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Other Voices, Other Rooms may refer to:
Other Voices, Other Rooms novel, a 1948 novel by Truman Capote
Other Voices, Other Rooms Nanci Griffith album, 1993
Other Voices, Other Rooms The Getaway Plan album, 2008
Other Voices, Other Rooms film, a 1995 film based on the 1948 novel, directed by David Rocksavage |
Raymond Tam Chi-yuen is a Hong Kong politician.
He was one of the undersecretaries appointed by the Government of Hong Kong in 2008. He has an educational background in engineering, and has worked in various capacities in the civil service since 1987. He was appointed as the Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs in 2011.
Education
Tam has a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from the University of Hong Kong.
Career
He joined the Administrative Service in September 1987, and rose to the rank of Administrative Officer Staff Grade B in April 2007. Tam has served in various bureaus and departments including the Central Policy Unit, the former Constitutional Affairs Bureau, the Office of the Financial Secretary, the Chief Executive's Office, the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Geneva, Information Services Department and the Home Affairs Bureau.
In December 2017, Tam became a member of National People's Congress
In April 9, Raymond Tam chi-yuen said he supported the article twenty three of Basic Law should be passed in Hong Kong as soon as possible.
Undersecretary
In 2008 he was offered the opportunity to become an undersecretary for the constitutional and mainland affairs. He is known for renouncing his British citizenship under the 2008 Political Appointments System.
References
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of the University of Hong Kong
Category:Delegates to the 13th National People's Congress from Hong Kong
Category:Government officials of Hong Kong
Category:1964 births |
Gerald Gerry Cassidy born 1940 is a prominent lobbyist in Washington, D.C. He is the co-founder and CEO of Cassidy & Associates.
Cassidy was born 1940, the son of a self-reliant practical nurse with a shakey marriage; she moved him and his three sisters from house to house in Brooklyn and Queens throughout his childhood.
He is a graduate of Villanova University B.S. 1963 and Cornell Law J.D. 1967.
Cassidy & Associates pioneered the use of congressional earmarks, used to obtain grants for university clients; Cassidy himself sat on the board of Villanova University and Boston University. Cassidy was also an aide to Sen. George McGovern and general counsel of the Democratic National Committee's Party Reform Commission.
In March 2000, Cassidy was named #52 on the Forbes The Power 100. In early 2007, he became the subject of an extensive Washington Post series, addressing details of his personal life and professional success.
Cassidy is the central figure in Robert G. Kaiser's 2009 book on lobbying, So Damn Much Money: The Triumph of Lobbying and the Corrosion of American Government Knopf, 2009: .
In 2013, Cassidy stepped down from the day-to-day leadership of Cassidy & Associates and became chairman emeritus.
References
External links
Gerry Cassidy
Villanova Magazine press release
Washington Post series index
Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Category:Villanova University alumni
Category:Cornell Law School alumni
Category:Boston University people
Category:Living people
Category:United States congressional aides
Category:American chief executives
Category:1940 births |
H2O Audio is a company based in San Diego, California, which develops accessories for portable media players. During 2008 it was notable for being one of the top 500 fastest growing companies in the United States. H2O Audio has international distribution system covering over 30 countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico and Japan.
They hold various US patents, including the patent for the Commander Scroll Wheel Technology which allows for control of a touch sensitive rotatable wheel like is found on the larger iPods in conjunction with a fully waterproof hard case. They also make the only housing with attached speakers that allows iPods and iPhones to function and be controlled underwater up to depths of 300 feet.
H2O Audio's motto is Your Sport, Your Music, and their sponsored athletes include Michael Phelps, Natalie Coughlin, Laird Hamilton, and triathletes Greg and Laura Bennett.
History
H2O Audio was started as a graduate student project at San Diego State University by a SCUBA diver who wanted to take music with him while diving; hence the company was originally named Diver Entertainment. In 2002, the first patents were approved, followed by the development of waterproof technologies in 2003. By 2004, the first underwater SCUBA product was shipped. In 2005, the company moved into developing waterproof headphones and cases for MP3 players, including iPods. 2007 was the year Olympic swimmer Natalie Coughlin was brought on as the first official H2O Audio Ambassador, and in 2008, big wave surfer Laird Hamilton was also named an official H2O Audio Ambassador. Currently, Laird Hamilton has his own signature version of Surge Headphones. In 2009, Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps also became an official ambassador of the brand, along with triathletes Greg and Laura Bennett.
Products
The Capture - A waterproof hard case for the iPod Nano 5th generation with video launched December 2009
Interval 3G - A headphone system with integrated case designed for swimmers to use the 3rd generation iPod shuffle in the pool launched September 2009
Surge Sportwrap Headphones - A version of the Surge waterproof headphones integrated into a light behind the head headband with coiled cord management system launched September 2009
Surge Pro Headphones - In-ear balanced armature waterproof headphones launched 2009
Interval - A headphone system with integrated case designed for swimmers to use the 2nd generation iPod shuffle in the pool launched January 2009
Amphibx Armband - An armband with an integrated waterproof pouch. Comes in three sizes to accommodate many sizes of MP3 players including iPhones and iPod touches. launched July 2008
Surge Headphones - In-ear waterproof headphones launched July 2008
References
External links
Further reading
Category:Portable media players |
The Toutunhe District ; is one of 7 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Wulumuqi, the capital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China, it is located to the northwest of Ürümqi's urban core. It contains an area of . According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 130,000.
Category:Geography of Xinjiang
Category:Ürümqi |
Sugar Man is a fictional character, a mutant villain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by writer Scott Lobdell and artist Chris Bachalo, and first appeared in Generation Next #2 April 1995.
Sugar Man first appeared during Age of Apocalypse, an event that caused Marvel Universe's history to diverge. Although many of the storyline's characters were alternate versions of existing heroes and villains, Sugar Man does not appear to have an Earth-616 counterpart.
Fictional character biography
Age of Apocalypse
Sugar Man originally comes from an alternate timeline Earth-295, where Apocalypse conquered North America and set up a system in which mutants ruled. Sugar Man was a student of Mister Sinister, who taught him genetics and science. He becomes a capable geneticist with a lab at Niagara Falls where he regularly torments his human slaves.
Later Sugar Man is placed in charge of Pacific Northwest's human slave camp, the Seattle Core. Magneto needed a mutant with chrono-variant powers time travel in order to go back in time to restore reality's proper order before Charles Xavier's death, whose existence was revealed by Bishop, a displaced mutant from Earth-616. Apocalypse had already killed all mutants with chrono-variant powers to prevent anyone from undermining his regime, but Know-It-All was able to locate one with latent powers: Illyana Rasputin, the sister of Generation Next's leader, Colossus.
Magneto sends the fledgling group, Generation Next, to the Core in an attempt to rescue her. During their mission, Sugar Man encounters and kills several of the members, including Vincente and Mondo. During the process, Sugar Man is seemingly destroyed. In reality, however, he lost most of his mass and shrank to a minuscule size. He hides in Colossus' boot during the assault on Apocalypse's citadel.
In the 2000 Blink limited series, a flashback reveals that Sugar Man was once the jailer in charge of cellmates Illyana Rasputin and Blink before she was rescued as a young girl by Weapon-X and Sabretooth in a prison facility where he regularly abused them.
Arrival in Earth-616
During the assault on Apocalypse's citadel, Sugar Man takes advantage of the chaos to escape by jumping into the M'Kraan Crystal, the Nexus of all realities. He arrives in the Earth-616 timeline, arriving in an unspecified location some twenty years in the past. Sugar Man travels to Genosha and contacts Genegineer, who he gives the formula for the mutate bonding process, forcibly enslaving hundreds of mutants to the human Magistrates. When the first Genosha government - led by the Genegineer and Cameron Hodge - falls, Sugar Man begins working behind the scenes to affect the seemingly more peaceful government run by Sasha Ryan.
Eventually this government falls into a brutal civil war. When the mutant team Excalibur is investigating the first Mutate slave of Genosha, they almost learn the secret of the Sugar Man; however, this is thwarted when Sugar Man activates a device that kills the Mutate before his involvement can be revealed. When Excalibur continues to keep searching for the secret history of Genosha, Sugar Man prevents them by destroying the master computer holding the information.
Operating from the Shadows
Detecting that X-Man, another refugee from Earth-295, is active in Earth-616, Sugar-Man sends his agent Rex to eliminate him so as to maintain his anonymity. Much to his frustration, the first assassination attempt is interrupted by Selene. Sugar Man then attempts to capture Alex Summers, using Scarlet McKenzie as his operative. She fails and he eventually gives up after learning that another refugee from The Age of Apocalypse, Beast, now calling himself Dark Beast, is also trying to capture him.
When Nate Grey's Earth-616 counterpart, Cable, travels to Genosha and becomes involved, Sugar Man believes him to be Nate and decides to reveal himself following 20 years of secrecy. Sugar Man realizes he was wrong and concludes that someone is manipulating the events to uncover his secret when Cable discovers his lab, forcing Sugar Man to activate the self-destruct mechanism in his lab. As Cable, Domino, Jenny Ransome, Phillip Moreau, and the brainwashed ex-Magistrate Pipeline try to deactivate the bomb, Sugar Man captures Phillip Moreau. Sugar Man's plans for Phillip remain unknown. With the database destroyed, Sugar Man's existence is kept secret. The clues themselves were passed to Phillip by Mister Sinister, who had long suspected that the Genosha mutate process was based on his own genetic research.
After nearly coming face-to-face with 616's Mr. Sinister in Genosha, Sugar-Man begins working with the Dark Beast to keep their existence secret: Sinister learning that they are the ones who are using his techniques in 616 would work against them. In this vein, they target Bishop, who retains memories from the Age of Apocalypse. After the failed attempt to slay Bishop by using the Dark Beast's operative Fatale, the two refugees part company.<ref>X-Men 2nd series #49</ref>
Return to the Age of Apocalypse
Sugar Man returns to Earth-295's past Earth-295 by utilizing a hyper dimensional device. After succeeding, he quickly resumes experimentation on a super-virus that he hopes to bring back to Earth-616 in order to wipe out humanity. Unfortunately for Sugar Man, Nate Grey follows him and, with the help of Magneto and Forge, thwarts his plot and sends him back to Earth-616.
The Fall of Genosha
Back in 616, Sugar Man and the other refugees from Earth-295 are targeted by the Shi'ar empire, who see Holocaust's embedded shard of the M'Kraan Crystal as sacrilege. When the shard is removed, all refugees are sent back to Earth.
Afterward, Genosha is quickly destroyed by the wild Sentinel, directed by Cassandra Nova. The whereabouts of Sugar Man are unknown until he reappears in Genosha, killing a band of Magistrates who are exploring the island with the Dark Beast. Callisto and Karima Shapandar confront Sugar Man and apparently kill him with a pipe through the head.
Endangered Species
He recovers from Calisto's attack and is one of the villains contacted by Beast when he is trying to reverse the effects of M-Day. Sugar Man declines, saying that Beast can't afford him.
Recent activities
After Dark Reign, Sugar Man leaves his hideout to find the device known as the Omega Machine. He finds the device in an abandoned H.A.M.M.E.R. facility with, to his delight, Nate Grey hooked up to it. He remakes the device to open portals to other realities and begins creating technologically derived mutates as part of his experiments while he tries to reach Earth-295, the Age of Apocalypse. Realizing that the only way Sugar Man will leave him alone is to give him what he wanted, Nate uses all of his strength and willpower to open a portal to 295; before Sugar Man can escape into it, he is forced to return to 616 by Moonstar, where he is taken into custody by Captain Steve Rogers.
Return to the Age of Apocalypse
Sugar Man is released from prison by Dark Beast. They rebuild the dimensional portal technology and return to the Age of Apocalypse, where the two use the energies of the life seed to resurrect a number of fallen mutants to provide Weapon Omega an army.
The Human Resistance later captures Sugar Man and gives him to Penance in exchange for her co-operation. Penance plans to reform Sugar Man and utilize his science in her reformation of society.
Secret Wars
Sugar Man was believed to have stayed on the Age of Apocalypse when the reality was closed from the Multiverse during the X-Termination event, however in the lead-up to the incursion between the Earth-616 Earth and Earth-1610 as seen in the Secret Wars storyline, he had managed to return to Earth-616 before its closure and has been in hiding since then. Believing that the villain has the means to boost his magnetic abilities, Magneto seeks him out. Sugar Man is able to unveil a set of mobile power amplifiers with the intention of selling them to Magneto. Magneto, however, takes the technology violently and impales Sugar Man with numerous metal pipes, leaving him barely alive.
Apocalypse Wars
While investigating the mysterious appearance of 600 new mutant signatures Colossus takes a group of younger mutants to investigate. During the investigation they discover that Sugar Man has created the new mutants and plans on traveling to the future with them where he will raise and control them.
Death
Bishop, a time-traveling X-Man and occasional detective, has received a warning about an unspecified, imminent event that would have catastrophic consequences on the X-Men's timeline which lead him to Sugar Man's lab where the X-Man had a quick confrontation with the frightened villain before getting knocked unconscious. By the time Bishop woke up, Sugar Man was dead with his body split in two.
Powers and abilities
Sugar Man is a mutant who possesses superhuman strength, four arms, hands with razor-sharp claws, a giant mouth full of razor-sharp teeth, and a dense, razor-sharp tongue of indeterminate length that fused with bio-energy able to pierce and damage stone, steel, and even non-solid objects such as gas and liquid. It is unknown if all of his abilities, as well as his bizarre physical appearance, are a natural part of his mutation, or later additions through genetic tampering.
He has an enhanced sense of smell and can use it to detect fear.
He can control his own body size and mass.
Sugar Man also possesses advanced regenerative abilities.
Sugar Man is an expert, at least by modern standards, in sciences including biology and genetics.
Other versions
X-Babies
In the dimension ruled by Mojo, Dazzler encounters childlike versions of the Age of Apocalypse villains, including Sugar Man. These entities seem to be created by Mojo himself, though he has lost control of them.
In other media
Video games
Sugar Man appears in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by James Arnold Taylor. Sugar Man is a boss that appears as the supervisor of the Core. Sugar Man reveals that he is the same Sugar Man from the Age of Apocalypse although this claim can be debated and expresses admiration for how Apocalypse manages to conquer the world and run it effectively no matter what timeline he is in. He also compliments Apocalypse as a good boss. It is unexplained how Sugar Man managed to reach this timeline from the Age of Apocalypse.
Sugar Man appears as a boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance'', Season 2, Mission 1.
References
External links
Sugar Man at Uncannyxmen.net
Category:Characters created by Scott Lobdell
Category:Characters created by Chris Bachalo
Category:Comics characters introduced in 1995
Category:Fictional geneticists
Category:Genoshans
Category:Male characters in comics
Category:Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Category:Marvel Comics supervillains
Category:Fictional rapists
Category:Marvel Comics mutants
Category:X-Men supporting characters |
Tony Kellow 1 May 1952 20 February 2011 was an English professional footballer. He played as a forward and made over 400 Football League appearances in the 1970s and 1980s.
Early career
He was born in Budock Water, a village near Falmouth, and on leaving school he found employment in Falmouth Docks as an electrician, later turning out for the Falmouth Docks football side. At the age of seventeen he played in the South Western Football League for Penzance, helping them win the Cornwall Senior Cup in 1973. He then moved to his home-town side Falmouth Town, before moving back to play for Penzance in 1974/75, winning a South Western League championship medal. In 1975, he returned to Falmouth Town.
Football League
A centre-forward, his professional career began when he signed for Exeter City from Falmouth Town in 1976, for a fee of £12,000. Tony won the Football League's Golden Boot in 1980/81 for being the highest goal scorer in all four divisions. He was sold to Blackpool, in November 1978, for £125,000, which was Blackpool's record outlay at the time.
He returned to Exeter for a second spell, and joined Plymouth Argyle in 1983. After 13 appearances with Plymouth he moved to Swansea City in March 1984.
He then moved to Newport County, before a return for a third spell with Exeter.
Death
Kellow died on 20 February 2011, in Truro's Treliske Hospital of kidney failure after being found unconscious at his Budock Water home. He was 58 years old. His funeral service was held at St Budock Parish Church on 28 February 2011, and his body was then cremated at Truro's Penmount Crematorium. A memorial stone in honour of Kellow stands close to the Trelowarren Arms pub in Budock Water.
References
Category:1952 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:People from Falmouth, Cornwall
Category:Footballers from Cornwall
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Penzance A.F.C. players
Category:Falmouth Town A.F.C. players
Category:Exeter City F.C. players
Category:Blackpool F.C. players
Category:Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Category:Swansea City A.F.C. players
Category:Newport County A.F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Exeter City F.C. non-playing staff |
Urvesh Patel born 21 January 1988 is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Vidarbha in the 201213 Ranji Trophy on 24 November 2012.
References
External links
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian cricketers
Category:Vidarbha cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Maharashtra |
The pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom directly employs around 73,000 people and in 2007 contributed £8.4 billion to the UK's GDP and invested a total of £3.9 billion in research and development. In 2007 exports of pharmaceutical products from the UK totalled £14.6 billion, creating a trade surplus in pharmaceutical products of £4.3 billion.
UK Pharmaceutical employment of 73,000 in 2017
compares to 114,000 as of 2015 in Germany, 92,000 as of 2014 in France and 723,000 in the European Union as a whole. In the United States 281,440 people work in pharmaceutical industry as of 2016.
The UK is home to GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, respectively the world's fifth- and sixth-largest pharmaceutical companies measured by 2009 market share. Foreign companies with a major presence in the UK pharmaceutical industry include Pfizer, Novartis, HoffmannLa Roche and Eisai. One in five of the world's biggest-selling prescription drugs were developed in the UK.
History
19th century
In 1842 Thomas Beecham established the Beecham's Pills laxative business, which would later become the Beecham Group. By 1851 UK-based patent medicine companies had combined domestic revenues of around £250,000. Beecham opened Britain's first modern drugs factory in St Helens in 1859. Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs formed a partnership in September 1880, and established an office in Snow Hill in Central London. The London Wholesale Drug and Chemical Protection Society was formed in 1867, which became the Drug Club in 1891, the forerunner of the present-day Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. In 1883 Burroughs Wellcome & Co. opened their first factory, at Bell Lane Wharf in Wandsworth, utilising compressed medicine tablet-making machinery acquired from Wyeth of the United States. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. established its first overseas branch in Sydney in 1898.
20th century
The Glaxo department of Joseph Nathan and Co was established in London in 1908. Glaxo Laboratories Ltd absorbed Joseph Nathan and Co in 1947 and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in the same year. In order to satisfy regulations then in place in the UK on the importation of medicines, Pfizer established a compounding operation in Folkestone, Kent in Autumn 1952. Pfizer acquired an 80-acre site on the outskirts of Sandwich in 1954 to enable the expansion of its Kent-based activities. Glaxo acquired Allen and Hanburys Ltd. in 1958. In 1981 the bacterial infection treatment Augmentin amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium was launched by Beecham; the anti-ulcer treatment Zantac ranitidine was launched by Glaxo; and the antiviral herpes treatment Zovirax aciclovir was launched by Wellcome.
In 1991 SmithKline Beecham launched Seroxat/Paxil paroxetine hydrochloride. In June 1993 Imperial Chemical Industries demerged its pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals businesses, forming Zeneca Group plc. In 1995 Glaxo opened a major research and development facility in Stevenage, constructed at a cost of £700 million. In March 1995 the £9 billion acquisition of Wellcome by Glaxo was completed, forming Glaxo Wellcome, in what was the largest merger in UK corporate history to date. BASF completed the acquisition of the pharmaceutical division of The Boots Company in April 1995. In 1997 SmithKline Beecham opened a major new research centre at New Frontiers Science Park in Harlow, Essex. In 1999 Zeneca Group plc and Sweden-based Astra AB merged to form AstraZeneca plc. Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge in January 2000, with the merger completing in December of that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline plc.
21st century
In February 2001 the Novartis Respiratory Research Centre, the largest single-site respiratory research centre in the world, opened in Horsham. In May 2006 AstraZeneca agreed to buy Cambridge Antibody Technology, then the largest UK-based biotechnology company, for £702 million. In April 2007 AstraZeneca agreed to acquire the U.S.-based biotechnology company MedImmune for $15.6 billion. In April 2009 GlaxoSmithKline agreed to acquire Stiefel Laboratories, then the world's largest independent dermatology company, for US$3.6 billion. In June 2009 Eisai opened a major new research and development and manufacturing facility in Hatfield, constructed at a cost of over £100 million. In November 2009 GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer combined their respective AIDS divisions into one London-based company, ViiV Healthcare. On 1 February 2011 Pfizer announced that it would be closing its entire research and development facility at Sandwich, Kent within 1824 months with the loss of 2,400 jobs, as part of a company-wide plan to reduce its spending on research and development.
In March 2013 AstraZeneca announced plans for a major corporate restructuring, including the closure of its research and development activities at Alderley Park, investment of $500 million in the construction of a new research and development facility in Cambridge, and the move of its corporate headquarters from London to Cambridge in 2016.
The amount of funding received by UK life science companies reached a 10-year high in 2014.
Research and development
In 2007 the UK had the third-highest share of global pharmaceutical Research and development R&D expenditure of any nation, with 9 of the total, behind the United States 49 and Japan 15. The UK has the largest pharmaceutical R&D expenditure of any European nation, accounting for 23 of the total; followed by France 20, Germany 19, and Switzerland 11.
Notes:
a Italicised company name: ultimate parent is not UK-based
b Where parent company is UK-based: worldwide R&D spending; other companies: R&D spending in UK only
Regulation
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency MHRA is the UK government agency which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work and are acceptably safe.
Global Justice Now and Stop AIDS Campaign published a report claiming patients could not always afford drugs where the public sector had partly funded research to develop those drugs. The report claims, In many cases, the UK taxpayer effectively pays twice for medicines: first through investing in R&D, and then by paying high prices for the resulting medicine once ownership has been transferred to a private company. Richard Sullivan of Kings College, London, said some drug companies price their drugs correctly but others vastly overprice their drugs. There are calls for government action to discourage overpricing.
See also
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
Bad Pharma 2012 by Ben Goldacre
List of pharmaceutical manufacturers in the United Kingdom
List of pharmacy organizations in the United Kingdom
References
Further reading
A. Duckworth, 'Rise of the pharmaceutical industry', Chemist and Druggist, 172, 1959, pp 12739
C. A. Hill, 'The changing foundations of pharmaceutical manufacturing', Pharmaceutical Journal, 134, 1935, pp 5335
J. Liebenau, 'The rise of the British pharmaceutical industry', British Medical Journal, 301, 1990, pp 72433
C. J. Thomas, 'The pharmaceutical industry', in D. Burn ed The Structure of British Industry - Volume II Cambridge University Press, 1958, pp 33175
External links
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
The UK BioIndustry Association |
The Martin city gate is one of three still existing city gates of the German city of Cochem.
History
The Martin city gate was built in 1352 according to an order of elector Baldwin of Luxembourg, the archbishop of Trier. It was built as a toll house. A chain, connecting the city gate with the opposite border of the river Mosel could stop ships trying to escape their duty of paying taxes.
Later on a new owner, Louis Ravené, created a storing room for ice in the small tower of the city gate.
External links
Information about the Martin city gate as well as a webcam
Category:Buildings and structures in Cochem-Zell
Category:Gates in Germany
Category:Fortifications in Germany
Category:City walls in Germany |
Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan English: God Lengthen the Sultan's Age is the state anthem of Perak, Malaysia.
The tune was originally that of a popular song in Seychelles during the 19th century, originally written by French Pierre Jean de Beranger. It was adopted as the Perak Royal Anthem by Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, who was exiled on Seychelles for abetting murder.
In 1957, the national anthem of Malaysia, Negaraku was set to the melody of Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan.
Lyrics
External links
Perak State Anthem From the Official Webpage of the Office of the Sultan of Perak
Category:Perak
Category:Anthems of Malaysia |
The 1980 Centennial Cup is the tenth Tier II Junior A 1980 ice hockey National Championship for the Canadian Junior A Hockey League.
The Centennial Cup was competed for by the winners of the Abbott Cup, Dudley Hewitt Cup, and the Callaghan Cup.
The tournament was hosted by the North York Rangers in the city of North York, Ontario.
The Playoffs
Round Robin
Note: x - denotes team advanced to the final.
Results
Sherwood-Parkdale Metros defeated North York Rangers 7-6 2OT
North York Rangers defeated Red Deer Rustlers 2-0
Red Deer Rustlers defeated Sherwood-Parkdale Metros 6-0
North York Rangers defeated Sherwood-Parkdale Metros 4-3
Red Deer Rustlers defeated North York Rangers 5-4 2OT
Red Deer Rustlers defeated Sherwood-Parkdale Metros 7-6 2OT
Note: OT - denotes overtime
Finals
Awards
Most Valuable Player: Brent Sutter Red Deer Rustlers
Top Scorer: Bill Colville North York Rangers
Most Sportsmanlike Player: Doug Rigler Red Deer Rustlers
All-Star Team
Forward
Bill Colville North York Rangers
Doug Rigler Red Deer Rustlers
Paul Bernard Sherwood-Parkdale Metros
Defence
Jim File North York Rangers
Jeff Woollacott North York Rangers
Goal
Brian Ford Red Deer Rustlers
Roll of League Champions
AJHL: Red Deer Rustlers
BCJHL: Penticton Knights
CJHL: Hawkesbury Hawks
IJHL: Sherwood-Parkdale Metros
MJHL: Selkirk Steelers
MVJHL: Cole Harbour Colts
NBJHL:
NOJHL: Onaping Falls Huskies
OPJHL: North York Rangers
QJAHL:
SJHL: Prince Albert Raiders
Related links
Canadian Junior A Hockey League
Royal Bank Cup
Anavet Cup
Doyle Cup
Dudley Hewitt Cup
Fred Page Cup
Abbott Cup
Mowat Cup
External links
Royal Bank Cup Website
1990
Cup |
The Battle of Dysert O'Dea took place on 10 May 1318 at Dysert O'Dea near Corofin, Ireland. It was part of the Bruce campaign in Ireland. The Norman Richard de Clare attacked the Gaelic Irish chieftain Conchobhar Ó Deághaidh, chief of the Cineal Fearmaic and ally of Muircheartach Ó Briain, but he was defeated.
Precursors to War
The Bruce invasion of Ireland enabled the outbreak of a number of small wars that had little, if anything, pertaining to the Scots. Perhaps the most notable was the battle at Dysert O'Dea which erupted in Brian Boru's old Kingdom of Thomond in 1318.
Two factions of the O'Brien clan had been fighting for generations for supremacy in Thomond. Murtough O'Brien, the descendant of Thurlough O'Brien was the rightful King of Thomond. A challenger appeared in the form of Mahon O'Brien, allied with the opposing faction of the family, which paid its homage to Brian O'Brien. This side of the family was allied with the powerful Anglo-Norman Richard de Clare, a relative of Strongbow. De Clare ruled over much of western Ireland from his castle at Bunratty, yet the English respected Thomond as a sovereign state and remained outside its borders. However, de Clare's alliance with Mahon O'Brien provided an excuse to invade Thomond. His pale Englishmen would meet in a pitched battle against Murtough's Irish in the Battle of Dysert O'Dea..
During this time, Donnchadh, an ally of de Clare, was overwhelmingly defeated in the Battle of Lough Raska near Corcomruadh Abbey.
Order of battle
When news arrived of his allies' defeat at Corcomruadh, Richard de Clare decided to attack the Gaelic stronghold at Dysert O'Dea. His troops arrived at Ruan on the morning of 10 May 1318, and were divided into three columns. The first division was headed by de Clare's son and marched northwards to Tullach O'Dea in an effort to cut off any help which might arrive from O'Connor of Ennistymon. The second column travelled southwards towards Magowna to quell any support from that direction. The third division was commanded by de Clare himself and marched westwards towards Dysert O'Dea, the home of Conor O'Dea. O'Dea intentionally made his forces look few in number, for some time fighting in retreat, and when de Clare charged for an attack the Anglo-Normans were ambushed. Richard de Clare was felled by an axe and his son was killed by a Feilim O'Connor. The O'Deas were reinforced by the O'Connors who were followed by the O'Briens, O'Hehir and MacNamaras and the English were soon defeated. Following their victory, the Irish marched back to the de Clare settlement, only to find that de Clare's wife had set it aflame, including Bunratty Castle, and had returned to England.
Over eighty Englishmen of noble birth and many foot soldiers were killed in the battle. The Kingdom of Thomond remained beyond foreign control for over two hundred years, until 1570.
See also
O'Dea Castle
O'Dea Clan
Seán mac Ruaidhrí Mac Craith fl. 14th-century, author of Caithréim Thoirdhealbhaigh.
References
External links
Battle of Dysert O'Dea at Clare County Library
The Triumphs of Turlough Caithréim Thoirdhealbhaigh, by Seán mac Ruaidhrí Mac Craith. Account of the Battle of Dysert O'Dea and battles leading up to it.
Resources
O'Dea: Ua Deághaidh: The Story of a Rebel Clan, by Risteárd Ua Cróinín Richard Cronin, Ballinakella Press, Whitegate, Co. Clare, Ireland, 1992. .
Irish Battles A Military History of Ireland, by G.A. Hayes-McCoy, Appletree Press, 1990,
Secret Sights Years of the Sword RTÉ television programme transmitted 2006. Richard Cronin recounts the local understanding that a Conor Howard helped to plan and execute the ambush of De Clare and his army at Macken Bridge, Corofin ref. O'Hivar in the Triumphs of Turlough.
Category:Military history of Ireland
Category:Conflicts in 1318
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Éire Óg is a Gaelic football and hurling club based in Ovens, County Cork, Ireland. The club is affiliated with Cork GAA county board and the Muskerry divisional board.
History
Éire Óg Hurling and Football club Cumann Iománaíochta agus Peile Éire Óg is located in the parish of Ovens/Farran approximately 10 miles west of Cork city, just off the main Cork-Killarney road.
Gaelic Games were played in the parish of Ovens and Farran dating back to the period immediately after the foundation of the G.A.A. in 1884. Éire Óg's predecessor, Bride Valley, named after the River Bride which flows through the parish, affiliated in 1890, fielding teams in both hurling and football.
Following the establishment of the Divisional Boards in the mid-1920s, Bride Valley won the first two Muskerry Junior Hurling Championship in 1925 & 1926 before the Éire Óg club was formed, with players from Cloughduv and two from Knockavilla joining forces with the Ovens and Farran based contingent in 1928.
The newly formed Éire Óg team entered the senior ranks in their inaugural campaign, winning the 1928 Senior Hurling Championship defeating Mallow in the final on a scoreline of 52 to 32.
Early successes in hurling were followed by a fallow period during the late 1930s and 1940s, when the club went into decline. Thanks to the efforts of men such as the late John Lyons, John Crean, Tom Murphy, Tim Lane, Jimmy OBrien, Nicholas Irwin, Teddy OLeary, Denny OSullivan and the Rev. Fr. Seán Murphy, Éire Óg survived the barren spell and began the journey to regain its former glories.
Underage success in 1953 sparked a revival of fortunes with a nucleus of players going on to win three divisional junior hurling titles in a row from 1960 to 1962, eventually winning the county outright in the latter year. Éire Óg won the Liam Breathnach Cup in 1964 before being re-graded to the junior ranks in 1969 where they won the Muskerry Junior Hurling title in 1971 and 1972.
Hurling dominated the landscape but Éire Óg did manage to chalk-up their first Muskerry Junior Football Championship in 1976.
In 1977, Éire Óg won the Junior Hurling County Championship and returned to the Intermediate grade and it didn't take long for them to make an impression, winning the County Championship within two seasons in 1979 before going on to compete at senior level for the following three years.
In 1985 Éire Óg won their second Intermediate Hurling County title defeating Blackrock by 014 to 27. This would mark the end of a great era in the club's fortunes.
There was little in the way of adult success from the late 1980s to the early 2000s but this period did see a number of significant underage successes. Éire Óg secured Minor B and A Hurling County titles in 1988 and 1993.
Underage football emerged as a force during this period and significantly in 1998, the Under-14 footballers won the Cork Féile na nGael competition. Many of these players went on to win the club's first Minor A Football County title four years later. In 2006 the minors landed a second county title and these successes provided the platform for Éire Óg's 2008 Junior Football County Championship win when they defeated Ballygarvan in the final.
Éire Óg also won the Premier 2 Minor Hurling County Championship that year an achievement that was matched in 2014, winning the Rebel Óg Minor A Hurling County title.
In October 2014, Éire Óg won their first Intermediate Football Championship, defeating Rockchapel in the final on a scoreline of 014 to 06.
Having played at various sites throughout the parish since its foundation, Éire Óg settled in its current location in Knockanemore. The current pavilion and playing fields were opened in 1987 with later developments seeing the addition of two new playing fields west of Casey's Road and more recently, an all-weather astro-turf pitch, ball alley and new dressing-room facilities. The progress continues to the present day with works in-progress on the development of a floodlit, sand-and soil based pitch.
Inter-County representatives
All Ireland Senior Hurling Medal winners:
Dinny Barry Murphy, Joe ODonovan, Colm Sheehan, Mick Malone.
All Ireland Senior Football Medal winners:
Daniel Goulding, Ciarán Sheehan.
Daniel and Ciaráns achievement of helping Cork to raise Sam Maguire in 2010 will live long in the memory. Both players were instrumental in securing Corks seventh All-Ireland Senior Football Title with Daniel being named Man-of-the-Match.
Founder and first Éire Óg treasurer, Paddy OConnell won an All-Ireland Senior Football medal with Cork in 1911 whilst playing with his then club, Nils. Barry Coffey, winner of two All-Ireland Senior Football medals in 1989 and 1990, representing his home club Bishopstown, also played with Éire Óg towards the end of his playing career.
