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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bohn_Peak"} | Mountain in Washington (state), United States
La Bohn Peak is a 6,585-foot (2,007-metre) mountain summit located two miles north of Dutch Miller Gap, in east King County of Washington state. It is situated at the head of Necklace Valley, in the heart of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, on land managed by Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. La Bohn Peak is set west of La Bohn Lakes and La Bohn Gap, and one mile west of the crest of the Cascade Range. Precipitation runoff from the south side of the mountain drains into tributaries of the Snoqualmie River, whereas the north side drains into tributaries of the Foss River. The nearest higher neighbor is Mount Hinman, 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to the east, Little Big Chief Mountain is set 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to the south, and Iron Cap Mountain sits 1.77 miles (2.85 km) to the west.
Climate
La Bohn Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades (Orographic lift). As a result, the west side of the Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. The months July through September offer the most favorable weather for viewing or climbing this peak.
Geology
The Alpine Lakes Wilderness features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks and ridges, deep glacial valleys, and granite walls spotted with over 700 mountain lakes. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area. The elevation range of this area is between about 1,000 feet (300 m) in the lower elevations to over 9,000 feet (2,700 m) on Mount Stuart.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The last glacial retreat in the Alpine Lakes area began about 14,000 years ago and was north of the Canada–US border by 10,000 years ago. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of that recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness area.
Gallery | fd6532f4-eed0-449b-a61d-1c25591abfdc |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_women%27s_cricket_team_in_the_West_Indies_in_2010"} | The Sri Lanka national women's cricket team travelled to the West Indies prior to the 2010 ICC Women's World Twenty20 that was being there to play a two-match One Day International (ODI) series, and a three-match Twenty20 International (T20I) series against the West Indies women's cricket team.
WODI series
1st WODI
2nd WODI
WT20I series
1st WT20I
2nd WT20I
3rd WT20I | 2108aa20-071c-4dc6-a9ec-8175aa220469 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baga,_Doufelgou"} | Place in Kara Region, Togo
Baga, Doufelgou is a village in the Doufelgou Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-eastern Togo. | eb6f6a42-a551-40a1-8886-cf4f3ae64e31 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_World_Mountain_Running_Trophy"} | International athletics championship event
The 1986 World Mountain Running Championships was the 2nd edition of the global mountain running competition, World Mountain Running Championships, organised by the World Mountain Running Association and was held in Morbegno, Italy on 5 October 1986.
Results
Men individual
Distance 15.0 km, difference in height 1127 m (climb).
Men team
Men short distance
Men short distance team
Men junior individual
Men junior team
Women individual
Women team | 79b79b65-d757-4e85-a066-6bf7626333bf |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rhys_Plumlee"} | American football and baseball player (born 2001)
John Rhys Plumlee (born January 2, 2001) is an American football quarterback and wide receiver for the UCF Knights. He formerly played for Ole Miss and was a center fielder for the Ole Miss baseball team.
Early life and high school
Plumlee grew up in Hattiesburg, Mississippi and attended Oak Grove High School, where he played baseball and football. He became the Warriors starting quarterback as a sophomore. As a junior, he passed for 1,759 yards, 14 touchdowns and nine interceptions and rushed for 599 yards and eight touchdowns in nine games and was named to the "Dandy Dozen" by The Clarion-Ledger. In baseball, he batted .442 with 35 RBIs and 38 runs scored in 27 games. Rated a four star recruit, Plumlee initially committed to play college football at Georgia during the summer going into his senior year over offers from Auburn, Alabama, Notre Dame, North Carolina, Nebraska, Southern Miss, Tulane, Troy, South Alabama and Mississippi State.
As a senior, Plumlee complete 187-of-291 passes (64.3 percent) for 2,834 yards with 33 touchdown passes and three interceptions while also rushing for 1,444 yards and 19 touchdowns on 162 carries (8.9 yards per carry) and led the team to a Southern State championship before losing to Horn Lake High School. He finished his high school career with 5,430 passing yards, 2,314 rushing yards and 82 total touchdowns in three seasons. After the season, Plumlee de-committed from Georgia shortly before National Signing Day in order to accept as scholarship to play both football and baseball at Ole Miss. Plumlee batted .411 with 39 hits, 45 runs scored, seven doubles, five triples, two home runs and 24 RBI in 29 games and was named 2019 5A/6A All-State in his final baseball season at Oak Grove.
College career
Ole Miss
Plumlee began his true freshman season in 2019 as the Rebels' backup quarterback. He made his collegiate debut against California after an injury to starter Matt Corral, completing all seven of his passes for 82 yards and rushing three times for 53 yards as he led the team to a near-comeback win before being stopped at California's one-yard line as time expired. Plumlee made his first career start the following week on September 28, 2019, against Alabama, completing 35.7 percent of his passes for 141 yards with two touchdowns and one interception and also rushing 109 yards and one touchdown in a 59–31 loss. He was named the Southeastern Conference (SEC) Freshman of the Week after rushing for 165 yards and a touchdown with 99 passing yards against Vanderbilt on October 5. On November 10 against New Mexico State, Plumlee broke the freshman rushing yards and rushing touchdown record with 177 yards on the ground and two touchdowns. Plumlee finished the season with 910 yards, four touchdowns and three interceptions on 79-for-150 passing (52.7 percent) while rushing 154 times for 1,023 yards and 12 touchdowns. He set Ole Miss records for rushing yards, rushing touchdowns and total touchdowns by a freshman and the most rushing yards in a season by a quarterback.
Plumlee began his freshman baseball season as the Rebels' starting centerfielder, while playing in the same outfield as football teammate Jerrion Ealy.
Going into his sophomore season, Corral was named the Rebels' starting quarterback over Plumlee. Plumlee continued to be used in package plays while also serving as the backup quarterback. He also occasionally lined up at wide receiver and saw significant time at the position in the Rebels' 26–20 win over Indiana in the 2021 Outback Bowl, catching five passes for 73 yards. Plumlee finished the season with 65 passing yards with one touchdown pass, 94 rushing yards, and six receptions for 79 yards in six games.
Plumlee entered his junior season listed as a wide receiver. He finished the season with 19 receptions for 201 yards and 72 rushing yards on nine carries. Plumlee announced that he would be entering the transfer portal following Ole Miss's appearance in the 2022 Sugar Bowl.
UCF
Plumlee announced his commitment to transfer to UCF on January 9, 2022. He also committed to play for the UCF baseball team, but his waiver to play in the 2022 season was denied by the NCAA. Plumlee was named the Knights starting quarterback going into the 2022 season. He tied a school record with seven total touchdowns after he completed 18 of 22 pass attempts for 373 yards and four touchdowns and rushed seven times for 37 yards and three touchdowns in a 70-13 win over Temple on October 13, 2022. Plumlee finished the season with 218 completions on 346 pass attempts for 2,586 yards with 14 touchdowns and eight interceptions while also rushing for 862 yards and 11 touchdowns.
Statistics | e2fb4c3b-99b7-4154-9007-c4dec01f57ed |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_refuse"} | Coal refuse (also described as coal waste, rock, slag, coal tailings, waste material, rock bank, culm, boney, or gob) is the material left over from coal mining, usually as tailings piles or spoil tips. For every tonne of hard coal generated by mining, 400 kilograms of waste material remains, which includes some lost coal that is partially economically recoverable. Coal refuse is distinct from the byproducts of burning coal, such as fly ash.
Piles of coal refuse can have significant negative environmental consequences, including the leaching of iron, manganese, and aluminum residues into waterways and acid mine drainage. The runoff can create both surface and groundwater contamination. The piles also create a fire hazard, with the potential to spontaneously ignite. Because most coal refuse harbors toxic components, it is not easily reclaimed by replanting with plants like beach grasses.
Gob (short for "garbage of bituminous") has about four times as much toxic mercury and more sulfur than typical coal. Culm is the term for waste anthracite coal.
Disposal
The first step to reclaiming land occupied by coal refuse piles is to remove the refuse matter.
As fuel
Where economically viable, some coal miners try to reprocess these wastes. In more industrialized economies, this may include complex reprocessing, such as fluidized bed combustion in power plants. In less industrialized systems, manual sorting may be employed. For example, in the Jharia coalfield in eastern India, a large cohort of "coal cycle wallahs" manually sort mine tailings with their families, and then transport the salvaged coal on bicycles more than 60 kilometers to market.
The burning of waste coal typically produces more environmental toxins than higher energy coals. Modern fluidized bed combustion with limestone for acid gas control can lower emissions to acceptable levels, concentrating the toxicity into waste ash. For every 100 tons of coal waste burned, 85 tons of waste ash (more toxic versions of fly ash and bottom ash) are created. Fortunately, this ash is more stable than the waste and may simply be re-compacted into the mine site with less risk of leaching. It can also be used to neutralize acidic mine discharge.
Other uses
There have been some attempts to use non-flammable coal waste in concrete production, similar to the use of fly ash. The waste ash from burning of coal waste is approved as a source of fly ash by the West Virginia Department of Highways in 2019.
By geography
United States
In the United States, most waste coal piles accumulated from 1900 to 1970 when processing techniques were less sophisticated. The US has a longstanding inspection program of these refuse piles. In Pennsylvania alone, there are over 770 such piles identified. There are at least 18 coal waste burning plants in the United States, mostly in Pennsylvania.
The Grant Town Power Project in West Virginia burns 530,000 tons of coal refuse annually, allowing the reclaimation of 30 acres of land per year. Still, there's critcism regarding the plant's negative profitability and its greenhouse gas emissions from burning coal. The plant has controversially proposed pivoting to cryptocurrency mining for funding. Wider replacement of cement by its fly ash should bring down its carbon footprint.
Disasters
In the 1966 Aberfan disaster in Wales, a colliery spoil tip collapsed, engulfing a school and killing 116 children and 28 adults. Other accidents involving coal waste include the Martin County coal slurry spill (US, 2000) and the Obed Mountain coal mine spill (Canada, 2013). | 9748631a-58ba-484d-8e15-7b27939a2c56 |
null | English band
The Old Swan Band is a long-established and influential English country dance band.
Early years
Its origins lie in the early 1970s with the English country dance band Oak, one of a tiny handful at that time that combined melodeon with fiddles. Two members of Oak, husband and wife Rod and Danny Stradling (melodeon and vocals), went on to form The Cotswold Liberation Front, which became The Old Swan Band in 1974. They recruited fiddler Paul Burgess, percussionist Martin Brinsford and the Fraser Sisters (Fi and Jo). Fi (short for Fiona) is a fiddle player and singer; her sister Jo (aged 13 when she joined the band) plays saxophone, clarinet and whistles, and is also a singer and composer.
The new band took the English country dance scene by storm. Up to this point the English Folk Dance and Song Society had set the tone for polite decorum at Cecil Sharp House. With a drummer and sax player, The Old Swan Band brought punchiness to a very English repertoire of tunes (and occasional songs), drawn from recordings of traditional English country musicians such as Walter Bulwer, Scan Tester, the Copper family and Reg Hall.
Albums
The title of the Old Swan Band's first album, released in 1976, was their manifesto – "No Reels". This was a way of saying you would not find fancy reels and jigs or any frantically paced tunes here. In their wake came several other folk dance bands that combined brass instruments with fiddles - the New Victory Band, the Cock and Bull Band and Ramsbottom.
After two more albums Rod and Danny Stradling left the band. The band became fiddle-dominated and after recording an EP in 1983, did not return to the recording studio until 2004 – a gap of twenty-one years, during which time the band's members also worked on other projects and with other bands.
The 2004 album, Swan-Upmanship was, as before, decidedly non-Celtic – almost all the tunes were drawn from the English tradition. The line-up on this recording was John Adams (trombone, fiddle), Martin Brinsford (percussion), Paul Burgess (fiddle), Fi Fraser (fiddle), Jo Freya (tenor saxophone, whistle), Neil Gledhill (bass saxophone), Flos Headford (fiddle) and Heather Horsley (keyboard).
Other projects
Rod Stradling recorded with the English Country Blues Band, the English Country Dance Band, Tiger Moth and Edward II and the Red Hot Polkas. He became editor of Musical Traditions, a highly respected magazine whose archives are now available online .
The Fraser Sisters recorded as a duo. Jo Fraser changed her name to Jo Freya as a condition of joining the actors' union Equity, which does not allow two of its members to share the same name. Broadening her repertoire to embrace European influences, she joined Blowzabella and its spin-off Scarp; she also plays with Token Women (as do her sister Fi and Heather Horsley) and with her own pan-European group called Freyja.
Martin Brinsford went on to join Brass Monkey, with Martin Carthy.
Paul Burgess and Flos Headford were founder-members of the Mellstock Band.
Discography
Anthologies | 9e345ce6-a50e-4b6a-8bd3-88b9abbcde39 |
null | Kudian or Kudeyan (Persian: كوديان) may refer to: | 38c2a805-7e0a-456f-af5e-3de3dcb41d7e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_to_Kill"} | 1975 film by José Gutiérrez Maesso
Order to Kill (Spanish: El clan de los inmorales, Italian: La testa del serpente) is a 1974 Spanish-Italian crime-action film written and directed by José Gutiérrez Maesso. In the movie the police inspector (José Ferrer) offers passports to a hit man (Helmut Berger) and his girlfriend (Sydne Rome) if the hit man kills a mob boss.
Cast
Production
Eugenio Martín minimized his contributions to the script in the film, stating that itw as "It was Maesso's project, and Moncada and I were to write it. However, there was no way we could come up with a good plot, so we soon called ourselves out. Maesso did not give up, though, and he called and Italian screenwriter to do the job" When the film was finished, Maesso credited both Moncada and Martin for their work on the film, but Martin stated that he probably did not use much of it.
Release
Order to Kill was released in Italy on August 31, 1974. In Italy, the film grossed a total of 360,601,000 lire.
Reception
In his book Italian Crime Filmography 1968–1980, Roberto Curti referred to the film as a "tiresome variation on the classic theme of a lonely man's vengeance, notable mainly for a script that in the second part predates Enzo G Castellari's powerful The Big Racket" and that actor Helmut Berger "is given little to do with the clichéd character". | 0a1b7465-45af-42f6-b83c-920c2e0af7d8 |
null | American hip hop group
Larsiny or Larsiny Family is an American hip hop group/label from North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rapper Cassidy helped found the crew Larsiny with his home-town- Family Members Cousins A R AB Cal Akbar and Shiz Lansky, who is featured on the song "I Pray" on the B.A.R.S. The Barry Adrian Reese Story album. They got their first break after being signed to the Ruff Ryders in 1998, after being featured on the "Ryde Or Die Boyz" track from the Ryde or Die Vol. 2 compilation.
Music highlights
2006–2007: Full Surface
They appeared on numerous mixtapes, and released the street single "Boyz Iz Back". They have 2 new mixtapes, one released and the other under Big Mike & DJ Thoro, the first, Larsiny Put Ya L's In The Sky released on January 4, 2008, and the second, 100 Bars Mixtape (a.k.a. North Philly of Death) released on April 19, along with AR-AB's solo tapes Welcome To Trap Street and I See Dead People.
2008–2009: Larsiny Break-Up?
In 2008, there was a beef brewing between Cassidy and Cal Akbar that was trying to be kept secret. Until in February 2009 various clips of Cal Akbar dissing Cassidy appeared on YouTube, resulting in a response track on Cassidy's Apply Pressure MixTape called "Dear Rodney (Akbar Diss)" and also Akbar's departure from the Larsiny group.
2009–present: Moving to Kross Over
Cassidy took his Larsiny Family label over to Kross Over Entertainment and E1 Music with him, and released his fourth studio album titled C.A.S.H. . In a 40-minute video speaking on the Meek Mill and Cassidy beef, Cousins Ar-Ab, Dark Lo though still on good terms with his former mentor, confirmed that he and OBH Ar Ab were no longer in Larsiny Family
MixTapes | 78488b27-c037-4738-a065-e4ab2b9d709f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_justice_in_England_and_Wales"} | The youth justice system in England and Wales comprises the organs and processes that are used to prosecute, convict and punish persons under 18 years of age who commit criminal offences. The principal aim of the youth justice system is to prevent offending by children and young persons.
Criminal law
Age of criminal responsibility
Children under the age of 10 are irrefutably presumed to be incapable of committing an offence. Prior to 1998, a child aged between 10 and 13 was presumed under doli incapax to be incapable of committing an offence unless the prosecution were able to prove that the child knew the difference between right and wrong, although a range of mitigating factors particular to childhood are normally taken into account in England and Wales Now, children aged between 10 and 17 are capable of committing offences and it is not possible for a child to avoid liability by showing that they do not know the difference between right and wrong. However, a child should not be found guilty if they are unfit to plead.
In exceptional circumstances, most notably the case of the murder of James Bulger in Liverpool in 1993, children can be tried as an adult in an adult court.
From the age of 18 onwards, individuals are then considered an adult in the eyes of the law. Therefore, all punishment given by the courts or other law enforcement agencies will rest solely upon them.
Criminal procedure before trial
Arrest
After a person aged 10 to 17 has been arrested and taken to a police station, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 requires that the custody officer ascertain the identity of a parent, guardian, Local Authority carer or any other person who has assumed responsibility for the juvenile's welfare and must inform them of the arrest. The custody officer should inform the appropriate adult (who may or may not be the same person) of the grounds for the detainee's detention and ask the adult to come to the police station to see the detainee. The juvenile should be told of the duties of the appropriate adult and that the juvenile can consult privately with the appropriate adult at any time, but warned that such conversations are not privileged.
The convict may not ordinarily be interviewed, be asked to provide or sign a written statement under caution, be asked to sign a record of interview without an appropriate adult being present. A superintendent may authorise an interview without an appropriate adult if:
During an interview where an appropriate adult is present, an appropriate adult should:
Prosecution, reprimands and final warnings
The Crown Prosecution service has produced detailed guidance on prosecuting juveniles.
A police officer may proceed by way of reprimand or (final) warning, where the following conditions are satisfied:
A police officer can either give the offender a reprimand or a final warning. A final warning is more serious. Once a person has received one reprimand he cannot receive a second. A person may be given a final warning without a reprimand if the seriousness of the offence warrants this course. A person may exceptionally be given a second (but not a third) final warning if "the offence was committed more than two years after the date of the previous warning and the constable considers the offence to be not so serious as to require a charge to be brought".
In the case of a juvenile under the age of 17, the reprimand or final warning should be given in the presence of an appropriate adult. Where a police officer gives a final warning, he should refer the offender to the local youth offending team who should arrange for him to participate in a rehabilitation programme unless they consider it inappropriate to do so.
The system of reprimand and final warning was replaced in 2013 by youth cautions and youth conditional cautions by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012.
First appearance
Having been formally accused of committing an offence, a juvenile will make his first appearance in the Youth Court unless:
Bail
A juvenile has a general right to bail.
As for adults, the main reasons for refusing bail are that the defendant is accused of an imprisonable offence and there are substantial grounds for believing that the defendant:
The court may also refuse bail for the juvenile's own protection or welfare or for a limited number of other reasons.
A juvenile's parent may be asked to act as a surety for up to £50 for the juvenile's attendance at court and compliance with any conditions attached to bail.
Detention in custody
Where a juvenile is refused bail, he is normally remanded in local authority accommodation. He may be remanded in secure accommodation only if:
Trial
Place of trial
A juvenile will ordinarily be tried in the Youth Court. A juvenile may be tried in an adult Magistrates' Court only if he is charged alongside an adult.
A juvenile will be tried in the Crown Court where:
Trial in a youth court
A youth court is a magistrates' court but a youth court has jurisdiction to try juveniles where a magistrates' court does not have a similar power to try adults. The magistrates and district judges who sit in a youth court will receive specialist training on dealing with young people. A youth court is presided over by either a district judge or a bench of two or three lay magistrates, which previously must (unless there are unforeseen circumstances) have included both a man and a woman, though this requirement has since been repealed.
A youth court is not open to the public. The victims of the crime, however, have the opportunity to attend the hearings of the court if they want to, but they must make a request to the court if they wish to do so. The needs and wishes of victims will always be considered by the court and, through the youth offending team (YOT), they often have the opportunity to have an input into the sentencing process. The only other persons who may be present are:
The following reporting restrictions apply automatically:
The restrictions may be lifted by the court:
Where a child is under 16, the court must (unless it would be unreasonable) require a parent or guardian to attend court and where the child is aged 16 to 18, the court may do so.
Due to funding cuts through austerity cases take much longer to be dealt with, children appear in court without legal representation and without an appropriate adult to support them. Reoffending by youngsters has increased and money that could go into programmes to discourage reoffending has been banked. Anne Longfield maintains the English and Welsh youth justice system is, “chaotic and dysfunctional” after nearly a decade of court closures and cuts. Longfield urged a largescale review of youth justice, stating the youth court was, “not a child-friendly environment where you could really help a young person and is not meeting standards that we had hoped”. Cases that involve children take nearly 40% longer than they did in 2010. Reoffending by children has increased with 40.9% of children reoffending in 2017 after being convicted of cautioned. Children who got a youth caution or sentence who were black, Asian or minority ethnic have proportionately nearly doubled from 14% in 2010 to 27% in 2018. Children are handcuffed while being taken to court and locked in secure docks when they are charged with minor offences, though courts are told to put only the most dangerous children in the dock. Some children face court without legal representation or support from an appropriate adult (parent or social worker) to support. Because many youth courts have closed gang members are sometimes put in the same waiting room as rival gangs from other areas and this can lead to violence. Defendants are afraid to attend court or are attacked on arrival. Thousands of children are left not knowing what is happening for months or even years after being released, “under investigation”. In 2018-2019 in Greater Manchester police took no decisions over 100 rapes and one murder with child suspects, leaving accused children and their alleged victims uncertain.
Trial in the Crown Court
Generally, the same procedures apply in the Crown Court for juveniles as for adults.
There is no automatic restriction on reporting proceedings, unlike in the Youth Court, but the court may direct that:
Where a child is under 14, the court must (unless it would be unreasonable) require a parent or guardian to attend court and where the child is aged 14 to 18, the court may do so.
Paragraph II.30 of the Consolidated Criminal Practice Direction makes provision for the adapting the procedures in the Crown Court where a juvenile is tried, to assist in their taking part in the trial.
A defendant under the age of 18 may give evidence by live link if:
Sentencing
Court powers
The courts have the powers to pass the following sentences:
Court process
Youth Court process
The local authority, if notified of proceedings and unless they consider it unnecessary to do so, should make such investigations and should provide the court with information relating to the home surroundings, school, record, health and character of the defendant and any other matters required by the court. The Criminal Procedure Rules state:
Crown Court process
Except in homicide cases, the Crown Court shall unless satisfied that it would be undesirable to do so, remit the case to the youth court.
Specific sentences
Sentences of detention
No custodial sentence may be passed on an offender aged under 21 who is not legally represented at least at some point after he is found guilty and before sentence (unless he was granted a right to representation funded by legal aid but the right was withdrawn because of his conduct; or having been informed of his right to apply for such representation and having had the opportunity to do so, he refused or failed to apply).
Offenders aged under 21 cannot be sentenced to prison for any reason, but may be remanded in custody in prison for trial or sentence.
The relevant date for determining the court's powers to sentence is the date of the conviction but the court should take as the starting point the sentence that the defendant would have been likely to receive if he had been sentenced at the date of the commission of the offence.
Community sentences
Please Note That This Section is Obsolete
If a court considers the offences serious enough to warrant a community sentence, and that a community sentence or combination thereof would be most suitable to the offender and commensurate with the seriousness of the offence, it may pass a community sentence in accordance with the following table:
Where a court should normally obtain a pre-sentence report, it may dispense with this requirement if it considers it unnecessary to do so. In respect of offenders under 18, it may only dispense with the report if a current offence is triable on indictment or the court has had reference to the most recent previous pre-sentence report for the offender.
Referral orders
Under certain circumstances, a Youth Court (or other Magistrates Court) must or may make a referral to a local youth offender panel. The panel should seek to agree a "contract", a programme of behaviour, with the young offender. If a contract cannot be agreed, the young offender panel refers the offender back to the court. The length of the programme is determined by the court when making the reference and must be between three months and one year. Section 23 of the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 makes the following provision about the contents of the contract:
(2) The terms of the programme may, in particular, include provision for any of the following—
(a) the offender to make financial or other reparation to any person who appears to the panel to be a victim of, or otherwise affected by, the offence, or any of the offences, for which the offender was referred to the panel;
(b) the offender to attend mediation sessions with any such victim or other person;
(c) the offender to carry out unpaid work or service in or for the community;
(d) the offender to be at home at times specified in or determined under the programme;
(e) attendance by the offender at a school or other educational establishment or at a place of work;
(f) the offender to participate in specified activities (such as those designed to address offending behaviour, those offering education or training or those assisting with the rehabilitation of persons dependent on, or having a propensity to misuse, alcohol or drugs);
(g) the offender to present himself to specified persons at times and places specified in or determined under the programme;
(h) the offender to stay away from specified places or persons (or both);
(i) enabling the offender's compliance with the programme to be supervised and recorded.
