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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulani_Mbenge"} | South African boxer
Thulani Mbenge (born July 15, 1991) is a South African professional boxer. As an amateur, he won a bronze medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
Amateur career
Mbenge was an outstanding amateur before joining the professional ranks, winning the South African junior welterweight championships in 2010 and 2011, and a bronze medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland.
Professional career
As a professional Mbenge has won South African, WBC, IBO and African Boxing Union titles.
Professional boxing record | 7dd42338-fecc-4200-bd35-e65bb39f3590 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Turkish_Cup"} | Football tournament season
The 2001–02 Turkish Cup was the 43rd edition of the annual tournament that determined the association football Super League (Süper Lig) Turkish Cup (Turkish: Türkiye Kupası) champion under the auspices of the Turkish Football Federation (Turkish: Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu; TFF). Kocaelispor successfully contested Beşiktaş by 4–0 in the final. The results of the tournament also determined which clubs would be promoted or relegated.
First round
Second round
Third round
Fourth round
Bracket
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Summary table
Matches
Kocaelispor v Adanaspor
Denizlispor v Beşiktaş
Final
Kocaelispor v Beşiktaş | 615c8b27-578a-4d54-80e7-eb8255b59118 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism"} | Philosophical theory
In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical, or that the mind and body are distinct and separable. Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, as well as between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.
Aristotle shared Plato's view of multiple souls and further elaborated a hierarchical arrangement, corresponding to the distinctive functions of plants, animals, and humans: a nutritive soul of growth and metabolism that all three share; a perceptive soul of pain, pleasure, and desire that only humans and other animals share; and the faculty of reason that is unique to humans only. In this view, a soul is the hylomorphic form of a viable organism, wherein each level of the hierarchy formally supervenes upon the substance of the preceding level. For Aristotle, the first two souls, based on the body, perish when the living organism dies, whereas remains an immortal and perpetual intellective part of mind. For Plato, however, the soul was not dependent on the physical body; he believed in metempsychosis, the migration of the soul to a new physical body. It has been considered a form of reductionism by some philosophers, since it enables the tendency to ignore very big groups of variables by its assumed association with the mind or the body, and not for its real value when it comes to explaining or predicting a studied phenomenon.
Dualism is closely associated with the thought of René Descartes (1641), which holds that the mind is a nonphysical—and therefore, non-spatial—substance. Descartes clearly identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished this from the brain as the seat of intelligence. Hence, he was the first documented Western philosopher to formulate the mind–body problem in the form in which it exists today. Dualism is contrasted with various kinds of monism. Substance dualism is contrasted with all forms of materialism, but property dualism may be considered a form of emergent materialism or non-reductive physicalism in some sense.
Types
Ontological dualism makes dual commitments about the nature of existence as it relates to mind and matter, and can be divided into three different types:
Substance or Cartesian dualism
Substance dualism, or Cartesian dualism, most famously defended by René Descartes, argues that there are two kinds of foundation: mental and physical. This philosophy states that the mental can exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think. Substance dualism is important historically for having given rise to much thought regarding the famous mind–body problem.
The Copernican Revolution and the scientific discoveries of the 17th century reinforced the belief that the scientific method was the unique way of knowledge. Bodies were seen as biological organisms to be studied in their constituent parts (materialism) by means of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and physics (reductionism). The mind-body dualism remained the biomedical paradigm and model for the following three centuries.
Substance dualism is a philosophical position compatible with most theologies which claim that immortal souls occupy an independent realm of existence distinct from that of the physical world.[disputed – discuss] In contemporary discussions of substance dualism, philosophers propose dualist positions that are significantly less radical than Descartes's: for instance, a position defended by William Hasker called Emergent Dualism seems, to some philosophers, more intuitively attractive than the substance dualism of Descartes in virtue of its being in line with (inter alia) evolutionary biology.
Property dualism
Property dualism asserts that an ontological distinction lies in the differences between properties of mind and matter, and that consciousness may be ontologically irreducible to neurobiology and physics. It asserts that when matter is organized in the appropriate way (i.e., in the way that living human bodies are organized), mental properties emerge. Hence, it is a sub-branch of emergent materialism. What views properly fall under the property dualism rubric is itself a matter of dispute. There are different versions of property dualism, some of which claim independent categorisation.
Non-reductive physicalism is a form of property dualism in which it is asserted that all mental states are causally reducible to physical states. One argument for this has been made in the form of anomalous monism expressed by Donald Davidson, where it is argued that mental events are identical to physical events, however, relations of mental events cannot be described by strict law-governed causal relationships. Another argument for this has been expressed by John Searle, who is the advocate of a distinctive form of physicalism he calls biological naturalism. His view is that although mental states are ontologically irreducible to physical states, they are causally reducible. He has acknowledged that "to many people" his views and those of property dualists look a lot alike, but he thinks the comparison is misleading.
Epiphenomenalism
Epiphenomenalism is a form of property dualism, in which it is asserted that one or more mental states do not have any influence on physical states (both ontologically and causally irreducible). It asserts that while material causes give rise to sensations, volitions, ideas, etc., such mental phenomena themselves cause nothing further: they are causal dead-ends. This can be contrasted to interactionism, on the other hand, in which mental causes can produce material effects, and vice versa.
Predicate dualism
Predicate dualism is a view espoused by such non-reductive physicalists as Donald Davidson and Jerry Fodor, who maintain that while there is only one ontological category of substances and properties of substances (usually physical), the predicates that we use to describe mental events cannot be redescribed in terms of (or reduced to) physical predicates of natural languages.
Predicate dualism is most easily defined as the negation of predicate monism. Predicate monism can be characterized as the view subscribed to by eliminative materialists, who maintain that such intentional predicates as believe, desire, think, feel, etc., will eventually be eliminated from both the language of science and from ordinary language because the entities to which they refer do not exist. Predicate dualists believe that so-called "folk psychology," with all of its propositional attitude ascriptions, is an ineliminable part of the enterprise of describing, explaining, and understanding human mental states and behavior.
For example, Davidson subscribes to anomalous monism, according to which there can be no strict psychophysical laws which connect mental and physical events under their descriptions as mental and physical events. However, all mental events also have physical descriptions. It is in terms of the latter that such events can be connected in law-like relations with other physical events. Mental predicates are irreducibly different in character (rational, holistic, and necessary) from physical predicates (contingent, atomic, and causal).
Dualist views of mental causation
This part is about causation between properties and states of the thing under study, not its substances or predicates. Here a state is the set of all properties of what's being studied. Thus each state describes only one point in time.
Interactionism
Interactionism is the view that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, causally interact with physical states. This is a position which is very appealing to common-sense intuitions, notwithstanding the fact that it is very difficult to establish its validity or correctness by way of logical argumentation or empirical proof. It seems to appeal to common-sense because we are surrounded by such everyday occurrences as a child's touching a hot stove (physical event) which causes him to feel pain (mental event) and then yell and scream (physical event) which causes his parents to experience a sensation of fear and protectiveness (mental event) and so on.
Non-reductive physicalism
Non-reductive physicalism is the idea that while mental states are physical they are not reducible to physical properties, in that an ontological distinction lies in the differences between the properties of mind and matter. According to non-reductive physicalism all mental states are causally reducible to physical states where mental properties map to physical properties and vice versa. A prominent form of non-reductive physicalism, called anomalous monism, was first proposed by Donald Davidson in his 1970 paper "Mental events", in which he claims that mental events are identical with physical events, and that the mental is anomalous, i.e. under their mental descriptions these mental events are not regulated by strict physical laws.
Epiphenomenalism
Epiphenomenalism states that all mental events are caused by a physical event and have no physical consequences, and that one or more mental states do not have any influence on physical states. So, the mental event of deciding to pick up a rock ("M1") is caused by the firing of specific neurons in the brain ("P1"). When the arm and hand move to pick up the rock ("P2") this is not caused by the preceding mental event M1, nor by M1 and P1 together, but only by P1. The physical causes are in principle reducible to fundamental physics, and therefore mental causes are eliminated using this reductionist explanation. If P1 causes both M1 and P2, there is no overdetermination in the explanation for P2.
The idea that even if the animal were conscious nothing would be added to the production of behavior, even in animals of the human type, was first voiced by La Mettrie (1745), and then by Cabanis (1802), and was further explicated by Hodgson (1870) and Huxley (1874). Jackson gave a subjective argument for epiphenomenalism, but later rejected it and embraced physicalism.
Parallelism
Psychophysical parallelism is a very unusual view about the interaction between mental and physical events which was most prominently, and perhaps only truly, advocated by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. Like Malebranche and others before him, Leibniz recognized the weaknesses of Descartes' account of causal interaction taking place in a physical location in the brain. Malebranche decided that such a material basis of interaction between material and immaterial was impossible and therefore formulated his doctrine of occasionalism, stating that the interactions were really caused by the intervention of God on each individual occasion. Leibniz's idea is that God has created a pre-established harmony such that it only seems as if physical and mental events cause, and are caused by, one another. In reality, mental causes only have mental effects and physical causes only have physical effects. Hence, the term parallelism is used to describe this view.
Occasionalism
Occasionalism is a philosophical doctrine about causation which says that created substances cannot be efficient causes of events. Instead, all events are taken to be caused directly by God itself. The theory states that the illusion of efficient causation between mundane events arises out of a constant conjunction that God had instituted, such that every instance where the cause is present will constitute an "occasion" for the effect to occur as an expression of the aforementioned power. This "occasioning" relation, however, falls short of efficient causation. In this view, it is not the case that the first event causes God to cause the second event: rather, God first caused one and then caused the other, but chose to regulate such behaviour in accordance with general laws of nature. Some of its most prominent historical exponents have been Al-Ghazali, Louis de la Forge, Arnold Geulincx, and Nicolas Malebranche.
Kantianism
According to the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, there is a distinction between actions done by desire and those performed by liberty (categorical imperative). Thus, not all physical actions are caused by either matter or freedom. Some actions are purely animal in nature, while others are the result of mental action on matter.
History
Ancient Greek philosophy
Hermotimus of Clazomenae (fl. c. 6th century BCE) was a philosopher who first proposed the idea of mind being fundamental in the cause of change. He proposed that physical entities are static, while reason causes the change. Sextus Empiricus places him with Hesiod, Parmenides, and Empedocles, as belonging to the class of philosophers who held a dualistic theory of a material and an active principle being together the origin of the universe. Similar ideas were expounded by Anaxagoras.
In the dialogue Phaedo, Plato formulated his famous Theory of Forms as distinct and immaterial substances of which the objects and other phenomena that we perceive in the world are nothing more than mere shadows.
In the Phaedo, Plato makes it clear that the Forms are the universalia ante res, i.e. they are ideal universals, by which we are able to understand the world. In his allegory of the cave, Plato likens the achievement of philosophical understanding to emerging into the sun from a dark cave, where only vague shadows of what lies beyond that prison are cast dimly upon the wall. Plato's forms are non-physical and non-mental. They exist nowhere in time or space, but neither do they exist in the mind, nor in the pleroma of matter; rather, matter is said to "participate" in form (μεθεξις, methexis). It remained unclear however, even to Aristotle, exactly what Plato intended by that.
Aristotle argued at length against many aspects of Plato's forms, creating his own doctrine of hylomorphism wherein form and matter coexist. Ultimately however, Aristotle's aim was to perfect a theory of forms, rather than to reject it. Although Aristotle strongly rejected the independent existence Plato attributed to forms, his metaphysics do agree with Plato's a priori considerations quite often. For example, Aristotle argues that changeless, eternal substantial form is necessarily immaterial. Because matter provides a stable substratum for a change in form, matter always has the potential to change. Thus, if given an eternity in which to do so, it will, necessarily, exercise that potential.
Part of Aristotle's psychology, the study of the soul, is his account of the ability of humans to reason and the ability of animals to perceive. In both cases, perfect copies of forms are acquired, either by direct impression of environmental forms, in the case of perception, or else by virtue of contemplation, understanding and recollection. He believed the mind can literally assume any form being contemplated or experienced, and it was unique in its ability to become a blank slate, having no essential form. As thoughts of earth are not heavy, any more than thoughts of fire are causally efficient, they provide an immaterial complement for the formless mind.
From Neoplatonism to scholasticism
The philosophical school of Neoplatonism, most active in Late Antiquity, claimed that the physical and the spiritual are both emanations of the One. Neoplatonism exerted a considerable influence on Christianity, as did the philosophy of Aristotle via scholasticism.
In the scholastic tradition of Saint Thomas Aquinas, a number of whose doctrines have been incorporated into Roman Catholic dogma, the soul is the substantial form of a human being. Aquinas held the Quaestiones disputate de anima, or 'Disputed questions on the soul', at the Roman studium provinciale of the Dominican Order at Santa Sabina, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum during the academic year 1265–1266. By 1268 Aquinas had written at least the first book of the Sententia Libri De anima, Aquinas' commentary on Aristotle's De anima, the translation of which from the Greek was completed by Aquinas' Dominican associate at Viterbo William of Moerbeke in 1267. Like Aristotle, Aquinas held that the human being was a unified composite substance of two substantial principles: form and matter. The soul is the substantial form and so the first actuality of a material organic body with the potentiality for life.
While Aquinas defended the unity of human nature as a composite substance constituted by these two inextricable principles of form and matter, he also argued for the incorruptibility of the intellectual soul, in contrast to the corruptibility of the vegetative and sensitive animation of plants and animals. His argument for the subsistence and incorruptibility of the intellectual soul takes its point of departure from the metaphysical principle that operation follows upon being (agiture sequitur esse), i.e., the activity of a thing reveals the mode of being and existence it depends upon. Since the intellectual soul exercises its own per se intellectual operations without employing material faculties, i.e. intellectual operations are immaterial, the intellect itself and the intellectual soul, must likewise be immaterial and so incorruptible. Even though the intellectual soul of man is able to subsist upon the death of the human being, Aquinas does not hold that the human person is able to remain integrated at death. The separated intellectual soul is neither a man nor a human person. The intellectual soul by itself is not a human person (i.e., an individual supposit of a rational nature). Hence, Aquinas held that "soul of St. Peter pray for us" would be more appropriate than "St. Peter pray for us", because all things connected with his person, including memories, ended with his corporeal life.
The Catholic doctrine of the resurrection of the body does not subscribe that, sees body and soul as forming a whole and states that at the second coming, the souls of the departed will be reunited with their bodies as a whole person (substance) and witness to the apocalypse. The thorough consistency between dogma and contemporary science was maintained here in part from a serious attendance to the principle that there can be only one truth. Consistency with science, logic, philosophy, and faith remained a high priority for centuries, and a university doctorate in theology generally included the entire science curriculum as a prerequisite. This doctrine is not universally accepted by Christians today. Many believe that one's immortal soul goes directly to Heaven upon death of the body.
Descartes and his disciples
In his Meditations on First Philosophy, René Descartes embarked upon a quest in which he called all his previous beliefs into doubt, in order to find out what he could be certain of. In so doing, he discovered that he could doubt whether he had a body (it could be that he was dreaming of it or that it was an illusion created by an evil demon), but he could not doubt whether he had a mind. This gave Descartes his first inkling that the mind and body were different things. The mind, according to Descartes, was a "thinking thing" (Latin: res cogitans), and an immaterial substance. This "thing" was the essence of himself, that which doubts, believes, hopes, and thinks. The body, "the thing that exists" (res extensa), regulates normal bodily functions (such as heart and liver). According to Descartes, animals only had a body and not a soul (which distinguishes humans from animals). The distinction between mind and body is argued in Meditation VI as follows: I have a clear and distinct idea of myself as a thinking, non-extended thing, and a clear and distinct idea of body as an extended and non-thinking thing. Whatever I can conceive clearly and distinctly, God can so create.
The central claim of what is often called Cartesian dualism, in honor of Descartes, is that the immaterial mind and the material body, while being ontologically distinct substances, causally interact. This is an idea that continues to feature prominently in many non-European philosophies. Mental events cause physical events, and vice versa. But this leads to a substantial problem for Cartesian dualism: How can an immaterial mind cause anything in a material body, and vice versa? This has often been called the "problem of interactionism."
Descartes himself struggled to come up with a feasible answer to this problem. In his letter to Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine, he suggested that spirits interacted with the body through the pineal gland, a small gland in the centre of the brain, between the two hemispheres. The term Cartesian dualism is also often associated with this more specific notion of causal interaction through the pineal gland. However, this explanation was not satisfactory: how can an immaterial mind interact with the physical pineal gland? Because Descartes' was such a difficult theory to defend, some of his disciples, such as Arnold Geulincx and Nicolas Malebranche, proposed a different explanation: That all mind–body interactions required the direct intervention of God. According to these philosophers, the appropriate states of mind and body were only the occasions for such intervention, not real causes. These occasionalists maintained the strong thesis that all causation was directly dependent on God, instead of holding that all causation was natural except for that between mind and body.
Recent formulations
In addition to already discussed theories of dualism (particularly the Christian and Cartesian models) there are new theories in the defense of dualism. Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes. According to Chalmers, a naturalistic account of property dualism requires a new fundamental category of properties described by new laws of supervenience; the challenge being analogous to that of understanding electricity based on the mechanistic and Newtonian models of materialism prior to Maxwell's equations.
A similar defense comes from Australian philosopher Frank Jackson (born 1943) who revived the theory of epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states. Jackson argues that there are two kinds of dualism:
He claims that functions of the mind/soul are internal, very private experiences that are not accessible to observation by others, and therefore not accessible by science (at least not yet). We can know everything, for example, about a bat's facility for echolocation, but we will never know how the bat experiences that phenomenon.
Arguments for dualism
The subjective argument
An important fact is that minds perceive intra-mental states differently from sensory phenomena, and this cognitive difference results in mental and physical phenomena having seemingly disparate properties. The subjective argument holds that these properties are irreconcilable under a physical mind.
Mental events have a certain subjective quality to them, whereas physical ones seem not to. So, for example, one may ask what a burned finger feels like, or what the blueness of the sky looks like, or what nice music sounds like. Philosophers of mind call the subjective aspects of mental events qualia. There is something that it's like to feel pain, to see a familiar shade of blue, and so on. There are qualia involved in these mental events. And the claim is that qualia cannot be reduced to anything physical.
Thomas Nagel first characterized the problem of qualia for physicalistic monism in his article, "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?". Nagel argued that even if we knew everything there was to know from a third-person, scientific perspective about a bat's sonar system, we still wouldn't know what it is like to be a bat. However, others argue that qualia are consequent of the same neurological processes that engender the bat's mind, and will be fully understood as the science develops.
Frank Jackson formulated his well-known knowledge argument based upon similar considerations. In this thought experiment, known as Mary's room, he asks us to consider a neuroscientist, Mary, who was born, and has lived all of her life, in a black and white room with a black and white television and computer monitor where she collects all the scientific data she possibly can on the nature of colours. Jackson asserts that as soon as Mary leaves the room, she will come to have new knowledge which she did not possess before: the knowledge of the experience of colours (i.e., what they are like). Although Mary knows everything there is to know about colours from an objective, third-person perspective, she has never known, according to Jackson, what it was like to see red, orange, or green. If Mary really learns something new, it must be knowledge of something non-physical, since she already knew everything about the physical aspects of colour.
However, Jackson later rejected his argument and embraced physicalism. He notes that Mary obtains knowledge not of color, but of a new intramental state, seeing color. Also, he notes that Mary might say "wow," and as a mental state affecting the physical, this clashed with his former view of epiphenomenalism. David Lewis' response to this argument, now known as the ability argument, is that what Mary really came to know was simply the ability to recognize and identify color sensations to which she had previously not been exposed. Daniel Dennett and others also provide arguments against this notion.
The zombie argument
The zombie argument is based on a thought experiment proposed by David Chalmers over the issue of qualia or the hard problem of consciousness. The basic idea is that one can imagine, and, therefore, conceive the existence of, an apparently functioning human being/body without any conscious states being associated with it.
Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie. None of the concepts involved in these sciences make reference to consciousness or other mental phenomena, and any physical entity can be described scientifically via physics whether it is conscious or not. The mere logical possibility of a p-zombie demonstrates that consciousness is a natural phenomenon beyond the current unsatisfactory explanations. Chalmers states that one probably could not build a living p-zombie because living things seem to require a level of consciousness. However (unconscious?) robots built to simulate humans may become the first real p-zombies. Hence Chalmers half-joking calls for the need to build a "consciousness meter" to ascertain if any given entity, human or robot, is conscious or not.
Others such as Dennett have argued that the notion of a philosophical zombie is an incoherent, or unlikely, concept. In particular, nothing proves that an entity (e.g., a computer or robot) which would perfectly mimic human beings, and especially perfectly mimic expressions of feelings (like joy, fear, anger, ...), would not indeed experience them, thus having similar states of consciousness to what a real human would have. It is argued that under physicalism, one must either believe that anyone including oneself might be a zombie, or that no one can be a zombie—following from the assertion that one's own conviction about being (or not being) a zombie is a product of the physical world and is therefore no different from anyone else's.
Special sciences argument
Howard Robinson argues that, if predicate dualism is correct, then there are "special sciences" that are irreducible to physics. These allegedly irreducible subjects, which contain irreducible predicates, differ from hard sciences in that they are interest-relative. Here, interest-relative fields depend on the existence of minds that can have interested perspectives. Psychology is one such science; it completely depends on and presupposes the existence of the mind.
Physics is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. On the other hand, the study of meteorological weather patterns or human behavior is only of interest to humans themselves. The point is that having a perspective on the world is a psychological state. Therefore, the special sciences presuppose the existence of minds which can have these states. If one is to avoid ontological dualism, then the mind that has a perspective must be part of the physical reality to which it applies its perspective. If this is the case, then in order to perceive the physical world as psychological, the mind must have a perspective on the physical. This, in turn, presupposes the existence of mind.
However, cognitive science and psychology do not require the mind to be irreducible, and operate on the assumption that it has physical basis. In fact, it is common in science to presuppose a complex system; while fields such as chemistry, biology, or geology could be verbosely expressed in terms of quantum field theory, it is convenient to use levels of abstraction like molecules, cells, or the mantle. It is often difficult to decompose these levels without heavy analysis and computation. Sober has also advanced philosophical arguments against the notion of irreducibility.
Argument from personal identity
This argument concerns the differences between the applicability of counterfactual conditionals to physical objects, on the one hand, and to conscious, personal agents on the other. In the case of any material object, e.g. a printer, we can formulate a series of counterfactuals in the following manner:
Somewhere along the way from the printer's being made up exactly of the parts and materials which actually constitute it to the printer's being made up of some different matter at, say, 20%, the question of whether this printer is the same printer becomes a matter of arbitrary convention.