Other Cork Medal winners:
The first player to play with Cork from Ovens parish was Michael Sheehan of Currahaly, 1890.
Other players to win medals playing with Cork were Billy Desmond who played with Bride Valley and later Éire Óg, John OSullivan, Jack Lucey, Mort Lucey, Jim OCallaghan, Billy Murphy, Sam OCallaghan, Tom Savage, Derry OBrien, Finbarr Sheehan, Mattie Murphy, Denis Desmond, Paddy OBrien, Jamsie OLeary, Denis OBrien, Michael Sheehan, Kevin Hallissey and John Dineen.
History old version
It is now certain that a parish team known as 'Bridevalley' played Inniscarra in the mid-Cork championship at Coachford on Sunday, 19 April 1891 so there is a record of over 110 years of parish hurling. Probably the first parishioner to play for Cork was Willie Fitzgerald. He won a Dr. Croke Cup medal with Cork in 1902 and was the first chairman of the divisional board when it was formed in 1925. Club colours were then blue with red collars and cuffs.
In 1923, the Bridevalley was formed and remained active until 1927. In 1928, Bridevalley and Cloughduv amalgamated to form a senior club called Éire Óg and in that same year they won the Cork Senior Hurling Championship, defeating Mallow in the final at Cork Athletic Grounds before an attendance of 10,000 who paid a total of £332. Mallow had beaten Blackrock and Éire Óg beat St. Finbarr's en route to the final.
In 1936, Cloughduv and Bridevalley disbanded with the latter retaining the name Éire Óg and their club colours were red and blue.
Éire Óg achieved very little success during the 1940s but thanks to men like John Lyons, Tommy Murphy, John Crean, John Brady, Jimmy Brien, etc. the game was kept alive in Ovens.
The 1950s saw a great revival. Éire Óg juveniles won in 1952 and the minors won in 1953, and these wins were the nucleus for future success. Around this time, they changed to the current club colours re and yellow. It is not generally known that the present colours were adopted purely by accident. The old jerseys began to disintegrate and funds were low. Fortunately Denis Desmond Kilcrea had a draper shop in Mallow. Some team in that area had ordered a set of jerseys but were slow to take them. Denis heard of the Éire Óg predicament and sold them the jerseys at half price. They were red and yellow.
The major breakthrough came in 1960 when Éire Óg won the Mid Cork junior hurling title and went on to retain it for the next two years. In 1962 the club won the Cork Junior Hurling Championship by defeating Carrigtwohill at the Athletic grounds by 34 to 24.
Éire Óg team was P O'Shea, T O'Sullivan, E. McCarthy, C. Lynch, C. Sheehan, B. O'Brien, F. Brady, J. O'Driscoll, F. Sheehan, D. O'Leary, D. O' Brien, T. Brady, M. Murphy, P. O'Brien and J McGovern.
The club went into the intermediate grade after that and won the intermediate league in 1963. However, they were beaten by a superb Glen Rovers side in the 1965 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship final. They did win the Liam Breathnach cup in 1964, however.
in 1969 the club moved back to junior ranks and won the Mid Cork title in 1971 and 1972 as well as many minor and underage successes. Another Mid Cork title came to the Ovens area in 1977, and the same year they won the Cork Junior Hurling Championship when they defeated Erin's Own by 28 to 19 at Páirc Uí Chaoimh.
The 1977 county champions from Éire Óg were D. O'Brien, T. Brennan, J. Murphy, L. O' Leary, L. O'Flynn, J. Dineen, J. O'Flynn, D. Desmond, D. O'Flynn, C. Sheehan, M. O'Flynn, C, Malone, D. O'Flynn, M. Malone, J. O'Leary. Sub B. Murphy.
In 1978, Éire Óg won the Muskerry cup in its first year.
Success in the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship soon followed in 1979 when Éire Óg defeated Mallow 711 to 58 in the final in Páirc Uí Chaoimh in front of 8,000 people. Éire Óg team was D. O'Brien, T. Brennan, J. Murphy, L. O'Leary, L. O'Flynn, J. Dineen, J. O'Flynn, J. O'Leary, D. Desmond, M. O'Flynn, V. Twomey, Dan O'Flynn, C. Malone, M. Malone and M. Kelleher. After a lapse of 51 years Éire Óg were back in senior ranks.
In 1980, the senior championship was run on a league basis. Éire Óg played Na Piarsaigh, Nemo Rangers, UCC and Bandon to win this section. Éire Óg faced St. Finbarr's in the quarter final and were beaten on a score of 210 to 111 and according to a Cork Examiner report, Éire Og responded with admiration to the marvellous attempt to sweep St. Finbarr's out of the reckoning and had the city side back-pedalling for lengthy periods, and a semi-final place eluded them only because of a failure to offer an adequate deterrent to the presence of Jimmy Barry-Murphy at full forward. Jimmy scored two vital goals.
In 1981 Éire Og, the only club representing Mid-Cork in senior hurling, won a great first round match against Avondhu, but were later narrowly beaten by Youghal. However, their second string won the B hurling championship. Éire Óg were due to play Ballincollig in the final of the Muskerry Cup, but due to pressure of matches, this game was not played.
1982 saw Éire Óg being beaten by the narrowest of margins by Carrigdhoun in the first round of the championship. However they won the Mid Cork under 12 hurling championship for the first time and also won the Under-16B football championship.
In 1983 Éire Óg decided to seek regrading to Intermediate ranks, but here again could be considered unlucky to have been defeated by Ballinhassig by 1 point in the semi-final of the championship. Neutral observers would have considered that a draw would have been a fairer result. In 1984, Éire Óg lost to Bandon in the first round of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship and also lost to Blarney in the junior championship.
However, in 1985, in true Éire Óg spirit, they came back on top form again winning both the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship by beating Blackrock in a fantastic display of hurling in Riverstown and also the Intermediate League by beating Inniscarra after a replay.
Éire Óg hurlers who have won an All Ireland medal with their county include Jimmy Barry Murphy, Colm Sheehan Senior 1966, Mick Malone Senior 1976, 1977 and the only player to hold four All Ireland U21 hurling medals, Mattie Murphy, Finbarr Sheehan, and Derry O' Brien Intermediate 1966.
Éire Óg has traditionally been mainly associated with hurling but in recent years football has made huge progress in the club.
In 1961, Éire Óg made their first breakthrough in football, winning the Mid-Cork Junior B title. They regained the title again in 1968 when they Blarney in the final which was played in Coachford. In 1972, they beat Ballyvourney in the Junior A semi-final, but lost to Ballincollig in the final on a scoreline of 17 to 23.
In 1973, Éire Óg were defeated by Ballyvourney, who won the junior county title that year. In the same year, Éire Óg won their first junior football league. Interest in football was now serious.
On a wet cold day in 1976, Éire Óg football had its greatest moment when their greater experience was one of the deciding factors in helping them to win their first ever Mid-Cork Junior A title, on a scoreline of 113 to Donoughmore's 21. Team: C. Malone, T. Brennan, J. Murphy, B. Webster, J. O'Flynn, D. Murphy, J. Dineen, .McSweeney, D. O'Brien, D' O'Flynn, S. O'Callaghan, M. Kelleher, J. O'Sullivan, M. Malone, J. O' Leary. Sub D. Desmond for M. Kelleher.
Cloyne put a stop the Éire Óg's county title aspirations defeating them in a game played in the park by 19 to 24.
Hurling seemed to dominate in 1977, but Éire Óg reached the Junior A final in 1983 where Donoughmore gained revenge for their defeat in 1976.
A keen interest in football at underage level developed in Éire Óg in the early '80s. In 1982, '83 and '84 the reached the U21 mid-Cork finals.
In 2008, the club won the Cork Junior Football Championship title. In addition, Daniel Goulding and Ciarán Sheehan became members of the Cork Senior football squad.
Honours
Cork Senior Hurling Championship Winners 1 1928 Runners-up 1931
Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship Winners 2 1979, 1985 Runners-up 1937, 1965, 2013, 2017
Cork Premier Intermediate Football Championship Winners 1 2019
Cork Intermediate Football Championship Winners 1 2014 Runners-up 2012
Cork Junior Hurling Championship Winners 2 1962, 1977
Cork Junior Football Championship Winners 1 2008
Cork Minor A Hurling Championship Winners 2 1993, 2008, 2014
Cork Minor A Football Championship Winners 2 2002, 2006
Cork Under-21 Hurling Championship Runners-up 1973
Mid Cork Junior A Hurling Championship Winners 7 1930, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1971, 1972, 1977 Runners-up 1928, 1932, 1941, 1950, 1958, 1973, 1974
Mid Cork Junior A Football Championship Winners 2 1976, 2008 Runners-up 1972, 1973, 1983
Cork Minor Premier 1 Football Championship Winners 2017
Notable players
Denis Desmond
John Dineen
Mary Geaney
Daniel Goulding
Mick Malone
Ciarán Sheehan
Colm Sheehan Cork Senior All Ireland 1966
Liam Miller Irish soccer international
References
External links
Official Éire Óg Club website
Category:Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in County Cork
Category:Gaelic football clubs in County Cork
Category:Hurling clubs in County Cork |
Lieutenant General Gwendolyn Bingham born 1959 is an officer in the United States Army and is the current Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management. Bingham previously served as the Commander of the TACOM Life Cycle Management Command LCMC headquartered at the Detroit Arsenal in Warren, Michigan and as the Commanding General, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. She was the 51st Quartermaster General of the United States Army and Commandant of the U.S. Army Quartermaster School at Fort Lee, Virginia - the first female officer to hold these positions.
In March 2020, Lieutenant General Gwendolyn Bingham was elected to the Owens & Minor, Inc. Board of Directors.
Military education
Gwen Bingham is a native of Troy, Alabama. She graduated from the University of Alabama with a Bachelor of Science degree in general business management. She was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Quartermaster Corps as a distinguished military graduate of Army ROTC. She has a Master of Science in Administration from Central Michigan University and a Master of Science in national security strategy and resources from the National Defense University.
Her military schooling includes the Quartermaster Officer Basic and Advanced Courses; the Personnel Management Course; Combined Arms and Services Staff School; Commissary Management Course; Army Command and General Staff College; the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and the Army Inspector General Course.
Military career
Bingham has served in a myriad of staff and leadership positions throughout her career to include: Platoon Leader and Executive Officer, HQ&A Company, 9th Supply and Transport Battalion, 9th DISCOM, Fort Lewis, Washington; Battalion S1, 2d Forward Support Battalion, 9th DISCOM, Fort Lewis, Washington; Field Services Officer, 1st COSCOM, Fort Bragg, North Carolina; Group S1/Adjutant, 507th Transportation Group, 1st COSCOM, Fort Bragg, North Carolina; OIC, Commissary Central Distribution Center, Defense Commissary Agency DeCA, Manheim, Germany; Chief, Aviation Supply Branch, 4th Corps Materiel Management Center, Fort Hood, Texas; Battalion S3 and Battalion Executive Officer, 4th Corps Materiel Management Center, Fort Hood, Texas; Chief, Plans Division, ACofS, Materiel, 13th COSCOM, Fort Hood, Texas.
Chief, G3 Plans Division, 13th COSCOM; Deputy Commander, 64th Corps Support Group, 13th COSCOM, Fort Hood, Texas; Executive Officer, ACofS, J1, USFK, Yongsan, Korea; Commander, 266th Quartermaster Battalion, 23d Quartermaster Brigade, Fort Lee, Virginia; Chief, Support Services Office and Deputy Inspector General, Joint Staff, The Pentagon; Commander, United States Army Garrison, Fort Lee, Virginia and Chief of Staff, United States Army Combined Arms Support Command and Sustainment Center of Excellence, Fort Lee, Virginia; Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom as Special Assistant to the Commanding General, 1st Theater Sustainment Command, Camp Arifjan, Kuwait; Kabul, Afghanistan and Kandahar, Afghanistan; Commander, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico.
Gwen Bingham was nominated for promotion to Brigadier General on August 27, 2010 and received that rank on April 22, 2011. The President sent her nomination for promotion to Major General to Congress on March 20, 2013.
On June 25, 2014, Gwen Bingham became the first female commander of the United States Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command TACOM LCMC.
Bingham plans to retire in summer, 2019.
Awards and decorations
Women in Defense Michigan 2014 Excellence in Leadership Award Nominee
Awarded the Distinguished Order of Saint Martin in 2002.
References
Category:1959 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Troy, Alabama
Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Category:Quartermasters General of the United States Army
Category:University of Alabama alumni
Category:Central Michigan University alumni
Category:Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Category:Female generals of the United States Army
Category:African-American female military personnel |
Sawfishes, also known as carpenter sharks, are a family of rays characterized by a long, narrow, flattened rostrum, or nose extension, lined with sharp transverse teeth, arranged in a way that resembles a saw. They are among the largest fish with some species reaching lengths of about . They are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions in coastal marine and brackish estuarine waters, as well as freshwater rivers and lakes.
They should not be confused with sawsharks order Pristiophoriformes or the extinct sclerorhynchids order Sclerorhynchiformes which have a similar appearance, or swordfish family Xiphiidae which have a similar name but a very different appearance.
Sawfishes are relatively slow breeders and the females give birth to live young. They feed on fish and invertebrates that are detected and captured with the use of their saw. They are generally harmless to humans, but can inflict serious injuries with the saw when captured and defending themselves.
Sawfish have been known and hunted for thousands of years, and play an important mythological and spiritual role in many societies around world.
Once common, sawfish have experienced a drastic decline in recent decades, and the only remaining strongholds are in Northern Australia and Florida, United States. The five species are rated as Endangered or Critically Endangered by the IUCN. They are hunted for their fins shark fin soup, use of parts as traditional medicine, their teeth and saw. They also face habitat loss. Sawfish have been listed by CITES since 2007, restricting international trade in them and their parts. They are protected in Australia, the United States and several other countries, meaning that sawfish caught by accident have to be released and violations can be punished with hefty fines.
Taxonomy and etymology
The scientific names of the sawfish family Pristidae and its type genus Pristis are derived from the .
Despite their appearance, sawfish are rays superorder Batoidea. The sawfish family has traditionally been considered the sole living member of the order Pristiformes, but recent authorities have generally subsumed it into Rhinopristiformes, an order that now includes the sawfish family, as well as families containing guitarfish, wedgefish, banjo rays and the like. Sawfish quite resemble guitarfish, except that the latter group lacks a saw, and their common ancestor likely was similar to guitarfish.
Living species
The species level taxonomy in the sawfish family has historically caused considerable confusion and was often described as chaotic. Only in 2013 was it firmly established that there are five living species in two genera.
Anoxypristis contains a single living species that historically was included in Pristis, but the two genera are morphologically and genetically highly distinct. Today Pristis contains four living, valid species divided into two species groups. Three species are in the smalltooth group, and there is only a single in the largetooth group. Three poorly defined species were formerly recognized in the largetooth group, but in 2013 it was shown that P. pristis, P. microdon and P. perotteti do not differ in morphology or genetics. As a consequence, recent authorities treat P. microdon and P. perotteti as junior synonyms of P. pristis.
Extinct fossil species
In addition to the living sawfish, there are several extinct species that only are known from fossil remains. The oldest known is the monotypic genus Peyeria where the remains are about 100 million years old from the Cenomanian age Late Cretaceous, though it may represent a rhinid rather than a sawfish. Indisputable sawfish genera emerged in the Cenozoic age about 60 million years ago, relatively soon after the CretaceousPaleogene mass extinction. Among these are Propristis, a monotypic genus only known from fossil remains, as well as several extinct Pristis species and several extinct Anoxypristis species both of these genera are also represented by living species. Historically, palaeontologists have not separated Anoxypristis from Pristis. In contrast, several additional extinct genera are occasionally listed, including Dalpiazia, Onchopristis, Oxypristis, and Mesopristis, but recent authorities generally include the first two in the family Sclerorhynchidae and the last two are synonyms of Anoxypristis. Fossils of sawfish have been found around the world in all continents.
The extinct family Sclerorhynchidae resemble sawfish. They are known only from Cretaceous fossils, and usually reached lengths only of approximately . Some have suggested that sawfish and sclerorhynchids form a clade, the Pristiorajea, while others believe the groups are not particularly close, making the proposed clade polyphyletic.
Appearance and anatomy
Sawfish are dull brownish, greyish, greenish or yellowish above, but the shade varies and dark individuals can be almost black. The underside is pale, and typically whitish.
Saw
The most distinctive feature of sawfish is their saw-like rostrum with a row of whitish teeth rostral teeth on either side of it. The rostrum is an extension of the chondrocranium skull, made of cartilage and covered in skin. The rostrum length is typically about one-quarter to one-third of the total length of the fish, but it varies depending on species, and sometimes with age and sex. The rostral teeth are not teeth in the traditional sense, but heavily modified dermal denticles. The rostral teeth grow in size throughout the life of the sawfish and a tooth is not replaced if it is lost. In Pristis sawfish the teeth are found along the entire length of the rostrum, but in adult Anoxypristis there are no teeth on the basal one-quarter of the rostrum about one-sixth in juvenile Anoxypristis. The number of teeth varies depending on the species and can range from 14 to 37 on each side of the rostrum. It is common for a sawfish to have slightly different tooth counts on each side of its rostrum difference typically does not surpass three. In some species, females on average have fewer teeth than males. Each tooth is peg-like in Pristis sawfish, and flattened and broadly triangular in Anoxypristis. A combination of features, including fins and rostrum, are typically used to separate the species, but it is possible to do it by the rostrum alone.
Head, body and fins
Sawfish have a strong shark-like body, a flat underside and a flat head. Pristis sawfish have a rough sandpaper-like skin texture because of the covering of dermal denticles, but in Anoxypristis the skin is largely smooth. The mouth and nostrils are placed on the underside of the head. There are about 88128 small, blunt-edged teeth in the upper jaw of the mouth and about 84176 in the lower jaw not to be confused with the teeth on the saw. These are arranged in 1012 rows on each jaw, and somewhat resemble a cobblestone road. They have small eyes and behind each is a spiracle, which is used to draw water past the gills. The gill slits, five on each side, are placed on the underside of the body near the base of the pectoral fins. The position of the gill openings separates them from the superficially similar, but generally much smaller up to long sawsharks, where the slits are placed on the side of the neck. Unlike sawfish, sawsharks also have a pair of long barbels on the rostrum saw.
Sawfish have two relatively high and distinct dorsal fins, wing-like pectoral and pelvic fins, and a tail with a distinct upper lobe and a variably sized lower lobe lower lobe relatively large in Anoxypristis; small to absent in Pristis sawfish. The position of the first dorsal fin compared to the pelvic fins varies and is a useful feature for separating some of the species. There are no anal fins.
Like other elasmobranches, sawfish lack a swim bladder instead controlling their buoyancy with a large oil-rich liver, have a skeleton consisting of cartilage, and the males have claspers, a pair of elongated structures used for mating and positioned on the underside at the pelvic fins. The claspers are small and indistinct in young males.
Their small intestines contain an internal partition shaped like a corkscrew, called a spiral valve, which increases the surface area available for food absorption.
Size
Sawfish are large to very large fish, but the maximum size of each species is generally uncertain. The smalltooth sawfish, largetooth sawfish and green sawfish are among the world's largest fish. They can certainly all reach about in total length and there are reports of individuals larger than , but these are often labeled with some uncertainty. Typically reported maximum total lengths of these three are from . Large individuals may weigh as much as , or possibly even more. Old unconfirmed and highly questionable reports of much larger individuals do exist, including one that reputedly had a length of , another that had a weight of , and a third that was long and weighed .
The two remaining species, the dwarf sawfish and narrow sawfish, are considerably smaller, but are still large fish with a maximum total length of at least and respectively. In the past it was often reported that the dwarf sawfish only reaches about , but this is now known to be incorrect.
Distribution
Range
Sawfish are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters.
Historically they ranged in the East Atlantic from Morocco to South Africa, and in the West Atlantic from New York United States to Uruguay, including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. There are old reports last in the late 1950s or shortly after from the Mediterranean and these have typically been regarded as vagrants, but a review of records strongly suggests that this sea had a breeding population. In the East Pacific they ranged from Mazatlán Mexico to northern Peru. Although the Gulf of California occasionally has been included in their range, the only known Pacific Mexican records of sawfish are from south of its mouth. They were widespread in the western and central Indo-Pacific, ranging from South Africa to the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, east and north to Korea and southern Japan, through Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and Australia. Today sawfish have disappeared from much of their historical range.
Habitat
Sawfish are primarily found in coastal marine and estuarine brackish waters, but they are euryhaline can adapt to various salinities and also found in freshwater. The largetooth sawfish, alternatively called the freshwater sawfish, has the greatest affinity for freshwater. For example, it has been reported as far as up the Amazon River and in Lake Nicaragua, and its young spend the first years of their life in freshwater. In contrast, the smalltooth, green and dwarf sawfish typically avoid pure freshwater, but may occasionally move far up rivers, especially during periods when there is an increased salinity. There are reports of narrow sawfish seen far upriver, but these need confirmation and may involve misidentifications of other species of sawfish.
Sawfish are mostly found in relatively shallow waters, typically at depths less than , and occasionally less than . Young prefer very shallow places and are often found in water only deep. Sawfish can occur offshore, but are rare deeper than . An unidentified sawfish either a largetooth or smalltooth sawfish was captured off Central America at a depth in excess of .
The dwarf and largetooth sawfish are strictly warm-water species that generally live in waters that are and respectively. The green and smalltooth sawfish also occur in colder waters, in the latter down to , as illustrated by their original distributions that ranged further north and south of the strictly warm-water species. Sawfish are bottom-dwellers, but in captivity it has been noted that at least the largetooth and green sawfish readily take food from the water surface. Sawfish are mostly found in places with soft bottoms such as mud or sand, but may also occur over hard rocky bottoms or at coral reefs. They are often found in areas with seagrass or mangrove.
Sawsharks are typically found much deeper, often at depths in excess of , and when shallower mostly in colder subtropical or temperate waters than sawfish.
Behavior
Breeding and life cycle
Relatively little is known about the reproductive habits of the sawfish, but all species are ovoviviparous with the adult females giving birth to live young once a year or every second year. In general, males appear to reach sexual maturity at a slightly younger age and smaller size than females. As far as known, sexual maturity is reached at an age of 712 years in Pristis and 23 years in Anoxypristis. In the smalltooth and green sawfish this equals a total length of , in the largetooth sawfish at , in the dwarf sawfish about , and in the narrow sawfish at . This means that the generation length is about 4.6 years in the narrow sawfish and 14.617.2 years in the remaining species.
Mating involves the male inserting a clasper, organs at the pelvic fins, into the female to fertilize the eggs. As known from many elasmobranchs, the mating appears to be rough, with the sawfish often sustaining lacerations from its partner's saw. However, through genetic testing it has been shown that at least the smalltooth sawfish also can reproduce by parthenogenesis where no male is involved and the offspring are clones of their mother. In Florida, United States, it appears that about 3 of the smalltooth sawfish offspring are the result of parthenogenesis. It is speculated that this may be in response to being unable to find a partner, allowing the females to reproduce anyway.
The pregnancy lasts several months. There are 123 young in each sawfish litter, which are long at birth. In the embryos the rostrum is flexible and it only hardens shortly before birth. To protect the mother the saws of the young have a soft cover, which falls off shortly after birth. The pupping grounds are in coastal and estuarine waters. In most species the young generally stay there for the first part of their lives, occasionally moving upriver when there is an increase in salinity. The exception is the largetooth sawfish where the young move upriver into freshwater where they stay for 35 years, sometimes as much as from the sea. In at least the smalltooth sawfish the young show a degree of site fidelity, generally staying in the same fairly small area in the first part of their lives. In the green and dwarf sawfish there are indications that both sexes remain in the same overall region throughout their lives with little mixing between the subpopulations. In the largetooth sawfish the males appear to move more freely between the subpopulations, while mothers return to the region where they were born to give birth to their own young.
The length of the full lifespan of sawfish is labeled with considerable uncertainty. A green sawfish caught as a juvenile lived for 35 years in captivity, and a smalltooth sawfish lived for more than 42 years in captivity. In the narrow sawfish it has been estimated that the lifespan is about 9 years, and in the Pristis sawfish it has been estimated that it varies from about 30 to more than 50 years depending on the exact species.
Saw and feeding
Sawfish are predators that feed on fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Old stories of sawfish attacking large prey such as whales and dolphins by cutting out pieces of flesh are now considered to be myths and not factual. Humans are also far too large to be considered potential prey.
In captivity they are typically fed ad libitum or in set amounts that per week equal 14 of the total weight of the sawfish, but there are indications that captives grow considerably faster than their wild counterparts.
The rostrum saw plays a significant role in both locating the prey and capturing it, which is unique among jawed fish. The head and rostrum contain thousands of sensory organs, the ampullae of Lorenzini, that allow the sawfish to detect and monitor the movements of other organisms by measuring the electric fields they emit. Electroreception is also known from some other families of fish. In sawfish the sensory organs are packed most densely on the upper- and underside of the rostrum, although with minor differences in their position and numbers depending on exact species. Those on the upperside allow sawfish to create an image of the three-dimensional area above it, even in waters of low visibility. Utilizing their saw as an extended sensing device, sawfish are able to view their entire surroundings by maintaining a position low to the seafloor. It appears that sawfish can detect potential prey items through electroreception from a distance of about . Some waters where sawfish live are very murky, limiting the possibility of hunting by sight.
Exactly how they use their saw after the prey has been located has been debated, and some scholarship on the subject has been based on speculations rather than real observations. In 2012 it was shown that there are three primary techniques, informally called saw in water, saw on substrate and pin. If a prey item such as a fish is located in the open water, the sawfish uses the first method, making a rapid swipe at the prey with its saw to incapacitate it. It is then brought to the seabed and eaten. The saw on substrate is similar, but used on prey at the seabed. The saw is highly streamlined and when swiped it causes very little water movement. The final method involves pinning the prey against the seabed with the underside of the saw, in a manner similar to that seen in guitarfish. The pin is also used to manipulate the position of the prey, allowing fish to be swallowed head-first and thus without engaging any possible fin spines. The spines of catfish, a common prey, have been found imbedded in the rostrum of sawfish. Schools of mullets have been observed trying to escape sawfish. Prey fish are typically swallowed whole and not cut into small pieces with the saw, although on occasion one may be split in half during capture by the slashing motion. Prey choice is therefore limited by the size of the mouth. A sawfish had a catfish in its stomach.
In the past it has been suggested that sawfish use their saw to dig/rake in the bottom for prey, but this was not observed during the study in 2012, or supported by later hydrodynamic studies. Large sawfish often have rostral teeth with tips that are notably worn.
Saw and self-defense
Old stories often describe sawfish as highly dangerous to humans, sinking ships and cutting people in half, but today these are considered myths and not factual. Sawfish are actually docile and harmless to humans, except when captured where they can inflict serious injuries when defending themselves by thrashing the saw from side-to-side. The saw is also used in self-defense against predators such as sharks that potentially may eat sawfish. In captivity they have been seen using their saws during fights over hierarchy or food.
Relationship with humans
In history, culture and mythology
The largetooth sawfish originally Squalus pristis, now Pristis pristis was among the species described by Carl Linnaeus in Systema Naturae in 1758, the starting point of modern zoological nomenclature, but sawfish were already known thousands of years earlier.
Sawfish were occasionally mentioned in antiquity as much as 18002400 years ago, in works such as Pliny's Natural History 7779 AD. Pristis, the scientific name formalised for sawfish by Linnaeus in 1758, was also in use as a name even before his publication. For example, sawfish or priste were included in Libri de piscibus marinis in quibus verae piscium effigies expressae sunt by Guillaume Rondelet in 1554, and pristi were included in De piscibus libri V, et De cetis lib. vnus by Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1613. Outside Europe, sawfish are mentioned in old Persian texts, such as 13th century writings by Zakariya al-Qazwini.
Sawfish have been found among archaeological remains in several parts of the world, including the Persian Gulf region, the Pacific coast of Panama, coastal Brazil and elsewhere.
The cultural significance of sawfish varies significantly. The Aztecs in what is currently Mexico often included depictions of sawfish rostra saws, notably as the striker/sword of the monster Cipactli. Numerous sawfish rostra have been found buried at the Templo Mayor and two locations in coastal Veracruz had Aztec names referring to sawfish. In the same general region, sawfish teeth have been found in Mayan graves. The saw of sawfish is part of the dancing masks of the Huave and Zapotecs in Oaxaca, Mexico. The Kuna people on the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia considers sawfish as rescuers of drowning people and protectors against dangerous sea creatures. Also in Panama sawfish were recognized as containing powerful spirits that could protect humans against supernatural enemies.
In the Bissagos Islands off West Africa dancing dressed as sawfish and other sea creatures is part of men's coming-of-age ceremonies. In Gambia the saws indicate courage; the more on display at a house the more courageous the owner. In Senegal the Lebu people believe the saw can protect their family, house and livestock. In the same general region they are recognized as ancestral spirits with the saw as a magic weapon. The Akan people of Ghana see sawfish as an authority symbol. There are proverbs with sawfish in the African language Duala. In some other parts of coastal Africa, sawfish are considered extremely dangerous and supernatural, but their powers can be used by humans as their saw retains the powers against disease, bad luck and evil. Among most African groups consumption of meat from sawfish is entirely acceptable, but in a few in West Africa the Fula, Serer and Wolof people it is taboo. In the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria, the saws of sawfish known as oki in Ijaw and neighbouring languages are often used in masquerades.
In Asia, sawfish are a powerful symbol in many cultures. Asian shamans use sawfish rostrums for exorcisms and in other ceremonies to repel demons and disease. They are believed to protect houses from ghosts when hung over doorways. Illustrations of sawfish are often found at Buddhist temples in Thailand. In the Sepik region of New Guinea locals admire sawfish, but also see them as punishers that will unleash heavy rainstorms on anyone breaking fishing taboos. Among the Warnindhilyagwa, a group of Indigenous Australians, the ancestral sawfish Yukwurrirrindangwa and rays created the land. The ancestral sawfish carved out the river of Groote Eylandt with their saw. Among European sailors sawfish were often feared as animals that could sink ships by piercing/sawing in the hull with their saw claims now known to be entirely untrue, but there are also stories of them saving people. In one case it was described how a ship almost sank during a storm in Italy in 1573. The sailors prayed and made it safely ashore where they discovered a sawfish that had plugged a hole in the ship with its saw. A sawfish rostrum said to be from this miraculous event is kept at the Sanctuary of Carmine Maggiore in Naples.
Sawfish have been used as symbols in recent history. During World War II, illustrations of sawfish were placed on navy ships, and used as symbols by both American and Nazi German submarines. Sawfish served as the emblem of the German U-96 submarine, known for its portrayal in Das Boot, and was later the symbol of the 9th U-boat Flotilla. The German World War II Battle Badge of Small Combat Units depicted a sawfish.
In cartoons and humorous popular culture, the sawfishparticularly its rostrum nosehas been employed as a sort of living tool. Examples of this can be found in Vicke Viking and Fighting Fantasy volume Demons of the Deep.
A stylized sawfish was chosen by the Central Bank of the West African States to appear on coins and banknotes of the CFA currency. This was due to the mythological value representing fecundity and prosperity. The image takes its form from an Akan and Baoule bronze weight used for exchanges in the commercial trade of gold powder.
In aquariums
Sawfish are popular in public aquariums, but require very large tanks. In a review of 10 North American and European public aquariums that kept sawfish, their tanks were all very large and ranged from about . Individuals in public aquariums often function as ambassadors for sawfish and their conservation plight. In captivity they are quite robust, appear to grow faster than their wild counterparts perhaps due to consistent access to food and individuals have lived for decades, but breeding them has proven difficult. In 2012, four smalltooth sawfish pups were born at Atlantis Paradise Island in the Bahamas and this remains the only time a member of this family has been successfully bred in captivity unsuccessful breeding attempts had happened earlier at the same facility, including a miscarriage in 2003. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this success may be the first step in a captive breeding program for the threatened sawfish. It is speculated that seasonal variations in water temperature, salinity and photoperiod are necessary to encourage breeding. Artificial insemination, as already has been done in a few captive sharks, is also being considered. Tracking studies indicate that if sawfish are released to the wild after spending a period in captivity for example, if they outgrow their exhibit, they rapidly adopt a movement pattern similar to that of fully wild sawfish.
Among the five sawfish species, only the four Pristis species are known to be kept in public aquariums. The most common is the largetooth sawfish with studbooks including 16 individuals in North America in 2014, 5 individuals in Europe in 2013 and 13 individuals in Australia in 2017, followed by the green sawfish with 13 individuals in North America and 6 in Europe. Both these species are also kept at public aquariums in Asia and the only captive dwarf sawfish are in Japan. In 2014, studbooks included 12 smalltooth sawfish in North America, and the only kept elsewhere are at a public aquarium in Colombia.
Decline and conservation
Sawfish were once common, locally even abundant, but they have declined drastically and are now possibly the most threatened group of marine fish.
