Clapton Orient on 3 November he suffered a compound fracture of the left arm; he died from tetanus also called lockjaw eight days later in Hackney Hospital after complications had set in. Statistics Source: Honours Port Vale North Staffordshire Infirmary Cup winner: 1923 References Category:Year of birth missing Category:1923 deaths Category:People from Darlaston Category:English footballers Category:Association football forwards Category:Willenhall F.C. players Category:Walsall F.C. players Category:Darlaston Town F.C. players Category:Port Vale F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:Deaths from tetanus Category:Infectious disease deaths in England Category:Association football players who died while playing
Trinity Cathedral is located at 113 N. 18th Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Nebraska's first Episcopal parish, Trinity was established in 1856, and became the state's first Episcopal cathedral in 1872. Designed by noted English architect Henry G. Harrison in 1880, the Cathedral was consecrated on November 15, 1883. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Today Trinity Cathedral is considered one of the most beautiful churches in Omaha. History Trinity was begun organized by the Right Reverend David Jackson Kemper on July 13, 1856. The first church was built at South Ninth and Farnam Streets. The congregation lost control of the first church building in 1864; the second building was lost to fire in 1868. The third church was built the next year, and was used until the Cathedral was constructed. The Right Reverend Robert Harper Clarkson broke ground for the new cathedral, later laying the cornerstone on May 25, 1880. The cost of the Cathedral was about $100,000 by the time it was completed three years later. The church served as the base of many Episcopal missions to areas of the western United States. It is the episcopal seat of the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Nebraska. Design It is built in the late Late Gothic Revival style, with rock-faced masonry walls and stone tracery over more than 43 stained glass lancet windows. The church is almost entirely of bluestone from Illinois, in a design that is nearly cruciform with an entry tower extending outward. The exterior of the building has more than six stone crosses at varying points of its roof line. Its design was influenced by the Oxford Movement in the Episcopal church, which led to a revival of medieval styles, as well as an interest in historic design at the time in United States architecture. The interior features Gothic design throughout, including aisles, nave, transept, choir, and a clerestory. The church includes a noted carved oak bishop's throne and dean's stall. See also List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States List of cathedrals in the United States References External links Trinity Cathedral official website. Records of Trinity Cathedral at the Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved on May 21, 2010. Historic postcards Nebraska Memories Category:National Register of Historic Places in Omaha, Nebraska Category:Episcopal cathedrals in the United States Category:History of Downtown Omaha, Nebraska Category:Episcopal church buildings in Nebraska Category:Churches in Omaha, Nebraska Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska Category:Religious organizations established in 1856 Category:Churches completed in 1883 Category:19th-century Episcopal church buildings Category:1856 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Dell Richard Matthews February 27, 1880 December 10, 1938 was a Negro Leagues pitcher for a few years before the founding of the first Negro National League. He played for at least two years for Frank Leland and was playing for the team when they transitioned from the Chicago Union Giants into the Leland Giants. References External links Adelbert Richard Matthews, History - Celebrating Black History, University of Wisconsin UW Athletics Black History: baseball players Adelbert Matthews and Julian Ware, University of Wisconsin Category:Leland Giants players Category:1880 births Category:1938 deaths Category:People from Chicago Category:People from Fox Lake, Wisconsin
No One Knows is a song written by Ernie Maresca and Ken Hechet and performed by Dion and the Belmonts. The song reached #12 on the R&B chart and #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1958. It was featured on their 1958 album, Presenting Dion and the Belmonts. Other versions Marty Wilde released a version of the song as a single in November 1958. Mike LeRoy released a version of the song as the B-side to his single I Forgot What It Was Like in October 1964. In media Dion and the Belmonts version was featured in the 1997 movie The Butcher Boy and featured on the soundtrack. References Category:1958 songs Category:1958 singles Category:Songs written by Ernie Maresca Category:Dion DiMucci songs Category:Philips Records singles Category:Columbia Records singles Category:Laurie Records singles
The following lists events that happened during 1923 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Incumbents General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets Mikhail Kalinin Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin Events April 1725 April 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks June 16 June The Yakut Revolt ends with the defeat of the White Army. October 15 October The Declaration of 46 is sent. Births 9 January Eduard Kolmanovsky, People's Artist of the USSR 11 August Maxim Grabovenko, Hero of the Soviet Union 13 September Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Hero of the Soviet Union 26 September Aleksandr Alov, film director 29 September Aleksei Fedorovich Filippov, mathematician 31 October Ivan Otmakhov, Hero of the Soviet Union 9 November Viktor Turbin, Hero of the Soviet Union 11 November Isaac Trachtenberg, Hygienist 22 November Yury Nikandrov, Olympic shooter 29 November Inna Zubkovskaya, ballerina 14 December Akhsarbek Abaev, Hero of the Soviet Union See also 1923 in fine arts of the Soviet Union List of Soviet films of 1923 References Category:1920s in the Soviet Union Category:Years in the Soviet Union Soviet Union Soviet Union Soviet Union
Star Hawks was a comic strip created by Ron Goulart and Gil Kane, first published on October 3, 1977, that ran through May 2, 1981. It was written through April 1979 by Goulart, followed by Archie Goodwin 1979-1980, Roger McKenzie 1980-1981 and Roger Stern writing assist, 1979. Comics veteran Gil Kane provided the artwork, with uncredited help during a period of illness on Kane's part from Ernie Colón and Howard Chaykin. Kane received the National Cartoonist Society Story Comic Strip Award for 1977 for his work on the strip. Goulart also wrote two Star Hawks prose novels: Empire 99 and The Cyborg King. Publication history In 1978, shortly after the launch of the strip, Kane recalled its genesis: Format The daily strip was unique in that initially it was two-tier: each daily was twice as large as the normal daily strip. This format allowed artist Kane great flexibility in layout. Many papers were reluctant to devote so much space to a single strip. It changed to a single tier as of July 30, 1979. The strip ran daily and Sunday for three and a half years, for a total of 1,252 strips. Reprints The strip from the start was run in The Menomonee Falls Gazette. Ace/Tempo published two paperback black and white reprint volumes. Blackthorne Publishing produced four issues in comic book format of black and white reprints. Early issues of Amazing Heroes carried reprints of the strip. All of these reprint series omitted occasional bridging strips the first two strips, which set the tone for the series, were most often not reprinted. In 2004 Hermes Press released the entire run of the strip in a single volume. IDW Publishing reprinted the complete seriesdailies and Sundaysin 2017-2018, in three volumes. References External links Star Hawks at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Category:American comic strips Category:Science fiction comics Category:1977 comics debuts Category:1981 comics endings
Fuka, Fūka or Fuuka may refer to: Fūka given name, a feminine Japanese given name Fuuka manga, a Japanese manga series Fukah, a village in northern Egypt, referred to as Fuka in a World War II context Sidi Haneish Airfield, referred to as Fuka Aerodrome in World War II People with the surname Eva Fuka, American photographer František Fuka, computer programmer and musician
Terrorism in Russia has a long history starting from the time of the Russian Empire. Terrorism, in the modern sense, means violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating extreme fear. Terrorism was an important tool used by Marxist revolutionaries in the early 20th century to disrupt the social, political, and economic system and enable rebels to bring down the Tzarist government. Terrorist tactics, such as hostage-taking, were widely used by the Soviet secret agencies, most notably during the Red Terror and Great Terror campaigns, against the population of their own country, according to Karl Kautsky and other historians of Bolshevism. Starting from the end of the 20th century, significant terrorist activity has taken place in Russia, most notably Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis, 1999 apartment bombings, Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan school siege. Many more acts of terrorism have been committed in major Russian cities, as well as the regions of Chechnya and Dagestan. 