Imagine the case of a person, Frederick, who has a counterpart born from the same egg and a slightly genetically modified sperm. Imagine a series of counterfactual cases corresponding to the examples applied to the printer. Somewhere along the way, one is no longer sure about the identity of Frederick. In this latter case, it has been claimed, overlap of constitution cannot be applied to the identity of mind. As Madell puts it:
But while my present body can thus have its partial counterpart in some possible world, my present consciousness cannot. Any present state of consciousness that I can imagine either is or is not mine. There is no question of degree here.
If the counterpart of Frederick, Frederickus, is 70% constituted of the same physical substance as Frederick, does this mean that it is also 70% mentally identical with Frederick? Does it make sense to say that something is mentally 70% Frederick? A possible solution to this dilemma is that of open individualism.
Richard Swinburne, in his book The Existence of God, put forward an argument for mind-body dualism based upon personal identity. He states that the brain is composed of two hemispheres and a cord linking the two and that, as modern science has shown, either of these can be removed without the person losing any memories or mental capacities.
He then cites a thought-experiment for the reader, asking what would happen if each of the two hemispheres of one person were placed inside two different people. Either, Swinburne claims, one of the two is me or neither is—and there is no way of telling which, as each will have similar memories and mental capacities to the other. In fact, Swinburne claims, even if one's mental capacities and memories are far more similar to the original person than the others' are, they still may not be him.
From here, he deduces that even if we know what has happened to every single atom inside a person's brain, we still do not know what has happened to 'them' as an identity. From here it follows that a part of our mind, or our soul, is immaterial, and, as a consequence, that mind-body dualism is true.
Argument from reason
Philosophers and scientists such as Victor Reppert, William Hasker, and Alvin Plantinga have developed an argument for dualism dubbed the "argument from reason". They credit C.S. Lewis with first bringing the argument to light in his book Miracles; Lewis called the argument "The Cardinal Difficulty of Naturalism", which was the title of chapter three of Miracles.
The argument postulates that if, as naturalism entails, all of our thoughts are the effect of a physical cause, then we have no reason for assuming that they are also the consequent of a reasonable ground. However, knowledge is apprehended by reasoning from ground to consequent. Therefore, if naturalism were true, there would be no way of knowing it (or anything else), except by a fluke.
Through this logic, the statement "I have reason to believe naturalism is valid" is inconsistent in the same manner as "I never tell the truth." That is, to conclude its truth would eliminate the grounds from which to reach it. To summarize the argument in the book, Lewis quotes J. B. S. Haldane, who appeals to a similar line of reasoning:
If my mental processes are determined wholly by the motions of atoms in my brain, I have no reason to suppose that my beliefs are true...and hence I have no reason for supposing my brain to be composed of atoms.
— J. B. S. Haldane, Possible Worlds, p. 209
In his essay "Is Theology Poetry?", Lewis himself summarises the argument in a similar fashion when he writes:
If minds are wholly dependent on brains, and brains on biochemistry, and biochemistry (in the long run) on the meaningless flux of the atoms, I cannot understand how the thought of those minds should have any more significance than the sound of the wind in the trees.
— C. S. Lewis, The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses, p. 139
But Lewis later agreed with Elizabeth Anscombe's response to his Miracles argument. She showed that an argument could be valid and ground-consequent even if its propositions were generated via physical cause and effect by non-rational factors. Similar to Anscombe, Richard Carrier and John Beversluis have written extensive objections to the argument from reason on the untenability of its first postulate.
Cartesian arguments
Descartes puts forward two main arguments for dualism in Meditations: firstly, the "modal argument," or the "clear and distinct perception argument," and secondly the "indivisibility" or "divisibility" argument.
The argument is distinguished from the zombie argument as it establishes that the mind could continue to exist without the body, rather than that the unaltered body could exist without the mind. Alvin Plantinga, J. P. Moreland, and Edward Feser have both supported the argument, although Feser and Moreland think that it must be carefully reformulated in order to be effective.
The indivisibility argument for dualism was phrased by Descartes as follows:
[T]here is a great difference between a mind and a body, because the body, by its very nature, is something divisible, whereas the mind is plainly indivisible…insofar as I am only a thing that thinks, I cannot distinguish any parts in me.… Although the whole mind seems to be united to the whole body, nevertheless, were a foot or an arm or any other bodily part amputated, I know that nothing would be taken away from the mind…
The argument relies upon Leibniz' principle of the identity of indiscernibles, which states that two things are the same if and only if they share all their properties. A counterargument is the idea that matter is not infinitely divisible, and thus that the mind could be identified with material things that cannot be divided, or potentially Leibnizian monads.
Arguments against dualism
Arguments from causal interaction
One argument against dualism is with regard to causal interaction. If consciousness (the mind) can exist independently of physical reality (the brain), one must explain how physical memories are created concerning consciousness. Dualism must therefore explain how consciousness affects physical reality. One of the main objections to dualistic interactionism is lack of explanation of how the material and immaterial are able to interact. Varieties of dualism according to which an immaterial mind causally affects the material body and vice versa have come under strenuous attack from different quarters, especially in the 20th century. Critics of dualism have often asked how something totally immaterial can affect something totally material—this is the basic problem of causal interaction.
First, it is not clear where the interaction would take place. For example, burning one's finger causes pain. Apparently there is some chain of events, leading from the burning of skin, to the stimulation of nerve endings, to something happening in the peripheral nerves of one's body that lead to one's brain, to something happening in a particular part of one's brain, and finally resulting in the sensation of pain. But pain is not supposed to be spatially locatable. It might be responded that the pain "takes place in the brain." But evidently, the pain is in the finger. This may not be a devastating criticism.
However, there is a second problem about the interaction. Namely, the question of how the interaction takes place, where in dualism "the mind" is assumed to be non-physical and by definition outside of the realm of science. The mechanism which explains the connection between the mental and the physical would therefore be a philosophical proposition as compared to a scientific theory. For example, compare such a mechanism to a physical mechanism that is well understood. Take a very simple causal relation, such as when a cue ball strikes an eight ball and causes it to go into the pocket. What happens in this case is that the cue ball has a certain amount of momentum as its mass moves across the pool table with a certain velocity, and then that momentum is transferred to the eight ball, which then heads toward the pocket. Compare this to the situation in the brain, where one wants to say that a decision causes some neurons to fire and thus causes a body to move across the room. The intention to "cross the room now" is a mental event and, as such, it does not have physical properties such as force. If it has no force, then it would seem that it could not possibly cause any neuron to fire. However, with Dualism, an explanation is required of how something without any physical properties has physical effects.
Replies
Alfred North Whitehead and, later, David Ray Griffin framed a new ontology (process philosophy) seeking precisely to avoid the pitfalls of ontological dualism.
The explanation provided by Arnold Geulincx and Nicolas Malebranche is that of occasionalism, where all mind–body interactions require the direct intervention of God.
At the time C. S. Lewis wrote Miracles, quantum mechanics (and physical indeterminism) was only in the initial stages of acceptance, but still Lewis stated the logical possibility that, if the physical world was proved to be indeterministic, this would provide an entry (interaction) point into the traditionally viewed closed system, where a scientifically described physically probable/improbable event could be philosophically described as an action of a non-physical entity on physical reality. He states, however, that none of the arguments in his book will rely on this. Although some interpretations of quantum mechanics consider wave function collapse to be indeterminate, in others this event is defined as deterministic.
Argument from physics
The argument from physics is closely related to the argument from causal interaction. Many physicists and consciousness researchers have argued that any action of a nonphysical mind on the brain would entail the violation of physical laws, such as the conservation of energy.
By assuming a deterministic physical universe, the objection can be formulated more precisely. When a person decides to walk across a room, it is generally understood that the decision to do so, a mental event, immediately causes a group of neurons in that person's brain to fire, a physical event, which ultimately results in his walking across the room. The problem is that if there is something totally non-physical causing a bunch of neurons to fire, then there is no physical event which causes the firing. This means that some physical energy is required to be generated against the physical laws of the deterministic universe—this is by definition a miracle and there can be no scientific explanation of (repeatable experiment performed regarding) where the physical energy for the firing came from. Such interactions would violate the fundamental laws of physics. In particular, if some external source of energy is responsible for the interactions, then this would violate the law of the conservation of energy. Dualistic interactionism has therefore been criticized for violating a general heuristic principle of science: the causal closure of the physical world.
Replies
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the New Catholic Encyclopedia provide two possible replies to the above objections. The first reply is that the mind may influence the distribution of energy, without altering its quantity. The second possibility is to deny that the human body is causally closed, as the conservation of energy applies only to closed systems. However, physicalists object that no evidence exists for the causal non-closure of the human body. Robin Collins responds that energy conservation objections misunderstand the role of energy conservation in physics. Well understood scenarios in general relativity violate energy conservation and quantum mechanics provides precedent for causal interactions, or correlation without energy or momentum exchange. However, this does not mean the mind spends energy and, despite that, it still doesn't exclude the supernatural.
Another reply is akin to parallelism—Mills holds that behavioral events are causally overdetermined, and can be explained by either physical or mental causes alone. An overdetermined event is fully accounted for by multiple causes at once. However, J. J. C. Smart and Paul Churchland have pointed out that if physical phenomena fully determine behavioral events, then by Occam's razor an unphysical mind is unnecessary.
Robinson suggests that the interaction may involve dark energy, dark matter or some other currently unknown scientific process. However, such processes would necessarily be physical, and in this case dualism is replaced with physicalism, or the interaction point is left for study at a later time when these physical processes are understood.[citation needed]
Another reply is that the interaction taking place in the human body may not be described by "billiard ball" classical mechanics. If a nondeterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics is correct then microscopic events are indeterminate, where the degree of determinism increases with the scale of the system. Philosophers Karl Popper and John Eccles and physicist Henry Stapp have theorized that such indeterminacy may apply at the macroscopic scale. However, Max Tegmark has argued that classical and quantum calculations show that quantum decoherence effects do not play a role in brain activity. Indeed, macroscopic quantum states have only ever been observed in superconductors near absolute zero.[citation needed]
Yet another reply to the interaction problem is to note that it doesn't seem that there is an interaction problem for all forms of substance dualism. For instance, Thomistic dualism doesn't obviously face any issue with regards to interaction.
Argument from brain damage
This argument has been formulated by Paul Churchland, among others. The point is that, in instances of some sort of brain damage (e.g. caused by automobile accidents, drug abuse, pathological diseases, etc.), it is always the case that the mental substance and/or properties of the person are significantly changed or compromised. If the mind were a completely separate substance from the brain, how could it be possible that every single time the brain is injured, the mind is also injured? Indeed, it is very frequently the case that one can even predict and explain the kind of mental or psychological deterioration or change that human beings will undergo when specific parts of their brains are damaged. So the question for the dualist to try to confront is how can all of this be explained if the mind is a separate and immaterial substance from, or if its properties are ontologically independent of, the brain.
Property dualism and William Hasker's "emergent dualism" seek to avoid this problem. They assert that the mind is a property or substance that emerges from the appropriate arrangement of physical matter, and therefore could be affected by any rearrangement of matter.
Phineas Gage, who suffered destruction of one or both frontal lobes by a projectile iron rod, is often cited as an example illustrating that the brain causes mind. Gage certainly exhibited some mental changes after his accident. This physical event, the destruction of part of his brain, therefore caused some kind of change in his mind, suggesting a correlation between brain states and mental states. Similar examples abound; neuroscientist David Eagleman describes the case of another individual who exhibited escalating pedophilic tendencies at two different times, and in each case was found to have tumors growing in a particular part of his brain.
Case studies aside, modern experiments have demonstrated that the relation between brain and mind is much more than simple correlation. By damaging, or manipulating, specific areas of the brain repeatedly under controlled conditions (e.g. in monkeys) and reliably obtaining the same results in measures of mental state and abilities, neuroscientists have shown that the relation between damage to the brain and mental deterioration is likely causal. This conclusion is further supported by data from the effects of neuro-active chemicals (e.g., those affecting neurotransmitters) on mental functions, but also from research on neurostimulation (direct electrical stimulation of the brain, including transcranial magnetic stimulation).
Argument from biological development
Another common argument against dualism consists in the idea that since human beings (both phylogenetically and ontogenetically) begin their existence as entirely physical or material entities and since nothing outside of the domain of the physical is added later on in the course of development, then we must necessarily end up being fully developed material beings. There is nothing non-material or mentalistic involved in conception, the formation of the blastula, the gastrula, and so on. The postulation of a non-physical mind would seem superfluous.[citation needed]
Argument from neuroscience
In some contexts, the decisions that a person makes can be detected up to 10 seconds in advance by means of scanning their brain activity. Subjective experiences and covert attitudes can be detected, as can mental imagery. This is strong empirical evidence that cognitive processes have a physical basis in the brain.
Argument from simplicity
The argument from simplicity is probably the simplest and also the most common form of argument against dualism of the mental. The dualist is always faced with the question of why anyone should find it necessary to believe in the existence of two, ontologically distinct, entities (mind and brain), when it seems possible and would make for a simpler thesis to test against scientific evidence, to explain the same events and properties in terms of one. It is a heuristic principle in science and philosophy not to assume the existence of more entities than is necessary for clear explanation and prediction.
This argument was criticized by Peter Glassen in a debate with J. J. C. Smart in the pages of Philosophy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Glassen argued that, because it is not a physical entity, Occam's razor cannot consistently be appealed to by a physicalist or materialist as a justification of mental states or events, such as the belief that dualism is false. The idea is that Occam's razor may not be as "unrestricted" as it is normally described (applying to all qualitative postulates, even abstract ones) but instead concrete (only applies to physical objects). If one applies Occam's Razor unrestrictedly, then it recommends monism until pluralism either receives more support or is disproved. If one applies Occam's Razor only concretely, then it may not be used on abstract concepts (this route, however, has serious consequences for selecting between hypotheses about the abstract). | 021fbe13-db55-46fd-84da-4031fb73fdf1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollister_Peak"} | Mountain in California, United States
Hollister Peak is a 1,404-foot (428 m) volcanic plug located near Morro Bay, California. It is one of the Nine Sisters, and receives its name from the family that lived at its base in 1884. It was of religious importance to the Chumash. Hollister Peak is on private property and has no public access. | 98a8cdfc-63df-4d82-a184-11974b7aef49 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Richey"} | Matthew Richey, (May 25, 1803 – October 30, 1883) was a Wesleyan Methodist minister, an educator, and an important leader in the Methodist community in Nova Scotia.
He was born in Ramelton, a small town in the north of County Donegal in Ulster, Ireland, and became a Methodist at the age of 14. In 1819 he emigrated with his brother to Saint John, New Brunswick, where he was persuaded to become a candidate for the Methodist ministry. In 1820 he was appointed an assistant at St. David's in New Brunswick by the Nova Scotia District and in 1825 was admitted as a Methodist minister.
He earned an M.A. degree from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, in 1836 and was awarded an honorary doctorate of divinity (D.D.) degree from the same institution in 1847. In 1836 he was appointed the first principal of Upper Canada Academy in Cobourg, which became Victoria College in 1841. He held this position for four years, before returning to the pastorate in Toronto. Richey was also the first president of Victoria College from 1849 to 1850.
From 1841 to 1843 he served the Methodist church in Toronto, Kingston and Montreal. In 1849 he was appointed acting president of the Canada Methodist Conference and in 1851 became president. At his retirement in 1870 he had been chairman of the newly formed Western District and led to the formation of the Methodist Conference of Eastern British America and served as its president from 1856 to 1861 and 1867 to 1868. He had also been chairman of the Prince Edward Island District and chairman of the Saint John District.
He died at the home of his son Matthew Henry Richey who was Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. | 76592ad6-18b7-4c64-9670-aa019cadaa57 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Baoyu"} | Huang Baoyu (Chinese: 黃寶瑜; 1918–2000) was a Taiwanese artist, calligrapher and architect, known for designing the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan. His design for the museum was chosen after the original competition winner, Wang Da-hong, refused to modify his design to comply with the government's wishes. Huang specialised in the traditional Chinese palace style, and was the favourite architect of former leader, Chiang Kai-shek.
Huang served as Chairman of the architecture department of the Chung Yuan Christian College. He also served in a number of public institutions, working on urban planning projects such as Shimen Reservoir back pool area layout plan (1962), Yangming National Park Project (1963), Kaohsiung Lianchi Lake Scenic Area Plan (1966) and Forest Garden Construction Plan (1966).
Huang came to Taiwan from China in 1949, when he was appointed as a lecturer at the Provincial Institute of Technology.
Notable works
Publications | d4301167-363e-4d78-9f12-adebef56b766 |
null | South Louisiana ICE Processing Center (previously South Louisiana Correctional Facility) is a privately owned and operated prison facility located on the eastern edge of Basile in Acadia Parish, Louisiana. The facility was opened in 1993 by the private prison company LCS Corrections Services and is currently owned and operated by The GEO Group, Inc. It has a capacity of 1,000.
The facility previously housed inmates for Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections, housing both male and females at a mix of minimum, medium, and maximum security, with a capacity of 1,048. In April 2019, GEO announced the signing of a contract modification with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement for the reactivation of the facility to house male and female ICE detainees awaiting immigration court hearings and deportation.
In July and August 2009, a hundred ICE inmates in Basile staged a series of five hunger strikes to protest substandard conditions and lack of appropriate medical care. | e6120590-583a-4ca1-83e3-da72bdeaf7fb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadah_Khanfar"} | Wadah Khanfar (Arabic: وضاح خنفر; born 20 September 1968) is the President of Al Sharq Forum, an independent network dedicated to developing long-term strategies for political development, social justice and economic prosperity of the people of the Middle East. He previously served as the Director General of Al Jazeera Media Network. He has been ranked by Foreign Policy Magazine in 2011 as the first in The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers, and in Fast Company as the first in the 100 Most Creative People in Business (2011) and as one of the most 'Powerful People in the World' by Forbes magazine (2009)., in 2008 World Economic Forum named Khanfar as one of the 'Young Global Leaders'. During his tenure Al Jazeera went from a single channel to a media network with multiple properties including the Al Jazeera Arabic channel, Al Jazeera English, Al Jazeera Documentary, Al Jazeera Sport, Al Jazeera's news websites, the Al Jazeera Media Training and Development Center, the Al Jazeera Center for Studies, Al Jazeera Mubasher (Live), and Al Jazeera Mobile. On 20 September 2011, he stepped down as the head of Al Jazeera Network.
Early years and education
Wadah was born in the Palestinian town of Rama in 1968. He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering at the University of Jordan in 1990 and went on to complete a post-graduate degree in philosophy, a diploma in African Studies from Sudan International University and an Honors Degree in International Politics. During this time, Khanfar started a student's union that soon spread to several other universities and an inter-university dialogue group among students constituted from a range of political backgrounds. By 1989, the student's union was playing an active role in debating the future of the democratic process, and Khanfar started making a name for himself as a charismatic and natural leader, helping to organize forums, protests, festivals and demonstrations for student rights.
Journalism
Africa
When Al Jazeera was established in 1996, Khanfar was a graduate student in International Politics and African Studies in South Africa, and a researcher and consultant in Middle Eastern economics and political affairs. He was asked by the channel to provide an analysis on African affairs, which led to him becoming a correspondent in South Africa until 2001. At a conference in Pretoria on 27–29 August 2012, Khanfar said that he had learned about both political struggle and reconciliation during his years in South Africa.
Afghanistan
In 2001 and 2002, Khanfar reported on Afghanistan from New Delhi. Al Jazeera was unable to get its own correspondent back into the northern territories controlled by the Northern Alliance on the eve of the war, so New Delhi was used, India having a strong Northern Alliance diplomatic presence. As the Taliban regime was collapsing, Al Jazeera's presence in Kabul was threatened by problems including US fire, and concerns from journalists and diplomats that the then bureau chief and correspondent, Tayseer Allouni had become compromised as a partisan of the Taliban cause. Khanfar was brought in to replace Allouni as Kabul bureau chief and restored working relations with the new authorities.
Iraq
During the Iraq war, Khanfar reported from Kurdish-controlled territory in the north, and after the fall of Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath regime, he became Al Jazeera bureau chief in Baghdad.
At this time the channel was widely perceived as playing to popular pro-Baathist and anti-Coalition Arab sentiment, despite being represented at the Coalition's Central Headquarters and having an Al Jazeera correspondent embedded within coalition forces. The then US Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and then Deputy Defence Secretary Paul Wolfowitz publicly criticized Al Jazeera, Rumsfeld calling the channel's reporting "vicious, inaccurate and inexcusable...", while Wolfowitz claimed the station was "inciting violence" and "endangering the lives of American troops" in Iraq.
This public criticism came amid attacks on Al Jazeera from US forces, including the shelling of a hotel in Basra on 8 April 2003 used solely by the channel's correspondents. Nearly a week later, US forces bombed the station's Baghdad offices wounding one cameraman and killing a correspondent, Tariq Ayoub on the same day that two Reuters journalists were killed when a US tank shell struck their office in the Palestine Hotel. In July, Khanfar wrote an open letter to Paul Bremer, the US proconsul in Iraq responding to his assertion that television stations or newspapers guilty of "incitement to violence" would be shut down. Khanfar wrote that his offices and staff had been subject to "strafing by gunfire, death threats, confiscation of news material, and multiple detentions and arrests, all carried out by US soldiers", asserting that the channel's coverage had been consistently harassed for unfavourable reporting during the Ba'athist regime. He also said that because Al Jazeera at that time was only available in Arabic, reliance on the channel's coverage came "from second-, third- and fourth-hand sources – half-truths and total falsehoods that make the rounds in Washington, Baghdad and elsewhere."
Al Jazeera executive
Khanfar became Managing Director of the Al Jazeera Channel in 2003 and Director General of the Al Jazeera Network in 2006. He spoke at the 2011 TED Conference on the ongoing Arab Spring.
On 20 September 2011, Khanfar announced on his official Twitter page that he was 'moving on' from Al Jazeera after leading the channel for 8 years.
WikiLeaks
In September 2011, the non-profit whistleblowing website WikiLeaks released a cache of leaked diplomatic cables highlighting U.S. activities overseas. Several of the cables implicated Khanfar in unduly influencing Al Jazeera's news coverage of the War in Iraq at the behest of U.S. embassy officials in Qatar. In one instance, the cables suggested that Khanfar removed images of wounded Iraqi civilians from an Al Jazeera report following pressure by the U.S. embassy. They also suggested that Khanfar was anxious to keep his behind-the-scenes collaboration secret.