Fishing for various uses
Sawfish and their parts have been used for numerous things. In approximate order of impact, the four most serious threats today are use in shark fin soup, as traditional medicine, rostral teeth for cockfighting spurs and the saw as a novelty item. Despite being rays rather than sharks, sawfish have some of most prized fins for use in shark fin soup, on level with tiger, mako, blue, porbeagle, thresher, hammerhead, blacktip, sandbar and bull shark. As traditional medicine especially Chinese medicine, but also known from Mexico, Brazil, Kenya, Eritrea, Yemen, Iran, India and Bangladesh sawfish parts, oil or powder have been claimed to work against respiratory ailments, eye problems, rheumatism, pain, inflammation, scabies, skin ulcers, diarrhea and stomach problems, but there is no evidence supporting any of these uses. The saws are used in ceremonies and as curiosities. Until relatively recently many saws were sold to visiting tourists, or through antique stores or shell shops, but they are now mostly sold online, often illegally. In 2007 it was estimated that the fins and saw from a single sawfish potentially could earn a fisher more than US$5,000 in Kenya and in 2014 a single rostral tooth sold as cockfighting spurs in Peru or Ecuador had a value of up to US$220. Secondary uses are the meat for consumption and the skin for leather. Historically the saws were used as weapons large saws and combs small saws. Oil from the liver was prized for use in boat repairs and street lights, and as recent as the 1920s in Florida it was regarded as the best fish oil for consumption.
Sawfish fishing goes back several thousand years, but until relatively recently it typically involved traditional low-intensity methods such as simple hook-and-line or spearing. In most regions the major population decline in sawfish started in the 1960s1980s. This coincided with a major growth in demand of fins for shark fin soup, the expansion of the international shark finning fishing fleet, and a proliferation of modern nylon fishing nets. The exception is the dwarf sawfish which was relatively widespread in the Indo-Pacific, but by the early 1900s it had already disappeared from most of its range, only surviving for certain in Australia there is a single recent possible record from the Arabian region. The saw has been described as sawfish's Achilles' heel, as it easily becomes entangled in fishing nets. Sawfish can also be difficult or dangerous to release from nets, meaning that some fishers will kill them even before bringing them aboard the boat, or cut off the saw to keep it/release the fish. Because it is their main hunting device, the long-term survival of saw-less sawfish is highly questionable. In Australia where sawfish have to be released if caught, the narrow sawfish has the highest mortality rate, but it is still almost 50 for dwarf sawfish caught in gill nets. In an attempt of lowering this, a guide to sawfish release has been published.
Habitat destruction and vulnerability to predators
Although fishing is the main cause of the drastic decline in sawfish, another serious problem is habitat destruction. Coastal and estuarine habitats, including mangrove and seagrass meadows, are often degraded by human developments and pollution, and these are important habitats for sawfish, especially their young. In a study of juvenile sawfish in Western Australia's Fitzroy River about 60 had bite marks from bull sharks or crocodiles. Changes to river flows, such as by dams or droughts, can increase the risk faced by sawfish young by bringing them into more contact with predators.
21st century status
The combined range of the five sawfish species encompassed 90 countries, but today they have certainly disappeared entirely from 20 of these and possibly disappeared from several others. Many more have lost at least one of their species, leaving only one or two remaining.
Australia
The only remaining stronghold of the four species in the Indo-Pacific region narrow, dwarf, largetooth and green sawfish is in Northern Australia, but they have also experienced a declined there. Pristis sawfish are protected in Australia and only Indigenous Australians can legally catch them. Violations can result in a fine of up to AU$121,900. The narrow sawfish does not receive the same level of protection as the Pristis sawfish. Under CITES regulations, Australia was the only country that could export wild-caught sawfish for the aquarium trade from 2007 to 2013 no country afterwards. This strictly involved the largetooth sawfish where the Australian population remains relatively robust, and only living individuals to appropriate and acceptable aquaria for primarily conservation purposes. Numbers traded were very low eight between 2007 and 2011, and following a review Australia did not export any after 2011.
Largetooth sawfish have been monitored in Fitzroy River, Western Australia, a primary stronghold for the species, since 2000. In December 2018, the largest recorded mass fish death in the river occurred when more than 40 sawfish died, mainly because of heat and a severe lack of rainfall during a poor wet season. A 14-day research expedition in Far North Queensland in October 2019 did not spot a single sawfish. Expert Dr Peter Kyne of Charles Darwin University said that habitat change in the south and gillnet fishing in the north had contributed to the decline in numbers, but now that fishers had started working with the conservationists, dams and water diversions to the river flows had become a bigger problem in the north. Also, impact of successful saltwater crocodile conservation is a negative one on sawfish populations. However, there were still good populations in the Adelaide River and Daly River in the Northern Territory, and the Fitzroy River in the Kimberley.
A study by Murdoch University researchers and Indigenous rangers, which captured more than 500 sawfish between 2002 and 2018, concluded that the survival of the sawfish could be at risk from dams or major water diversions on the Fitzroy River. It found that the fish are completely reliant on the Kimberley's wet season floods to complete their breeding cycle; in recent drier years, the population has suffered. There has been debate about using water from the river for agriculture and to grow fodder crops for cattle in the region.
Sharks and Rays Australia SARA are conducting a citizen science investigation to understand the sawfish's historical habitats. Citizen can report their sawfish sighting online.
Rest of the world
Except for Australia, sawfish have been extirpated or only survive in very low numbers in the Indo-Pacific region. For example, among the four species only two narrow and largetooth sawfish certainly survive in South Asia, and only two narrow and green sawfish certainly survive in Southeast Asia.
The status of the two species of the Atlantic region, the smalltooth and largetooth sawfish, is comparable to the Indo-Pacific. For example, sawfish have been entirely extirpated from most of the Atlantic coast of Africa only survives for certain in Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone, as well as South Africa. The only relatively large remaining population of the largetooth sawfish in the Atlantic region is at the Amazon estuary in Brazil, but there are smaller in Central America and West Africa, and this species is also found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The smalltooth sawfish is only found in the Atlantic region and it is possibly the most threatened of all the species, as it had the smallest original range range and has experienced the greatest contraction disappeared from c. 81 of its original range. It only survives for certain in six countries, and it is possible that the only remaining viable population is in the United States. In the United States the smalltooth sawfish once occurred from Texas to New York, but its numbers have declined by at least 95 and today it is essentially restricted to Florida. However, the Florida population retains a high genetic diversity, has now stabilised and appears to be slowly increasing. A Recovery Plan for the smalltooth sawfish has been in effect since 2002. It has been strictly protected in the United States since 2003 when it was added to the Endangered Species Act as the first marine fish. This makes it is illegal to harm, harass, hook, or net sawfish in any way, except with a permit or in a permitted fishery. The fine is up to US$10,000 for the first violation alone. If accidentally caught, the sawfish has to be released as carefully as possible and a basic how-to guide has been published. In 2003 an attempt of adding the largetooth sawfish to the Endangered Species Act was denied, in part because this species does not occur in the United States anymore last confirmed US record in 1961. However, it was added in 2011, and all the remaining sawfish species were added in 2014, restricting trade in them and their parts in the United States. In 2020, a Florida fisherman used a power saw to remove a smalltooth sawfishs rostrum and then released the maimed fish; he received a fine, community service and probation.
Since 2007, all sawfish species have been listed on CITES Appendix I, which prohibits international trade in them and their parts. The only exception was the relatively robust Australian population of the largetooth sawfish that was listed on CITES Appendix II, which allowed trade to public aquariums only. Following reviews Australia did not use this option after 2011 and in 2013 it too was moved to Appendix I. In addition to Australia and the United States, sawfish are protected in the European Union, Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Guinea, Senegal and South Africa, but they are likely already functionally extirpated or entirely extirpated from several of these countries. Illegal fishing continues and in many countries enforcement of fishing laws is lacking. Even in Australia where relatively well-protected, people are occasionally caught illegally trying to sell sawfish parts, especially the saw. The saw is distinctive, but it can be difficult to identify flesh or fins as originating from sawfish when cut up for sale at fish markets. This can be resolved with DNA testing. If protected their relatively low reproduction rates make these animals especially slow to recover from overfishing. An example of this is the largetooth sawfish in Lake Nicaragua where once abundant. The population rapidly crashed during the 1970s when tens of thousands were caught. It was protected by the Nicaraguan government in the early 1980s, but remains rare today. Nevertheless, there are indications that at least the smalltooth sawfish population may be able to recover at a faster pace than formerly believed, if well-protected. Uniquely in this family, the narrow sawfish has a relatively fast reproduction rate generation length about 4.6 years, less than one-third the time of the other species, it has experienced the smallest contraction of its range 30 and it is one of only two species considered Endangered rather than Critically Endangered by the IUCN. The other rated as Endangered is the dwarf sawfish, but this primarily reflects that its main decline happened at least 100 years ago and IUCN ratings are based on the time period of the last three generations estimated about 49 years in dwarf sawfish.
There are several research projects aimed at sawfish in Australia and North America, but also a few in other continents. The Florida Museum of Natural History maintains the International Sawfish Encounter Database where people worldwide are encouraged to report any sawfish encounters, whether it was living or a rostrum seen for sale in a shop/online. Its data is used by biologists and conservationists for evaluating the habitat, range and abundance of sawfish around the world. In an attempt of increasing the knowledge of their plight the first Sawfish Day was held on 17 October 2017, and this was repeated on the same date in 2018.
See also
Threatened rays
Notes
References
Further reading
Sawfish Australian Marine Conservation Society
Report your sawfish sighting to Sharks and Rays Australia
External links
Category:Rhinopristiformes
Category:Ovoviviparous fish
Category:Extant Eocene first appearances
Category:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte |
Kellogg House can refer to:
In the United States
listed by state, then city/town
Gen. Martin Kellogg House, Newington, Connecticut, listed on the National Register of Historic Places NRHP in Hartford County
Enos Kellogg House, Norwalk, Connecticut, listed on the NRHP in Fairfield County
Godfrey-Kellogg House, Bangor, Maine, listed on the NRHP in Penobscot County
Elijah Kellogg House, Harpswell, Maine, listed on the NRHP in Cumberland County
Kellogg-Warden House, Ann Arbor, Michigan, listed on the NRHP in Washtenaw County
W. K. Kellogg House, Battle Creek, Michigan, listed on the NRHP in Calhoun County
Frank B. Kellogg House, St. Paul, Minnesota, listed on the NRHP in Ramsey County
J. Francis Kellogg House, Avon, New York, listed on the NRHP in Livingston County
The Kellogg House, Cornwall, New York, listed on the NRHP in Orange County
Kellogg House Cincinnati, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Hamilton County
John Kellogg House and Barn, Madison, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Lake County
White-Kellogg House, Oregon City, Oregon, listed on the NRHP in Clackamas County |
Aphaniotis ornata is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Borneo.
References
Further reading
Das I 2006. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Borneo. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. . Aphaniotis ornata, p. 75.
Lidth de Jeude TW 1893. On Reptiles from North Borneo. Notes from the Leyden Museum 15: 250257. Japalura ornata, new species, p. 251.
Category:Agamidae
Category:Reptiles of Indonesia
Category:Reptiles of Malaysia
Category:Reptiles described in 1893 |
Farshid Esmaeili ; born 23 February 1994 is an Iranian footballer, who plays for Esteghlal in the Persian Gulf Pro League.
Club career
Esmaeili started his career with Badr Hormozgan from youth levels. In summer 2011 he joined Fajr Sepasi U20 and after a good season he was promoted to the first team. He made his debut for Fajr Sepasi in a 61 win against Damash on 15 September 2012.
On 5 July 2015, Esmaeili joined Iranian Pro League club Esteghlal on a three-year contract.
He is regarded as one of the next best midfielders in Iran. He scored his first goal in Esteghlal club against Sepahan with a long distance shot in a 3-0 away win. He scored a goal and assisted one during Esteghlal's 32 win in Tehran derby on 12 February 2017 and was named as best player of the match.
Club career statistics
1 Statistics Incomplete.
Assist Goals
International career
U20
He was part of Iran U20 during 2012 AFC U-19 Championship qualification, 2012 CIS Cup, 2012 AFF U-19 Youth Championship and 2012 AFC U-19 Championship.
U23
He invited to Iran U-23 training camp by Nelo Vingada to preparation for Incheon 2014 and 2016 AFC U-22 Championship Summer Olympic qualification. He named in Iran U23 final list for Incheon 2014.
Honours
Club
Esteghlal
Hazfi Cup 1: 201718
Individual
Persian Gulf Pro League Team of the Year 1 : 201617
References
External links
Farshid Esmaeili at PersianLeague.com
Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:Iranian footballers
Category:Persian Gulf Pro League players
Category:Azadegan League players
Category:Fajr Sepasi players
Category:Esteghlal F.C. players
Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Asian Games competitors for Iran |
The women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay event at the 2014 Asian Games took place on 25 September 2014 at Munhak Park Tae-hwan Aquatics Center.
Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time UTC+09:00
Records
Results
Legend
DNS Did not start
DSQ Disqualified
Heats
Final
References
Heats Results
Final Results
External links
Official website
Category:Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games |
The 2009 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 97th edition of the Australian Open, and the first Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia, from 19 January through 1 February 2009. The 2009 men's singles tournament is considered to be one of the best Grand Slam tournaments in open era history. It is remembered for containing many of the best matches of the 2009 year, including the Nadal v Verdasco semi final and the Nadal v Federer final. It was the first hard court Grand Slam in which Nadal made the final or won.
Novak Djokovic and Maria Sharapova were the defending champions. Djokovic was forced to retire in his quarter-final match against Andy Roddick due to heat stress, ending his title defence, whilst Sharapova chose not to defend her title due to long lasting shoulder surgery; the withdrawal subsequently dropped her out of the WTA's Top 10 for the first time since July 2004.
Second seeded Serena Williams regained the women's singles title and recorded her fourth Australian Open title and tenth Grand Slam title overall after defeating third seed Dinara Safina in straight sets. Serena, partnering with her sister Venus, also won the women's doubles tournament.
First seeded Rafael Nadal defeated Roger Federer in five sets to win the men's singles title. This was Nadal's first hard court grand slam title, having previously only won on clay at Roland Garros four times and grass at Wimbledon once. He also became the first Spaniard to ever win the Australian Open. This tournament featured 23 five-set men's singles matches, the most since 1988. In men's doubles, another sibling pair took the title as Bob and Mike Bryan defeated Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles.
This tournament was notable for being the warmest tournament weather-wise; the average daily maximum temperature throughout the tournament was 34.7 degrees Celsius, nine degrees above normal. The coolest Australian Open was in 1986, when the maximum temperature averaged just 22.5 degrees Celsius, 3.5 degrees below normal.
Day-by-day summaries
Day 1 19 January
Day one's play began with 7th seeded Andy Roddick easing through to the 2nd round in Rod Laver Arena in straight sets. Later defending champion and 3rd seeded Novak Djokovic also made it to the second round, as well as seeded players Juan Martín del Potro, Marat Safin, Tomáš Berdych, Mardy Fish, Philipp Kohlschreiber, Robin Söderling, Paul-Henri Mathieu, Tommy Robredo, Stanislas Wawrinka, Marin Čilić, while 11th seeded David Ferrer was made to work hard before prevailing in five sets over Denis Gremelmayr. 2006 finalist Marcos Baghdatis also progressed in straight sets, while Australia's defending boy's champion Bernard Tomic won a four set encounter on his debut. Later in the evening, 10th seeded David Nalbandian dropped a set but eventually defeated Frenchman Marc Gicquel, while three-time champion 2nd seed Roger Federer won the first set easily, but was made to work hard in the next two sets, before defeating Italian Andreas Seppi on his fifth match point. 27th seed Feliciano López was the only seed to fall, losing to 2008 US Open quarterfinalist, Luxembourg's Gilles Müller in a five set thriller that ended 1614 in the fifth. The match was originally thought to be the longest in the history of the Australian Open, spanning over 5 hours and 34 minutes. However, it was later discovered that a timing error had added over an hour to the match, that in reality lasted 4 hours and 24 minutes. The semifinal match between Rafael Nadal and Fernando Verdasco did become the longest, however, at 5 hours and 14 minutes.
In the women's singles, last year's finalist and 5th seeded Ana Ivanovic began her campaign with a hard earned straight sets victory, while compatriot and top seed Jelena Janković was an easy winner over Yvonne Meusburger. Other players following the Serbian duo into the second round include 3rd seed Dinara Safina, 7th seed Vera Zvonareva, Caroline Wozniacki, Alizé Cornet, Nadia Petrova, Marion Bartoli, Anna Chakvetadze, Alisa Kleybanova and Ai Sugiyama. 25th seeded Estonian Kaia Kanepi halted the progress of former world number four Kimiko Date-Krumm, playing in the main draw of a Grand Slam for the first time in 13 years, in three tight sets, while last year's semifinalist Daniela Hantuchová defeated local hope Casey Dellacqua in straight sets. Another former world number four, unseeded Australian Jelena Dokić also moved into the second round for the first time in ten years with a hard-fought victory over Tamira Paszek. Meanwhile, 23rd seed Ágnes Szávay's poor form in Grand Slams continued as she crashed out to Galina Voskoboeva, 24th seed Sybille Bammer lost to Lucie Šafářová, while Sara Errani defeated 27th seed Maria Kirilenko.
Seeds out:
Men's Singles: Feliciano López
Women's Singles: Ágnes Szávay, Sybille Bammer, Maria Kirilenko
Schedule of Play
Day 2 20 January
With temperatures soaring in Melbourne, Andy Murray had life made easy in his first round match when opponent Andrei Pavel was forced to concede with a back injury early in the second set, having lost the first. Other top-ten seeds such as last year's finalist Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Gilles Simon and James Blake also progressed comfortably, along with Gaël Monfils, Fernando Verdasco, Richard Gasquet, Jürgen Melzer, Ivo Karlović and Radek Štěpánek, while Igor Andreev and Nicolás Almagro both won through in five sets. In a five-set thriller that lasted three hours and seven minutes, former finalist and 13th seed Fernando González overcame home-crowd favorite Lleyton Hewitt. Later on, top-seed Rafael Nadal posted a 60, 62, 62 win against Christophe Rochus that tied with Andy Roddick's first-round score, establishing himself and Roddick as the most dominant male performers of the first round. Two more seeds fell in the first round, with Russian 29th seed Dmitry Tursunov losing to Flavio Cipolla, while another former finalist, 30th seed Rainer Schüttler was defeated by Israel's Dudi Sela.
In the women's draw, Polish 9th seed Agnieszka Radwańska became the first top ten seed on either side to lose, as she was upset in three sets by Kateryna Bondarenko. 4th seed Elena Dementieva, on a ten-match winning streak this season, pulled through in three tough sets while the Williams sisters, 6th seeded Venus and second seed Serena, comfortably won their first-round matches, as did former women's champion Amélie Mauresmo, along with Svetlana Kuznetsova, Anabel Medina Garrigues, Patty Schnyder, Flavia Pennetta, Alona Bondarenko and Zheng Jie, while teenagers Victoria Azarenka and Dominika Cibulková recorded crushing victories over their respective opponents. 30th seeded Canadian Aleksandra Wozniak suffered defeat at the hands of Sabine Lisicki, while Francesca Schiavone lost to Peng Shuai and Tamarine Tanasugarn was defeated by María José Martínez Sánchez.
Seeds out:
Men's Singles: Dmitry Tursunov, Rainer Schüttler
Women's Singles: Agnieszka Radwańska, Francesca Schiavone, Aleksandra Wozniak, Tamarine Tanasugarn
Schedule of Play
Day 3 21 January
Day three saw the second round matches getting underway in Melbourne Park. Defending champion and 3rd seed Novak Djokovic progressed with a straight sets victory over Jérémy Chardy, while second seed Roger Federer breezed past 118th-ranked Russian Evgeny Korolev 62, 63, 61 at Rod Laver Arena, which sets up a third-round match with Marat Safin, who recovered from a slow start to beat Guillermo García-López 75, 62, 62. Andy Roddick also needed four sets to get past Xavier Malisse, while Juan Martín del Potro eased into the third round, along with Marin Čilić, David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka, Mardy Fish, Tomáš Berdych and Tommy Robredo. In the biggest upset in the men's tournament up to this point, unseeded Yen-hsun Lu defeated 10th-seeded David Nalbandian in five sets. 16th-seeded Robin Söderling was also upset by unseeded former finalist Marcos Baghdatis in four, while lucky loser Amer Delić prevailed in five sets against 28th seed Paul-Henri Mathieu and French veteran Fabrice Santoro came from behind to defeat Philipp Kohlschreiber. In the feature night match at Rod Laver Arena, sixteen-year-old Bernard Tomic took the first set against Gilles Müller but eventually lost 36, 61, 64, 62 to the more experienced Luxembourgian.
In the women's draw, it was a perfect day for the seeds, with the exception of 17th-seeded Anna Chakvetadze, who lost a sensational 3-set encounter to Jelena Dokić, the latter continuing with her comeback and set up a third round clash with Danish teenager, 11th seed Caroline Wozniacki after some questionable decisions by Fred Mather. Top seed Jelena Janković encountered resistance against Kirsten Flipkens but eventually won 64, 75, while Ana Ivanovic had an easier time against qualifier Alberta Brianti. Third seed Dinara Safina also needed to come back from one set down to beat Ekaterina Makarova, while Vera Zvonareva crushed Edina Gallovits 60, 60, and Nadia Petrova defeat Sania Mirza in straight sets. Also through to the third round are Alizé Cornet, Daniela Hantuchová, Marion Bartoli, Ai Sugiyama, Kaia Kanepi and Alisa Kleybanova.
Seeds out:
Men's Singles: David Nalbandian, Robin Söderling, Paul-Henri Mathieu, Philipp Kohlschreiber
Women's Singles: Anna Chakvetadze
The doubles matches also began, with most of the seeds in action passing their first tests, including Bob and Mike Bryan, Jeff Coetzee/Wesley Moodie, Mariusz Fyrstenberg/Marcin Matkowski, Bruno Soares/Kevin Ullyett, Max Mirnyi/Andy Ram, Travis Parrott/Filip Polášek, František Čermák/Michal Mertiňák and Christopher Kas/Rogier Wassen, as well as Yan Zi/Zheng Jie, Samantha Stosur/Rennae Stubbs, Maria Kirilenko/Flavia Pennetta, Casey Dellacqua/Francesca Schiavone, Hsieh Su-wei/Peng Shuai and Tatiana Poutchek/Anastasia Rodionova in the women's side. In the three sister pairings in action, 10th seeds Venus and Serena Williams swept aside Svetlana Kuznetsova and Nadia Petrova, unseeded Agnieszka and Urszula Radwańska defeat Jill Craybas and Tamarine Tanasugarn, but 4th seeds and defending champions Alona and Kateryna Bondarenko became the highest seeds to fall in the women doubles competition so far, losing in straight sets to Gisela Dulko/Roberta Vinci.
Men's Doubles: Arnaud Clément / Marc Gicquel
Women's Doubles: Alona Bondarenko / Kateryna Bondarenko, Sun Tiantian / Chuang Chia-jung
Schedule of Play
Day 4 22 January
Day four saw the conclusion of all second round matches in the singles competition. In the men's draw, top seed Rafael Nadal continued on his quest for a first Australian Open crown without too much trouble from Roko Karanušić, winning through in straight sets 62, 63, 62. Likewise, an in-form 4th seed Andy Murray eased into the 3rd round by defeating Marcel Granollers 64, 62, 62. Other top ten seeds that moved on included 5th seed Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and 6th seed Gilles Simon, both dropping a first set tiebreak but went on to win the next three sets, and 9th seed James Blake, who cruised past Sébastien de Chaunac. Gaël Monfils, Fernando González, Fernando Verdasco, Richard Gasquet, Nicolás Almagro, Radek Štěpánek, Jürgen Melzer and Igor Andreev all won through, while Ivo Karlović was the only seed to fall in the men's draw, losing to compatriot Mario Ančić after surrendering a two sets to one lead.
Unseeded Spaniard Carla Suárez Navarro scored the biggest upset to date in women's singles, defeating one of the pre-tournament favourites, 6th seeded Venus Williams 26, 63, 75, after coming back from 52 down and saving one match point while serving at 54 down in the third set. Venus' younger sister, second seeded Serena Williams had to work hard to dispatch Argentina's Gisela Dulko, saving six set points, while Dulko served for the second set at 53 in a game that featured 12 deuces, then fought through six more deuces to lead 65 and eventually won 63, 75. 4th seed Elena Dementieva extended her winning streak in the new season to 12 matches with a win over Iveta Benešová, and Svetlana Kuznetsova, Amélie Mauresmo, Victoria Azarenka, Dominika Cibulková, Zheng Jie, Flavia Pennetta, Anabel Medina Garrigues and Alona Bondarenko all moved on to the third round, while Swiss 14th seed Patty Schnyder fell to Virginie Razzano. Unseeded local hope Samantha Stosur also won.
Seeds out:
Men's Singles: Ivo Karlović
Women's Singles: Venus Williams, Patty Schnyder
Majority of the first round matches in the doubles competition also ended. Top seeds Daniel Nestor/Nenad Zimonjić led a charge of seeded pairs to the second round, including Mahesh Bhupathi/Mark Knowles, Leander Paes/Lukáš Dlouhý, Marcelo Melo/André Sá and Martin Damm/Robert Lindstedt, while in the women's competition co-world number ones Cara Black and Liezel Huber eased into the second round, along with seeds Anabel Medina Garrigues/Virginia Ruano Pascual, Květa Peschke/Lisa Raymond, Daniela Hantuchová/Ai Sugiyama, Victoria Azarenka/Vera Zvonareva, Nuria Llagostera Vives/María José Martínez Sánchez and Sorana Cîrstea/Monica Niculescu, meaning no seeds fell in the women's doubles that day.
Men's Doubles: Simon Aspelin / Pavel Vízner, Eric Butorac / Jamie Murray.
Schedule of Play
Day 5 23 January
Day five of the tournament saw the commencement of third round matches in the singles event, where seed started playing against each other. In men's singles, defending champion Novak Djokovic was made to work hard against his Bosnian-born American opponent, lucky loser Amer Delić, but eventually saw off his opponent in four tough sets. 8th seeded Juan Martín del Potro was heavily tested by unseeded Gilles Müller as well, but prevailed in four sets as well, while 7th seed Andy Roddick continued on a collision course with Djokovic with an easier passage against Fabrice Santoro, winning in straight sets and firing 22 aces along his way to just four by the Frenchman. Marin Čilić continued his fine form by defeating last year's quarterfinalist, 11th seed David Ferrer, while Tommy Robredo ended the journey of Yen-hsun Lu with an easy victory, and Tomáš Berdych created a minor upset by defeating 15th seed Stanislas Wawrinka in four. Later at night, Roger Federer clashed with Marat Safin in a repeat of the 2004 finals and 2005 semifinals in an exciting matchup in Rod Laver Arena. The second seed was on form and sent out a strong signal to his rivals with a convincing 63, 62, 765 victory. 2006 finalist Marcos Baghdatis also sent 23rd seed Mardy Fish packing with a straight sets victory and set up a fourth round clash with Djokovic.
In the women's draw, following Venus William's exit the day before, Ana Ivanovic replaced her as the highest seed to fall so far, losing 57, 765, 26 to 29th seed Alisa Kleybanova. Ivanovic, finalist last year broke Kleybanova in 10th game of the second set when the latter was serving for the match, and brought the match to the decider by winning a tiebreak, but ultimately conceded the match to her younger Russian opponent as Kleybanova ran away with a 62 victory in the third. Earlier in the night session, Jelena Dokić continued her fairytale comeback to Grand Slam tennis by upsetting 11th seeded Danish teenager Caroline Wozniacki, despite losing the first set she bounced back strongly to take the next two 61, 62, and will meet Kleybanova next. Elsewhere, earlier in the day, it was business as usual for the top 16 seeds. Top seed Jelena Janković was once again tested but overcame the heat and Ai Sugiyama in straight sets, and will face Marion Bartoli next, the Frenchwoman coming back from one set down to beat Lucie Šafářová. Dinara Safina also displayed her form and cruise past Kaia Kanepi with the loss of just four games, playing 15th seed Alizé Cornet next, after Cornet recovered from one set down to knock out last year's semifinalist Daniela Hantuchová. 10th seed Nadia Petrova was the first to advance after winning one set against Galina Voskoboeva, after which the latter retired with an injury, and set up a last 16 clash with Vera Zvonareva, who eased past Sara Errani.
Seeds out:
Men's Singles: David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka, Marat Safin, Mardy Fish
Women's Singles: Daniela Hantuchová, Kaia Kanepi, Ai Sugiyama, Caroline Wozniacki, Ana Ivanovic
In men's doubles action, the upset of the day was created by unseeded Łukasz Kubot and Oliver Marach, when they knocked out the top seeds Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić in straight sets, in a day of upsets for the men's doubles which saw a total of five seeds being knocked out of the competition, including defending champion Andy Ram, partnering Max Mirnyi this year, crashing out to Spanish Davis Cup winning pair of Feliciano López and Fernando Verdasco. Seeds moved on in the women's doubles, with the exception of Tatiana Poutchek and Anastasia Rodionova, who lost to Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Patty Schnyder. Mixed doubles competition also began, but none of the seeds in action made it to the second round, with Alona Bondarenko/André Sá losing a match tie-break to Alizé Cornet/Marcelo Melo, Květa Peschke/Pavel Vízner losing to last year's finalists Sania Mirza/Mahesh Bhupathi, and Kateryna Bondarenko/Jordan Kerr defeated by Jarmila Gajdošová/Samuel Groth.
Men's Doubles: Daniel Nestor/ Nenad Zimonjić, Marcelo Melo/André Sá, Max Mirnyi/ Andy Ram, Christopher Kas/ Rogier Wassen, Travis Parrott/Filip Polášek
Women's Doubles: Tatiana Poutchek/ Anastasia Rodionova
Mixed Doubles: Kateryna Bondarenko/ Jordan Kerr; Alona Bondarenko/ André Sá, Květa Peschke/Pavel Vízner.
Schedule of Play
Day 6 24 January
The top seeds in the upper half of the men's draw did not have much trouble in progressing into the last 16. Rafael Nadal made it to the next round with a solid 64, 62, 62 victory over former World No. 2 Tommy Haas, producing over 50 winners and just eight unforced errors. 13th seed Fernando González is up next for the Spaniard, after the latter came back from the dead against 24th seeded Frenchman Richard Gasquet in a 249-minute thriller, in which both players exhibit barrages of winners, and a gripping third set tiebreak in which both had opportunities to take the set, or the match for Gasquet, and eventually it was González who prevailed 1210 in the decider. Andy Murray comfortably won his match against Jürgen Melzer as well, 75, 60, 63, and set up a tie with 14th seed Fernando Verdasco. The Spaniard was clearly on form as he completed a 64, 60, 60 thrashing of Radek Štěpánek, the same player who beat him in the Brisbane International final just two weeks before. Gilles Simon and Gaël Monfils set up an all-French fourth round encounter after powering past their opponents, unseeded Croat Mario Ančić and 17th seed Nicolás Almagro. In contrast, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga need to overcome a third set lapse before defeating Dudi Sela in four and will play James Blake in the last 16, who dropped one set against Igor Andreev as well.
Serena Williams was the first among the women seeds to progress to the last 16 in Day Six, firing 10 aces on her way to a 61, 64 win over Chinese Peng Shuai. Belarusian teenager Victoria Azarenka awaits her in the next round, the 13th seed sending the only other former champion in the draw, 20th seed Amélie Mauresmo packing in a closely fought contest. Elena Dementieva continued on her excellent form this season, this time edging local hope Samantha Stosur in two tight sets, 766, 64, to set up a tie with another teenage star, 18th seed Dominika Cibulková, who defeat Virginie Razzano in straight sets to progress to the last 16 of a Grand Slam for the first time. Svetlana Kuznetsova is also through to the next round, overcoming 68 unforced errors from her racket to beat Alona Bondarenko. Alona's sister Kateryna also lost, crushed 62, 62 by Wimbledon semifinalist Zheng Jie, who will now play Kuznetsova. Elsewhere, Anabel Medina Garrigues posted a minor upset by powering past 12th seed Flavia Pennetta, and will now play unseeded Carla Suárez Navarro, Venus Williams' victor who cruised past compatriot María José Martínez Sánchez.
Seeds out
Men's Singles: Nicolás Almagro, Igor Andreev, Radek Štěpánek, Richard Gasquet, Jürgen Melzer
Women's Singles: Flavia Pennetta, Amélie Mauresmo, Alona Bondarenko
Seeds continued to tumble in the second round of the men's doubles, including 5th seeds Wesley Moodie and Jeff Coetzee, who lost to local wildcards Joseph Sirianni and Andrew Coelho, František Čermák/Michal Mertiňák losing to another local pairing in Paul Hanley/Jordan Kerr, and Martin Damm/Robert Lindstedt, who were upset by Mardy Fish/John Isner, while former champions Bob and Mike Bryan are safely through. Women's top seeds Cara Black and Liezel Huber went through to the next round as well, along with Victoria Azarenka/Vera Zvonareva, Daniela Hantuchová/Ai Sugiyama, Květa Peschke/Lisa Raymond while Sorana Cîrstea/Monica Niculescu fell to Nathalie Dechy/Mara Santangelo.
The seeds also went 11 in the first round of mixed doubles competition, with second seeds Yan Zi/Mark Knowles defeating Nadia Petrova/Max Mirnyi while third seeds Lisa Raymond/Marcin Matkowski losing to Iveta Benešová/Lukáš Dlouhý.
Men's Doubles: František Čermák/ Michal Mertiňák, Wesley Moodie/Jeff Coetzee, Martin Damm/ Robert Lindstedt
Women's Doubles: Sorana Cîrstea/Monica Niculescu
Mixed Doubles: Lisa Raymond/ Marcin Matkowski.