(3) The programme may not, however, provide— (a) for the electronic monitoring of the offender's whereabouts; or (b) for the offender to have imposed on him any physical restriction on his movements.
Referral orders will be considered only if:
If the above conditions are satisfied and the offender has pleaded guilty to all of the offences before the court and one of them is punishable by imprisonment, the court must make a referral order. If otherwise the above conditions are satisfied and the offender has pleaded guilty to at least one offence before the court and not-guilty to another (regardless of whether they are imprisonable), the court may make a referral order.
If a court has made a referral order, it may not at the same time:
Reparation orders
Other than in respect of a conviction for murder, and having received a report indicating the type of work suitable and the attitude of the victim(s), the offender may be ordered by the court to make reparation by making reparation to certain persons or to the community at large, so long as this does not involve more than 24 hours work. A reparation order may not be made where a community sentence or custodial sentence is passed. | 4b23a5af-257c-4ac3-b158-0ad682c7f497 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Duffy_(photographer)"} | English photographer and film producer
Brian Duffy (15 June 1933 – 31 May 2010) was an English photographer and film producer, best remembered for his fashion and portrait photography of the 1960s and 1970s.
Early life
Brian Duffy was born to Irish parents in London in 1933. During World War II he was evacuated with his two brothers and sister to Kings Langley where he was taken in by the actors Roger Livesey and Ursula Jeans. After a few weeks, his mother, unhappy about her four children being split up from the family insisted they all return to London. When the bombing in London became intense they were evacuated for a second time to Wales but returned to London having lived on a remote farm for a month.
Once back in London, Duffy 'had the most wonderful war', breaking into abandoned houses and running wild. Only when it was over did he start school, first attending a liberal school in Chelsea where the London County Council had adopted a policy that treated difficult children with a programme of cultural experiences to broaden their horizons. Duffy was involved in several bouts of trouble and was moved onto another school for difficult boys in Kentish Town where once again emphasis was placed on treating troubled youths through cultural inclusion which involved school trips to the Opera, ballet, art galleries and cultural institutions. It was here that Duffy unveiled his own creative tendencies and upon finishing school he applied to Saint Martin's School of Art. In 1950 he started art school with the intention to be a painter but soon realised that his peers were more talented and moved onto a dress design course 'where all the pretty girls were'. He finished St. Martin's in 1953 and immediately began working as an assistant designer at Susan Small, after which he worked for Victor Stiebel, the preferred designer to Princess Margaret. Following this, on a visit to Paris, he was offered a job at Balenciaga but was unable to take it up as his wife June was pregnant with their eldest son Chris.
Photographic career
In 1955 Duffy began freelancing as a fashion artist for Harper's Bazaar where he first came into contact with commercial photography. Inspired by the photographic contact sheets he saw passing through the art director's desk he sought a job as a photographers assistant. Unsuccessfully, he applied for a job with John French and was subsequently employed at Carlton studios and then at Cosmopolitan Artists. Duffy went on to work as an assistant to the photographer Adrian Flowers during which time he received his first photographic commission from Ernestine Carter, who at the time was the fashion editor of The Sunday Times.
In 1957 Duffy was hired by British Vogue working under art director John Parsons where he remained working until October 1962. During this time he worked closely with top models Jean Shrimpton (whom he introduced to David Bailey), Paulene Stone, Joy Weston, Tania Mallet, Marie-Lise Gres, Jennifer Hocking and Judy Dent.
With fellow photographers David Bailey and Terence Donovan, Duffy was a key player in the 'Swinging Sixties' - a culture of high fashion and celebrity chic. Together the 'Black Trinity' as affectionately named by Norman Parkinson (and only ever referred to by their surnames), redefined not only the aesthetic of fashion photography but also the place of the photographer within the industry. Socialising with actors, pop stars, royalty and the notorious Kray Twins, they represented a new breed of photographer and found themselves elevated to celebrity status. Duffy commented on the culture shock the three were to the industry:
"Before 1960, a fashion photographer was tall, thin and camp. But we three are different: short, fat and heterosexual!"
After leaving Vogue, Duffy still provided fashion photography for the magazine. He also worked for numerous publications including Nova, London Life, Cosmopolitan, Esquire, Town, Queen, The Observer, The Sunday Times Magazine and the Telegraph Magazine. He worked for Swiss art director Peter Knapp and later Foulia Elia for French Elle for two periods the first between 1962 and 1966, and then again between 1974 and 1979. Duffy claimed that he did some of his best work working with French Elle. Duffy was also a highly successful commercial advertising photographer shooting award-winning campaigns for both Benson & Hedges and Smirnoff in the 1970s as well as designing the concept for Silk Cut which he sold onto Paul Arden at Saatchi & Saatchi.
In 1965 Duffy was asked to shoot the second Pirelli calendar which was shot on location in the south of France. He was commissioned to shoot the calendar again in 1973 (one of very few photographers commissioned to shoot two) which he created in collaboration with British pop artist Allen Jones and airbrush specialist Philip Castle. In 1968 he set up a film production company with Len Deighton called Deighton Duffy and went on to produce Only When I Larf, based on Deighton's book (1967), and Oh! What a Lovely War, which was released in 1969. Continuing Duffy's lifelong interest in the First World War, in 1985 he directed Lions Led By Donkeys for Channel Four.
Duffy had an eight-year working relationship with the artist David Bowie, and shot five key sessions over this period providing the creative concept as well as the photographic image for three album covers: Aladdin Sane (1973), when Duffy interpreted Bowie's original title of 'A Lad Insane' as 'Aladdin Sane', Lodger (1979) and Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) (1980). Duffy also photographed Bowie as his character Ziggy Stardust in July 1972, and on the set of Nicolas Roeg's cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) on location for The Sunday Times. Duffy's input had a significant influence on the creation of Bowie's chameleon-like public image and in 2014 Chris Duffy and Kevin Cann co-authored a book chronicling these shoots titled Duffy Bowie: Five Sessions.
In 1979 Duffy abruptly gave up photography, attempting to burn many of his negatives in his studio yard. Fortunately his neighbours objected to the acrid smoke and the council were called to step in and much of his work was saved. Although a large number of his images were lost the ones that remain stand collectively as a comprehensive visual history of twenty-five years of British culture and fashion.
The story of his life and work is documented in a BBC Four documentary aired in January 2010 titled [The Man Who Shot the 60's.
Film production and commercials
Duffy moved onto television commercials and in 1981 joined the film production company Lewin Matthews and in 1983 Duffy directed the music video for "Gold" by Spandau Ballet, ABC's "All of My Heart", and "Mirror Man" for The Human League. Between 1984 and 1986 Duffy worked for Paul Kramer Productions in New York. Upon his return to the UK he set up his own film production company "3DZ" with his two sons Chris Duffy and Carey Duffy and pioneered the Super16 film format shooting TV commercials and pop videos including the British Steel flotation in 1988.
Antique furniture restoration
By 1990 Duffy retired from all image making and followed his lifelong passion for furniture restoration and became an accredited BAFRA (British Antique Furniture Restoration Association) restorer.
Death
Duffy died on 31 May 2010 after suffering from the degenerative lung disease pulmonary fibrosis.
Legacy and The Duffy Archive
In 2008 Duffy's son Chris started The Duffy Archive and in October 2009 Duffy's work was exhibited for the first time at the Chris Beetles Gallery, London (now known as Huxley-Parlour). Interest has grown year on year in Duffy's work and in 2012 Duffy had twelve international exhibitions including three solo museum shows at the Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia Florence, Monash Art Gallery in Melbourne, Australia and the Centro De Historias Museum Zaragoza, Spain. Duffy's work was also exhibited in the National Portrait Gallery (Beatles to Bowie), The Tate Liverpool (Glam) and the V&A (British Design 1947-2012).
In June 2011 Duffy's son Chris, authored a monograph of Duffy's images which was published by ACC Editions titled Duffy - Photographer and featured over 160 iconic images from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
In 2011 the V&A Museum London requested Duffy prints for their permanent collection.
In 2013 the Duffy Archive was approached by the V&A to supply an image for the 'David Bowie is' exhibition and a previously unpublished David Bowie 'Eyes Open' image from the Aladdin Sane contact sheet was chosen as their key promotional image. This exhibition and image has been shown worldwide and is almost as famous as the original Aladdin Sane album cover. The exhibition opened at the V&A Museum on 23 March 2013 and after a worldwide tour closed in the Brooklyn Museum, New York on 15 July 2018.
Duffy was included in the 2013 Professional Photographer list of the 100 most influential photographers of all time.
In 2014 the National Portrait Gallery hosted Bailey's 'Stardust' exhibition and featured Duffy under two categories 'artists' and 'icons'. Duffy was Bailey's friend and sparring partner and Bailey was famously quoted as saying "Aggravation and Duffy go together like gin and tonic".
At the end of 2014 in conjunction with French Elle Chris Duffy co-authored a book with Emma Baxter-Wright on Duffy's work with French Elle (currently only available in French) Mode sixties and seventies: Dans l'oeil de Brian Duffy.
In 2018 a second edition revised and updated version of 'Duffy - Photographer' was published by ACC Editions with 16 pages of additional content.
During 2019 Duffy's images were included in the V&A Museum Exhibitions 'Cars: Accelerating the Modern World' and 'Mary Quant' respectively. On 9 June the V&A held a members only event 'Dinner and a Movie: Duffy: The Man Who Shot the Sixties' which screened the 2010 BBC documentary on Duffy's life and career followed by a Q&A with Chris Duffy.
In February 2020 'Secrets of the Museum' a six-part documentary made by Blast! Films for BBC Two featured Chris Duffy donating an outtake image from the 1973 Aladdin Sane album cover shoot titled 'David Bowie Is...Watching You' to the V&A for its permanent collection. | 576dd242-18dd-46fb-a60d-1cd6e79fdf60 |
null | Third Party Non-violent Intervention (sometimes called TPNI) refers to the practice of intervening from the outside in violent conflicts with the aim of reducing violence and allowing "space" for conflict resolution. Two common forms of intervention are as an intermediary in a negotiating capacity or, physically, by interposing one's body between two factions.
TPNI work is sometimes categorized into four main areas:
Examples of groups that espouse this practice are Christian Peacemaker Teams, International Solidarity Movement, Muslim Peacemaker Teams, Meta Peace Team, Peace Brigades International and Nonviolent Peaceforce.
Interpositioning
Observation and Documentation
Protective Accompaniment
Protective accompaniment (PA) is an approach to human-rights advocacy which uses the presence of third party non-violent volunteers to protect vulnerable groups from violence, the threat of violence, and create a space for local political and social activity. There is not one agreed upon terminology for this form of activism, and it could also be referred to as "unarmed civilian peacekeeping", among other things. Accompaniment does not physically remove people from violent situations, but rather aims to support those struggling for justice in situations of violence or repression. Where hostile groups would employ methods such as arbitrary detentions, forced disappearances, or other forms of violence, volunteers apply counter pressure by risking their lives to stand physically beside human rights activists to prevent their arrest or attack. In establishing a presence in marginalized or targeted communities they help deter hostilities. In the absence of political systems with sufficient mechanisms to protect against the violation of human rights, third party volunteers may step in to provide this protection. When done effectively, in being affiliated with groups able to distribute information widely, raise the publicity of events, and having access to the sphere of national and international discourse, they deter these actions by raising the potential political and economic consequences of violence. International protective accompaniment denotes instances in which the volunteers are of origin foreign to the area in which volunteering takes place. Peace Brigades International, Christian Peacemaker Teams and International Solidarity Movement are organizations which participate in this form of volunteering. International volunteers may prove particularly effective in accompanying endangered groups because foreign citizenship can add a layer of protection from harassment given the added costs of harm to internationals compared to harm toward local citizens. They can also act as impartial observers, focused on the protection of the rights of the accompanied, as opposed to a party with explicit or implicit political leanings or objectives. Apart from the immediate deterrence of violent human rights violations, the presence of volunteers also allows for the creation of spaces for local political and social activity which would have been restricted otherwise. The presence of volunteers can help expand the horizons of what activists think they can do. In helping deter violence, they reduce the perceived risk of persisting with activity and reduce the constrains on the activity as well. Through accompaniment, the accompanied may also be reassured of their position as legitimate, significant political actors. Accompaniment may also mitigate the psychological effects resulting from the trauma of being a member of a persecuted minority, and counter the isolation that comes with being a victim of state terror, as others wish to distance themselves from the targeted group to avoid danger.
In PA, activists, communities, and organizations national and international work to directly counter the violent efforts of groups acting on behalf of a hostile state or with impunity from that state. Accompaniment is therefore open to attack or exploitation by hostile groups. This could be done through discrediting (which erodes bystander support), physical assault, and expulsion. If volunteers are perceived to be partisan, their presence could be taken as aggression. This is further the case when they engage in law-breaking or acts of civil disobedience. Non-partisanship, obeying host country laws, and moderate levels of intervention reduce these vulnerabilities and points of attack, further making activism more effective.
Modeling nonviolent behavior in a conflict situation | 0fe02225-19ab-4e19-83f9-65a6ee9b304b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Ann_Warren"} | American singer-actress
Lesley Ann Warren (born August 16, 1946) is an American actress and singer.
She made her Broadway debut in 1963, aged 17, in 110 in the Shade. In 1965 she received wide recognition for playing the title role in the television musical production of Cinderella. She later had starring roles in the Disney musical films The Happiest Millionaire (1967) and The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band (1968), both co-starred opposite John Davidson.
In the 1970s, Warren worked mostly on television, receiving a Golden Globe nomination for playing Dana Lambert in the CBS drama series Mission: Impossible (1970–71). In 1978, she won a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Drama Series for the NBC miniseries Harold Robbins' 79 Park Avenue. In 1983, Warren was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Norma Cassidy in Victor/Victoria. She received two additional Golden Globe nominations for performances in Songwriter (1984) and Family of Spies (1990).
Her other film appearances include Race for the Yankee Zephyr (1981), A Night in Heaven (1983), Choose Me (1984), Clue (1985), Burglar (1987), Cop (1988), Life Stinks (1991), Pure Country (1992), Color of Night (1994), The Limey (1999), and Secretary (2002).
Early life
Warren was born in New York City, the daughter of Margot (née Verblow), a British-born singer, and William Warren, a real estate agent. She has a brother, Richard Lewis Warren.[citation needed]
She attended the Professional Children's School at the age of six and The High School of Music & Art at the age of 13.
Career
1960s and 1970s
In 1961, Warren began training as a ballet dancer at the School of American Ballet at the age of 14. Her career began in 1962 at age 15 when she made a tape of herself singing the Queen of the Night aria from The Magic Flute (the first and only time she sang opera). She entered the Actors Studio at the age of 17 — reputedly the youngest applicant ever to be accepted. Her Broadway debut came in 1963 in the musical 110 in the Shade. She won the Theatre World Award for her performance in the 1965 flop musical Drat! The Cat! In 1973, she portrayed Scarlett O'Hara in the Los Angeles production of the musical Scarlett; however, the play was poorly reviewed and did not continue to Broadway as planned.[citation needed]
Warren achieved her first major television success in the title role of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella in 1965. She appeared in such TV shows as Dr. Kildare, Gunsmoke, The Mod Squad, Love, American Style, Columbo, and The Carol Burnett Show.
Her film debut was in the 1967 musical comedy The Happiest Millionaire, the last movie Walt Disney worked on before his death. The following year, she went to star opposite Walter Brennan in the musical film The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band. This year, she placed at No. 15 on the Laurel Awards list for Female New Face.[citation needed]
During the 1970s, Warren appeared in only two feature films: Pickup on 101 (1972) and Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976). Meanwhile, Warren worked regularly on television. She played the role of Dana Lambert, the leading woman on the CBS action drama Mission: Impossible, during the 1970–71 season. According to The Complete Mission: Impossible Dossier by Patrick White, she was inexperienced for the part and left after only one year. For her performance, she received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.
Throughout the 1970s, Warren was a leading lady of TV movies and miniseries. Her notable credits include The Daughters of Joshua Cabe (1972), The Letters (1973), The Legend of Valentino (1975), Betrayal (1978), and Pearl (1978). She appeared as a guest star in the third season of The Muppet Show. In 1975, Warren played a fatefully and fatally gullible psychiatric patient opposite Peter Falk and George Hamilton in the Columbo episode "A Deadly State of Mind". Warren also played Lois Lane in the 1975 TV special It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman, adapted from the Broadway musical of the same name. Warren went on to screen test for the role of Lois Lane in the 1978 Superman film, a role given to Margot Kidder (footage of Warren's screen test is included as a supplementary feature on VHS and DVD releases of the film). In 1978, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for the NBC miniseries Harold Robbins' 79 Park Avenue.
1980s and 1990s
In 1981, Warren returned to the big screen starring alongside Ken Wahl, George Peppard, and Donald Pleasence in Race for the Yankee Zephyr, a New Zealand suspense-action-thriller film directed by David Hemmings. The following year, she played a gangster's ditzy moll Norma Cassidy in Blake Edwards' musical comedy Victor/Victoria. Warren was nominated for a Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She went to star in the 1983 romantic drama A Night in Heaven with Christopher Atkins; critics widely panned the film. Warren received another Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for starring opposite Willie Nelson and Kris Kristofferson in the 1984 musical comedy film Songwriter. That same year, she had a leading role in the love triangle drama Choose Me with Keith Carradine and Genevieve Bujold. She turned down a chance to audition for the Kathleen Turner role in Romancing the Stone. In 1985, she starred as one of the prime murder suspects, Miss Scarlet, in the comedy film version of the popular board game Clue.
Warren played supporting roles in a number of movies, including Burglar (1987) with Whoopi Goldberg, Cop (1988) with James Woods, Worth Winning (1989) with Mark Harmon, Life Stinks (1991) with Mel Brooks and Pure Country (1992) with George Strait. In Color of Night (1994) Warren played a nymphomaniac; the film was poorly received, and she was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress. However, it was successful on the home video market. On television, she went to star in Beulah Land (1980), Portrait of a Showgirl (1982), Evergreen (1985) and Baja Oklahoma (1988). She received Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film nominations for Family of Spies in 1990. Warren also played Princess Jeanetta in the 1987 Faerie Tale Theatre episode The Dancing Princesses, an adaptation of the fairy tale The Twelve Dancing Princesses. In 1986, Lesley was prominently featured in Bob Seger's popular music video for his hit song "American Storm." In 1989, she appeared in the Aerosmith video "Janie's Got a Gun", wherein she played Janie's mother. She was also featured in a video for the Eagles' "Life in the Fast Lane". In 1995, she co-starred opposite Ben Kingsley in the television film Joseph. She had a major role in Steven Soderbergh's The Limey (1999), starring Terence Stamp.
2000s and 2010s
In 2000s, Warren appeared in a number of independent films, most notably the 2002 comedy-drama Secretary, playing the mother of the title character. She had recurring roles on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace from 2001 to 2006 as Will Truman's father's mistress and in 2005 in the ABC comedy-drama Desperate Housewives as Susan Mayer's mother. Other television credits included Touched by an Angel, The Practice, Crossing Jordan and Less than Perfect. From 2008 to 2012, Warren played the role of Jinx Shannon, the lead character's alcoholic mother in the USA Network drama series In Plain Sight. While working on that show, Warren was offered Mary Steenburgen's role in Step Brothers (2008) but had to turn it down because of scheduling conflicts.
Warren appeared in the films Peep World (2010), Jobs (2013), and I Am Michael (2015). In 2013, she reunited with Clue castmates Christopher Lloyd and Martin Mull when they guest-starred in an episode of Psych, and again with Martin Mull in 2015 guest-starring on Community. In 2016, she had a recurring role in the Starz comedy Blunt Talk and in 2018 appeared in the Netflix superhero series Daredevil as Esther Falb. In 2019, she co-starred in the short-lived Lifetime comedy-drama series American Princess, and appeared opposite Sarah Drew in the Lifetime Christmas movie Twinkle All the Way.
Personal life
Warren married producer Jon Peters in 1967 and divorced him in 1975 after a two-year separation. They have one son, Christopher Peters.
From 1977 to 1985, she lived with choreographer Jeffrey Hornaday.
Since 2000, Warren has been married to ad executive Ron Taft, whom she met at a hair salon in 1991.
Filmography
Film
Television | 173ba127-8c6f-451d-ab9d-2111e9881c79 |
null | Welsh cricketer (born 1966)
Phillip Anthony Cottey (born 2 June 1966) is a Welsh former cricketer who played for Glamorgan, Sussex and Eastern Transvaal in a first-class career lasting 18 years. He was a right-hand batsman and right-arm off-spin bowler.
Early life
Cottey was born in Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales.
Football career
Cottey played professional football for Swansea City in the 1984–85 season. Having come through the youth set-up he signed a professional contract in June 1984. He made three Football League appearances during the season before he was released in May 1985 by manager John Bond. Cottey also played for Wales Youth as captain. He also played soccer for Llanelli AFC.
Cricket career
Glamorgan
Having played Second XI cricket in 1985, Cottey made his first-class debut for Glamorgan against Oxford University in 1986, opening the batting with Duncan Pauline he scored 6. He played three further first-class matches in his maiden season, finishing with 24 runs at an average of 6.
Cottey was used more regularly over the next two seasons, in 1988 playing 13 matches and scoring 603 runs, including five fifties. His maiden first-class fifty came against Cambridge University in the early part of the 1988 season. He scored 68 in the first innings and followed it with 92 in the second before he was dismissed, 8 short of a maiden century, by Mike Atherton.
He played just four matches the following season but had a breakthrough year in 1990 as he passed 1,000 runs for the first time in his career, included in this aggregate were three centuries. The first came in early June against Oxford University, opening the batting he scored 156. The other two centuries came in back-to-back innings against Leicestershire and Worcestershire.
Cottey had a poor season in 1991, in 20 innings he passed fifty just once and finished the year with an average of 23. However, after a winter season with Eastern Transvaal (see below) he returned to Wales in better form. He scored 1,076 runs at an average of 46.78, with two centuries against Durham and Kent. He was awarded his county cap at the end of the season.
Cottey passed the landmark of 1,000 runs in a season in each of the next four years, culminating with his best seasonal total of 1,543 runs in 1996. The figure contained four centuries, including his first and only double century. Playing against Leicestershire at Swansea he scored 203 off 333 balls and aided a Glamorgan recovery from 127/6 with a 211 run seventh wicket partnership with Ottis Gibson. The match also witnessed Cottey's best career bowling performance as he took 4/49 in the first innings.
Cottey was a regular member of the Glamorgan team that won the County Championship in 1997, although his personal form was modest, scoring 475 runs at 27.94. He passed 1,000 runs in 1998, however, he left the club at the end of the season because contract negotiations broke down.
Cottey played 197 matches for Glamorgan, scoring 10,346 runs at 38.17, with 21 centuries.
Sussex
Cottey signed a five-year contract with Sussex, and made his debut for the club in the opening fixture of the 1999 season against Lancashire, he finished his maiden season with 780 runs and was awarded a county cap. After a similarly productive season in 2000, Cottey made just two appearances in 2001 as he was sidelined with tennis elbow.
In 2003 Cottey passed 1,000 runs for the eighth and final occasion in his career, he scored 1,149 at 45.96. In mid-season he enjoyed a sequence of seven consecutive fifties and only narrowly failed to score four successive hundreds. It was a successful season for Sussex as they won their first County Championship title since 1855. Cottey completed the rare feat of winning titles with two clubs.
Cottey was released by Sussex at the end of the 2004 season, his first team appearances had been limited by the arrival of Ian Ward. In six seasons with Sussex he made 74 appearances scoring 3,948 runs at 33.74, with 10 centuries.
Eastern Transvaal
Cottey played one season of South African domestic cricket in 1991–92. He played five matches, scoring 253 runs at 36.14, as Eastern Transvaal won the UCB Bowl.