Resignation
In September 2011, Khanfar announced to his staff and publicly on the micro-blogging platform Twitter that he would be resigning. In an emotional farewell to Al Jazeera staff he cites that the decision had been in his mind for sometime and that the target of establishing Al Jazeera as a global media leader has been met. This is also the theme of an interview broadcast on Al Jazeera where he addresses and refutes suggestions that Wikileaks and pressure from USA may have influenced his resignation. He is succeeded by Ahmed bin Jassim Al Thani.
Criticism
Wadah Khanfar was accused by some of a pro-Islamist bias. Responding to these accusations in a 2007 interview with The Nation, Khanfar said: "Islam is more of a factor now in the influential political and social spheres of the Arab world, and the network’s coverage reflects that. Maybe you have more Islamic voices [on the network] because of the political reality on the ground." In June 2007, Hafez Al-Mirazi, Al-Jazeera's Washington bureau chief, denounced what he saw as the station's "Islamist drift", and singled out Khanfar in particular, saying: "From the first day of the Wadah Khanfar era, there was a dramatic change, especially because of him selecting assistants who are hardline Islamists."
During the Iraq War, Al Jazeera broadcast a report that American troops had raided Najaf and detained the religious leaders of the Shia Islamic community, which turned out to be false. Khanfar defended the blunder as an honest mistake.
Al Udeid Air Base served as a logistics hub for U.S. operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. As Saliyah Army Base, the largest pre-positioning facility of U.S. equipment in the world, served as the forward command center for CENTCOM personnel during Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Israel trade office in Qatar. Khanfar was also criticized to favor and be biased towards the Hamas political party in the Palestinian Territories, as opposed to the Palestinian Authority run by Fatah.
Membership and activities
Khanfar has the following memberships; member of International Crisis Group's Board of Trustees, member of the World Economic Forum's (DAVOS) Global Agenda Council on Geopolitical Risk 2012, board member of the Global Editors Network:empower editors-in-chief and senior news executives from around the world looking for the preservation of editorial quality when working with publishers, media owners and news suppliers.
Khanfar spoke at the 2011 TED Conference on the ongoing civil uprisings in the Arab Spring.
First visit to the United States
In July 2009, Khanfar was invited to the United States by leading political and media think tanks including the Middle East Institute, New America Foundation, Council on Foreign Relations, and George Washington University. This was the first time that a Director General from Al Jazeera has visited the US. During the visit Khanfar also met with senior officials and advisors at the White House, United States Department of State and the Pentagon. On the visit to the US, Khanfar appeared on the Charlie Rose Show, NPR's Diane Rehm show, and presented at the Paley Center for Media. | 639d6446-a8ef-4eb6-804d-89c979382dac |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Avenue"} | Radio Avenue is an American radio comedy broadcast on Denver's KGNU. It is presented by Dave Johnson and Bob Wells, joint owners of the Avenue Theater and Chicken Lips comedy company, with additional comments provided by Jared Ewy.
It is broadcast on the first Monday of each month at 8:00 pm (Mountain Time) and is recorded during a live performance at the Avenue Theater in Downtown Denver. Because of its improv comedy nature, Radio Avenue is recorded live to a free audience.
Featured artists include Dale Allen Robertson, Barbara J., and Paul Vens. | 5edf509e-30bc-4e39-af5a-42eaea26bbcc |
null | German hurdler
Klaus Gerbig (6 May 1939 – 20 June 1992) was a German hurdler. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1960 Summer Olympics. | 1cf709e6-b340-453f-9551-0dfee567be87 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cage"} | Mortal Kombat character
Fictional character
Johnny Cage is a fictional character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game franchise by Midway Games/NetherRealm Studios. Introduced in the original 1992 game, he is an action movie star with an extensive martial arts background. The series depicts Cage as one of the primary heroes defending Earthrealm from various threats, as well as the comic foil. In the rebooted timeline, Cage is also the love interest to Special Forces officer Sonya Blade and the father of their daughter Cassie. He is inspired by martial arts star Jean-Claude Van Damme, particularly Van Damme's character in the 1988 film Bloodsport.
A staple of the franchise, Cage has appeared in various media outside of the games. Reception to the character has been generally positive for his role in the series, character development, gameplay, and Fatality finishing moves.
Appearances
Mortal Kombat games
Introduced in the original Mortal Kombat (1992), Johnny Cage is a martial artist and actor who enters the Shaolin Tournament to prove that he does not rely on special effects in his films. Additionally, he is the only character in the game who does not share a past history with the other characters. He is tricked into entering the tournament by the sorcerer Shang Tsung, believing it would prove his skills are real and improve his marketability. Upon arriving at the tournament, however, he learns the truth from the thunder god Raiden and aligns himself with the Earthrealm warriors.
In the sequel Mortal Kombat II (1993), Cage disappears from the set of his latest film after following Mortal Kombat champion Liu Kang to the otherworldly dimension of Outworld, where he joins forces with other fighters in participating in a second tournament during their successful attempt to protect Earthrealm from Outworld's evil emperor, Shao Kahn.
Cage is absent from the series continuity until the 1996 compilation title Mortal Kombat Trilogy, which expands on the events of Mortal Kombat 3 (1995) and its upgrade. He is killed by Shao Kahn's forces during an invasion of Earth, but his path to the afterlife is blocked due to a merger of Earth and Outworld, which restores his soul and enables him to help his comrades defeat Shao Kahn, after which he ascends to the heavens.
In Mortal Kombat 4 (1997), at Cage's request, Raiden restores him to life so he can again fight alongside his friends, this time in an attempt to defeat the forces of the disgraced former deity Shinnok.
In Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance (2002), Cage shoots a movie based on his death and resurrection titled The Death of Johnny Cage, but he is displeased with his characterization and promptly flees the production when Raiden transports him to a new mission in Outworld. However, he and his fellow Earthrealm warriors are killed in their attempt to stop the titular Deadly Alliance from resurrecting the Dragon King Onaga. In Mortal Kombat: Deception (2004), the first fighting installment in which Cage is not playable, he and the Earthrealm warriors are resurrected by Onaga for use as his slaves, but they are eventually freed from their mind control by reformed ninja Ermac and the spirit of Liu Kang, who had also been slain by the Deadly Alliance.
Cage returns along with the series' then-entire playable roster in Mortal Kombat: Armageddon (2006), participating in the final tournament that would decide mankind's fate. He is one of only seventeen characters to receive an official game biography, in which he becomes the de facto leader of Earthrealm's forces after he sees multiple visions of Shinnok and tracks him down to Shang Tsung's island, where Shinnok plots to take over Shao Kahn's empire. Cage is killed a third time along with the other combatants in a battle royal at the Pyramid of Argus in the realm of Edenia in the game's opening sequence.
In the rebooted continuity of Mortal Kombat (2011), Cage is described as "a descendant of an ancient Mediterranean cult who bred warriors for the gods" as an explanation for his special powers. His disembodied head is seen amidst the fighters' corpses in the introduction sequence that depicts the grisly aftermath of the battle and the resulting onset of Armageddon. The storyline then travels back in time to the Shaolin Tournament, where cocky and talkative martial arts actor Johnny Cage enters the competition as a publicity stunt and repeatedly flirts with Special Forces lieutenant Sonya Blade. He initially considers the tournament a joke after defeating Outworld warriors Reptile and Baraka, until Raiden informs him of the consequences should Outworld emerge victorious, which convinces Cage to fight alongside Raiden's chosen heroes. However, he is later defeated in the competition by Earthrealm assassin Cyrax. During the second tournament, Cage is eliminated by Ermac, before Raiden saves him from the centaur Motaro. After Shao Kahn launches an invasion of Earthrealm and his wife Queen Sindel slaughters the rest of their comrades, Cage and Sonya are left as the only survivors.
In Mortal Kombat X (2015), which takes place two years after the previous game, Cage inadvertently discovers his special powers while attempting to rescue Sonya from Shinnok and assists Raiden in imprisoning Shinnok inside a magical amulet. He and Sonya later get married and have a daughter, Cassie, but they divorce due to Sonya's commitment to her career. A further twenty-five years later, Cage becomes part of a secret Special Forces unit under Sonya's command. With help from his followers, Shinnok escapes from his amulet, kidnaps Cage, and corrupts the source of Earthrealm's life force. However, Cassie is able to defeat Shinnok, rescue her father, and reunite the Cage family.
In Mortal Kombat 11, which takes place two years after MKX, Johnny and Cassie grieve over Sonya's death during a Special Forces attack on the Netherrealm. After the keeper of time Kronika causes a time anomaly in an attempt to remove Raiden from history, past versions of Johnny and Sonya are brought to the present. Disgusted by his younger self's arrogance and misconduct around his version of Sonya, the present Johnny works with him to improve his attitude. Though the older Johnny successfully defends the Special Forces base from the Black Dragon crime cartel and cyber Lin Kuei warriors, he is injured in battle, while his and Sonya's younger counterparts are kidnapped and forced to fight for the Black Dragon's entertainment. Cassie leads a Special Forces unit to rescue them and the younger Johnny becomes inspired to be more like his future self. In the DLC story expansion Aftermath, the younger Johnny attempts to take part in a joint Earthrealm/Outworld assault on Kronika's keep, only to be ambushed by Shao Kahn and Sindel, who takes him and his family prisoner.
Character design and gameplay
Original concept sketches for a proposed fighting game by artist John Tobias showed a character called "Michael Grimm, the current box office champion and star of such movies as Dragon's Fist, Dragon's Fist II and the award-winning Sudden Violence." Tobias later described them as "R-rated really schlocky 1980s martial arts films".
Midway Games had hoped to license martial artist and actor Jean-Claude Van Damme for a fighting game that was intended to be modeled after Van Damme's 1988 film Bloodsport. The company created a short demo reel that consisted of film footage of Van Damme inserted into a digital background in order to convince the actor to join the project, an attempt that was unsuccessful. When the game later became Mortal Kombat, the Michael Grimm character was retained as a spoof of Van Damme and renamed Johnny Cage, with Van Damme's split-legged groin punch from Bloodsport consequently included as one of Cage's special moves. According to martial artist Daniel Pesina, who portrayed Cage in the original game and the 1993 sequel Mortal Kombat II, the character was additionally modeled after Daniel Rand from the Power Man and Iron Fist comic series.
Cage's real name of John Carlton was taken from Midway artist and programmer John Carlton, who worked on the NBA Jam arcade game series. Cage was the first character created for Mortal Kombat, and the test prototype of the original game had just two Cage characters fighting each other. In a 1995 interview with Electronic Gaming Monthly, Tobias said that Cage's Fatality finishing move of punching off his opponent's head was the final one created for the game, before which he was going to simply throw his opponent across the screen. Pesina, in 2018, claimed that he himself had invented the finisher and it was the first one created. Due to a falling-out with and ensuing 1994 lawsuit against Midway, Pesina was replaced by Chris Alexander as Cage for the 1996 compilation title Mortal Kombat Trilogy.
As a narcissistic Hollywood star, Cage serves as comic foil in contrast to the games' more serious characters like Liu Kang and Raiden, which is embellished in the 2011 Mortal Kombat reboot game with a large chest tattoo of his name. Cage's main role in Mortal Kombat X is as a Special Forces consultant instead of an actor; his design by NetherRealm Studios (formerly Midway Games) was their attempt to define whether or not he had taken his martial arts skills seriously since the aftermath of the 2011 reboot game, and he was outfitted in tactical gear that was designed to fit his fighting style while finding the balance between "serious or stoic" and "too goofy". In Mortal Kombat X, Cage's gameplay style is split into three fighting variations like those of the other playable characters; Prima Games deemed him effective at zoning.
Other appearances
In the animated direct-to-video prequel Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins, released four months prior to the feature film, Johnny Cage (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is en route to Shang Tsung's island along with Sonya and Liu Kang, while Raiden informs them of the Mortal Kombat tournament's origins and the dangers they will face.
In the 1995 feature film Mortal Kombat, Johnny Cage was played by Linden Ashby and is one of Raiden's three chosen warriors with Liu Kang and Sonya, and he takes part in the tournament to prove he is a legitimate fighter after Shang Tsung assumes the identity of Cage's sensei in order to trick him into participating. He defeats Scorpion and Goro, and is selected by Shang Tsung to fight him in final combat near the conclusion until Liu Kang accepts the challenge. Ashby who had practiced martial arts before he was cast in the role. Ashby would later lend his voice and likeness to a downloadable skin for Cage in Mortal Kombat 11.
Ashby did not return for the 1997 sequel Mortal Kombat: Annihilation and was replaced by Chris Conrad. During Shao Kahn's invasion of Earth in the beginning of the film, Cage is killed by the emperor in his attempt to save Sonya after she is taken hostage. Pat E. Johnson, the first film's stunt choreographer, recommended Conrad as Ashby's replacement to Annihilation's producers.
Martial artist Matt Mullins portrayed Cage in director Kevin Tancharoen's 2010 short film Mortal Kombat: Rebirth. Cage is a faltering action star who works undercover for police officer Jackson Briggs, but Baraka kills him in a brutal fight. Mullins reprised the role in one episode of Tancharoen's 2011 web series Mortal Kombat: Legacy, in which Cage is revised as an unemployed television actor who had starred in Power Rangers. Desperate to revive his flailing career, he pitches reality show pilots that show him engaging in acts of vigilantism by beating up various criminals, but they are rejected by two executives. Cage later overhears one of them stealing his ideas while proposing a new show to another actor, and he assaults the executive along with two security guards. He is then approached by Shang Tsung as the episode concludes. Casper Van Dien replaced Mullins for the 2013 second season, appearing in four of ten episodes. Cage had refused Shang Tsung's proposition from the previous season to fight for Outworld and reluctantly agrees to join Raiden's warriors in participating in the tournament. He is defeated by Mileena in battle but rescued by Kitana before Mileena can kill him, and in the season finale, he and Stryker are attacked by Liu Kang, who has betrayed Earthrealm to fight for Outworld. Van Dien compared his career trajectory to that of Cage in a 2013 interview with MTV.
Cage appears in the animated films Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge (2020) and the sequel Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms (2021). He is voiced by Joel McHale, who will reprise the role for the next film in the Legends series that will focus on Cage and is set for release in 2023.
Cage was excluded from the 2021 live-action feature film Mortal Kombat; director Simon McQuoid explained that the cast of main characters was already established when he had joined the production, plus he felt that Cage was "a very tricky, complex character" and a "big personality ... that has such a gravitational force around him [that] everything would have started to orbit around him."
In Malibu Comics' Mortal Kombat comic book series that ran from 1994 to 1995, Cage first features with the characters from the original game in the 1994 six-issue Blood & Thunder miniseries, which loosely follows the game's storyline of Shang Tsung hosting the Shaolin Tournament. In the follow-up miniseries Battlewave (1995), which focuses mainly on the new characters introduced in Mortal Kombat II, Cage has resumed his acting career but later travels to Outworld with Jax to investigate an attack carried out by Goro. The series additionally featured an original character in Cage's personal bodyguard Bo. Cage is a supporting character in DC Comics' 2015 twelve-issue Mortal Kombat X miniseries, with a chapter in the eighth issue devoted to the background of his relationship with Sonya.
Merchandise and promotion
Cage has been licensed for various action figures produced by Hasbro, Toy Island, and Jazwares. Advanced Graphics released a life-sized Cage cardboard standee in 2011, and Syco Collectibles released a polystone character statuette in 2012.
Reception
Cage has been rated among the top Mortal Kombat characters by various gaming media publications, and his Fatality finishing moves over the course of his series appearances have been positively received. Brad Nicholson of Destructoid enthused in 2008 that Cage was "easily the best character in a fighting game ever," and Marcin Górecki of Polish gaming magazine Secret Service ranked Cage the second-best male fighting-game character in 1996, behind Ryu from the Street Fighter franchise. However, Shea Serrano of Grantland rated Cage the second-worst of Mortal Kombat II's twelve characters in 2012, on the basis of his skill being "overtaken almost entirely by his own ego." In her 2015 review of Mortal Kombat X, Maddy Myers of Eurogamer questioned what she felt was the implausibility of the "white-as-snow" union of Cage and Sonya. Justin Clark of Slant considered Cage to be among the "older, self-serious dinosaurs wrestling with relevance" in Mortal Kombat X, his cocky attitude notwithstanding.
Critical reception of Cage's characterization in the Mortal Kombat games and alternate media has been mixed. Chris Buffa of GameDaily wrote: "If you can't marry Brad Pitt, you can always settle for Mortal Kombat's Johnny Cage." GamesRadar considered Cage a combination of Jean-Claude Van Damme, Nicolas Cage, and Robert Downey, Jr. Writing for Complex, Elton John declared that Cage "embodies Hollywood's overpaid jerk persona perfectly," while Hanuman Welch considered Cage an exemplification of overconfidence and self-delusion, as well as a "spokesperson of the obnoxious Ed Hardy crowd." Mark Walton of GameSpot castigated Cage in the 2011 reboot game as sexist and arrogant. In their review of Mortal Kombat 11, the Washington Post enjoyed the interactions presented between the young and the old Cage as they gave elements that helped to make the narrative more appealing.
Gavin Jasper of Den of Geek praised Linden Ashby's performance in the first Mortal Kombat film as "a perfect idea of" Cage's personality. R. L. Shaffer of IGN was critical of Cage's "illogical character arc" as a former Power Rangers actor in Mortal Kombat: Legacy as he felt it was "disconnected" from Cage's role in the games, but Carl Lyon of Fearnet opined in his 2013 second-season review that Casper Van Dien's portrayal of the character made Cage "the loveable asshole we all know and love." | 49ed4c26-0c11-4485-b667-37c6e89033f6 |
null | This following is a list of films produced, co-produced and/or released by Inti Films.
2010s - Inti Films
Feature films
Creative documentary films
Art films
2000s - Inti Films
Creative documentary films
Short films
Art films
1990s - Inti Films
Feature films
Short films
Creative documentary films | 44dbb245-f4ce-43a7-a7cc-931e4a259261 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gorah"} | Locale in Sinai, Egypt
El Gorah is a locale in northeastern Sinai, in Egypt, approximately 16 kilometers from the Israeli border and 37 km southeast of El Arish. The area is sparsely populated by nomads and by farmers who tend small orchards.
El Gorah is the location of former Israeli Air Force Base Eitam (named after the biblical station Etham), built during the Israeli occupation of the northern Sinai from 1967 to 1979. It is currently the location of the headquarters of the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) international peacekeeping force, called MFO North Camp. | 3c7a62c2-c407-46b7-b1e0-5105bccfa084 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinaldo_Zavarce"} | Venezuelan-American actor and singer (born 1988)
Reinaldo Zavarce Peche (born June 8, 1988) is a Venezuelan actor and singer. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela, and made his screen acting debut in the Venezuelan RCTV telenovelas “Mujer con Pantalones,” “Te Tengo en Salsa,” “Amantes,” and “Toda una dama.” His film credits include the popular romantic comedy “Dia Naranja,” but he is perhaps best known for his starring role as Alex in the hit Nickelodeon Latin America /Sony Pictures Television teen drama series Isa TKM. and “Isa TK+”.
The show, commonly referred to as the “Latin American High School Musical,” became a phenomenon among teens across the Americas (US included due to its airing on MTV's Spanish language channel MTV Tr3s), and became a #1 hit in its demographic in over 23 countries its first season. The Los Angeles Times deemed the fan frenzy surrounding the show and its cast members “Isa-mania,” and in 2008 Reinaldo was awarded “Actor of the Year” at Nickelodeon Brazil’s “Meus Premios Nick” Awards (and again in 2010 at the Kids Choice Awards Mexico). That Zavarce’s real-life ex girlfriend was (and is) on- screen “Isa” love Maria Gabriela de Faría only added to the press and public frenzy around Reinaldo, and has kept them both on the covers of some of the biggest magazines across Latin America and Brazil.
He hosted the Nickelodeon Latin America and Brazil coverage of the 2012 US Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards with Will Smith. His KCA host duties were a performed in a mix of English, Spanish and Portuguese languages, he is fluent in all three. Zavarce is managed (worldwide) by SCRIVEN TALENT (Los Angeles) and repped internationally by William Morris Endeavor (Los Angeles).
He's starting to write his new feature film, "Destroying Nacho" motivated by real life events.
Music
Since becoming a household name via television, Peche has also evolved into a bona-fide music star. After two top selling “Isa” records (#1 in Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela and Colombia, top 10 in Argentina), and a sold out “Isa” live tour, Reinaldo went on to create a new punk-pop side project, PANORAMA EXPRESS f/Reinaldo Zavarce “Peche”, which released its first EP, "Directo a Shanghai" on April 3, 2012.
Background
Reinaldo Zavarce Peche was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He shares his first name with his father, Reinaldo, and his "Peche" with his mother, Laura Peche. He has two siblings, Andrea and Vicente. Zavarce attended High School Central of Bachelors Technology Agricultural (CBTA) No. 264, in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
An avid sports fan and talented athlete, Reinaldo played soccer on the professional youth team Venezuelan Venezuelan Deportivo Italia at the FIFA U-20 World Cup and won a scholarship to the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago to study administration and to play soccer. Zavarce returned to Venezuela after an injury, and resumed his studies at the Universidad Metropolitana in Caracas.
He has also been a semi-professional, previously sponsored, Paintball player.
Career
In 2004, Zavarce attended a casting call for Venezuela television and subsequently participated in several popular telenovelas: Mujer con pantalones (Women Wearing Pants), Te tengo en salsa (I have you in Salsa), and Amante (Lovers).
In 2007 he participated (along with Maria Gabriela de Faria) on the soap opera Toda una dama (A Lady) for RCTV International playing the role of the son of a politician.
In 2008 he joined the cast of the Nickelodeon Latin America teen drama Isa TKM. The musical telenovela was written by Mariela Romero and debuted in several Latin American in September and October 2008 and on MTV Tr3́s in June 2009. The series has given Zavarce recognition in several Latin American countries for his role as "Alex". The series is positively compared to the High School Musical film series, and Band.com.br writes "The teen soap produced by Sony Pictures Television for Nickelodeon Latin America is a phenomenon among pre-teens across the Americas, all because of the adventures of Alex and Isabella (Reinaldo "Peche" Zavarce) who, together with Linda (Micaela Castelotti) Cristina (Milena Torres) and Rey (Willy Martin), show much color, music, dance and humor."
Also in 2008, he began work in Día naranja (Orange Day), directed by Venezuelan Alejandra Szeplaki. Zavarce starred as "Victor", a DJ affected by the probable pregnancy of his girlfriend. The film premiered in Venezuela on October 9, 2009.
The second in the Isa TKM series, Isa TK+, premiered in January 2009.