Schedule of Play
Day 7 25 January
4th round matches begin with 8th seed Juan Martín del Potro advancing into his first Australian Open quarterfinals after recovering from a one set deficit to beat 19th seeded Marin Čilić. Both players were tipped to be highly successful in the future, but it was del Potro who stood firm with less error count as he prevailed 57, 64, 64, 62 and will play three-time champion, world no. 2 Roger Federer. Federer himself survived the challenge from 20th seeded Tomáš Berdych, who have not beaten him since their first encounter in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Berdych looked sharper of the two, showing little nerves as he went two sets up, but Federer came out firing from the third set onwards, and eventually came through safely, winning 46, 674, 64, 64, 62. 7th seed Andy Roddick also moved on to the quarterfinals with a comprehensive 75, 61, 63 victory over Tommy Robredo, and will play defending champion Novak Djokovic for a place in his 4th Australian Open semifinals. Djokovic looked impressive early on against former finalist Marcos Baghdatis, racing to a 61 first set victory, but the Cypriot gave him a much harder time, though giving up a one-break lead in the second set to lose a tiebreak and winning another third set tiebreak. However, the defending champion was too hot to handle and eventually by 2.30 am, Djokovic has sealed a 61, 761, 675, 62 victory in over three hours.
In the women's draw, top seeded Jelena Janković's quest for a maiden Grand Slam title came to a premature end in one of the shocks of the day, as 16th seed Marion Bartoli displayed her best tennis in two sets to dump the Serbian 61, 64, meaning Janković's world number one crown could be in danger. 7th seeded Vera Zvonareva also made it to her first Australian Open semifinals, after coming through in two tough sets against compatriot and 10th seeded Nadia Petrova, 75, 64. 3rd seed Dinara Safina almost followed Janković's path out of the tournament, as she survived two match points against Alizé Cornet, who was serving for the match while 26, 62, 54 up, but eventually lost the decider 75. Safina's opponent in the quarterfinals would be a resurgent Jelena Dokić, who, in the first match of the night session in Rod Laver Arena, defeated 29th seed Alisa Kleybanova in a three-hour match, 75, 57, 86, despite needing a medical time out towards the end of the decider. The Australian hang tough to break Kleybanova to love in the final game, sealing a famous win.
Seeded players out: Marin Čilić, Tomáš Berdych, Tommy Robredo; Jelena Janković, Nadia Petrova, Alizé Cornet, Alisa Kleybanova
Doubles play continue with 2nd seeds Bob and Mike Bryan progressing to a quarterfinal clash against compatriots Mardy Fish and John Isner, who sent 7th seeds Bruno Soares/Kevin Ullyett out of the tournament. 6th seeded Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski and unseeded Feliciano López/Fernando Verdasco also advanced to the quarterfinals. The top women seeds were not as lucky as four of the top eight pairs were sent crashing out, with Anabel Medina Garrigues/Virginia Ruano Pascual suffering a heavy defeat at the hands of 16th seeds Peng Shuai/Hsieh Su-wei, 3rd seeds Květa Peschke/Lisa Raymond losing to Nathalie Dechy/Mara Santangelo, 5th seeds Rennae Stubbs/Samantha Stosur defeated by Venus and Serena Williams while 6th seeds Yan Zi/Zheng Jie lost to Nuria Llagostera Vives/María José Martínez Sánchez.
Seeded players out: Bruno Soares/Kevin Ullyett; Anabel Medina Garrigues/Virginia Ruano Pascual, Yan Zi/Zheng Jie, Samantha Stosur/Rennae Stubbs, Květa Peschke/Lisa Raymond
Schedule of Play
Day 8 26 January
Day eight saw the remaining fourth round men's matches with a warm forecast to complement Australia Day. However it was quite a disappointing day with three seeded players from both men and women's draw retiring due to various reasons. In Rod Laver Arena, 6th seeded Gilles Simon battled against his in-form countrymen, 12th seed Gaël Monfils, with Simon taking the first set 64 only for Monfils to hit back 62. However, he began to show signs of suffering in the third set and after a medical timeout while 41 down and eventually losing the set, Monfils retired citing a wrist injury, sending Simon to his first Grand Slam quarterfinals, where he will face top seed Rafael Nadal. Nadal appeared to be in complete control over Fernando González, easily winning the first two sets and coming through the third set with heavier resistance from the Chilean, but the Spaniard never looked in doubt in his quest for a first Australian Open title. However, the surprise of the day came when 4th seeded Andy Murray, tipped by many as a favourite to win the title, crashed out to an in-form Fernando Verdasco, despite leading by 2 sets to 1. Verdasco, who had only lost twelve games on his way to the fourth round, came out firing in the last two sets, serving with astonishing accuracy, and won 85 of his first serves to outlast the Scot 26, 61, 16, 63, 64, and set up a quarterfinal tie with Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, who sent James Blake packing with a straight sets victory, meaning Murray was the only top eight seed to not make it to the quarterfinals.
In the women's draw, following Monfils' withdrawal earlier on, Victoria Azarenka and Serena Williams took the court earlier than expected, and it was the young Belarusian who made the better start, breaking the three-time champion twice to take the first set 63. However, after a missing chances to go 20 up in the second, Azarenka started to show signs of discomfort and was broken instead to trail 32, and a medical timeout couldn't do the wonders as the youngster retired in tears after another game. Azarenka later explained that she had been throwing up all morning and was feeling weak, but thought she could play after feeling better before her game, but ultimately succumbed. Williams went through to the quarterfinals, where she will play 8th seeded Svetlana Kuznetsova, who benefited from yet another withdrawal, in the form of 22nd seed Zheng Jie, who retired after five games with a wrist injury she picked up in the third game after falling and landing awkwardly on her hand. Elena Dementieva advanced with her fourteenth win of the season, this time dominating Slovakia's 18th seed Dominika Cibulková, 62, 62, and will play another giantkiller, unseeded Carla Suárez Navarro in the quarterfinals, the latter easily dispatching compatriot and 21st seed Anabel Medina Garrigues 63, 62 earlier in the day.
Seeded players out: Andy Murray, Gaël Monfils, Fernando González, James Blake; Victoria Azarenka, Dominika Cibulková, Anabel Medina Garrigues, Zheng Jie.
In men's doubles, 4th seeds Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes advanced into the quarterfinals after defeating local pairing of Paul Hanley/Jordan Kerr, while Joseph Sirianni/Andrew Coelho also lost to Simone Bolelli/Andreas Seppi. 3rd seeds Mahesh Bhupathi/Mark Knowles and unseeded Łukasz Kubot/Oliver Marach filled in the remaining quarterfinal slots with straight sets victory over their respective opponents. In the women's side, top seeded Cara Black and Liezel Huber advanced after Victoria Azarenka, partnering Vera Zvonareva pulled out with an illness, and 7th seeds Flavia Pennetta/Maria Kirilenko also conceded a walkover to Casey Dellacqua/Francesca Schiavone due to Pennetta suffering from right foot bursitis. 9th seeds Daniela Hantuchová/Ai Sugiyama won through easily against Ágnes Szávay/Elena Vesnina, and Anna-Lena Grönefeld/Patty Schnyder also won. In mixed doubles second seeds Yan Zi/Mark Knowles were also shown the exit in the second round by Canadians Aleksandra Wozniak/Daniel Nestor, while 7th seeds Anabel Medina Garrigues/Tommy Robredo won their first round match.
Seeded players out: Victoria Azarenka/Vera Zvonareva, Maria Kirilenko/Flavia Pennetta; Yan Zi/Mark Knowles.
Schedule of Play
Day 9 27 January
In the first quarterfinal match of the day, women's 7th seed Vera Zvonareva was at her best, despite falling behind 31 in the first set as 16th seed Marion Bartoli seemed to have set up the decisive break. Zvonareva, who have yet to concede a set throughout the tournament, hit back strongly, moving her opponent around the court and hitting clean winners while errors started to flow from Bartoli's racket with alarming regularity as her game started to beak apart. In the end, it was Zvonareva who reeled off eleven straight games as she routed the Frenchwoman 63, 60, advancing to her maiden Grand Slam semifinal. 3rd seed Dinara Safina had a tough opponent in the form of Jelena Dokić, who had defeated three seeded players on her way to the quarterfinals and had won all her matches in three sets so far. The two players traded breaks regularly as they shared the first two sets, Safina taking the first 64 but losing the second by the same scoreline. Dokić, with strong local support behind her, continued to battle bravely, breaking Safina to level things at 44 in the decider but in the end, Safina's stamina and speed prevailed as she wrapped up the match 64, 46, 64, and progress to the semifinals, while Dokić exited the tournament, but can be assured of a return to the top 100 in the post-tournament rankings.
In the men's draw, Novak Djokovic's reign as the defending champion came to an abrupt end after he forfeited his match against Andy Roddick while 763, 46, 26, 12 down, due to heat stress. Djokovic had started shakily, winning a tiebreak after both players failed to force a break point on their opponent's serve, but some inspired play by Djokovic saw him taking the tiebreak. Roddick, however, was too strong on his own serve in the second set, dropping just two points and eventually taking the second set 64. Djokovic was clearly not himself from the beginning of the third set, and laboured for the final eleven games of the match battling cramps and heat stress before finally decided to give up after he was broken to love in the third game of the 4th set, handing Roddick a 4th semifinal appearance in Melbourne Park. Roddick will face a familiar foe in second seed Roger Federer next, after the Swiss recorded an astonishingly easy victory over Juan Martín del Potro, who is playing in just his second Grand Slam quarterfinal. After losing the first set 63, del Potro seemed to have given up while Federer only appeared more devastating as the match progressed, before recording a 63, 60, 60 victory, after which the Argentine admitted that there was little he could do against Federer if he was not playing well.
Seeded players out: Novak Djokovic, Juan Martín del Potro; Marion Bartoli.
The women doubles semifinals lineup was also completed. 9th seeded Daniela Hantuchová and Ai Sugiyama reached the semifinals after ending the dreams of co-world number ones Cara Black and Liezel Huber in three sets, winning a third set tiebreak 1210, and will be up against unseeded Nathalie Dechy and Mara Santangelo next, the French-Italian pairing coming from behind to send Spanish 11th seeds Nuria Llagostera Vives/María José Martínez Sánchez packing. The other semifinal match will be between French Open runners-up Casey Dellacqua/Francesca Schiavone against the Williams sisters, Venus and Serena, with the 12th seeded Australian-Italian pair coming back from a first set bagel to defeat Anna-Lena Grönefeld/Patty Schnyder while the 10th seeds needed 3 sets to get past Hsieh Su-wei/Peng Shuai as well. In men's doubles, giantkillers Łukasz Kubot/Oliver Marach defeated another seeded team, 6th seeds Mariusz Fyrstenberg/Marcin Matkowski and will play 3rd seeds Mahesh Bhupathi/Mark Knowles in the semifinals.
In mixed doubles, it was a bad day for Black and Huber as well as the top seeded Cara Black and Leander Paes crashed out to the unseeded pairing of Patty Schnyder/Wesley Moodie, while Liezel Huber and Jamie Murray lost to Nathalie Dechy/Andy Ram. 7th seeds Anabel Medina Garrigues/Tommy Robredo and unseeded Iveta Benešová/Lukáš Dlouhý made it to the quarterfinals, both with wins in a match tie-break against their respective opponents, leaving Medina Garrigues and Robredo as the only seeded team left.
Seeded players out: Mariusz Fyrstenberg/Marcin Matkowski; Cara Black/Liezel Huber, Nuria Llagostera Vives/María José Martínez Sánchez, Hsieh Su-wei/Peng Shuai; Liezel Huber/Jamie Murray, Cara Black/Leander Paes.
Schedule of Play
Day 10 28 January
Day ten of the competition saw temperatures reaching as high as 43 degrees Celsius, causing the extreme heat policy EHP to be implemented for the first time this year. As part of the policy, all outdoor matches were suspended and eventually cancelled, affecting many junior matches, and also legends and wheelchair tournaments. Play continued in the main stadiums, with Svetlana Kuznetsova, apparently more comfortable than her opponent Serena Williams in the blistering heat, taking the first set 75 despite failing to close the set while serving at 54 up. However, the momentum swung over to Williams' side, after the match was interrupted for closing the roof of the stadium due to the implementation of the EHP. Kuznetsova, visibly unhappy at the interruption, hang in tough to break Williams again and went 53 up, but will rue missing a golden opportunity to make her first Australian Open semifinal as Williams won 4 games in a row to take the second set 75, and blasted her way through the third 61, winning ten out of the last eleven games to destroy the Russian's dream of an all-Russian semifinal, following Elena Dementieva's 15th win of the season. The 4th seeded Russian proved too good for surprise package Carla Suárez Navarro, playing in her second Grand Slam quarterfinal in just four Grand Slam main draw appearances, though the 62, 62 scoreline did not clearly reflect the closeness of the match, as the young Canary Island resident had numerous chances to break back against Dementieva, only to be saved by the in-form Russian each time.
The second semifinal match in the men's singles has also been decided when top seed Rafael Nadal set up an all-Spanish encounter with compatriot, 14th seed Fernando Verdasco. Nadal experienced momentum swings against 6th seeded Gilles Simon, winning the first set 62 with ease, but had to come from behind in the next two sets, including saving a set point in the second set, but eventually breaking Simon to win both sets 75, and continued his march to a first Australian Open crown after advancing to a second straight semifinals without dropping a set. Hopes of a rematch of last year's semifinals were dashed after Jo-Wilfried Tsonga was sent out of the tournament in four sets against a fired up Fernando Verdasco, who had been on song since winning the Davis Cup for Spain at the end of last year. Tsonga's serve appeared impenetrable early on, while Verdasco was forced to save break points but raced to a 52 lead in the tiebreaker before eventually winning 72. Tsonga hit back with his first break which sealed the second set, but Verdasco's serve once again proved to be the deciding factor as Tsonga's falter, Verdasco racing to a 40 lead in the third and converting all four break opportunities he has, in contrast to Tsonga's two out of thirteen, and powered into his maiden Grand Slam semifinals 762, 36, 63, 62.
Seeded players out: Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Gilles Simon; Svetlana Kuznetsova
In men's doubles, second seeds Bob and Mike Bryan advanced to the semifinals with a hard-fought win over compatriots Mardy Fish/John Isner, where they will take on 4th seeds Lukáš Dlouhý/Leander Paes in a rematch of last year's US Open final, who ended the journey of Italians Simone Bolelli/Andreas Seppi. The mixed doubles semifinals lineup is also completed with 7th seeds Anabel Medina Garrigues/Tommy Robredo defeating Patty Schnyder/Wesley Moodie in a match tie-break, and will play Nathalie Dechy/Andy Ram after the unseeded pair defeat Dominika Cibulková/Jürgen Melzer in straight sets. Last year's finalists Sania Mirza/Mahesh Bhupathi also won through against Aleksandra Wozniak/Daniel Nestor, and will play Czechs Iveta Benešová/Lukáš Dlouhý, who received a walkover from Alizé Cornet/Marcelo Melo.
Seeded players out: None
Schedule of Play
Day 12 30 January
In the second men's singles semifinals, top seeded Rafael Nadal took on his countrymen, 14th seed Fernando Verdasco, in the first ever all-Spanish semifinal in Australian Open. Nadal was the favourite to advance, only losing one set to his older opponent in 6 meetings and is yet to drop a set this year in Melbourne Park, however Verdasco had been on his peak form, upsetting favourites like Andy Murray and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga on his way to his maiden Grand Slam semifinal. With Roger Federer waiting in the final, both players carried their form into the match, holding on to their own serve as they entered a first set tiebreak, where Nadal had the initial advantage, but Verdasco's big serves comes to his rescue again and earned two set points after a lucky net cord, which he duly converted to take the first set. Nadal was heavily tested on his own serve in the second set while Verdasco powered to several love service games, but Nadal hung on and with some astonishing play, saved two game points in the 10th game and broke Verdasco, levelling things at one sets all. The momentum appeared to swing to Nadal's side as he broke Verdasco twice in the third set, only for Verdasco to break back immediately each time, bringing the third set into a tiebreaker which Nadal won handily. Verdasco's huge forehands and serve continued to pose a problem for Nadal, even though he had to call on a trainer at changeovers to tend to what appeared as a problem to his left calf. Another tiebreak was needed to settle the 4th set, and Verdasco sprinted away with a 71 victory, bringing the match to a decider. By then the match had already lasted more than 4 hours but neither player showed signs of tiredness, even though Nadal appeared to be more at ease. Having come down from 030 down to lead 54 in the decider, Nadal gained 3 match points courtesy of only a 3rd double fault from Verdasco, and even though Verdasco managed to save two of them, a second double fault of the game 4th overall handed Nadal the match and a place in the finals. Nadal only managed to win one more point than Verdasco 193 to 192, who blasted 95 winners past Nadal, in a match that broke the Australian Open record as the longest men's singles match at 5 hours and 14 minutes previous record by Boris Becker and Omar Camporese in 1991 at 5 hours and 11 minutes.
Seeded player out: Fernando Verdasco
In an earlier match, the women's doubles final was played out between Daniela Hantuchová/Ai Sugiyama and Serena Williams/Venus Williams. Playing beneath the roof of the Rod Laver Arena as temperatures hit 43 degrees Celsius outdoors, the SlovakJapanese pairing appeared to have the upper hand at first, breaking Venus to take the opening game. But it did not take the sisters too long to find their rhythm as Sugiyama was broken for 22. Sugiyama's serve was under pressure again by some heavy returns and the sisters break again, serving out the first set 63. All four players failed to held serve at 11 in the second set, with Sugiyama's first to go, but eventually the Williamses get the decisive break to lead 43. Two games later, Hantuchová was left serving to stay in the match, but the sisters combined power proved too much, as they eased to a 63, 63 victory, for their 8th Grand Slam doubles title together, meaning they are now the joint 3rd most successful doubles pairings in the Open Era, together with Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suárez, and behind Martina Navratilova/Pam Shriver 21 and Gigi Fernández/Natasha Zvereva 14.
Last year's mixed doubles finalist, India's Sania Mirza and Mahesh Bhupathi also earned the opportunity for another shot at the title, cruising past Iveta Benešová/Lukáš Dlouhý 61, 64 to advance to the finals against Nathalie Dechy and Andy Ram.
Seeded players out: Daniela Hantuchová/Ai Sugiyama
Schedule of Play
Day 13 31 January
The women's singles final saw second seed Serena Williams clash against third seed Dinara Safina, with the winner ascending to the top spot in the WTA rankings, replacing Jelena Janković, in the post-tournament rankings. Safina was also aiming to be just the second Russian to ascend to the position with her maiden Grand Slam title, while it would be the 10th for Williams. Having won the women's doubles title a day earlier, Williams settled down quickly, comfortably holding serve and built up a 20 lead following multiple double faults from Safina. A hope for a Safina comeback was quickly extinguished as Williams looked sharp, blasting winners and heavy returns past her younger opponent, and sealed the first set 60 in just 22 minutes. Safina regrouped and proceeded to break Williams in the opening game of the second set, her first lead of any kind in the match, but the advantage was short-lived as Williams broke back immediately, and after easily holding to love, two more double faults and errors from Safina allowed her opponent to seal the decisive break. Safina could do nothing more than fighting to hold her own serves, forcing Williams to serve out, but another dominant service game saw Williams clinched her 4th Australian Open title after wins in 2003, 2005 and 2007. Safina admitted later during the prize giving ceremony that she felt like a ball boy on court against her opponent, promising to return the following year, while Williams will spend her 62nd non-consecutive week on top of the rankings next week.
Seeded player out: Dinara Safina
Following the women's singles final, the men's doubles final took place in the Rod Laver Arena. Second seeds, American twins Bob and Mike Bryan overcame the third seeds Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles to take home their third Australian Open title together. Bhupathi and Knowles came out firing first, playing a near flawless first set to take the first set 62 after just 27 minutes, with a series of clever play that wrong-footed the twins on various occasions. They continued to pressure the 30-year-old Americans in the second set, forcing numerous break points but unable to convert each time, as the momentum shifted over and with Knowles' serve starting to falter, the Bryans were able to put away some smashes and volleys to take the second set 75. From there, they looked comfortable, steamrolling past the decider 60 to regain the title they last won in 2007, and dash Bhupathi's hope of winning two titles he made it to the finals of the mixed doubles as well.
Seeded players out: Mahesh Bhupathi/Mark Knowles
Schedule of Play
Day 14 1 February
Nadal and Federer's first encounter for the year resulted in a five-set epiclasting 4 hours and 23 minuteswith Nadal prevailing, 75, 36, 763, 36, 62 for his sixth Grand Slam title and his first on hard courts. Nadal is the first Spaniard in history to win the Australian Open and the fourth male tennis player after Jimmy Connors, Mats Wilander and Andre Agassi to win Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces. Later in 2009, Roger Federer would become the fifth player to accomplish this feat upon winning his 14th grand slam title at the 2009 French Open.
Federer, who was pursuing a record-tying fourteenth Grand Slam title, was unable to hold back tears during the trophy presentation.
Seeded players out: Roger Federer
Schedule of Play
Champions
Seniors
Men's Singles
Rafael Nadal defeated Roger Federer, 75, 36, 7673, 36, 62
It was Nadal's 1st title of the year, and his 32nd overall. It was his 6th Grand Slam title, and his 1st at the Australian Open.
Women's Singles
Serena Williams defeated Dinara Safina, 60, 63
It was Serena's 1st title of the year, and her 33rd overall. It was her 10th Grand Slam title, and her 4th at the Australian Open.
Men's Doubles
Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan defeated Mahesh Bhupathi / Mark Knowles, 26, 75, 60
Women's Doubles
Serena Williams / Venus Williams defeated Daniela Hantuchová / Ai Sugiyama, 63, 63
Mixed Doubles
Sania Mirza / Mahesh Bhupathi defeated Nathalie Dechy / Andy Ram, 63, 61
Juniors
Boys' Singles
Yuki Bhambri defeated Alexandros-Ferdinandos Georgoudas, 63, 61
Girls' Singles
Ksenia Pervak defeated Laura Robson 63, 61
Boys' Doubles
Francis Casey Alcantara / Hsieh Cheng-peng defeated Mikhail Biryukov / Yasutaka Uchiyama, 64, 62
Girls' Doubles
Christina McHale / Ajla Tomljanović defeated Aleksandra Krunić / Sandra Zaniewska, 61, 26, [104]
Wheelchair events
Wheelchair Men's Singles
Shingo Kunieda defeated Stéphane Houdet, 62, 64
Wheelchair Women's Singles
Esther Vergeer defeated Korie Homan, 64, 62
Wheelchair Quad Singles
Peter Norfolk defeated David Wagner, 7675, 61
Wheelchair Men's Doubles
Robin Ammerlaan / Shingo Kunieda defeated Stefan Olsson / Maikel Scheffers, 75, 61
Wheelchair Women's Doubles
Korie Homan / Esther Vergeer defeated Agnieszka Bartczak / Katharina Krüger, 61, 60
Wheelchair Quad Doubles
Nick Taylor / David Wagner defeated Johan Andersson / Peter Norfolk, 62, 63
Singles Seeds
Withdrawals: Lindsay Davenport, Katarina Srebotnik, Nikolay Davydenko, Maria Sharapova, Li Na, Nicolas Kiefer
Men's Singles
Rafael Nadal Champion
Roger Federer Finals, lost to Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Quarterfinals, retired against Andy Roddick Andy Murray Fourth Round, lost to Fernando Verdasco Jo-Wilfried Tsonga Quarterfinals, lost to Fernando Verdasco Gilles Simon Quarterfinals, lost to Rafael Nadal Andy Roddick Semifinals, lost to Roger Federer Juan Martín del Potro Quarterfinals, lost to Roger Federer James Blake Fourth Round, lost to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga David Nalbandian Second Round, lost to Lu Yen-hsun David Ferrer Third Round, lost to Marin Čilić Gaël Monfils Fourth Round, retired against Gilles Simon Fernando González Fourth Round, lost to Rafael Nadal Fernando Verdasco Semifinals, lost to Rafael Nadal Stanislas Wawrinka Third Round, lost to Tomáš Berdych Robin Söderling Second Round, lost to Marcos Baghdatis Nicolás Almagro Third Round, lost to Gaël Monfils Igor Andreev Third Round, lost to James Blake Marin Čilić Fourth Round, lost to Juan Martín del Potro Tomáš Berdych Fourth Round, lost to Roger Federer Tommy Robredo Fourth Round, lost to Andy Roddick Radek Štěpánek Third Round, lost to Fernando Verdasco Mardy Fish Third Round, lost to Marcos Baghdatis Richard Gasquet Third Round, lost to Fernando González Ivo Karlović Second Round, lost to Mario Ančić Marat Safin Third Round, lost to Roger Federer Feliciano López First Round, lost to Gilles Müller Paul-Henri Mathieu Second Round, lost to Amer Delić Dmitry Tursunov First Round, lost to Flavio Cipolla Rainer Schüttler First Round, lost to Dudi Sela Jürgen Melzer Third Round, lost to Andy Murray Philipp Kohlschreiber Second Round, lost to Fabrice SantoroWomen's Singles
Jelena Janković Fourth Round, lost to Marion Bartoli Serena Williams Champion
Dinara Safina Finals, lost to Serena Williams Elena Dementieva Semifinals, lost to Serena Williams Ana Ivanovic Third Round, lost to Alisa Kleybanova Venus Williams Second Round, lost to Carla Suárez Navarro Vera Zvonareva Semifinals, lost to Dinara Safina Svetlana Kuznetsova Quarterfinals, lost to Serena Williams Agnieszka Radwańska First Round, lost to Kateryna Bondarenko Nadia Petrova Fourth Round, lost to Vera Zvonareva Caroline Wozniacki Third Round, lost to Jelena Dokić Flavia Pennetta Third Round, lost to Anabel Medina Garrigues Victoria Azarenka Fourth Round, retired against Serena Williams Patty Schnyder Second Round, lost to Virginie Razzano Alizé Cornet Fourth Round, lost to Dinara Safina Marion Bartoli Quarterfinals, lost to Vera Zvonareva Anna Chakvetadze Second Round, lost to Jelena Dokić Dominika Cibulková Fourth Round, lost to Elena Dementieva Daniela Hantuchová Third Round, lost to Alizé Cornet Amélie Mauresmo Third Round, lost to Victoria Azarenka Anabel Medina Garrigues Fourth Round, lost to Carla Suárez Navarro Zheng Jie Fourth Round, retired against Svetlana Kuznetsova Ágnes Szávay First Round, lost to Galina Voskoboeva Sybille Bammer First Round, lost to Lucie Šafářová Kaia Kanepi Third Round, lost to Dinara Safina Ai Sugiyama Third Round, lost to Jelena Janković Maria Kirilenko First Round, lost to Sara Errani Francesca Schiavone First Round, lost to Peng Shuai Alisa Kleybanova Fourth Round, lost to Jelena Dokić Aleksandra Wozniak First Round, lost to Sabine Lisicki Alona Bondarenko Third Round, lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova Tamarine Tanasugarn First Round, lost to María José Martínez Sánchez''
Wildcard entries
Men's Singles Wildcard entries
Denis Istomin
Colin Ebelthite
Carsten Ball
Adrian Mannarino
Samuel Groth
Bernard Tomic
John Isner
Brydan Klein
Women's Singles Wildcard entries
Monika Wejnert
Jelena Dokić
Isabella Holland
Christina McHale
Olivia Rogowska
Yuan Meng
Kristina Mladenovic
Jessica Moore
Qualifier entries
Men's Qualifiers entries
Flavio Cipolla
Andreas Beck
Dudi Sela
Björn Phau
Dieter Kindlmann
Lamine Ouahab
Björn Rehnquist
Wayne Odesnik
Sébastien de Chaunac
Evgeny Korolev
Dominik Hrbatý
Florian Mayer
Peter Polansky
Xavier Malisse
Michael Berrer
Andrea Stoppini
Lucky Losers
Amer Delić
Frank Dancevic
Women's Qualifiers entries
Elena Baltacha
Viktoriya Kutuzova
Katie O'Brien
Melanie Oudin
Kimiko Date-Krumm
Sesil Karatantcheva
Karolina Šprem
Julia Schruff
Kathrin Wörle
Alberta Brianti
Stéphanie Dubois
Chanelle Scheepers
Withdrawals
Men's Singles
José Acasuso → replaced by Brian Dabul
Juan Ignacio Chela → replaced by Kevin Anderson
Nikolay Davydenko → replaced by Pablo Andújar
Nicolas Kiefer → replaced by Frank Dancevic
Nicolas Mahut → replaced by Amer Delić
Women's Singles
Timea Bacsinszky → replaced by Ekaterina Bychkova
Lindsay Davenport → replaced by Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro
Li Na → replaced by Julia Görges
Bethanie Mattek-Sands → replaced by Melinda Czink
Pauline Parmentier → replaced by Patricia Mayr
Tatiana Perebiynis → replaced by Virginia Ruano Pascual
Maria Sharapova → replaced by Melanie South
Meghann Shaughnessy → replaced by Kirsten Flipkens
Katarina Srebotnik → replaced by Mariana Duque Mariño
References
External links
Australian Open official website
Category:Australian Open tennis by year
Category:2000s in Melbourne
Australian Open
Australian Open |
Sociological Perspectives is the official publication of the Pacific Sociological Association. It is a peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal published by University of California Press, in Berkeley, California. It was first published in 1957. Articles typically address social processes and are related to economic, political, anthropological and historical issues.
Abstracting and indexing
Sociological Perspectives is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.013, ranking it 84th out of 146 journals in the category Sociology.
References
External links
Official website
Pacific Sociological Association Official website
Category:Sociology journals
Category:University of California Press academic journals
Category:Publications established in 1957
Category:Quarterly journals
Category:English-language journals |
Molotra is a genus of spiders in the Oonopidae family. It was first described in 2011 by Ubick & Griswold. , it contains 6 species, all from Madagascar.
Species
Molotra comprises the following species:
Molotra katarinae Ubick & Griswold, 2011
Molotra milloti Ubick & Griswold, 2011
Molotra molotra Ubick & Griswold, 2011
Molotra ninae Ubick & Griswold, 2011
Molotra suzannae Ubick & Griswold, 2011
Molotra tsingy Ubick & Griswold, 2011
References
Category:Oonopidae
Category:Araneomorphae genera
Category:Spiders of Madagascar |
One of the dialects of the Maltese language is the Qormi Dialect. In standard Maltese it is termed Qormi and by its speakers, Qurmi, and is affectionately known as it-Tuf, or in standard Maltese, it-Taf. Literally translated, taf is the Maltese word for you know. This dialect is used by many of the inhabitants of Qormi and other settlements around that city of around twenty thousand people. The most distinctive feature of the Qormi dialect lies in its treatment of vowels.
Although there is no strict rule, generally the vowels in the dialect take the following forms. Vowels in the first syllables are the ones most often affected, but sometimes medial vowels are changed as well. Final vowels, on the other hand, are usually identical to those of the standard language.
The Vocal 'A'
The vocal 'A' changes into the vocals 'U'. If at the end of a word, it becomes an 'O'.
The Vocal 'O'
The vocal 'O' in the Qormi dialect also changes into 'U'. For example:
This form happens to almost all words that have the vowel O in the first syllable, although there may be exceptions.
Vowels after the Għ
The vowels after the 'Għ' change their sound as well.
The syllable Għi, instead of an 'AJ' sound, takes an EJ sound. Example: Għid il-Kbir Easter would be pronounced as ejd il-kbir instead of ajd il-kbir
The syllable Għe, instead of an 'E' sound, takes an 'A' sound. Example: Qiegħed to stay would be pronounced as qijad instead of qijed.
The syllable Għu, instead of an 'OW' sound, takes an 'EW' sound. Example: Għuda piece of wood would be pronounced as ewda instead of owda.
Exceptions
Although there may be exceptions, such as Kollha all of it, which would be pronounced as Killha, and Meta when, as Mita, one must note that the vowels are almost never lengthened, and their accent remains the normal Maltese one.
Category:Dialects of Maltese
Category:Qormi |
Bydlin Castle - fourteenth-century castle ruins, located in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. The fortress was built as part of the Trail of the Eagles' Nests defence system, located in the village of Bydlin, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in Poland.
References
Category:Castles in Lesser Poland Voivodeship |
Annie Fish 27 March 1890 10 October 1964 was a British cartoonist and illustrator. Her illustration of Eve in The Tatler spawned films, theatre and books.
Life
Fish was born in Horfield in Bristol in 1890 before her family moved to London. She became a cartoonist and illustrator after studying with C. M. Q. Orchardson, George Belcher and John Hassall. She went to work for the publisher John Lane. Her debut work was creating cartoons for Stephen Leacock's humorous book Behind the Beyond.
Her work was compared to Aubrey Bearsdley although Fish noted that she did not see his work until after the comparison had been made.
Her illustrations for the Letters of Eve in The Tatler spawned films, theatre and three books. The costumes imagined for Phyllis Dare when she played Eve at the Adelphi Theatre were said to have influenced ladies fashions. Gladys Emma Peto created drawings for The letters of Phrynette in The Sketch. This was so similar to Letters of Eve that there was a court case.
Eileen Molyneux appeared in a series of twelve short silent two reel films as Eve for Gaumont in 1918.
Fish was the illustrator of Eve until 1920 and after that the character continued to appear in Pan magazine illustrated by Jo White and later Dolly Tree. In 1922 she illustrated a luxury edition of Edward Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.
Fish retired to St Ives in the 1940s. Her husband, Walter William Sefton, died in 1952. She died in Hayle in Cornwall in 1964 after falling in the bath.
References
External links
Category:1890 births
Category:1964 deaths
Category:20th-century British artists
Category:20th-century British women artists
Category:Accidental deaths from falls
Category:Accidental deaths in England
Category:Artists from Bristol
Category:English cartoonists
Category:English illustrators
Category:British women cartoonists
Category:British women illustrators |
The Oak Ridges Moraine Foundation ORMF is a non-profit organization based in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 2002 as a governing body dedicated to the enhancement and preservation of the Oak Ridges Moraine as a healthy and vibrant ecosystem.