Post-cricket
Cottey was an after dinner speaker. In 2008, he published an autobiography entitled There's Only 2 Tony Cotteys, named after crowd chants he received during an innings which took Glamorgan to the Sunday League title in 1993. The reference is to the footballer of a similar name Tony Cottee. Co-written by David Brayley, the book is published by Gomer Press and has been nominated for the Cricket Society Cricket Book of the Year 2009.
Cottey returned to Sussex in 2009 when he was appointed business relationship manager, he left this role in 2021. | 8fb8221d-bcfc-418c-b4a1-244c45cc049c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delaware_fire_departments"} | The fire departments in Delaware are members of the Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association, with the exception of the fire brigades and airport fire departments. The City of Wilmington fire department is an associate member.
New Castle County
Kent County
Sussex County
Defunct | 2c853884-d9b9-4025-af24-97e9b2d5227e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Villems"} | Estonian geneticist
Richard Villems (born 28 November 1944 in Pärnu) is an Estonian geneticist.
From 2004 to 2014, he was President of Estonian Academy of Sciences. From 2009 to 2014, he was Director of Estonian Biocentre. | b5f1f187-35fa-4a00-bfa2-459927febaa1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch"} | Look up bitch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Bitch may refer to:
Bitch or bitches may also refer to:
Arts and media
Film and television
Music
Performers
Songs
Other media
Geographical
Other uses | 124863af-1802-4341-9e69-f920e172ced4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhamiyah"} | Al-Adhamiyah (Arabic: الأعظمية, al-aʿẓamiyyah; BGN: Al A‘z̧amīyah), also Azamiya, is a neighborhood and east-central district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad.
Adhamiyah neighborhood, or the shrine district, is located north-west of the city center and is an upscale area. This is not to be confused with a much larger Adhamiyah district of Baghdad, which is nearly 9 times larger and has as many times the inhabitants. The shrine area, Adhamyiah proper, has about 100,000 inhabitants. This area was 85% Sunni, 15% Shi'ite before 2003 and the Iraqi invasion. After the Iraqi civil war (2006–2008), it is now nearly totally Sunni in its religious composition.
The base of the population consists of people with a high intellectual background, whether it be politicians, artists, scholars and even sports figures. The name is a reference to Abū Ḥanīfah an-Nuʿmān, known as al-Imām al-Aʿẓam (Arabic: الإِمَـام الأَعـظَـم, "The Great Imam"), a renowned scholar and founder of the prominent Sunni Hanafī school of Islamic religious jurisprudence. Abu Hanifa Mosque is a prominent landmark, built around the tomb of Abū Ḥanīfah an-Nuʿmān.
History
Adhamiyah neighborhood dates back to the Abbasid period and is one of the oldest areas of Baghdad.
2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge stampede
Although Adhamiyah has been the site of many clashes between Iraqi insurgents and US forces as well as tensions between Shi'ite security forces and Sunni residents, in September 2005, the residents of Adhamiyah were credited with saving hundreds of Shi'ite lives. Shi'ite pilgrims, who were caught in a stampede on Al-Aimmah Bridge, while coming from the opposing shore of Kadhimiyah, began jumping from the bridge in an attempt to escape the crush, only to face drowning in the Tigris below. Adhamiyah residents dove into the waters, pulling hundreds of Shi'ites to the shore, where their fellow residents transported them to hospitals and mosques. In some cases, residents used mattresses from their own beds as makeshift stretchers. A teenage Sunni called "Othman Ali Abdul-Hafez" drowned while rescuing people. According to the Interior Ministry, upwards of 900 Shi'ite pilgrims died in the stampede, with over 400 wounded.
Population movements
Shi'ite families forced out in 2006 post-Samarra fled to surrounding Shiite neighborhoods like Shaab. Sunni families displaced from these Shiite areas moved in. Many long-established Sunni residents went abroad and either locked their homes or arranged for trusted Sunni neighbors to guard them against displaced Sunni newcomers, fearing people who might break into the house and stay there. As of 2015, Adhamiyah remains one of the few majority Sunni districts in Baghdad.
Adhamiyah wall
On April 10, 2007, Coalition forces began to construct a 5-kilometre-long (3 mi), 3.7-metre-high (12 ft) wall around the Adhamiyah neighborhood in an attempt to reduce Sunni-Shi'a violence. Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki called for a halt to construction on April 22, but it was finished anyway in May.
Summer 2007 onwards
During summer 2007, two Bradley Fighting Vehicles were destroyed by deep buried IEDs in the Adhamiyah area. One was from C Company and one was from A Company, Task Force Spader, 1st Battalion 26th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division, US Army. Sniper and IED tactics were commonly used against Coalition forces in the area during this time.
By late fall 2007, life in Adhamiya had begun to resemble a city again with traffic jams, the reopening of shops, and an abatement of violence. Security efforts of the 2-319th AFAR 82nd Airborne Division, 3rd Squadron 7th Cavalry Regiment and cooperation of the local law enforcement and military. However, in January 2008 terrorists killed Col. Riyadh al-Samarrai, a founder of the Sunni Awakening Council, a new American ally, in Adhamiya at the offices of the Sunni Endowment. He was a close aide and security adviser to the leader of the Sunni Endowment, Sheik Ahmed Abdul Ghafour al-Samarrai, who held Al Qaeda responsible.
Infrastructure
Electricity has improved. Six or seven hours a day is the quota, although people still rely heavily on private generators. Americans guarded fuel convoys going through the wall until June 30, 2009, when they withdrew from the city pursuant to the security agreement with Iraq. [citation needed]
Garbage removal has improved. Americans are clearing rubble, and young Iraqis have been hired to pick up trash, but people often burn garbage at the huge trash dumps nearby, which is a nuisance for residents.
Notable people | 9f0534f9-e85d-4aa3-acee-3e6ac6032bee |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischnochiton_maorianus"} | Species of mollusc
Ischnochiton maorianus, sometimes called the variable chiton, is a fast moving species of chiton in the family Ischnochitonidae, endemic to the main islands of New Zealand where it is abundant.
Description and habitat
Medium-sized cigar-shaped chiton up to 50mm in length, dull brown or grey-green, in its northern range frequently mottled in colours ranging from blue to orange. Small grainy riblets cover the outer parts of the valves, the centers being smooth or eroded, a white streak often seen lengthways across the top. The girdle is narrow and may be irregularly banded in dark or light shades. Occurs in sheltered harbours or exposed coasts, from the high intertidal zone to 25m deep, often aggregating in large numbers around the edge of cobbles at the sediment line or just below it. | fc377e7d-1a13-4e38-8a17-f3964044a782 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Straith"} | Canadian professional soccer player (born 1990)
John Adam Straith (born September 11, 1990) is a Canadian professional soccer player.
Early life
Born in Victoria, British Columbia, Straith attended Oak Bay High School in Victoria but left after grade 11 to attend Burnaby Central Secondary School as part of the Vancouver Whitecaps Residency program in the 2007–08 school year. He has an older brother, George, and a younger brother, Donald.
Career
Youth
Straith played for numerous clubs in Victoria including Bays United, Victoria United, and his Metro Team in the Lower Island Soccer Association, where he was captain. From July 12 to August 3, 2007, he went on trial with the U-19 Junior Bundesliga side of 1860 Munich, along with Antonio Rago. He left Canada in summer 2008, moving to German club Energie Cottbus on a season-long loan deal, after impressing the German club during a one-month trial. In the summer of 2009, Adam left Germany and returned to the Whitecaps but on August 25, 2009 Cottbus exercised its option to sign him for an undisclosed fee.
Professional
Germany
Straith made his senior debut for FC Energie Cottbus in the 2. Bundesliga against FC St. Pauli on October 25, 2009, and scored his first ever goal in Germany in his first game for the club. On December 16, 2009 Straith signed his first professional contract with FC Energie Cottbus tying him to the club until June 30, 2013. He joined 1. FC Saarbrücken on loan in January 2012. He later joined SV Wehen Wiesbaden in 2013.
Fredrikstad
After months without a club, Straith joined Norwegian side Fredrikstad in January 2015.
FC Edmonton
After two years in Norway, Straith joined both Inverness Caledonian Thistle and FC Ordabasy on trials in early 2017. Following his trial in Kazakhstan, Straith signed with North American Soccer League club FC Edmonton for the 2017 Spring Season. Upon the conclusion of the 2017 Spring Season, Straith and the club parted ways.
Sportfreunde Lotte
On August 18, 2017, Straith signed a one-year contract with German 3. Liga side Sportfreunde Lotte, marking his return to Germany after three years. After starting regularly in the 2017–18 season, Straith signed a one-year contract extension to keep him in Lotte until 2019. Straith would excel with Lotte in his second season, captaining the squad and leading them to the fifth best goals against in the league, however offensive struggles resulted in the club being relegated to the Regionalliga.
Hansa Rostock
After two years with Lotte, Straith would sign with fellow 3. Liga club Hansa Rostock on a two-year contract.
International career
Straith was capped for the Canadian U-17 National team which failed to qualify for the U-17 World Cup in South Korea.
He scored his first goal for Canada in Jamaica during the Caribbean Cup, placing the ball in the left corner of the net.
On May 24, 2010, Straith made his senior team debut as an 81st-minute substitute in a 5–0 loss against Argentina at the Estadio Monumental. He played his second game on June 3, 2010 and played 90 minutes vs Venezuela, alongside his teammate Eddy Sidra. He was officially capped by Canada during its World Cup Qualifying match vs St. Lucia on October 7, 2011.
On June 27, 2013 Straith was confirmed as part of the 23-man squad for Colin Miller's Canada squad for the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He also represented Canada at the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
On January 22, 2017, following an injury to goalkeeper Sean Melvin, Straith played the final 35 minutes in net for Canada against Bermuda. Canada would win the game 4–2, with Straith making a few saves and keeping a clean sheet. Straith was named to the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup squad on June 27, 2017.
Personal life
In June 2019 he married one time Canada national women's soccer team player Monica Lam Feist, who plays for SV Grün Weiß Rheine in Germany's Kreisliga A. The couple have one child and living outside Rostock's.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played 1 July 2020 | b80f2527-5966-45c1-94da-4e8f157e7786 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Van_Puyvelde"} | Belgian hurdler and sprinter (born 1995)
Margo Van Puyvelde (born 21 December 1995) is a Belgian hurdler and sprinter who competes in international elite events. Her highest achievement is achieving fifth place at the 2019 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Glasgow in the 4 x 400 metre relay and is a national record holder in this event. | 8bf7e6e2-dc8f-46af-92e2-baf22779ab73 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfreda_Beehive"} | Wilfreda Beehive is a bus and coach operator based in Adwick-le-Street, Doncaster.
History
Wilfreda Luxury Coaches was formed in 1949 by Bill and Marie Scholey, and remains in family ownership. At first it operated coach services from a depot at Ranskill, near Bawtry. Between 1993 and 1998 it operated many bus services, but sold them and its service buses to Mainline Group just before the latter was absorbed by First South Yorkshire in 1998.
In 2001 Wilfreda began operating service buses again. It operates a mixed fleet ranging from modern high quality coaches to old double-deckers. Many of its routes are school services or South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive contracts, a large number of which have been won from other operators in recent years. However, it more recently has restarted operating competitive commercial services, such as the 52. In 2006, the company took over Eagre Coaches, Gainsborough which runs many coach tours and holidays.
In 2012 the company stopped all bus services
Fleet
As at October 2013 the fleet consisted of 40 buses and coaches. | b6ab8cc7-a529-43e4-b7be-cee68d0217d2 |
null | Town in Mizoram, India
Lawngtlai is the district headquarters of Lawngtlai district in the state of Mizoram in India. It is also the headquarters of Lai Autonomous District Council, one of the three autonomous district councils in Mizoram (the other two being Mara Autonomous District Council and Chakma Autonomous District Council).
History
Lawngtlai village was established by Haihmunga Hlawncheu, a Lai Chief, in 1880 at present Vengpui. It has been named "Lawngtlai" as one day the Chief Haihmunga Hlawncheu seized a boat that was drifting down Kaladan river hence the name Lawng-tlai, which means Lawng=boat, and tlai=seized.
Demographics
According to Census of India, 2011 Lawngtlai town has population of 20,830 of which 10,659 are males while 10,171 are females. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 3122 which is 14.99% of total population of Lawngtlai. In Lawngtlai Notified Town, Female Sex Ratio is of 954 against Mizoram state average of 976. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Lawngtlai is around 971 compared to Mizoram state average of 970. Literacy rate of Lawngtlai city is 95.66% higher than state average of 91.33%. In Lawngtlai, Male literacy is around 96.97% while female literacy rate is 94.28%.
Communities
Majority of the people belong to Lai group. They are small part of a much larger Chin people in Chin State, Burma. However, nowadays most Lais speak Mizo as their first language. Lais in India in general were earlier known as Pawis by outsiders.
Transport
A helicopter service by Pawan Hans has been started which connects Aizawl with Lawngtlai. The distance between Lawngtlai and Aizawl through NH 54 is 296 km and is connected with regular service of bus and jeeps. The state government has proposed to extend the railway up to Lawngtlai. Lawngtlai is also going to be the nodal point in India for the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project which will link the town with Setpyitpyin (Kaletwa) in Myanmar through a 62 kilometre highway.
Education
There is one college Lawngtlai College, under Mizoram University and a number of public and private schools.
Media
The major newspapers in Lawngtlai are: | 91b82b6a-d4ef-4901-87ce-bd4c59f07700 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaleuca_phratra"} | Species of flowering plant
Melaleuca phratra is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to Queensland in Australia. (Some Australian state herbaria use the name Callistemon phratra.) It is a large shrub similar to Melaleuca paludicola but has flower spikes that are a shade of pink.
Description
Melaleuca phratra is a large shrub or small growing to 10 m (30 ft) tall with hard, brown or grey to black fissured bark. Its leaves are arranged alternately and are 22–57 mm (0.9–2 in) long, 1.2–5 mm (0.05–0.2 in) wide, flat, narrow elliptic in shape with a mid-vein and 13 to 24 indistinct lateral veins. The leaves usually have some thickening at the mid-vein and prominent oil glands.
The flowers are arranged in spikes on the ends of branches that continue to grow after flowering or on the sides of the branches and are 25–30 mm (0.98–1.2 in) in diameter with 10 to 30 individual flowers. The petals are 2–3.8 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long and fall off as the flower ages and there are 47–72 stamens in each flower. The filaments of the stamens are pink with a yellow anther. Flowering occurs from November to February and is followed by fruit that are woody capsules, 3.1–3.7 mm (0.12–0.15 in) long.
Taxonomy and naming
Melaleuca phratra was first formally described in 2009 by Lyndley Craven in Novon. The specific epithet (phratra) is from the Greek word phratra meaning "clan" or "brotherhood" referring to the similarity of this species to M. paludicola, M. quercina and M. sabrina.
Callistemon phratra is regarded as a synonym of Melaleuca phratra by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Distribution and habitat
This melaleuca occurs in and between the Injune and Texas districts in Queensland. It grows along creek banks. | ad83dae1-a902-44a8-ac4e-2a02e417b666 |
null | Lackner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | 77f809d4-77af-4819-8cd8-6c25c2f4a1b5 |
null | Public high school in Tyrone, Georgia, United States
Sandy Creek High School (SCHS) is a public high school in Tyrone, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Fayette County School System.
Sandy Creek serves Tyrone, northern Fayetteville, and northern portions of Peachtree City. It opened in 1991 with approximately 400 students in order to relieve overcrowding at Fayette County High School and McIntosh High School.
During 2021, the school had 1,207 students enrolled in grades 9–12 and was accredited by the Southern Association of High Schools and Colleges.
Sports
Sandy Creek has become known for its successful sports programs, with many alumni having received Division I athletic scholarships, and several playing professionally.
The school was 2000 cheerleading State Champion, 2004–2005 football Region Champions, 1997 & 2002 boys' basketball Elite 8, 2005 boys' basketball Semi-Finalist, 2002 & 2003 basketball Region Champions, and 2008–2009 6-AAAA Volleyball State & Region Champions. The school has won multiple track state championships.
Sandy Creek won its first football state title on December 11, 2009, and became back-to-back state champs on the same day one year later, defeating Carrollton in the AAA title.
Volleyball
Football
The Sandy Creek Football team finished the 2010 season with a 29-game win streak. The streak ended at 41 straight games after a loss to the Gainesville Red Elephants in the 2011 quarterfinals.
Championships
NFL alumni
These alumni have played in the National Football League:
AFL alumni
These alumni have played in the Arena Football League:
SCHS football 10+ win seasons
SCHS football history
Sandy Creek is the first Fayette County football team to win a Georgia state championship.
In 2003 and 2004, the Patriot football program boasted two perfect 10-0 regular season records and trips to the AAAA State Playoffs, including 24 straight regular season victories. They also had a perfect regular season in 2008.
Sandy Creek won back-to-back state titles in two different divisions. They won a AAAA state title in 2009 and a AAA title in 2010.
SCHS football coaching
Brett Garvin currently holds the head coaching position for the Sandy Creek Patriots football program.
Previous head coaches at SCHS include Rodney Walker and his son Chip Walker.
Sandy Creek had five straight regional championships in the 2008 through 2012 seasons.
Sandy Creek won the school's first state championship on December 11, 2009.
Basketball
The Sandy Creek basketball team made it to the Final Four in 2005 and 2018.
SCHS retired the jersey of #23 L.T. Lockett, class of 2001, one of the most prolific scorers in Georgia high school history. D-I basketball players include John Beckett (Georgia State University), L.T. Lockett (Middle TN State University), #34 Aaron B. Caruthers (University of North Florida), class of 2005.
Baseball
Eric Thomas was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 28 round of the 2002 MLB Draft. Brent Brewer was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers with the 60th pick of the 2006 MLB Draft. Blake Brewer was also selected in the 2008 MLB Draft by the Florida Marlins. D-I baseball players include Eric Thomas (2002) (Southern University), Jay Fields (Georgia State University), Rusty Bennett (2001-Georgia State University), Dusty Bennett (2004-Georgia State University). More recently, some more D-I commits include: Cole Jackson (2016-Georgia State University), Thomas Farr (2017-University of South Carolina), Markell Graham (2018-East Tennessee State University), Connor Housley (2019-University of Tennessee) and John Marant (2020-Georgia Institute of Technology).
Soccer
In the spring of 2007, for the first time in school history, the Sandy Creek boys' soccer team made the state playoffs. The team achieved a #4 seed in Region 6-AAA. The boys' team has made the state playoffs each of the last three years. In 2008 the team reached the second round of the playoffs for the first time in school history.
Swimming
The Sandy Creek Swimming Patriots are a competitive swimming program, coached by Steve Henderson and assisted by Evans Martin.
Wrestling
Sandy Creek's wrestling team competes in a wide range of matches and tournaments throughout the season.
Derek Wojcik is the most prolific wrestler to graduate from Sandy Creek. He was a state champion in 2010 and 2009. Other notables include two-time placer Julian Holmes, who took fifth in 2008 and second in 2009, and Treijon Johnson, who took sixth in 2012 and fourth in 2013. Wojcik is Sandy Creek's only active college wrestler.
Fine arts
The Sandy Creek fine arts department includes four choirs, and Orchestra, Band, Art, and Drama departments.
The Choral Department consistently receives superior ratings every year from The Georgia Music Educators Association (GMEA), and performs on a national level. The chorus includes four groups: Men's, Treble (Women), Honor Ensemble (Women), and the Advanced Mixed Chorus. In 2009, The GMEA invited the Men's Chorus to perform for the GMEA In-Service Conference in Savannah, Georgia; they were the only all-male high school chorus to perform. The following year, the Advanced Mix Chorus traveled to San Francisco to perform with world-renowned ensemble Chanticleer.
Fox 5 Glee contest
In fall 2009, six members of the Select Mixed Chorus entered and won a contest hosted by Fox5 News and B98.5fm for the premiere of the television series Glee. After performing live at the Fox News studio, they received an array of grand prizes as well as being declared "Georgia's Best Vocal Ensemble." The members of this group were Jesse Alexander (soloist), Tyler Green (tenor 1), Aaron Biemiller (tenor 2), Anthony Spezzano (baritone), Chad Sims (bass), and Paul Merrill (bass).
Spring musical
Every year, the fine arts put together a school musical. In 2010, Sandy Creek performed Les Misérables, and received a nomination for Best Musical at the Shuler Hensley Awards.
Band
The Sandy Creek High School Wind Ensemble and symphonic band receive Superior ratings at the GMEA Large Group Performance Evaluation each year. The band has a total of four programs that include a jazz ensemble, wind ensemble, symphonic band, and concert band. The Sound of Sandy Creek Marching Band also consistently receives Superiors at local marching band competitions in the state and around the region.
Awards
Notable alumni | 40c02b59-04cc-4fda-95a4-9ddfb88b129e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri"} | Society of apostolic life for Catholic priests
The Confederation of Oratories of Saint Philip Neri (Latin: Confoederatio Oratorii Sancti Philippi Nerii), abbreviated CO and commonly known as the Oratorians, is a Catholic society of apostolic life of Pontifical Right for men (priests and lay-brothers) who live together in a community bound together by no formal vows but only with the bond of charity.
Founded in Rome in 1575 by Philip Neri, today it has spread around the world, with over 70 Oratories and some 500 priests. The post-nominal initials commonly used to identify members of the society are "CO" (Congregatio Oratorii). The abbreviation "Cong. Orat." is also used.
Unlike a religious institute (the members of which take vows and are answerable to a central authority) or a monastery (the monks of which are likewise bound by vows in a community that may itself be autonomous and answerable directly to the Pope), the Oratorians are made up of members who commit themselves to membership in a particular, independent, self-governing local community (an Oratory, usually named for the place in which it is located: e.g., Birmingham Oratory, Oxford Oratory, Brooklyn Oratory) without actually taking vows, an unusual and innovative arrangement created by Philip. Normally an oratory must have a minimum of four members, two being ordained, in order to be founded. If a group of men seeks to establish an oratory, they may apply to do so, going through the proper diocesan channels; during the process of formation a member (or members) of a well-established oratory resides in the community to facilitate every aspect of the proposed foundation.
History
The Congregation of the Oratory was founded by Philip Neri (1515–1595) in the city of Rome. The first Oratory received papal recognition in 1575. The new community was to be a congregation of secular priests living under obedience but bound by no vows. Speaking of Neri, whom he called, "the saint of joy", Pope John Paul II said, "As is well known, the saint used to put his teaching into short and wise maxims: 'Be good, if you can'... .He did not choose the life of solitude; but, in exercising his ministry among the common people, he also wished to be "salt" for all those who met him. Like Jesus, he was equally able to enter into the human misery present in the noble palaces and in the alleys of Renaissance Rome."
The core of Philip's spirituality focused on an unpretentious return to the lifestyle of the first Disciples of Christ. The object of the institute is threefold: prayer, preaching, and the sacraments.
Up to 1800 the Oratory continued to spread through Italy, Sicily, Spain, Portugal, Poland, and other European countries; in South America, Brazil, India, and Ceylon. Under Napoleon I the Oratory was in various places despoiled and suppressed, but the congregation recovered and, after a second suppression in 1869, again revived. A few houses were founded in Munich and Vienna.
Governance
There are eighty six Congregations of the Oratory throughout the world. Each Community is autonomous, but there is a Confederation which facilitates contact with the Holy See. As such, the Congregation of the Oratory functions more like a monastic federation than like a religious institute.
Three documents govern the Oratory. The first is the "General Statutes" of the Congregation, which are guidelines to be followed throughout the world; these may be changed or modified when representatives from each Oratory gather every six years in a meeting called a "Congresso Generale". The second is the "Particular Statutes", which outline how an individual Oratory is to be conducted; these must be approved by Rome. The third document is the "Constitutions", which establish general norms, and outline the relationship between the Congregation and the Holy See. As the Oratory is a confederation, there is no central authority such as is found within the Dominicans, Franciscans, or Jesuits. The definitive foundation of an Oratorian Congregation is actually done by the Roman Pontiff directly, which makes a Congregation what is called a "Pontifical Right" foundation.
The Confederation elects one of its own to represent the interests of the Congregations to the Holy See; this is done through the Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. This person, known as the Procurator General, resides in Rome at the Procura General.