Filmography
Film
Television roles
Awards and nominations | eb3c771e-a700-4076-8148-f4e8a782da78 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoseynabad,_Dargaz"} | Village in Razavi Khorasan, Iran
Hoseynabad (Persian: حسين اباد, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād) is a village in Qara Bashlu Rural District, Chapeshlu District, Dargaz County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 8 families. | 2a26cf61-0038-4c01-9002-df5bc0015987 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Jersey_Devils_seasons"} | The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Devils arrived in New Jersey in 1982 after transferring from Denver, Colorado, where they had been known as the Colorado Rockies since 1976. Before that, the franchise entered the league as the Kansas City Scouts in 1974. The 2021–22 season is the 39th season of play in New Jersey. It is the 47th year for the Devils franchise, and including the team's time in Kansas City and Denver, the Devils have won over 1,500 regular season games, 17th overall in NHL history.
New Jersey played its first 11 seasons in the Patrick Division before moving to the Atlantic Division when the NHL renamed divisions in 1993. The Devils first qualified for the playoffs in 1988, eventually losing in the Conference Finals. The team then made the playoffs several times after that before capturing their first Stanley Cup in the lockout-shortened 1994–95 season. The following year, the Devils missed the playoffs, becoming the first team in 26 years to fail to qualify for the playoffs the season after a Stanley Cup victory. Since 1997, however, the Devils qualified for the playoffs each season until 2010–11, a streak surpassed only by the Detroit Red Wings. The Devils won the Stanley Cup in 2000 and 2003, and advanced to the Finals in 2001, only to lose to the Colorado Avalanche in seven games. Overall, the Devils made 22 appearances in the Stanley Cup playoffs, in the 24 seasons between 1987–88 and 2011–12, including 13 consecutive seasons between 1996–97 and 2009–10. After missing the playoffs for the first time in 14 years in 2010–11, the Devils rebounded the following year, making the playoffs again and losing in the Stanley Cup Finals to the Los Angeles Kings. Following this run the Devils had trouble finding success as they missed the playoffs nine times in the following ten seasons.
Table key
Year by year | 444f5deb-5a97-4ec4-8e5e-94c6bb2ee76c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Monte-Carlo_Masters_%E2%80%93_Singles"} | Tennis tournament event
2021 tennis event results
Stefanos Tsitsipas defeated Andrey Rublev in the final, 6–3, 6–3 to win the singles tennis title at the 2021 Monte-Carlo Masters. It was his first ATP Tour Masters 1000 title, making him the first Greek to win a Masters tournament. Rublev was also in contention for his maiden Masters 1000 title.
Fabio Fognini was the defending champion from when the tournament was last held in 2019, but lost to Casper Ruud in the quarterfinals.
Seeds
The top eight seeds received a bye into the second round.
01.
Novak Djokovic (third round)
02.
Daniil Medvedev (withdrew, tested positive for COVID-19)
03.
Rafael Nadal (quarterfinals)
04.
Stefanos Tsitsipas (champion)
05.
Alexander Zverev (third round)
06.
Andrey Rublev (final)
07.
Diego Schwartzman (second round)
08.
Matteo Berrettini (second round)
09.
Roberto Bautista Agut (third round)
10.
Gaël Monfils (withdrew)
11.
David Goffin (quarterfinals)
12.
Pablo Carreño Busta (third round)
13.
Hubert Hurkacz (second round)
14.
Grigor Dimitrov (third round)
15.
Fabio Fognini (quarterfinals)
16.
Cristian Garín (third round)
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.
Draw
Key
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
Qualifying
Seeds
Qualifiers
Lucky losers
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
Fifth qualifier
Sixth qualifier
Seventh qualifier | b9779a4d-775c-4fd2-b54a-5cf6724ade17 |
null | Public comprehensive school in Ozark, Arkansas, United States
Ozark High School is a comprehensive public high school for students in grades 10 through 12 located in Ozark, Arkansas, United States. Ozark High School is the only high school of the Ozark School District in western Arkansas serving most of northern Franklin County and a small portion of western Johnson County. The district, most notably the high school, is most famous for its mascot, the Hillbilly. Patrons claim that Ozark is the only district in the Union with the Hillbilly as its mascot, though both the nickname and comparable likenesses are used by other schools. However, Ozark is the only district to use the nickname and likeness together.
The high school benefits from the district's membership in the Western Arkansas Educational Service Cooperative (WAESC), which was formed to assist school districts to work collectively and maximize educational funding by providing shared services to schools and students in western Arkansas.
Academics
The assumed course of study follows the Smart Core curriculum developed by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE), which requires students complete at least 22 units prior to graduation. Students complete regular coursework and exams and may take Advanced Placement (AP) courses and exam with the opportunity to receive college credit.
Extracurricular activities
Mascot and colors
The high school emblem (mascot) and colors have been shared by all schools in the district. The Hillbilly, which is almost always depicted in purple overalls and armed with a shotgun, was adopted as the school emblem in 1935. Purple and gold were adopted as the school colors the same year, replacing the red and white that had been used. The mascot and colors were similar to that of what was then the College of the Ozarks, whose mascot was the Mountaineer until the 1980s.
The original mascot was the Bulldogs until the 1930s when the school board voted to change it to the Hillbilly. In 2008, the high school baseball team tried to revive the original logo and colors, displaying the original "OHS" logo on their baseball hats which symbolizes a large "O" representing a baseball with an "H" in the middle symbolizing the seams on the baseball and then the letter "S".
Athletics
The Ozark Hillbillies compete in interscholastic activities within the 4A Classification administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. The Hillbillies play within the 4A Region 1 Conference. Ozark fields varsity teams in football, golf (boys/girls), basketball (boys/girls), cross country (boys/girls), cheer, bowling (boys/girls), baseball, fastpitch softball, track and field (boys/girls).
State championships
The Hillbillies boys cross country team won four state championships between 1970 and 1980. Ozark girls took home the state title in cross country in 2014. The girls golf team won consecutive state championships in 2002 and 2003 and the boys golf team won a state title in 2008. The Ozark girls basketball team, led by Sarah Pfeifer recognized as female high school athlete of the year by the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, won consecutive state titles in 2000 and 2001 and were state runner-up in 2002. In 2001, Sarah Pfeifer tossed the shot put 40'-10", which remains an Arkansas state record. | ebfd9873-b9ed-4e51-924c-3d5aa5c4c35b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunted_(2012_TV_series)"} | 2012 British television drama series
Hunted is a 2012 British television drama series created and written by Frank Spotnitz and produced by Kudos and Big Light Productions for British broadcaster BBC, for its main channel BBC One and American premium cable broadcaster Cinemax. The series premiered on Thursday 4 October 2012 on BBC One and on Friday 19 October 2012 on Cinemax.
Overview
Samantha (Melissa George) is an espionage operative for "Byzantium", a private intelligence agency. She survives an attempt on her life, which she strongly suspects was orchestrated by members of the company she works for. After recovering and returning to active duty, she goes back to work undercover as a nanny, not knowing who tried to kill her or whom to trust. It becomes evident that the attempt on her life is tied into a horrific event from her childhood.
Main cast
Production
The series was created by Frank Spotnitz (best known as executive producer and head writer for The X-Files), who will write the majority of the episodes of series 1. Spotnitz is executive producing with Kudos' Stephen Garrett (executive producer of Law & Order: UK, Spooks/MI5), Jane Featherstone (producer behind Spooks/MI5, The Hour, Life on Mars), Alison Jackson (Ashes to Ashes, Eternal Law), and BBC's Christopher Aird (Spooks, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries).
After Spotnitz had wrapped up The X-Files he met Stephen Garrett and Jane Featherstone of Kudos Film and Television. They asked him to come to the UK and work with British television. Spotnitz had lived in Europe before and was interested in returning. He claims the idea was appealing but it simply never happened. The years passed and Spotnitz was talking to The X-Files star Gillian Anderson, who was visiting Los Angeles from London where she lives, and she asked, "Would you ever consider doing a show (in Britain)?". Spotnitz started talking to her about doing a spy series and then the first call he made was to Stephen Garrett since the two lost touch. "You know the idea of doing a show in England? I think I may finally have it".
On 13 January 2011, the BBC announced the show – then called Morton. Gillian Anderson was no longer attached to the show; it took Spotnitz and Kudos longer than estimated to get the green light from the BBC and by then, Anderson was too busy with other projects.
Spotnitz relocated to London with his family. While trying to get Hunted off the ground, he served as co-producer and head writer for Strike Back: Project Dawn (or just Strike Back in the United States), which was also produced by HBO for Cinemax, but co-produced with another British broadcaster, BSkyB (for Sky1), not the BBC.
On 22 September 2011, reports confirmed that HBO/Cinemax would come on board as co-producers and that the name Morton had been scrapped and the new name was Nemesis. On 6 March 2012, Spotnitz announced on his homepage that the show's title had been changed again to Hunted.
Spotnitz spent a lot of time researching private spy agencies. He told Screen International: "It's not an area I was very aware of until I went looking for it. Most private contractors don't want to be noticed. Their websites are dry and boring and they don't want the wrong kind of attention. I talked to people who run these companies in the US, United Kingdom and Switzerland and then I researched the type of personality working at them".
Filming started on location in Wales, Scotland, London and Morocco. In early March, scenes were filmed in East Linton, Scotland at a local Deli Shop. "There are no sound stages. It's all location filming. It’s really expensive and difficult to do, but it looks so much better and has a real feel of authenticity", Spotnitz told The Hollywood Reporter. "It's international and it looks international".
During the series, Sam has childhood memories of an oast house and in episode 5 she finds the Oast House. This is the oast house at Little Scotney Farm, Lamberhurst, Kent. It is still a working oast house owned by the National Trust, producing hops to make "Scotney Ale".
The first series takes place mainly in London. Had the show been commissioned for a second series, each series would have taken place in a different European city. George, who is based in New York, would have lived in London for six months to film each series.
Sam Hunter spinoff
On 25 September 2012, it was reported that British screenwriter Ben Harris had joined the writing team in preparation for a second series pickup from BBC One and Cinemax.
Melissa George has reported that the second series of Hunted would be set in Berlin. The Australian star previously said that her Hunted role "could potentially be long-term", adding that she may be playing Sam "for the next five years".
On 3 November 2012, it was reported that British screenwriter Claire Wilson had joined the writing team in preparation for a second series pickup from BBC One and Cinemax.
However, on 14 November 2012, The Guardian reported that BBC One had decided not to commission a second series of Hunted, citing ratings declines as the primary reason. It was reported the following day that Cinemax was looking into making a second series without the partnership with the BBC. Cinemax has since announced that it is working with Frank Spotnitz to reboot the show, describing the current incarnation as "too expensive" to continue without BBC support.
Spotnitz has revealed that the original plans for Hunted series two – which would have followed Sam Hunter to Germany – have been abandoned in the wake of the series shake-up. "It's going to change – that [Berlin plot] was when we still had the BBC as a partner", he explained. "Now it's one of those funny things where it's the same character, but it's a different series." Spotnitz added that he "would very much expect" future episodes to air in the UK, adding that he has considered other British networks as potential partners.
In June 2013 it was announced that the second series would become a four-hour miniseries called Sam Hunter, airing in 2014.
In early 2015, Frank Spotnitz stated that the series–and spinoff–had been officially cancelled by Cinemax, though he and George were open to continuing the project if it were to be picked up by another network.
Episode list
DVD release
On 30 July 2013 HBO Home Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 via the Warner Archive Collection. This is a manufacture-on-demand (MOD) release, available via WBShop.com and Amazon.com. The series is also available on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK.
Web campaign
Hunted was accompanied by an Internet campaign carrying content developed during the filming of the series. Known for a psychologically stimulating internet campaign where one would guess what dongle went to various computers. It all turned out to be a honeypot.
Reception
Reviews of the first episode were mixed. While he liked the plot, Michael Hogan of The Daily Telegraph was critical of the dialogue and acting: "The protagonist pouts constantly and came across more sulky teenager than troubled soul. When you're performing this hokum, you need a heavyweight cast to give it credibility. Spooks had Matthew MacFadyen and Peter Firth, 24 had Kiefer Sutherland, Homeland has Damian Lewis and Claire Danes. Hunted's assorted pretty young things are nowhere near that league. They gazed moodily out of windows but rather than looking haunted by the terrible things they’d seen, they looked like they were waiting for a minicab". The Observer's Andrew Anthony compared the series unfavourably with the U.S. television series Homeland: "Both have high production values, both are capable of creating fiendishly clever plots, but whereas Homeland seeks to foreground character, Hunted relies on shorthand caricature. Thus the three villains on display last week were a macho Arab, an inscrutable psychopath and a cockney gangster-turned-businessman, holding their faces in such ways as to convey, respectively, machismo, psychopathy, and tasty geezerness". Jim Shelley of the Daily Mirror was also critical, writing that Hunted "relied more on old-fashioned Spooks cliches. Locations like Istanbul were viewed as dangerous – ie, full of foreigners, particularly handsome Arabs in suits driving around as if they were in a BMW ad".
On a more positive note, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly, said the U.S. première had "lots of slick suspense, well-turned violence, and a delightful air of menace hanging over everything Sam does". Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post also had a favorable review of the U.S. premiere saying "To its credit, 'Hunted' doesn't take its profoundly disconnected characters and slap them into a slick, glitzy story about heroism in the face of greed. It marries the doubt, regret and longing they feel into a chugging, twisty spy story about the cost of selling your soul one piece at a time". | 375fc2fc-9f44-409e-9311-da4e99256827 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110-Morgen"} | Neighborhood in Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands
110-Morgen is a neighborhood in Rotterdam, Netherlands Located in Hillegersberg-Schiebroek. The name refers to a polder of the same name from 1772, with a surface area of 110 morgen.
The first plans for residential development of the area were presented in 1933. The neighborhood was established after World War II as part of the efforts to rebuild Rotterdam. It was renovated around the year 2000. 110-Morgen has a residents organisation. | 78a1b4d8-2900-46cb-b978-ff59474d902b |
null | McCarrell is a surname.
Surname
Middle name | a542db72-7b18-4d0d-88d8-ea52d37ea5e5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_lymphadenopathy"} | Medical condition
Generalized lymphadenopathy is swollen lymph glands in many areas of the body.
Usually this is in response to a body-wide infectious disease such as influenza and will go away once the person has recovered, but sometimes it can persist long-term, even when there is no obvious cause of disease. This is then called persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL).
Causes | d81152b4-9055-4626-92f3-97cdde222caf |
null | American gridiron football player (born 1956)
American football player
Aaron Cedric Brown (born January 13, 1956) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for six seasons for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Philadelphia Eagles, and Atlanta Falcons. | 0e04d615-17d4-427d-9ff9-f3816d1bb7ed |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Basulto"} | Spanish politician
Antonio Rodríguez Basulto (born 16 April 1945) is a Spanish politician and former president of La Rioja between January and May 1983. | 51aebb50-25ca-49d5-b10a-fb6fc653b7e3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_bazar"} | Pan bazar is a locality situated near 'James Street' Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Pan bazar is a residential and commercial area in the heart of the city.
Economy
A wide variety of businesses consisting of wholesale cloth merchants, gold merchants, hardware equipment stores, steel market stores and transportation companies are located here. | a45ca316-f9c7-4ddc-9930-ffc29f1a2bde |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Lyn_Hart_(album)"} | 1999 studio album by Tara Lyn Hart
Tara Lyn Hart is the debut album by Canadian country music artist Tara Lyn Hart. It was released by Epic Records on October 5, 1999. The album peaked at number 30 on the RPM Country Albums chart.
Track listing
Charts | 1b4159e6-aedc-41c4-a5fc-6f7f7d35ef76 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Defence_Sixth_Form_College"} | Independent, boarding, school in Woodhouse, Leicestershire, England
Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College (stylised as Welbeck – The Defence Sixth Form College), formerly named and often referred to as simply Welbeck College, was an independent, selective sixth form college in Leicestershire, England. While run as a sixth form college, the school was an institution of the Ministry of Defence and part of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom.
Founded in 1953, the school was originally based at Welbeck Abbey, where it provided A-level education for boys planning to join the technical branches of the British Army. By 2004, the school accepted both male and female students for all three branches of the armed forces and in 2005, the school was re-opened and relocated to a purpose-built site in Leicestershire, where it also began admitting potential civil servants for the Defence Engineering and Science Group within the Ministry of Defence. The school closed on 3 July 2021.
History
Foundation
Recognising a decline in the number of cadets passing to Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, particularly from the north of England, in 1951 the Army Council appointed a committee to consider ways to attract young boys to take commissions in the army. The committee concluded that either a system of scholarships should be established to encourage boys to stay at school until they were 18 before graduating to Sandhurst, or that the army should open a school of its own. The second method was preferred by the council, who appointed a second committee which selected Welbeck Abbey—previously an army college for adults—as the site for the new school. The report was approved by the council, and in the autumn of 1952, work commenced to convert the abbey, which was let by the Duke of Portland to the Ministry of Defence, into a teaching facility.
Following several meetings throughout September 1953 to finalise some last details, Welbeck College, The Army Sixth Form was officially opened on 25 September 1953.
Expansion and re-opening
In 1992, female students were permitted to join the school for the first time.
In 2002, the Defence Training Review resulted in a decision to expand the school to accommodate candidates for the engineering branches of the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force, starting from 2004. Having operated out of Welbeck Abbey for half a century, the review also resulted in the decision to close the school at the abbey and open a new Defence Sixth Form College on the site of some disused barracks outside Woodhouse, near Loughborough.
The purpose-built site was selected for its proximity to the M1 and the East Midlands Airport, and reportedly cost £38 million to develop. The school officially re-opened as Welbeck – The Defence Sixth Form College on 7 December 2005. Upon its re-opening, the school continued to admit potential officers for all three branches of the armed forces as it had started doing the year prior, and began admitting potential civil servants for the Defence Engineering and Science Group (DESG) within the Ministry of Defence.
Closure
On 11 March 2019, it was announced in the House of Commons that the school would be closed in 2021. A spokesperson for the Ministry of Defence acknowledged that the school had "produced some excellent young graduates" but said that the school was "not meeting Defence's requirements or providing sufficient value for money".
In a parliamentary debate called by then-Conservative MP Nicky Morgan on 30 April 2019, Defence minister Mark Lancaster said that "the scheme as it stands has consistently failed to deliver the required number of engineers and technical officers to Defence since its establishment in 2005" and that "on average only 53 per cent of entrants have completed [the scheme] successfully, and a proportion of those have not achieved STEM degrees". He also noted that "the scheme has cost the Ministry of Defence and the taxpayer some £200,000 per student who has become a STEM graduate".
The school was officially closed at the final graduation ceremony on 3 July 2021, which was attended by Princess Anne.
Governance
Although run as a sixth form college, the school was an institution of the Ministry of Defence and part of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, and operated by Minerva Ltd as part of a public–private partnership.
It was governed by a board including senior armed forces personnel, civil servants, individuals with technical and industrial experience, directors of Minerva, as well as staff and parents. The board acted as an advisory, rather than a proprietorial body, overseeing the day-to-day running of the school, the facilities, and the provision of education and pastoral care. There were two sub-committees—academic and pastoral, and facilities—which reported to the main governing board.
The school was an associate of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC).
Admissions
As a selective school, it required prospective pupils to satisfy one of the Single Service Selection Boards and meet minimum academic requirements. Candidates had to be British citizens, or hold dual-nationality with one being British. Candidates were required to have an A grade in GCSE maths (or equivalent), a B grade in the equivalent level science, and a C grade in the equivalent level English language. A 2018 Independent Schools Inspectorate report noted that pupils at the school came from a very diverse range of backgrounds from across the United Kingdom. A similar report in 2014 noted that just under a quarter of the students were girls.
A small number of private pupils were admitted annually, who paid £6,900 per term during 2019/2020, although the majority of students were classified as 'sponsored students' and had their tuition fees paid for by the Ministry of Defence. All students' parents were expected to contribute toward maintenance costs, including board, lodging, uniform, and any other services provided, though the amount varied based on gross annual household income and several other factors.
Curriculum
Structure
Aiming to prepare students for careers in the armed forces, the school focused primarily on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects, and, shortly before its closure, offered a choice of 11 core subjects. Before its closure, all students were required to take four AS-levels in lower-sixth, including mathematics and physics, and all had to continue mathematics at A-level in their final year. An enrichment programme was also available, whereby students could attain additional qualifications such as developing language skills or completing an Extended Project Qualification (EPQ).
A 2018 Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI) report noted that A-level results from 2014 to 2016 were above the national average for sixth formers in maintained schools, similar to the 2014 ISI report which further found that over two-thirds of results were graded A* to B in 2013. Pupils of the school were given preferred entry to the Defence Technical Undergraduate Scheme (DTUS), which aimed to further prepare students for careers in the armed forces. Pupils typically went on to read science, engineering or management degrees at one of 11 universities on the scheme.
Combined Cadet Force
Unlike most schools, participation in the school's combined cadet force (CCF) was a compulsory part of the curriculum for all students. The school CCF did not follow the usual cadet training programme, instead holding sessions twice per week and placing more emphasis on skills and leadership, in order to better prepare students for officer training.
The school CCF held an annual passing out parade to an audience of family, friends and invited guests. Awards were given to the best cadet from each section and two special awards—the Welbeck Sword of Honour and the Prince Philip Medal—were also presented.
Extracurricular activities
A wide range of sports were offered at the school, and students participated in regional and military sporting events. In addition to compulsory sports and CCF activities, students were required to participate in at least one further activity per week from a range of sporting and non-sporting options. These activities included local volunteering as well as participation in The Duke of Edinburgh's Award programme.
School site
The school had a purpose-built site outside Woodhouse, near Loughborough, from its re-opening in 2005 until its closure in 2021. Built on the site of some disused army barracks, the site was close to both the M1 and the East Midlands Airport, and reportedly developed at a cost of £38 million. The school buildings were grouped into four distinct zones adjacent to a large area of sports fields, and included dining facilities, a medical wing, student club areas, a learning resource centre and computer laboratories. Five boarding houses accommodated up to 380 students, while residential house staff were provided with separate accommodation.
Alumni
Welbeck College educated the following notable alumni in the British armed forces: | c5f5f066-28af-4c06-ace8-86cf9cc2da82 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoeuraphia"} | Genus of crustaceans
Pseudoeuraphia is a genus of star barnacles in the family Chthamalidae. There is one described species in Pseudoeuraphia, P. montgomeryi. | a58ca0ac-5dd9-4cd7-89d7-1ee44253bab4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Accident_Rescue_Service"} | UK registered charity
The Suffolk Accident Rescue Service (SARS) is a registered charity which assists the East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust in providing medical care at the scene of emergencies in Suffolk and surrounding counties. The organisation relies on volunteer medical professionals and Allied Health Professionals to provide this service on an entirely voluntary basis. The headquarters are in Woolpit. It is an affiliated member of the British Association for Immediate Care.