History
The Oak Ridges Moraine stretches 160 kilometres from the Trent River in the east to the Niagara Escarpment in the west. It is more than 90 per cent privately owned with a population of approximately 250,000 to 300,000 people. It crosses 32 municipalities, supplies drinking water to more than 250,000 individuals and supports related agricultural, industrial, commercial and recreational uses.
In 2001 the Ontario government recognized that in order to preserve the Moraines health and diversity there was a need for provincial regulation over its many complex land use issues. On May 17, 2001, The Oak Ridges Moraine Protection Act was passed followed by the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act on December 13, 2001. Less than a year later, in April 2002, the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan ORMCP was passed. In the same year, the ORMF was created.
The ORMF has an independent board of directors that consists of individuals nominated by Ontario Nature, the Nature Conservancy of Canada, Conservation Ontario, the Government of Canada, the Government of Ontario, and the Association of Municipalities of Ontario. The Foundation Chair is Caroline Schultz, Executive Director of Ontario Nature.
Accomplishments
Since established in 2002 the ORMF has distributed in excess of $14 million in grants to 177 projects and leveraged, in collaboration with Moraine partners, an additional $35.8 million for Moraine-related projects. Of the money distributed 41 per cent was dedicated to land securement, 37 per cent to stewardship, 12 per cent to public education, 7 per cent to the expansion of the Oak Ridges Trail, and 3 per cent to research.
In addition, on September 15, 2016 the dedication was held for the official opening of the western trail head in Mono Township which replaced the original western terminus dedication in spring of 2012. In keeping with their mandate To build and maintain a public hiking trail system on the Oak Ridges moraine, off-road where possible, and To organize and promote hiking on this trail system, and To encourage responsible stewardship of the Moraine's natural environment the Oak Ridges Trail Association was able to secure part of the Bruce Trails original side trails as part of their main trail. This enabled less highway and road hiking into the more favourable forested areas. Working with partners to establish a trail that continued across the entire Moraine was one of the ORMF's initial goals. The completion of the Trail is also significant as it meets one of the ORMCP's main objectives of a continuous east to west trail along the entire length of the Moraine. However, continued stakeholder and landowner engagement is required to further more off-road sections of this trail system.
Future of the ORMF
The ORMFs granting function is currently suspended; however, it is dedicated to continue its work with the government, Moraine stakeholders and the public to create a lasting legacy for the Moraine.
On Friday, February 27, 2015, the Province announced and formally launched the co-ordinated review of the Growth Plan, Greenbelt Plan, Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan and Niagara Escarpment Plan. The review will include two formal stages of public consultation. To facilitate the first stage of the review, the province has released a discussion document Our Region, Our Community, Our Home, containing guiding questions for comments to assist in the development of proposed amendments to the four Plans. Stakeholders may participate in the review in a variety of ways by visiting the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing website: http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page10882.aspx
ORMF is working to prepare for the review and together with your efforts will help the Province make informed decisions about any changes required to the ORMCP to ensure it continues to protect and enhance the environment and water resources on the Oak Ridges Moraine. The Recommendations of the ORMF on the ORMCP can be viewed in their document Sustaining Our Environment, Planning For Our Future 2015 ORMF Recommendations Report here http://moraineforlife.org/index.php
In order to further provide long-term funding for ongoing program initiatives the ORMF is continuing to seek additional funding from the Provincial and Federal Governments.
References
External links
Oak Ridges Moraine Foundation
Oak Ridges Trail Association
Government of Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing Land Use Planning Review 2015
Category:Oak Ridges Moraine
Category:Newmarket, Ontario
Category:Organizations based in Ontario |
Operation Coronado was a series of 11 operations conducted by the American Mobile Riverine Force in conjunction with various units of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam South Vietnam in the waterways of the Mekong Delta in the south of the country in an attempt to dismantle guerrilla forces and infrastructure of the Vietcong in the waterways of the Mekong, which had been a communist stronghold. The operations ran sequentially from June 1967 to July 1968.Fulton, pp. 50150.
The series was named after Coronado Naval Base in California. There the American military had staged planning conference before adopting their riverine military strategy.Fulton, pp. 5070.
See also
Operation Coronado II
Operation Coronado IV
Operation Coronado V
Operation Coronado IX
Operation Coronado X
Operation Coronado XI
Notes
References
Category:1967 in Vietnam
Category:1968 in Vietnam
Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War
Category:Riverine warfare |
Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia also known as Atma Jaya University or Atma Jaya; or abbreviated as Unika Atma Jaya is an institute of higher learning in Jakarta, Indonesia, which was founded by Atma Jaya Foundation on 1 June 1960. The main campus is in Semanggi area, South Jakarta and the other campus is in Pluit, North Jakarta.
According to a survey by GlobeAsia Magazine in 2008 Atma Jaya was ranked third among all private universities in Indonesia. The survey of Tempo magazine from 2005 to 2007 put Atma Jaya in the top ten best universities in Indonesia. The General Directorate of Higher Education categorizes Atma Jaya in 50 Promising Indonesian Universities out of 2864 higher education institutions in Indonesia.
Since 2008 Atma Jaya has been increasing the number of undergraduate and graduate programs, and is constructing a new campus in Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang.
The university has been visited once by a reigning pope. Pope John Paul II visited on 12 October 1989. One of its main buildings was named after Pope John Paul II's original name: Karol Wojtyła.
History
In June 1952, the bishops at an all-Java Bishops Meeting first dreamed of founding a Catholic institution of higher learning. The inspiration took form on 1 June 1960 with the establishment of the Atma Jaya Foundation. This institution later founded Atma Jaya Catholic University. Among the first founders were Ir. J.P. Cho, Ir. Lo Siang Hien-Ginting, Drs. Goei Tjong Tik, I.J. Kasimo, J.B. Legiman S.H, Drs. F.X. Frans Seda, Pang Lay Kim, Tan Bian Seng, Anton M. Moeliono, St. Munadjat Danusaputro, J.E. Tan, Ben Mang Reng Say.
During its early years, the Ursuline Sisters helped Atma Jaya by providing classrooms at their school complexes in Lapangan Banteng Utara and at Santa Theresia, Menteng. Since 1967, Atma Jaya gradually moved to the campus at Jalan Jendral Sudirman, now known as the Semanggi Campus, and then to the Pluit Campus in North Jakarta which houses the Faculty of Medicine, Atma Jaya Hospital and the Atma Jaya Mortuary.
The faculties of Economics and Business Administration were founded in 1960, the faculties of Education and Engineering in 1961, the Faculty of Law in 1965, the Faculty of Medicine in 1967, the Faculty of Psychology in 1992, Masters degree program for Professional Psychologists in 2005, and the Faculty of Biotechnology in 2002.
Today, Atma Jaya Catholic University has eight faculties with 17 programs for the undergraduate/bachelor's degree. The postgraduate programs consist of three programs for master's degrees: Master of Management, Master of Applied English Linguistics in 1992, Master's degree Program for Professional Psychologists in 2005. There is one program for a Doctoral degree in Applied English Linguistics that started in 2002.
Name
Atma Jaya means the reign of the Spirit. The reign of the Spirit motivates the school to always increase education quality.
Faculties
Economics & Business
The Faculty of Economics was founded on July 11, 1960 is the oldest faculty at Unika Atma Jaya. Initially, this faculty had one department, the Management Department, with Corporate Economics as the study program; in 1974, the Accounting Department was opened; and in 1992, the Economics and Development Study IESP opened.
The Faculty of Economics changed its name to the Faculty of Economics & Business in 2013.
Administration Studies
The Faculty of Administration Science FIA was a division of the Social and Political Sciences Faculty established on July 11, 1960. This faculty opened the General and Personnel Management Department.
The Bachelor of Arts level of this department obtained the acknowledged status based on a Decree of the Minister of University and Science of the Republic of Indonesia in 1964. The status was elevated to equalized in 1966. The full graduate level of the General and Personnel Management of the Social and Political Sciences Faculty in 1965.{?}
In 1970, the name of the Social and Political Sciences Faculty became the Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty whose full graduate level obtained equalized status based on the Decree of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia in 1980.
The Faculty of Administration Science with the Commercial Administration Study Program is the new name used since 1985 based on the Decree dated 1985. Along with the legalization of the name, the curriculum of the faculty was developed based on the core curriculum set forth by the Department of Education and Culture. The Administration Science Faculty FIA Study Program Commercial Administration Study Program are accredited as A based on the Decree of BAN-PT of the Department of Education and Culture in 1998. The accreditation rank has been retained with the obtainment of an A rank certificate very good based on the Decree of BAN-PT of the Department of Education and Culture in 2003.
In 2009, The Faculty of Administration Science opens a new study program. Programs of Study Communication Science, according to SK DITJEN DIKTI DEPDIKNAS No.887/D/T/2009 dated on June 11, 2009 has been legally administering its students admission. A year after the programs of Study Communication Science opened, The Faculty of Administration Science opened a programs of Hospitality. According to SK DITJEN DIKTI DEPDIKNAS No.78/D/O/2010 dated on June 9, 2010, programs of Hospitality is able to start admission process of admission for the next term.
The Faculty of Administration Science changed its name to the Faculty of Business Administration and Communication. FIABIKOM has three programs of study: Commercial Administration, Communication Science, and Hospitality. According to DIKTI's new regulations on academic degrees, programs of study Commercial Administration when completed will be granted Bachelor of Commercial Administration Sarjana Administrasi Bisnis, S.AB., Communication Science will be granted Bachelor of Communications Sarjana Ilmu Komunikasi, S.I.Kom., Hospitality will be granted Bachelor of Hospitality Sarjana Pariwisata, S.Par..
In late 2014, though not yet published and confirmed publicly, the Faculty of Business Administration and Communication would be merged with the Faculty of Economy. Merging these faculties would give birth to The Faculty of Economics and Business. The planned Faculty of Economics and Business was intended to have finished integrating for the new study term of 2015.
Education and Teaching
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Pedagogical Sciences FKIP was founded in 1961 as the continuation of the B1 Bonaventura course with three departments: the Pedagogical Science Department, English Language Department, and History Department. Four years later, on August 12, 1965, the name of this faculty changed to the Faculty of Pedagogical Science Faculty with two departments: the English Language Department and General Science Department. Since 1980, this faculty has been known as the Faculty of Teacher Training and Pedagogical Sciences.
The General Science Department changed into the Pedagogical Science Department with Pedagogical and Counseling Psychology study program while the English Language Department changed into the Language and Art Education Department of the English Language study program in 1985. For academic year 1985/1986, a new study program opened, Catechetic Education, which on November 18, 1996 changed to the Theological Pedagogical Science Study Program. This study program continued from the Catechetic Academy Karya Wacana. At the time of establishment, FKIP had 280 registered students. In 1999, 1,350 students were registered in this program.
Engineering Faculty
History
When first founded the university had only the social faculty. The government regulated that a university must have both social and science faculties. Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia opened a Faculty of Technology with the Mechanical Engineering department.
The founders were Ir. J. P. Cho and Ir. Bian Tamin Tan Bian Seng. Cho got his title from the Technische Hogeschool Delft in Netherlands in 1955. He was a mechanical engineer.
A year after the establishment of Unika Atma Jaya, he and Ir. Bian Tamin founded the Faculty of Technology. At the opening of the Faculty of Technology, besides being a member of the foundation, he sat as the secretary of the faculty and a lecturer. Over 1968-1969, he was posted as the dean. During his office as the dean, with very limited financial resource and facility, he continued to raise the Faculty of Technology. Cho left the faculty membership with the foundation. Since 1977 he has been a full-time Executive Secretary to the Atma Jaya Foundation. For his contributions to the world of education and Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia in particular, on November 23, 1989, Pope John Paul II granted the Sancto Silvester medal to him.
Ir. Bian Tamin. He moved to Bandung to attend to the Technische Hogeschool Scheikundige Afdeling Chemistry Department. He then left for the Netherlands and entered the Technische Hogeschool Delft Afdeling: Scheikundige Technologie. In the Netherlands, he co-founded IMKI. For his active contributions, he was promoted the president of IMKI. He was also a top member of PPI Management.
The Faculty of Technology was officially founded on July 1, 1961. In the early days, the Faculty of Technology only had the Mechanical Engineering Department. Lectures were given from one place to another.
In the beginning, there were no full-time staff. The staff were all part-timers and mostly members of the Marine Corps. They were there thanks to the close personal relationship with Ir. J. P. Cho. Among those giving lectures at the Faculty of Technology were Officer Dr. A.J. Suryadi, Dr. Parapat, Ir. Legiyono, Ir. Sugiyono Kadarisma, Ir. Ghandawinata, Ir. H.J. Kusumadiantho, Drs. Koeswono, and Dra. Saodhah.
There were 72 students. In 1989, there were 394 registered students in the Mechanical Engineering Department, mostly male.
The name of the Faculty of Technology changed in 1967 into the Faculty of Engineering henceforth FT based on the decree of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Since 1980, FT had been holding lectures in the campus complex in Jenderal Sudirman Street. Students participated in the construction of the semi-permanent buildings. As more and more students were admitted the need for classrooms increased. In 1985, some of the old semi-permanent buildings were demolished and replaced by a new three-story building known as Building K1.
The Engineering Faculty had a permanent lecturing facility in Jenderal Sudirman Street. There was no laboratory and students relied on Budi Utomo Technical Vocational High School, Manggarai Railway, and ITBS shops. Later, given the importance of the laboratory to improve students skills, those academic facilities were built. In 1985, the Engineering Faculty had had a Physical Laboratory, Mechanical Technology, Mechanical Drawing Studio, Mechanical Testing Laboratory, and Electronics and Telecommunication Laboratory.
The Graduate and Bachelor of Arts of the Mechanical Department were given a registered status in 1962. An approach was made to the Engineering Faculty of Indonesia University to found a Test and Supervision Team. It was only on July 27, 1985 that the Engineering Faculty was granted an acknowledged status. In 1971 that the Engineering Faculty graduated its students for the first time. There were four graduates.
On June 1, 1979, the Electronics Engineering Department opened. The opening of the department was in accordance with the Five Year Development Master Plan of Atma Jaya 1976-1981 which, among others contained a plan to open a new department at the Engineering Faculty. This department supports the Mechanical Engineering Department and in the future the establishment of the Industrial Engineering Department.
To manage the Electronics Engineering Department, a team which would work over two academic years was formed. This team consisted of five members: Dipl. Ing. Nakoela Soenarta, Ir. Legijono, Ir. Bambang Wirawan, Ir. Masgunarto Budiman, and Ir. M.J. Djoko Setyardjo. The head of the Electronics Engineering Department was Dipl. Ing. Nakoela Soenarto.
The Electronics Engineering Department got a registered status soon after the establishment. In 1988, the Electronics Engineering Department was granted an acknowledged status. Unlike the Mechanical Engineering Department, the Electronics Engineering Department born in the midst of the strong demand from society, did not encounter hurdles like the Mechanical Engineering did. The main issue was to recruit full-time lecturers. This was dealt by hiring part-time lecturers. At the same time, the attempt to hire full-time lecturers continued.
The population of students to the Electronics Engineering Department increased over years. There were 69 students in the first class. In the odd semester of 2004/2005, there were 744 registered students. In 1985, 3 of 289 students graduated; in 1987, 22 students graduated of 341; in 1988, 81 of 380; and in 1989, 35 of 433 students. This is a promising improvement.
The Industrial Engineering Department opened in academic year 1999/2000 based on the Decree of the Directorate General of University Education Number 49/DIKTI/Kep/1999 dated March 3, 1999 under registered status.
Laboratories specific to the Industrial Engineering Department were built one at a time. First, the Statistics and Decision Support Laboratory has been built and the next will be the Working System Designing and Ergonomics and Production System laboratories. The Industrial Engineering Department was founded under Dean Ir. Joseph Sedyono, M.EngSc and the first head of the Department was Ir. Djoko Setyanto, MSc.
In 1999, the first academic year for this department, there were 110 students, an indication that the society confides and places great hopes on this Industrial Engineering Department.
The Mechanical Engineering Department has eight laboratories:
Laboratory for Computer Aided Design & Engineering
Laboratory for Materials Science & Engineering
Laboratory for Automation, Robotics & Mechatronics
Laboratory for Computer Numerical Control CNC & Industrial Metrology
Laboratory for Manufacturing Processes
Laboratory for Aerodynamics & Fluid Mechanics
Laboratory for Mechanical Experiments
Laboratory for Energy Conversion & Renewable Energy
Law
The Faculty of Law was founded on July 3, 1965 admitting 141 students. The class started early in September 1965 using the St. Theresa Junior High School building in Central Jakarta. One month later, the G-30-S incident broke out, followed by mass demonstrations by students. It was not until February 1, 1967 that the class resumed.
The class at Semanggi Campus began earlier in March 1971. For the first 10 years, there was no change to the number of the students, with only one study program. Until 1986, by average, each year, no more than 100 students were admitted. However, as of 1987, every year more and more students applied. Over 20032004, 325 to 350 prospective students of an average 1,000 applicants have been admitted.
Now the Faculty of Law has four concentration programs: Civil Law, Criminal Law, State Administration/International Law, and Economic and Business Law. When it first opened there were only 141 students but by the second semester of 2004/2005 there were 1,525 registered students.
A survey by Tempo magazine in October 2003 and 2004 ranked the Faculty of Law number three among the favorite places to study Law. The survey was conducted in seven major cities Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Malang, and Medan to 1,100 respondents: parents of senior high school students and the students themselves
Medicine
In 1964, Dr. K.S. Gani, DPH, Dr. J. Soegondho Roewidodarmo, and Dr. A.H. Tjahjadi moved to realize the idea of founding a medicine faculty in a Catholic educational institution.
On December 27, 1967, the Decree of Atma Jaya Foundation regarding the establishment of a Medicine Faculty at Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia was issued. The class began in March 1968 at St. Carolus Hospitals Complex and practicum was held at the laboratory of the Medicine Faculty of Indonesia University. On September 12, 1969, the faculty was granted a registered status from the Department of Education and Culture. The year 1969 witnessed the construction of the first decently permanent building at Semanggi Campus with the help from DITH Directoraat International Technische Hulp, an agency of the Dutch government.
Atma Jaya Hospital, the place where doctors experience their clinical education, was used for the first time in 1976. Before Sakit Atma Jaya Hospital was completed, most clinical educations were done at St. Carolus Hospital, Gatot Subroto Hospital, Community Health Center Melani, and many others.
Since 1991 all the learning process has been held at Pluit Campus, about 12 km from the main campus of Atma Jaya, in the same location with Atma Jaya Hospital. Since its establishment until 1996, the Medicine Faculty of Atma Jaya Indonesia Catholic University had used the Indonesia Doctor Education Core Curriculum I KIPDI I and KIPDI II until 2005. As of 2006, FKUAJ uses KIPDI III, a Competence Based National Curriculum for Doctors Education for primary health service doctors with family doctor approaches.
Students of academic year 2005 or older stuck to the old curriculum based on KIPDI II.
Psychology
The learning and teaching process began in 1992 based on the Decree of the Director General of University, regarding the registered status of the psychology study program/department for S1 program at the Psychology Faculty.
On March 1, 1995, the status was improved into acknowledged based on the Decree of the Director General of University Education.
On December 22, 1998 based on the Decree of the University National Accreditation Board of the Department of Education and Culture, regarding the Result and Accreditation Rank of the Study Program for the Degree Program, the Psychology Faculty was accredited B with 553.7 points.
On July 22, 2004 based on the Decree of the University National Accreditation Board of the Department of Education and Culture, regarding the Result and Accreditation Rank of the Study Program for the Degree Program, the Psychology Faculty was accredited A with 364 points
Biotechnology
To develop biotechnology in Indonesia, the Biotechnology Faculty at the university was established in 2002.
The faculty includes programmes of study in Environmental and Industrial Biology, Medical Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Bio-ethics. With the opening of this faculty, Atma Jaya became the first university in Indonesia to have a faculty of Biotechnology.
Postgraduate studies
On 16 October 1992, Atma Jaya University began offering a master's degree in Linguistics, with a focus on the English language. On 4 October 1993, this was followed by the introduction of a master's degree in Management.
Cooperation with foreign universities, institutes, and associations
Atma Jaya cooperates with foreign universities for student exchange programs, lecturer exchanges, scholarships, joint research, and other activities:
University of Illinois USA
Loyola University Chicago USA
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Malaysia
Kanda University of International Studies Japan
Southern Taiwan University of Technology Taiwan
Chung Yuan Christian University Taiwan
Woosong University Solbridge International South Korea
Kyungsung University South Korea
Catholic University of Korea South Korea
Sogang University South Korea
Daegu Mirae College South Korea
University of Santo Tomas the Philippines
The University of New South Wales Australia
Flinders University Australia
University of Queensland Australia
Maastricht University the Netherlands
Radboud University the Netherlands
Universitat Regensburg Germany
Gelsenkirchen University of Applied Sciences-Bolcholt Campus Germany
University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt Germany
The Webropol University Germany
With institutes and associations abroad, among others:
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology BIOTEC|National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Thailand
National Science and Technology Development Agency Thailand
BIOTECH Thailand
The Australian Consortium for In Country Indonesian Studies Australia
Coca-Cola Foundation USA
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Germany
German Caritas Association Germany
The Katholiescher Akademischer Auslander Dienst KAAD
Notable alumni
See also
Atma Jaya University, Yogyakarta
List of universities in Indonesia
References
External links
Category:Catholic universities and colleges in Indonesia
Category:Educational institutions established in 1960
Category:1960 establishments in Indonesia
Category:Universities in Jakarta
Category:Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia
Category:Private universities and colleges in Indonesia
Category:South Jakarta
Category:North Jakarta |
Success Dam is a dam across the Tule River in Tulare County, California in the United States. Serving mainly for flood control and irrigation, the dam is an earthen embankment structure high and long. The dam lies about east of Porterville and impounds Lake Success, which has a capacity of .
The dam was initially authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944 as part of an extensive system of dams and levees to provide flood protection in the Tulare Lake basin of the southern San Joaquin Valley. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USACE began construction of Success Dam in 1958 and finished in 1961, with the official dedication on May 18, 1962.
The USACE found in 1999 that the alluvial deposits that form the foundations of the dam were unstable and that the dam would be at a high risk of failure in the event of an earthquake. In 2006, new regulations were passed that limited long-term water storage in the reservoir to , 35 of capacity. A proposed $500 million project would increase the thickness of the dam by so that it could better withstand a quake in the region.
See also
List of reservoirs and dams in California
References
Category:Dams in the Tulare Basin
Category:Buildings and structures in Tulare County, California
Category:Dams in California
Category:Earth-filled dams
Category:United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Category:Dams completed in 1961 |
No Quarter Pounder is a studio album by Dread Zeppelin, released on September 12, 1995. Its title is wordplay on the Led Zeppelin song No Quarter, and the name of a McDonald's hamburger, the Quarter Pounder so named for its pre-cooked weight.
Track listing
Un Leddd Ed In 3d Traditional 1:09
Ramble On Jimmy Page, Robert Plant 4:01
Viva Las Vegas Doc Pomus, Mort Schuman - 3:35
What Is and What Should Never Be Page, Plant 4:58
Li'l Baby Elvis Jackson Jah Paul Jo & Butt-Boy 3:48
How Many More Times John Bonham, Jones, Page 6:25
No Quarter John Paul Jones, Page, Plant 4:33
The Last Resort Dread Zeppelin, from the film National Lampoon's Last Resort 4:19
1-800-Psychic Pal Jah Paul Jo, Tortelvis 1:44
American Trilogy Mickey Newbury 3:42
Brick House Of the Holy! King, Lapread, McClary, Orange, Ritchie, Williams 5:01
Li'l Baby E.J. Goes to College The Son Sessions Hambone Butt-Boy, Jo, Tortelvis 3:55
Additional notes
Catalogue: Birdcage 11006
Category:1995 albums
Category:Dread Zeppelin albums
Category:Birdcage Records albums |
The Independent Order of Odd Fellows Hall in Ashton, Idaho, also known as the Ashton State Bank Building was built in 1907 in Early Commercial architectural style. It served historically as a meeting hall and for businesses. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
It is built of pressed red brick on a sandstone foundation, and it has a large brick cornice capped with sandstone. Three commercial spaces are on the first floor, with meeting room for the local Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks lodge above. The first businesses were the Ashton State Bank, a hardware store, and a furniture store.
It is the only early building in Ashton, which developed quickly after the Oregon Short Line Railroad arrived in the Upper Snake River Valley in 1905, that retains its historic character.
References
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1907
Category:Buildings and structures in Fremont County, Idaho
Category:Buildings designated early commercial in the National Register of Historic Places
Category:Odd Fellows buildings in Idaho
Category:Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Fremont County, Idaho |
Słomowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sorkwity, within Mrągowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately east of Sorkwity, west of Mrągowo, and east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
Before 1945 the area was part of Germany East Prussia.
References
Category:Villages in Mrągowo County |
Youth Milan FC is a Barbados football club, based in Checker Hall in the northern parish of Saint Lucy.
Sponsored by Arawak Cement, they play in the Barbados' first division, the Barbados Premier Division.
Achievements
Barbados Premier Division: 2
2006, 2011
Barbados FA Cup: 2
2002, 2009
References
Category:Football clubs in Barbados |
The 2017 PDC Unicorn World Youth Championship was the seventh edition of the PDC World Youth Championship, a tournament organised by the Professional Darts Corporation for darts players aged between 16 and 23.
The knock-out stages from the last 64 to the semi-finals were played in Wigan on 6 November 2017. The final took place on 26 November 2017, before the final of the 2017 Players Championship Finals, which was shown live on ITV4.
Australia's Corey Cadby was the defending champion after defeating Dutch player Berry van Peer 62 in the 2016 final, but he lost 63 to English player Josh Payne in the semi-finals.
Belgium's Dimitri Van den Bergh became the new World Youth champion, by defeating Josh Payne 63 in the final.
Prize money
Qualification
The tournament will feature 64 players. The top 46 players in the PDC Development Tour Order of Merit automatically qualify for the tournament. They will be joined by 15 international qualifiers. Participation will also be possible for any age-qualified players from the top 32 of the main PDC Order of Merit. The remaining two qualifying places are offered to Junior Darts Corporation representatives.
Should an international qualifier also be ranked high enough in the Development Tour Order of Merit to qualify, further places would be allocated from the Development Tour Order of Merit.
The participants are with the top 8 being seeded:
1-47
International qualifiers
Dominik Pundt
Keifer Durham
Qingyu Zhan
Corey Cadby
Kalani Hillman
Max Hopp
Melvin de Fijter
Gergely Lakatos
David Medina Puyol
Jarvis Bautista
Daniel Jensen
Nathan Rafferty
Jordan Christie
Man Lok Leung
Maxim Aldoshin
Representatives from the Junior Darts Corporation
Luke Durham
Jack Ryder
Draw
References
World Youth Championship
PDC World Youth Championship
2017 |
The Charles Piper Building is a building in southeast Portland, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Further reading
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Portland, Oregon
References
External links
Category:1929 establishments in Oregon
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1929
Category:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon
Category:Portland Eastside MPS
Category:Portland Historic Landmarks
Category:Richmond, Portland, Oregon
Category:Spanish Revival architecture in the United States |
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya University of Health Sciences, Karnal is a university specialised in health sciences in Karnal, Haryana, India. It was established by Haryana Act No. 27 of 2016 and named University of Health Sciences, Karnal which was changed into Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya University of Health Sciences, Karnal by an amendment act passed in 2018.
History
The concept of the University of Health Sciences at Kutail, Karnal, Haryana was introduced in 2016. After the Department of Medical Education and Research, Haryana proposed the idea of University at Kutail, the University was approved by Manohar Lal Khattar the present Chief Minister of Haryana along with Haryana Cabinet. The announcement was made by Chief Minister while addressing the press at Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College. Government of Haryana sought help of Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University in the United States to set up the University of Health Sciences in Kutail, Karnal, Haryana.
The Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College is thus the mother institution of University of Health Sciences.
Campus
The 178 acre campus near Grand Trunk Road is located on the 99 years long land leased by the Kutail village at the rate of Rs 1 per acre to the Medical Education and Research Department, Haryana.
Admission
The university commenced running classes for the 40BSc Nursing and 30BSc Physiotherapy students in November 2018, initially from the campus of the KCGMCH while the university buildings are being constructed.
See also
Similar institutes
All India Institutes of Medical Sciences
AIIMS, Badsa Jhajjar
Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak
List of institutions of higher education in Haryana
List of Medical, Ayurvedic, Dental, Physiotherapy, Nursing and Para-medical colleges in Haryana
List of medical colleges in India
Related health topics
Healthcare in India
Indian states ranking by institutional delivery
List of hospitals in India
References
Category:Medical and health sciences universities in India
Category:Proposed organizations
Category:Hospitals in Haryana
Category:Medical colleges in Haryana
Category:Teaching hospitals in India
Category:Education in Karnal
Category:Karnal
Category:Universities in Haryana |
Ásgrímur Jónsson March 4, 1876 April 5, 1958 was an Icelandic painter, and one of the first in the country to make art a professional living.
He studied at the Royal Academy in Copenhagen between 1900 and 1903 and traveled widely after graduation. The subjects of his pictures are mostly the landscapes of his home country, particularly mountains. His painting style is similar to the French impressionists like Corot. Some of his pictures also illustrate Icelandic sagas and folk tales.
He was also noted for his murals in various churches in Iceland. A number of his works are on display in the National Gallery of Iceland. Jónsson influenced many artists in Iceland. A short time before he died he donated his house at No. 74, Bergstaðastræti, Reykjavík to the Icelandic Government along with all those paintings which were at that time in his possession. These consisted of 192 oil paintings and 277 water colours together with a great number of unfinished pictures dating from various periods in his life.
During his lifetime Ásgrímur Jónsson was honoured in many ways. He was made honorary professor at the University of Iceland and, in 1933 he was made Grand Knight of the Icelandic Order of the Falcon. He was an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and Knight of Dannebrog, first class. He died in 1958 and was buried in Gaulverjabær
References
Further reading
Ólafur Kvaran and Karla Kristjánsdóttir eds, Confronting Nature: Icelandic Art of the 20th Century, National Gallery of Iceland, Reykjavík, 2001.
Ásgrímur Jónsson. Tómas Guðmundsson, published by Helgafell, Reykjavik MCMLXII
External links
Jónsson at the National Gallery of Iceland
Category:1876 births
Category:1958 deaths
Category:Icelandic Impressionist painters
Category:Landscape artists
Category:19th-century Icelandic painters
Category:20th-century Icelandic painters
Category:Knights First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog
Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts |
Telečka Serbian Cyrillic: Телечка, Hungarian: Bácsgyulafalva is a village in Serbia. It is in the Sombor municipality, in the West Bačka District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Hungarian ethnic majority and its population is 2,084 people 2002 census. It is surrounded by a sandy region, also referred to as Telečka, or Telečka sands.
History
Settlement was built in 1883-1884 by Hungarian colonists. First census was conducted in 1890 and it recorded population of 2,479 inhabitants. Before the First World War this village was part of Bács-Bodrog County Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary. Since 1918, it is part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes later renamed to Yugoslavia. Today, the village has a Hungarian ethnic majority with more than 70 of the population.
Ethnic groups 2002 census
Hungarians = 1,508 72.36
Serbs = 429 20.59
Romani = 37 1.78
Yugoslavs = 23 1.10
Croats = 13 0.62
others.
Historical population
1961: 2,996
1971: 2,665
1981: 2,429
1991: 2,138
See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina
References
Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
External links
www.soinfo.org
http://bacsgyulafalva.5mp.eu
Category:Places in Bačka
Category:Sombor
Category:West Bačka District |
Xialu may refer to:
Xialu District, in Huangshi, Hubei, China
Xialu Monastery, or Ṣalu Monastery, in Shigatse, Tibet |
The Colonial Athletic Association Men's Soccer Tournament is the annual conference championship tournament for the Colonial Athletic Association CAA. The tournament has been held every year since 1983, when the CAA began sponsoring a men's soccer program.
Format
Presently, the Colonial Athletic Association Men's Soccer Tournaments features six conference teams that have the best conference regular season record. The regular season champion and runner-up receive byes to the semifinal round. The third through six-placed teams play in a play-in round at the site of the higher seed. The winners take on the top two seeds, which is hosted at the site of the team that wins the regular season. The champion earns an automatic berth into the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship.
Tournament champions
CAA Teams performance in the NCAA Tournament
Key
F = Finals
SF = College Cup
QF = Quarterfinals
R4 = Fourth round
R3 = Third round
R2 = Second round
R1 = First round
Titles by school
Teams in italics no longer play in the CAA.
See also
Colonial Athletic Association
References
External links
CAA Men's Soccer Tournament
*
Category:NCAA Division I men's soccer conference tournaments |
BumbobiBubuloLwakhakha Road is a road in the Eastern Region of Uganda, connecting the city of Mbale to the town of Lwakhakha at the International border with Kenya.
Location
The road starts at Bumbobi, a suburb of the city of Mbale 2014 population: 96,189, the most populous city in the eastern region. The road continues through Nabumali and Bubulo to end at Lwakhakha, a distance of about . The road connects Manafwa District to Mbale, the largest city in the Bugisu sub-region. The coordinates of the road near Bubulo are 0°57'03.0N, 34°16'17.0E Latitude:0.950833; Longitude:34.271389.