19th century German Social Democrat Karl Kautsky traces the origins of terrorism, including the one in Russian Empire, to the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution. Others emphasize the role of Russian revolutionary movements during the 19th century, especially Narodnaya Volya People's Will and the Nihilist movement, which included several thousand followers. People's Will organized one of the first political terrorism campaigns in history. In March 1881, it assassinated the Emperor of Russia Alexander II, who twenty years earlier had emancipated the Russian serfs. Important ideologists of these groups were Mikhail Bakunin and Sergey Nechayev, who was described in Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel The Possessed. Nechayev argued that the purpose of revolutionary terror is not to gain the support of the masses, but on the contrary, to inflict misery and fear on the common population. According to Nechayev, a revolutionary must terrorize civilians in order to incite rebellions. He wrote: A revolutionary must infiltrate all social formations including the police. He must exploit rich and influential people, subordinating them to himself. He must aggravate the miseries of the common people, so as to exhaust their patience and incite them to rebel. And, finally, he must ally himself with the savage word of the violent criminal, the only true revolutionary in Russia. The Revolutionist is a doomed man. He has no private interests, no affairs, sentiments, ties, property nor even a name of his own. His entire being is devoured by one purpose, one thought, one passion - the revolution. Heart and soul, not merely by word but by deed, he has severed every link with the social order and with the entire civilized world; with the laws, good manners, conventions, and morality of that world. He is its merciless enemy and continues to inhabit it with only one purpose - to destroy it. According to historian and writer Edvard Radzinsky, Nechayev's ideas and tactics were widely used by Joseph Stalin and other Russian revolutionaries. Early 20th century The SR Combat Organization was founded in 1902 and operated as an autonomous branch of the Socialist Revolutionary Party responsible for assassinating government officials, was led by Grigory Gershuni and operated separately from the party so as not to jeopardize its political actions. SRCO agents assassinated two Ministers of the Interior, Dmitry Sipyagin and V. K. von Plehve, Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich, the Governor of Ufa N. M. Bogdanovich, and many other high-ranking officials. It has been estimated that all together in the last twenty years of the Tsarist regime 1897-1917 more than 17,000 people were killed or wounded in terror attacks. Soviet Union Red terror The policy of Red terror in Soviet Russia served to frighten the civilian population and exterminate certain social groups considered as ruling classes or enemies of the people. Karl Kautsky said about Red Terror: Among the phenomena for which Bolshevism has been responsible, Terrorism, which begins with the abolition of every form of freedom of the Press, and ends in a system of wholesale execution, is certainly the most striking and the most repellent of all.. Kautsky recognized that Red Terror represented a variety of terrorism because it was indiscriminate, intended to frighten the civilian population, and included taking and executing hostages . Martin Latsis, chief of the Ukrainian Cheka, emphasized that Red terror was an extrajudicial punishment not for specific acts, but membership in condemned social classes: Do not look in the file of incriminating evidence to see whether or not the accused rose up against the Soviets with arms or words. Ask him instead to which class he belongs, what is his background, his education, his profession. These are the questions that will determine the fate of the accused. That is the meaning and essence of the Red Terror. One of the most common terrorist practices was hostage-taking. A typical report from a Cheka department stated: Yaroslavl Province, 23 June 1919. The uprising of deserters in the Petropavlovskaya volost has been put down. The families of the deserters have been taken as hostages. When we started to shoot one person from each family, the Greens began to come out of the woods and surrender. Thirty-four deserters were shot as an example. 1977 Moscow bombings The 1977 Moscow bombings were allegedly organized by the Soviet KGB in Moscow to frame-up Armenian nationalists who were executed despite having an alibi Contemporary Russia Accusations of terrorism Contemporary Russian government has been frequently accused of sponsoring or inspiring terrorist activities inside the country and in other countries in order to achieve its political goals. Former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, Johns Hopkins University and Hoover Institute scholar David Satter, Russian lawmaker Sergei Yushenkov, historian Yuri Felshtinsky, politologist Vladimir Pribylovsky and former KGB general Oleg Kalugin asserted that Russian apartment bombings were in fact a false flag attack perpetrated by the FSB successor to the KGB in order to legitimize the resumption of military activities in Chechnya and bring Vladimir Putin and the FSB to power. FSB operatives were actually briefly arrested in the case, but their presence at the crime scene was explained as training. This view was disputed by philosopher Robert Bruce Ware and Richard Sakwa,, but supported by historians Amy Knight and Karen Dawisha Former FSB officer Aleksander Litvinenko and investigator Mikhail Trepashkin alleged that a Chechen FSB agent directed the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002. Yulia Latynina has accused the Russian security services of staging fake terrorist attacks with minimal casualties to report false successes in solving those cases, instead of investigating the actual terrorist attacks. Vyacheslav Izmailov from Novaya Gazeta has accused the Russian authorities of extorting confessions from suspect terrorists with torture, instead of engaging in genuine investigative efforts.. According to him, the kidnappings of journalists and members of international NGOs in 2005 in Chechnya, along with Andrei Babitsky from Radio Free Europe, Arjan Erkel and Kenneth Glack from Doctors Without Borders were organized by FSB agents. Alexander J. Motyl, professor of political science at Rutgers University argues that Russia's direct and indirect involvement in the violence in eastern Ukraine qualifies as a state-sponsored terrorism, and that those involved qualify as terrorist groups. In May 2016, Reuters published a Special Report titled How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria that, based on first-hand evidence, said that at least in the period between 2012 and 2014 the Russian government agencies ran a programme to facilitate and encourage Russian radicals and militants to leave Russia and go to Turkey and then on to Syria; the persons in question had joined jihadist groups, some fighting with the ISIL. According to the report, the goal has been to eradicate the risk of Islamic terrorism at home; however Russian security officials deny that terrorists were encouraged to leave Russia. In 2018, after the poisoning of Skripals, the State Department was reportedly prepared to officially designate Russia as state sponsor of terrorism by US law based on the cases described above, but the work has been stopped as it was decided that it would interefere with US options in areas where it has to cooperate with Russia. In April 2019 Security Service of Ukraine arrested 7 Russians traveling on counterfeit passports accused of preparing a car bombing against a Ukrainian military intelligence officer. One of them, traveling with fake Kyrgyzstan passport, was identified as Timur Dzortov, previously deputy chief of staff to the leader Ingushetia. Another man, responsible for actually planting the bomb in the car, accidentally triggered it and was wounded by the blast. SBU accused officer Dmitry Minayev from Russian Federal Security Service FSB of coordinating the group. 1999 Russian apartment bombings The Russian apartment bombings were a series of bombings in Russia that killed nearly 300 people and, together with the Dagestan War, led the country into the Second Chechen War. The five bombings took place in Moscow and two other Russian towns during ten days of September 1999. The bombings were followed by a controversial episode when a suspected bomb was found and defused in an apartment block in the Russian city of Ryazan on 22 September, which was then explained to be an exercise by the Russian security services, the FSB. An official investigation of the bombings was completed only three years later, in 2002. Seven suspects were killed, six have been convicted on terrorism-related charges, and one remains a fugitive. According to the investigation, all bombings were organized and led by Achemez Gochiyaev - who as of 2007 remained at large. The Russian Duma rejected two motions for parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident. An independent public commission to investigate the bombings chaired by Duma deputy Sergei Kovalev was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries. Two key members of the Kovalev Commission, Sergei Yushenkov and Yuri Shchekochikhin, both Duma members, have since died in assassinations in April 2003 and July 2003 respectively. The Commission's lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested in October 2003 to become one of the better-known political prisoners in Russia. More recent attacks 2004 In September 2004, following bombing attacks on two aircraft and the downtown Moscow Metro, Chechen terrorists seized over 1,000 hostages at a school in Beslan, North Ossetia. 2006 The 2006 Moscow market bombing occurred on August 21, 2006, when a self-made bomb of the power of more than 1 kg of TNT exploded at Moscow's Cherkizovsky Market frequented by foreign merchants. The bombing killed 13 people and injured 47. In 2008, eight members of the neo-Nazi organization The Saviour were sentenced for their roles in the attack. 2010 In March 2010 suicide bombings were carried out by two women who were aligned with Caucasus Emirate and Al-Qaeda. The terrorist attack happened during the morning rush hour of March 29, 2010, at two stations of the Moscow Metro Lubyanka and Park Kultury, with roughly 40 minutes interval between. At least 40 people were killed, and over 100 injured. 2011 The Domodedovo International Airport bombing was a suicide bombing in the international arrival hall of Moscow's Domodedovo International, in Domodedovsky District, Moscow Oblast, on 24 January 2011. The bombing killed 37 people and injured 173 others, including 86 who had to be hospitalised. Of the casualties, 31 died at the scene, three later in hospitals, one en route to a hospital, one on 2 February after having been put in a coma, and another on 24 February after being hospitalised in grave condition. Russia's Federal Investigative Committee later identified the suicide bomber as a 20-year-old from the North Caucasus, and said that the attack was aimed first and foremost at foreign citizens. 