Purpose of the organisation
SARS was established in 1972 as a group of doctors willing to give up their spare time to assist at the scene of trauma and medical emergencies. In 2011, SARS opened its membership to paramedics and other health professionals.[citation needed]
The service continues to train and equip participating members. By 2017 the charity had answered around 17,000 calls - an average of more than 1 call each day over the previous 45 years. All SARS members are volunteers who receive no payment or expenses for responding to emergency calls and the work is undertaken without any charge to the patient, ambulance service, UK tax-payer or National Lottery funding. [citation needed]
Pre-hospital Care Network in the East of England
This charity is one of many Pre-hospital care providers in the East, which has an established trauma network – the first to be fully operational in the UK[citation needed].
Other Pre-hospital care providers that they work and train alongside are:
The East of England teams commonly end up working alongside crews from Lincolnshire & Nottinghamshire Air Ambulance, London's Air Ambulance and The Air Ambulance Service, along with other BASICS charities. | 5972eebf-48c4-4a71-8502-407370ec01d4 |
null | Cortijo de Miraflores is a historical building in the Pilar Miraflores neighborhood of Marbella, Spain.
It originated in the cortijo built in 1706 by Tomás Francisco Domínguez y Godoy on the ruins of a former farming estate.
the building houses a number of decorative elements, probably from earlier buildings, such as medallions. | dafa3fd5-0eab-467c-b6e5-3085504b50f5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaldo_Del_Bo"} | Italian politician (1916–1991)
Rinaldo "Dino" Del Bo (19 November 1916 – 16 January 1991) was an Italian politician who served in the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, serving as President of the body between 9 October 1963 and 1967 as the Del Bo Authority.
Biography
He was a prominent exponent of the fascist university organizations of Milan, he collaborated in a branch position in magazines such as Gerarchia and Fascist Doctrine. At first close to the fascist current of mysticism, after 8 September 1943 (date of the Armistice of Cassibile), together with Teresio Olivelli, Carlo Bianchi, David Maria Turoldo, Mario Apollonio and Giovanni Barbareschi, took part in the meetings that led to the foundation of the newspaper Il Ribelle. The newspaper of the Brigate Fiamme Verdi was published in 26 issues. One of the printers, Franco Rovida, and Teresio Olivelli himself ended their existence in a concentration camp.
After World War II he was MP for four terms among the Christian Democracy ranks and held various governmental offices, including that of Minister of Foreign Trade in the second Segni government. He organized President Gronchi's trip to the USSR. He was then the fifth president of the ECSC High Authority in the four-year period 1963–1967. | 7a206166-7036-4882-b61f-cc1d8dea1ea4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isanaklesh_Peaks"} | Landform in Maricopa County, Arizona
Isanaklesh Peaks, formerly known as Squaw Tits is a summit in Maricopa County, Arizona, in the United States. with an elevation of 2,478 feet (755 m).
The peak was named from its resemblance to a human breast. However, the term squaw is a derogatory racial epithet targeting the Indigenous people of North America, and Indigenous women in particular. | 4767dfe1-b782-48b8-b25e-92f53e6ff83f |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senadin"} | Senadin is a state constituency in Sarawak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly since 1996.
The state constituency was created in the 1996 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.
History
2006–2016: The constituency contains the polling districts of Tanjong, Kuala Baram, Lopeng, Riam.
2016–present: The constituency contains the polling districts of Kuala Baram, Lopeng, Riam.
Representation history
Election results | acd20a9a-dda1-4072-8764-199a12ca21fd |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Land"} | Danish musician and dancer
Musical artist
Nanna Øland Fabricius (born 2 May 1985), better known by her stage name Oh Land, is a Danish musician, singer, songwriter, actress and television personality.
Early life
Oh Land was born in Copenhagen, the daughter of Bendt Fabricius, an organist (not to be confused with the composer Bent Fabricius Bjerre), and Bodil Øland, an opera singer. She is the great-great-grandchild of Lutheran missionary and ethnographer Otto Fabricius, who published Fauna Groenlandica in 1780, the first zoological observations of Greenland. She is a former student of the Royal Danish and Royal Swedish Ballet schools. However, an injury caused by a slipped disc and spinal fracture put an end to her dancing career, which eventually led her to start making music. She moved to New York City in January 2010 where she lived in the Williamsburg neighbourhood of Brooklyn.
Career
2008–11: Debut, Fauna and Oh Land
Oh Land's debut album, Fauna, was released in her native Denmark on 10 November 2008 by Danish independent label Fake Diamond Records. For her eponymous follow-up album, she worked with producers Dan Carey, Dave McCracken and Lester Mendez. The album was released on 14 March 2011 and peaked at number five on the Danish Albums Chart. It also served as her debut in the United States, where it was released on 15 March 2011 by Epic Records, reaching number 184 on the Billboard 200 chart. An EP with the same name was previously released on 19 October 2010, containing four tracks from the full-length album. On 7 April 2011, she was given the Brink of Fame: Music Artist award at the 2011 NewNowNext Awards.
Oh Land made her US television debut performance on Late Show with David Letterman on 2 March 2011 performing her single "Sun of a Gun". She also performed it on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on 24 March 2011 and on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on 25 May. Oh Land toured North America as the supporting act for Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark in March 2011, and supported Sia on North American dates of her We Are Born Tour in July and August 2011. She also opened for Katy Perry on select US dates of her California Dreams Tour in August 2011, and joined Perry again in October and November on the tour's second leg in the UK and Ireland. As an actress, Oh Land had a supporting role as Sara in the 2007 Danish psychological drama film Hvid nat. Her song 'Speak Out Now' was used as the theme for the TV series Rita starting in 2012.
2012–13: Wish Bone
On 20 May 2013, "Renaissance Girls" was released as the lead single from Oh Land's third studio album, Wish Bone. The album was released in Denmark on 16 September 2013, and will be released in the United States on 24 September via Dave Sitek's boutique label Federal Prism. The second single "Pyromaniac" was released on 2 September 2013. On 20 September Oh Land kicked off her Wish Bone tour at the Music Hall of Williamsburg. The show featured special guests Sun Rai and (Who Is) Anastasia, who will both also appear with her at Gramercy Theatre on 24 September.
2014: Acting, Voice Junior and Earth Sick
Oh Land also stars in the 2014 Danish western, The Salvation, as Marie, alongside Mads Mikkelsen, Eva Green and Eric Cantona, which premiered at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2014.
On 28 June 2014, Oh Land revealed plans for her fourth record, which would be recorded in her Brooklyn apartment and crowdfunded in collaboration with PledgeMusic; part of the proceeds would also be donated to Greenpeace's Save the Arctic campaign. The album was ultimately titled Earth Sick, and its lead single "Head Up High" was released on 6 October 2014. Oh Land debuted "Head Up High" live on 23 September 2014 on Denmark's Voice Junior, for which she serves as a coach. The music video for "Head Up High" was released on 20 October 2014, with a world premiere on the Nylon website, which described it as "a victorious electro-jam smattered with twinkling bells and grounding percussion" and while that could be used to describe other songs, they felt the new track still demonstrated Oh Land's evolution and maturation as an artist. Nylon also announced that Earth Sick would be released on 11 November 2014 on Oh Land's Tusk or Tooth label. On 27 October, the title track from the album was made available to download for people who had pre-ordered the album on her pledge site, and the following day it was released as the instant download track on other retailers.
2015–present: Soundtracks and Family Tree
On 23 November 2015, Oh Land was announced as composer for the pantomime of Cinderella on Tivoli Pantomime Theatre, royal ballet with Queen Margrethe II as scenographer and the award-winning Russian choreographer Yuri Possokhovs. On 4 November 2016, Oh Land first soundtrack album, "Askepot (Musikken fra forestllingen i Tivolis Pantomime teater)", was released digitally.
On 2017 Oh Land collaborated with her then husband, visual artist Eske Kath, in the interactive art exposition "SKIBET", available at Nikolaj Kunsthal from August 23, 2017 until January 7, 2018. On 30 March 2018 she released the soundtrack album from the exhibition, "Watermusic". In 2018 Oh Land recorded "Der Var Et Yndigt Land", a modified version of Denmark's national anthem, to serve as the theme of the Netflix series The Rain. On 27 May 2018 Oh Land performed at 50º Danish Crown Prince’s birthday celebration on live tv. She played with the DR symphony orchestra , livgarden, the DR junior choir and 25 dancers as well as musicians Adi Zukanovic and Hans Hvidberg at the Danish Royal Arena in Copenhagen. On July 2018 she became an ambassador from WWF´s Wild Schoolprojekt and travelled to Kenya to an action from the project.
On 11 February 2019 she released the single "Human Error" and announced her new album "Family Tree" to be released 3 May 2019. That year, she also made her debut as a judge on the twelfth season of Danish TV show X Factor.
Oh Land wrote the music to a musical installment of the H.C. Andersen Fairy Tale "The Snow Queen", premiering on 1 December 2019 in Tivoli Concert Hall. Consumes were designed by Queen Margrethe II.
Oh Land collaborated with British trip hop artist Tricky on his 2020 album Fall to Pieces.
2022: Xtra EP and “international album”
On October 11, 2022, Oh Land announced (via Instagram) she was working on an all-Danish EP to be released later that year and an international album coming out in spring of 2023.
“Bad Timing” was announced as a Danish single on October 19, subsequently releasing the entire EP, Xtra, on November 11, including three more tracks.
Personal life
In 2016, Oh Land moved back to Denmark. She married artist and designer Eske Kath in 2013 at a zoo in Denmark. On 14 February 2016 she gave birth to her first son Svend in New York. The family moved to Søborg, a northern suburb of Copenhagen after Svend was born. A separation permit for the couple was issued on the 23rd of October 2018 by the Danish government. She has a small dog named Ujan that travels with her sometimes. On 21 August, 2020 Oh Land gave birth to her second son by her boyfriend, Adi Zukanović, known to the public as Moust; the child's real name remains a family secret.
Musical style
In 2011, The Line of Best Fit described Oh Land's music as pop that is both catchy and experimental. The magazine noted her vocals have a wide range and go from gentle to soaring. In 2020, Higher Plain Music felt her album Family Tree represented a new direction; more album while retaining quirky element. They noted a gospel influence, vocal and use of orchestral synths.
Discography
Filmography | 03c88fed-3216-4332-a357-c4cab3349c60 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tokushima_Vortis_season"} | Tokushima Vortis 2008 football season
2008 Tokushima Vortis season
Competitions
Domestic results
J. League 2
Emperor's Cup
Player statistics
Other pages | 5ee042ee-c058-4c33-ba7f-c08622c4419a |
null | Canadian immigration official
Frederick Charles Blair, ISO was the director of the Government of Canada's Immigration Branch of the Department of Mines and Resources from 1936 to 1943. Blair developed and rigorously enforced strict immigration policies based on race and is most remembered for his successful effort to keep Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany out of Canada during the 1930s and the war years that followed. Between 1933 and 1939, Blair's office allowed fewer than 5,000 Jews into Canada, in comparison to over 200,000 allowed into the United States, and 20,000 into Mexico. After the war, between 1945 and 1948, the Immigration Branch accepted only 8,000 Jewish Holocaust survivors. "That record is arguably the worst of all possible refugee-receiving states", wrote Abella and Troper. Blair's rigorous enforcement of anti-Semitic immigration policies sealed the fate of thousands of European Jews who would have escaped death had Canada not turned them away.
Biography
Frederick Blair was born 1874 in Carlisle, Ontario, the son of Scottish parents. In 1903 he joined the Department of Agriculture and in 1905 he became an immigration officer. In 1924 he became assistant deputy minister of immigration and in 1936 became the director of the Immigration Branch. He was a church elder and a dedicated civil servant who oversaw every aspect of Canadian immigration. He ruled the Immigration Branch with an iron fist. "He was the single most difficult individual I have had to deal with ... He was a holy terror", James Gibson, an official in the Department of External Affairs told Abella and Troper. Blair was anti-Semitic, as were many among the Canadian elite of the time. Though he couched his public statements and policies in generalized, protectionist language, Blair's letters and private conversations, quoted extensively in None Is Too Many, reveal his distaste for Jews.
Blair was the policy's architect and staunch champion for Canada's closed-door policy with the full support of the Liberal Party of Canada government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. In September 1938, in a letter to the prime minister, Blair wrote, "Pressure by Jewish people to get into Canada has never been greater than it is now, and I am glad to be able to add that, after 35 years of experience here, that it has never been so carefully controlled".
Representative of Blair's xenophobic and anti-Semitic "careful control" was Canada's refusal in June 1939 to allow the MS St. Louis, the so-called "Voyage of the Damned" to dock in Halifax with 907 Jewish emigrants aboard. After Canada's rejection (following refusals from Cuba and the United States), the St. Louis was forced to return to Europe where, according to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 254 of the passengers perished at the hands of the Nazis. There is now an exhibit, entitled The Wheel of Conscience in the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia as a reminder of that event.
In his 1941 annual report, Blair wrote "Canada, in accordance with generally accepted practice, places greater emphasis on race than upon citizenship". When he retired in 1943, Frederick Blair was named a Companion of the Imperial Service Order.
Blair died on May 28, 1959 at age 84. | 923384ed-6eae-4dbb-8a07-22916a83d818 |
null | Mezquita, is the Spanish language word for mosque.
Mezquita may also refer to:
Structures
Populated places
Other | bc9d695e-001d-4c96-9140-eb111ce09ce1 |
null | The Washita Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period. | a7204ecd-e73c-44c5-a4a2-07e97d41e97f |
null | ZKS may refer to
Topics referred to by the same term | 74be61cb-47fa-4fca-a76f-21441e74a6d5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Earl_Cawdor"} | British politician (1790–1860)
John Frederick Campbell, 1st Earl Cawdor FRS (8 November 1790 – 7 November 1860) was a British peer and MP.
He was born the son of John Campbell, 1st Baron Cawdor and Lady Caroline Howard and educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating BA in 1812. In 1827 he became Viscount Emlyn of Emlyn and Earl Cawdor of Castlemartin in the county of Pembroke.
In June 1812, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. That same year, he stood for election to the House of Commons for Pembrokeshire after the sitting member, Lord Milford, stood down in his favour. Campbell was, however, defeated by Sir John Owen of Orielton.
He was MP for Carmarthen from 1813 to 1821 and Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire from 1817 to 1860. He died on his family estate at Stackpole, Pembrokeshire.
Family
He had married Lady Elizabeth Thynne, daughter of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath and the Honourable Isabella Elizabeth Byng, on 5 September 1816. They had seven children:
Sources | 5409b905-b356-41fe-bc83-facc73918c00 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amata_nigricornis"} | Species of moth
Amata nigricornis is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Sergei Alphéraky in 1883. It is common in Ukraine and found in the southern part of European Russia, the Transcaucasus, Turkey and Iran.
The wingspan is 30–35 mm.
Subspecies | 32db3171-de45-4c0e-b655-ac2e05ba53ec |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Hearing_Voices"} | 2004 single by Bloc Party
"She's Hearing Voices" is a song by Bloc Party that was first released on 7" vinyl by London-based independent label Trash Aesthetics in February 2004. It also appeared on their 2004 Bloc Party (EP). The song was later re-recorded for the band's 2005 debut album Silent Alarm, while "The Marshals Are Dead" was re-recorded and released on the 7" and DVD single versions of the "So Here We Are" single.
The song is supposedly about "a paranoid schizophrenic", a friend of frontman Kele Okereke.
Track listing
7" single | edb825d9-9790-43b2-8d4b-5f2ea6971392 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxymetacaine"} | Chemical compound
Proxymetacaine (INN) or proparacaine (USAN) is a topical anesthetic drug of the aminoester group.
Clinical pharmacology
Proxymetacaine is a local anesthetic which on topical application penetrates sensory nerve endings in the corneal tissue.
Mechanism of action
Proxymetacaine is believed to act as an antagonist on voltage-gated sodium channels to affect the permeability of neuronal membranes; how this inhibits pain sensations and the exact mechanism of action of proxymetacaine are, however, unknown.
Indications and usage
Proxymetacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution (eye drops) is indicated for procedures such as tonometry, gonioscopy, removal of foreign bodies, or other similar procedures requiring topical anesthesia of the cornea and conjunctiva.
Warnings
Proxymetacaine is for topical ophthalmic use only, and it is specifically not intended for injection. Prolonged use of this or any other topical ocular anesthetic may produce permanent corneal opacification with accompanying visual loss.
How supplied
Proxymetacaine is available as its hydrochloride salt in ophthalmic solutions at a concentration of 0.5%. Although it is no longer on patent, it is still marketed under the trade names Alcaine, Ak-Taine, and others. Proparacaine 0.5% is marketed as Poencaina by Poen Laboratories. | f72a5502-9f73-4938-9db9-5601b5b3e0f8 |
null | Spanish footballer
Diego Reyes Muñoz (born 21 July 1979 in Chiclana de la Frontera, Cádiz) is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a left back. | bd3c703d-8cbd-480b-8c57-0844dc14cf0d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodki"} | Village in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
Brodki [ˈbrɔtki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wodynie, within Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Wodynie, 27 km (17 mi) south-west of Siedlce, and 67 km (42 mi) east of Warsaw. | 6f5baa8f-bd33-4380-9639-01262780742b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_San_Giacomo"} | American actress
Laura San Giacomo (born November 14, 1961 or 1962) is an American actress. She played Cynthia in the film Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989) for which she won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female, Kit De Luca in the film Pretty Woman (1990), Crazy Cora in the film Quigley Down Under (1990), Nadine Cross in The Stand (1994), and Maya Gallo on the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! (1997–2003). A BAFTA and two-time Golden Globe Award nominee, she also played the regular role of Rhetta Rodriguez on the TNT drama Saving Grace (2007–2010), and the recurring role of Dr. Grace Confalone on the CBS drama NCIS (2016–2019, 2022).
Early life and education
San Giacomo, an Italian American, was born in West Orange, New Jersey, the daughter of MaryJo and John San Giacomo, a paper mill owner. She grew up in Denville, New Jersey. San Giacomo discovered acting while attending Morris Knolls High School. In 1984, she received a fine arts degree, specializing in acting, from Carnegie Mellon School of Drama in Pittsburgh.
Career
After graduating, she moved to New York. San Giacomo then went on to appear in several theater productions, including the Garry Marshall-Lowell Ganz production of Wrong Turn at Lungfish in Los Angeles, the Princeton/McCarter Theatre production of Three Sisters, and off-Broadway in Beirut. She also starred in Italian American Reconciliation, regional productions of Shakespeare's The Tempest, As You Like It and Romeo and Juliet, as well as Crimes of the Heart. In a review of the Walnut Street Theatre 1986 presentation of As You Like It, San Giacomo received a special mention: "although doll-like Laura San Giacomo had only a minor role as a wilful shepherdess, she sank her fangs into it and received the only show-interrupting applause of the evening."
Early career
San Giacomo's first television appearances were four episodes on three television series during 1987. Two notable appearances were in Crime Story in 1988 for the episode "Protected Witness" (Season 2 / Episode 13) as Theresa Farantino, and in Miami Vice in 1989 for the episode, "Leap of Faith" (Season 5, Episode 21) as Tania Lewis. The Miami Vice episode also featured a guest appearance by her future husband, actor Cameron Dye, one year before their marriage. Prior to that, she was featured on the daytime soap opera All My Children as Louisa Sanchez, the Latina common-law wife of Mitch Beck (Brian Fitzpatrick) whose presence threatened to thwart his relationship with Hillary Martin (Carmen Thomas).
However, San Giacomo first drew international attention in Steven Soderbergh's Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989), which also marked her film debut as a credited actor (in the 1988 movie Miles from Home, her role as "Sandy" was not credited). Her work in the film was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and she received a Los Angeles Film Critics Association New Generation Award. The film was honored with the Cannes Film Festival's prestigious Grand Prize, the Palme d'Or.
In 1990, San Giacomo played a supporting role as Julia Roberts's character's wisecracking roommate Kit De Luca in Pretty Woman. The blockbuster film ended up generating $178 million at the box office.
San Giacomo has appeared in such films as Quigley Down Under (1990), Vital Signs (1990), Under Suspicion (1991), Once Around (1991), Where the Day Takes You (1992), Nina Takes a Lover (1994), and Suicide Kings (1997). She also appeared as Nadine Cross in the Stephen King TV miniseries The Stand opposite Rob Lowe, which landed them on the cover of the May 7–13, 1994, issue of TV Guide. She continued doing films, and as 1999 ended, she did the film Eat Your Heart Out. In 2001, San Giacomo landed the starring role in the Jenifer Estess bio-pic Jenifer, which aired on CBS in October of that year.
San Giacomo did voice work for the animated series Gargoyles (as the character of Fox). However, she went uncredited for the role because her agent believed it would damage her reputation to have worked on an animated series.
Just Shoot Me!
Needing to work, but not wanting to be away from her newborn son for months at a time, San Giacomo shifted to television in the role of hot-tempered, sassy journalist Maya Gallo in the situation comedy Just Shoot Me! (1997–2003). Her character was partially based on an unproduced idea that executive producer Steven Levitan once had in mind for actress Janeane Garofalo when he was a writer for The Larry Sanders Show. San Giacomo was originally cast in the starring role, since the series was meant to center on her character; however, the show soon adopted an ensemble style. Despite the shift in focus, San Giacomo remained an integral part of the show and with top billing. She and the four other main cast members appeared in all 148 episodes of the series, which lasted until 2003.
San Giacomo's work during Season 2 (1997–1998) earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination in 1998 for Best Actress in a Television Comedy or Musical; the award went to Dharma & Greg's Jenna Elfman.
Post-Just Shoot Me! and appearances
After NBC cancelled Just Shoot Me! in 2003, San Giacomo appeared sporadically on television and in films. She made guest appearances on several television series, including the short-lived CBS crime drama The Handler in 2003 and HBO's Unscripted in 2005. She was the narrator for the true crime series Snapped: Killer Couples on Oxygen. San Giacomo also appeared in the 2005 films Checking Out and Havoc, as well as the 2006 film Conquistadora. San Giacomo was to have made her return to television on The WB's new drama Related in 2005, but the character was recast due to creative differences. Kiele Sanchez took her place as "Anne Sorelli" on the show. San Giacomo also made few public appearances; she made her first public appearance in nearly a year on 19 October 2005 at the 15th Annual Environmental Media Awards. She made two more public appearances at the Crystal and Lucy Awards on 6 June 2006 and at the 3rd Annual Alfred Mann Foundation Innovation and Inspiration Gala on 9 September 2006.