Upgrading to bitumen
The government of Uganda has requested funding from the African Development Bank ADB to upgrade this road from gravel surface to class 2 bitumen surface. As required by Ugandan law and ADB guidelines, an environment assessment study was commissioned and its report published in 2013. Construction is expected to start once funding is approved and a contractor is selected and hired. , project preparation was ongoing.
See also
Mbale District
List of roads in Uganda
Economy of Uganda
Transport in Uganda
References
External links
Uganda National Road Authority Homepage
Category:Roads in Uganda
Category:Mbale District
Category:Manafwa District
Category:Namisindwa District
Category:Eastern Region, Uganda |
Child pornography laws in Japan outlaw child pornography. The production, sale, distribution, and commercialization of child pornography is illegal under Article 7 of the Act on Punishment of Activities Relating to Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, and the Protection of Children and is punishable by a maximum penalty of five years in prison and/or a fine of ¥5,000,000. Possession of child pornography with any intent of distribution and sale is also illegal.
Manga artists and anime directors have argued that it is dangerous to try to define child pornography when it comes to artwork, drawings, and animation when regarding hentai due to it being highly ambiguous, and have cited freedom of expression to prevent it from being abused. For example, they argued that even in the anime and manga series Doraemon, the scene of the schoolgirl Shizuka Minamoto taking a bath might be mis-construed as child pornography. Arts depicting underage characters lolicon and shotacon and photography of underage models junior idol remain controversial in Japan.
Legal background
Domestic
The Act on Punishment of Activities Relating to Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, and the Protection of Children came into effect on May 26, 1999. Under Article 7, it outlawed the production, transport, import and export of child pornography, as well as possession of child pornography for the aforementioned purposes.
Previously, obscenity was regulated by the 1907 Penal Code of Japan. Article 175 of the code has been applied to underage obscenity, notably in a 1993 case where a burusera shop owner was arrested on suspicion of possession for sale of obscene media, after he had invited a high school student to appear in a pornographic video.
The penalty for possession with any intent of commercialization, sales, or distribution is a maximum imprisonment with labor for three years or a fine of three million yen approximately $39,000. Production or distribution of child pornography is punishable by imprisonment with labor for up to five years and a fine of up to five million yen approximately $50,000. Article 34 of the Child Welfare Act, applicable since 1947, states that No person shall commit an act listed in any of the following items: with line six specifying Cause a child to commit an obscene act.
However, there were no laws addressing the simple possession of any kind of pornography in general which included child pornography, with no intent to sale or distribute. On 4 June 2014, a bill was approved to be passed to ban the possession, closing this loophole in the nation's child pornography prohibition law, although it did not apply to hentai in anime and manga in order to prevent abuse of the law. The bill passed on 18 June.
Political background
In June 2008, a bill proposing a ban on child pornography possession was submitted to the House of Representatives of Japan, where it was brought before the Diet in September, but failed to pass. The Liberal Democratic Party and the New Komeito Party proposed to outlaw any possession of child pornography, but was countered by the Democratic Party of Japan with a different proposal. The House of Representatives dissolved on July 21, 2009, and both proposals to revise the law were withdrawn. During the general election of the House of Representatives in August 2009, open letters written by politicians to a civilian organization showed that the politicians were divided on the matter.
In 2008, the Japanese branch of UNICEF called on the government to outlaw simple possession of child pornography, as well as manga and anime pornography depicting minors. It also called for tighter restrictions of Junior idol media under existing laws. The United States ambassador to Japan has stated that Japan's lack of laws restricting possession of child pornography has impeded international investigations into child pornography.
On August 25, 2011, the Liberal Democratic Party submitted a petition requesting stricter laws on child pornography, which included child pornography in anime. In late June 2013, the Liberal Democratic Party moved forward with their proposal. A decision has not yet been reached.
A 2007 public opinion poll taken by the Japanese government showed that 86.5 of respondents believed that child pornography regulations should be applied to anime and manga, while 90.9 endorsed regulations of harmful materials on the Internet.
Junior idols
While not considered explicitly pornographic, media portraying young idols is a large industry in Japan. Photobooks and videos of underage models in scant, tight fitting and revealing clothing are often taken to be provocative and pornographic in nature. The industry remains lucrative, with The Japan Times reporting an estimated 3 million idol photobooks sold between 2006 and 2007. However, child modeling in Japan is not seen in the same light as in the West, as many models are eventually offered acting, singing, or promotional careers.
Studios producing junior idol media are not exempt from current laws. After 2007, staff and heads of various video production firms were arrested on allegations that their productions overstepped legal boundaries.
Lolicon and shotacon
In Japan, lolicon is an attraction to underage girls by men or women of any age. It can also involve attraction to older characters with youthful neotenic features that make them appear to be younger than they really are. Lolicon is a hentai subgenre in dojinshi, manga, anime, and video games in which childlike characters are usually depicted in an ero kawaii erotic cute manner, which can range from explicitly pornographic to mildly suggestive, romantic, or entirely non-sexual. The young boys equivalent is called shotacon. Outside Japan, lolicon only refers to the hentai subgenre, usually involving simulated pornography.
Figures regarding the prevalence of lolicon and shotacon are hard to come by, but it is estimated that 30-40 of manga contain sexual references involving underage characters. The age of consent in Japan is 13, but is generally higher under prefectural laws. No regulations are in place to control images portraying sexual content of hentai in manga or anime.
Supporters of regulating simulated pornography claim to advocate human rights and children's rights such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Opponents such as the also claim to advocate for the rights of children, pointing out the decreasing numbers in sexually motivated crimes are due to simulated materials providing an outlet to those who would otherwise seek material depicting actual children.
The constitutionality of proposed laws have been discussed, since Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan guarantees freedom of speech, press and all other forms of expression. The definitions of obscenity, specifically written in law as arouses or stimulates the viewer's sexual desire, have been argued as ambiguous.
See also
Legal status of drawn pornography depicting minors
Laws regarding child pornography
Child pornography laws in Australia
Child pornography laws in the United States
Child pornography laws in Canada
Child pornography laws in the United Kingdom
Child pornography laws in the Netherlands
Child pornography laws in Portugal
Child pornography in the Philippines
References
Category:Child pornography law
Category:Japanese criminal law
Category:Pedophilia in Japan
Category:Childhood in Japan
Category:Child sexual abuse in Japan |
Saline is a village and parish in Fife, Scotland, situated to the north-west of Dunfermline. It lies in an elevated position on the western slopes of the Cleish Hills.
At the 2001 Census the population was 1188, a decline from the 1235 recorded in the 1991 Census. The village has a primary school, a parish church and a golf course. The glen runs from the bottom of the main street through to neighbouring Steelend.
The civil parish has a population of 1,762 in 2011 and an area of 8,757 acres.
Formerly a weaving centre, Saline was not much redeveloped during the 19th and 20th centuries as the expansion of industrial mining in west Fife largely passed it by. As a result, Saline contains a sizable number of listed buildings, mostly 18th century weavers' cottages.
The village is dominated to the east-north-east by Saline Hill, 359 meters OD, with a hill fort on the eastern summit. The smaller hill to the south of east at Bandrum has a standing stone on the peak.
Famous Residents
Thomas Bonnar 1821-1862 the Edinburgh architect was born here.
References
External links
Gazetteer for Scotland entry
Saline Primary School website
About Saline at Fife Council
Category:Villages in Fife
Category:Parishes in Fife |
Sai Reddy ca. 1962 6 December 2013 was an Indian journalist for the Hindi-language newspaper Deshandhu. He was murdered by the Maoists near a market in Basaguda, Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh. Both the Maoists and police were suspicious of Reddy's allegiance to the other side. Maoists believed he was assisting police to dislodge the Communist Party of India. The police arrested him for having close ties with the communists. Some journalists believed that Reddy was killed by other farmers. He was known for playing an active role in the people's movement in Basaguda over the last few decades.
Personal
Sai Reddy was born in 1962 and was from in Basuguda, an area hit hard by the insurgent Naxalites. Reddy was held by security in 1998 under the Essential Commodities Act and again in 2008 for suspected relationships with the Maoists. Many rural journalists supplement their incomes by selling agricultural products while also working as journalists, and Reddy also used this method to supplement his salary. His wife had a shop. He was living in Bijapur at the time he returned home.
Career
Sai Reddy was a rural journalist. He reported on rural topics, as well as on corruption cases. He had at least 20 years of experience and covered the conflict with the Maoists for that long. He was known by peers and employer as independent and critical of all sides and careful to check on facts and figures while reporting.
Reddy's writings on the Naxal violence in the region gained him unwanted attention, and he was known to have angered the security forces, the anti-Maoist group Salwa Judum, and the Maoists. Tribal families in the Chhattisgarh area were subjected to violence during the insurgent conflict with the Indian authorities. Reddy was held by security in 1998 under the Essential Commodities Act and again in 2008 for suspected relationships with the Maoists. Around 2008, Reddy fled Chhattisgarh after his house was destroyed by fire and the police had arrested him, and returned later after apologising to the Moaists.
Death
Sai Reddy was murdered by 4 or more men after leaving the market in Basguda on 6 December 2013. The cause of death was from head and neck injuries that were caused by the stabbing and beating incident. The attack occurred during the afternoon in front of witnesses. Reddy had been receiving threats from the Maoists for some time. The Maoists officially took responsibility more than a month after the Reddy's murder. The Maoists used sharp-edged weapons on Reddy when they attacked him, and he died en route to the hospital. His troubles with the Maoists went back as far as 2008 when they torched his house.
Context
By the time Maoists killed Sai Reddy, over 1500 civilians in the area had been killed by the armed political group.
Impact
Sai Reddy was one of at least eight Indian journalists who were killed during 2013. The level of violence against journalists in 2013 in India surpassed the previous high level of violence reached in 1997 when seven were killed. Nemi Chand Jain was also killed in Chhattisgarh in February 2013. According to news reports, Jain was killed by the Maoists and the group had confirmed it, which makes Reddy the second journalist killed by the Maoist in 2013. He was one of 70 journalists killed worldwide in 2013.
Reaction
Within 45 days of Reddy's murder, the Maoists not only took responsibility for his murder but said they were mistaken about his working for the police.
After his killing outside the market in front of eyewitnesses, police suspected Maoists and that was confirmed by a press release released after the attack. Journalists in Basaguda marched through the lands of the Maoists over a three-day period to protest his death and out of concern for their own safety.
The Indian Journalists Union called for arrests. The president and secretary of Journalists' Forum Assam JFA called Reddy's murderers cowards and threw their support behind the journalists of the Chattishgrah who demonstrating against Reddy's murder. The JFA, which has also experienced problems in Assam supported the principle of neutrality of journalists between political and security forces
Irina Bokova, the director general of UNESCO, also responded to Reddy's murder, I urge the authorities to investigate this crime. Violence against media workers undermines the ability of journalists to carry out their work freely as well as the right of citizens to receive the independent information they need.
The Committee to Protect Journalists requested that India investigate his murder and a spokesperson said, Journalists in Chhattisgarh have become targets in the conflict between the Indian state and the Maoists for simply reporting the realities on the ground.
See also
List of journalists killed in India
References
Category:1962 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Deaths by stabbing in India
Category:Indian newspaper journalists
Category:Journalists killed in India
Category:People from Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh
Category:Journalists from Chhattisgarh
Category:20th-century Indian journalists |
The Hungary women's national under-18 volleyball team represents Hungary in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches under the age 18 and it is ruled and managed by the Hungarian Volleyball Federation That is an affiliate of Federation of International Volleyball FIVB and also a part of European Volleyball Confederation CEV.
Results
Summer Youth Olympics
Champions Runners up Third place Fourth place
FIVB U18 World Championship
Champions Runners up Third place Fourth place
Europe U18 / U17 Championship
Champions Runners up Third place Fourth place
Team
Current Squad
The Following players is the Hungarian players that Competed in the 2018 Girls' U17 Volleyball European Championship
Notable Players
References
External links
FIVB profile
Category:National women's under-18 volleyball teams
Volleyball
Category:Volleyball in Hungary |
Erica canaliculata, the channelled heath or hairy grey heather, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae. The species is native to the East and West Capes of South Africa and naturalised in South Australia. It is an erect evergreen shrub, sometimes described as a tree heath a term also applied to E. arborea and E. lusitanica. It grows to , with tiny dark green leaves and large sprays of pink or white flowers with prominent brown anthers in winter and spring.
The Latin specific epithet canaliculata means with channeled or grooved leaves.
Not fully hardy, in frost-prone areas it requires some protection. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
References
canaliculata
Category:Flora of the Cape Provinces
Category:Flora naturalised in Australia |
Nghệ An is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. It is Vietnam's largest province by area. Nghệ An is located in a central position in North Central Coast. To the east lies the Gulf of Tonkin; to the west the province is bordered by Laos; to the south Hà Tĩnh Province; and to the north is Thanh Hóa Province. It is located on the eastwest economic corridor connecting Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam along National Route 7 to the port of Cửa Lò.
Nghệ An has one city, three towns and 17 districts. Vinh is a grade one city, and is the economic and cultural center of the province, and of the whole North Central Coast.
History
Nghệ An 乂安 and Thanh Hoá were the base of Thanh-Nghệ from the name of the two provinces former Lê Dynasty loyalist opposition to the new Mạc dynasty in the 1530s.
Administrative divisions
Nghệ An is subdivided into 21 district-level sub-divisions:
1 provincial city: Vinh capital
3 province -level towns: Cửa Lò, Thái Hòa, Hoàng Mai
17 districts: Anh Sơn, Con Cuông, Diễn Châu, Đô Lương, Hưng Nguyên, Kỳ Sơn, Nam Đàn, Nghi Lộc, Nghĩa Đàn, Quế Phong, Quỳ Châu, Quỳ Hợp, Quỳnh Lưu, Tân Kỳ, Thanh Chương, Tương Dương, Yên Thành
They are further subdivided into 17 commune-level towns or townlets, 431 communes, and 32 wards.
Natural resources
Nghệ An has a total forest land area of 972,910.52 ha. Of which, production forest is 501,634.85 hectares, protection forest is 302,068.47 hectares, special-use forest is 169,207.2 hectares. With a total reserve of about 50 million cubic meters, over 1,000 million of bamboo trees are a significant source of raw materials for forestry exploitation and the development of forest-based industries.
Nghệ An has 82 km long coastline with an area of 4,230 nautical miles per square foot, along the coast has 6 creeks, over 3,000 ha of saltwater and brackish water, and 12,000 ha of freshwater and brackish water surface. Aquaculture development and processing.
Nghệ An has a large reserves of some minerals, especially minerals used for the production of construction materials such as limestone for cement production of nearly 4 billion tons; White limestone over 900 million tons; Clay for cement materials is over 1.2 billion tons; Clay for high-grade ceramics 5 million m3; Construction stone of 500 million m3; Basalt rock 260 million m3; Paving stones: Granite: 150 million m3, Mable 300 million m3, etc.
Infrastructure
Nghệ An has six national highways running through the province NH 1A, NH 15, NH Ho Chi Minh, NH7, NH46, NH48. There is a trans-Asia route from Laos through Thanh Thuy border gate to Cửa Lò and Dong Hoi port, along with provincial and district roads to create an interconnected network linking districts and economic zones. Cửa Lò port has a capacity of 3 million tons / year, and is capable of accommodating 10,000 DWT vessels. Currently, a deep-water port has been planned and is being built to accommodate ships of 50,000 DWT- 100,000 DWT. In addition, Dong Hoi dedicated port is being built and is capable of receiving 30.000 - 50.000 DWT vessels.
Nghệ An's Vinh International Airport is the main airport of the North Central region and is the fifth most crowded international airport in Vietnam. Currently, Vietnam Airlines, VietJet Air and Jetstar Pacific Airlines operate on average 26 times per day, of which, Vietnam Airlines operates four return flights: Vinh - Hanoi, Vinh - Ho Chi Minh City, Vinh - Da Nang and Vinh - Vientiane Laos; VietJet Air operates Vinh - Ho Chi Minh City and Vinh - Da Lat; Jestar Pacific operates Vinh - Ho Chi Minh City and Vinh - Buon Ma Thuot.
Nghệ An has 94 km of the North-South railway. In particular, Ga Vinh is a first class station, and is the third largest passenger and cargo terminal in the country. In addition, there was the Cau Giat - Thai Hoa railway to the western mountainous districts of the province, although it has since been shut down.
With 419 km of land border with Laos the longest country, Nghệ An has 4 border gates to Laos. Of which, 1 international gate of Nam Can Ky Son and 1 national border gate of Thanh Thuy Thanh Chuong has been planned as an international border gate and two additional border gates: Thong Thu Que Phong and Cao Ou Anh Son is a satellite and a hub for import and export activities in the North West, connecting the provinces from the North to the Central provinces of Vietnam with the provinces of Central, Northern Laos, Northeast of Thailand and Myanmar. .
Economy
Nghệ An is one of the few localities where the Politburo issued a separate resolution on economic and social development, namely Resolution 26. Nghệ An is known as a province with great industrial potential in Vietnam, producing cement, sugar, milk, white stones ... leading the country.
The major industrial zones of the province are VSIP 15 km2, Hermaraj 30 km2, Nam Cam 4 km2, Dong Hoi ...
Tourism
Cửa Lò beach is one of the most ideal beaches in Viet Nam with 10 km long sandy beach, fine sand, clean water, organized by the World Environment Organization and Vietnam National Administration of Tourism as one of the two clean and safe beaches in Vietnam. To the north, close to Cua Lo Lan Chau Island, wherein 1936, King Bao Dai built the resort castle. The southeastern town is Ngư Island, offshore is Mount Quynh Nhai 218m high compared to the sea with two islands connecting each other look like the eyes so folk called Island Eye or Hon Mat. Cua Lo is beautiful in the blue sky and beautiful with many memories of the cultural tradition of the Nghe.
Pu Mat National Park is about 120 km south-west of Vinh City, Nghe An Province. This is a large forest area in North Central Vietnam and is also a biosphere reserve in the world. With beautiful natural landscape, Pu Mat is an attractive ecological tourist destination that attracts domestic and foreign tourists. Pu Mat National Park has an area of 194,000 ha of natural forest, of which the core area is 94,000 ha and the buffer zone is 100,000 ha. Pu Mat peak is 1,840 meters, covered with cloud cover. Pu Mat is one of the largest biological reserves in Vietnam with over 2,400 plant species, of which 37 species are listed in the Vietnam Red Book and 20 species in the Red List.
Con Cuong: Model homestay tourism has been growing in Nghe An. Nua hamlet, Yen Khe commune, Con Cuong district, Nghe An is a place where any citizen wants to experience homestay space in the people's home. Activities such as self-weaving of brocade towel, cooking traditional dishes or transforming into a Thai ethnicity will be very interesting. Here visitors can visit Pu Mat National Park, Khe Kem Waterfall or Khe Bu, Khe Thoi, .. are all interesting places of the forest.
Muong Thanh Ecological Park: Total area is 300ha, Muong Thanh Dien Lam ecological area in Dong Nong hamlet, Dien Lam commune, Dien Chau 60km from Vinh city, 240km from Hanoi capital. Along Highway 48, visitors will return to the ecology of Muong Thanh Dien Lam is quite convenient. This is a long-term project invested by Muong Thanh Hotel Group with the aim of making the place become the highlight of tourism, attracting many domestic and foreign tourists to Nghe An province. Started construction from 2014, up to now the ecological zone has opened the main items and welcome visitors to visit and relax. Coming to Muong Thanh ecological area, visitors will be able to visit the wildlife sanctuary with 60 animal species, including many rare species from Africa, South America ... such as white tiger, rhinoceros, antelope, giraffe,
Thanh Chuong Tea Island consists of dozens of small hills surrounded by Cau Cau dam that stretch across Thanh Thinh and Thanh An communes of Thanh Chuong district. The middle of the dam is the rolling hills that are grown by the tea planters like turtles that float on the water.
Education
There are six universities in Nghệ An, all of them are in Vinh city which is the capital of Nghệ An province. The biggest one is Vinh University.
Notable inhabitants
Nghệ An is the home province of Phan Bội Châu, Hồ Chí Minh, Nguyen Truong To and Nguyễn Công Phượng.
Ethnic groups
In addition to the majority Vietnamese people, some Ơ Đu people also live here.
Etymology
The province's name derives from Sino-Vietnamese 乂安, meaning governance in peace.
References
External links
'''
Category:North Central Coast
Category:Gulf of Tonkin |
Nossa Senhora da Conceição church Portuguese for Our Lady of Conception is a church at the southeastern edge of the village Povoação Velha, on the island of Boa Vista, Cape Verde. It sits at the foot of the mountain Rocha Estância.
It was built in 1828. Its interior is decorated with a colourfully painted chancel that has numerous little images of saints. Each year on December 8, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception is celebrated and forms one of the major religious celebrations on the island.
See also
List of buildings and structures in Cape Verde
List of churches in Cape Verde
References
Category:Roman Catholic churches in Cape Verde
Category:Boa Vista, Cape Verde
Category:Portuguese Colonial architecture in Cabo Verde |
John Hotham may refer to:
Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet c. 15891645, English parliamentarian
John Hotham bishop died 1337, English medieval Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord High Treasurer, Lord Chancellor and Bishop of Ely
John Hotham, the younger 16101645, English Member of Parliament during the Civil War
John Hotham 14th century MP, English Member of Parliament for Yorkshire
John de Hotham died 1361, English medieval college head and university chancellor
John Hotham died c.1609, MP for Scarborough and Hedon
Sir John Hotham, 2nd Baronet 16321689, English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1685 and in 1689
Sir John Hotham, 3rd Baronet 16551691, English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1689 to 1690
Sir John Hotham, 9th Baronet 17341795, English baronet and Anglican clergyman |
Apamea relicina is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Apamea relicina is 9380.
Subspecies
These two subspecies belong to the species Apamea relicina:
Apamea relicina migrata Smith, 1903
Apamea relicina relicina Morrison, 1875
References
Further reading
Category:Apamea moth
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Moths described in 1875 |
Westbury is a hamlet on the border of the Town of Victory in Cayuga County and the Town of Butler in Wayne County, New York, United States. It is located 4 miles 6 km south of the Village of Red Creek and 6 miles 10 km east of the Village of Wolcott, at an elevation of 400 feet 122 m. The primary cross roads where the hamlet is located are Westbury Cutoff Road CR 267, Westbury Road CR 266, CR 268 and Victory Road CR 108. N.Y. Route 370 passes just west of Westbury. The hamlet is a short drive from N.Y. Route 104, N.Y. Route 104A and Ridge Road CR 163.
Butler Correctional Facility, a New York State medium security prison, was located just west of the hamlet. It closed on July 26, 2014.
References
Category:Hamlets in Cayuga County, New York
Category:Hamlets in Wayne County, New York
Category:Hamlets in New York state |
Pedro Florindo Sassone 12 January 1912 31 January 1982 was an Argentinian violinist and composer, leader of his eponymous orchestra, which played tango music, from the 1940s up to the 1970s.
Discography
A Night in Buenos Aires, Capitol Records stereophonic recorded in Argentina
Bien milonguero Vol. 1
Bien milonguero Vol. 2
Dancing tango
Florindo Sassone Con Sus Cantores: 1947-1950, featuring Angel Roberto Chanel
Florindo Sassone y sus cantores 1947/1956 Archivo RCA
From Argentina to the world
Grandes Del Tango 46
Grandes Tangos Argentinos
La última cita 1947-1953, with Jorge Casal, Roberto Chanel
RCA Club
Vol. 08. - Florindo Sassone y su orquesta - Años '47 / '51
Tangos De Oro Florindo Sassone y sus gran orquesta
Tango Internacional, recorded in 1971, copyright 1998
External links
http://www.todotango.com/English/creadores/fsassone.asp
http://www.milonga.co.uk/tango/sassone.shtml
http://www.musicargentina.com/en/cd-tango-dance/florindo-sassone-y-sus-cantores-1947-1956.html
https://tango.info/08427328131209
https://tango.info/0000000059341863
Category:1912 births
Category:1982 deaths
Category:Tango musicians
Category:Argentine violinists
Category:Argentine musicians
Category:20th-century violinists |
Nothing Without You is a 1991 studio album by the jazz singers Mel Tormé and Cleo Laine.
Track listing
I'm Nothing Without You Cy Coleman, David Zippel 3:04
I Thought About You Johnny Mercer, Jimmy Van Heusen 3:51
Where or When Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers 5:09
I Wish I Were in Love Again Hart, Rodgers 3:11
Girl Talk Neal Hefti, Bobby Troup 5:09
After You've Gone Henry Creamer, Turner Layton 4:44
Brazil/Bahia Ary Barroso/Sidney Keith Russell 4:19
Birdsong Sambalaya Johnny Dankworth 2:53
Isn't It a Pity? George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin 4:04
Love You Madly Duke Ellington 3:34
Angel Eyes Earl Brent, Matt Dennis 4:34
Two Tune Medley Tormé, Laine 4:52
I Don't Think I'll Fall in Love Today George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin 3:45
Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye Cole Porter 2:55
Personnel
Cleo Laine - vocals
Mel Tormé
References
Category:1991 albums
Category:Cleo Laine albums
Category:Mel Tormé albums
Category:albums produced by Carl Jefferson
Category:Concord Records albums
Category:Vocal duet albums |
Ivan Petrovic , born 11 January 1980 is a Serbian footballer.
Early life and Club career
He was born in Svetozarevo today Jagodina, then part of SFR Yugoslavia now Serbia. He played many seasons for FK Napredak. In 2004, he was transferred to 2. Bundesliga team Alemannia Aachen but after having an unsuccessful season and playing only four games he returned to Serbia. In 2006, he moved to the Iran Pro League and played for Aboomoslem for two seasons which he became second best player of the whole 200708 IPL and the best foreign player of the season. For the next season he moved to Iranian champion Persepolis F.C. where he made the most assists 9 in the 200809 season.
Global
On 1 May 2016, he made his league debut with Global in a 4-2 win against Stallion.
Club career statistics
Last Update: 10 May 2013
Assists
Honours
Club
Shahin Bushehr
Hazfi Cup: Runner-up 201112
Individual
Football Iran News & Events: Foreign player of the year 200708
Iran Football Federation Award: Foreign player of the year 200708
Iran Pro League: 200809 Most assists 9, shared with Esmail Farhadi and Mohammad Reza Khalatbari, Persepolis
References
External links
Profile at PersianLeague
Category:People from Jagodina
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Serbian footballers
Category:Serbian expatriate footballers
Category:FK Napredak Kruševac players
Category:FK Jagodina players
Category:FK Obilić players
Category:Alemannia Aachen players
Category:F.C. Aboomoslem players
Category:Persepolis F.C. players
Category:Shahin Bushehr F.C. players
Category:Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany
Category:Expatriate footballers in Thailand
Category:Expatriate footballers in Iran
Category:Expatriate footballers in the Philippines
Category:2. Bundesliga players
Category:Persian Gulf Pro League players
Category:Global Makati F.C. players
Category:Association football midfielders |
Art from Southern United States, or Southern art, includes Southern expressionism, folk art, and modernism. Residents of the American South created works of art starting in 1607, however it was not until the early 1960s that Southern art became recognized as a distinct genre.
The Ogden Museum of Southern Art in New Orleans houses the largest single collection of Southern art. In 1992, the Morris Museum of Art opened to the public in Augusta, Georgia, with a focus on mid-twentieth century American Southern art. The Johnson Collection in South Carolina holds 1,200 pieces of Southern art that it exhibits, publishes in catalogs, and lends to other institutions.
History
The U.S. census bureau defines the South as a region including Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.
In 1975, Southern Arts Federation, now South Arts, was founded with funding from the National Endowment for the Arts to support and promote arts and culture in the Southeast.
Residents of the American South created works of art starting with the original settlement of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. However, it was not until the early 1960s that art from the American South became recognized as a distinct genre. Collector Roger H. Ogden focused exclusively on the art of the region, and his donation of that collection to the Ogden Museum can be considered the first official recognition of the genre.
Southern art is more widely recognized as a distinct genre compared to the regional art of other geographic regions of the United States of America. This is a consequence of the unique role the American South played in the history of the United States. Slavery, though legal in every one of the thirteen original colonies, flourished and grew as an institution in the early 19th century in the American South, while it died out in the North. Political issues surrounding slavery caused the American Civil War, and that conflict and its resolution defined the United States and American culture today more than any single event in history. For that reason, Southern art is an important element in the story of the United States of America.
Rowan Nathaniel House offers a fine example of Southern art. He was a Mississippi native whose artwork frequently portrayed southern life, in particular, that of former slaves and their role in the south of the early 20th century.
Movements
Numerous movements are included in this broad category, including Southern expressionism, folk art, and modernism.
These movements are connected by the commonality of the Southern cultural experiences that formed the perceptions of the artists.
While antebellum Southern portraiture has much in common visually with modern Southern expressionism, it is considered Southern art because it was created by Southern artists and its subjects were residents of the American South.
References
Laufer, Marilyn, Modernism in the South: Mid-Twentieth-Century Works in the Morris Museum Collection, Morris Museum, 2002.
External links
The Ogden Museum of Southern Art
The Morris Museum:A Southern Collection
Category:Visual arts genres
Category:Southern art
Category:American art
Category:American folk art
Category:Culture of the Southern United States
Category:Arts in the United States |
Thomas Matthew 'Tom' Baxter 23 February 1884 - 8 May 1959 was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League VFL.
Baxter, originally from Maldon, was a Collingwood premiership player in 1910. In the 1910 Grand Final between Carlton and Collingwood he was reported for striking by umpire Jack Elder, and suspended for the entire 1911 VFL season. Collingwood appealed the ban and it was overturned, after teammate Richard Daykin signed a declaration which stated that it was he and not Baxter who had struck Jack Baquie. As Daykin had retired after the Grand Final win, no player was suspended for the incident. This incident is said to be central to, or even the specific origin of, the long-standing rivalry which still exists between the clubs.
A rover, he performed well in 1911 and his 31 goals was enough to top Collingwood's goal-kicking. He finished the year in Collingwood's losing Grand Final team. His performance attracted controversy, with a widespread rumour hinting that he was bribed to play dead. Baxter twice kicked into the man on the mark in the vital last quarter, as well as missing three easy chances to score a goal. Baxter asked the Collingwood committee to hold an inquiry, saying in his own defence that he had scored Collingwood's only goal of the last quarter, and was one of the few players to gain possession of the ball. The committee cleared Baxter of any wrongdoing, but he was cleared to St Kilda for the 1912 season.
References
Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim 2007. The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
Returned to maldon and played until he was 51 his maldon jumper still hangs in the maldon rooms
Category:1884 births
Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria Australia
Category:Collingwood Football Club players
Category:St Kilda Football Club players
Category:1959 deaths |
Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 48 Lok Sabha parliamentary constituencies of Maharashtra state in western India. This constituency is spread over Chandrapur and Yavatmal districts.
Assembly segments
At present, Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency comprises six Vidhan Sabha legislative assembly segments. These segments constituency number and reservation if any are:
Rajura - 70
Chandrapur -71 SC
Ballarpur - 72
Warora -75
Wani - 76
Arni - 80 ST
Members of Parliament
As of Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency:
1952: Mulla Abdullabhai Mulla Taherali, Indian National Congress from Chandrapur Constituency no 19 of then Madhya Pradesh - electing two seats
1957: V.N. Swami, Indian National Congress from Chandrapur Constituency no 50 of then Bombay State
1962: Lal Shyamshah Lal Bhagwanshah, Independent from Chandrapur Constituency no 35 of Maharashtra State
1964: G M Kannamwar, Indian National Congress Bye-elections due to resignation of Lal Shyamshah
1967: K. M. Koushik, Independent from Chandrapur Constituency no 24 of Maharashtra State
1971: Abdul Shafee, Indian National Congress from Chandrapur Constituency no 24 of Maharashtra State
1977: Raje Vishveshvar Rao, Bharatiya Lok Dal from Chandrapur Constituency no 26 of Maharashtra State
1980: Shantaram Potdukhe, Indian National Congress
1984: Shantaram Potdukhe, Indian National Congress
1989: Shantaram Potdukhe, Indian National Congress
1991: Shantaram Potdukhe, Indian National Congress
1996: Hansraj Ahir, Bharatiya Janata Party
1998: Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia, Indian National Congress
1999: Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia, Indian National Congress
2004: Hansraj Ahir, Bhartiya Janata Party from Chandrapur Constituency no 26 of Maharashtra State
2009: Hansraj Ahir, Bhartiya Janata Party from Chandrapur Constituency no 13 of Maharashtra State
2014: Hansraj Ahir, Bharatiya Janata Party
2019: Balubhau alias Suresh Narayan Dhanorkar, Indian National Congress
Election results
General elections 2019
General elections 2014
General elections 2009
See also
Chandrapur district
Yavatmal district
Chimur Lok Sabha constituency
List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha
Notes
External links
Chandrapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details
Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra
Category:Chandrapur district
Category:Yavatmal district |
was a Japanese politician.
Biography
Kosaka was born in the city of Nagano in Nagano Prefecture, on 12 March 1946. His father is Zentaro Kosaka, also a politician. Kenji Kosaka received a law degree from Keio University in 1968.
He worked in London for Japan Airlines between 1968 and 1984. Returning to Japan, he became secretary to Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone in 1986. He was appointed minister of education on 31 October 2005. In 2005, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the sixth time, representing Nagano Prefecture.
Kenji Kosaka is affiliated to the openly revisionist lobby Nippon Kaigi. He died on 21 October 2016 of cancer.