Daily life
Frederick William Faber described the Oratorian charism as "a spirituality of everyday life". The Oratory founded by St Philip Neri is a society of priests and brothers who live together under a Rule without taking religious vows. Hence, Oratorians are free to resign their membership in the Congregation without canonical impediment or ecclesiastical dispensation. An Oratorian resides in an Oratory community of his choosing and is permanently stable, i.e., he is not subject to transfer to other Oratories or communities. Oratorians have what is called 'stability,' which means they are committed as members of the community of a particular Oratory, though a member may move if there is a serious enough reason.
As there is no vow of poverty, Oratorians may keep their possessions, and those who can afford to do so are expected to contribute to the support of the house. It is possible for an ordained secular priest to join the Community if he feels called to a more recollected life in community than is possible in a diocesan presbytery, however the Constitutions do not permit anyone who has been a solemnly professed religious to join the Congregation. Neither is it customary to admit anyone over the age of forty five.
Unlike the members of some religious institutes, Oratorians are not bound by a rule to pray in common, though this is something that Oratorians consider important, and they commit themselves to praying together at least twice each day, and having one communal meal which is usually dinner. Oratorians normally have a set time each day for praying together in silent meditation; this ends classically with the recitation of a litany.
Although some oratories may have a dominant mission (e.g. the London Oratory, which maintains a school), in general the members of the Oratory spend the day involved in various ministries: teaching, parish work, spiritual direction, campus ministry, hospital chaplaincies, administration or maintaining the fabric of the community house. Some oratories are specifically connected with parishes and thus its members serve as clergy of the parish.
Habit
As secular clergy, Oratorians wear a dress similar to that of diocesan priests. However, the black cassock is worn with a distinctive Oratorian clerical collar: a white cloth that folds over the collar all around the neck, with a number of folds inward, indicating the particular oratory from which the priest originates. The cassock is bound by a fascia. The habit is given at formal reception into the community which comes after a few months of living together to see if the candidate fits in well. Members often, but do not necessarily, wear the cassock whilst engaged in their respective ministries. When not wearing the cassock, members of the Oratory would wear the normal street clothes of a cleric, such as a clerical shirt, but with the Oratorian collar. In some countries such as Spain, Oratorians do not wear the distinctive Oratorian cassock and collar, making them indistinguishable from other secular priests.
Oratories around the world
As of 2014, the website of the oratory's "headquarters" in Rome lists the following as some of the numerous congregations throughout the world:
Continental Europe
There are oratories in: Vienna, Austria; Dijon, Hyères, and Nancy, France; Acireale, Biella, Bologna, Brescia, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Palermo, Rome, Verona, Prato and Vicenza, Italy; Germany (Aachen, Aufhausen, Dresden, Frankfurt am Main, Hannover, Heidelberg, Leipzig, Celle and Munich); Lithuania (Vilnius); Netherlands (Maastricht); Poland (Gostyń, Studzianna, Tarnów, Radom, Bytow, Tomaszów Mazowiecki and Poznań); Portugal (Convento e Palácio de Nossa Senhora das Necessidades), Lisboa);Spain (Barcelona, Seville, Porreras, Albacete, Vic, Alcalá de Henares, Getafe, Tudela, Soller and Palma) and Switzerland (Zurich). There are also Oratories in formation in Bratislava, Slovakia and Mikulov in the Czech Republic.
United Kingdom
Saint John Henry Newman founded the first Oratory in the English-speaking world when he established the Birmingham Oratory in the city of Birmingham on 2 February 1848. This was initially located at Old Oscott, which Newman renamed Maryvale (after the Oratory church in Rome, Santa Maria in Vallicella). After a couple of moves this community eventually settled in Edgbaston. Attached to the Birmingham Oratory was the Oratory School now at Woodcote, Berkshire, near Reading.
In 1849 a second congregation was founded in King William Street, Strand, London (the London Oratory), with Frederick William Faber as superior; in 1854 it was transferred to Brompton. The Fathers of the London Oratory founded the London Oratory School in 1863, which continues providing education in the Oratorian tradition to this day. Its church, the Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, was consecrated on 16 April 1884 and is the second largest Roman Catholic church in London.
A House also exists in Oxford (the Oxford Oratory).
As of October 2013, the church of St Wilfrid, York, was turned over to the Oxford Oratorians on the retirement of the incumbent parish priest and is now canonically established, known as the York Oratory.
In Manchester (St Chad's) there is a community canonically established on the Feast of All Saints, 2019.
There are also Houses in Formation at St Alban-on-the-Moors Church, Cardiff, as of April 2016, and in Bournemouth, as of May 2017.
Latin America and the Caribbean
In Argentina: (Mercedes); Brazil: (São Paulo); Chile: (Villa Alemana); Colombia: (Bogotá, Ipiales and Pasto); Costa Rica: (San José); Mexico: (Guanajuato, Mexico City, Orizaba, Puebla, San Miguel de Allende, Tlalnepantla, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, La Paz, Leon, San Pablo Tepetlapa y Mérida.
As of 2012 there was an Oratory in Formation in Port Antonio, Jamaica (Archdiocese of Kingston). This community of priests had been constituted many years ago and upon completing the necessary requirements in the Archdiocese of Kingston in 2014 the community was erected as a Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, the first in the history of the English speaking Caribbean.
North America
In Canada, the Oratorians have a house in Toronto, the Toronto Oratory, although the original foundation was in Montreal in 1975.
The first Oratory in the United States was founded in Rock Hill, South Carolina, in 1934. The ministry of the Rock Hill Oratorians has long included campus ministry at Winthrop University and prison visitation at the Moss detention center in York County.
The Pittsburgh Oratory was founded in 1961 by Cardinal John Wright, then-Bishop of Pittsburgh, in order to have Oratorian Fathers serving as Chaplains at Carnegie Mellon University, Chatham University, and the University of Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh Oratory's ministry has since expanded to adult ministry, confession ministry, and a ministry of Perpetual Eucharistic Adoration. The Pittsburgh Oratory maintains an 87-acre retreat house in the nearby Laurel Highlands, called "Rednal."
The principal ministry of the Brooklyn Oratory, established in 1988, are the parishes of Saint Boniface, which it has cared for since 1990, and Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Brooklyn Heights which came under its pastoral care in 2016. In this year, the Brooklyn Oratory also began a pastoral outreach to students in the various secular colleges and universities in Downtown Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights.
The Philadelphia Oratory was formed in 1990 at the Fairmount neighborhood parish of St. Francis Xavier. The oratory then gained responsibility for the parochial grade school: St. Francis Xavier School. It was formally established by Pope John Paul II in 2000.
The Raritan Congregation was formally established by Pope John Paul II, on 8 September 1998 as the New Brunswick Congregation. The members of the Congregation served in Catholic campus ministry at Rutgers University, at St. Peter the Apostle Parish and at St. Joseph Parish, New Brunswick, N.J. until 2018. The Oratory relocated to Raritan, N.J. at the request of Bishop James Checchio. The Raritan Oratory of St. Philip Neri serves five apostolates under its care: the Shrine Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, St. Ann Church, St. Joseph Church, and St. Ann Classical Academy of Raritan, N.J. and Holy Trinity Church of Bridgewater, N.J.
On 26 May 1994 Cardinal Joseph Bernardin of the Archdiocese of Chicago decreed the formation of a diocesan right Oratory of St. Philip Neri which follow the Constitutions and General Statutes of the Congregration of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri. Its members continue in pastoral ministries.
The New York Oratory was founded on 28 June 2007, in Sparkill, New York. On the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 15 August 2007, the Procurator General P. Edoardo Cerrato consigned the Decree of the Foundation of New York Oratory to its members, during the celebration of the Eucharist, presided by Cardinal Egan, in the presence of Archbishop Alojz Tkac, Metropolitan of Košice, Slovakia, participating honorable guests, parishioners of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Parish Tappan, NY, visitors from other parishes and friends.
On 1 August 2014, a Community in Formation of the Oratory was established at Star of the Sea Church in the Archdiocese of San Francisco, California. As of 30 August 2015, the project was abandoned.
In Washington, D.C., the Community of St. Philip Neri was established as a community-in-formation in July 2013 by canonical decree of the Archbishop of Washington, Donald Cardinal Wuerl. Washington's Oratorians are responsible for the administration of the parish of St. Thomas Apostle in Woodley Park. They oversee a chapter of the Little Oratory of St. Philip Neri, a group of Catholic laymen. [citation needed]
In the diocese of Kalamazoo, MI, Most Rev. Paul Bradley approved the establishment of a community in formation of the Oratory at St. Mary parish, Kalamazoo in September 2015. Here the liturgical apostolate of the parish follows the Ordinary and Extraordinary forms of the Roman Rite. Provisional plans have begun for the establishment of a classical school in the Oratorian tradition.
In 2015, in Red Bank, New Jersey, the Red Bank Oratory-in-Formation of St. Philip Neri was established with permission Bishop David M. O'Connell, who formally issued a canonical decree on 29 May 2016. The Red Bank Oratory-in-Formation was entrusted with the care of St. Anthony of Padua Church and has established a Secular Oratory, the Women of Vallicella, a Children’s Oratory, Jr. Oratory and a Youth Oratory which share in the spiritual and ministerial life of the Oratory.
In 2017, Pope Francis issued a decree establishing the Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. The Oratory is based at Old St. Mary's Church in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati.
There are also congregations are in Monterey, California, Pharr, Texas, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
A number of Oratories have associated with the congregation, a community of lay people called the Secular Oratory.
South Africa
The first Oratory in South Africa was founded in Oudtshoorn in 1997. The Port Elizabeth Oratory celebrated its inaugural Mass on 15 August 2008.
Australia
In 2011, work towards establishing the first Australian Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri was conceived. The community-in-formation was welcomed to Brisbane by Archbishop Mark Coleridge, and is supported by the Fathers of the London, Oxford and Toronto Oratories. The Brisbane Oratory in Formation is based at Mary Immaculate Church, Annerley, in the Annerley Ekibin parish.
Oratorian saints and blesseds
Note that feast days of blesseds are only celebrated by permission in specific dioceses or religious congregations and not throughout the whole Roman Rite. | d95c86ca-147e-4eac-9a1c-0b8ce3f7aa6f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg"} | 15th Chief Justice of India
Mirza Hameedullah Beg (M. H. Beg) (22 February 1913 – 19 November 1988) was the 15th Chief Justice of India, serving from January 1977 to February 1978.
Early life and education
Born into a Muslim family, his father Mirza Samiullah Beg was the Chief Justice of Hyderabad State, making him an important figure in Hyderabad state affairs. He was real uncle of internationally acclaimed beautician Shahnaz Hussain.
As was the case with many children of aristocracy in Hyderabad at the time, M.H. Beg attended St. George's Grammar School, where he earned a gold medal for first position in Senior Cambridge H.S.L.C. Examination.
As India was still under heavy British influence, it was common for wealthy Indians to receive higher education in England, particularly when studying law. Thus, M.H. Beg joined the renowned Trinity College and Cambridge University in 1931, and earned Honours in Archaeological and Anthropological and Historical Triposes. He studied law, economics and politics at the London School of Economics. He joined the bar through the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn. He was called to the Bar in England in 1941.
Judicial career
After graduation, M.H. Beg returned to India to begin practising as an Advocate for the Allahabad High Court, at Allahabad and Meerut. From here, M.H. Beg began working up experience in the judicial system. In 1949, he enrolled as an Advocate of the Federal Court of India, and eventually he became an Advocate of the Supreme Court of India. After building up an extensive practice on all sides he became Standing Counsel to the U.P. Sunni Central Wakf Board and appeared frequently for Municipal bodies.
After experience as Counsel, Beg was then raised to the Bench of the Allahabad High Court on 11 June 1963. As Judge, he sat on the Criminal and Civil sides as well as on the Tax Bench. Later, he was appointed Company Judge and became in charge of the matrimonial and testamentary jurisdiction of the High Court from the middle of 1967 to 1970. Shortly after territories were redrawn and the state of Himachal Pradesh was established, M.H. Beg was appointed Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh High Court in January 1971.
After a short term as Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh High Court, Beg was elevated to Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 12 December 1971.
Habeas Corpus case
Beg was also involved in the Habeas Corpus case. This landmark case in Indian democracy, Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla, came up in 1975 during the Indian Emergency. The legal question hinged on the citizen's right to judicial scrutiny for arrests under emergency. The five seniormost judges of the Supreme court heard the case, and four aligned with the government view that even the right to life stood suspended during emergency (only dissent was H. R. Khanna). In his April 1976 decision, Justice Beg observed:
We understand that the care and concern bestowed by the state authorities upon the welfare of detenues [sic?] who are well housed, well fed and well treated, is almost maternal.
A few months later, in January 1977, M.H. Beg, who was junior to H. R. Khanna, was appointed Chief Justice of India by the Indira Gandhi government. This was against legal tradition, though it had started with A. N. Ray's appointment. This impingement into the independence of the judiciary was widely protested; subsequent law ministers, particularly Shanti Bhushan, initiated a series of measures to bring judicial appointments within the power of the Chief Justice, and not the executive.
After Mohammad Hidayatullah, Beg was the second Muslim Chief Justice in India. After a one-year term, Beg retired in February 1978.
Subsequently, Beg served as chairman of the Minorities Commission of India.
Academics
While practising as an Advocate, Beg took on various faculty positions teaching various subjects:
Since retirement, Beg has written two books discussing Muslim politics in India:
Awards | e034910a-bc9f-48e7-9309-21ea796526b5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahant_Avaidyanath"} | Indian Politician
Mahant Avaidyanath (born Kripal Singh Bisht, 28 May 1921 – 12 September 2014) was an Indian politician and Hindu preacher. He was the Mahant (chief priest) of Gorakhnath Temple, succeeding his guru Digvijay Nath. He was also a politician of the Hindu Mahasabha and, later Bharatiya Janata Party, being elected to the Lok Sabha from Gorakhpur four times. He played an important role in the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. He was the mentor and guru of Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath.
Career
Religious
Avaidyanath succeeded Mahant Digvijay Nath as the head of Gorakhnath Math. Upon his death in 2014, he was succeeded by Yogi Adityanath (Ajay Mohan Bisht).
Political
Avaidyanath was elected MLA from Maniram Assembly segment five times – 1962, 1967, 1969 (resigned mid-term), 1974 and 1977, variously as Independent or Hindu Mahasabha's or Janata Party's candidate. He was elected Lok Sabha member from Gorakhpur as an Independent candidate in 1970 but lost 1971 General Election when Indira wave swept India. He won again in 1989 as candidate of Hindu Mahasabha. He was elected MP from the same seat in 1991 and 1996 as Bharatiya Janata Party nominee. He retired from electoral politics after that, and his protege Yogi Adityanath was elected to Lok Sabha in 1998 General Election.
Religio-political
Mahant Avaidyanath was a leader of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, founding the Sri Ramjanmabhoomi Mukti Yagna Samiti (Committee of sacrifice to liberate Ram's birthplace) in 1984. In September of that year, the Samiti launched a "religious procession with Hindu nationalist slogans" from Sitamarhi in Bihar to Ayodhya, with the mission of 'liberating' the Ram temple. Avaidyanath gave sermons exhorting the listeners to give votes only to those parties that promised to liberate the Hindu sacred places.
Death
He died on 12 September 2014 in Gorakhpur. Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi said he was "Saddened over the demise of Mahant Avaidyanath ji. He will be remembered for his patriotic zeal and determined efforts to serve society."
Home Minister Rajnath Singh and UP BJP president Laxmikant Bajpai also sent condolences on his death.
Commemoration
A stamp is being released to mark the first death anniversary of Avaidyanath, who was also spiritual father of the current UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath. He died on 12 September 2014 at the age of 93.[citation needed] | b457fe95-215a-48bf-a3b7-b54381a59e27 |
null | Bermudian cricketer
Ryan Devon Steede (born 9 November 1975) is a Bermudian former cricketer. He played as a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He played three One Day Internationals for Bermuda. | 0b4d7ae1-1107-4bf4-af93-bc623a49c344 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Praz"} | Municipality in Switzerland in Vaud
La Praz is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
History
La Praz is first mentioned in 1276 as li Pra.
Geography
La Praz has an area, as of 2009[update], of 5.1 square kilometers (2.0 sq mi). Of this area, 2.34 km2 (0.90 sq mi) or 45.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.61 km2 (1.01 sq mi) or 51.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.17 km2 (0.066 sq mi) or 3.3% is settled (buildings or roads).
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.6%. Out of the forested land, 48.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 11.3% is used for growing crops and 18.9% is pastures and 15.0% is used for alpine pastures.
The municipality was part of the Orbe District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and La Praz became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.
The municipality consists of the linear village of La Praz.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a cross Sable, overall crossed in saltire a key and sword Gules.
Demographics
La Praz has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 175. As of 2008[update], 3.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 26.9%. It has changed at a rate of 23.8% due to migration and at a rate of 2.3% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks French (111 or 94.9%), with German being second most common (5 or 4.3%) and English being third (1 or 0.9%).
The age distribution, as of 2009[update], in La Praz is; 22 children or 13.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 25 teenagers or 15.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 20 people or 12.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 22 people or 13.3% are between 30 and 39, 22 people or 13.3% are between 40 and 49, and 22 people or 13.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 14 people or 8.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 11 people or 6.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 7 people or 4.2% who are between 80 and 89.
As of 2000[update], there were 46 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 57 married individuals, 10 widows or widowers and 4 individuals who are divorced.
As of 2000[update], there were 50 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 16 households that consist of only one person and 4 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 51 households that answered this question, 31.4% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 14 married couples without children, 14 married couples with children There were 5 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 1 household that was made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
In 2000[update] there were 31 single family homes (or 60.8% of the total) out of a total of 51 inhabited buildings. There were 7 multi-family buildings (13.7%), along with 11 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (21.6%) and 2 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.9%).
In 2000[update], a total of 48 apartments (76.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 10 apartments (15.9%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (7.9%) were empty. As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 0%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 36.84% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (16.18%), the Green Party (12.67%) and the FDP (11.89%). In the federal election, a total of 59 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.3%.
Economy
As of 2010[update], La Praz had an unemployment rate of 5.2%. As of 2008[update], there were 11 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 1 person was employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. 4 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 3 businesses in this sector. There were 59 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.7% of the workforce.
In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 14. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 9, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1, all of which were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 4. In the tertiary sector; 2 or 50.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in a hotel or restaurant, .
In 2000[update], there were 37 workers who commuted away from the municipality. Of the working population, 1.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 71.2% used a private car.
Religion
From the 2000 census[update], 12 or 10.3% were Roman Catholic, while 83 or 70.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 10 individuals (or about 8.55% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 9 (or about 7.69% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 8 individuals (or about 6.84% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In La Praz about 54 or (46.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 9 or (7.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 9 who completed tertiary schooling, 55.6% were Swiss men, 44.4% were Swiss women.
In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 22 students in the La Praz school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 11 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 11 students in those schools.
As of 2000[update], there were 18 students from La Praz who attended schools outside the municipality. | 6308118a-3e3b-46dc-96d1-1388a4ff2d9a |
null | German motorcycle racer
Adolf Weil (25 December 1938 – 12 May 2011) was a German professional motocross racer. He competed in the FIM 250cc and 500cc Motocross Grand Prix world championships as a rider for the Maico factory racing team between 1966 and 1978.
Motocross career
Weil began competing in the motocross world championships in 1966. He finished second to Håkan Andersson in the 1973 250cc World Championship, and finished in third place three times in the 500cc World Championship. While he was never able to capture an international title, he won 14 German motocross national championships. Weil won the 1973 Trans-AMA championship at the age of 34. He was known as the 'Iron Man' of motocross because he competed for over 20 years in a physically demanding sport that is dominated by younger riders. He raced his entire career on Maico motorcycles.
In 1976, Weil was awarded the Silver Laurel Leaf, the highest state award for athletic performance in Germany. After retiring from competition in 1978, he ran a motorcycle business with his two sons Frank and Jürgen in his hometown of Solingen, Germany.
Motocross Grand Prix Results | ce6320e5-2d44-4de0-abe3-9883b4994da4 |
null | 2003 Indian film
Golmaal is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed, produced and written by P. N. Ramachandra Rao and starring J. D. Chakravarthy, Ramesh Aravind, Meera Vasudevan and Neha Pendse. This film is a remake of the Malayalam film Malappuram Haji Mahanaya Joji (1994).
Cast
Production
Meera Vasudevan, whose Hindi film was yet to release, debuted in Telugu cinema with this film.
Reception
Gudipoodi Srihari of The Hindu opined that "this film too is quite entertaining with a sort of comedy of errors". Jeevi of Idlebrain.com said that "This film has nothing special to offer. At the same time, it is not boring. It's an average flick that provides good time pass". Manju Latha Kalanidhi of Full Hyderabad criticised the film and gave the film a rating of five out of ten. | 21d17b53-9e0e-40b3-b6b8-3707ea65bad8 |
null | Sir John Richard Quain (1816–1876) was an Irish barrister and judge in England.
Life
The youngest son of Richard Quain of Ratheahy, County Cork, by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Andrew Mahoney, he was born at Ratheahy in 1816. Jones Quain and Richard Quain were his half-brothers, and the physician Sir Richard Quain was his cousin. He was educated at Göttingen, and at University College, London, where he won many prizes. In 1839 he graduated LL.B. at London, and was elected to the university law scholarship. He became a fellow of University College in 1843, and was for several years an examiner in law to the university of London. After reading in the chambers of Thomas Chitty, and practising as a special pleader for a time, he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple on 30 May 1851.
Joining the Northern Circuit, Quain obtained a considerable practice. In 1866 he became a Queen's Counsel, and in 1867 was made Attorney-General for the county palatine of Durham and a bencher of the Middle Temple. He was appointed a judge of the Queen's Bench in December 1871, was appointed serjeant and took his seat at the beginning of Hilary term 1872, and was knighted. His health failed early in 1876, and, after some months of intermittent illness, he died at his house, 32 Cavendish Square, London, on 12 September and was buried at Finchley. He was unmarried. His law library was presented to University College, London, by his brother Richard in 1876. | 46f14de1-9cf8-4e15-8ee4-a7d3fbada1e4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocalicium"} | Species of ascomycete fungus
Cryptocalicium is a single-species fungal genus of the order Eurotiomycetes that was circumscribed in 2021. It contains the species Cryptocalicium blascoi. Cryptocalicium is the only genus in the monotypic family Cryptocaliciaceae, the order Cryptocaliciales and the subclass Cryptocaliciomycetidae.
Cryptocalicium is a representative of the "mazaediate" or "calicioid" fungi, a polyphyletic group of independently evolved ascomycetes that share a morphological characteristic: the presence of a distinct structure in which loose masses of ascospores accumulate to be passively disseminated, called the mazaedium.
Morphology
Members of Cryptocalicium have very small stalked apothecioid ascomata that produce a mazaedium. The hymenium of the ascomata presents septate, sterile (i.e. not fertile) protruding elements. Their asci are clavate in shape with a long stalk, they are bitunicate with evanescent walls, and turn amyloid after a chemical treatment with KOH and IKI. The ascospores are globose to subglobose, simple, pale brown in color, with thick walls, and are passively released thanks to the mazaedium. The stalk has a cortex, with the outermost layer composed of 1 or 2 rows of cylindrical aseptate hyphae, dark reddish brown in color and tightly adhered. The stalk medulla (below the cortex) is composed of cylindrical hyaline hyphae. The pigment granules on the external surface of ascomata appear dark violet in water, but after partly dissolving in KOH they turn turquoise green.
In particular, the species C. blascoi is defined as a lichen measuring 0.15–0.36 mm in height without mazaedium, with a peridium spherical or urniform in shape measuring 0.05–0.10 × 0.10–0.15 mm that appears dark violet when wet but black and shiny when dehydrated, with an ocre disk around the peridium, and a stalk measuring 0.10–0.26 × 0.02–0.04 mm that is smooth, black and shiny, sometimes with a broader base.
Ecology and distribution
C. blascoi is a saprobic lichen, either solitary or gregarious, found on the inner side of loose but still attached bark strips. It has been observed in several Cupressaceae species of trees, such as Juniperus oxycedrus, J. thurifera and Cupressus sempervirens. It is found in multiple Spanish provinces: Ávila, Burgos, Madrid, Soria, Toledo and Zaragoza.
Taxonomy
Cryptocalicium blascoi, along with its genus, family, order and subclass, were described in 2021 by Maria Prieto, Javier Etayo and Ibai Olariaga. The holotype was found in La Cabilda Park, in Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid (Spain).