In 2006, San Giacomo returned to network television with three guest appearances on the third season of Veronica Mars. She reunited with her former love interest from Just Shoot Me!, Enrico Colantoni, playing Harmony Chase. Both Colantoni and San Giacomo enjoyed their reunion so much that they lobbied for their characters to appear together in further episodes.
In September 2006, San Giacomo secured her first starring role on a television program after Just Shoot Me!, when she reunited with a former peer and co-starred opposite fellow Carnegie-Mellon alum Holly Hunter in TNT's drama series Saving Grace. San Giacomo played Grace's best friend Rhetta Rodriguez.
In June 2010, San Giacomo guest starred in the episode titled "Death Becomes Her" on the USA network's In Plain Sight. She played a woman from an organized crime family with a terminal illness. In December 2011, San Giacomo appeared on the episode titled "Beards" on Hot in Cleveland, as Caroline, Melanie's estranged sister.
Personal life
San Giacomo has been married twice. Her first marriage (1990–1998) was to actor Cameron Dye, with whom she had a son, Mason Dye, who has cerebral palsy. In 2000 she remarried, to actor Matt Adler. San Giacomo is a cousin of Torry Castellano, former drummer of the rock group The Donnas.[citation needed]
She lives in the San Fernando Valley, California. Her hobbies include horseback riding, gymnastics, ice skating, ballet, tennis, golf and playing piano.[citation needed]
Philanthropy
San Giacomo has been honored by the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, by Media Access for a TV public service announcement (PSA) on "Inclusive Education" (in The More You Know TV PSA series), by Shane's Inspiration with their Humanitarian Award, and Redbook’s Mother and Shaker Award. She has been a keynote speaker at various conferences for TASH and CalTASH, which promote an inclusive society, and at two conferences sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, and at the Young Neuroscientists' Workshop for the Children's Neurobiological Solutions Foundation (now the Pediatric Brain Foundation).
In 2021, she was listed as the Board Secretary of the international wheelchair-charity Momentum Wheels for Humanity, and Honorary Chair of the Environment of People Foundation, Inc., a charity promoting music opportunities for children.
Filmography | 42494a0c-790f-4e1b-b7a6-7a79db436a36 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktem"} | Place in Highland Papua, Indonesia
Oktem is a village in Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Highland Papua province, Indonesia. It is located at around 4°46′49.2456″S 140°47′7.836″E / 4.780346000°S 140.78551000°E / -4.780346000; 140.78551000, in the elevation of around 3597 metres. Its population is 301
Climate
Oktem has a very mild and very wet version of an alpine tundra climate with cold and rainy weather year-round. Its one of the very few places with tundra climate which can support tree and forest growth because of its mildness. | 8135487a-6298-4ee9-91d7-4c13aca7f073 |
null | Sports season
The 2009–10 Polski Liga Hokejovwa season was the twelfth season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa and the 54th season of a Polish championship. Ten teams played 48 games with Podhale Nowy Targ defeated KS Cracovia in the final to win their 19th national championship.
Regular season
Final round
Qualification round
Playoffs
Statistical leaders
Scoring leaders
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points;; PIM = Penalty minutes
Leading goaltenders
GP = Games played; TOI = Time on ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/shootout losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average | e85ea6fc-3b1a-44ff-a305-ef85952459c2 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agitprop_(disambiguation)"} | Look up agitprop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Agitprop was originally an abbreviation for the departments of Agitation and Propaganda in the early Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Agitprop may also refer to:
Topics referred to by the same term | 23850469-22dd-4a6b-b366-24dd7399dac6 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison_Independent_School_District"} | School district in Texas, United States
Denison Independent School District is a public school district based in Denison, Texas (USA).
In 2009, the school district was rated "Academically Acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.
Schools
Current Schools
Former schools | cd2d510e-5d9a-4897-808d-2ec11788e9fb |
null | Deirdre Frances Jordan, AC, MBE (born 18 September 1926) is an Australian academic and educator.
Born in Loxton, South Australia, Australia on 18 September 1926 to Clement and Helena (née Roberts) Jordan, she was educated at St Aloysius College in Adelaide, South Australia, and joined the Religious Sisters of Mercy when she was 19. With a Bachelor of Arts behind her, Sister Jordan (then known as Sister Mary Campion) took on the position of Principal at St Aloysius College in 1954, remaining in that role until 1968.
While at St Aloysius, she completed a master's degree in education at the University of Adelaide, becoming the first woman to do so. This led to a position as a lecturer at the University of Adelaide in Sociology, where she remained until 1988. During this period she undertook a number of study tours, including to Tanzania, China and South America.
She was appointed Pro-Chancellor of The Flinders University of South Australia in 1981 and subsequently Chancellor in 1988. Retiring from the post in 2002 (delayed in order to fight plans for a merger between Flinders University and the University of Adelaide), she was granted the title of Emeritus Chancellor later that year.
Sister Deirdre Jordan became a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 1 January 1969 for services to education, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) on 26 January 1989. | 4319e0e8-18aa-42fa-a088-29dac6f79827 |
null | American actress
Candace Hutson (May 3, 1980) is an American actress. She played Cera in The Land Before Time (1988) and its first three sequels, Jessie Wade in Dolly Dearest (1991) and Molly Newton in Evening Shade (1991–1994).
Filmography
Film
Television | bd90e528-4304-4fbb-b8ca-75a8e12612c4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Friesche_Locaalspoorweg-Maatschappij"} | Former railway in Friesland, Netherlands
The Noord-Friesche Locaalspoorweg-Maatschappij (North Friesland Railway) was a railway serving the sparsely populated north of the Dutch province of Friesland. It was operated by the North Friesland Local Railway Company (Dutch: Noord-Friesche Locaalspoorweg-Maatschappij (NFLS)). It was what would be known in the UK as a light railway. The line was built to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge and was about 91 km (57 mi) in length.
History
The NFLS had a network of lines in north Friesland. The lines opened in eight stages:
Wetsens station closed in May 1902, less than eight months after opening. On 1 December 1905, the NFLS was taken over by the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HSM), which itself was nationalised on 1 December 1938, becoming part of Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS).
Locomotives
The NFLS had a fleet of 10 2-4-2T locomotives, numbered 1-10. They became HSM 1051-60 and later the NS 7101-10. The locomotives cost f23,300 each and were built by Hohenzollern.
Carriages
The NFLS had the following passenger stock, all built by Nederlandsche Fabriek van Werktuigen & Spoorwegmaterieel, Amsterdam:
Goods wagons
The NFLS had the following foods stock:
The rolling stock was all built by Nederlandsche Fabriek van Werktuigen & Spoorwegmaterieel, Amsterdam except for the two 6,500 litre water tanker, which were built by Nivelles in 1896, and thus acquired second hand.
Closures
The lines were closed in stages, with some short term reopenings taking place during the Second World War:
Stations
Leeuwarden - Anjum line
All distances are from Leeuwarden station.
Leeuwarden Rijksweg (or Halte) station was demolished in 1970
Jelsum station was demolished in 1944.
Finkum station was demolished by 1970
Hallum station was demolished in 1970
Ferwerd station was demolished in 1974[unreliable source?]
Hantum station was demolished by 1960.
Dokkum-Aalsum station was demolished in 1974.
Wetsens station closed in May 1902.
Stiens - Harlingen line
Oosterbierum station was demolished by 1980.
St. Jacobiparochie - Berlikum line
Tzummarum - Franeker line
Accidents
On 12 June 1927, NS locomotive 7124 derailed near Holwerd and ended up on its side in a dike. The locomotive was recovered on 23 June and returned to service after repairs were made. | 5f1847a1-e6be-4c1d-ac81-cef92f4407c5 |
null | Hyderabad District may refer to: | 2b7c6d39-d580-4f8f-b587-18ad212fb643 |
null | Sahl Nineveh Sport Club (Arabic: نادي سهل نينوى الرياضي), is an Iraqi football team based in Nineveh, that plays in the Iraq Division Two.
Football club | 27929a22-c8d6-403d-a6ff-8c49444ceb8c |
null | American college football season
The 1931 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1931 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Mal Stevens, Yale compiled a 5–1–2 record, shut out four opponents, and outscored all opponents, 198 to 79. In the annual rivalry game, Yale defeated Princeton by a 51–14 score, the worst defeat in Princeton history.
Two Yale players received All-America recognition. Halfback and team captain Albie Booth was selected on the second team by the International News Service (INS) and on the third team by the Associated Press. End Herster Barnes was selected on the third team by the INS.
Joe Crowley set a Yale Bowl record by scoring five touchdowns in a single game on November 7, 1931.
Schedule | 2e108952-8201-4df7-b869-40f63395d1f9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Corps_Balochistan_(North)"} | Pakistani paramilitary force
The Frontier Corps Balochistan (North) (Urdu: فرنٹیئر کور بلوچستان (شمالی), reporting name: FCB(N)), is a group of paramilitary regiments of Pakistan, operating in the northern part of the province of Balochistan, to overseeing the country's borders with Afghanistan and assisting with maintaining law and order. It is one of four Frontier Corps with the others being: FC Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North) and FC Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (South) stationed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, and FC Balochistan (South) stationed in the southern part of Balochistan province.
The Corps is headed by a seconded inspector general, who is a Pakistan Army officer of at least major-general rank, although the force itself is officially under the jurisdiction of the Interior Ministry.
The Corps consists of several infantry regiments, themselves composed of one or more battalion-sized wings. Some of the regiments were raised during the colonial era. These include the Chitral Scouts, the Khyber Rifles, the Kurram Militia, the Tochi Scouts, the South Waziristan Scouts, and the Zhob Militia.
History
The Frontier Corps was created in 1907 by Lord Curzon, the viceroy of British India, in order to organize seven militia and scout units in the tribal areas along the border with Afghanistan: the Khyber Rifles, the Zhob Militia, the Kurram Militia, the Tochi Scouts, the Chagai Militia, the South Waziristan Scouts and the Chitral Scouts.
The Frontier Corps was led by an "inspecting officer" who was a British officer of the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1943 the inspecting officer was upgraded to an inspector general (an officer with the rank of brigadier), and the corps was expanded with the addition of new units—the Second Mahsud Scouts (raised in 1944) and the Pishin Scouts (in 1946).
After Pakistan and India became independent in 1947, Pakistan expanded the corps further by creating a number of new units, including the Thal Scouts, the Northern Scouts, the Bajaur Scouts, the Karakoram Scouts, the Kalat Scouts, the Dir Scouts and the Kohistan Scouts. British officers continued to serve in the Frontier Corps up to the early 1950s. The corps was split into two major subdivisions with FC Balochistan incorporating the Zhob Militia, the Sibi Scouts, the Kalat Scouts, the Makran Militia, the Kharan Rifles, the Pishin Scouts, the Chaghai Militia and the First Mahsud Scouts.
In the mid-1970s, the Pakistani government used FC Balochistan to counter the terrorists in Balochistan, and the force is unpopular among some of the local population who associate them with human rights violations and heavy-handed operations. To improve the image of the corps, it has been involved in the construction of schools and hospitals, although as of late 2004, corps installations in the province were being routinely attacked by terrorists.
In 2007, after the collapse of truce agreements between the Pakistani government and local militants, the Frontier Corps, teamed with regular Pakistani military units, conducted incursions into tribal areas controlled by the militants. The effort produced a series of bloody and clumsy confrontations. On August 30, about 250 Pakistani troops, mostly from the Frontier Corps, surrendered to militants without a fight. In early November, most were released in exchange for 25 militants held by the Pakistan Army.
There is a widespread consensus among United States government military and intelligence experts that the Frontier Corps are the best potential military units against the Islamist militants because its troops are locally recruited, know local languages and understand local cultures. The United States provided more than US$7 billion in military aid to Pakistan from 2002 to 2007, most of which was used to equip the Frontier Corps because it is in the front line of the fight against the Islamist insurgents. From late 2007, the Pakistani government intended to expand the corps to 100,000 and use it more in fighting Islamist militants, particularly Al-Qaeda, after extensive consultations with the U.S. government, with a multi-year plan to bolster the effort, including the establishment of a counterinsurgency training centre. The US Obama policy for Pakistan was seen as a clear victory for the Pakistan Army lobby in the US. The $1.5 billion a year unrestricted aid recently[when?] announced will go a long way in seeing that the Frontier Corps stay at the height of their professional abilities due to new equipment and training.
The Corps has also fired occasionally on the U.S.-assisted Afghan Army.
Role
During times of difficulties, the government occasionally gives the FC the power to arrest and detain suspects such as in late 2012 and early 2013 when the Prime Minister of Pakistan granted the FC policing powers. These temporary powers can also be extended on the orders or consent of the provincial government or federal government or both.
Organisation
The senior command posts are filled by officers seconded from the Pakistan Army for two to three years. The Corps is divided into ten infantry regiments, most of which are composed of a number of battalion-sized "wings", together with a number of training and support units.
Interior Ministry support
Personnel
In January 2022 during press briefing Pakistan military spokesperson General Babar Iftikhar says, As a part of Pakistan's Western border management, 67 new wings has been established for the FC Balochistan and FC Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to strengthen border security and formation of the six more wings is in process.
Equipment
Basic Equipment
Small Arms
Mortars and Artillery
Vehicles
Armoured Vehicles
The Frontier Corps operates various HIT made armoured vehicles.
Aircraft
The Corps has access to the aviation resources of the Pakistan Army.
Inspectors general
The Corps was divided into FC NWFP and FC Balochistan in 1974. The inspectors general listed below are from 1974 to 2017. For previous inspectors general, see the Frontier Corps article.
In 2017 FC Balochistan was split into FC Balochistan (North) and FC Balochistan (South).
Frontier Corps schools and colleges
Most of the FC educational institutes are affiliated with Federal board rather than provincial boards in Balochistan. Currently FC funding/governing three schools and a college in Balochistan. | c8d395b3-53d0-47b3-b356-d1626759ccf7 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_River_(Hokkaid%C5%8D)"} | River in Hokkaidō, Japan
Mu River (鵡川, Mu-kawa) is a river in Hokkaido, Japan. Located in Kamikawa and Iburi subprefectures, it is one of 13 major 'class 1' rivers on the island.
Course
The Mu River rises on the slopes of Mount Karifuri in the Hidaka Mountains. It flows south and west until it reaches the Pacific Ocean at Mukawa.
Dams
Tributaries
Shimukappu (upper reaches):
Mukawa (lower reaches): | f311d5fe-a682-473f-80d7-a2efacb87bcf |
null | American drummer
Musical artist
Thomas Benford (April 19, 1905 – March 24, 1994) was an American jazz drummer.
Biography
Tommy Benford was born in Charleston, West Virginia. He and his older brother, tuba player Bill Benford, were both orphans who studied music at the Jenkins Orphanage in Charleston, South Carolina. He started playing in an orphanage band and continued with the drums for the next 60 years. He went on tour with the school band, traveling with them to England in 1914.
In 1920, he was working with the Green River Minstrel Show. Benford recorded with Jelly Roll Morton in 1928 and 1930. He also played with Duke Ellington, Fats Waller and Eddie South. From 1932 till 1941 Benford lived in Europe, where in 1937 he participated in one of the most memorable recording sessions ever in Paris, with Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter, Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli.
Benford died on March 24, 1994, at Mount Vernon Hospital in Mount Vernon, New York. | c9ce98e2-ba7a-4f95-9300-3590e841f1c9 |
null | Stefan Petrović may refer to: | 1a8847ff-b990-432a-b556-dc623ebb9ff9 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girl:_The_Mary_Kay_Letourneau_Story"} | All-American Girl: The Mary Kay Letourneau Story is a 2000 American television film based on the real-life story of Mary Kay Letourneau's repeated rape of one of her sixth-grade students. The film was broadcast on the USA Network on January 18, 2000 and was followed with a special entitled Letourneau: Live, which featured interviews with Letourneau and others involved with the scenario.
The lead role of Letourneau was played by actress Penelope Ann Miller and filming took place in Toronto during 1999. Letourneau cooperated with the film's producers. As she could not receive profits from the film per the "Son of Sam law", her fees were placed in a trust fund for her children. As a way of developing her role, Miller corresponded with Letourneau over the telephone.
Cast
Reception
Critical reception for All-American Girl was mixed. Charleston Daily Mail praised the film, writing "More than just a tawdry detour into the Jerry Springer/Ricki Lake cesspool of shock value, this film presents a sympathetic look at a confused woman who still contends that Vili is her destined soulmate, the love of her life." The Los Angeles Daily News was more mixed in their review, praising the filmmakers for putting " a little care and thought into their production" and that it did not "waste one's time or aggressively insult one's intelligence" while also stating that the film was "ultimately unsatisfying" and did not "provide much insight into the case". Variety panned the film overall, writing that "USA Network's "The Mary Kay Letourneau Story: All-American Girl" wastes a good opportunity to shed light on some really screwed up people. Despite Penelope Ann Miller's eerie resemblance to Seattle's infamous seductress, this factual telepic about the world's most "giving" teacher offers little insight and is buried underneath overblown production values." | a65c373a-dd84-4f7b-863c-2ee57772223d |
null | British polo player
Gerald Matthews Balding (1903 – 16 September 1957) was a British champion polo player.
Biography
He was born in Leicestershire, England, in 1903. He had two brothers who also played polo, Ivor Godfrey Balding and John Barnard "Barney" Balding. His sons, Gerald Barnard "Toby" Balding and Ian Balding, were both thoroughbred racehorse trainers in Britain.
He remains the United Kingdom's last 10 goal polo player since 1939. Of the state of polo in England in the 1930s, he said, "Polo is not taken so seriously as in America or Argentina."
The Gerald Balding Cup is held annually at Cirencester Park Polo Club in his memory. In the 1920s he played in England, America and India. In 1930, 1936 and 1939, he played for England against the US for the Westchester Cup and was field captain of the English team in 1939. He was a brilliant striker of the ball and was rated as one of the finest players ever seen.
He died on 16 September 1957 in London, England.
His granddaughter is broadcaster and journalist Clare Balding.
Publication | 0d47abbf-445b-4286-b67f-a18ff5a8d889 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"} | Paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods
Antennae (sg. antenna), sometimes referred to as "feelers", are paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods.
Antennae are connected to the first one or two segments of the arthropod head. They vary widely in form but are always made of one or more jointed segments. While they are typically sensory organs, the exact nature of what they sense and how they sense it is not the same in all groups. Functions may variously include sensing touch, air motion, heat, vibration (sound), and especially smell or taste. Antennae are sometimes modified for other purposes, such as mating, brooding, swimming, and even anchoring the arthropod to a substrate. Larval arthropods have antennae that differ from those of the adult. Many crustaceans, for example, have free-swimming larvae that use their antennae for swimming. Antennae can also locate other group members if the insect lives in a group, like the ant. The common ancestor of all arthropods likely had one pair of uniramous (unbranched) antenna-like structures, followed by one or more pairs of biramous (having two major branches) leg-like structures, as seen in some modern crustaceans and fossil trilobites. Except for the chelicerates and proturans, which have none, all non-crustacean arthropods have a single pair of antennae.
Crustaceans
Crustaceans bear two pairs of antennae. The pair attached to the first segment of the head are called primary antennae or antennules. This pair is generally uniramous, but is biramous in crabs and lobsters and remipedes. The pair attached to the second segment are called secondary antennae or simply antennae. The second antennae are plesiomorphically biramous, but many species later evolved uniramous pairs. The second antennae may be significantly reduced (e.g. remipedes) or apparently absent (e.g. barnacles).
The subdivisions of crustacean antennae have many names, including flagellomeres (a shared term with insects), annuli, articles, and segments. The terminal ends of crustacean antennae have two major categorizations: segmented and flagellate. An antenna is considered segmented if each of the annuli is separate from those around it and has individual muscle attachments. Flagellate antennae, on the other hand, have muscle attachments only around the base, acting as a hinge for the flagellum—a flexible string of annuli with no muscle attachment.
There are several notable non-sensory uses of antennae in crustaceans. Many crustaceans have a mobile larval stage called a nauplius, which is characterized by its use of antennae for swimming. Barnacles, a highly modified crustacean, use their antennae to attach to rocks and other surfaces.
A spiny lobster, showing the enlarged second antennae
The large flattened plates in front of the eyes of a slipper lobster are the modified second antennae.
The crab Cancer pagurus, showing its reduced antennae
Antennules of the Caribbean hermit crab
The nauplius larvae of a shrimp with antennae used for swimming
Insects
Insects evolved from prehistoric crustaceans, and they have secondary antennae like crustaceans, but not primary antennae. Antennae are the primary olfactory sensors of insects and are accordingly well-equipped with a wide variety of sensilla (singular: sensillum). Paired, mobile, and segmented, they are located between the eyes on the forehead. Embryologically, they represent the appendages of the second head segment.
All insects have antennae, however they may be greatly reduced in the larval forms. Amongst the non-insect classes of the Hexapoda, both Collembola and Diplura have antenna, but Protura do not.
Antennal fibrillae play an important role in Culex pipiens mating practices. The erection of these fibrillae is considered to be the first stage in reproduction. These fibrillae serve different functions across the sexes. As antennal fibrillae are used by female C. pipiens to locate hosts to feed on, male C. pipiens utilize them to locate female mates.[citation needed]
Structure
The three basic segments of the typical insect antenna are the scape or scapus (base), the pedicel or pedicellus (stem), and finally the flagellum, which often comprises many units known as flagellomeres. The pedicel (the second segment) contains the Johnston's organ which is a collection of sensory cells.
The scape is mounted in a socket in a more or less ring-shaped sclerotised region called the torulus, often a raised portion of the insect's head capsule. The socket is closed off by the membrane into which the base of the scape is set. However, the antenna does not hang free on the membrane, but pivots on a rigidly sprung projection from the rim of the torulus. That projection on which the antenna pivots is called the antennifer. The whole structure enables the insect to move the antenna as a whole by applying internal muscles connected to the scape. The pedicel is flexibly connected to the distal end of the scape and its movements in turn can be controlled by muscular connections between the scape and pedicel. The number of flagellomeres can vary greatly between insect species, and often is of diagnostic importance.[citation needed]
True flagellomeres are connected by membranous linkage that permits movement, though the flagellum of "true" insects does not have any intrinsic muscles. Some other Arthropoda do however have intrinsic muscles throughout the flagellum. Such groups include the Symphyla, Collembola and Diplura. In many true insects, especially the more primitive groups such as Thysanura and Blattodea, the flagellum partly or entirely consists of a flexibly connected string of small ring-shaped annuli. The annuli are not true flagellomeres, and in a given insect species the number of annuli generally is not as consistent as the number of flagellomeres in most species.