2013 In December 2013, two separate suicide bombings a day apart targeted mass transportation in the city of Volgograd, in the Volgograd Oblast of Southern Russia, killing 34 people overall, including both perpetrators who were aligned to Caucasus Emirate and Vilayat Dagestan. The attacks followed a bus bombing carried out in the same city two months earlier. On 21 October 2013, a suicide bombing took place on a bus in the city of Volgograd, in the Volgograd Oblast of Southern Russia. The attack was carried out by a female perpetrator named Naida Sirazhudinovna Asiyalova Russian: Наида Сиражудиновна Асиялова who was converted to Islam by her husband, she detonated an explosive belt containing 500600 grams of TNT inside a bus carrying approximately 50 people, killing seven civilians and injuring at least 36 others. The Investigative Committee of Russia recorded 661 terrorist offences for 2013, including 31 terrorist attacks, which claimed about 40 lives and dozens more injuries. 2014 On October 5, 2014 a 19-year-old man named Opti Mudarov went to the town hall where an event was taking place to mark Grozny City Day celebrations in Grozny coinciding with the birthday of Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov. Police officers noticed him acting strangely and stopped him. The officers began to search him and the bomb which Mudarov had been carrying exploded. Five officers, along with the suicide bomber, were killed, while 12 others were wounded. On 4 December 2014, a group of Islamist militants, in three vehicles, killed three traffic policemen, after the latter had attempted to stop them at a checkpoint in the outskirts of Grozny. The militants then occupied a press building and an abandoned school, located in the center of the city. Launching a counter-terrorism operation, security forces, with the use of armored vehicles, attempted to storm the buildings and a firefight ensued. 14 policemen, 11 militants and 1 civilian were killed. Additionally 36 policemen were wounded in the incident. The Press House was also burned and severely damaged in the incident. 2015 Metrojet Flight 9268 was an international chartered passenger flight operated by Russian airline Kogalymavia branded as Metrojet. On 31 October 2015 at 06:13 local time EST 04:13 UTC, an Airbus A321-231 operating the flight disintegrated above the northern Sinai following its departure from Sharm El Sheikh International Airport, Egypt, in route to Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia. All 217 passengers and seven crew members who were on board were killed. Shortly after the crash, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL's Sinai Branch, previously known as Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, claimed responsibility for the incident, which occurred in the vicinity of the Sinai insurgency. ISIL claimed responsibility on Twitter, on video, and in a statement by Abu Osama al-Masri, the leader of the group's Sinai branch. ISIL posted pictures of what it said was the bomb in Dabiq, its online magazine. By 4 November 2015, British and American authorities suspected that a bomb was responsible for the crash. On 8 November 2015, an anonymous member of the Egyptian investigation team said the investigators were 90 percent sure that the jet was brought down by a bomb. Lead investigator Ayman al-Muqaddam said that other possible causes of the crash included a fuel explosion, metal fatigue, and lithium batteries overheating. The Russian Federal Security Service announced on 17 November that they were sure that it was a terrorist attack, caused by an improvised bomb containing the equivalent of up to of TNT that detonated during the flight. The Russians said they had found explosive residue as evidence. On 24 February 2016, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi acknowledged that terrorism caused the crash. 2017 On 3 April 2017, a terrorist attack using an explosive device took place on the Saint Petersburg Metro between Sennaya Ploshchad and Tekhnologichesky Institut stations. Seven people including the perpetrator were initially reported to have died, and eight more died later from their injuries, bringing the total to 15. At least 45 others were injured in the incident. The explosive device was contained in a briefcase. A second explosive device was found and defused at Ploshchad Vosstaniya metro station. The suspected perpetrator was named as Akbarzhon Jalilov, a Russian citizen who was an ethnic Uzbek born in Kyrgyzstan. Prior to the attack, Chechen separatists had been responsible for several terrorist attacks in Russia. In 2016, ISIS had plotted to target St. Petersburg due to Russia's military involvement in Syria, resulting in arrests. No public transport system in Russia had been bombed since the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings.ISIS propaganda was being circulated prior to this incident. It encouraged supporters to launch strikes on Moscow. ISIS propaganda showed bullet holes through Putin's head and a poster circulated before the attack of a falling Kremlin and included the message We Will Burn Russia. In 22 April 2017, two people were shot and killed in an attack in a Federal Security Service office in the Russian city of Khabarovsk. The gunman was also killed. The Russian Federal Security Service said that the native 18-year-old perpetrator was a known member of a neo-nazi group.; On 27 December 2017 a bomb exploded in a supermarket in St Petersburg, injuring thirteen people. Vladimir Putin described this as a terrorist attack. International cooperation In December 2019 President of Russia Vladimir Putin thanked his American counterpart Donald Trump for a tip which allowed to prevent a terrorist attack in St. Petersburg. See also SR Combat Organization Kizlyar raid State-sponsored terrorism#Russia Russian Federation list of terrorist and extremist organizations References External links Terrorism: A Marxist Perspective, By Dave Holmes Over 200 cases against Hizb ut-Tahrir activists opened in Russia Khanty-Mansiysk Court confirms Hizb ut-Tahrir activist's sentence 'Big three' to hold Delhi talks Terrorism in Russia - slideshow by Life magazine Russia
S31 may refer to : S31 Long Island bus County Route S31 California County Route S31 New Jersey, a county route in Bergen County HMS Vengeance S31, a 1998 Vanguard class submarine of the British Royal Navy Letov Š-31, a Czechoslovakian Letov aircraft USS S-31 SS-136, a 1918 S-class submarine of the United States Navy S-31, a WW2 German Schnellboot a Hamburg S-Bahn line a Stadtbahn Karlsruhe line
Follicular thyroid cancer accounts for 15 of thyroid cancer and occurs more commonly in women over 50 years of age. Thyroglobulin Tg can be used as a tumor marker for well-differentiated follicular thyroid cancer. Thyroid follicular cells are the thyroid cells responsible for the production and secretion of thyroid hormones. Cause Associated mutations Approximately one-half of follicular thyroid carcinomas have mutations in the Ras subfamily of oncogenes, most notably HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS. Mutations in MINPP1 have likewise been observed, as well as germline PTEN gene mutations responsible for Cowden syndrome of which follicular thyroid cancer is a feature. Also, a chromosomal translocation specific for follicular thyroid carcinomas is one between paired box gene 8 PAX-8, a gene important in thyroid development, and the gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ 1 PPARγ1, a nuclear hormone receptor contributing to terminal differentiation of cells. The PAX8-PPARγ1 fusion is present in approximately one-third of follicular thyroid carcinomas, specifically those cancers with a t2;3q13;p25 translocation, permitting juxtaposition of portions of both genes. Tumors tend carry either a RAS mutation or a PAX8-PPARγ1 fusion, and only rarely are both genetic abnormalities present in the same case. Thus, follicular thyroid carcinomas seem to arise by two distinct and virtually nonoverlapping molecular pathways. Hurthle cell variant Hurthle cell thyroid cancer is often considered a variant of follicular cell carcinoma. Hurthle cell forms are more likely than follicular carcinomas to be bilateral and multifocal and to metastasize to lymph nodes. Like follicular carcinoma, unilateral hemithyroidectomy is performed for non-invasive disease, and total thyroidectomy for invasive disease. Diagnosis Classification It is impossible to distinguish between follicular adenoma and carcinoma on cytological grounds. If fine needle aspiration cytology FNAC suggests follicular neoplasm, thyroid lobectomy should be performed to establish the histopathological diagnosis. Features sine qua non for the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma are capsular invasion and vascular invasion by tumor cells. Still, focuses of the capsular invasion should be carefully evaluated and discriminated from the capsular rupture due to FNA penetration resulting in WHAFFT worrisome histologic alterations following FNA of thyroid. Follicular carcinoma tends to metastasize to lung and bone via the bloodstream. Papillary thyroid carcinoma commonly metastasizes to cervical lymph nodes. HMGA2 has been proposed as a marker to identify malignant tumors. Treatment Treatment is usually surgical, followed by radioiodine. Initial treatment If follicular cells are found on cytological testing, it is common to carry out hemithyroidectomy to distinguish between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma on histopathological examination, proceeding to completion thyroidectomy and postoperative radioiodine ablation where carcinoma is confirmed. This way total thyroidectomy is not carried out unnecessarily. Thyroidectomy is invariably followed by radioiodine treatment at levels from 50 to 200 millicuries following two weeks of a low iodine diet LID. Occasionally treatment must be repeated if annual scans indicate remaining cancerous tissue. Some physicians favor administering the maximum safe dose calculated based on a number of factors, while others favor administering smaller doses, which may still be effective in ablating all thyroid tissue. I-131 is used for ablation of the thyroid tissue. Minimally invasive thyroidectomy has been used in recent years in cases where the nodules are small. Finding disease recurrence Some studies have shown that thyroglobulin Tg testing combined with neck ultrasound is more productive in finding disease recurrence than full- or whole-body scans WBS using radioactive iodine. However, current protocol in the USA suggests a small number of clean annual WBS are required before relying on Tg testing plus neck ultrasound. When needed, whole body scans consist of withdrawal from thyroxine medication and/or injection of recombinant human Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH. In both cases, a low iodine diet regimen must also be followed to optimize the takeup of the radioactive iodine dose. Low dose radioiodine of a few millicuries is administered. Full body nuclear medicine scan follows using a gamma camera. Scan doses of radioactive iodine may be I131 or I123. Recombinant human TSH, commercial name Thyrogen, is produced in cell culture from genetically engineered hamster cells. Prognosis The overall 5-year survival rate for follicular thyroid cancer is 91, and the 10-year survival rate is 85. By overall cancer staging into stages I to IV, follicular thyroid cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 100 for stages I and II, 71 for stage III, and 50 for stage IV. References External links Thyroid cancer at DMOZ Cancer Management Handbook: Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce 2015. Category:Thyroid cancer