The generic name "Cryptocalicium" refers to the calicioid (=mazaediate) ascomata that occur hidden under the bark, while the specific epithet "blascoi" is a reference to Javier Blasco Zumeta, an important Aragonese naturalist who showed the authors the first locality where this species was found and who provided additional material of it.
Phylogeny
Cryptocaliciomycetidae currently represents the closest clade to the subclass Eurotiomycetidae, as the cladogram shows. | e07f2d63-9838-4e7a-bed2-00aa14549763 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borowa,_Lublin_Voivodeship"} | Village in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
Borowa [bɔˈrɔva] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puławy, within Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-west of Puławy and 60 km (37 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin. | 27ff5f8a-df45-42eb-a5f9-ccfd30a849d0 |
null | French long-distance runner
Edmond Bimont was a French athlete. He competed in the men's individual cross country event at the 1920 Summer Olympics. | 8daeb357-7891-4d39-811c-6073fbfa65bd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scales_House"} | Historic house in Tennessee, United States
United States historic place
The James Scales House, built c. 1885 in Kirkland, Tennessee, United States, along with the William W. Johnson House, another Williamson County house, are notable as late 19th century central passage plan residences that "display period decoration at eaves and porch." It includes Stick/Eastlake, I-house, and central passage plan architecture.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. When listed the property included one contributing building and three contributing structures on an area of 5.8 acres (2.3 ha). | 4fec8127-1141-4c7e-9680-79a60ff62a65 |
null | American football player (born 1961)
Herman James Hunter (born February 14, 1961) is a former American football running back in the National Football League who played for the Philadelphia Eagles, Detroit Lions, and Houston Oilers. Hunter was a co-leader for most kickoff return yards during the 1986 NFL season with 1,007 yards. He played college football for the Tennessee State Tigers. | e4ce0adf-019f-4cbd-b44b-5f454a90853d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fireball"} | 1950 film
The Fireball is a 1950 American drama film starring Mickey Rooney and Pat O'Brien, and directed by Tay Garnett. The cast also includes Beverly Tyler and the eighth screen appearance of Marilyn Monroe.
The film, released by 20th Century Fox, had its screenplay written by Horace McCoy based on a story by McCoy and Garnett.
Plot
Johnny Casar (Mickey Rooney) runs away from a home for wayward boys, tired of being teased about being short and a poor athlete. He soon finds a pair of roller skates and is befriended by Bruno Crystal (Ralph Dumke), who allows him to wash dishes at his café, while a priest who runs the home, Father O'Hara (Pat O'Brien), secretly keeps an eye on him.
A traveling roller-skating team takes an interest in Johnny after he shows some aptitude. He clashes with Mack Miller (Glen Corbett), a cocky champion, and falls for Mary Reeves (Beverly Tyler), another top skater. Johnny ends up featured in grudge matches against Miller, where they take turns one-upping one another.
As his fame grows, Johnny becomes every bit as arrogant as Miller and more. Life takes a bad turn when he is diagnosed with polio. A long period of physical therapy follows, until Johnny tries to get his life back on track.
Cast (in credits order) | e49c2e5c-ab24-4429-bd4a-481d158ac313 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Budgett"} | English merchant (1794–1851)
Samuel Budgett (27 July 1794 – 29 April 1851) was an English merchant.
Rising from humble origins, Budgett built up a wholesale grocery business called H.H. & S. Budgett, based in Kingswood Bristol, covering a large area of Southern and Western England and South Wales, which outlasted him by over a century. He was a devoted Wesleyan Methodist, who came close to offering himself as a missionary. Having chosen instead to work as a grocer to support his impoverished parents and siblings, he applied Christian principles to his business, setting improving standards in food purity and working conditions. He also began each day's business with a short Christian service for all staff.
With his elder brother, Samuel Budgett made a big difference to Kingswood. Having arrived in 1809 with nothing but his apprenticeship, he never left the place, even when he could afford to do so. He built a strong business, providing many jobs. He built a house and laid gardens and a farm. These provided more employment, as well as space for meetings and parties. He was a watchful but gentle employer, seeking above all to help people to increase their own self-mastery and usefulness. He led efforts to build chapels and schools where ordinary people could gain knowledge and learn the art of citizenship. He gave much of his money to these causes and to individuals in trouble.
Shortly after his death a biography – The Successful Merchant, by William Arthur – was published which went into over forty editions in the UK alone and made him well known. Robert Louis Stevenson, in his book Virginibus Puerisque, mentions Samuel Budgett in passing, apparently confident that he requires no introduction.
NOTE: Both Samuel Budgett and his biographer William Arthur were devout Methodists at a time when Methodism was very strong in the UK. Arthur's book says much about Samuel's Christian principles and actions as well as recommending that the reader should treat him as an example. It has been suggested that Arthur's account is biased. However it is an account of how Samuel (and others) thought and acted, written by the man with the best access to those who knew and it is now the only account we have. Arthur himself wrote, “... an effort has been made to insert, with a firm hand, every real scar. Some will say they are too slight; others will say they are too deep, and these they who most intimately knew the original." In this article both the religious and secular aspects of the man are presented using Arthur as the guide.
Early life
Samuel Budgett was born in Wrington on 27 July 1794. His father's first wife had died and he had married again, Samuel being the eldest son of this second marriage, at Whatley near Frome, in 1788, to Elizabeth (Betsy) Budgett (1767–1831). His parents moved several times. In 1801 they took a shop in Kingswood, Bristol. In 1803 parents and children moved again to Coleford, Somerset where they opened a small general shop, leaving Henry Hill Budgett in charge of the Kingswood shop. Henry was a grown up son of the first marriage, about 15 years older than Samuel.
The family were poor but were devoted members of the Methodist Chapel wherever they lived. Samuel's two passions were his faith and his constant desire to get a little extra money by trading. He had to choose whether to be a missionary or a trader. His parents' poverty prevented them from affording a missionary's education. It also meant that they needed him as a breadwinner. So he decided to be a trader. Initially he was buying and selling things worth only a few pence. Gradually he was able to plough back his profits and trade larger amounts. Finally his capital reached 30 pounds. He gave this all to his mother before leaving to become an apprentice.
At the age of thirteen, Samuel learned a very useful lesson from an adult salesman. This man tried and failed to make headway with his mother. Samuel realised that this was because the man ran through his whole range, never producing any special bargains. He saw that if the man had first offered one or two genuine bargains, this would have got his mother's attention and "hooked" her for other sales, This became one of his principles of business.
Apprentice
In April 1809, at the age of 14, Samuel bound himself to Henry for seven years as an apprentice grocer. The hours were long: typically 6am to 9pm or later. Worse, in June 1812 Henry sacked his brother for “want of ability”. Although he did look undersize and understrength, Samuel managed to find work with another grocer. He was well liked and successful. Then six months later, Henry went back on his earlier decision and re-instated Samuel as apprentice, not as an offer but insisting that the indentures gave him the right to demand his return. Although he was happy in his new position and his employer offered to increase his pay, Samuel felt bound to his brother and obediently returned. He worked as a Sunday School teacher at the local chapel. When the apprenticeship ended in about 1816, he agreed a contract with his brother to work the next three years at 40, 50 and 60 pounds respectively. He spent only essential money on himself and managed to save 100 pounds in the three years and give money to friends and family as well.
Partnership
At this point it turned out that Henry had lost money in speculation, although his main business was prospering. Samuel gave his 100 pounds to his brother to help him out. At the same time, Henry made Samuel his partner. Samuel took a small cottage near the shop and married Ann Smith from Midsomer Norton. Even as a hired man, he had been running a department of the shop, buying carefully, selling at keen prices, presenting his low prices well and making his customers feel welcome. People were coming to the shop from neighbouring villages. Now to increase sales further he himself went out to these villages to save them the trouble of travelling.
The next few years are covered in more detail in H.H. & S. Budgett. Briefly, against his brother's misgivings, he started to sell common items to outlying shops where the price difference made it worthwhile. Having mastered that, the trade was grown carefully and slowly, adding new commodities for old customers, visiting larger shops in larger towns, travelling further away, carefully recruiting travellers and revisiting, in a relaxed manner, the fancy shops which had previously refused him. In time the business reached as far as Birmingham and Penzance.
As they advanced, Samuel bought the grounds of an old quarry in Kingswood. Here he built a substantial house where he lived to the end of his life. Later he had this filled in and made into gardens and farmland, forty to fifty acres. This was partly to provide local employment. Long afterwards an old man said, "Yes; I remember when there were five men and three horses, and I have lived to see three hundred men and one hundred horses". During a food shortage in 1846 and 1847 he employed many extra people just to keep them from starving.
Samuel Budgett's Principles of Business
From the start Samuel had very clear principles about how to run a business and carefully designed rules for employees. Although the detailed rules changed, the outline was fixed and deviations from the current rules were taken very seriously.
He would not let his men impose upon him. If a man was in fault and confessed then he was quick to forgive but if he dissembled then Samuel would get the truth and then his rebuke could be tremendous, depending on the gravity of the offence.
During his tenure he reduced the hours by a considerable number. At the beginning of his apprenticeship, hours were nominally from 6 am to 9 pm, with frequent extensions to 10 and 11 pm, astounding though it seems now. Samuel worked long and hard to get better organisation and enough staff to shorten these hours. First he got it to 8.30 pm, then seven, then six. Detentions beyond the nominal time still happened but he worked on those too. One way was a rule that everyone must wait until the last man had finished. This led the men themselves to correct inefficiency in the system. Finally the closing time got to 5 or 5.30. Note that, in the UK, we buy goods from Third World countries where long hours are still an issue.
His Principles of life
Samuel was a Christian through and through. He took Christ's command, "Love your neighbour as yourself" very seriously and he truly loved his employees and his very ordinary neighbours in Kingswood.
When Henry Budgett began to trade in Kingswood, it was a lawless place with a labyrinth of lanes impossible to navigate without a guide and unsafe to pass alone even in daylight. It was inhabited by rogues and vagabonds (the Cock-Roadites) who ranged as far as Bath, Hereford and Gloucester. Henry began a campaign to make the place a bit more civilised, gradually gaining support from other people in and around Bristol. A few criminals were detected and removed but many remained. A Sunday school was opened on Cock Road in July 1812. It was surprisingly popular – 75 children came on the first day. On first arriving in Kingswood, Samuel joined in the work. At first his job was to visit the absentees and if possible bring them to school. He used a pony to cover the ground and often went without Sunday lunch. He enjoyed doing it. He continued to work for the school and other schools in the area for the rest of his life. In time he trained his sons and only daughter, and his more devout employees, in the same work .
One Sunday evening after preaching, Samuel passed a group of youths, wild, rough and ignorant and he persuaded them to come to tea next day at Kingswood chapel. It was a meeting of the tract distributors but he didn't mention that. They came and had their tea. He asked them if their friends might come to a bigger meeting (with tea) at his own house. They thought so and many youths were given tickets. At the second meeting, he knew they would try to bolt after tea so he forestalled that by offering 50 pounds to the meeting to be distributed as the meeting collectively thought fit. In no time at all the lads were manoeuvred into founding "Kingswood Young Men's Association" with some of them on the committee. Perhaps this was the master salesman deploying his commercial skills for God's purposes. The group progressed into a regular meeting on Sunday nights for religious instruction, and on weekday nights for secular instruction. A Young Women's Association was also founded on the same principles. These associations improved many young people and converted some.
He led funding for many chapels and schools in and near Kingswood and gave generously himself.
Arthur reports many individual cases of practical help for people in trouble. Here is one example, provided to Arthur by the Rev. John Gaskin. Samuel had noticed that one of his men seemed very sad. He called the man into his office and he said he was overwhelmed by debt and hard-put not to kill himself. Samuel made close enquiries and learned that the main cause was bills in connection with his wife's illness. He told the man that he thought the creditors could be induced to take half and that he had a friend who had given him the means to pay the other half. With this message he sent the man back to work. He then spent most of the day personally visiting the creditors and persuading them to accept half, reminding them that God had forgiven them their own debts to Him. We can well imagine the joy on the man's face towards the end of the day as he read all the receipts. But who was the friend? "You know that Friend as well as I do. .. go home to your wife and thank that Friend together for making you an independent man."
He believed that happiness and virtue were more important than anything else and that both could be found at the same time through a constant, open dialogue with God but not otherwise. He was more fortunate in this as a young man than later, when his responsibilities and temptations were greater. He constantly examined his own inner life and noted his many failures to reach the standards set and followed by Christ. In religious meetings he would confess these things openly, even when his own men were present. He struggled to reconcile the pressures of business with the demands of virtue and shared his struggles with the Lord and with his friends. At the same time most of his friends considered him to be one of the most virtuous people they knew. He spent time warning and guiding others away from sin and towards virtue. He was not afraid to walk into a group of wild men and gently lead them back towards virtue.
Illness and Death
As 1850 approached its close, Samuel Budgett was a man in an enviable position. His children were launched. His business was prospering and generally accepted as sound. His social circle was extending and he had time available to spend as he wished. Just then, at 56, the first signs of mortality appeared. He walked up one of the Bristol hills and found it hard work. Soon even the stairs became a trial. He was in heart failure and his life was at serious risk.
Naturally he was very sad. For himself he was content but he felt strongly that he had not loved and obeyed his Saviour as much as he should have done. Others would have disagreed but no one is perfect and he felt his failures acutely. Gradually he came to see this is one of the reasons why salvation is offered and then he was joyful again.
He had many visits from friends and family and received and gave much encouragement and prayer.
In the diary which he maintained he wrote, "April 13th....I feel that every thing which has been well done and prospered is that in which I was prompted and guided and assisted by my heavenly Father, and that which failed was when I leaned upon my own efforts and endeavours and then they proved weak and powerless."
Samuel died on 29 April 1851 at his home The Park, Tabernacle Road, Kingswood. William Arthur was in Bristol on that day and he went to Kingswood to attend the funeral, which was on 7 May. He reports the events in his book. He says the procession began at Samuel's home. It included 200 men and boys, walking in pairs. Outside the property all shops were closed and all houses had their blinds drawn down. A dense crowd stood outside the gates and along the road to the chapel, which was soon full, with more people outside. Arthur (who was an Irishman) tells us that he had never seen such a large collective expression of grief, even in Ireland, except for Paris in 1848, at the mass funeral of those killed in the battles of June. He spoke to many individuals and heard stories of Samuel's acts of kindness to them .
Family
Samuel married Ann Smith (1791–1860) on 9 May 1822. They had children as follows:
James Smith Budgett (1823–1906) who married Mary Bolton Farmer on 18 October 1849. For some period between 1863 and 1913 they lived on an estate in Ealing, London called Ealing Park. Later they moved to Stoke Park in Guildford, Surrey.
Sarah Ann Budgett (1824–1828)
Elizabeth Budgett (1826–1826). She died at the aged of one month.
William Henry Budgett (1827–1900) who married Ann J Lidgett (1839–1936) on 1 October 1862. From 1869 they lived at Stoke House, Stoke Bishop, Bristol.
Edwin Budgett (1829–1849). He was a healthy young man who died suddenly of Cholera. William Arthur, presumably quoting a member of the family, wrote, "Frank, vivacious, open, with a clear head, a quick glance, a commanding look, prompt, firm action, a hearty laugh, a mellow voice, and a musical taste which .... would sometimes make the place joyful....".
Samuel Budgett (1831–1904) who married Sarah Hannah Brogden (1834–1908), daughter of John Brogden who was a railway contractor, iron master and coal master. In the late nineteenth century they lived at Cotham House, Cotham, Bristol, an estate of about four acres. After Samuel lost his appeal in the case Billing vs Brogden, he left the family firm, they moved to a modest house in Beckenham and he started his own business in London.
Sarah Ann Budgett (1832–1906) who married Edward Ebenezer Meakin (1838–1897) on 29 November 1864, Calcutta. Like Sarah, Edward was a Methodist and was a tea planter in Almora, India at the time of their marriage. They returned to England because of serious business losses and lived in Red Hill. They had 5 children. In 1882 they moved to Morocco as his health was not good and the drier climate there was recommended. Edward Ebenezer founded the Times of Morocco, the first English language newspaper, because he was horrified at the corruption and maltreatment of the poor by the rulers and expatriates. Their son James Edward Budgett Meakin took over the paper when Edward became ill and returned to England. He became an authority on Morocco. Sarah and Edward's oldest daughter, Annette Mary was a gifted writer and traveller, known best for her book "The Ribbon of Iron" describing her journey on the Trans-Siberian railway with her mother in 1900. Their second son, Harold was a physician with the Indian Medical Service and received awards for his service in 2 military campaigns. Their second daughter, Ethilda, was a physician, and became Physician-in-Charge of the Women's and Children's Hospital in Calcutta. She married, returned to England, became a psychoanalyst and had 4 children. Edward and Sarah's youngest son, Sidney, emigrated to Canada but joined the forces in World War I, was seriously wounded and suffered from shell shock.
All the above marriages have descendants still living in 2013 including Richard Budgett. Arthur Budgett and John Samuel Budgett were also descendents.
Sources
The Successful Merchant
This is the principal source of published information about Samuel Budgett. It ran into many editions. For example, the 43rd UK edition was published in 1878, London and Belfast by William Mullan and Son.
In the United States there were editions by many publishers, including:
In the Preface, Arthur says, "The design of this volume is to furnish a work wherein an actual and a remarkable life is traced in relation to Commerce.... to be a friendly, familiar ‘’book for the busy'’, to which men from the counting-house or the shop might turn, feeling that it concerned them, and for which they might possibly be the better here and hereafter." SM page vii.
Other sources | 6e1eba8c-aeff-4837-9e53-2fac2beaa149 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_III_Laham"} | Head of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 2000 to 2017
Gregory III Laham, B.S. (Arabic: غريغوريوس الثالث لحام; Latin: Gregorius III Lahamus; born Lutfy Laham, December 15, 1933, in Darayya, Syria), Emeritus Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, of Alexandria and Jerusalem, is the former spiritual leader of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. He was elected on November 29, 2000, succeeding Patriarch Maximos V Hakim. He retired on May 6, 2017.
He took the name Gregory in honor of Patriarch Gregory II Youssef, who was the last member of his religious order, the Basilian Salvatorian Order, to be elected Patriarch. Gregory III, who studied in Rome, Italy, and is multilingual, is also the author of several books on Eastern Catholic spirituality and theology.
In addition, he served as the Spiritual Protector of the United Obediences (formerly the Paris and Malta Obediences until 2008) of the Order of Saint Lazarus.
Early years and education
Gregory III Laham was born Lutfy Laham in Darayya, Syria, on December 15, 1933.
He entered the Seminary of the Holy Savior of the Basilian Salvatorian Order near Saida, Lebanon, in 1943. He took his simple religious vows in 1949 and his solemn religious vows in 1954. He received his religious and philosophical education at the Holy Savior Seminary, Joun, Lebanon. He continued his theological studies in Rome, Italy, where he was ordained priest on February 15, 1959 in the Church of the Abbey of Grottaferrata.
Church
Priesthood
The future patriarch received a doctoral degree in Oriental Theology from the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome following his ordination . He then served as superior of the Holy Savior Major Seminary from 1961 until 1964. In 1962 he founded the magazine Al-Wahdah - Unity in Faith, the first ecumenical magazine to be published in the Arabic language. He also founded several orphanages and trade schools in Lebanon.
He was appointed administrator of the Patriarchal Vicariate of Jerusalem in 1975, in the wake of the Israeli arrest of the Patriarchal Vicar of Jerusalem, Archbishop Hilarion Capucci of the Aleppin Salvatorian order. Laham founded the Student Fund in Jerusalem to help needy students and in 1978 the Family Assistance Fund to help needy families in the troubled areas of his diocese. In 1967 he founded at the Patriarchate the Oriental Library to promulgate the knowledge of Eastern traditions. He initiated a variety of social projects such as repairing churches, opening clinics and building public housing, including a guest house for pilgrims at the Patriarchal Center in Jerusalem.
Episcopate
On September 9, 1981 he was named Archeparch by Patriarch Maximos V Hakim and continued his work as Patriarchal Vicar of Jerusalem as successor to Archeparch Hilarion Capucci. On November 27, 1981 he was enthroned as the titular archbishop of Tarsus and consecrated Archeparch by patriarch Maximos V Hakim. His co-consecrators were Saba Youakim, Archeparch of Petra and Philadelphia and François Abou Mokh, titular bishop of Palmyra dei Greco-Melchiti.
In 1992 Laham was named Patriarchal Exarch of Jerusalem and in 1998 became Protosyncellus of the same city.
Appointed by Patriarch Maximos V as president of the Patriarchal Liturgical Commission, he edited the Anthologion, the prayer book or breviary of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church and The Book of the Liturgies, an updated compendium of the Divine Liturgy. As secretary of the Ecumenical Commission of the Melkite Patriarchate, he led the dialogue between the Melkite Greek Catholic and the Antiochian Orthodox Churches.
Patriarchate
Patriarch Maximos resigned in 2000 at age 92 due to failing health. The episcopal synod of the Melkite Church, met at the patriarchal residence in Raboueh on November 22, 2000 to select a new leader. On November 29 the synod elected Laham patriarch. He chose the name Gregory after the Patriarch Gregory II Youssef, the last member of the Basilian Salvatorian Order to serve as head of the Melkite Church. On December 5, 2000, Pope John Paul II accepted Patriarch Laham's request for ecclesiastical communion.
On May 8, 2008, along with other Melkite bishops and archimandrites, Patriarch Laham was received at the Vatican by Pope Benedict XVI. He repeated this visit on March 15, 2012.
The patriarch is an advocate of the Christian communities of the Near and Middle East. speaking at a 2010 synod, he asserted that "among the most dangerous effects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict" is the phenomenon of Christian emigration, "which will make Arab society a society with only one color, a society purely Muslim." Viewing the Near East as Muslim and the West as Christian could mean that "any occasion would be propitious for a new clash of cultures, of civilizations and even of religions -- a destructive clash between the Muslim Arab East and the Christian West," he said. The patriarch called for Christian-Islam dialogue which describes to Muslims "what our fears are," including concern about a lack of separation between religion and government, lack of equality and about a legal system that is based on Islamic law.
In December 2010, Laham was quoted by The Lebanon Daily Star as claiming that attacks against Levantine Christians, were part of a "Zionist conspiracy against Islam." Lahham reportedly stated that "All this behavior has nothing to do with Islam... But it is actually a conspiracy planned by Zionism and some Christians with Zionist orientations and it aims at undermining and giving a bad image of Islam." He further added that media portrayal of the attack the Our Lady of Salvation Church in Baghdad was "a conspiracy against Arabs and the pre-dominantly Muslim Arab world that aims at depicting Arabs and Muslims in Arab countries as terrorist and fundamentalist murderers in order to deny them their rights and especially those of the Palestinians.”
In March 2011 Patriarch Gregory said “we Christians risk demographic extinction and face huge challenges,” calling on league members to “formulate ideas” on how to address the phenomenon. The Palestine-Israel conflict, Lahham said, was the “sole” reason for emigration.
In August 2013 Patriarch Gregory gave an appeal to Asia News "We must listen to the Pope's appeal for peace in Syria. If western countries want to create true democracy then they must build it on reconciliation, through dialogue between Christians and Muslims, not with weapons. This attack being planned by the United States is a criminal act, which will only reap more victims, in addition to the tens of thousands of these two years of war. This will destroy the Arab world's trust in the West"
In September 2015, he urged Syrian Christians not to leave the country, despite the ongoing Syrian Civil War, and implored European countries not to encourage their emigration from their homeland.
Patriarch Gregory III retired on 6 May 2017.
Gregory III Laham speaks Arabic, English, Spanish, French, German, Greek, Italian and Latin. He travels a lot in the world, to draw attention to the difficult situation in Syria to the Christians. He also calls for a dialogue between all parties in Syria to end the civil war.
Books and other works
Patriarch Gregory III is author of several books, including:
Distinctions
Orders
Awards | 5f08902a-0a38-433d-9c4d-4c23526780c5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldrush_(song)"} | 1986 single by Yello
Goldrush is a song by Swiss electronic band Yello, released in 1986 from the album One Second.
Track listing
7" single
12" single
Charts | 74ef629b-6828-4d7e-9409-b0084ae5d09d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hall_(Egyptologist)"} | English Egyptologist and historian
Henry Reginald Holland Hall MBE, FBA, FSA (30 September 1873 – 13 October 1930) was an English Egyptologist and historian. In life, he was normally referred to as Harry Reginald Hall.