In many beetles and in the chalcidoid wasps, the apical flagellomeres form a club shape, and the collective term for the segments between the club and the antennal base is the funicle; traditionally in describing beetle anatomy, the term "funicle" refers to the segments between the club and the scape. However, traditionally in working on wasps the funicle is taken to comprise the segments between the club and the pedicel.
Quite commonly the funicle beyond the pedicel is quite complex in Endopterygota such as beetles, moths and Hymenoptera, and one common adaptation is the ability to fold the antenna in the middle, at the joint between the pedicel and the flagellum. This gives an effect like a "knee bend", and such an antenna is said to be geniculate. Geniculate antennae are common in the Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. They are important for insects like ants that follow scent trails, for bees and wasps that need to "sniff" the flowers that they visit, and for beetles such as Scarabaeidae and Curculionidae that need to fold their antennae away when they self-protectively fold up all their limbs in defensive attitudes.[citation needed]
Because the funicle is without intrinsic muscles, it generally must move as a unit, in spite of being articulated. However, some funicles are complex and very mobile. For example, the Scarabaeidae have lamellate antennae that can be folded tightly for safety or spread openly for detecting odours or pheromones. The insect manages such actions by changes in blood pressure, by which it exploits elasticity in walls and membranes in the funicles, which are in effect erectile.
In the groups with more uniform antennae (for example: millipedes), all segments are called antennomeres. Some groups have a simple or variously modified apical or subapical bristle called an arista (this may be especially well-developed in various Diptera).
Functions
Olfactory receptors on the antennae bind to free-floating molecules, such as water vapour, and odours including pheromones. The neurons that possess these receptors signal this binding by sending action potentials down their axons to the antennal lobe in the brain. From there, neurons in the antennal lobes connect to mushroom bodies that identify the odour. The sum of the electrical potentials of the antennae to a given odour can be measured using an electroantennogram.
In the monarch butterfly, antennae are necessary for proper time-compensated solar compass orientation during migration. Antennal clocks exist in monarchs, and they are likely to provide the primary timing mechanism for sun compass orientation.
In the African cotton leafworm, antennae have an important function in signaling courtship. Specifically, antennae are required for males to answer the female mating call. Although females do not require antennae for mating, a mating that resulted from a female without antennae was abnormal.
In the diamondback moth, antennae serve to gather information about a host plant's taste and odor. After the desired taste and odor has been identified, the female moth will deposit her eggs onto the plant. Giant swallowtail butterflies also rely on antenna sensitivity to volatile compounds to identify host plants. It was found that females are actually more responsive with their antenna sensing, most likely because they are responsible for oviposition on the correct plant.
In the crepuscular hawk moth (Manduca sexta), antennae aid in flight stabilization. Similar to halteres in Dipteran insects, the antennae transmit coriolis forces through the Johnston's organ that can then be used for corrective behavior. A series of low-light, flight stability studies in which moths with flagellae amputated near the pedicel showed significantly decreased flight stability over those with intact antennae. To determine whether there may be other antennal sensory inputs, a second group of moths had their antennae amputated and then re-attached, before being tested in the same stability study. These moths showed slightly decreased performance from intact moths, indicating there are possibly other sensory inputs used in flight stabilization. Re-amputation of the antennae caused a drastic decrease in flight stability to match that of the first amputated group.[citation needed] | 7f884751-4a8c-47c5-bdd5-92719a26553a |
null | The Physics arXiv Blog aims to offer an alternative view of new ideas in science. It is based on, although independent of, the arXiv pre-print repository run by the Cornell University. Started in 2007, in 2009 it was hosted by the MIT Technology Review. In 2013, it was moved to the platform Medium. In 2015 it moved back to the MIT Technology Review.
The Physics arXiv Blog has been said to offer "the best physics coverage around" by the Wired journal.[when?] It was included among the "Five great physics blogs" by The Guardian.[when?]
Publication model
Content appears to be crowd sourced from within the physics community.[citation needed] Similar to The Economist, articles seem to lack specific author bylines.[citation needed] | f46d3de9-6a16-4e76-a717-f534d0413772 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoges_Handball"} | French handball team
Limoges Handball is a French handball team based in Limoges, that plays in the LNH Division 1.
Crest, colours, supporters
Naming history
Kits
Sports Hall information
Team
Current squad
Squad for the 2022–23 season
Transfers
Transfers for the 2022–23 season
Former club members
Notable former players
Former coaches | b3a434fd-e95d-44cd-96ea-d4fea77b97c2 |
null | Portuguese footballer
Leonardo Daniel Ulineia Buta (born 5 June 2002) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Italian club Udinese.
Club career
Having grown through the youth ranks and reserve team of SC Braga, Leonardo Buta made his professional debut for the club on the 12 February 2022, replacing Bruno Rodrigues at the 56th minute of a 2–1 home Primeira Liga win against Paços de Ferreira.
On 5 June 2022, Buta signed a five-year contract with Udinese in Italy.
International career
Buta is a youth international for Portugal, playing with the under-17 during the 2018–19 season.
Personal life
Born in a family of Angolan descent, Leonardo is the younger brother of professional footballer Aurélio Buta. | f2dcb43b-2e3f-4b90-8576-808f2334ad0b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arley,_Cheshire"} | Arley is a small village in the civil parish of Aston by Budworth, Cheshire, England, adjacent to Arley Hall. 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to the east is a small group of houses known as Arley Green. The village is 3.8 miles (6 km) south of Lymm and 5 miles (8 km) north of Northwich.
The buildings now comprising Arley Green originally formed Cowhouse Farm. Rowland Egerton-Warburton converted the half-timbered barn into a school and adapted another 18th-century building into a terrace of Tudor-style buildings. The farmhouse was converted into a parsonage. | d750661c-3035-4ac6-9e80-fecc33dd2662 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Awir"} | Place in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Al Awir, also spelled Al Aweer (Arabic: العوير) is a town in the Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates, located about 35 kilometers from the city center. It has long been a centre of agriculture and camel breeding. Among many other Dubai families who have farms at Al Awir, Dubai's ruling Maktoum family maintains a farm in the area.
It is home to the Al Awir Fruit & Vegetable Market, as well as Al Awir Central Jail.
In 2018 the immigration centre at Al Awir was the location of a major 'amnesty centre', where people who had overstayed their UAE work visas could apply to leave the country with no fines or penalties.
Al Awir is adjacent to the Emirates Road (E611) and is bordered by Ras al Khor in Dubai and Lahbab to the East. | 1d29b3fe-093d-4e43-b54c-226f4c19522e |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaleh_Ganj"} | City in Kerman, Iran
Qaleh Ganj (Persian: قلعه گنج, also romanized as Qal‘eh Ganj and Qal‘eh-ye Ganj; also known as Ghal‘eh Ganj, Kalāteh-ye Ganj, Kalāt-i-Ganj, and Moḩammadābād) is a city and capital of Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 13,169 in 3,638 families.
History
Investigation on the history of this city is very difficult and dramatic. It Belongs to the pre-Islamic and Nativity which shows relatives who have been living everywhere in this city. Remains from this civilization show the city is over 5,000 years old. Now people who live in this city are Persians, Balouch, Arabs, Bakhtiari and Afro-Iranians.
Language
The local language of Qale Ganj is Balochi, and a small minority speak Bashkardi which is closely related to the Garmsiri group, “KERMAN xvi. LANGUAGES,” Encyclopædia Iranica, XVI/3, pp. 301-315, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kerman-16-languages</ref> | 0c33012e-09bb-495f-924f-3a81d2055173 |
null | 2020 documentary film
Salvatore: Shoemaker of Dreams is a 2020 Italian English-language documentary film directed by Luca Guadagnino. It revolves around the life of Salvatore Ferragamo.
It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 5, 2020. It will be released in the United States on November 4, 2022.
Production
In January 2019, it was announced Guadagnino would direct a documentary revolving around the life of Salvatore Ferragamo. In March 2020, Guadagnino stated the film was in post-production.
Release
The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 5, 2020. Prior to its premiere, Sony Pictures Classics acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film, excluding Italy. They will release the film in the United States on November 4, 2022. | 44c010ae-d191-401b-bb37-c231d9329f1d |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_property"} | Central object of study in category theory
In mathematics, more specifically in category theory, a universal property is a property that characterizes up to an isomorphism the result of some constructions. Thus, universal properties can be used for defining some objects independently from the method chosen for constructing them. For example, the definitions of the integers from the natural numbers, of the rational numbers from the integers, of the real numbers from the rational numbers, and of polynomial rings from the field of their coefficients can all be done in terms of universal properties. In particular, the concept of universal property allows a simple proof that all constructions of real numbers are equivalent: it suffices to prove that they satisfy the same universal property.
Technically, a universal property is defined in terms of categories and functors by mean of a universal morphism (see § Formal definition, below). Universal morphisms can also be thought more abstractly as initial or terminal objects of a comma category (see § Connection with comma categories, below).
Universal properties occur almost everywhere in mathematics, and the use of the concept allows the use of general properties of universal properties for easily proving some properties that would need boring verifications otherwise. For example, given a commutative ring R, the field of fractions of the quotient ring of R by a prime ideal p can be identified with the residue field of the localization of R at p; that is
(all these constructions can be defined by universal properties).
Other objects that can be defined by universal properties include: all free objects, direct products and direct sums, free groups, free lattices, Grothendieck group, completion of a metric space, completion of a ring, Dedekind–MacNeille completion, product topologies, Stone–Čech compactification, tensor products, inverse limit and direct limit, kernels and cokernels, quotient groups, quotient vector spaces, and other quotient spaces.
Motivation
Before giving a formal definition of universal properties, we offer some motivation for studying such constructions.
Formal definition
To understand the definition of a universal construction, it is important to look at examples. Universal constructions were not defined out of thin air, but were rather defined after mathematicians began noticing a pattern in many mathematical constructions (see Examples below). Hence, the definition may not make sense to one at first, but will become clear when one reconciles it with concrete examples.
Let
be a functor between categories
and
. In what follows, let
be an object of
, while
and
are objects of
, and
is a morphism in
.
Thus, the functor
maps
,
and
in
to
,
and
in
.
A universal morphism from
to
is a unique pair
in
which has the following property, commonly referred to as a universal property:
For any morphism of the form
in
, there exists a unique morphism
in
such that the following diagram commutes:
We can dualize this categorical concept. A universal morphism from
to
is a unique pair
that satisfies the following universal property:
For any morphism of the form
in
, there exists a unique morphism
in
such that the following diagram commutes:
Note that in each definition, the arrows are reversed. Both definitions are necessary to describe universal constructions which appear in mathematics; but they also arise due to the inherent duality present in category theory. In either case, we say that the pair
which behaves as above satisfies a universal property.
Connection with comma categories
Universal morphisms can be described more concisely as initial and terminal objects in a comma category (i.e. one where morphisms are seen as objects in their own right).
Let
be a functor and
an object of
. Then recall that the comma category
is the category where
Now suppose that the object
in
is initial. Then for every object
, there exists a unique morphism
such that the following diagram commutes.
Note that the equality here simply means the diagrams are the same. Also note that the diagram on the right side of the equality is the exact same as the one offered in defining a universal morphism from
to
. Therefore, we see that a universal morphism from
to
is equivalent to an initial object in the comma category
.
Conversely, recall that the comma category
is the category where
Suppose
is a terminal object in
. Then for every object
, there exists a unique morphism
such that the following diagrams commute.
The diagram on the right side of the equality is the same diagram pictured when defining a universal morphism from
to
. Hence, a universal morphism from
to
corresponds with a terminal object in the comma category
.
Examples
Below are a few examples, to highlight the general idea. The reader can construct numerous other examples by consulting the articles mentioned in the introduction.
Tensor algebras
Let
be the category of vector spaces
-Vect over a field
and let
be the category of algebras
-Alg over
(assumed to be unital and associative). Let
:
-Alg →
-Vect
be the forgetful functor which assigns to each algebra its underlying vector space.
Given any vector space
over
we can construct the tensor algebra
. The tensor algebra is characterized by the fact:
“Any linear map from
to an algebra
can be uniquely extended to an algebra homomorphism from
to
.”
This statement is an initial property of the tensor algebra since it expresses the fact that the pair
, where
is the inclusion map, is a universal morphism from the vector space
to the functor
.
Since this construction works for any vector space
, we conclude that
is a functor from
-Vect to
-Alg. This means that
is left adjoint to the forgetful functor
(see the section below on relation to adjoint functors).
Products
A categorical product can be characterized by a universal construction. For concreteness, one may consider the Cartesian product in Set, the direct product in Grp, or the product topology in Top, where products exist.
Let
and
be objects of a category
with finite products. The product of
and
is an object
×
together with two morphisms
:
:
such that for any other object
of
and morphisms
and
there exists a unique morphism
such that
and
.
To understand this characterization as a universal property, take the category
to be the product category
and define the diagonal functor
:{\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {C}}\times {\mathcal {C}}}
by
and
. Then
is a universal morphism from
to the object
of
: if
is any morphism from
to
, then it must equal a morphism
from
to
followed by
.
Limits and colimits
Categorical products are a particular kind of limit in category theory. One can generalize the above example to arbitrary limits and colimits.
Let
and
be categories with
a small index category and let
be the corresponding functor category. The diagonal functor
:{\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {C}}^{\mathcal {J}}}
is the functor that maps each object
in
to the constant functor
(i.e.
for each
in
and
for each
in
).
Given a functor
(thought of as an object in
), the limit of
, if it exists, is nothing but a universal morphism from
to
. Dually, the colimit of
is a universal morphism from
to
.
Properties
Existence and uniqueness
Defining a quantity does not guarantee its existence. Given a functor
and an object
of
, there may or may not exist a universal morphism from
to
. If, however, a universal morphism
does exist, then it is essentially unique. Specifically, it is unique up to a unique isomorphism: if
is another pair, then there exists a unique isomorphism
such that
. This is easily seen by substituting
in the definition of a universal morphism.
It is the pair
which is essentially unique in this fashion. The object
itself is only unique up to isomorphism. Indeed, if
is a universal morphism and
is any isomorphism then the pair
, where
is also a universal morphism.
Equivalent formulations
The definition of a universal morphism can be rephrased in a variety of ways. Let
be a functor and let
be an object of
. Then the following statements are equivalent:
The dual statements are also equivalent:
Relation to adjoint functors
Suppose
is a universal morphism from
to
and
is a universal morphism from
to
. By the universal property of universal morphisms, given any morphism
there exists a unique morphism
such that the following diagram commutes:
If every object
of
admits a universal morphism to
, then the assignment
and
defines a functor
. The maps
then define a natural transformation from
(the identity functor on
) to
. The functors
are then a pair of adjoint functors, with
left-adjoint to
and
right-adjoint to
.
Similar statements apply to the dual situation of terminal morphisms from
. If such morphisms exist for every
in
one obtains a functor
which is right-adjoint to
(so
is left-adjoint to
).
Indeed, all pairs of adjoint functors arise from universal constructions in this manner. Let
and
be a pair of adjoint functors with unit
and co-unit
(see the article on adjoint functors for the definitions). Then we have a universal morphism for each object in
and
:
Universal constructions are more general than adjoint functor pairs: a universal construction is like an optimization problem; it gives rise to an adjoint pair if and only if this problem has a solution for every object of
(equivalently, every object of
).
History
Universal properties of various topological constructions were presented by Pierre Samuel in 1948. They were later used extensively by Bourbaki. The closely related concept of adjoint functors was introduced independently by Daniel Kan in 1958. | 886ba374-f55a-4194-b9e4-7571bee38878 |
null | The 1935 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 10 teams. The national champions were Cerro Porteño.
Results
Standings
Source: [citation needed] | 4bac9fa6-0140-4bf7-b789-e00e56f55fd5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitekorchis_excavata"} | Species of orchid
Vitekorchis excavata, also known as the hollow oncidium, is a species of orchid native to the Neotropics.
Taxonomy
Synonyms include Oncidium aurosum, Oncidium boissieri, Oncidium excavatum var. dawsonii, Oncidium rupestre, Oncidium skinneri, and Oncidium excavatum.
Description
The flowers, sepals and petals are yellow, spotted with brown.
Distribution and habitat
Vitekorchis excavata is found naturally in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador and grows on steep embankments in moist montane forest at elevations of 2400–2800 meters. | 483c84cc-2e85-4a2b-b8e0-8d36eb6d7a00 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Drottningholm"} | SS Drottningholm was one of the earliest steam turbine ocean liners. She was designed as a transatlantic liner and mail ship for Allan Line, built in Scotland, and launched in 1904 as RMS Virginian. Her sister ship, RMS Victorian, was built in Ireland, launched four months earlier, and was the World's first turbine-powered liner.
In the First World War Virginian spent a few months as a troopship and was then converted into an armed merchant cruiser (AMC). In August 1917 a U-boat damaged her with a torpedo.
In 1920 she was sold to the Swedish American Line and remnamed Drottningholm. As a neutral passenger ship during the Second World War she performed notable service repatriating thousands of civilians of various countries on both sides of the war.
In 1948 Drottningholm was then sold to a company in the Italian Home Lines group, who changed her name to Brasil.
In 1951 Home Lines chartered her to Hamburg America Line, and the line her name changed again, this time to Homeland.
Homeland was scrapped in Italy in 1955.
Background
The World's first steam turbine merchant ship, TS King Edward, was launched in 1901. She was a technological and commercial success, but was only a 502 GRT excursion steamship making short-sea trips in and around the Firth of Clyde, and her running costs – and hence passenger fares – were higher than those of her competitors with conventional reciprocating engines.
However, in October 1903 Allan Line announced that it had ordered a pair of new 10,000 GRT liners, that they would be turbine-powered, and that they would have the same three-screw arrangement as King Edward. And on 28 January 1904, seven months before Victorian was launched, the Government of Canada announced it had awarded Allan Line a transatlantic mail contract.
The Canadian contract required a regular scheduled service with four ships. Allan Line allocated the new Victorian and Virginian, which were still being built, and its existing 10,576 GRT liners Bavarian and Tunisian. The subsidy would be $5,000 per trip for Bavarian and Tunisian, and $10,000 per trip for each of the new turbine ships.
Design and building
Allan Line ordered both Victorian and Virginian from Workman, Clark and Company in Belfast. But Workman, Clark did not find enough labour to build both ships in time, so the order for Virginian was transferred to Alexander Stephen and Sons at Linthouse on the River Clyde.
Virginian was launched on 25 August 1904, four months after Victorian. But Victorian's completion was then delayed by performance problems with her turbines. Both sisters were completed in March 1905.
As built, Virginian had three Parsons turbines. A high-pressure turbine drove her middle screw. Its exhaust steam was fed to a pair of low-pressure turbines that drove her port and starboard screws. The three turbines combined gave her a total power output of 12,000 IHP.
Virginian was 517.0 ft (157.6 m) long, her beam was 60.0 ft (18.3 m) and her depth was 38.0 ft (11.6 m). She had berths for 1,912 passengers: 426 in first class, 286 in second class and 1,000 in third class. Her holds had 12,440 cu ft (352 m3) of refrigerated space for perishable cargo. As built, her tonnages were 10,754 GRT and 6,844 NRT.
RMS Virginian
Virginian began her maiden voyage from Liverpool on 6 April 1905, a fortnight after Victorian. She called at Moville in Ireland the next day and reached Halifax, Nova Scotia on the morning of 14 April. Two months later Virginian set a westbound record, leaving Moville at 1400 hrs on 9 June and reaching Cape Race at 2100 hrs on 13 June. This was despite having to slow down for a bank of fog.
The speed at which steam turbines run efficiently is several times faster than the speed at which marine propellers work efficiently. But the turbines in Victorian and Virginian, like those in King Edward, drove the propellers directly, without reduction gearing. As a result Virginian suffered cavitation, which not only impedes propulsion but also damages propellers.
Virginian also tended to roll violently in heavy seas.
Titanic sinking
By 1912 Virginian was equipped for wireless telegraphy, operating on the 300 and 600 metre wavelengths. Her call sign was MGN.
When RMS Titanic sank on 15 April 1912, Virginian was about 178 nautical miles (330 km) north of her, steaming in the opposite direction. At 2310 hrs (0040 hrs ship's time) the Marconi Company radio station at Cape Race relayed Titanic's distress messages to Virginian, whose Master, Captain Gambell changed course to try to reach Titanic. Virginian also received Titanic's distress signals. The last signal Virginian received from Titanic was at 0027 hrs (0157 hrs by ship's time), and "these signals were blurred and ended abruptly".
RMS Carpathia reached the position of the sinking and rescued 705 survivors. There was a false report that Virginian rescued some passengers and transferred them to Carpathia. In fact Virginian did not arrive in time to assist.
There was also a false report that Virginian had taken Titanic in tow, that all of Titanic's passengers were safe, and that Herbert Haddock, Master of RMS Olympic, was the source of the report. Haddock, however, dismissed the report as "a flagrant invention".
Captain Gambell said Virginian passed where Titanic sank "at a distance of six or seven miles", but could get no closer as "The ice was closely packed... and there would have been great danger in going nearer. No boats, packages or wreckage were to be seen." Gambell said Virginian steamed 162 nautical miles (300 km) toward Titanic, until at 1000 hrs Carpathia signalled Virginian "Turn back. Everything O. K. Have 800 on board. Return to your northern track".
Substitute for Empress of Ireland
On 29 May 1914 Canadian Pacific lost the liner RMS Empress of Ireland in a collision with the collier Storstad, and 1,024 people were killed. Canadian Pacific chartered Virginian from Allan Line to replace her. The charter was cut short by the First World War, which began on 28 July.
First World War
From August 1914 the UK Government used Virginian as a troop ship. Then in December the British Admiralty requisitioned her and had her converted into an armed merchant cruiser (AMC). Initially her armament was eight 4.7-inch QF guns and her pennant number was M 72. She was commissioned as HMS Virginian on 10 December 1914.
Virginian joined the 10th Cruiser Squadron, with which she was on the Northern Patrol from December 1914 until the end of June 1917. She patrolled mostly around the Faroe Islands and the northern part of the Western Approaches. In 1915 she occasionally patrolled the Norwegian Sea and the east and south coasts of Iceland.
By October 1915 two of Virginian's 4.7-inch guns were replaced with six-pounder guns. On 16 June 1916 Virginian arrived in Canada Dock in Liverpool to have her remaining 4.7-inch guns were replaced with six BL 6-inch and QF 6-inch naval guns. She was there for just over two months, until 18 August, and the Admiralty became concerned that the conversion took an inordinately long time.