Sułkowo German: Friedrichsruh is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radowo Małe, within Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south of Radowo Małe, west of Łobez, and east of the regional capital Szczecin. References Category:Villages in Łobez County
Trypeta adspersa is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Trypeta of the family Tephritidae. References Category:Trypeta
Jingdezhen porcelain is Chinese porcelain produced in or near Jingdezhen in southern China. Jingdezhen may have produced pottery as early as the sixth century CE, though it is named after the reign name of Emperor Zhenzong, in whose reign it became a major kiln site, around 1004. By the 14th century it had become the largest centre of production of Chinese porcelain, which it has remained, increasing its dominance in subsequent centuries. From the Ming period onwards, official kilns in Jingdezhen were controlled by the emperor, making imperial porcelain in large quantity for the court and the emperor to give as gifts. Although apparently an unpromising location for potteries, being a remote town in a hilly region, Jingdezhen is close to the best quality deposits of petuntse, or porcelain stone, in China, as well as being surrounded by forests, mostly of pine, providing wood for the kilns. It also has a river leading to river systems flowing north and south, facilitating transport of fragile wares. The imperial kilns were in the centre of the city at Zhushan Pearl Hill, with many other kilns four kilometres away at Hutian. It has produced a great variety of pottery and porcelain, for the Chinese market and as Chinese export porcelain, but its best-known high quality porcelain wares have been successively Qingbai ware in the Song and Yuan dynasties, blue and white porcelain from the 1330s, and the famille rose and other famille colours under the Qing dynasty. Official kilns The Mongol Yuan dynasty established a body, the Fuliang Porcelain Bureau to regulate production, and the next Ming dynasty established official kilns to produce porcelain for the emperor; Jingdezhen continued to produce Imperial porcelain until the end of Imperial rule. The imperial kilns were situated at Pearl Hill Zhushan in Jingdezhen; some scholars give a date of 1369 for the commencement of production. But there continued to be many other kilns, producing wares for many distinct markets. The imperial court, except during periods of crisis, generated a huge demand for porcelain. Apart from the vast main palaces and other residences, for much of the period the many princes had subsidiary regional courts. There were imperial temples to be supplied, each of which was given monochrome wares in different colours, as well as several monasteries and shrines. The porcelain to which different ranks of the imperial household were entitled were set out in minute detail in regulations. The final version of these, from 1899, specified that the Empress Dowager Cixi was allowed 821 pieces of yellow porcelain, while the Empress had 1,014. A concubine of the first rank had 121 pieces of yellow with a white interior, but those of the second rank had yellow decorated with green dragons. Ming The Ming dynasty is normally dated as beginning in 1368, but there was a long revolt against the Yuan dynasty, and Jingdezhen was lost by them in 1352. By 1402 there were twelve imperial kilns at Jingdezhen, then one of three areas with imperial kilns. Production was controlled by a ministry in the capital, by then in Beijing, far to the north. Production was on a huge scale, employing hundreds if not thousands of workers, whose tasks were divided into several specialities to increase efficiency and consistency. In 1433 a single order from the palace was for 443,500 pieces of porcelain, all with dragon and phoenix designs. Court artists were by now supplying drawn or woodblock printed designs from the capital. These enormous quantities were distributed by the palace to the subsidiary courts of the many Ming princes sent to govern provinces, as well as being presented as gifts to other notables, and sent abroad as diplomatic gifts. Some may also have been sold, especially for export. Sometimes antique pieces in the Imperial collection were sent to Jingdezhen to be copied. A recently excavated Ming princely burial has yielded the first example to survive until modern times of a type of gaiwan set known from 15th-century paintings. There is a blue and white Jingdezhen stem cup, that has a silver stand and a gold cover this dated 1437, all decorated with dragons. Presumably many such sets existed, but recycling the precious metal elements was too tempting at some point, leaving only the porcelain cups. Other imperial porcelains may have carried gilding, which has now worn away. Under the Yongle Emperor r. 140224, reign marks were introduced for the first time, applied to porcelain and other types of luxury products made for the imperial court. The supremacy of Jingdezhen was reinforced in the mid-15th century when the imperial kilns producing Longquan celadon, for centuries one of China's finest wares, were closed after celadons fell from fashion. Apart from the much smaller production of monochrome stoneware official Jun wares from Henan, used in the palace for flowerpots and the like, Jingdezhen was now the only area making imperial ceramics. A wide variety of wares were produced for the court, with blue and white initially ignored by the court but acceptable by 1402 accompanied by red and white wares using a copper-based underglaze red. This was sometimes combined with the cobalt blue in blue and red pieces. Under the Xuande Emperor r. 14261435 a copper-red monochrome glaze was used for ceremonial wares, of which very few survive. These ceased to be produced after his death, and have never been perfectly imitated, despite later attempts. This suggests the close personal interest some emperors took in the imperial potteries, and also that some secrets must have been restricted to a small group of potters. The Ru ware of the Song dynasty had a similar pattern. In this reign enamel or overglaze decoration was developed, which was to dominate the finer wares in future centuries. In the late Ming period, the reigns of the five emperors from 1488 to 1620, there was little innovation in styles of decoration, though some alterations in the colours used. In this period the enormous quantities of porcelain made in China seem to have led to low prices and a loss of prestige, at court and in Chinese society in general. Those who could afford to do so still ate from gold, silver or jade; it was in the Islamic world, where the Quran forbad tableware in precious metal, that rulers ate from Chinese porcelain. One disgraced official, whose goods were seized in 1562, had his valuable items confiscated, but not his collection of 45,000 pieces of porcelain, which were sold with his other effects. By the reign of the Wanli Emperor r. 15731620 there was a serious decline in quality. However the same period saw the spread of porcelain collecting among the scholar-gentry, who were mostly interested in older pieces, though generally not going further back than the Song. This is not the first period of antiquarianism and archaism in Chinese taste, but it has proved long-lasting, and had a considerable effect on subsequent production, producing waves of revivalism, imitation and much downright fakerythe three often being hard to distinguish. Transitional wares As the Ming dynasty declined, with serious military and financial crises, the imperial court ceased to support the official Jingdezhen kilns, which were largely left to find their own funds from other markets. This situation lasted from 16201683, when the new Qing dynasty, after some decades struggling with Ming forces, finally resumed large-scale use of Jingdezhen for official wares under the Kangxi emperor r. 16621722. The larger kilns and a major part of the town were destroyed in 1674 by Ming forces after the Revolt of the Three Feudatories had become a civil war. From 1680 to 1688 the reconstruction of the industry was under the control of Zang Yingxuan from the Qing Board of Works. Organised production of court porcelain had resumed by 1683, and the institution of forced labour replaced by waged employment. Succeeding controllers were appointed by the provincial administration up until 1726, when Beijing appointed Nian Xiyao. Wares of this interim period are often called Transitional, and include the Tianqi porcelain mostly made for the Japanese market. The effect on the Jingdezhen potters was liberating, as the range of subject matter in decoration greatly expanded. Printed books had become much more widely available, and were used, directly or indirectly, as sources for scenes on porcelain. Conveniently for the historian, many pieces began to be dated. Towards the end of the period the first famille rose porcelains appeared; the various colour families were to dominate production for the luxury market under the Qing. Qing The imperial kilns were revived with 6 kilns and 23 workshops, dividing the other parts of the production process between them. Massive orders for the imperial palaces and temples resumed. While imperial taste in decoration remained somewhat conservative, the technical quality of Kangxi imperial wares reached new heights. The imperial kilns led the development of the new palettes of overglaze enamels; famille verte, developed in two