References
External links
Official website
Category:1946 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:People from Nagano city
Category:Keio University alumni
Category:Members of Nippon Kaigi
Category:Education ministers of Japan
Category:Members of the House of Representatives Japan
Category:21st-century Japanese politicians |
Daniel Edward Alexander born March 17, 1978 is a former American football fullback and linebacker. He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played college football at Nebraska.
Alexander also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars, St. Louis Rams, Nashville Kats and Chicago Rush.
Early years
Alexander attended Wentzville Holt High School and was a letterman in football, wrestling, and track. He won the Missouri state wrestling title at Heavyweight in 1996
College career
Alexender attended Nebraska where he was a four-year letterman. While there, he rushed for 2,456 yards and 20 touchdowns in 38 career games. He was named the Offensive MVP of the 2000 Alamo Bowl after rushing for an Alamo Bowl record 240 yards in a 66-17 win over Northwestern. He was one of eight semifinalists for the 2000 Doak Walker Award, which is given annually to the top college football running back. He was voted First Team All-Big 12 as a senior by the conference coaches and Second Team All-Big 12 by the Associated Press and Dallas Morning News. he was also named Academic All-Big 12 four times, First Team in 1997, Second Team in 1999 and 2000. He was also the school's first 1,000-yard rusher under Coach Frank Solich. He was also a two-time finalist for the Nebraska Lifter of the Year Award and was the first freshman to win the award in 1997. He was chosen as a team co-captain by his teammates in 2000.
Professional career
Tennessee Titans
Alexander was selected in the sixth round 192nd overall by the Tennessee Titans. He played one season for the Titans before being released.
Jacksonville Jaguars
Alexander signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars where he spent 2002.
St. Louis Rams
Alexander signed with the St. Louis Rams and spent time with them in 2003.
Nashville Kats
After being released by the Rams, Alexander signed a three-year contract with the Nashville Kats of the Arena Football League on October 11, 2004. He made his AFL debut January 28, 2005 during a road game against the Columbus Destroyers, recording 25 rushing yards and a touchdown and a 24-yard touchdown reception.
Alexander was named to the AFLs All-Rookie team after rushing for 105 yards and five touchdowns and recording 12.5 tackles in just seven games. After playing in each of the seasons first six games, he was inactive for nine of the final 10 games. He rushed for 35 yards and one touchdown and recorded a career-high 4.5 tackles on the road against the New York Dragons. In 2006, he was the Kats' leading rusher, for the second-consecutive season, recording 170 yards and eight touchdowns, while recording 13.5 tackles, in nine games. He recorded a season-high four tackles and a forced fumble in road game against the Las Vegas Gladiators. He recorded a season-high 36 yards and a touchdown against the Chicago Rush. in 2007, he was voted First Team All-Arena after leading the league with 426 yards rushing and setting a league record with 41 rushing touchdowns in 16 games. His 426 rushing yards are the second highest single season total in league history. He was named Offensive Player of the Game on June 10 after rushing for 51 yards and five touchdowns in Las Vegas. He was voted Offensive Player of the Game on May 19 after rushing for a career-high 71 yards and two touchdownss in a win in Chicago. He also earned Offensive Player of the Game and AFL Offensive Player of the Week honors for his game on April 21 against the Kansas City Brigade, rushing for 59 yards and a league record six touchdownss. He carried for 33 yards and five touchdowns and made three receptions for 38 yards in a win over the Utah Blaze.
Chicago Rush
On November 27, 2007, Alexander signed a two-year contract with the Chicago Rush. He began his first season with his hometown team ranked 11th in league history in rushing touchdowns with 54, and 16th in rushing yards with 694.
In 2008, Alexander carried the ball 70 times for 241 yards and 12 touchdowns. He also recorded 19 tackles, one pass break up, and one fumble recovery.
Alabama Vipers
Alexander was assigned to the Alabama Vipers of the Arena Football League on December 7, 2009.
In the 2010 season opener against the Bossier-Shreveport Battle Wings, Alexander rushed for 5 touchdowns on 10 carries, though the Vipers lost the game 48-54.
Personal life
Alexander and his wife, Amy, live in Thompson's Station, Tennessee. They have three children Braxton, Kenyan & Ayla.
References
External links
Arena Football League bio
Nebraska Cornhuskers bio
Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Chicago
Category:People from Wentzville, Missouri
Category:Players of American football from Illinois
Category:Players of American football from Missouri
Category:American football fullbacks
Category:American football linebackers
Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
Category:Tennessee Titans players
Category:Jacksonville Jaguars players
Category:St. Louis Rams players
Category:Nashville Kats players
Category:Chicago Rush players
Category:Alabama Vipers players |
Kimono Draggin' were an American avant-garde Indie Rock band formed in 2003 from New Haven, Connecticut. The lineup consisted of Joseph Nolan Guitar,vocals, Yossi Hatton Bass,vocals, and Chris Swirski Drums,vocals. Their version of progressive rock is strongly influenced by bands of the 1970s and 1980s including The Stooges, The Mothers of Invention, Talking Heads and Minutemen. As Patrick Ferrucci quotes, Its party rock with an edge and an intelligence. Theres wit and wildness just swimming around in Kimonos music. Mark Suppanz of The Big Takeover describes the music as ...noisy, souped-up rock saturated with a healthy dose of reckless abandon and a raw, unpolished and in-your-face sound.
History
Kimono Draggin' formed out of the ashes of several New Haven based indie bands. Upon recording their 5-song demo, titled The Essence of Dik Chin, they began writing a rock opera that instead evolved into a script for a chopsocky mockumentary television series. The script saw the 3 musicians as moonlighting students of a martial art called Dik Chin. The story combined the band's jangly art rock with a healthy dose of humor and b-movie action. A&E Network Production Assistant, Aurelio Muraca Nanny 911, Trading Spouses had seen the band play in Danbury, CT and had heard the band was writing a show. After several meetings it was decided the show wouldn't come to fruition due to lack of writing interest on the band's behalf. More focused on their love of music, Kimono Draggin' pushed forward performing their own brand of Progressive rock to eccentric audiences across New England.
In early 2005, the trio recorded their first LP, My Summer in Paris with producer/engineer Scott Amore of The Butterflies of Love. They supported their self-released album by touring extensively, playing historic rock venues such as the Knitting Factory and CBGB. The album received a lengthy, obscure review on Allmusic by Eugene Chadbourne and was criticized by many for its explicit lyrical content. As stated by Chadbourne in the review, Little bits of his [Nolan's] lyrics crest to the top of the jam on golden surfboards, glowing with the essence of sheer stupidity that rock & roll thrives on.
Kimono Draggin' went back in the studio in 2007 with Scott Amore and recorded what would later become Space Orphans, but the band became sidetracked and embarked on a European Tour. The tour was created around an invitation to perform at Zappanale 18 in Bad Doberan Germany a music festival memorializing the late Frank Zappa. Kimono Draggin' successfully performed a mostly original set to the sea of Frank Zappa fans that stood before them. The band supported additional acts on the festival, including Frank Zappa veterans Chad Wackerman, Don Preston and Napoleon Murphy Brock. This performance gained the attention of Peter Van Laarhoven of the Belgian music magazine, United Mutations. Van Laarhoven states, ...the band has evolved quite a lot the last couple of years. The power and the Beefheart approach are still there, but it's all more balanced. During this time period the band performed live on BBC Radio Humberside with Alan Raw at their Queen's Gardens, Hull studios. The tour also saw Kimono perform memorable gigs at The Star and Garter in Manchester, England and Tapas la Movida in Nice, France.
The trio took a brief hiatus in 2008, rarely performing live. In the summer they began writing diligently and then began performing heavily around New England supporting Philo Cramer formerly of Fear and Richard Lloyd formerly of Television. In the summer of 2009, Kimono Draggin' was discovered by 2 former recording students of Murray Krugman producer of Blue Öyster Cult. Matt Labozza and Kurt Daniello invited the band into the studios at University of New Haven where they recorded their second full-length album titled We Are The Dudes. During this time, the band decided to finally finish and release Space Orphans as well. In support of this double-album release, Kimono Draggin' threw a CD Release party in December 2009 performing with guests, Fighting Cocks featuring Philo Cramer from Fear and Continental featuring Rick Barton formerly of Dropkick Murphys. Upon the successful release of both albums, the band filmed a music video for the song 'Ello Dudes which features the bandmates as violent troublemakers who kidnap and torture two random people. The video was inspired by the work of Stanley Kubrick. Shortly after the video's premier, the band was approached by Verbicide Magazine for a feature interview. In 2011, the band recorded their 4th full-length album,'Kimono Gold' in January and officially split up in March. Chris Swirski and Joe Nolan have continued to play music together in other projects, including Space Orphans and Joe Division.
Discography
The Essence of Dik Chin EP/CD, 2003, Spaynsive Productions
My Summer in Paris with Kimono Draggin''' LP/CD, 2005, Spaynsive Productions
Kimono Draggin' LIVE at Zappanale Unreleased, 2007, Spaynsive Productions
Space Orphans LP/CD, 2006/2009, Spaynsive Productions
We Are the Dudes LP/CD, 2009, Spaynsive Productions
Bobbie Peru/Kimono Draggin' Split EP EP/Vinyl, 2010, Spaynsive Productions
Kimono Gold'' LP/Vinyl, 2011, Spaynsive Productions
References
External links
Official website
Interview Verbicide Magazine
Review - We Are the Dudes Verbicide Magazine
Review - Space Orphans Verbicide Magazine
[ Review - My Summer in Paris Eugene Chadbourne on Allmusic]
Review - Live Performance New Haven Advocate
Article - Ain't No Drag New Haven Advocate
Article - Not Draggin' Their Feet Anymore New Haven Register
Article - Kimono Draggin' at Zappanale 18
Categories
Category:Art rock musical groups |
Ricardo Zúñiga Carrasco born 17 September 1957 is a Spanish former professional racing cyclist. He rode in one edition of the Tour de France and eight editions of the Vuelta a España.
References
External links
Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish male cyclists
Category:Sportspeople from Sabadell
Category:Tour de France cyclists
Category:Vuelta a España cyclists |
Wirft is a municipality in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
References
Category:Ahrweiler district |
Tagab may refer to:
Tagab District, Badakhshan, in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan
Tagab District, Kapisa, in Kapisa Province, Afghanistan
Tagab, Orūzgān, in Orūzgān Province, Afghanistan
TÅGAB, a Swedish railway company
Tagab, Kapisa Province
Tagab Robat |
Lucius Veturius Philo was a Roman statesman who served as consul in 220 BC, dictator in 217 BC during the Second Punic War, and censor in 210 BC. Irregularities were found in his appointment as dictator and he resigned after fourteen days. He was a member of the gens Veturia.
Another Lucius Veturius Philo was also consul in 206 BC.
References
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:Roman Republican consuls
Category:Ancient Roman dictators
Category:3rd-century BC Romans
Philo, Lucius
Category:Roman people of the Second Punic War |
Adventure is a video game developed by Warren Robinett for the Atari VCS later called the Atari 2600 and released in late 1979 or 1980 by Atari, Inc. The player controls a square avatar whose quest is to explore an open-ended environment to find a magical chalice and return it to the golden castle. The game world is populated by roaming enemies: three dragons that can eat the avatar and a bat that randomly steals and hides items around the game world. Adventure introduced a number of new game elements to console games, including a playing area that spanned several different screens and enemies that continued to move even when not displayed on the screen.
Adventure was conceived as a graphical version of the 1977 text adventure Colossal Cave Adventure. It took Warren Robinett approximately one year to design and code the game, during which time he had to overcome a variety of technical limitations in the Atari 2600 console hardware, as well as difficulties with management within Atari. In this game, he introduced the first widely known video game Easter egg: a secret room containing text crediting himself for the game's creation.
Adventure received mostly positive reviews at the time of its release and has continued to be viewed positively in the decades since, often named as one of the industry's most influential titles. It is considered the first action-adventure and console fantasy game, and inspired other titles in the genres. More than one million cartridges of Adventure were sold, and the game has been included in numerous Atari 2600 game collections for modern computer hardware. The game's prototype code was used as the basis for the 1979 Superman game, and a planned sequel eventually formed the basis for the Swordquest games. The Easter egg concept pioneered by the game has transcended video games and entered popular culture.
Gameplay
In Adventure, the player's goal is to recover the Enchanted Chalice that an evil magician has stolen and hidden in the kingdom and return it to the Golden Castle. The kingdom includes two other castles White and Black and various obstacles and mazes within them. Furthermore, the kingdom is guarded by three dragons: Yorgle yellow dragon, Grundle green dragon, and Rhindle red dragon who is stronger and moves much faster than the other two, that protect various items in the game and will try to chase and eat the player's avatar. There is also a bat that can roam the kingdom freely, carrying a single item which can include the chalice or a dragon around; the bat was to be named Knubberrub but the name did not make it into the manual. The bat has two states; agitated and non-agitated. When in the agitated state, the bat will either pick up or swap what it currently carries with an object in the present room, eventually returning to the non-agitated state where it will not pick up an object. The bat continues to fly around even if not present on the player's current screen and may continue moving or swapping around objects.
The player's avatar is a simple square shape that can move within and between rooms, each represented by a single screen. While Robinett originally intended for all rooms to be bidirectionally connected, a few such connections including one inside the White Castle were unidirectional, which he considered to be bugs. Such problems were explained away as bad magic in the game's manual. The player's goal is to find objects to help defeat the dragons and recover the Chalice. These include various keys that open the castles, a magnet that pulls items towards the player, a magic bridge that the player can use to cross certain obstacles, and a sword which can be used to defeat the dragons. Only one object can be carried at a time. The player can be eaten by a dragon if it is caught in its bite cycle, at which point the avatar is stuck in the dragon's stomach. At this point, the player can opt to restore their avatar's life instead of completely restarting the game, reappearing at the Golden Castle while leaving all objects where they were last left, but this will also regenerate any dragon previously killed as well. The ability to reset the player's avatar without resetting the entire game is considered one of the earliest examples of a continue game option in video games.
The game offers three different skill levels. Level 1 is the easiest, as it uses a simplified room layout and doesn't include the White Castle, bat, Rhindle the red dragon, nor invisible mazes. Level 2 is the full version of the game, with the various objects appearing in set positions at the start of the game. Level 3 is similar to Level 2, but the location of the objects is randomized to provide a more challenging game. In addition, the player can use the difficulty switches on the Atari 2600 to further control the game's difficulty by affecting the behavior of the dragons: one switch controls the dragons' bite speed, and one causes them to flee when the player is wielding the sword.
Development
Adventure was published by the developer of the 2600 console, Atari, Inc, and programmed by Atari employee Warren Robinett. At the time, Atari programmers were generally given full control on the creative direction and development cycle for their games, but this required them to plan for their next game as they neared completion of their current one to stay productive. Robinett was finishing his work on Slot Racers when he was given an opportunity to visit the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Julius Smith, one of several friends he was sharing a house with. There, he was introduced to the 1977 version of the computer text game Colossal Cave Adventure, created by Will Crowther and modified by Don Woods. After playing the game for several hours, he was inspired to create a graphical version of the game.
Inspired by the 1977 text game Colossal Cave Adventure, Robinett began designing his graphics-based game on a Hewlett-Packard 1611A microprocessor computer around May to June 1978. Robinett was aware early on that memory use was going to be critical: Atari 2600 cartridge ROMs have only 4096 bytes 4 KB, and the system has 128 bytes of RAM for program variables; in contrast, Colossal Cave Adventure uses hundreds of kilobytes of memory. The final game uses nearly all of the available memory including 5 of the cartridge storage for Robinett's Easter egg, with 15 unused bytes from the ROM capacity. Robinett credits Ken Thompson, his professor at University of California, Berkeley, with teaching him the skills needed to use the limited memory efficiently. Thompson had required his students to learn the C programming language; Robinett carried techniques from that language into his programming of Adventure.
Robinett first identified ways to translate the elements of Colossal Cave Adventure into simple, easy-to-recognize graphics that the player could interact with directly, replacing text-based commands with joystick controls. Due to the limitations of the system's graphical hardware, Robinett noted the dragons ended up looking more like ducks. Robinett developed workarounds for various technical limitations of the Atari 2600. The system has only one playfield and five memory-mapped registers available to represent moving objects. Only two of these registers are capable of representing more complex sprites. Robinett used those for objects and creatures within the game. He used the register originally designated for the ball in games such as Pong to represent the player's avatar. Finally, he used the registers assigned for missiles, such as the bullets in Combat, for additional walls in the playing field to be able to represent different rooms within the game with the same playfield. Another hardware limitation forces the left and right sides of nearly every screen to be mirror images of each other; this fostered the creation of the game's confusing mazes. The exceptions include two screens in the black castle catacombs and two in the main hallway beneath the Yellow Castle. These two hallway screens are mirrored, but contain a vertical wall object in the room in order to achieve a non-symmetrical shape, as well as act as a secret door for an Easter egg.
Robinett overcame these limitations to introduce concepts that at the time were unfamiliar to players. He had been able to construct different rooms in the games thirty in the final version, at a time when most games took place only on a single screen. Furthermore, off-screen objects such as the bat would continue to move according to their programming behavior.
In addition to the technical limitations, Robinett had struggled with Atari's management over the game. Around the time of Adventures development, Atari, now owned by Warner Communications, had hired Ray Kassar as general manager of their Consumer Division, and he was later promoted to president and CEO of Atari in December 1978. Kassar interacted with the programmers rarely and generally treated their contributions with indifference. Robinett was initially discouraged from working on Adventure by his supervisor, George Simcock, who said the ambitious game could not be done based on knowing how much memory Colossal Cave Adventure used. When Robinett developed a working prototype within a month, the management at Atari were impressed, encouraging him to continue the game contrary to his supervisor's initial response. The management later tried to convince Robinett to make it a tie-in work for the upcoming Superman movie, which was owned by Warner Communication. Robinett remained committed to his initial idea. Instead, Atari developer John Dunn agreed to take Robinett's prototype source code to make the 1979 Superman game.
A second prototype, completed near the end of 1978, had only about eight rooms, a single dragon, and two objects, and Robinett recognized that the game, though demonstrating what he had set out to do, was boring. He put the game aside for a few months and came back with additional ideas to improve the game, finishing it by June 1979. Two changes that Robinett added were the possibility of being eaten by the dragon, as well as the means to reset the avatar if this should happen, and the addition of the sword object, which could kill the dragon. Robinett found the various possibilities that arose from this combination of elements improved the excitement of the game, and subsequently made three dragons, reusing the same code for the behavior of all three. The magnet was created to work around a potential situation where the player could drop an object into a wall space and make it irretrievable.
Robinett worked with Steve Harding, the author for nearly all Atari 2600 game manuals at that point in time, to develop the plot for the game. Harding developed most of the plot after playing the game himself, with Robinett revising elements where he saw fit. Robinett states that he had come up with the names for the three dragons as well as offering a friend's suggestion for Knubberrub for the bat.
Robinett submitted the source code for Adventure to Atari management in June 1979; he left Atari soon afterward. The game was released by Atari some time later, though the exact date is unclear. In a 2003 interview, Robinett recalled the release date as being Christmas 1979 though noted he had left the company by this point and was traveling in Europe at that time, but knew the game had been released worldwide by early 1980. A 1979 date is also listed in various other sources. Atari began advertising the game as coming soon in its 1980 catalog, and several sources indicate the game was released that year, after the Atari 2600 version of Space Invaders was released in early 1980. All text label versions of the game including the Sears release show a copyright of 1980.
Easter egg
Generally defined as a message, trick, or unusual behavior hidden inside a computer program by its creator, the Easter egg concept was popularized by Adventure, influenced by the corporate culture at Atari. After Atari's acquisition by Warner Communications in 1976, there was a culture clash between the executives from New York, and the Californian programmers who were more laid back. Atari removed the names of game developers from their products, seeing it as a means to prevent competitors from identifying and luring away Atari's programmers. Atari's decisions led to several programmers leaving the company; notably, David Crane, Larry Kaplan, Alan Miller, and Bob Whitehead all left Atari due to lack of recognition and royalties from the company, and formed Activision, which started making third-party games for the 2600 in competition with Atari.
Robinett, as a means to leave his name in his game, included a hidden message in Adventure identifying himself as the creator, inspired by the supposedly hidden messages left on various songs recorded by The Beatles. In discussing the game in 2015, Robinett considered the message as a means of self-promotion, noting that Atari had paid him only around per year without any royalties, while Atari would sell one million units of a game at apiece. This secret is one of the earliest known Easter eggs in a video game.
Within Adventure, the Easter egg is accessed by first retrieving the Gray Dot from the black castle catacombs in difficulty levels 2 or 3. The dot is a single pixel object which is embedded in the south wall of a sealed chamber accessible only with the bridge, and the player must bounce the avatar along the bottom wall to pick it up. The dot becomes invisible when carried or dropped in most rooms, but can be seen when in a catacombs passage or when held over a normal wall. The dot is also not attracted to the magnet, unlike all other inanimate objects in Adventure. The player must bring the dot along with two or more other objects to the east end of the corridor below the yellow castle. This causes the barrier on the right side of the screen to blink rapidly, and the player avatar is then able to push through the wall into a new room displaying the words Created by Warren Robinett in text which continuously changes color.
Robinett kept the existence of the dot and the hidden room a secret for more than one year, and did not mention it to anyone at Atari prior to his departure. He was unsure of whether or not it would be discovered by other Atari personnel prior to publishing. The dot was not mentioned in the game's manual, as the manual's author was unaware of the dot's existence. After the game was released, Adam Clayton, a fifteen-year-old from Salt Lake City, discovered how to use the dot to enter the secret room, and sent a letter to Atari explaining the steps he used to do this. Robinett had already quit the company by this point, so Atari tasked designers with finding the responsible code. The employee who found it said that if he were to fix it, he would change the message in the game to say Fixed by Brad Stewart. Furthermore, the cost of creating a new read-only memory ROM mask, or memory chip, was around at the time of the game's release, making this change a costly endeavor. Steve Wright, the director of software development of the Atari Consumer Division, argued for retaining the message, believing it gave players additional incentive to find it and play their games more, and suggested these were like Easter eggs for players to find. Atari eventually decided to leave the Dot in-game, and dubbed such hidden features Easter eggs, saying they would be adding more such secrets to later games. Wright made it an official policy at Atari that all future games should include Easter eggs, often limited to being the initials of the game developer.
The Easter egg text with Warren Robinett's name was removed from the version on the Atari Classics 10-in-1 TV Games standalone gaming unit, replaced with TEXT? It has been included in most subsequent reissues of the game, however.
Reception
More than one million copies of Atari's Adventure were sold.
Adventure received mostly positive reviews in the years immediately after its release and has generally been viewed positively since then.
Norman Howe reviewed Adventure in The Space Gamer No. 31. Howe commented that Adventure is a good game, as video games are measured. It is neither as interesting nor as complex as Superman, but it shows great promise for things to come. If you have access to the Atari game computer, it is an entertaining cartridge to have.
Bill Kunkel and Frank Laney in the January 1981 issue of Video magazine called Adventure a major design breakthrough and said that it shatters several video-game conventions such as scoring and time limits. They added that it was much more ambitious than average home video games, but noted that the graphics were underwhelming, such as the hero being a simple square. The 1982 book How to Win at Home Video Games called it too unpredictable with an illogical mission, concluding that even devoted strategists may soon tire of Adventures excessive trial and error. Electronic Games in 1983 stated that the game's graphics are tame stuff, but it still has the power to fascinate and that the action adventure concepts introduced in Adventure are still viable today.
Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com wrote in 2010 that Adventure is a work of interpretive brilliance that cleverly extracted the basic elements of exploration, combat and treasure hunting from the text games and converted them into icons, but also conceded that it seems almost unplayably basic these days.
Legacy
As the first action-adventure video game and first console fantasy game, Adventure established its namesake genre on video game consoles. In addition to being the first graphical adventure game on the Atari 2600 console, it is the first video game to contain a widely known Easter egg, and the first to allow a player to use multiple, portable, on-screen items while exploring an open-ended environment, making it one of the first examples, even as small and primitive as it is, of an open world game. The game has been voted the best Atari 2600 game in numerous polls, and has been noted as a significant step in the advancement of home video games. GamePro ranked it as the 28th most important video game of all time in 2007. In 2010, 1UP.com listed it as one of the most important games ever made in its The Essential 50 feature. Entertainment Weekly named Adventure as one of the top 10 games for the Atari 2600.
A sequel to Adventure was first announced in early 1982. The planned sequel eventually evolved into the Swordquest series of games. In 2005, a sequel written by Curt Vendel was released by Atari on the Atari Flashback 2 system. In 2007, AtariAge released a self-published sequel called Adventure II for the Atari 5200, which is heavily inspired by the original; its name is used with permission from Atari Interactive. Robinett himself took the idea of using items from Adventure into his next game, Rocky's Boots, but added the ability to combine them to form new items.
In both the novel and film versions of Ready Player One, the Easter egg in Adventure is prominently mentioned as the inspiration for a contest to find an Easter egg hidden in the fictional virtual reality game OASIS, and finding the secret room within Adventure is a core plot element within both versions, with footage from the game specifically the Easter egg incorporated into the film version.
Re-releases
Atari Classics 10-in-1 TV Games Standalone hardware unit, 2003
Atari: 80 Classic Games in One PC, 2003
Atari Flashback Standalone hardware unit, 2004
Atari Anthology PlayStation 2, Xbox, 2004
Atari Flashback 2 Standalone hardware unit, 2005
Game Room Xbox 360, PC, 2010
Atari Greatest Hits Nintendo DS, iOS, 2010
Atari Flashback 3 Standalone hardware unit, 2011
Atari Flashback 4 Standalone hardware unit, 2012
Atari Vault PC, 2016
Atari Flashback Classics, Vol. 2 PS4, XBox1, 2016 and Switch 2018
Atari Flashback Portable, 60 game and 70 game versions 2016, 2017
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Adventure at Atari Mania
Adventure at AtariAge
Warren Robinett's Adventure page including game map and software design presentation PowerPoint
Adventure manual at the Internet Archive
Category:1979 video games
Category:Action-adventure games
Category:Atari 2600 games
Category:Atari 2600-only games
Category:Atari games
Category:Dragons in video games
Category:Open world video games
Category:Maze games
Category:Software written primarily in assembly language
Category:Single-player video games
Category:Video games developed in the United States |
Umetić is a village in the Donji Kukuruzari municipality in central Croatia. It is connected by the D30 highway.
Geography
Umetić is located in Banovina.
History
The region was held by Krajina Serbs during the Croatian War of Independence.
Demographics
2011: 73 inhabitants.
1991: 136 inhabitants.
Notable people
Svetozar Boroević
References
Category:Populated places in Sisak-Moslavina County
Category:Serb communities in Croatia |
Whitley railway station was a temporary station on the former Colne Valley and Halstead Railway, to the east of the village of Birdbrook, Essex. It opened in 1862 and closed in October 1863 when it was replaced by Birdbrook station.
References
External links
Category:Disused railway stations in Essex
Category:Former Colne Valley and Halstead Railway stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1862
Category:Railway stations closed in 1863
Category:1862 establishments in England |
Johan's spiny mouse Acomys johannis is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Togo.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, and rocky areas.
References
Category:Acomys
Category:Mammals described in 1912
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Cooper Lake or Lake Cooper may refer to:
Places
United States
Cooper Lake New York
Cooper Lake, Colorado, adjoins Sloan Lake
Cooper Lake Texas
Cooper Lake State Park, Texas
Australia
Lake Cooper Victoria, near Corop, Victoria
Other uses
Cooper Lake microarchitecture, the codename for a processor microarchitecture developed by Intel as the successor to Cascade Lake |
North Eastern Electricity Board was an electricity distribution utility in England, serving the North East of England.
History
Formed as the North Eastern Electricity Board NEEB in 1948 as part of the nationalisation of the electricity industry by the Electricity Act 1947, it was privatised in 1990 and renamed as Northern Electric.
Nationalised industry
The NEEB was responsible for the purchase of electricity from the electricity generator the Central Electricity Generating Board from 1958 and its distribution and sale of electricity to customers. The key people on the Board were: Chairman G.M. Green 1964, 1967, Deputy Chairman E. Bates 1964, 1967, Full time member J. F. Skipsey 1964.
The total number of customers supplied by the Board was:
The amount of electricity, in GWh, sold by North Eastern Electricity Board over its operational life was: {
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Fleet vehicles
The NEEB transport fleet was easily identified by its distinctive orange colour and company logo.
References
National Archives
Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Utilities of the United Kingdom |
Ixodes trianguliceps is a species of ticks from the family Ixodidae that feeds on such mammals as shrew, rats, mice, hedgehogs, foxes, squirrels, moles, rabbits and hares. It also frequently feeds on horses and humans. It is mostly found in European countries such as Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Poland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and northern parts of Spain, at elevations of up to . It is also found in Belarus, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Moldova, Ukraine and Russia.
References
External links
Map of species distribution
Further reading
Category:Ticks
Category:Animals described in 1895
Category:Arachnids of Europe
Category:Parasitic arthropods of mammals
Category:Ixodidae |
Gogi Topadze b. April 18, 1940, Tbilisi is the founder and head of the Industry Will Save Georgia party.
Biography
In 1957 he graduated from high school and continued his studies at the Polytechnic Institute of Food and chemical technologies. In 1962, the Institute After graduation from the food industry as a scientific - research institute of scientific - worker. In 1967 he was the Topadze of Moscow in organic chemistry on scientific Research Institute. in 1969 he defended his thesis, after which he was awarded the candidate of technical sciences.
References
External links
Rferl
Category:1940 births
Category:Politicians from Georgia country
Category:Living people |
Deemed status is a hospital accreditation for hospitals in the United States.
Getting deemed status
Meeting Conditions for Coverage and Conditions of Participation
For any organization to receive funding from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services CMS, that organization must meet either the Conditions for Coverage or the Conditions of Participation. These are a set of minimal standards which must be met before CMS will ever issue any reimbursement for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Two kinds of organizations can review a health care provider to check for compliance with these conditions - either a state level agency acting on behalf of CMS, or a national accreditation agency like the Joint Commission.
Examples of some of the areas of focus for these minimal guidelines are the End Stage Renal Disease Program, ambulatory surgical centers, and organ procurement organizations.
The standards for care for nursing homes were distributed as a result of the Nursing Home Reform Act.
Outpatient clinics cannot receive deemed status. A consequence of this is that the CMS payment systems can be more complicated at small clinics than at large hospitals for the same procedures.
Conditions for Coverage and Conditions of Participation apply to these kinds of organizations:
Ambulatory Surgical Centers ASCs
Community Mental Health Centers CMHCs
Comprehensive Outpatient Rehabilitation Facilities CORFs
Critical Access Hospitals CAHs
End-Stage Renal Disease Facilities
Federally Qualified Health Centers
Home Health Agencies
Hospices
Hospitals
Hospital Swing Beds
Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities ICF/IID
Organ Procurement Organizations OPOs
Portable X-Ray Suppliers
Programs for All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly Organizations PACE
Clinics, Rehabilitation Agencies, and Public Health Agencies as Providers of Outpatient Physical Therapy and Speech-Language Pathology Services
Psychiatric Hospitals
Religious Nonmedical Health Care Institutions
Rural Health Clinics
Long Term Care Facilities
Transplant Centers
When any of these organizations are reviewed, the survey checks quality assurance and not continuous quality improvement. In other words, the process checks for minimal expectations, and not to see whether the facility is actually improving.
History
In 1994 about 5000 hospitals were eligible to receive CMS funding as a result of being reviewed by the Joint Commission.
The Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 removed the deemed status of the Joint Commission and directed it to re-apply to CMS to seek continued authority to review hospitals for CfC and CoP.
References
Category:Accreditation
Category:Medicare and Medicaid United States
Category:Quality assurance
Category:Health care quality |
Stumble and Fall is a song by English indie rock band Razorlight and is the ninth track on their 2004 debut album Up All Night. It was released as a single on 26 January, reaching number 27 in the UK singles chart.
The song was also covered by Irish musician Duke Special on the downloadable EP When The Bear Bytes.
Track listing
7
Stumble and Fall
We All Get Up
CD1
Stumble and Fall
For Georgia
CD2
Stumble and Fall
Control
Rip It Up Toerag Demo
Chart performance
References
Category:2004 singles
Category:Razorlight songs
Category:Songs written by Johnny Borrell
Category:Songs written by Björn Ågren
Category:2004 songs
Category:Vertigo Records singles |
Pieter Boelmans ter Spill was a Dutch male footballer.
Club career
Boelmans ter Spill was a big center-forward who played for HFC.
International career
He was part of the Netherlands national football team, playing 3 matches. He played his first match on 1 April 1907 against England.
See also
List of Dutch international footballers
References
External links
Category:1886 births
Category:1954 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Alkmaar
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Netherlands international footballers |
Patricio Germán Pato Margetic born May 17, 1960 in Avellaneda, Argentina is a former Argentine footballer. He began his career in Argentina before playing five seasons in the North American Soccer League, as well as the Major Indoor Soccer League.
Playing career
Margetic's professional career began in 1978 for Club Atletico San Telmo from the Isla Maciel district of Avellaneda.
He came to the United States to play for the Detroit Express in 1979 and then moved on to the Chicago Sting in 1981, where he went on to win NASL Soccer Bowls in 1981 and 1984. He was a first team all star in 1983, a second team selection in 1982 and 1984, and an honorable mention in 1981. While playing for the Sting he earned the nickname Magic Man. Margetic played in 130 NASL games, scoring 42 goals and 59 assists for 143 points, which ranks him 34th all-time in the league. Margetic scored the last goal in the history of the NASL in the 82nd minute of game two of the 1984 Soccer Bowl series. After the end of the NASL, Margetic played six seasons in the Major Indoor Soccer League for the Chicago Sting, Kansas City Comets, Cleveland Crunch and Tacoma Stars, and nine seasons in the National Professional Soccer League for the Chicago Power and Detroit Rockers. He also appeared briefly for Borussia Dortmund in 1988-89.