Early life
Henry R.H. Hall was the son of Sir Sydney Hall, MVO, MA, a portrait painter and illustrator for The Graphic newspaper, and his wife Hannah Holland. He went to Merchant Taylors' School, London and showed an interest in history and ancient Egypt from an early age. By the age of 11 he wrote a history of Persia, and by 16 he had gained some knowledge of the ancient Egyptian language.
Hall studied classics at St John's College, Oxford, as well as Egyptian history and language under the tutelage of Egyptologist Francis Llewellyn Griffith, gaining a BA in 1895, his MA in 1897 and later his D.Litt in 1920.
Career
In 1896 he started work at the British Museum as an assistant to E. A. Wallis Budge, becoming Assistant Keeper, Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in 1919. On Budge's retirement in 1924, Hall became Keeper of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, a post he held until his death in 1930.
He worked with Édouard Naville and Edward R. Ayrton in the excavations at Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, from 1903–07, and also dug at Abydos with the Egypt Exploration Society expeditions of 1910 and 1925.
During the First World War he was attached to the military section of the press bureau, and in 1916 moved into Intelligence and was later attached to the Political Service in Mesopotamia with the rank of captain. He was twice mentioned in dispatches, and was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire.
Combining in an unusual manner a knowledge of Egyptology and Assyriology in almost equal degrees, he was indefatigable in the service of the joint departments in the British Museum. While in his later years he had not the opportunity to take part in excavating expeditions sent out by the Museum, he was of great assistance in organising the expeditions of Dr. Campbell Thompson at Nineveh and Mr. Guy Brunton in Upper Egypt. He was, despite an initial and boyish brusqueness of manner, a charming colleague and tactful in the division of the spoils of excavation when these had been acquired jointly with other bodies. On the art of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia he was perhaps the pre-eminent authority, and it was one of his first tasks as Keeper to rearrange many of the galleries so as to stress the artistic and historical side of archaeology and less the predominantly religious emphasis which previously existed. Of the collections in the British Museum Hall published a work on the Coptic and Greek texts of the Christian period, one volume of a catalogue of scarabs, and six volumes on the hieroglyphic texts.
Hall's interests were not confined to Egyptology; after the war he directed the British Museum excavations at Ur and Tell Ubaid, in Mesopotamia. He travelled in Greece and western Asia, and published a variety of works on the history of these regions; he even cultivated an interest in Chinese antiquities.
Personal
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Henry Hall
He was a forceful speaker with an encyclopaedic knowledge of his subject, and had great success in presenting archaeological discoveries to the general public. He was a frequent contributor of short articles and communications, submitting more than 100 of these to various academic journals, including the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology and the British Museum Quarterly. He also contributed chapters to Cambridge Ancient History as well as articles for Encyclopædia Britannica and Dictionary of National Biography.
With later art, especially that of the last four centuries, he was well acquainted, collecting Dutch paintings of ships, and presenting to the National Portrait Gallery in the present year a remarkable collection of political and other portrait sketches made by his father. Among other interests outside his main field, he was devoted to the history of the Army and Navy and his acquaintance with the various types of German military buttons was of unexpected national service in the War.
In 1920 Hall was made honorary D.Litt. at Oxford and an honorary Fellow of his college in 1929. He was a Fellow of the British Academy, chairman of the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1922, and a member of Council of both the Hellenic Society and the Royal Asiatic Society.
On returning from an Egyptological seminar in Brussels, Hall caught a cold from which he did not recover, dying of pneumonia in London on 13 October 1930, at the age of 57. His service was at St Mary the Virgin, Primrose Hill, and afterwards at Golders Green Crematorium on 15 October.
Selected bibliography | fa263592-ce51-47f9-9688-230257df7622 |
null | American poet
Susanna Wright (August 4, 1697 – December 1, 1784) was an 18th-century colonial English American poet, pundit, botanist, business owner, and legal scholar who was influential in the political economy of Pennsylvania as one of the Thirteen Colonies and in the formation of the United States.
Early life and family
Wright was born in Warrington in the county of Lancashire, England, on August 4, 1697, to the Quaker businessman John Wright and Patience Gibson. She had two brothers, John Jr. and James, and two younger sisters, Elizabeth and Patience. In 1714, her parents emigrated to Pennsylvania, taking the three youngest children but leaving Wright in England to continue her education. She joined them in 1718. Her mother died four years later. Around 1724, her father began exploring the Conejohela Valley, and he settled his remaining family there a few years later. In 1730, he obtained a patent to operate what became known as Wright's Ferry on the lower Susquehanna River, and in 1738 he built the still extant Wright's Ferry Mansion for his children.
Wright was well-educated, becoming multilingual (besides her native English, she knew Latin, French, and Italian) and displaying the wide-ranging scientific, agricultural, and literary interests typical of Enlightenment culture.
Career
Wright never married and lived in the lower Susquehanna River area for the rest of her life. She managed her father's household after her mother's death in 1722 and, after her father died in 1749, helped to take care of her brother James's family. In the 1740s, Wright moved into a mansion named Bellmont (since demolished), having been bequeathed a life interest in it by one of her father's partners in the ferry venture, Samuel Blunston.
Among other pursuits, she raised hops, hemp, flax, indigo, and silkworms, establishing the first silk industry in Pennsylvania and receiving an award from the Philadelphia Silk Society in 1771. Silk extracted from her several thousand silkworms was dyed locally and then sent to England to be woven into the heavier grades of silk cloth suitable for mantuas, as well as the lighter grades needed for stockings. There is folklore that in the 1770s, Benjamin Franklin took a piece of Wright's cloth to Queen Charlotte of Britain as a gift. Wright wrote an essay on silkworm culture that was published posthumously. She also studied the medicinal uses of herbs and formulated medicines for her neighbors.
Known for her good judgment and integrity, she became a prothonotary or principal clerk of the court, in which capacity she drew up legal documents such as land deeds, indentures, and wills for her less-literate neighbors. She was also called on informally to settle local disputes, especially those involving colonists and Native Americans.
Through letter-writing, Wright cultivated connections among the literary, political, and scientific elites of the eastern seaboard. Her correspondents included the politicians Isaac Norris and James Logan, as well as many writers (see below). Wright's Ferry was well positioned as a stopover point between Philadelphia and the western frontier, and consequently Wright met a number of notable travelers over the years, including Benjamin Franklin and physician Benjamin Rush.
Franklin sought out her help in outfitting the Braddock Expedition of 1753 and in dealing with the Paxton Boys troubles of 1763–1764, and he remained a regular correspondent of hers, sending her such presents as a thermometer from London. When Wright took part in local election campaigns in 1758, one local politician grumbled about her acting "so unbecoming and unfemale a part."
In 1784, just a few months before Wright died, Benjamin Rush wrote in his journal about "the famous Suzey Wright, a lady who has been celebrated above half a century for her wit, good sense and valuable improvements of mind." Wright died on December 1, 1784, at the age of 88, after showing some signs of dementia.
Poetry and punditry
Wright was part of an informal but influential group of mid-Atlantic women and men writers; the female members included the poet and pundit Hannah Griffitts (who considered her a mentor) and Milcah Martha Moore, the writers Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson and Anna Young Smith, and the historian and diarist Deborah Norris Logan. She wrote poetry throughout her life, and many of her known poems were produced in later years. Some 30 of her poems are included in Moore's commonplace book, a compilation of poetry and prose that was published in 1997 under the title Milcah Martha Moore's Book. One of the poems is written to Mary Norris Dickinson. Wright is one of the three dominant female contributors to Moore's commonplace book, along with Griffitts and Fergusson. Contrary to the then-usual practice, Wright did not write under a pseudonym; in Moore's book her poems are attributed either to 'S. Wright' or to 'S.W.' It is uncertain how many poems Wright produced in total, but it is likely that many are now lost. An early 19th-century reminiscence of Wright by the much younger Deborah Norris Logan states that Wright "wrote not for fame, [and] never kept copies" of her work.
Wright's poems range from occasional verses to mystical poetry and meditations on such enduring themes as justice, time, death, immortality, friendship, family, and marriage. In one poem, for example, she calls memory "A Bubble on the Water's Shining Face." Some of her poems could be quite trenchant.
A long poem written for one of her close friends and fellow unmarried women, "To Eliza Norris—at Fairhill," questions the "divine law" used to justify women's inequality, including in marriage. Eliza Norris raised her niece, Mary Norris. Mary Norris in 1770 married Framer of the Constitution John Dickinson in a civil ceremony. A passage reads:
"But womankind call reason to their aid,
And question when or where that law was made,
That law divine (a plausible pretence)
Oft urg'd with none, & oft with little sense." | d104195f-c671-48a8-ad70-d0227e636835 |
null | Village in Bashkortostan, Russia
Utyaganovo (Russian: Утяганово; Bashkir: Үтәгән, Ütägän) is a rural locality (a village) in Tazlarovsky Selsoviet, Burayevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 135 as of 2010. There are five streets.
Geography
Utyaganovo is located 11 km east of Burayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novotazlarovo is the nearest rural locality. | c4cb79e8-5565-4bad-b625-bf044a97547d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilean_Munde"} | Eilean Munde is a small uninhabited island in Loch Leven, close to Ballachulish.
It is the site of a chapel built by St. Fintan Mundus (also known as Saint Fintan Munnu), who travelled here from Iona in the 7th century. The church was burnt in 1495 and rebuilt in the 16th century. The last service in the church was held in July, 1653.
The island is the site of a graveyard once used by the Stewarts of Ballachulish, the MacDonalds of Glencoe and the Camerons of Callart. The clans shared the island and the maintenance of the graveyard, even when there was conflict between them. The last burial took place in 1972, of Mrs Christina MacDonald Sharpe, a native of Glencoe.
Eilean a' Chomhraidh
Near Eilean Munde (or Mhunna) is a smaller island, Eilean a' Chomhraidh (Eilean na Comhairle) or the Isle of Discussion. This was the meeting-place of those persons who had disputes with their neighbours on the land question, and perhaps on other matters besides. When their disputes had been settled satisfactorily the erstwhile disputants sailed up the loch to Eilean na Bainne (about one-and-a-quarter miles west of Kinlochleven). This is the Isle of Covenant or Ratification; here the agreements were drawn up and sealed. Eilean na Bainne is spelled Ylen na Ban in Timothy Pont's map of the area.
Visit by Robert Forbes
On July 6, 1770, Bishop Robert Forbes sailed up Loch Leven. He records:
We likewise come in view of the Island of St. Munde, who was Abbot and Confessor in Argyll ... Upon this island is the ruin of a little chapel, all the four walls of which are still entire, dedicated to the same St. Munde. Though the island has little depth of earth, being rocky, the MacDonalds and Camerons still bury there
In a letter to Mr. Stewart of Ballachulish, dated Leith, Nov. 15, 1770, after giving the history of the saint, as in the text, he proceeds:
As the walls of his chapel with you are still standing, and appear to be entire, I would heartily wish that those who still bury on the island would put a roof upon the chapel. Surely they could do it at a small charge, as there is plenty of wood in the country, and that your slate quarry is at hand. In this case I could have worship in it when God may be pleased to favour me with a return to the delightful Bottom of Ballachelish. I would gladly contribute my mite for patching the walls of the chapel and putting on the roof. | ca9ea7a8-2f17-490c-89ef-09fd42ca3677 |
null | Australian rules football umpire
Australian rules footballer
Leigh Haussen is an Australian rules football umpire currently officiating in the Australian Football League.
He made his senior South Australian National Football League umpiring debut in 2010 and went on to umpire over 160 SANFL games, including the 2010, '11, '12, '13, '15, and '16 Grand Finals. He was on the AFL umpiring rookie list from at least 2012 to 2014, officiating his first game, substituted on as an emergency umpire for Scott Jeffery, in 2014. He was not AFL-listed in 2015, before returning to the rookie list in 2016. In 2017, he was added to the senior umpiring list following Jordan Bannister's retirement, and made his debut as a non-emergency umpire that year, umpiring 11 matches that season. | d657e30b-ac5a-4bf2-954e-a677f19662ad |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Grand_Prix_(snooker)"} | Snooker tournament
The 2009 Grand Prix was a professional ranking tournament that took place between 3–11 October 2009 at the Kelvin Hall in Glasgow, Scotland.
Neil Robertson won in the final 9–4 against Ding Junhui.
Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:
Main draw
The draw for round one was made on the evening of 24 September 2009 at Pontins in Prestatyn and was streamed live by 110sport.com. The draw from round two up to and including the semi-finals was made on a random basis.
The order of play and table numbers for all matches up to the semi-finals was determined once the draw for that round was made and published by the Tournament Director.
All matches up to and including the quarter-finals were best of 9 frames, the semi-finals were best of 11 frames and the final was the best of 17 frames. (Seedings in parentheses, all times are BST.)
Last 32
Last 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Qualifying
These matches took place from 21 to 24 September 2009 at Pontins in Prestatyn, Wales.
Century breaks
Televised stage centuries
Qualifying stage centuries | d0ab34b6-e091-440c-ba63-d35cee19ce0b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Ladies"} | 1925 film
Pretty Ladies is a 1925 American silent comedy drama film starring ZaSu Pitts and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film is a fictional recreation of the famed Ziegfeld Follies. Directed by Monta Bell, the film was written by Alice D. G. Miller and featured intertitles by Joseph Farnham. Pretty Ladies originally featured musical color sequences, some in two-color Technicolor. However, the color sequences are now considered lost.
Plot
As described in a film magazine reviews, Maggie, a homely but lovable musical comedy star yearns for love, a home, and children. She marries Al Cassidy, a happy-go-lucky fellow. Her happiness is complete at the birth of a baby. Her husband leaves on business and gets into trouble with another woman. A friend of Maggie’s informs her of this. When her husband begins to confess, she seals his lips, declaring everything untrue and foolish.
Cast
Production
The film was set in New York City shot at MGM Studios in Culver City, California. The film's sets were designed by the art directors James Basevi and Cedric Gibbons.
Pretty Ladies marked the first credited appearance of "Lucille Le Sueur", soon to be known as Joan Crawford. According to Lawrence J. Quirk, author of The Films of Joan Crawford, this film was the only time Crawford was credited by her real name (Crawford is also billed as LeSueur in the 1925 promotional film MGM Studio Tour). It was also one of the first screen appearances of Myrna Loy (then still performing under her real last name Williams), who signed a seven-year contract with Warner Bros. in 1925 and then finally signed with MGM where she became a star in 1934 with the release of The Thin Man. | bef5166a-574f-455f-869d-48db5c6b3885 |
null | Reduction of summands is an algorithm for fast binary multiplication of non-signed binary integers. It is performed in three steps: production of summands, reduction of summands, and summation.
Steps
Production of summands
In binary multiplication, each row of the summands will be either zero or one of the numbers to be multiplied. Consider the following:
The second and fourth row of the summands are equivalent to the first term. Production of the summands requires a simple AND gate for each summand. Given enough AND gates, the time to produce the summands will be one cycle of the arithmetic logic unit.
Reduction of summands
The summands are reduced using a common 1-bit full adder that accepts two 1-bit terms and a carry-in bit. It produces a sum and a carry-out. The full adders are arranged such that the sum remains in the same column of summands, but the carry-out is shifted left. In each round of reduction, three bits in a single column are used as the two terms and carry-in for the full adder, producing a single sum bit for the column. This reduces the bits in the column by a factor of 3. However, the column to the right will shift over carry-out bits, increasing the bits in the column by a third of the number of rows of summands. At worst, the reduction will be 2/3 the number of rows per round of reduction.
The following shows how the first round of reduction is performed. Note that all "empty" positions of the summands are considered to be zero (a . is used here as indicator of the "assumed zero values"). In each row, the top three bits are the three inputs to the full adder (two terms and carry-in). The sum is placed in the top bit of the column. The carry-out is placed in the second row of the column to the left. The bottom bit is a single feed into an adder. The sum of this adder is placed in the third row of the column. Carry-out is ignored as it will always be zero, but by design it would be placed in the fourth row of the column to the left. For design, it is important to note that rows 1, 3, 5, ... (counting from the top) are filled with sums from the column itself. Rows 2, 4, 6, ... are filled with carry-out values from the column to the right.
Reduction is performed again in exactly the same way. This time, only the top three rows of summands are of interest because all other summands must be zero.
When there are only two significant rows of summands, the reduction cycles end. A basic full adder normally requires three cycles of the arithmetic logic unit. Therefore, each cycle of reduction is commonly 3 cycles long.
Summation
When there are only two rows of summands remaining, they are added using a fast adder. There are many designs of fast adders, any of which may be used to complete this algorithm.
Calculation time
The calculation time for the reduction of summands algorithm is: T = 1Δt + r3Δt + FA (where r is the number of reduction cycles and FA is the time for the fast adder at the end of the algorithm). | aa029cf3-b571-42bd-b769-dab155243d08 |
null | Genus of moths
Cundinamarca is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. | e2b1a64d-ff2f-4fdd-a953-6129853f40b3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_for_Your_Life_(Patterson_and_Ledwidge_novel)"} | Run for Your Life, published in 2009, is the second novel in the Michael Bennett series by the American authors James Patterson and Michael Ledwidge. The novel debuted on the New York Times Best-Seller list at number 2 on February 20, 2009.
Critical reception
James Mitchell of Tonight said that, while he liked the novel, it was "somewhat predictable towards the end". | 62ecdfe9-0de7-4165-b452-a4d19534044f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teal_(disambiguation)"} | Look up teal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Teal is a blue-green color.
Teal or TEAL may also refer to:
Ducks
Aircraft
Places
Politics
Ships
Sports
Other uses | d9477851-d4ae-4f7c-9c60-eafecca8f92c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinazepam"} | Chemical compound
Pinazepam (marketed under the brand name Domar and Duna) is a benzodiazepine drug. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
Pinazepam and its metabolite N-desmethyldiazepam are transferred to the developing fetus in utero, but the plasma drug level in the mother is usually significantly higher than in the fetus.
Pinazepam differs from other benzodiazepines in that it has a propargyl group at the N-1 position of the benzodiazepine structure. It is less toxic than diazepam and in animal studies it appears to produce anxiolytic and anti-agitation properties with limited hypnotic and motor coordination impairing properties. Pinazepam is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. The main active metabolites of pinazepam are depropargylpinazepam (N-desmethyldiazepam, nordazepam) and oxazepam. In humans pinazepam acts as a pure anxiolytic agent in that it does not possess to any significant degree the other pharmacological characteristics of benzodiazepines. Its lack of intellectual, motor and hypnotic impairing effects makes it more appropriate than other benzodiazepines for day time use. The elimination half-life is longer in the elderly. | 43f34d8d-ffc7-45e5-8b11-cb573d3627de |
null | John Ashton may refer to:
Entertainment
Other | 7b23bdfa-1dbd-4343-88f1-4aa688d56c3b |
null | Serbian national and educational worker, writer and head of State Statistics
Zarija R. Popović (Gjilan, 5 February 1856 - Belgrade, August 1934) was a Serbian national and educational worker, writer and head of State Statistics.
In 1870, Popović entered the oldest educational institution in the Belgrade the Saint Sava Seminary, founded in 1808 by the then minister of education Dositej Obradović. He was an excellent theology student, the first among his peers, and in the last year, he has ordained as a celibate priest by Metropolitan Mihailo, who recognized Zarija's natural acuity and intelligence for the teaching profession.
He first taught in his home town of Gjilan from 1874 to 1878 when he welcomed the victorious Serbian army. After the armed forces left Giljan, Popović went with the Serbian army to quell the attacks on the Serbs during the Serbian-Ottoman War in Vranje, where he remained as a teacher, and then as an administrative clerk at the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Vranje. He was later twice appointed bishop by the Serbian Orthodox Church, to the Metropolitanate of Skopje and the Diocese of Prizren, but both times refused to accept the challenge, preferring to continue teaching instead.
In 1887, he was transferred to Belgrade and the Ministry of Education and the Public Relations Department for Education in Old Serbia and Macedonia. Two years later, when the department was added to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Zarija Popović started working at the Светосавсокој вечерњој школи/Svetosavsokoj večernjoj školi, the Saint Sava Evening School until 1912.
Popović wrote several interesting books recalling his time in Old Serbia.
Works | 926e6c27-2c1f-4689-9b64-5ae045f2dfba |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Hall,_London"} | Intercollegiate hall of residence of the University of London
Connaught Hall is a fully catered hall of residence owned by the University of London and situated on Tavistock Square, Bloomsbury, London, UK. It is an intercollegiate hall, and as such provides accommodation for full-time students at constituent colleges and institutions of the University of London, including King's College, University College London (UCL), Queen Mary, the London School of Economics (LSE) and the School of Oriental and African Studies and others.
History
Connaught Hall was established in 1919 by Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn — the third son of Queen Victoria — at 18 Torrington Square, London as a men-only private hall of residence; the Hall was intended as a memorial to the Duchess of Connaught who died in 1917. The Duke gave the Hall to the University of London in 1928. It was not until 1961 that Connaught Hall moved out of Torrington Square to its present location in Tavistock Square: a converted Georgian terrace with a Grade II listed façade. Connaught Hall accommodated only men until 2001, when it was changed to a mixed sex hall as part of a major review of the intercollegiate halls of residence.
Student population
For over 90 years, Connaught Hall accommodated only male students; female students were admitted for the first time in September 2001 as part of a wider review of the intercollegiate halls. Now one of eight University of London intercollegiate halls of residence, Connaught Hall accommodates 214 full-time students of the various colleges and institutes of the University; there is an even mix of men and women, and a diverse range of cultural and social backgrounds. The number of students from each college who are accommodated at Connaught Hall is determined from time to time by the Intercollegiate Accommodation Committee of the University of London, in negotiation with the accommodation offices of the individual colleges. The majority of residents are first-year undergraduates ("freshers"), and most will only ever spend one year in a hall of residence: around 10% are allowed to return for a second year at the Warden's discretion; these will usually be either students with special circumstances or those who have made an outstanding contribution to the Hall community. Approximately 10% of residents are postgraduates, and about a third are overseas students.
Accommodation and facilities
Most accommodation is in single study-bedrooms (204 single rooms), but there are five twin rooms for students who prefer to share; every room has a washbasin, but toilet and shower facilities are all shared (20–25 students sharing one bathroom, each with three showers & two or three toilet stalls). There are two television/common rooms, music room with a piano, restaurant, card-operated laundrette, secure bike store, courtyard garden and a study room. There is one vending machine for soft drinks, and a small pantry/kitchen on each floor, equipped with a refrigerator and microwave. The reception desk is open 24 hours a day; photocopying and fax services are available from reception for a fee.
Residents are provided with a bedding pack (pillows, pillowcases, duvet, duvet cover, and sheets) at the start of the academic year at a fee. It is residents' own responsibility to launder their bed linen. The students' rooms are cleaned by housekeepers once a fortnight. Communal areas are cleaned every day.
Connaught Hall is a fully catered hall of residence. Breakfast is served Monday-Friday, brunch on Saturdays and Sundays; dinner is served at 6pm daily.
Staff
Each of the intercollegiate halls of residence is managed by a Hall Manager. Every hall also has a Warden and a number of student Resident Advisors. The Hall Managers and their staff work full-time during office hours; whereas the Wardens and Resident Advisors are part-time staff and volunteers who are either studying or working in academic or academic-related roles elsewhere in the University of London.
Management staff
The Hall Manager has overall management responsibility for the Hall's buildings, furnishings, and finances, and is responsible for the provision of catering, maintenance, telephone, Internet, housekeeping, and reception services. They also look after the Hall's commercial activities, including conferences, bed & breakfast, and group bookings.
Accommodation matters (such as room allocations and waiting lists) are centralised at the Intercollegiate Halls Accommodation Bureau. The collection of accommodation fees is centralised to the finance office.
Wardenial staff
The Warden is a part-time member of staff resident within the Hall, responsible for welfare and pastoral care, discipline and conflict resolution, community and social life, the Residents' Club and Hall bar, out-of-hours emergencies, and student re-admissions. The Warden is usually a senior member of academic or academically-related staff elsewhere within the University of London. The current Warden (since 2009) is Dr Adrian Clark, a specialist emergency physician within one of the University's teaching hospitals. Five student Resident Advisors – usually postgraduates or mature students – assist the Warden.