phases, was followed by famille rose, and later others. There was also development of subtle, varied and mottled glazes for monochrome pieces. Sang de boeuf glaze was a copper oxide red, as was peachbloom glaze, which was probably blown onto the piece as powder. These were the last major technical innovations at Jingdezhen, along with a technique for firing gold onto porcelain, rather than mercury gilding completed pieces. The long reign of the Qianlong emperor 17361795 saw continuation of the technical perfection, but aesthetic stagnation. The emperor was a keen art collector and probably personally directed the trends in this period for imitating shapes from ancient metalware, especially ritual bronzes, in porcelain, as well as imitations of wood and other materials. The copying of famous wares from the distant past continued, alongside new styles. In the next two reigns the quality also declined, and orders from the palace were reduced, until the official kilns were destroyed in the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s. Tongzhi porcelain from 18621874 dates from after the reconstruction of the Jingdezhen official kilns. Major types Jingdezhen bluish-white ware Jingdezhen ware became particularly important from the Song period with the production of Qingbai 青白, Blueish-white ware. The Jingdezhen Qingbai was a transparent and jade-like type of porcelain, with a transparent glaze giving a blueish-white tint. Decoration was made by delicate carving or incising. Northern Ding ware was the most famous northern Chinese white ware under the Northern Song, but by the end of the Song period Qingbai had eclipsed Ding ware, achieving a predominance for Jingdezhen which it has maintained in subsequent centuries. A key event in this process was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous Jin-Song wars of the 1120s. A new Southern Song court was based in Hangzhou. This may have been accompanied by the movement of potters to Jingdezhen, which increased its output, despite being some two hundred miles from the new capital. A Qingbai porcelain bottle from Jingdezhen is the earliest piece of Chinese porcelain documented to have reached Europe; this is the Fonthill Vase, which was brought to Europe in the middle of the 14th century. Under the Yuan dynasty, Jingdezhen's finest whitewares changed to Shufu ware, named after the two character inscription on some pieces. Shufu may mean the pieces were ordered for the Shumiyuan Privy Council; despite this, most examples have appeared outside China. The Shufu pieces are thick, with an opaque white glaze, with a faint blue-green tint. The stem cup shape first appears in these; it lasted until the end of the Ming. Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain From the mid-14th century, Jingdezhen began to mass-produce underglaze blue porcelain, whose development it pioneered, making it one of the world's earliest industrial towns. Much of this was for export, and other styles were produced for the Chinese market. Elaborately-painted wares were not in the traditional court taste, but they evidently came to be accepted. The large round serving-plates, from 40 cm across, which are now among the most valued pieces, reflect the needs of Middle Eastern rather than Chinese food service, which generally uses large numbers of smaller and deeper bowls, then as now. Wares for export also often had thicker bodies, to reduce breakages on long travels to the export markets. In early periods, the markets receiving porcelain direct from China included Japan, all of South-East Asia, and much of the Islamic world, but did not include Europe on a regular basis. Until the 17th century, Europe normally only received porcelain via the Islamic world. The blue pigment was derived from cobalt oxide, which had been imported sporadically from Persia in earlier periods. From the 14th century regular imports of the pigment were obtained from Persia. The cobalt was ground and mixed with a medium, then painted onto the dried bodies of the pots, which were then glazed and fired. At a later date a source of cobalt was found within China; this differed from the Persian ore in the proportion of associated manganese. The colour on the fired pots was a grey-blue rather than a pure blue. By mixing three parts Persian ore to two parts Chinese a rich and soft blue was produced, which became labelled as 'Sumatran' or 'Muhammadan' blue. One of the largest intact early collections of exported Chinese porcelain was at the Ardabil Shrine, and is now in the National Museum of Iran. This has 805 pieces of porcelain, donated by Shah Abbas I in 16071608, from the Persian royal collection. Most were made in Jingdezhen, and they covered the full period of blue and white wares to that point, with some nearly 300 years old when donated. The largely intact Ottoman collection is mostly in Topkapi Palace. The restriction of painted subjects to the combination of abstract geometrical patterns, plant-forms, and animals had begun to end during the first half of the 15th century, as human figures, landscape scenes and other subjects began to appear. In the best wares, these designs were supplied by court artists and reflected contemporary painting and other media. This trend continued in Transitional porcelain, produced for a period up to 1683 at the end of the Ming dynasty, and the later blue and white wares of the Kangxi reign are the final phase in the artistic development of blue and white, with superb technical quality in the best objects, and larger images, flexibly treated, on a wide variety of subjects. Tianqi porcelain is a type of relatively informal ware, largely destined for the Japanese market, made at Jingdezhen in the 17th century. Kraak ware is a type of Jingdezhen export porcelain produced mainly during the Wanli reign 15731620, but also in the remaining two Ming reigns. It was among the first Chinese ware to arrive in Europe in mass quantities. Strictly defined, it is distinguished by the arrangement of its ornament into panels; these usually radiate to a bracketed rim notorious for its liability to chip. It was mostly made as deep bowls and wide dishes, decorated with motifs from nature, in a style not used on wares for the domestic Chinese market. Organization during the Qing period During the Qing period production became more varied, with a wide spread of styles and qualities, from imperial wares, through those for export, to those for a popular domestic market. The dozens of non-imperial kilns are known as private, with a few official old kilns making very high-quality wares for the Chinese nobility, which were often as fine in quality as the imperial pieces and had the added attraction of more adventurous decoration since court styles were prescribed and rather formal; at times these may have helped the imperial kilns with large orders. The rest supplied various levels of the Chinese domestic and export markets. Early in the period the original local source of clay ran out, and new diggings were begun. The French Jesuit François Xavier d'Entrecolles visited Jingdezhen and wrote to Europe about its processes between 1712 and 1721; he also gave the Chinese useful information about European pigments. From this period Europe began its own porcelain industry, which grew rapidly, initially by imitating Chinese styles, and later by developing their own styles. Persia, Vietnam, Japan and several countries in South-East Asia had long been imitating Jingdezhen ware. Towards the end of the century, exports to Europe were in decline, replaced by local wares. In 1726 Nian Xiyao was appointed by the Beijing court as controller at Jingdezhen, the first centrally-appointed official since 1680. He was also appointed controller for a customs barrier 400 miles to the north at Huai'an on the Grand Canal, which resulted in Nian only being able to visit Jingdezhen once a year. In 1728 a member of the imperial household staff, Tang Ying, was appointed resident assistant at Jingdezhen. Tang replaced Nian in 1735 when the latter was accused of corruption, and he became one of the most influential of the superintendents. In 1739 the customs office was moved to Jiujiang 90 miles west of Jingdezhen; Tang continued in the dual post until recalled to Beijing in 1743 by the Qianlong emperor. At court he was assigned the task of annotating twenty illustrations of the porcelain industry from the imperial library. Returning to Jingdezhen he stayed there, except for a brief period between 1750 and 1752, until his death at 75 years old in 1756. Wares bearing Tang Ying's name survive; these include two pairs of blue-and-white candlesticks bearing dates of 1740 and 1741, the latter of which bears an inscription describing him as Controller of Pottery in Jiangxi amongst other official titles. Tang also wrote a number of books including A Complete Record of Pots 1735, Mental Notes of a Pottery Worker 1738 and Illustrated Explanation of the Miracles of the God of the Furnace 1747. His list of wares manufactured for the court runs to sixty types, some of which were recreations of styles of earlier periods. From the late 18th century, much of Jingdezhen's production was Canton porcelain, using blanks made, glazed, and fired at Jingdezhen but then taken to be decorated with enamels in Guangzhou then usually romanized as Canton for export to the west via the Thirteen Factories of the Canton System. In 1905 a European visitor reported that most production was in a short summer season, when workers from surrounding areas came to live in barrack-like sheds in the city, without their families. This influx took the population of the city to about 400,000, and caused some social problems. Exports to Europe European visitors to Istanbul in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are recorded as having purchased Chinese porcelain there. Some other pieces came via the Portuguese settlement of Malacca; King Manuel I had several acquired from Vasco de Gama. The Chamber of Art and Curiosities at Ambras Castle contains the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, assembled during the mid-15th century. These early collections, typically of blue-and-white ware, were regarded as rare curios and art objects, and were often mounted in precious metals. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a number of European companies were established to import various commodities including tea, silk, spices, lacquerwork and porcelain from East Asia. Research by Volker has given figures for the trade in Chinese and Japanese porcelain carried out by the Dutch East India Company; between 1602 and 1682 the company exported between 30 and 35 million pieces. The English East India Company also imported around 30 million pieces, the French East India Company 12 million, the Portuguese East India Company 10 million and the Swedish East India Company some 20 million pieces between 1766 and 1786. The massive increase in imports allowed purchasers to amass large collections, which were often displayed in dedicated rooms or purpose-built structures. The Trianon de Porcellaine built between 1670 and 1672 was a Baroque pavilion constructed to display Louis XIV's collection of blue-and-white porcelain, set against French blue-and-white faience tiles both on the interior and exterior of the building. It was demolished in 1687. After the empire Following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 manufacture of porcelain for the imperial household ceased. In 1916 Yuan Shikai, acting as the Hongxian Emperor, appointed Guo Baochang to re-establish the imperial depot at Jingdezhen. Guo's workforce were initially set to produce copies of Ru ware, but this approach was abandoned in favour of copying enamelled ware of the 18th century. The high-quality porcelain of the Hongxian establishment continued to be produced after the abandonment of the empire and the death of Yuan in 1916; the depot was taken over by the Jiangxi Porcelain Company who retained one hundred of the workers. Production of enamelled and thin-walled eggshell ware continued through the 1920s and 1930s, with many pieces bearing Hongxian reign marks. By the 1930s the buildings that had housed the imperial supervisors were being used as army barracks. Ceramics continue to be produced on a large scale in Jingdezhen, in a variety of styles, many reproducing those of the past in a variety of qualities, with Jingdezhen porcelain being shipped around the world. One trend that has continued in the 20th century is the development of super-thin eggshell porcelain for vases. About 300 million pieces of porcelain were being produced annually in the late 20th century. Development of kiln technology The dragon kiln was the traditional form of kiln used in southern China. Also known as a climbing kiln, this type in its final development consisted of a tunnel-like flue built up a slope from a main firebox. Along the sides of the kiln subsidiary entrances for side-stoking enabled the whole structure to be heated, and allowing the later dragon kilns to exceed 50 metres in length without any substantial drop in temperature. The draught created by the flow of hot air up the slope meant that the dragon kiln could be built without a chimney. This type of kiln was supplanted at Jingdezhen by a gourd-shaped kiln, with a large firing chamber at the front, connecting to a smaller chamber with a lower roof and a chimney. The gourd-shaped kiln could produce large quantities of porcelain, fired at very high temperatures. By blocking the kiln vents to restrict air flow to the fire a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon monoxide could be maintained, which was necessary for some glazes such as copper red. The gourd-shaped kiln was used throughout the fourteenth century; towards the end of the Ming period it was supplanted by the egg-shaped kiln or zhenyao kiln, shaped like half an egg on its side, with a firebox inside the kiln at the broad end and at the narrow end an arch communicating to a separate chimney. The chimney was built to a height of around 19 metres; the high chimney increased the draught through the kiln and thus reduced the timing of the firing cycle to around 36 hours. Wares were placed inside stacked saggars on a floor of quartz sand; as the saggars protected their contents from direct flame both fuel and air could be introduced directly to the interior through vents, allowing temperature regulation throughout the kiln. Peepholes were used to observe the colour of flame, which changes according to the conditions and temperature. The hottest part of the kiln next to the firebox was used for crackle glazes; following inwards high-fired green and red glazes in a reducing atmosphere, then uncoloured, blue-glazed, and decorated ware at a moderate temperature, followed at the back by glazes to be fired at a lower temperature and turquoise-glazed ware in an oxidising atmosphere. Notes References Canby, Sheila R. ed. Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran, 2009, British Museum Press, Cooper, Emmanuel. 10,000 Years of Pottery, 2010 5th ed., British Museum Press, Kerr, Rose. Chinese Ceramics; Porcelain of the Qing Dynasty 16441911, 1986, reprinted 1998, V&A Publications, Krahl, Regina, Jingdezhen Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. subscription required Macintosh, Duncan. Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 1994 3rd ed., Antique Collector's Club, Meister, Peter Wilhelm and Reber, Horst. European Porcelain of the 18th Century, 1983, Phaidon Press, Ming: Clunas, Craig and Harrison-Hall, Jessica, Ming: 50 years that changed China, 2014, British Museum Press, Needham: Kerr, Rose and Wood, Nigel. Science and Civilisation in China; Volume 5. Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 12. Ceramic Technology, 2004, Cambridge University Press, Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications, Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, Valenstein, S. 1998. A handbook of Chinese ceramics fully available online, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Further reading Gillette, Maris Boyd. China's Porcelain Capital: The Rise, Fall and Reinvention of Ceramics in Jingdezhen, 2016, Bloomsbury Publishing, Hanaoka and Barberri trans., Masahiko Sato, Chinese Ceramics: A Short History, Weatherhill, New York and Tokyo, 1981, 195205 Jenyns, Soame. Ming Pottery and Porcelain, 1988 2nd ed., Faber and Faber, External links Category:Chinese porcelain Category:Culture in Jiangxi
Eldon Worobieff 17 May 1939 1 February 2013 was a Canadian rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. References Category:1939 births Category:2013 deaths Category:Canadian male rowers Category:Olympic rowers of Canada Category:Rowers at the 1964 Summer Olympics Category:Place of birth missing living people Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in rowing Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada Category:Rowers at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Category:Pan American Games medalists in rowing Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada Category:Rowers at the 1963 Pan American Games
Alexander Alexanderovich Misurkin born on September 23, 1977, a major in the Russian Air Force, is a Russian cosmonaut, selected in 2006. He flew aboard Soyuz TMA-08M on 28 March 2013 as his first space mission, and launched on Soyuz MS-06 as his second flight, in 2017. He was Commander of the International Space Station for Expedition 54. Personal Misurkin is married to Olga Anatolievna Misurkina. The couple has two children. His parents, Lyudmila Georgievna and Alexander Mikhailovich Misurkin, reside in Oryol, Russia. Education In 1994, Misurkin graduated from vocational school #1 in Oryol. He then entered the Kacha High Air Force Pilot School, where he studied to September 1998. He continued pilot training at the Armavir Military Aviation Institute, and graduated in October 1999 with a gold medal as a pilot-engineer. Cosmonaut career In October 2006 Misurkin was approved as a cosmonaut candidate and enlisted in the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Cosmonaut GCTC Corps. He took the basic training at GCTC from February 2007 to June 2009, which he completed on 2 June 2009. Misurkin was qualified as a test-cosmonaut 9 June 2009. From August 2009 to February 2011 he took advanced training specializing in the International Space Station ISS program. From January 2011 he trained as the Expedition 33/34 and Soyuz TMA-M backup crew flight engineer. Soyuz TMA-08M / Expedition 35/36 Misurkin flew on Soyuz TMA-08M which launched at 20:43:20 on 28 March 2013. This was the first manned flight to use the fast rendezvous approach to the International Space Station, reaching the space station in less than 6 hours. Previous flights had required two days to dock with the station. Misurkin joined the crew of ISS Expedition 35. Soyuz MS-06 / Expedition 53/54 On February 2, 2018 Misurkin along with flight engineer Anton Shkaplerov participated in an 8-hour 13 minutes spacewalk outside of the ISS to replace an old electronics box for a high-gain communications antenna. At completion, the two cosmonauts set a new record for the longest Russian spacewalk to date. Statistics References Official website Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:Russian cosmonauts Category:Commanders of the International Space Station
162 Regiment RLC is an Army Reserve Regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. History The regiment was formed in the Royal Corps of Transport as 162nd Movement Control Regiment, RCT Volunteers in 1967. It absorbed 88 Postal and Courier Regiment RLC and was re-named as 162 Regiment RLC in 2013. Structure The current structure is as follows: 279 HQ Squadron at Bilborough, Nottingham 280 Movement Control Squadron at Swindon 281 Movement Control Squadron at Bilborough, Nottingham 282 Movement Control Squadron at Coulby Newham 871 Postal & Courier Squadron at Marlow 883 Postal & Courier Squadron at Hartlepool References External links Official site Category:Military logistics units and formations of the United Kingdom Category:Army Reserve United Kingdom Category:Regiments of the Royal Logistic Corps