Coaching
He has spent the past several years running Pato's Magic Soccer, a Michigan non-profit promoting youth soccer affiliated with the Michigan Youth Soccer League and the Michigan State Premier Soccer Program. He also does recruiting for the Chicago Fire. He now coaches and heads the Magic Soccer Club in Michigan. Pato and Magic Soccer Club partner with camps and classes running through the Rochester Avon Recreation Authority RARA in Rochester, MI. RARA is the recreation department for Rochester and Rochester Hills, Michigan.
References
External links
NASL/MISL stats
Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:American Indoor Soccer Association players
Category:Argentine expatriate footballers
Category:Argentine footballers
Category:Argentine people of Croatian descent
Category:Borussia Dortmund players
Category:Bundesliga players
Category:Chicago Power AISA players
Category:Chicago Power NPSL players
Category:Chicago Sting MISL players
Category:Chicago Sting NASL players
Category:Cleveland Crunch original MISL players
Category:Detroit Express players
Category:Detroit Rockers players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany
Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Kansas City Comets original MISL players
Category:Major Indoor Soccer League 19781992 players
Category:North American Soccer League 19681984 indoor players
Category:National Professional Soccer League 19842001 players
Category:North American Soccer League 19681984 players
Category:Sportspeople from Avellaneda
Category:Tacoma Stars players |
Rille German for 'groove' is typically used to describe any of the long, narrow depressions in the surface of the Moon that resemble channels. The Latin term is rima, plural rimae. Typically a rille can be up to several kilometers wide and hundreds of kilometers in length. However, the term has also been used loosely to describe similar structures on a number of planets in the Solar System, including Mars, Venus, and on a number of moons. All bear a structural resemblance to each other.
Structures
Three types of rille are found on the lunar surface:
Sinuous rilles meander in a curved path like a mature river, and are commonly thought to be the remains of collapsed lava tubes or extinct lava flows. They usually begin at an extinct volcano, then meander and sometimes split as they are followed across the surface. Vallis Schröteri in Oceanus Procellarum is the largest sinuous rille, and Rima Hadley is the only one visited by humans, on the Apollo 15 mission. Another prominent example is Rima Herigonius.
Arcuate rilles have a smooth curve and are found on the edges of the dark lunar maria. They are believed to have formed when the lava flows that created a mare cooled, contracted and sank. These are found all over the moon, examples can be seen near the south-western border of Mare Tranquillitatis and on the south-eastern border of Mare Humorum. Rima Sulpicius Gallus is a clear example in southwestern Mare Serenitatis.
Straight rilles follow long, linear paths and are believed to be grabens, sections of the crust that have sunk between two parallel faults. These can be readily identified when they pass through craters or mountain ranges. Vallis Alpes is by far the largest graben rille, indeed it is regarded as too large to be called a rille and is itself bisected by a linear rille; Rima Ariadaeus, west of Mare Tranquillitatis, is a clearer example.
Rilles which show more than one structure are termed hybrid rilles. Rima Hyginus in Sinus Medii is an example, initially formed through a fault and subsequently subject to volcanic activity.
Formation
Precise formation mechanisms of rilles have yet to be determined. It is likely that the different types are formed by different processes. Common features shared by lunar rilles and similar structures on other bodies suggest that common causative mechanisms operate widely in the solar system. Leading theories include lava channels, collapsed lava tubes, near-surface dike intrusion, nuée ardente pyroclastic cloud, subsidence of lava-covered basin and crater floors, and tectonic extension. On-site examination would be necessary to clarify exact methods.
Sinuous rilles
According to NASA, the origin of lunar sinuous rilles remains controversial. The Hadley Rille is a 1.5 km wide and over 300 m deep sinuous rille. It is thought to be a giant conduit that carried lava from an eruptive vent far to the south. Topographic information obtained from the Apollo 15 photographs supports this possibility; however, many puzzles about the rille remain.
See also
Arachnoid astrogeology
Chaos terrain
Dark dune spot
List of features on the Moon
Lunar lava tube
Martian spiders
Planetary geology
References
General
Ewen A. Whitaker, Mapping and Naming the Moon, Cambridge University Press, 1999, .
American Astronomers Report: What Formed the Moon's Sinuous Rilles?, Sky & Telescope, Vol. XXVI, No. 1, July, 1963.
Atlas of Lunar Sinuous Rilles
Category:Geological features on the Moon
Category:Valleys and canyons on Mars
Category:Planetary geology
Category:Volcanic landforms |
The Children's Own Museum originally opened in 1997 as a temporary exhibit at the Harbourfront Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. From 1998 to 2002, the museum operated in the former location of the McLaughlin Planetarium.
In ,the COM changed its name to the Children's Own Media Museum, developing content for schools and cultural centres across Ontario.
The museum is led by Museum Director Che Marville and McLuhan Scholar Dr. Robert Logan.
Currently the museum has no permanent facility and is seeking a new home, but has continued to operate special interactive workshops and programs, such as the 2012/2013 Family Programming at Harbourfront and 2009 program at the CN Tower. An October 2011 article at the Toronto Star's ParentCentral.ca website reported on a planned new venture called the Children's Mobile Media Museum, described as a collaboration between the Children's Own Museum and the McLuhan Legacy Network, a group set up to promote the works of visionary Canadian icon Marshall McLuhan.
References
Category:Children's museums in Canada
Category:Defunct museums in Toronto |
40 år i folkparkens tjänst is a 2013 Wizex compilation album, consisting of rerecordings. The album was released during the band's 40th anniversary year.
Track listing
Miss Decibel Lasse Holm, Gert Lengstrand
Djupa vatten Lars Diedricson, Ulf Georgsson
Det vackraste som finns Det vakreste som fins Rolf Løvland, Jan Teigen, Danne Stråhed
Alla vill till himmelen Måns Asplund, Jason Diakité
Mjölnarens Iréne Åke Gerhard, Leon Landgren
När vi rör varann Sometimes When We Touch Dan Hill, Ingela Forsman
Tio mil kvar till Korpilombolo Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Peter Himmelstrand
Har du glömt Jan Askerlind, Conny Modig
En vagabond Johan Langer, Jan Askerlind
Fredagskväll i parken Sara Varga, Lars Hägglund
Jag är född till att skratta och le Born with a Smile on my Face Roger Holman, Simon May, Lars Hagelin, Tommy Stjernfeldt
Det är dej jag väntar på Det' lige det Søren Bundgaard, Danne Stråhed
Som en sång Lasse Holm, Monica Forsberg
Du förgyller mitt liv Precious to Me Philip Seymour, Eric Iversen
Skicka SMS Sara Varga, Lars Hägglund
Vägen hem Karl-Gerhard Lundkvist
Tusen och en natt Lars Diedricson, Gert Lengstrand
Jag kan se en ängel Johnny Thunqvist, Kaj Svenling
Charts
References
Category:2013 compilation albums
Category:Compilation albums by Swedish artists
Category:Wizex albums |
The Harrow by-election of 1941 was held on 2 December 1941. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Isidore Salmon. It was won by the Conservative candidate Norman Bower. By the time of the by-election, Harrow's electorate had more than quadrupled since 1924, and stood at 168,594 voters in 1941.
References
Harrow by-election
Harrow,1941
Harrow by-election
Harrow,1941
Category:20th century in Middlesex |
Araeococcus pectinatus is a plant species in the genus Araeococcus. This species is native to Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia.
References
pectinatus
Category:Plants described in 1931
Category:Flora of Panama
Category:Flora of Colombia
Category:Flora of Costa Rica |
Jules Omer John Malfroy 4 December 1901 3 August 1973 was a prominent New Zealand lawyer, legal advisor to the British government during the Second World War, and an early twentieth century rugby union international. He is known as one of the lost lions due to his participation on the 1927 British Lions tour to Argentina, which, although retrospectively recognised as a Lions tour, did not confer Test status on any of the four encounters with the Argentina national rugby union team.
Early life
Jules Malfroy was born in 1901, the eldest son of Camille M. Malfroy, of the State Forest Department, Wellington. The Malfroy family in New Zealand was descended from Jean Baptiste Malfroy originally from Macornay, Lons-le-Saunier, Jura, France, a miller, and his wife, Josephine Pricarde. Jean Baptiste along with two of his sons, Jean Michel Camille Malfroy, usually known as Camille, and Jules Cézar Malfroy, the eldest of the three brothers, joined the rush to the Victorian goldfields in the 1850s and arrived in New Zealand in the early 1860s.
Jules Malfroy was born at Hokitika, where he received his primary education. He spent one year at the local Boys' High School before moving to the Waitaki Boys' High School. At Waitaki he became a prefect and matriculated in 1919. He then entered a legal office in Christchurch in 1920 and studied law at Canterbury College. In 1922 he want to Wellington where he continued his studies at Victoria University College and secured his LL.B. degree whilst earning his living in legal offices. He then went on to study for honours in law and LL.M., whilst practising as both a barrister and solicitor in the employ of the legal firm of Bell, Gully, Mackenzie, and O'Leary. Malfroy, was nominated in 1924 as the Wellington candidate for 1924 for the Rhodes Scholarship. He was then awarded the Jacob Joseph Scholarship for law research in 1924 and again was nominated for the Rhodes scholarship in 1925. However, from Victoria University College he gained a law travelling scholarship that took him to Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
Sport
Malfroy was both a rugby footballer and athlete, having represented Wellington province for three years in rugby union. In 1923 he represented Wellington at the New Zealand amateur athletic championship meeting and froom 1920 to 1924 represented his college in athletics at the Easter tournament. In 1923 was a member of the New Zealand University football team which went to Sydney. He again represented New Zealand University in 1924. He was described as the nuggetty little chap, with an abnormally long stride whilst playing for the New Zealand University and Wellington sides. and as a hurdler he gained distinction coming second to H. E. Wilson at the New Zealand championships over the 440-yard race.
At Cambridge he gained his rugby blue and it was from here that he was selected for the 1927 tour to Argentina. On this tour he was one of a number of uncapped players but only one of two players not selected to play in any of the tests. Despite being selected for the Great Britain side, he never went on to play for his national side.
Career
He entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and from there was awarded a Harkness Fellowship, under which he continued to specialise in international law at Columbia University, New York, and Berkeley College, California.
During the Second World War he attained the rank of wing commander in the administrative branch of the Royal Air Force. He was also appointed a legal expert to the British government.
Personal and later life
Jules Malfroy's younger brother was Cam Malfroy, a well-known tennis player during the 1930s and 1940s and a flying ace of the Second World War. Jules Malfroy married Charlotte Georgiana Rose Mary Somerset, daughter of Charles Edward Henry Somerset and Edith Morten Weatherly, on 25 September 1933.
References
Category:1901 births
Category:1973 deaths
Category:Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Category:British and Irish Lions rugby union players from New Zealand
Category:Cambridge University R.U.F.C. players
Category:New Zealand rugby union players
Category:People educated at Waitaki Boys' High School |
Harikumar is a Tamil film actor, who has appeared in Tamil films. He is probably best known for his performance in his debut Thoothukudi 2006 and Madurai Sambavam 2009. Moreover, he has appeared as a choreographer in over 100 films.
Filmography
As actor
As choreographer
As director
Theal TBA
References
Category:Indian male film actors
Category:Tamil male actors
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema
Category:Indian choreographers
Category:Year of birth missing living people |
James Ernest Oakley 10 November 1901 1972 was an English professional footballer who played as a full-back for Sunderland. He had 5 children. Billy, Priscilla, Phillip, Stuart and Helen. He was married to Elizabeth Wood before his death.
References
Category:1901 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:People from Tynemouth
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football fullbacks
Category:Seaton Delaval F.C. players
Category:Blyth Spartans A.F.C. players
Category:Sunderland A.F.C. players
Category:Reading F.C. players
Category:Northampton Town F.C. players
Category:Kettering Town F.C. players
Category:Birtley F.C. players
Category:English Football League players |
Thomas 'Tacker' Anthony Comerford 1932 in Liverpool 2003 in Liverpool. Tacker Comerford was an English organised crime figure involved in narcotics and drug trafficking, one of the first criminals to establish an international drug trafficking network in England.
A longtime figure in Liverpool's underworld, Comerford dominated criminal activity in the Merseyside-area spending over 34 years in prison during the course of his criminal career.
Although arrested by Merseyside Police on charges of drug trafficking in March 2003, he died of liver cancer before he could be brought to trial. A month following his death, police were granted the £25,000 seized from his home following his arrest, however, this was contested by family members who requested to have the money returned. Under the terms of the Proceeds of Crime Act, police were eventually granted a Forfeiture Order by the Liverpool Magistrates Court, following an investigation by the Money Laundering Investigation Team, the family withdrew their claim.
References
External links
1997 Court Case
Category:1933 births
Category:2003 deaths
Category:English drug traffickers |
Arhopala camdeo, the lilac oakblue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1858. It is found in the Indomalayan realm Sikkim to Assam, Bhutan, Manipur, Burma, Thailand and Vietnam.
Subspecies
Arhopala camdeo camdeo India: Sikkim to Assam, Bhutan, Manipur, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam
Arhopala camdeo sebonga Tytler, 1926 India
References
External links
Arhopala Boisduval, 1832 at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Category:Arhopala
Category:Butterflies described in 1858
Category:Butterflies of Asia
Category:Taxa named by Frederic Moore |
In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the identity theorem for holomorphic functions states: given functions f and g holomorphic on a domain D open and connected subset, if f = g on some , having an accumulation point, then f = g on D.
Thus a holomorphic function is completely determined by its values on a single open neighborhood in D, or even a countable subset of D provided this contains a converging sequence. This is not true for real-differentiable functions. In comparison, holomorphy, or complex-differentiability, is a much more rigid notion. Informally, one sometimes summarizes the theorem by saying holomorphic functions are hard as opposed to, say, continuous functions which are soft.
The underpinning fact from which the theorem is established is the expandability of a holomorphic function into its Taylor series.
The connectedness assumption on the domain D is necessary. For example, if D consists of two disjoint open set, can be on one open set, and on another, while is on one, and on another.
Lemma
If two holomorphic functions f and g on a domain D agree on a set S which has an accumulation point c in D, then f = g on a disk in centered at .
To prove this, it is enough to show that for all .
If this is not the case, let m be the smallest nonnegative integer with . By holomorphy, we have the following Taylor series representation in some open neighborhood U of c:
By continuity, h is non-zero in some small open disk B around c. But then f − g ≠ 0 on the punctured set B − {c}. This contradicts the assumption that c is an accumulation point of {f = g}.
This lemma shows that for a complex number a, the fiber f−1a is a discrete and therefore countable set, unless f ≡ a.
Proof
Define the set on which and have the same Taylor expansion:
We'll show is nonempty, open, and closed. Then by connectedness of , must be all of , which implies on .
By the lemma, in a disk centered at in , they have the same Taylor series at , so , is nonempty.
As and are holomorphic on , , the Taylor series of and at have non-zero radius of convergence. Therefore, the open disk also lies in S for some r. So S is open.
By holomorphy of and , they have holomorphic derivatives, so all are continuous. This means that is closed for all . is an intersection of closed sets, so it's closed.
References
Category:Theorems in complex analysis
Category:Articles containing proofs |
Always On My Mind is the debut single by Australian singer and songwriter Rani. Released in June 1997 as the lead single from her debut studio album, The Infinite Blue 1998, the song peaked at number 33 on the ARIA Charts in August 1997.
At the ARIA Music Awards of 1997, the song was nominated for two awards: Best Pop Release and Best New Talent.
Track listing
Charts
References
Category:1997 debut singles
Category:1997 songs
Category:Songs written by Paul Gray songwriter |
Phoradendron nickrentianum is a hemiparasitic plant in the Santalaceae previously Viscaceae family, native to Peru. There are no synonyms.
Description
P. nickrentianum is a dioecious plant, with pinnately veined leaf-blades 14 cm by 4.5 cm on a petiole which is about 1 cm long. The male inflorescence on a 2 cm peduncle is up to 4.5 cm long with up to 9 fertile internodes. No pistillate plants were seen by Kuijt.
It is very like Phoradendron undulatum, but differs significantly in being dioecious.
Taxonomy
P. nickrentianum was first described in 2011 by Job Kuijt, who gave it the specific epithet, nickrentianum, to honour Daniel Nickrent, who has brought the knowledge of parasitic angiosperms to unprecedented heights.
References
External links
Phoradendron nickrentianum occurrence data from GBIF
nickrentianum
Category:Parasitic plants
Category:Taxa named by Job Kuijt
Category:Flora of Peru
Category:Plants described in 2011 |
The slender mudskipper Periophthalmus gracilis is a species of mudskippers native to marine and brackish waters of the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean where it is an inhabitant of the intertidal zone, capable of spending time out of water. This species can reach a length of SL.
References
External links
Fishes of Australia : Periophthalmus gracilis
slender mudskipper
Category:Marine fish of Northern Australia
slender mudskipper |
Pterolophia fuscostictica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938. It is known from Borneo.
References
Category:Pterolophia
Category:Beetles described in 1938 |
Southwest Schools is an operator of state charter schools headquartered in Houston, Texas, United States.
The school operates several campuses, including:
Southwest High School Houston
Southwest Middle School Houston
Elementary School Houston
Center for Success and Independence Houston
A Child is Born Alvin
Archway Academy Houston
The PaRC Houston
Carter's Kids Unincorporated Fort Bend County
Three Oaks Academy Houston
Totally Fit Institute Crosby, Unincorporated Harris County
Unlimited Visions Pasadena
See also
List of state-operated charter schools in Houston
References
External links
Southwest Schools
Category:Public education in Texas |
Doliops rufipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1927.
References
Category:Doliops
Category:Beetles described in 1927 |
Juan Carlos Howard 12 October 1912 - 2 November 1986 was an Argentine tango pianist, bandleader and composer.
Juan Carlos was born in the San Isidro Partido of Buenos Aires to parents Juan and Lidia Cerradi. They encouraged him to play the piano and he made his radio debut at the age of 12.
Juan Carlos Howard played with many bands including those of Juan d'Arienzo, Roberto Zerrillo, Francisco Lomuto and Héctor Varela. He also led his own band on more than one occasion.
He composed many tangos including the popular hits Y te parece todavía and Melodía oriental.
External links
Juan Carlos Howard at tango.info
Category:1912 births
Category:1986 deaths
Category:People from Buenos Aires Province
Category:Argentine tango musicians
Category:Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery |
Jack Harman may refer to
Jack Harman British Army officer, British general
Jack Harman artist, Canadian artist |
Guangdong Television GDTV; is a television stationin Guangzhou, Guangdong province in China. Guangdong TV is the oldest television station in the province, which covers Guangdong and surrounding provinces. At present, Guangdong TV has a staff of around 1,800 people.
History
GDTV beginnings
Guangdong Television was founded in 1959, which was initially named as Guangzhou TV Station. At that time, it was under the administrative division under the Guangdong People's Radio. Late in September of that year, Guangdong-Taiwan towers was built in the top of Yuexiu Hill monument, and began to broadcast programmes in black and white.
Development 19601979
On 1 January 1960, the first program broadcast on Guangdong TV was Who is the Uncle. Later, in July, Guangdong TV opened a second channel. In 1963, the station wanted to produce its films overseas with the help of other film companies, but that did not find any chance of success until Beijing Television agreed to do so in 1964. Yuexiu Mountain Tower officially began operations in 1966.
In 1970, GDTV produced a TV documentary called From the Romanian mountains and rivers set ambitious. It is made of optical Interest Videos, making 30 copies of the film distribution companies pay issue, Guangdong Province. As a result, GDTV became the first in the whole of Guangdong-Taiwan Province to distribute television documentaries. In April 1971, 7.5 kilowatts black and white television transmitters were installed and operated officially. During that year, nearly 30 people began to build a television photographer corps, which they distributed in nine regions across the province. The municipal and the People's Liberation Army and the provincial and municipal units of some have cameras.
In 1972, GDTV filmed the first color television documentary, Shek Wan Ceramics blossoming of new flowers. The following year, the use of colour video was first introduced Philip 2 inch machine. In 1974, GDTV did expand to eight channels, which some of them broadcast in colour and the transmitting power was 10 kW. Later that year, the colour TV broadcast system was formally established.
In 1976, the two primary channels finally in colour. A year later, another channel was operational that was specifically targeting Cantonese speakers. At that time, the use of the first trucks that carry colour television was operational. By 1978, remote cameras were also in use.
On 1 January 1979, Guangzhou TV Station was formally renamed Guangdong TV. With Radio Television Hong Kong RTHK, GDTV produced a show to promote Hong Kong and Guangdong cultural ties with far-reaching significance. As a result, this is the first cooperation between the mainland China and Hong Kong in comprehensive television programs. In early April, Guangdong-Taiwan set up TV advertising. Advertising Bureau and Hong Kong, Wen Wei Po, Hong Kong, Chua advertising company signed a contract agent in Hong Kong and Macau in order to start the advertising business. In August of that year, after the Cultural Revolution, the first self-recorded TV shows on GDTV was Small Two Brothers multi-machine video plus video, which was organized by the National network television.
New logo and rise of programming 19801999
In 1980, a new logo was debuted for GDTV. During the same year, one of its programmes, Black Peony, was shown along with the first music single that debuted. In 1981, more programmes began its broadcast, such as Hong Kong and Macau Dynamic, International Review, and Flowered. Later that year, GDTV debuted movies that are broadcast in Cantonese or Mandarin. In addition, Woodcrest Hill in the Guangzhou area started reception. In early 1982, a home-made first full TV series named Prawn Biography made its debut on GDTV. In May 1982, Guangdong TV Weekly, a magazine, was established.
In 1983, Chinese subtitles appeared on GDTV for its programs. In mid-June, about 70 participants were trained for its first ever voice training, which were divided into Cantonese and Mandarin. Other programmes that made its debut during that year included a lesson on speaking Mandarin and Art Appreciation. In 1984, the first programme that was aimed at deaf or hearing-impaired viewers made its debut on GDTV. By 1986, the majority of GDTV's channels at 14 started to broadcast sports programming from abroad.
In 1988, two of GDTV's channels were renamed South Guangdong TV. It is aimed specifically at viewers that lived in the southern Guangdong area, primarily near Hong Kong and Macau. During the same year, the series Boat was honoured with the first international gold medal.
In 1989, the first subtitles using computers made its debut on GDTV channels. Later that year, GDTV and Asahi Broadcasting Corporation started to cooperate in sharing news resources with each other. In addition, Economic 90 made its debut on GDTV.
See also
Guangdong Radio and Television
Guangzhou Television
Television Southern
Jia Yu Channel Malaysia
Kah Lai Toi Malaysia
WOWtv Canada
References
External links
Official Site
GDTV
Category:Chinese television networks
Category:Television channels and stations established in 1960
Category:Mass media in Guangzhou |
is a railway station on the Ban'etsu West Line in the city of Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company JR East.
Lines
Higashi-Nagahara Station is served by the Ban'etsu West Line, and is located 57.2 rail kilometers from the official starting point of the line at .
Station layout
Higashi-Nagahara Station has a two opposed side platforms connected to the station building by a level crossing. The station is unattended.
Platforms
History
Higashi-Nagahara Station opened on December 20, 1940. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japanese National Railways JNR on April 1, 1987.
Surrounding area
Higashi-Nagahara Post Office
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
External links
JR East Station information
Category:Railway stations in Fukushima Prefecture
Category:Ban'etsu West Line
Category:Railway stations opened in 1940
Category:Aizuwakamatsu
Category:1940 establishments in Japan |
The papacy underwent important changes from 1517 to 1585 during the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation.
History
Reformation
The institution of the papacy underwent attacks by many Protestant reformers, including Martin Luther. Luther, who had spent time in Rome, said that Leo had vetoed a measure that cardinals should restrict the number of boys they kept for their pleasure, otherwise it would have been spread throughout the world how openly and shamelessly the pope and the cardinals in Rome practice sodomy; encouraging Germans not to spend time fighting fellow countrymen in defense of the papacy.
Along with Luther, John Calvin, Thomas Cranmer and John Knox identified the Roman Papacy as the Antichrist. The Centuriators of Magdeburg, a group of Lutheran scholars in Magdeburg headed by Matthias Flacius, wrote the 12-volume Magdeburg Centuries to discredit the papacy and identify the pope as the Antichrist. The fifth round of talks in the Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue notes,
In calling the pope the antichrist, the early Lutherans stood in a tradition that reached back into the eleventh century. Not only dissidents and heretics but even saints had called the bishop of Rome the antichrist when they wished to castigate his abuse of power.
The four most important traditions to emerge directly from the reformation were the Lutheran tradition, the Reformed/Calvinist/Presbyterian tradition, the Anabaptist tradition, and the Anglican tradition. Subsequent Protestant traditions generally trace their roots back to these initial four schools of the Reformation. It also led to the Catholic or Counter Reformation within the Roman Catholic Church. Lutherans, Reformed, Anabaptists, and Methodists all included references to the Papacy as the Antichrist in their confessions of faith:
Smalcald Articles, Article four 1537
...the Pope is the very Antichrist, who has exalted himself above, and opposed himself against Christ because he will not permit Christians to be saved without his power, which, nevertheless, is nothing, and is neither ordained nor commanded by God. This is, properly speaking to exalt himself above all that is called God as Paul says, 2 Thess. 2, 4. Even the Turks or the Tartars, great enemies of Christians as they are, do not do this, but they allow whoever wishes to believe in Christ, and take bodily tribute and obedience from Christians... Therefore, just as little as we can worship the devil himself as Lord and God, we can endure his apostle, the Pope, or Antichrist, in his rule as head or lord. For to lie and to kill, and to destroy body and soul eternally, that is wherein his papal government really consists... The Pope, however, prohibits this faith, saying that to be saved a person must obey him. This we are unwilling to do, even though on this account we must die in God's name. This all proceeds from the fact that the Pope has wished to be called the supreme head of the Christian Church by divine right. Accordingly he had to make himself equal and superior to Christ, and had to cause himself to be proclaimed the head and then the lord of the Church, and finally of the whole world, and simply God on earth, until he has dared to issue commands even to the angels in heaven...
Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope 1537
...Now, it is manifest that the Roman pontiffs, with their adherents, defend [and practice] godless doctrines and godless services. And the marks [all the vices] of Antichrist plainly agree with the kingdom of the Pope and his adherents. For Paul, in describing Antichrist to the Thessalonians, calls him 2 Thess. 2, 3: an adversary of Christ, who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God or that is worshiped, so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God. He speaks therefore of one ruling in the Church, not of heathen kings, and he calls this one the adversary of Christ, because he will devise doctrine conflicting with the Gospel, and will assume to himself divine authority...
Westminster Confession 1646
25.6. There is no other head of the Church but the Lord Jesus Christ: nor can the Pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof; but is that Antichrist, that man of sin and son of perdition, that exalts himself in the Church against Christ, and all that is called God.
Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church did not mount an organized and deliberate response to the Protestant Reformation until the election 1534 of Pope Paul III, who placed the papacy itself at the head of a movement for churchwide reform. Pope Paul III established a reform commission, appointed several leading reformers to the College of Cardinals, initiated reform of the central administrative apparatus at Rome, authorized the founding of the Jesuits, the order that was later to prove so loyal to the papacy, and convoked the Council of Trent, which met intermittently from 1545 to 1563. The council succeeded in initiating a number of far-ranging moral and administrative reforms, including reform of the papacy itself, that was destined to define the shape and set the tone of Roman Catholicism into the mid-20th century.
Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life to returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focus on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.
Pope Paul III 15341549 initiated the Council of Trent 15451563, a commission of cardinals tasked with institutional reform, to address contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, indulgences, and other financial abuses. The Council clearly rejected specific Protestant positions and upheld the basic structure of the Medieval Church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It rejected all compromise with the Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic faith. The Council clearly upheld the dogma of salvation appropriated by Christ lived out by faith and works. Transubstantiation, during which the consecrated bread and wine were held to become substantially the body and blood of Christ, was upheld, along with the Seven Sacraments. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as indulgences, pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually vital as well.
But while the basic structure of the Church was reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter Reformers tacitly were willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the priests and the flock; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes, after all, had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know Latin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past. Parish priests now became better educated, while Papal authorities sought to eliminate the distractions of the monastic churches. Notebooks and handbooks thus became common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.
Thus, the Council of Trent was dedicated to improving the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI 14921503, exploded in the Reformation under Pope Leo X 15131521, whose campaign to raise funds in the German states to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica by supporting sale of indulgences was a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. But the Catholic Church would respond to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements that predated the Council of Constance 14141417: humanism, devotionalism, legalist and the observatine tradition.
The Council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the Secular Renaissance Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of Bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be absent bishops who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated absenteeism, which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent also gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo 15381584, later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards. At the parish level, the seminary-trained clergy who took over in most places during the course of the seventeenth century were overwhelmingly faithful to the church's rule of celibacy.
The reign of Pope Paul IV 15551559 is associated with efforts of Catholic renewal. Paul IV is sometimes deemed the first of the Counter-Reformation popes for his resolute determination to eliminate all heresies - and the institutional practices of the Church that contributed to its appeal. Two of his key strategies were the Inquisition and censorship of prohibited books. The Inquisition, reorganized under Paul III, developed under Paul IV into an awesome instrument, even accused for Catholic cardinals Jacopo Sadoleto, Reginald Pole and Giovanni Morone, who spent several years in inquisition jail. In Calabria a bloody persecution of Waldensians was carried out. In Rome, Ignatius of Loyola was openly afraid of Paul IV. The Inquisition was most severe in Spanish controlled areas. There existed a huge difference between the Spanish inquisition and the Papal inquisition, the latter being milder and even sought after, to avoid the Spanish alternative. In this sense, his aggressive and autocratic efforts of renewal greatly reflected the strategies of earlier reform movements, especially the legalist and observantine sides: burning heretics and strict emphasis on Canon law. It also reflected the rapid pace toward absolutism that characterized the sixteenth century.
While the aggressive authoritarian approach was arguably destructive of personal religious experience, a new wave of reforms and orders conveyed a strong devotional side. Devotionalism, not subversive mysticism would provide a strong individual outlet for religious experience, especially through meditation such as the reciting of the Rosary. The devotional side of the Counter-Reformation combined two strategies of Catholic Renewal. For one, the emphasis of God as an unknowable absolute ruler - a God to be feared - coincided well with the aggressive absolutism of the papacy under Paul IV. But it also opened up new paths toward popular piety and individual religious experience.
The Papacy of St. Pius V 15661572 represented a strong effort not only to crack down against heretics and worldly abuses within the Church, but also to improve popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism. Pius V was trained in a solid and austere piety by the Dominicans. It is thus no surprise that he began his pontificate by giving large alms to the poor, charity, and hospitals rather than focusing on patronage. As pontiff, he practiced the virtues of a monk. Known for consoling the poor and sick, St. Pius V sought to improve the public morality of the Church, promote the Jesuits, support the Inquisition. He enforced the observance of the discipline of the Council of Trent, and supported the missions of the New World. The Spanish Inquisition, brought under the direction of the absolutist Spanish state since Ferdinand and Isabella, stemmed the growth of Protestantism in Spain before it could spread.
Aftermath
The pontificate of Pope Sixtus V 15851590 opened up the final stage of the Catholic Reformation characteristic of the Baroque age of the early seventeenth century, shifting away from compelling to attracting. His reign focused on rebuilding Rome as a great European capital and Baroque city, a visual symbol for the Catholic Church.
Notes
Category:History of the papacy
Category:16th-century Catholicism |
Rick Foster is a guitarist and arranger who lives in the Days Creek, Oregon area, who plays classical and popular music, but who is most closely associated with Christian music.
Biography
Foster began playing Hawaiian guitar when he was 10 years old. By age 12, he was playing electric guitar in a surf-rock band. At eighteen years of age, he was teaching guitar. When he was unable to find arrangements for guitar of his favorite hymns, he decided to create a repertoire.
Playing in classical style, but with country flavoring, he has recorded several albums, appearing on Bread & Honey Records, Chapel Records and Edensong Records. He has been nominated for a Dove Award by the Gospel Music Association.,
His arrangements have been featured by Chet Atkins and Christopher Parkening.
His guitar arrangements of hymns are published by Rick Foster Edensong, Fingerstyle Guitar Magazine and Mel Bay Publications.
Discography
Favorite Hymns for Classic Guitar Bread & Honey 102Also Hymns for Classic GuitarEdensong 602
More Hymns for Classic Guitar Bread & Honey 118Edensong 618
Inspirational Guitar at Its Best Chapel/Bridge 2327Bread & Honey 325Also 2 in 1 Inspirational Guitar at Its Best and Sacred Classic GuitarEdensong 616
Sacred Classic Guitar Edensong 609Also 2 in 1 Inspirational Guitar at Its Best and Sacred Classic GuitarEdensong 616
Season of Joy Edensong 600 Moody Monthly Instrumental Album of the Year
Sacred Duos for Guitar and Violin Edensong ESCD 605
Eternal Guitar Edensong ESCD 612
Best of Rick FosterClose to Heaven Edensong ESCD 614
Rick Foster's Remembrance of Chet Atkins and his guitars Edensong ESCD 624
Faith is the Reason Edensong ESCD 620
References
External links
Official site of Rick Foster
Category:American classical guitarists
Category:American male guitarists
Category:Fingerstyle guitarists
Category:Living people
Category:Guitarists from Oregon
Category:People from Douglas County, Oregon
Category:Year of birth missing living people |
Subsets and Splits