Students in Hall are often living away from home for the first time. They can encounter problems with loneliness, social isolation, bullying, conflicts related to religion or sexuality, depression, eating disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, self-harm and suicidal thoughts, as well as antisocial behaviour, noisy neighbours, theft, and damage to property. The Warden is available to offer front-line advice and support for students wrestling with problems such as these. The Warden also organises and oversees social events in the Hall and acts as a leader of the student community to help bind the resident population together.
The Warden (as Clerk to the Club & Senior Treasurer) supervises the elected Residents’ Club Committee, which runs the Hall bar (which has been closed since the Covid-19 pandemic) and common rooms, and organises various social and sporting events throughout the year. The Warden is also a member of the Facilities Committee, which considers catering, security, housekeeping, health promotion, and general safety issues in Hall.
The Warden and Resident Advisors are all trained as fire marshals; most also have “first aid appointed person” training. There is a Duty Resident Advisor on call at nights and weekends to deal with any emergencies while the Bursar's Office is closed.
Restructuring
The 1990s saw a decline in the number of University-employed staff in the Halls of residence, as contractors were engaged to provide most services such as cooking, cleaning, and maintenance. Since the early 2000s, the University of London has gradually centralised the management of the intercollegiate halls of residence. The number of Bursars has reduced from eight – one in every hall – to only two since 2010. In 2007, the contracts for all security, maintenance, catering, and housekeeping were taken away from individual hall Bursars to the management of a single contract manager based at Senate House (University of London).
Until July 2009, Connaught Hall had a Warden, a Vice-Warden (who was the Warden's deputy, served as the Senior Treasurer to the Residents' Club, and chaired the Facilities Committee), and four Senior Members. A costs and efficiency review of the student support structure in the intercollegiate halls lead to the abolition of the Vice-Warden post and an increase in the number of Senior Members. This was also the review that lead to accommodation matters being centralised to the Intercollegiate Halls Accommodation Bureau.
In May 2011, the University of London proposed to abolish all Warden and Vice-Warden posts across the intercollegiate halls of residence, leaving the Bursars in charge of student welfare, discipline, and social life in addition to their existing maintenance and administrative duties. An outcry from students in the Halls caused the proposal to be suspended, pending a further consultation due to commence in December 2011.
In the summer of 2012, the post of Bursar was abolished and another major restructuring of the management of the intercollegiate halls took place.
Residents' Club Committee
The Residents’ Club Committee is made up of five elected Hall residents.
The Warden (as Clerk to the Club & Senior Treasurer) and appointed Bar Manager also sit on the Committee.
The Residents' Club Committee is elected in October every year. Residents who want to stand for election need the support of two other residents to secure a nomination; after a short campaigning period, there a hustings is held in the Restaurant, where all the candidates are given five minutes to address the residents. Voting is by secret ballot immediately after the speeches. The Warden acts as Returning Officer, organising the elections and supervising the count, and then continues to oversee the Committee's activities and financial management during the year.
The Committee runs the Hall bar and organises various social and sporting functions during the year, funded by the subscriptions which all residents pay; this income is also used to provide newspapers and magazines for residents' use. The elected members of the Committee can also help represent residents' concerns and suggestions to members of staff.
It has become traditional for the Residents' Club Committee to organise certain events every year:
Each Committee also finds its own special events or regular activities to organise; recent examples include football competitions, salsa classes, yoga, pool & table tennis tournaments, and coach trips to Paris and Amsterdam.
Sources
Coordinates: 51°31′28″N 0°07′47″W / 51.52458°N 0.12975°W / 51.52458; -0.12975 | 20952c65-6c9f-4e1a-97a6-9661ab58bbc1 |
null | Brazilian footballer
Gabriel Davi Gomes Sara (born 26 June 1999), simply known as Gabriel Sara, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Norwich City as an attacking midfielder.
Club career
São Paulo
Sara made his debut for São Paulo on 3 December 2017, in a 1-1 draw with Bahia, for the Brazilian Championship.
The midfielder leaves São Paulo where he made 114 games and 17 goals with the tricolor shirt.
Norwich
On 15 July 2022, EFL Championship club Norwich City agreed a £6 million transfer fee plus add-ons with São Paulo for Sara, with the player committing to a contract until 2026. Sara made his debut for Norwich on 6th August 2022, coming on as a substitute for the injured Max Aarons in a 1-1 draw with Wigan Athletic. Sara scored his first goal for Norwich in a 3-2 loss to Preston North End, and scored again three weeks later in a 3-1 win against Stoke City at Carrow Road.
Career statistics
As of 6 March 2022
Honours
São Paulo | ebf44c00-510b-4a47-bb64-a9a24ecd1aec |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani_Yudhoyono"} | First Lady of Indonesia
Kristiani Herrawati Yudhoyono (6 July 1952 – 1 June 2019), more commonly known as Ani Yudhoyono, was an Indonesian political scientist, who was the wife of former Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and First Lady of Indonesia from 2004 until 2014.
Family and education
Kristiani Herrawati was born on 6 July 1952 in Yogyakarta, to Lt. Gen. (ret.) Sarwo Edhie Wibowo and Sunarti Sri Hadiyah. She was the third child of seven siblings.
In 1973, she became a medical student at the Christian University of Indonesia, but in the third year she followed her father who was appointed an ambassador to South Korea. She subsequently married Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) in 1976. Ani later continued studying at Terbuka University and graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science in 1998.
Career
Yudhoyono's political activities included her appointment as vice chairman of the Democratic Party. She campaigned for the successful election of her husband for President of the Republic of Indonesia in 2004. Prior to this, she was active in various women's social organizations during SBY's term as minister under Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Soekarnoputri.
Following her husband's election to the presidency, she organised polio immunisation campaigns and Mobil Pintar (Smart Cars), where vans are filled with books for children to read. In 2013, it surfaced that Australian intelligence had been tapping her mobile phone as part of a row between Indonesia and Australia. Also in December that year, she was mentioned in a WikiLeaks diplomatic cable, which accused her of actively influencing her husband on political affairs.
In 2007, a rare Papuan butterfly species was named after her. She was presented with a specimen of the butterfly Delias kristianiae which she donated to a museum.
Personal life
Yudhoyono was a gardening enthusiast with a particular fondness for orchids, and as part of diplomatic tradition, an orchid variety in Singapore is named after her. On her 61st birthday, she launched two books on the botanic collection at the Cipanas Palace and multiple Indonesian Botanical Gardens, in which some of her photographs were included.
Yudhoyono was an avid photographer. Most of her photography works were posted on her Instagram account, which has attracted more than 6.4 million followers at the time of her death in June 2019.
Death
Yudhoyono died of leukemia on the morning of 1 June 2019, after undergoing treatment for nearly four months in the National University Hospital, Singapore at the age of 66.
Her remains were flown from Paya Lebar Air Base, Singapore to Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport, East Jakarta on the same evening. Funeral prayers were held at her private home in Cikeas, West Java, the following day, before burial at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery in South Jakarta that afternoon. | 0114d39c-79d2-46e1-b1ee-1849f4526e1b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Marguerite"} | France international rugby league footballer
Gavin Marguerite (born 12 August 1995) is a French professional rugby league footballer who plays as a centre and winger for the Villeneuve Leopards in the Elite One Championship
He previously played for Toulouse Olympique in the Betfred Championship and the Catalans Dragons in the Super League.
He has exceptional pace and scored two tries in the clubs return to the English Leagues against Batley Bulldogs in 2017.
Playing career
Catalans Dragons
After leaving Toulouse at the end of 2019, he signed for Super League side Catalans Dragons ahead of the 2020 season.
Ottawa Aces
On 15 Aug 2020 it was reported that he had signed for Ottawa Aces in the RFL League 1 , however COVID-19 delayed their entry into League 1 until 2022.
Villeneuve XIII RLLG
On 19 Nov 2020 it was reported that he had signed for Villeneuve XIII RLLG in the Elite One Championship due to the Ottawa Aces situation.
International
He was selected in France 9s squad for the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s. | 06e85c8b-ebb3-41a4-a335-c8f8f8c3cdf8 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Norfolk"} | Human settlement in England
Denton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. Denton is located 3.8 miles north-east of Harleston and 13 miles south of Norwich.
It is a very active community as can be seen on its Website - see link in box on right.
History
Denton's name is of Anglo-Saxon origin and derives from the Old English for an enclosed farmstead or settlement in a valley.
In the Domesday Book, Denton is listed as a settlement of 49 households in the hundred of Earsham. In 1086, the village was divided between the estates of King William I and Eudo, son of Spirewic.
The village boundaries include the remaining earthworks of Denton Castle which was likely built in 1088 by William d'Albini and subsequently abandoned in 1254. Today, the castle is a scheduled monument and in the ownership of the National Trust.
Geography
According to the 2011 Census, Denton has a population of 326 residents living in 149 households.
Denton falls within the constituency of South Norfolk and is represented at Parliament by Richard Bacon MP of the Conservative Party.
St. Mary's Church
Denton's parish church is of Norman origin and dedicated to Saint Mary. The church tower holds evidence of three major rebuilding efforts, the most notable in the Eighteenth Century in the Tudor Perpendicular Style. The stained glass dates back to the Medieval period, with some examples installed by Le Grys Manfylde in the mid-Sixteenth Century.
Village Life
Despite its small population, Denton has an extremely active community and even won the 2008 Pride in Norfolk Award for a village under 500 people in population. The village went on to win the 2009 Calor Village of the Year Competition.
War Memorial
Denton war memorial takes the form of a carved marble plaque inside St. Mary's Church. It lists the following names for the First World War:
And, the following for the Second World War: | b93d3cfe-1263-49ff-9958-5dcf824f89d4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China"} | Place in People's Republic of China
North China, or Huabei (simplified Chinese: 华北; traditional Chinese: 華北; pinyin: Huáběi; lit. 'Huaxia-north') is a geographical region of China, consisting of the provinces of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. Part of the larger region of Northern China (Beifang), it lies north of the Qinling–Huaihe Line, with its heartland in the North China Plain.
In modern times, the area has shifted in terms of socio-political and economic composition. Nowadays unique, embracing a North Chinese culture, it is influenced by Marxism, Soviet systems of industry while preserving a traditional Chinese indigenous culture. Agriculturally, the region cultivates wheat.
Most inhabitants here speak variants of Northern Chinese languages such as Mandarin, which includes Beijing dialect and its cousin variants. The Beijing dialect is largely the basis of Standard Chinese (or Standard Mandarin), the official language of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Jin Chinese and Mongolian are also widely spoken due to the political and cultural history of the area.
History
In prehistory, the region was home to the Yangshao and Longshan cultures. Peking man was found near modern-day Beijing.
The main agricultural lands of China lay in the area known as the Central Plain, an area located bordered by the Yangtze river to its south and the Yellow River to its north. Further north of the Yellow River lies the Gobi desert and steppe lands that extend west across Eurasia. This region has long, harsh winters and suffers from water scarcity. Despite these challenges, some forms of agriculture have been successful in this region, especially animal husbandry, certainly of horse and camel, and possibly other types of animals. The crops Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica, both types of millet grain, are believed to be indigenous to northern China. Panicum miliaceum is known from the Cishan culture in Hebei province, recovered as phytoliths from pits in stratigraphic sections. Sediments from the pits have radiocarbon dates from 8500 to 7500 BCE. Archaeological evidence of charred grains found in early Holocene layers in Hebei province at Nanzhuangtou and Cishan has led scholars to revise the earliest dates associated with millet by about two millennia. Millet sites are concentrated along the boundaries of the Loess and Mongolian Plateau, separated by a mountain chain from the Huabei plain and the Dongbei plain, North China's main alluvial plains, located to the west. Millet cultivation was similarly situated relative to the Qinling mountains at Dadiwan, and the Yitai mountains at Yuezhuang. Macrofossil evidence (charred grains of foxtail and broomcorn millet) has been recovered from Xinglonggou in Inner Mongolia, Xinle in Liaoning, Cishan in Hebei, and Dadiwan in Gansu, among other sites in Eastern and Central China.
Administrative divisions in the PRC
Cities with urban area over one million in population
Provincial capitals in bold. | bfff7b5c-e541-4d8e-85d7-9f8742b8deb3 |
null | Charles Gould (4 June 1834 – 15 April 1893) was the first Geological Surveyor of Tasmania 1859–69.
Career
He was born in England He conducted three expeditions into Western Tasmania in the 1860s.
He named many of the mountains on the West Coast Range.
He also worked as a consultant geologist and land surveyor in Tasmania, the Bass Strait Islands and in New South Wales. He left Australia in late 1873 and died 20 years later, in Montevideo, Uruguay.
His father was the ornithologist John Gould and his mother was the natural history illustrator Elizabeth Gould (née Coxen).
Charles Gould was a member of the Royal Society of Tasmania and an amateur naturalist as well as geologist. He published observations of the distribution, diet and habits of the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish in 1870. The species was named Astacopsis gouldi in honour of him by Australian freshwater crayfish ecologist Ellen Clark in 1936.
Cryptozoology
Gould was the author of the book Mythical Monsters (1886) considered an early work on cryptozoology. Prior to this, Gould published in the Papers and Proceedings of Royal Society of Tasmania on the possibility Australian mythical creature the "bunyip" was a freshwater seal.
Publications | b655e056-69c4-4c64-b263-8741a77ed2a1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashruiyeh"} | Village in Kerman, Iran
Bashruiyeh (Persian: بشروئيه, also Romanized as Bashrū’īyeh and Beshrūyeh) is a village in Dasht-e Khak Rural District, in the Central District of Zarand County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 154, in 36 families. | 71d3dc25-cc76-4ba1-a01b-a2dd12027855 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathijs_Paasschens"} | Dutch cyclist
Mathijs Paasschens (born 18 March 1996 in Rotterdam) is a Dutch cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB.
Major results
2018
2nd Grand Prix Albert Fauville
3rd Grand Prix des Marbriers
4th Paris–Tours Espoirs
5th Flèche Ardennaise
6th Memorial Philippe Van Coningsloo
2019
1st
Overall Kreiz Breizh Elites
1st
Points classification
1st Stage 2
6th Paris–Camembert
9th Volta Limburg Classic
2021
10th Paris–Troyes
2022
7th Overall Tour of Britain
1st
Mountain classification | ecaa4f4a-f65a-4581-8d2d-00c7b7fb0087 |
null | Latvian curler
Zanda Bikše is a Latvian curler.
She was lead for the Latvian team at the 2010 Ford World Women's Curling Championship in Swift Current, Canada. She also represented Latvia at the 2013 World Women's Curling Championship at home in Riga, Latvia, finishing in last place with a 1–10 record. | 9b9c1b6e-dccb-4599-a966-9b40f5b20d1e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribeira_Brava,_Madeira"} | Municipality in Madeira, Portugal
Ribeira Brava (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʁiˈβɐjɾɐ ˈβɾavɐ] (
listen)) is a municipality on the island of Madeira, in the Portuguese Autonomous Region of Madeira. It is located along the southern coast (approximately centre), and is west of Câmara de Lobos and the regional capital Funchal, south of São Vicente, and east of Ponta do Sol. The population in 2011 was 13,375, in an area of 65.41 km2.
The municipality gained its name due to its river - Ribeira Brava, which translates as 'the angry river'. In rainy seasons, the river had an extremely strong and powerful current, that often wreaked havoc over the entire eight kilometres of the route.
Geography
The municipality's namesake, the Ribeira Brava ravine and river valley extends from the slopes of the west-central mountains of Madeira. Its waters provide the primary sources of drinking-water (a small reservoir collects surface run-off) to the area and electricity to the island of Madeira. Approximately ten tributaries feed this river, whose course ends in the Serra de Água and which much later empties into the Atlantic along the village's coast.
The primary urban agglomerations are the five civil parishes, constituted with their own local government. They include:
Buildings and structures
The Centro Desportivo da Madeira stadium is located in the municipality.
Notable people
Gallery | c240f5be-22dc-4bef-b13b-c75ab33d051d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_neobosseri"} | Species of flowering plant
Euphorbia neobosseri is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euphorbia neobosseri. | 8db05275-566c-4e05-8bfb-d0e90a78111d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_airlines_in_South_America"} | This is a list of largest airlines active in South America (beyond 100 thousand passengers/year). It is ranked by number of carried passengers.
By passengers carried (millions)
Notes
Information was updated on May, 2022
Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay have no airline relevant to the South America market. Venezuela's information is not available | ff4bf0c3-8aa5-49c6-a514-6c9db0efcdd5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juma_Khan_Dobal"} | Village in Sindh Province, Pakistan
Juma Khan Dobal(Urdu: جمعہ خان ڈوبل), is a village in Kandiaro Taluka of Naushahro Feroze District, Sindh, Pakistan. | 44f76592-fe60-412a-ae64-81c3951d8165 |
null | 2017 American film
Badsville is a 2017 American-Canadian action drama film directed by April Mullen and starring Robert Knepper and Emilio Rivera.
Cast
Production
According to the Niagara Falls Review, Mullen expressed interest in directing the film after David Phillips showed her the script.
The film was shot in Southern California.
On November 3, 2016, it was announced that Epic Pictures acquired the distribution rights to Badsville.
Reception
Gary MacDonald of The Globe and Mail wrote "Badsville's an ugly place, but the acting/directing chops in this indie film brighten it considerably".
Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times said, "Forget the cheapo title, Badsville is a powerful, deeply felt crime drama about letting go of the past and getting out of Dodge - before it's too late". | 02805831-d711-4322-9f03-b3cc2dee6aed |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthoscelides_margaretae"} | Species of beetle
Acanthoscelides margaretae, the a. margaretae or near, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America. | 548507e5-914f-4403-b49b-f4fdecb8d4fc |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games"} | Sporting event delegation
Jersey competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in the Gold Coast, Australia from April 4 to April 15, 2018.
The team from Jersey consisted of 33 athletes competing in eight sports.
Cyclist Daniel Halksworth was the country's flag bearer during the opening ceremony.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.
Athletics
Jersey participated with 3 athletes (3 men).
Men
Track & road events
Field events
Badminton
Jersey participated with four athletes (two men and two women)
Singles
Doubles
Cycling
Jersey participated with 6 athletes (4 men and 2 women).
Road
Men
Women
Mountain bike
Gymnastics
Artistic
Jersey participated with 3 athletes (1 man and 2 woman).
Men
Individual Qualification
Individual Finals
Women
Individual Qualification
Individual Finals
Lawn bowls
Jersey is scheduled to compete in the lawn bowls competition.
Men
Women
Shooting
Jersey participated with 6 athletes (4 men and 2 women).
Men
Women
Open
Swimming
Jersey participated with 2 athletes (1 man and 1 woman).
Men
Women
Triathlon
Jersey participated with 1 athlete (1 man).
Individual | fcc44c50-d8ce-4fda-9838-504c21a6ea50 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phan_Caron"} | French swimmer
Stéphan Caron (sometimes spelled Stéphane Caron, born 1 July 1966 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime) is a former freestyle swimmer from France.
Caron won the bronze medal in the men's 100 m freestyle at the Summer Olympics twice in a row, starting in 1988. In 1985, he won the European title in the 100 m freestyle. | e7a0e0d9-4138-4c5f-ba9b-701246f3c919 |
null | 1800s temperance movement against prostitution
The social purity movement was a late 19th-century social movement that sought to abolish prostitution and other sexual activities that were considered immoral according to Christian morality. The movement was active in English-speaking nations from the late 1860s to about 1910, exerting an important influence on the contemporaneous feminist, eugenics, and birth control movements.
The roots of the social purity movement lay in early 19th-century moral reform movements, such as radical utopianism, abolitionism, and the temperance movement. In the late 19th century, "social" was a euphemism for "sexual"; the movement first formed in opposition to the legalization and regulation of prostitution, and quickly spread to other sex-related issues such as raising the age of consent, sexually segregating prisons, opposing contraception, preventing white slavery, and censoring pornography.
Influences
The rapid changing in American society was evident in temperance, women's rights, evangelical revivalists, and workers rights movements. Born out of a few debatable movements was the “Social Purity Movement” that has left a lasting legacy on sexual ethics and female bodily autonomy in the United States. Although this movement was mainly focused on the specific task of eliminating prostitution, its advocates had varying agendas and the results of this movement were skewed from the original task. Evangelism and a general moral panic around venereal diseases fueled the movement into gaining widespread support across the American public, including the support of some feminists and conservatives alike. Leading up to the social purity movement, the prevalence of prostitution was growing and conversations were being had around legalizing prostitution and regulating its commerce. With the focus being on white women, even more specifically newly immigrated Eastern European white women, it was crucial that the popularity of prostitution be diminished to preserve the purity of white women (hence social purity). Prostitution was never legalized, yet the social purity movement had already begun and was breaking ground in other avenues to dampen prostitution and other products of lust.
Social purity as a movement took roots in the mid 1800s in England and was prominently lead by an evangelical woman Jane Ellice Hopkins. She spent her early childhood and early adulthood on the east coast of America, however her transformative social work began in the United Kingdom. Hopkins was responsible for a multitude of organised support groups for the movement and became successful in her appeal to male involvement in ways that other social puritists were not. Her deep dedication to the church not only gave her helpful connections in the spreading of this movement in Europe, but also gave her a characteristic drive and passion for this work. She was able to make changes in very practical ways, such as raising the legal age of consent for women to 16, and in individual moral ways, such as asking "good" Christian men to pledge themselves to respecting women and dismantling hypocrisy in sexual standards. Her work set a precedence for what was to be done in the United States. There was a gray area in this movement where feminists, eugenicists, and social purists could agree. Feminists were concerned about the sexual exploitation of women as an act of violence against them and eugenicists were concerned with the preservation of the ‘fittest’ citizens, needing white female chastity to achieve these aspirations. There was some intersection of goals with the social purists in this sense, and they inevitably influenced one another. Religion, feminism, and eugenicists found common ground in the control and/or protection of women's bodies as something sacred and necessary, but only white women's bodies were included in this protection.
The Mann Act (White Slave Traffic Act)
The Social Purity Movement came to fruition under the White Slave Traffic Act passed in 1910, otherwise known as the Mann Act, named after politician James Mann. This Act originally intended to restrict the transportation of women by men across state lines for the purpose of ‘prostitution or debauchery’ but was later amended to include 'any other immoral purpose', which was interpreted in wildly different ways. The Mann Act was made possible through the use of regulating foreign commerce which could have its own philosophical discussion regarding the agency of women in the early 1900s. Under the revised Act under Section 3, it was stated that any man transporting a woman across state borders "with the intent and purpose of such person that such woman or girl shall engage in the practice of prostitution or debauchery, or any other immoral practice, whether with or without her consent...shall be deemed guilty of a felony."
The calling to action of the public came in the form of newspaper articles featuring "white slave narratives" that revealed the tragic, and "common", situation that women who left home found themselves in. Historians have referred to this as a part of a 'moral panic' that was sweeping across the United States during the Progressive Era, as activists and organizations were popping up in all different sections of American life demanding the government intervention on spreading corruption. These white slave narratives re-enforced assumptions that male sexuality was virtually uncontrollable, to the point of coercing and kidnapping them into prostitution, and yet women were also helpless to this coercion. The level to which some women were choosing prostitution versus those who were forced into it is unclear, but the numbers that were estimated are overestimated enough to lead scholars to believe much of this panic was ill-informed. It also cannot be ignored that 'white slavery' makes a direct link to the previous system of 'chattel slavery', and the similarities or differences between these systems should be considered relevant to the movement. | feb56479-e7b0-4443-8514-1458949a2620 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%ADlio_Vivacqua"} | Municipality in Southeast, Brazil
Atílio Vivacqua is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Espírito Santo. Its population was 12,105 (2020) and its area is 223 km².
The municipality contains part of the 10,459 hectares (25,840 acres) Serra das Torres Natural Monument, created in 2010 to protect the mountain peaks in the area.
History
Until 10 April 1964, Atílio Vivacqua was a district of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim called Marapé. The municipality is named for Senator Atílio Vivácqua (1894–1961). | 2e84884b-aa27-46c3-9f97-665977f4eef0 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billingsellida"} | Order of marine lamp shells
An order of brachiopods containing the families: | e34d569d-922a-47be-9dcd-3c72ff3aea81 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPeng_P7"} | Chinese electric automobile
Motor vehicle
The XPeng P7 (Chinese: 小鹏P7; pinyin: Xiǎopéng P7) is a battery-powered compact executive sedan made by the Chinese electric car company XPeng, which started deliveries in the Chinese market on 29 June 2020.