Milecastle 12 Heddon was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains lay under Town Farm, Heddon-on-the-Wall, just opposite the farm house with nothing visible on the surface. Construction Milecastle 12 is of unknown axis and gateway types. Excavations and investigations circa 1746 - During construction of the Military Road, two inscriptions were discovered presumed to be from the Heddon-on-the-Wall area. These attest rebuilding work by the Legio VI Victrix. One reads LEG·VI·V·P·F·REF·TER·ET·SAC·COS, referring to Tertullus and Sacerdos Consuls for 158AD. 1752 - A large hoard of coins in wooden boxes is found here. 1820 - A small hoard of coins is found near here. These comprise coins from Emperor Maximian 286 - 305 AD to Emperor Arcadius 383 - 408 AD. 1926 - The north gate is recorded as having been found. 1928-29 - A further search is made, without success. 1966 - English Heritage Field Investigation. It was noted that there were no surface indications from which the site could be established, and the area was largely covered by modern farm buildings. 1989 - English Heritage Field Investigation. It was noted that there was no surface trace of the milecastle, though its exact position is unknown. Associated turrets Each milecastle on Hadrian's Wall had two associated turret structures. These turrets were positioned approximately one-third and two-thirds of a Roman mile to the west of the Milecastle, and would probably have been manned by part of the milecastle's garrison. The turrets associated with Milecastle 12 are known as Turret 12A and Turret 12B. Turret 12A Turret 12A Heddon West is located beside and mainly beneath the B6318 Military Road a short distance West North West of Heddon-on-the-Wall. No surface traces are currently visible. The turret was located in 1928 as west of Milecastle 12. This location was confirmed by a partial excavation in 1930. It was found that the walls were reduced to ground level beyond the edge of the roadway, but had the same plan as Turret 12B. However, the platform which occupied the South side of the interior of Turrets 12B and 13A, was too badly robbed for any trace to remain. The mortared walls were recorded as thick, with the doorway lying to the east. Location on Ordnance Survey 1:25 000 map: Turret 12B Turret 12B North Lodge is located beside the Military Road at a point where the B6318 is diverted away from it, but it still exists as a narrow metaled track. It was located in 1928, 543 yards from Turret 12a and 529 yards from Milecastle 13. It was excavated in 1930, and found to be almost identical in plan to Turret 12A. The platform was rectangular and occupied the south side of the interior. Location on Ordnance Survey 1:25 000 map: Monument Records References Bibliography External links Hadrian's Wall: visiting information English Heritage Hadrian's Wall: Archaeological research 1976-2000 English Heritage 12
The 1968 Primera División season was the 77th season of top-flight football in Argentina, continuing with the Metropolitano and Nacional championships format, won by San Lorenzo and Vélez Sársfield respectively. Ferro C. Oeste and Tigre were relegated. Campeonato Metropolitano Group A Group B Semifinals San Lorenzo 31 River Plate Vélez Sársfield 01 Estudiantes LP Final Reclasificatorio Tournament Promocional Tournament Campeonato Nacional 1st place playoffs References Category:Argentine Primera División seasons Argentine Primera Division 1
Martin Schurig 16561733 was the first physician to occupy himself with the anatomy of the sexual organs. Based in Dresden, Schurig is known for his Spermatologia Historico-Medica, often known simply as Spermatologia, published in Latin in 1720. Havelock Ellis quotes freely from his works. Books Schurig, M. Spermatologia historico-medica. Johannis Beckii, Frankfort, 1720. Notes Category:1656 births Category:1733 deaths Category:17th-century German physicians Category:18th-century German physicians Category:German sexologists Category:17th-century German writers Category:18th-century German writers
Sir Lady Java, also known simply as Lady Java born 1943 is an American transgender rights activist, exotic dancer, singer, comedian, and actress. Active on stage, television, radio and film from the mid-1960s to 1970s, she is a popular and influential personality in the Los Angeles-area African-American LGBT community. Biography Early life Born in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1943. Java transitioned gender at a young age with the support of her mother, and began singing and dancing in local nightclubs. Career and legal battle In her early twenties, she moved to Los Angeles, California, where by 1965 she was a mainstay of the nightclub circuit and associated with such figures as Redd Foxx, Sammy Davis Jr., Richard Pryor, Rudy Ray Moore, and Don Rickles. She was frequently featured in such magazines as Jet, HEP, the LA Advocate, and Variety. In the early fall of 1967, the Los Angeles Police Department began shutting down the now-famous Java's performances, citing a local ordinance prohibiting the impersonation by means of costume or dress a person of the opposite sex, and threatening to fine clubs that hosted her. In response, Java picketed Redd Foxx's club on October 21 and hired the American Civil Liberties Union in a bid to overturn the rule. The courts eventually rejected Java's case with the ACLU, stipulating that only club owners could sue. Rule Number 9 ultimately was struck down after a separate dispute in 1969. In 1978, Java performed with Lena Horne at a birthday party for nightclub owner and columnist Gertrude Gipson. Later years From the 1980s, Java kept a lower public profile. Since retiring from performance and recovering from a stroke, she has made a limited return to public life, appearing locally in southern California and giving interviews. In June 2016, she was a guest of honor at the 18th annual Trans Pride L.A. festival alongside CeCe McDonald. Java has been recognized as a trailblazer. Filmography Awards and honors 1971 Guest of honor, Alpha Chapter Los Angeles of the Full Personality Expression 2016 Guest of honor, 18th Annual Trans Pride L.A. References External links 25-minute interview with Sir Lady Java Category:LGBT African Americans Category:LGBT people from California Category:LGBT people from Louisiana Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States Category:Living people Category:People from New Orleans Category:Transgender rights activists Category:Transgender and transsexual women Category:1943 births
Daniel Harry Friedan born October 3, 1948 is an American theoretical physicist and one of three children of the feminist author and activist Betty Friedan. He is a professor at Rutgers University currently. Biography Education and career Friedan earned his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1980 and was named a MacArthur Fellow in 1987. In 1979, he showed that the equations of motions of string theory, which are generalizations of the Einstein equations of general relativity, emerge from the renormalization group equations for the two-dimensional field theory. Friedan has worked in string theory and condensed matter theory, specializing in 1 + 1-dimensional systems. His current research focuses on applications to quantum computers. Friedan received the 2010 Lars Onsager Prize from the American Physical Society for seminal work on the classification and characterization of two-dimensional unitary conformal field theories of critical states. He teaches at Rutgers University currently. Personal life Daniel is married to an Icelandic physics teacher, Ragnheiður Guðmundsdóttir. They have two daughters and one son together. References External links Daniel Friedan's homepage, Rutgers University Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century American physicists Category:Jewish American scientists Category:MacArthur Fellows Category:String theorists Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society Category:Theoretical physicists Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni
Local time may refer to: Local mean time Local time mathematics Local time in the Lorentz ether theory
Seth Amoo born 20 March 1983 is a Ghanaian sprinter who specializes in the 200 metres. Amoo represented Ghana at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He competed at the 200 metres and placed fourth in his first round heat in a time of 20.91 seconds, which was not enough to qualify for the second round. Competition record Personal bests 60 metres - 6.70 s 2008 100 metres - 10.30 s 2004 200 metres - 20.36 s 2005 400 metres - 46.08 s 2003 References Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Ghanaian male sprinters Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Ghana Category:Athletes track and field at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Category:Athletes track and field at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic athletes of Ghana Category:African Games silver medalists for Ghana Category:African Games medalists in athletics track and field Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Ghana Category:Athletes track and field at the 2007 All-Africa Games
Dudka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Borowie, within Garwolin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Borowie, north-east of Garwolin, and south-east of Warsaw. References Dudka
ShirtPunch is a Canadian internet retailer for apparel. Overview ShirtPunch specializes in nerd and pop culture themed t-shirts and sweatshirts. Each design offered is available for 24 hours, with new designs made available daily. ShirtPunch utilizes a community of independent artists and designers, with designs frequently featuring mashups of pop culture, video game, anime and comic book themes. ShirtPunch also featured licensed partnerships with Adventure Time, Star Wars, Kevin Smith and other media. ShirtPunch frequently collaborates with celebrities who design or were featured in their apparel, including: Stan Lee, Kevin Smith, Jason Mewes, Rickey Gervais, Rupert Grint, Laurence Fishburne and Warwick Davis. Some of these designs have been in support of organizations such as Little People UK, Make A Wish Foundation and THRIVEGulu, with 100 of proceeds going to charity. ShirtPunch also partnered with Canada Post in support of the Canada Post Community Foundation for Children. ShirtPunch won Canada Post's E-commerce Innovation Award. In July 2017, ShirtPunch shut down, without any public explanation. In August 2017, its parent company, Fan Blocks, filed for bankruptcy. In October 2017 ShirtPunch relaunched under new ownership. References External links ShirtPunch.com Category:Online clothing retailers of Canada
Clannad is the debut album by Irish folk group Clannad. It was released in 1973 by Philips Ireland. It was reissued in 1982 under the name The Pretty Maid. In 1997, it was released on CD for the first time by Royal Records International again under the name Clannad, with a bonus track from 1975. The album features songs in both Irish Gaelic and English, including a cover version of Bonnie Dobson's Morning Dew, as well as many traditional Irish songs. Track listing All tracks Traditional; except where indicated Níl Sé Ina Lá Níl Sé'n Lá 4:50 Thíos Cois Na Trá Domh 2:55 Brian Boru's March 3:50 Siúbhán Ní Dhuibhir 4:30 An Mhaighdean Mhara 2:10 Liza Padraig Duggan, Pól Brennan 2:00 An tOileán Úr 4:03 Mrs. McDermott Turlough O'Carolan 3:03 The Pretty Maid 2:40 An Pháirc Mick Hanly 3:00 Harvest Home 1:40 Morning Dew Bonnie Dobson, Tim Rose 3:45 Bonus Track An Bealach Seo 'tá Romham 2:42 External links Category:1973 debut albums Category:Clannad albums
ST depression refers to a finding on an electrocardiogram, wherein the trace in the ST segment is abnormally low below the baseline. Causes It is often a sign of myocardial ischemia, of which coronary insufficiency is a major cause. Other ischemic heart diseases causing ST depression include: Subendocardial ischemia or even infarction. Subendocardial means non full thickness ischemia. In contrast, ST elevation is transmural or full thickness ischemia Non Q-wave myocardial infarction Reciprocal changes in acute Q-wave myocardial infarction e.g., ST depression in leads I & aVL with acute inferior myocardial infarction ST segment depression and T-wave changes may be seen in patients with unstable angina Depressed but upsloping ST segment generally rules out ischemia as a cause. Also, it can be a normal variant or artifacts, such as: Pseudo-ST-depression, which is a wandering baseline due to poor skin contact of the electrode Physiologic J-junctional depression with sinus tachycardia Hyperventilation Other, non-ischemic, causes include: Side effect of digoxin Hypokalemia Right or left ventricular hypertrophy Intraventricular conduction abnormalities e.g., right or left bundle branch block, WPW, etc. Hypothermia Tachycardia Reciprocal ST elevation Mitral valve prolapse Central nervous system disease, such as stroke Mnemonic A mnemonic can be used for some causes of ST depression, namely DEPRESSED ST: D - Drooping valve MV Prolapse E - Enlargement of the left ventricle P - Potassium loss R - Reciprocal ST depression e.g. inferior MI E - Encephalon hemorrhage S - Subendocardial infarct S - Subendocardial ischemia E - Embolism pulmonary D - Dilated cardiomyopathy S - Shock T - Toxicity digitalis/quinidine Physiology For non-transmural ischemia subendocardial ischemia injured cells are closer to the inside of heart wall, resulting in a systolic injury current. A systolic injury current results from a greater depolarization in healthier cells. Because the subepicardial region is more depolarized more positive compared to the endomyocardial cells, the current in the left ventricle flows toward the endomyocardial cells. The current flows from the more positive subepicardium to the less positive subendocardium during phase 2 of the fast fiber type depolarization, which on ECG occurs during ST segment. The positive electrodes on the anterior chest wall detect the movement of positive charge away from the electrode and record it as a downward deflection on the ECG paper. Measurement ST segment depression may be determined by measuring the vertical distance between the patient's trace and the isoelectric line at a location 2-3 millimeters from the QRS complex. It is significant if it is more than 1 mm in V5-V6, or 1.5 mm in AVF or III. In a cardiac stress test, an ST depression of at least 1 mm after adenosine administration indicates a reversible ischaemia, while an exercise stress test requires an ST depression of at least 2 mm to significantly indicate reversible ischaemia. See also ST segment ST elevation References Category:Cardiac arrhythmia Category:Medical mnemonics
Pinole Valley High School is a high school in Pinole, California, United States, in Contra Costa County. First opened in 1967, the school is part of the West Contra Costa Unified School District. Pinole Valley High serves grades 912, and has approximately 1,200 students. The school is noted for its girls' basketball team. Coach Dan O'Shea was named Coach of the Year in May 2006 by the Oakland Tribune. Curriculum Academic Study Programs Pinole Valley High offers several special programs for students, such as Advanced Placement classes, CPA Career Academy classes offered through its Health, Law & Justice, and Engineering academies, Jazz Band, Choir, Piano, American Sign Language, and award winning Performing and Visual Arts programs. In 2019 Pinole Valley also gained status as an International Baccalaureate World School. The PVHS IB Diploma Programme offers IB class selections starting the 20-21 school year. Notable Music Program The school has a notable music program as well. The Spartan Marching Band performs in several Pinole events and used to, on a larger scale, in venues such as the San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade and Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Portable Valley High On August 12, 2019 Principal Kibby Kleiman cut the ribbon of a brand-new, state of the art campus. This comes after five years of no permanent campus. Dubbed Portable Valley by the students and community, the temporary campus served the studends of PV from 2014 until 2019. Historical economic problems In 2004, the school district announced that it would eliminate all high school sports, close all libraries and lay off all music teachers and counselors in its $180 million budget for 200405. Notable alumni Denzil Foster, Record producer/songwriter Billie Joe Armstrong, lead singer of Green Day attended but did not graduate Jeff Becerra, lead singer of Possessed Thomas DeCoud, National Football League player Mike Dirnt, bassist for Green Day Jocelyn Enriquez Travis Feeney, National Football League player, Pittsburgh Steelers Jeff Harris, Major League Baseball player Nathan Haynes, Major League Baseball player Iamsu!, rapper P-Lo, producer/rapper Larry LaLonde, guitarist for Primus Chris Singleton, Major League Baseball player Dale Sveum, Major League Baseball player and manager Gino Torretta,Heisman award winner, National Football League player References External links School website School District website Pinole Valley High School at greatschools.net Pinole Valley High School at localschooldirectory.com Category:Pinole, California Category:High schools in Contra Costa County, California Category:Educational institutions established in 1967 Category:Public high schools in California
Rebecca Parr, later billed as Rebecca Parr Cioffi, is an American television writer, story editor and producer best known for her work on Cheers, Roseanne, Max Headroom, Simon & Simon, and Hearts Afire amongst other shows. Parr initially worked in a writing partnership with Martin Pasko, and broke into the television industry by selling several scripts to the 1985 revival of The Twilight Zone. She and Pasko then went on to story edit the animated series My Little Pony 'n Friends, followed by work on an episode of Max Headroom. During the 1988/89 TV season, Parr and Pasko were the story editors on the final season of Simon and Simon, and wrote the series finale Simon Says 'Good-Bye'. This was followed by a stint as writers and story editors on the show Roseanne. Parr and Pasko dissolved their writing partnership circa 1990, Pasko working thereafter in animation and comics. Meanwhile, now billed as Rebecca Parr Cioffi, Parr continued her work in live action situation comedy, signing on as an executive story consultant for the final season of Cheers, for which she also wrote three episodes. She later served as a writer/co-producer on the sitcom Hearts Afire, and writer/supervising producer of Boston Common. Most recently, Parr published the kindle-edition novel And She Was under the pseudonym of Arpy Beck. She currently resides in Glendale, Arizona. Novel ...And She Was 2012 as Arpy Beck References External links Category:21st-century American novelists Category:American screenwriters Category:American television writers Category:Living people Category:American women novelists Category:21st-century American women writers Category:Women television writers Category:Year of birth missing living people
The Jerusalem Studio School is a private art school located in Jerusalem, Israel. Founded by artist Israel Hershberg in 1998, the Jerusalem Studio School offers rigorous training in drawing and painting within the figurative art tradition. It is the first school in Israel that focuses on realist painting. Programs The Jerusalem Studio School offers full-time training in its master class, a two- to four-year program with a primary emphasis on drawing and painting the human figure. The class is composed of roughly 40 applicants from Israel and abroad that are chosen for outstanding talent, commitment and motivation. Students work five days a week in north-lit studios with the option of continued study in the evenings. There are also seven independent studios for advanced students. The focus of study is on working from the live model, though students also work on still-life, landscape, copying from the old masters, and compositional themes. Studies are augmented by an evening lecture series, exhibitions and demonstrations from visiting artists throughout the academic year. The Jerusalem Studio School also offers part-time study in drawing and painting in its Continuing Studies Program, with no prior experience required. In the spring, the school holds the Jerusalem Landscape Painting Marathon, a two-week workshop open to the public and taught by a visiting artist. It also organizes courses of study in the summer, both in Jerusalem and in Italy. Hall of Casts The Jerusalem Studio School Hall of Casts is an on-site gallery collection of 33 plaster casts which span nearly 3000 years of art history, representing examples of sculptures by Donatello, Michelangelo, and Luca della Robbia along with ancient Roman and Greek sculptures. The only such cast collection in Israel, they were obtained from the Giust Gallery in Woburn, MA, which specializes in exclusive replicas from original Pietro Caproni molds. Acquired for educational purposes within the school programs, the collection can also be visited by the public.* Graduates of the school have been described as first rate painters. See also Visual arts in Israel References External links Jerusalem Studio School website The Jerusalem Studio School blog with articles on teachers, workshops, events, galleries Green, David. Master of the Class, The Jerusalem Report, February 5, 1998, pp. 4244. Hausman, Tamar. Getting It All Figured Out, Haaretz, March 16, 2001. Israel Hershberg website of recent paintings Category:Art schools in Israel Category:1998 establishments in Israel

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