Overview
The XPeng P7 debuted as a semi-concept car on the 2019 Auto Shanghai show in April 2019. The production version was launched in December 2019.
Production model
The XPeng P7 is a direct competitor to the Tesla Model 3. As the second model of XPeng after the G3, the range of the new sedan will be improved compared to the G3. The official release said that the size of the XPeng P7 will be larger than a mid-size car, with a wheelbase typical of mid-to-large size vehicles. In terms of battery life, the company said that "the range will be greatly improved" with a range of 562 to 706 km (349 to 439 mi) (NEDC) claimed. The XPeng P7 made its world debut at the 2019 Auto Shanghai show. The car started deliveries to customers on 29 June 2020.
As of February 2021[update], listing images of an updated version of the P7 powered by lithium iron phosphate battery supplied by Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL) surfaced. The lithium iron phosphate battery powered models share the same design and features of the regular Ternary lithium battery models and is powered by a 80 kW (110 hp; 110 PS) electric motor with the maximum output of 196 kW (263 hp; 266 PS).
Sales
Sales in the Chinese market passed the 10,000 mark after less than six months.
Development
On November 30, 2019, the XPeng P7 was unveiled at Auto Guangzhou 2019.
On February 19, 2020, the P7 began cold weather testing. On March 17, 2020, the P7 began US road testing.
Deliveries of the P7 in China began on June 29, 2020.
On November 20, 2021, the Xpeng P7 Wing limited edition was released.
Technology
Adaptive cruise control system
XPeng P7 is equipped with an adaptive cruise control system. The adaptive cruise control (ACC) system is a safety system designed for avoiding collisions by collecting environmental data from vehicle sensors to control the velocity of vehicles. According to data in 2020, this system had been used for driving for 25.1 million km (15.6 million mi), which the using rate of ACC is 66%.
AGX-Xavier central computer
XPeng P7 has many sensors, radars and cameras for 360-degree environment detection. After the process of data collection, Nvidia Drive AGX Xavier, which is the central high-performance computer equipped in P7, would utilize and calculate data to perform P7's Xmart OS functions, such as automated driving and valet parking.
Autonomous driving assistance system
XPeng P7's XPILOT 3.0 is an autonomous driving assistance system that features XPeng Navigation Guided Pilot (XNGP). According to the data offered by Marie Cheung, it has:
These equipments give XPeng P7 omnidirectional perception to supervise the changes of the surrounding environment.
Awards
The Xpeng P7 won the Xuanyuan Awards Car of The Year 2021.
In media
On September 8, 2022, the Xpeng P7 was added to the videogame Forza Horizon 5 as part of the Rami's Racing History update, initially obtainable for free by completing in-game seasonal events from the 8th to the 15th. | 50690bb9-6b60-4f87-9e23-a9b2103d4806 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovany_(P%C3%ADsek_District)"} | Municipality in South Bohemian, Czech Republic
Borovany is a municipality and village in Písek District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Borovany lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Písek, 42 km (26 mi) north of České Budějovice, and 83 km (52 mi) south of Prague.
History
There used to be a lot of beavers in the area, bobři in the Czech language, and the village is named after them.
Borovany was once under the dominion of whoever ruled Bernartice. A couple fortresses were built around 1399. Borovany became an independent estate in the late 1400s. Adam Bechyně from Ležan took control in the mid-1500s and built a third fortress. Adam's grandson Oldřich sold Borovany to the Jesuits in 1623.
By that time, the Thirty Years' War was well underway. The war was devastating, and all the peasants of Borovany were killed because of their armed resistance.
The village repopulated, but was devastated again by the plague of the 1870s. | aec89ff7-aee1-4451-9f0b-7cbb46b18d8e |
null | Census-designated place in New Mexico, United States
Caballo is a census-designated place in Sierra County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 112 as of the 2010 census. Caballo has a post office with ZIP code 87931. The community is located along New Mexico State Road 187, north and south of Exit 63 on Interstate 25.
Caballo was founded in 1908, when John Gordon and his extended family homesteaded here. It was named after the mountains to the east. A post office was established in 1916. In 1938, the Caballo Dam was constructed, creating a lake which forced residents to re-establish the community to the west. The lake is host to Caballo Lake State Park.
Geography
Caballo is located at 32°58′50″N 107°18′27″W / 32.980625°N 107.307469°W / 32.980625; -107.307469. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.979 square miles (2.54 km2), all land. The area stretches for over five miles and includes an active fire department and many businesses, and residences. It borders Caballo Lake State Park.
Demographics
Education
Truth or Consequences Municipal Schools is the school district for the entire county. Truth or Consequences Middle School and Hot Springs High School, both in Truth or Consequences, are the district's secondary schools. | 92d07eeb-e726-4e38-9768-e8328316fd45 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Democratic_Party"} | 1945–1949 South Korean political party
The Korea Democratic Party (Korean: 한국민주당; Hanja: 韓國民主黨; RR: Hangukminjudang, KDP) was the leading opposition party in the first years of the First Republic of Korea. It existed from 1945 to 1949, when it merged with other opposition parties.
The U.S. military government has defined the KDP as conservatives with high educational standards, and believes they want Western democracy. However, modern South Korean political academia recognizes them as South Korea's first liberal party. However, unlike the current Democratic Party, the KDP was an right-wing anti-communist, Confucian conservative and economic liberal force hostile to communist forces in the north, advocating hatred and violence against leftist and socialist.
History
The KDP was established in 1945 by conservative nationalists headed by Song Jin-woo who were opposed to the People's Republic of Korea government set up by Lyuh Woon-hyung, instead backing the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. After Song was assassinated later in the year, he was succeeded as leader by Kim Seong-su. The Democratic Party won a third of the seats in the Interim Legislative Assembly elections in October 1946, and although it opposed the Assembly's existence due to some of its leadership being excluded, the party provided several of the key figures in the interim administration.
However, its closeness to the American occupation force, together with its association with the landed gentry, meant that it never gained significant popular support. In the May 1948 elections the party won only 29 of the 200 seats, and although it supported Syngman Rhee in the July 1948 presidential elections, none of its members were included in his cabinet, a snub that led to the party joining the opposition.
On 10 February 1949, it merged with other groups in the legislature to form the Democratic Nationalist Party.
Electoral results | 1cb83528-4cd0-4927-bb39-60a4e578038c |
null | Ugandan social campaign
No White Saviors is an anti-white saviorism social media campaign, predominately present on Instagram. It was launched, by two social, workers in 2018.
History
The No White Saviors social media campaign was launched in 2018 by social workers, Olivia Alaso and Kelsey Nielsen. Alaso is a Black Ugandan and Nielsen is a white American.
The campaign advocated against the use of images of Black children on social media, with notable critiques of the online activities of British television presenter Stacey Dooley (in 2019), American missionary Renée Bach, and German Bernhard ‘Bery’ Glaser. The organisation held its first conference in 2019, in Kampala.
By 2021, No White Saviors' Instagram accounts had attracted 930,000 followers and the team had launched a podcast.
In 2022, Nielsen faced accusations of white saviorism and abuse of power, leading to her resigning from the organisation. In August 2022, the organisation was restructuring with an all-Black leadership team. | 00eee479-26ff-4848-9e72-f62ed7e1cfd2 |
null | Portuguese politician and writer
Álvaro Bulhão Pato (1840 - 14 February 1936) was a Portuguese politician and a writer, during the First Portuguese Republic, he was mayor of Angra do Heroísmo in the Azores, he was senator in two legislatures in the Portuguese Ministry of the Colonies during the government of Rodrigues Gaspar from 6 July to 22 November 1924 He succeeded Mariano Martins and was succeeded by Carlos de Vasconcelos.
Biography
He worked as an official and was elevated to a rank of an inspector.
He was director of a customs house in Angra do Heroísmo, and remained until it became a republic where he became president of the municipality and a judge in Angra do Heroísmo.
He was previously director of the customs house of Portuguese West Africa.
He was senator in two legislatures from 6 July to 22 November 1924 as Minister of the Colonies during the 40th government of the First Republic under Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar. It was in favour of autonomy in the Portuguese Colonies
He published numerous works, one of them Na Brecha
Published works
He published and contributed a large number of works and periodicals, he was author on one of these including: | 646db54e-6902-40e1-a3f9-7717c10c5e09 |
null | The Lithuanian Catholic Women's Organization (Lithuanian: Lietuvių katalikių moterų draugija) was a Lithuanian women's organization. Founded in 1908, it was the largest women's organization in interwar Lithuania. It was disestablished after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940.
In 1907, the First Congress of Lithuanian Women took place in Kaunas. On the congress it was decided that a national women's organisation should be founded. However, due to the split between Catholic and liberal women, the plan could not be realised, and instead they founded separate women's organisations instead. | 275b65ed-4ba7-4d81-b132-631aadad81d2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Zeegelaar"} | Dutch footballer
Marvin Romeo Kwasie Zeegelaar (born 12 August 1990) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a left-back or a left midfielder.
Club career
Early years
Born in Amsterdam of Surinamese descent, Zeegelaar finished his formation with local AFC Ajax. He made his competitive debut on 12 November 2008, coming on as a substitute for Siem de Jong in a 1–0 away loss against FC Volendam in the third round of the KNVB Cup.
In the 2011 January transfer window, Zeegelaar was loaned to fellow Eredivisie club SBV Excelsior, appearing regularly and helping his team avoid relegation in the playoffs. In the summer, he signed a four-year contract with RCD Espanyol in Spain, being assigned to the B reserves.
Zeegelaar joined Süper Lig side Elazığspor in 2012. In September of the following year, he moved to Blackpool of the English Championship on loan.
Portugal
In the summer of 2014, Zeegelaar signed a two-year contract with Rio Ave F.C. from the Portuguese Primeira Liga. He made his debut in the competition on 21 September, playing the second half of the 1–2 home defeat to F.C. Arouca. He finished his first season with 25 matches and one goal, helping to a final tenth position.
With only six months to go before he became a free agent, Rio Ave accepted Sporting CP's bid of €400.000 in November 2015, and Zeegelaar penned a three-and-a-half-year deal which became effective in the following transfer window. In his only full season, he made 26 appearances in all competitions to help to a final third position, battling for position with Brazilian Jefferson.
Watford
On 31 August 2017, Watford signed Zeegelaar on a four-year contract. He made his Premier League debut on 19 November, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United.
Udinese
Zeegelaar joined Italian Serie A team Udinese Calcio on 10 January 2019, on a five-month loan. One year later, he agreed to a permanent deal running until 30 June 2022.
International career
In November 2016, 26-year-old Zeegelaar received his first call-up to the senior Netherlands squad, for matches against Belgium and Luxembourg.
Career statistics
As of 10 April 2022 | 31ea6e0a-5b27-4dbb-b639-a86d73f34c37 |
null | American football player (born 1996)
American football player
Carlos Davis (born August 22, 1996) is an American football nose tackle who is a free agent. He played college football at Nebraska.
College career
Davis was an All-American in track and field at Nebraska in addition to football. He started 11 of 12 games as a defensive end as a senior and had 32 tackles. In his career, he compiled 125 total tackles, 18 tackles for a loss and nine and a half sacks.
Professional career
He ran a 4.82-second 40 yard dash at the combine, placing him in a tie for ninth among defensive linemen. Davis was selected in the seventh round of the 2020 NFL Draft with the 232nd overall pick by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played 7 games during his rookie season of 2020, finishing with 6 tackles.
On October 27, 2021, Davis was placed on injured reserve. He was activated on December 4.
On August 30, 2022, Davis was waived by the Steelers and signed to the practice squad the next day.
Career statistic
Personal life
Davis is the twin brother of Khalil Davis. Khalil and Carlos were adopted by their parents Carl and Tracy Davis when they were 9 months old. | 8905d596-8791-47e7-a491-ec6e7ae0e6d1 |
null | The United Railroad Historical Society of New Jersey, Inc. (or URHS of NJ) is a non profit educational organization directed at supporting the preservation of New Jersey's historical railroad equipment and artifacts for the proposed New Jersey Transportation Heritage Center or in its absence, another railroad museum in New Jersey.
In order to coordinate resources, representatives from most of New Jersey's major railroad-interest organizations formed the URHS of NJ in 1987. URHS of NJ has been working toward rescuing potential items from scrapping and has been assisting in searching for the location of The New Jersey Transportation Heritage Center. The URHS of NJ expects to play a major role in its design, content and operation.
The United Railroad Historical Society of NJ Inc. is located at 104 Morris Avenue in Boonton, NJ. The zip code is 07005–1314.
Organizations involved
The URHS board of directors is, as of 2021 composed of representatives of 10 of the original 17 member groups. The purpose of this is to assure all participate equally in the decision making and activities and will be representative of all of the local railroad history community. Individuals may join any member organization or The Friends of the New Jersey Transportation Heritage Center to participate in URHS efforts.
Preservation activities
A large part of the URHS collection was moved from the Lebanon and Ridgefield Park NJ storage locations to Boonton railyard in 2010. With that accomplished the ability to do cosmetic restoration was greatly enhanced.
The organization leased a large vacant building in 2021 to allow for further preservation work to be conducted indoors. | fa37e03a-ade4-4aa8-a57b-564b7bc17715 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Fram"} | Chinese ice hockey player
Ice hockey player
Jason Fram (born April 23, 1995), also known as Liu Jie (Chinese: 刘杰), is a professional ice hockey defenceman.
Playing career
Born in Canada, he currently plays for the Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Fram was called up to represent the China men's national ice hockey team for the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International | 2f0813ff-977f-4090-880b-3d15db00af3e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasypeltis_scabra"} | Species of snake
Dasypeltis scabra, known as the common egg eater, egg-eating snake or rhombic egg eater, is a species of colubrid snake endemic to Africa.
Geographic range
Dasypeltis scabra is found in sub-Saharan Africa. It can also be found in Saudi Arabia and in other countries of the Middle East.
Description
D. scabra grows to a total length (including tail) of 40–46 inches (100–120 cm), and has almost toothless jaws. Dorsally, it has a series of rhomboidal dark brown spots on a lighter background. There is an alternating series of brown spots on each side and a distinct V-shaped mark at the back of the neck. Ventrally it is yellowish, either uniform or with dark dots.
Mimicry
It has been suggested that non-venomous Dasypeltis scabra is a mimic of venomous Echis carinatus, the saw-scaled viper, which it strongly resembles.
D. scabra also closely resembles Causus rhombeatus, the rhombic night adder. These two species may be distinguished by the shape of the pupil of the eye. Snakes of the genus Dasypeltis have vertical pupils, whereas snakes of the genus Causus have round pupils. However, it is possible in darker areas for the vertical eyes to become round, so this is not necessarily an accurate means of distinguishing the species.
Habitat
Dasypeltis scabra can be found in a variety of habitats. They are not found in closed-canopy forests nor in true deserts, but do inhabit most ecosystems between these extremes.
Behavior
The rhombic egg eater is nocturnal. Although mainly terrestrial, it is a good climber and is known to scale rock outcroppings and climb trees to raid birds' nests.
Diet
Dasypeltis scabra feeds exclusively on eggs. The lining of the mouth has small, parallel ridges, very similar to human fingerprints, which aid in grasping the shell of an egg. Once swallowed, the egg is punctured by specialized vertebral hypapophyses which extend into the esophagus. The shell is then regurgitated in one piece, and its contents passed along to the stomach.
Defense
When disturbed, D. scabra inflates itself, "hisses" by rapidly rubbing together the rough, keeled scales on the side of its body, and strikes with its mouth kept wide open.
Reproduction
D. scabra is oviparous. In summer, a sexually mature female may lay one or two clutches of 6-25 eggs each. The eggs measure 36 mm × 18 mm (1.42 in × 0.71 in). Hatchlings are 21–24 cm (8.5–9.5 in) in total length.
Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies.
The subspecific name, loveridgei, is in honor of British herpetologist Arthur Loveridge. | 99ceb360-296d-488a-bf96-6a37a3452344 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenkia"} | Genus of plants
Schenkia is a genus of flowering plants in the gentian family, Gentianaceae. It is sometimes included in the genus Centaurium.
Selected species | 763f45bc-acaa-46bc-bd05-766bd8eb9e37 |
null | 1967 film by Andy Warhol, Paul Morrissey
I, a Man is a 1967 American erotic drama film written, directed and filmed by Andy Warhol. It debuted at the Hudson Theatre in New York City on August 25, 1967. The film depicts the main character, played by Tom Baker, in a series of sexual encounters with eight women. Warhol created the movie as a response to the popular erotic Scandinavian film I, a Woman, which had opened in the United States in October 1966.
Cast
The film featured several of Warhol Superstars from his studio The Factory.
Warhol gave Solanas a part in the film for $25 and as compensation for a script she had given to Warhol called Up Your Ass, which he had lost. Solanas later attempted to kill Warhol by shooting him. According to a 2004 biography of Jim Morrison, Morrison agreed to appear in the film opposite Nico, but later backed out of it and instead sent his friend Tom Baker to the production shoot.
Reception
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times wrote the film was "not dirty, or even funny, or even anything but a very long and pointless home movie," and described it as "an elaborate, deliberately boring joke." Howard Thompson in his review for the New York Times wrote "The nudity is no match for the bareness of the dialogue's drivel and the dogged tone of waste and ennui that pervade the entire film." | cd545a5a-3076-448c-902b-d063e39b97a1 |
null | County in Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Jiang'an (Chinese: 江安; pinyin: Jiāng'ān) is a county of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of Yibin city.
Jiang'an has one Yangtze River crossing, the Jiang'an Yangtze River Bridge.
Climate | 1a386917-f8ad-458e-a115-c5b670f00391 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Volvo_Women%27s_Open"} | Tennis tournament
The 2005 Volvo Women's Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Pattaya, Thailand. It was part of Tier IV of the 2005 WTA Tour. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from 31 January through 6 February 2005. Third-seeded Conchita Martínez won the singles title and earned $25,650 first-prize money.
Finals
Singles
Conchita Martínez defeated
Anna-Lena Grönefeld, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3
Doubles
Marion Bartoli /
Anna-Lena Grönefeld defeated
Marta Domachowska /
Silvija Talaja, 6–3, 6–2 | 7bd9ba16-cfd9-447e-8fee-aa2f03089637 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Rovira"} | Carlos Eduardo Rovira (born February 18, 1956) is an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician, until 2007 governor of Misiones Province at the head of the Front for the Renewal of Concord.
Rovira was born in Posadas and studied chemical engineering at the National University of Misiones, later earning a postgraduate degree in chemical engineering at the University of Buenos Aires. After a period in academic research, he became an environmental consultant, focusing especially on water quality. He joined the provincial government in 1992, heading the transport department until 1995.
In 1995, Rovira was elected Mayor of Posadas. In 1999 he was elected for a first term as Governor of Misiones. Ahead of the 2003 elections he formed the Front for Renewal, bringing together Peronists and dissident Radicals to support his bid for re-election. He was re-elected in 2003. The Front for Renewal supports the national Front for Victory faction of President Néstor Kirchner.
Rovira attempted to alter the constitution of Misiones to allow his continued re-election ahead of the 2007 elections. The formation of a constitutional assembly was voted on 29 October 2006. The Rovira administration inaugurated an unusual number of public works in the month prior to the election and was alleged to have engaged in coarse proselytism, including the distribution of welfare food baskets with voting ballots inside. The opposition also alleged that thousands of Paraguayan citizens were being paid to cross the border and vote for Rovira, using forged Argentine national IDs.
Rovira's party lost the referendum to the United Front for Dignity, a broad opposition coalition led by Bishop Emeritus of Puerto Iguazú, Monsignor Joaquín Piña, by a 13% margin that surprised analysts. However, in the subsequent election for governor, Rovira was succeeded by his party's candidate, Maurice Closs. | e2e7256e-73b4-40a2-98e2-65b573f052f2 |
null | Season of television series
The 58th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen (第58回NHK紅白歌合戦), referred to from here on as "Kōhaku," aired on December 31, 2007, on NHK Hall in Japan.
The music show on New Year's Eve is broadcast on both television and radio, and divides the most popular music artists of the year into competing teams of red and white. Air time was from 19:20 to 23:45 (with an interruption from 21:25 to 21:30 for news). All times are JST.
Chairpersons
Performance listing
Results
The winners were the shirogumi, the white team, which was revealed by illuminating the darkened Tokyo Tower in blue-white light.
Viewing percentages in the Kantō region were 32.8% for the first section and 39.5% for the second.
Judges | 5093121e-780a-4a90-889b-222aec999f80 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_(band)"} | Nuclear is a Chilean thrash metal band founded in Arica, Chile, in 1998. The band has gone through several lineup changes and is currently signed to the label Candlelight Records.
History
Nuclear was formed in 1995 under the name Escoria, but it was not until 1997 when the first recording was released. After the dissolution in 2001, the name of Escoria turned to Nuclear and the original members Sebastian Puente, Francisco and Eugene Haussmann Sudy are maintained in a constant line up that continues to date.
The band has released four studio albums and toured in several countries sharing the stage with acts like Testament, Forbidden, Voivod, Grave, Hirax, 1349, Anthrax, Destruction, Witchcraft, Hate Eternal, Absu, At the Gates among others.
During 2013, the band released their first live DVD called Sick Mosh and Inner Hate, a split vinyl, which were put in launching and distributed by the Chilean label Sick Bangers.
Tour and constant releases of the band caught the attention of British label Candlelight Records, and in 2014 signed the band for future releases. And on 15 June 2015 the band released their fifth studio album entitled Formula for Anarchy.
Band members
Current members
Former members
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Demo
DVD | 6893217d-b59c-4ef3-b1b8-7a9e16e314cf |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_GET-ligaen_season"} | Sports season
The 2007–08 GET-ligaen season began on 13 September 2007 and was scheduled to end 21 February 2008. The Storhamar Dragons won the championships for the sixth time. The win also marked the fourth championship in as many leap years for the Dragons (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008).
Regular season
Final standings
GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTW = Overtime Wins; OTL = Overtime losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = PointsSource: hockey.no
Statistics
Scoring leaders
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutesSource: hockey.no
Leading goaltenders
GP = Games played; TOI = Time on ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against averageSource: hockey.no
Attendance
Playoff
Source: hockey.no
The deciding game was played at Hamar OL-Amfi
The Storhamar Dragons goaltender Ruben Smith was named the playoffs MVP.
Promotion/Relegation
GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTW = Overtime Wins; OTL = Overtime losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = PointsSource: hockey.no | fde17f10-6dca-4c9b-bb4e-9a78ec555691 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English,_baby!"} | Social network in the US
English, baby! is a social network and online curriculum for learning conversational English and slang based in Portland, Oregon. The service is used by more than 1.6 million members, making it one of the largest, most well-established and highest rated online communities of English learners and teachers. English, baby! is most popular in China, where roughly a quarter of its users are based. Other countries in which the service is popular include Turkey, Brazil, India, Egypt, the United States, and Taiwan.
The company offers a free membership as well as a paid, premium membership and frequently uses celebrities in its English lesson videos.
Lessons
English, baby! is home to several thousand English lessons. Many of the lessons feature celebrities teaching a term or phrase and discussing how they learned English if it is not their first language. Celebrities who have taught English lessons on English, baby! include NBA All-Stars such as Steve Nash and Dwight Howard, Olympic gold medalist figure skaters Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo, and musicians Sheryl Crow and Girl Talk.
The website also produces an English lesson soap opera series and reality TV style videos. Other lessons are based on MP3s instead of videos and based on improvised conversations between native English speaking actors. Most lessons include grammar instruction, quizzes, and vocabulary words. Much of the lesson content is only available to premium "Super Members" who pay $5 per month. These members also have access to a live teacher to answer questions for them.
In addition to students, ESL teachers can create lessons on English, baby! or use content from the site in their classrooms.
History
English, baby! was founded in 2000 when John Hayden returned from working for Hitachi and teaching English in Japan. He found that many students lacked a means of learning conversational English and started English, baby! to create an online experience similar to traveling in the English-speaking world or studying abroad. Hayden remains the company's CEO.
In 2005, Versation Inc., a parent company for English, baby! was created. Versation also produces alumni management and recruitment software for colleges and universities.
Following the popularity of sites like MySpace and Facebook, English, baby! introduced social networking features in 2006, enabling members to create profiles on the site. In 2009, English, baby! registered its one millionth member.
English, baby! has content-sharing partnerships with companies such Nokia in China, and HOOP Magazine in Japan. | bdbfc04f-7653-4165-af3d-46090768b64b |
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