By October 1916 Virginian's armament also included depth charges.
Convoy escort
From the beginning of July 1917 Virginian escorted transatlantic convoys.
On 19 August 1917 Virginian left Liverpool escorting a convoy, which called at Lough Swilly on 20–21 August. U-boats attacked the convoy off the coast of Donegal. SM U-53 torpedoed Leyland Line's 10,418 GRT liner Devonian at 1152 hrs, and she sank at 1245 hrs about 20 nautical miles (37 km) northeast of Tory Island. U-53 also sank the Union Steamship Company's 8,238 GRT cargo liner Roscommon.
At 1312 hrs Virginian sighted a periscope off her starboard bow and turned to engage the submarine. It was SM U-102, which hit Virginian with a torpedo on her starboard quarter, killing three of her crew. The magazines for her six-inch guns and part of her number five hold were flooded, but Virginian remained afloat. Virginian tried to return to Lough Swilly, but found it very difficult to steer. The destroyer HMS Rob Roy tried to assist but failed. Nevertheless Virginian managed to reach Lough Swilly, and anchored at 2048 hrs.
Virginian underwent temporary repairs, and then on 4–5 September 1917 returned to Liverpool, where she was dry docked from 7 September until 16 November and returned to sea on 4 December.
In 1918 her pennant number was changed twice: to MI 95 in January and MI 52 in April. She continued to escort transatlantic convoys until just after the Armistice. She reached Liverpool on 30 November 1918 and was decommissioned some time thereafter.
Canadian Pacific had taken over Allan Line in 1917. The Admiralty released Virginian to her new owners, and in 1919 she was registered in Montreal.
Drottningholm
In 1920 Swedish America Line bought Virginian, reportedly for the equivalent of $100,000, and renamed her Drottningholm, after a small community near Stockholm that includes the royal Drottningholm Palace. Götaverken in Gothenburg refitted Drottningholm, and particularly improved her third class accommodation. As refitted she had berths for 280 cabin class, 300 second class and 700 third class passengers. Drottningholm sailed from Gothenburg for the first time at the end of May, and arrived in New York for the first time on 9 June. She retained her notoriety for rolling, and her new name inspired the nickname "Rollingholm" or "Rollinghome".
SAL had carried significant numbers of Swedish migrants to the USA, but in the 1920s new US immigration laws affected the transatlantic trade. In May 1921 the Federal Government implemented the Emergency Quota Act, and allotted Sweden a quota for 20,000 migrants a year. Barely two months later, on 15 July, immigration authorities in New York detained 78 of Drottningholm's second-class passengers on arrival. After four hours a message from Washington, D.C. confirming that the quota for Sweden had not been fulfilled, and all 78 were allowed to land.
In 1922 Götaverken re-engined Drottningholm with new A/B De Lavals Ångturbin turbines. They were less powerful than her original Parsons turbines, because SAL wanted better fuel economy, but she could still do 17 knots (31 km/h). Götaverken also replaced her direct drive with single-reduction gearing, which at last solved her cavitation problem. At the same time Götaverken enlarged her superstructure by extending her bridge deck aft. Drottningholm returned to service in 1923.
By 1930 Drottningholm's tonnages were 11,055 GRT and 6,485 NRT. In 1934 her Swedish code letters KCMH were superseded by the call sign SJMA.
On 8 January 1935 while Drottningholm was docking in fog at West 57th Street Pier in New York a steel cable fouled one of her propellers. Her return sailing was deferred from 12 to 15 January to allow time for her to be repaired in dry dock.
In 1937 Drottningholm's hull was repainted white.
Notable passengers
In 1925 Greta Garbo and Mauritz Stiller sailed to the USA on Drottingholm, leaving Gothenburg on 26 June and arriving in New York 10 days later.
On 30 December 1928 the newly-wed Count and Countess Bernadotte left New York for Gothenburg on Drottningholm. The couple returned to the USA on Drottningholm in June 1933.
In 1932 Drottningholm took Swedish athletes home from the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Second World War
In the Second World War Sweden was neutral, and until December 1941 so was the USA. At first Drottningholm continued the service between Gothenburg and New York.
By the end of January 1940 Drottningholm was the only SAL passenger liner still operating between Gothenburg and New York. On 3 February, 150 Finnish-American and Finnish-Canadian volunteers to fight for Finland in the Winter War sailed on Drottningholm from New York.
In March 1940 Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn from German-occupied Poland reached New York aboard Drottningholm.
Later in the war the US, UK and French[citation needed][clarification needed] governments each chartered Drottningholm to repatriate civilian internees, prisoners of war (PoWs) and diplomats between the two belligerent sides. She also carried PoWs and civilians for the Red Cross.
One source states that Drottningholm repatriated 14,093 people. Another says she made 14 voyages and repatriated about 18,160 people. Another states that between 1940 and 1946 she made 30 voyages and carried about 25,000 people. The discrepancy may be because in August 1945 Drottningholm reverted from charter trips to her regular commercial Gothenburg – New York route, but she continued to carry refugees from Europe to North America.
In March 1942 the US Department of State and US Maritime Commission chartered Drottningholm via an arrangement with Germany and the other Axis powers, facilitated by the Swiss and Swedish governments and with the cooperation of 15 Latin American republics who had also broken off diplomatic relations with the Axis. On her first eastbound voyage she left from New York on 7 May 1942 for Lisbon carrying Bulgarian, German, Italian, Romanian nationals including ambassadors and diplomats.
Her first westbound voyage was from Lisbon on 22 May, reaching New York on 1 June. Her passengers included the US diplomats Leland B. Morris and George F. Kennan.
Drottningholm started her second eastbound crossing from Jersey City on 3 June 1942 carrying 985 Axis nationals, including diplomats. On 12 June she reached Lisbon, where she was held to await trains from Axis countries carrying people for repatriation to the Americas. By 21 June she had embarked either 941 or 949 passengers at Lisbon for repatriation to both North and South America. Many had been released from Nazi concentration camps.
When Drottningholm reached New York on 30 June 1942, US immigration authorities and military and naval intelligence personnel came aboard and prevented her passengers from disembarking until they had searched the ship and questioned each of the passengers. They included 470 US citizens, 110 South American diplomats and nationals, and a group of Canadian women rescued from the Egyptian liner Zamzam, which the German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis had sunk in April 1941.
US officials released about 125 passengers on 2 July and allowed them ashore. First to be released was the reporter Ruth Knowles, who had escaped execution by the Gestapo after spending a year serving with the Chetniks resisting the German and Italian occupation of Yugoslavia. By 3 July nearly 700 passengers were still being held aboard. and by 8 July about 400 had been released, but 300 had been detained on Ellis Island until their cases were decided.
At the end of June 1942 the Nazi government withdrew its guarantee of safe passage for the ship, which prevented further exchanges. On 15 July Drottningholm left New York for Gothenburg carrying at least 800 Axis nationals. Most were German or Italian, plus a few Bulgarians and Romanians.
Drottningholm continued to serve the UK and French[citation needed][clarification needed] governments as a repatriation ship. Her white hull was emblazoned on both sides with her name and "Sverige" ("Sweden") in huge capital letters, between them were stripes of blue and yellow, the colours of the Swedish flag, and above them was the word "Diplomat". As a neutral ship she was fully lit so that her markings could be easily seen. By 1945 the word "Diplomat" had been replaced with "Freigeleit – Protected".
In October 1943 Drottningholm and Empress of Russia arrived in the Firth of Forth carrying a total of about 4,000 Allied PoWs. They nicknamed Drottningholm "Trotting Home".
On 15 or 16 March 1944 Drottningholm reached Jersey City from Lisbon with 662 passengers including 160 civilian internees from Vittel internment camp, 35 or 36 wounded US servicemen and a group of US diplomats from the former Vichy France, which Germany and Italy had occupied since November 1942. Internees released from Vittel included Mary Berg and her family. Drottningholm's previous eastbound voyage had returned about 750 Germans to Europe.
In summer 1944 the Swiss government facilitated an agreement between the German and UK governments to repatriate almost all of each other's interned civilian nationals. Drottningholm was chartered, and on 11 July reached Lisbon carrying 900 German nationals who had been interned in South Africa. She was then to await three trains carrying UK nationals from German-occupied Europe. 900 UK civilians and PoWs were brought by train under International Red Cross protection from German-occupied countries to Lisbon.
However, by summer 1944 the French Resistance was at its height, sabotaging rail and road transport in France, and especially in the southwest toward the Spanish frontier. The trains had left Germany on 6 July but were struggling to cross France. By 16 July the trains still had not arrived, so the UK was threatening to return the German internees to South Africa on Drottningholm. However, on 21 July trains carrying 414 UK and other evacuees from Germany reached Irun on the Spanish frontier, where they changed to Spanish trains to continue toward Lisbon. On 4 August Drottningholm at last left Lisbon taking them to England.
In September 1944 the Swedish Red Cross arranged an exchange of 2,345 Allied PoWs for a similar number of Germans. The Allied PoWs would be brought by sea and land to Gothenburg, where they would embark on Drottningholm, Gripsholm and the UK troop ship Arundel Castle. When the Allied prisoners reached Gothenburg their number was reported to be 2,600.
In March 1945 the UK and Germany agreed via Swiss and Swedish intermediaries to another exchange of civilian internees via Drottningholm. On 15 March she left Gothenburg carrying UK internees, Argentinian and Turkish diplomats, Portuguese nationals and 212 released Channel Islands internees. She had landed the Channel Islands and UK nationals in Liverpool by 23 March and was then due to take the Argentinians and Portuguese to Lisbon and the Turks to Istanbul. On 11 April she arrived in Istanbul, carrying 137 Turkish Jews who had been released from Ravensbrück and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps as part of a prisoner exchange. Turkish authorities temporarily refused entry to 119 of her passengers.
On 3 May, the eve of the German unconditional surrender, Drottningholm was in Lisbon where she was meant to embark 200 Germans to be repatriated. But 61 of them refused to go, and the Portuguese authorities were reported to be assessing them as civilian refugees.
Post-war service
Drottningholm started a Gothenburg – Liverpool – New York service in late August 1945 and was expected to reach Gothenburg from New York by this route for the first time on 6 September.
On 22 July 1946 Drottningholm completed her first radar-equipped voyage from Gothenburg to New York. That August Drottningholm and Gripsholm resumed a fortnightly direct service between Gothenburg and New York.
On 16 September 1946 Drottningholm was in the middle of a New York labour dispute. 24 police officers encircled 10 National Maritime Union pickets to separate them from International Longshoremen's Association men who crossed the picket line to work the ship.
On 29 October 1946 SAL announced that at the end of the year it would sell Drottningholm and that her buyers would register her in Panama and operate her between Genoa and Argentina. However, the sale depended on Drottningholm's replacement, the 12,165 GRT Stockholm, being completed and entering service in time. Stockholm had been launched on 6 September but did not enter service until February 1948, which delayed Drottningholm's sale. The sale price was not disclosed, but was reported to be in the order of $1,000,000.
By February 1948 Drottningholm was recorded as having made 220 transatlantic crossings for SAL, carried 192,735 transatlantic passengers and taken 12,882 people on cruises. She was also reported to have taken part in four rescues at sea, including two from Norwegian ships called Solglimt and Isefjell.
Drottningholm's final westbound crossing for SAL took 11 days. She weathered three storms, was forced to heave to for 43 hours and was covered with ice when she reached New York two days late on 11 February 1948. Her Master, John Nordlander, called it the worst passage he had had in 350 Atlantic crossings. The ship left New York for her final eastbound crossing as Drottningholm on 13 February.
Home Lines
The company that bought Drottningholm in 1948, renamed her Brasil and registered her in Panama is variously reported to have been the Panamanian Navigation Company or South American Lines. It was associated with the Italian Home Lines, and SAL was a major shareholder. Brasil's new route was between Genoa and Rio de Janeiro.
In 1951 the ship was refitted in Italy with modern, more spacious accommodation for fewer passengers, and reduced tonnage. Her ownership was transferred to Mediterranean Lines, Hamburg America Line chartered her, renamed her Homeland and put her on a route between Hamburg and New York via Southampton and Halifax, NS.
In 1952 the ship was transferred to the route between Genoa and New York via Naples and Barcelona. From 1953 she was owned directly by Home Lines.
The ship served for half a century. When built she was a technological pioneer. In one world war she was a warship and survived being torpedoed. In another she was a peace ship and did notable humanitarian work. By the end of her career was the oldest liner in scheduled transatlantic service.
In 1955 she was sold to the Società Italiana di Armamento (Sidarma), who scrapped her at Trieste. The liner was 50 years old by then and, other than the shore tender Nomadic, was the last surviving ship in connection with the Titanic incident as well as the last former member of the Allan Line.
Bibliography | 58247707-8b15-408a-80a2-0ae6904c39f5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethmia_postica"} | Species of moth
Ethmia postica is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It occurs in interior areas of Australia, from north-western and south central Western Australia to western Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
The wingspan is 21–22 mm (0.83–0.87 in). The forewings are white, with blackish-fuscous markings. The costal edge is blackish, interrupted about one-fourth and near the apex. There is an irregular costal spot near the base and a dorsal dot at one-fourth, an irregular costal spot near the base and a dorsal dot at one-fourth. There is an irregular bar from one-fifth of the costa, reaching three-fourths across the wing and there is a small subdorsal spot before the middle. There is a small triangular spot on the costa at two-fifths, and a dot below it and a small triangular spot on the costa beyond the middle. A transverse S-shaped mark is found beyond the middle towards the dorsum, but not reaching it. A discal dot is found at three-fourths and there is an irregular transverse line from about three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, curved outwards from near the costa to three-fourths, whence a sharp projection proceeds to touch the lower side of the preceding discal dot. There is also a slender streak along the termen. The hindwings are white and thinly scaled with the costa and apical fourth fuscous, darker towards the apex. | 44658a2b-9963-44cf-993b-e13efaa5dac5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzelce_Le%C5%9Bne"} | Village in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Strzelce Leśne [ˈstʂɛlt͡sɛ ˈlɛɕnɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osielsko, within Bydgoszcz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
The village has a population of 8. | d664ea37-3424-440b-82cc-78459fb70677 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madigan_Library"} | Building in Pennsylvania, United States
The Madigan Library (officially The Roger and Peggy Madigan Library) is a library on campus of the Pennsylvania College of Technology in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.
History
Prior to Madigan was the John T. Shuman Library which was dedicated in September 1994. The John T. Shuman Library occupied space on the first and second floors of the Learning Resources Center in the Lifelong Education Center. The Children's Learning Center is located in the area that was the former library. Groundbreaking on the new Library occurred late 2004. Construction began on January 24, 2005.
On September 12, 2006 the Library was officially opened.
Building features
The library hosts seating for over one thousand guests, fourteen private study lounges, three conference rooms, three classrooms, two computer labs and dozens of divided study desks with dual monitor computers. It is also home to the Bookmarks Cafe, local archives and special collections, a virtual reality studio and an esports lab. On the third floor is the college's Center for Career Design, offices of the College Relations department, and the Gallery at Penn College.
Collection
The Madigan Library holds a collection of over 400,000 volumes, this includes 25,000 reference volumes and 70,000 volumes in the law collection.
Awards | 5fa23122-3935-4c94-8dd3-359e7b7430f1 |
null | American ice hockey player
Ice hockey player
Callahan Michael Burke (born March 24, 1997) is an American professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Colorado Eagles in the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect to the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Playing career
Amateur
Burke as a youth attended Noble and Greenough School, in Dedham, Massachusetts, and played three seasons from 2011–14, serving as team captain in the 2013–14 season to total 89 points through 83 games. Having been drafted by the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders, 50th overall, in the United States Hockey League (USHL) 2013 Futures Draft, he joined the RoughRiders following completion of his tenure with Noble and Greenough and appeared in 5 games to end the 2013–14 season.
In his first full season in the USHL in 2014–15, Burke collected 20 goals and 40 points through 60 games. He returned for a second season in 2015–16, serving as team captain in contributing with 14 goals and 25 assists for 39 points in 56 games, placing fourth on the team in scoring.
Committing to a collegiate career with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, Burke as a freshman played the 2016–17 season in a depth forward role and added 3 goals and 11 points in 35 games before he was injured in game one of the Hockey East quarterfinals series against Providence College.
With the Fighting Irish moving to the Big Ten Conference for the 2017–18 season, Burke as a sophomore was given an increased offensive role and responded by totalling a career best 14 goals for 26 points through 38 games. On December 9, 2017, he posted his first career hat-trick and led the Irish to a 6-2 win over the University of Wisconsin, marking the first hat-trick for Notre Dame since Steven Fogarty in 2015. Helping Notre Dame advance to the Frozen Four, Burke scored a goal against the University of Michigan resulting in a berth to the National Championship game.
In the 2018–19 season, Burke recorded a career best 30 points and as a junior tied for the team lead in goals with 12. In claiming a second consecutive Big Ten Championships and reaching the Frozen Four, he was a recipient of the B1G Sportsmanship award.
Approaching his final and senior season in 2019–20, Callahan's leadership within the Fighting Irish was recognized as he was selected to serve as Notre Dame's team captain. He made 37 appearances and tallied 7 goals and 14 assists for 21 points. He concluded his collegiate career earning a second consecutive B1G Sportsmanship Award and was named to the Lowes Senior Class All-American First Team.
Professional
As an undrafted free agent, Burke embarked on his professional career by signing a one-year contract with the Colorado Eagles of the American Hockey League (AHL), the primary affiliate to the Colorado Avalanche on March 18, 2020. With the 2020–21 season, delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Burke made professional debut, registering an assist, in a 3-2 defeat to the San Diego Gulls on February 13, 2021. He later notched his first professional goal with the Eagles against the Bakersfield Condors on April 13, 2021. In showing capability as a two-way checking forward, Burke completed his rookie year with the Eagles in registering 2 goals and 9 points in 33 regular season games. He tallied an assist in 2 post-season games in the Pacific Divisional playoffs.
On June 17, 2021, Burke was signed to a one-year contract extension to continue his tenure with the Eagles. In the following 2021–22 season, Burke increased his offensive output, registering 14 points through his first 19 games with the Eagles to earn a one-year NHL contract with parent club, the Colorado Avalanche, on December 16, 2021. Remaining on assignment with the Eagles, Burke finished his second professional season in posting 26 points through 57 regular season games.
As a restricted free agent, Burke was signed to a one-year, two-way contract extension with the reigning Stanley Cup champion Avalanche on July 20, 2022. After attending Colorado's 2022 training camp, Burke was re-assigned to begin the 2022–23 season with the Eagles. In his third season with the Eagles, Burke posted 11 points through 21 games before he received his first recall to the NHL by the injury-plagued Avalanche on December 6, 2022. He made his NHL debut the following day, featuring on the fourth-line for the depleted Avalanche, in a 4-0 shutout defeat to his boyhood club, the Boston Bruins.
Personal
Burke is the son of Sharon and Garrett Burke, his father played collegiately with the University of Massachusetts-Lowell from 1988–1990. He has two younger brothers, Cam and C.J., with Cam also playing collegiate hockey with the Fighting Irish before transferring to Boston College for the 2022–23 season.
He originally graduated from Washington High School in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and majored in Business Analytics during his tenure with Notre Dame.
Career statistics
Awards and honors | 869ddaae-b0a9-4d43-8c80-6067806ee7b5 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinaria_(plant)"} | Genus of plants
Pectinaria is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1819. The entire genus is endemic to South Africa.
Species
formerly included | 410c9875-01a2-46be-8de4-403c40237139 |
null | Village in Maharashtra
City in Maharashtra, India
Kashigaon is a town located on Ghodbunder Road in Maharashtra, India. It is now part of Thane. It has a history of rich culture and heritage consisting of different religions and castes like Bhandaris, Koli Christians, Agri, and Konkani Muslims. The town contains old temples and churches such as St. Jerome Church, Jarimari Gaondevi Mandir, Vitthal Rukmini Mandir, Gaondev Vithoba Temple, and Durga Mata Temple. The area has seen massive population growth, with many new residential and commercial projects completed in the last eight years.
Population and demographics
As of 2020, the population of Kashigaon is 12,378, consisting of 6,612 males and 5,766 females. The population density currently is 11,476 people per km²
Males and females aged 25–29 comprise most of the population, with more than 600 people in the age group, followed closely by males and females aged 20–24.
Educational Institutes
Hospitals | 1232bd0f-d5c0-4fd7-97c7-1ce21c756fa4 |
null | Kenyan aeronautical engineer
Emily Orwaru (born 1988) is a Kenyan aeronautical engineer, who works as an aeronautical planning engineer, at Kenya Airways, the country's national airline.
Background and education
Orwaru was born in Nyamira in Nyamira County, about 305 kilometres (190 mi), by road, west of Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya.
At the age of nine, she suffered from a bout of tonsillitis, which left her deaf in the right ear. Later, she was diagnosed with keratoconus, an eye condition characterized by thinning of the cornea in both eyes. She has to wear rigid contact lens to correct the problem. After attending elementary and high schools in Kenya, she benefited from a scholarship by the government of Russia, to attend Samara State Aerospace University, in Samara, Russia, where she studied Aerospace engineering, graduating with a Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) degree in 2009.
Career
In 2014, Orwaru was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer, for which she had to undergo chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In June 2014, she was hired as an aircraft maintenance technician at Kenya Airways, working in that capacity for six months until December 2014. Later, she was promoted to her present position of Aeronautical Planning Engineer.
Other achievements and activities
In October 2017, Emily Orwaru was named among the "Top 40 Under 40 Women in Kenya 2017" by Business Daily Africa, an English-language business daily newspaper, published by the Nation Media Group. She is involved in a community-based economic development group in Nyamira, her home village. She is also a member of a cancer support group called "Faraja Cancer Care". | 3054fa40-f6cb-43bf-9382-4690364e8526 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirnayam_(1995_film)"} | 1995 Indian film
Nirnayam (transl. Decision) is a 1995 Indian Malayalam-language crime thriller film directed by Sangeeth Sivan, produced by Suresh Balaje, and written by Cheriyan Kalpakavadi. The film stars Mohanlal and Heera Rajagopal. The plot follows a physician who has been falsely accused for his wife's murder escapes from the custody to discover the truth behind the incident and the actual perpetrators. The film's music was composed by R. Anandh.
The plot is heavily based on the American film The Fugitive, which itself is based on the 1963 TV Series of the same name.
Plot
Dr. Roy is an honest surgeon who works in a private hospital. He falls in love with his apprentice Dr. Annie and marries her. When Annie discovers a frightening organ-smuggling operation in her hospital, she is murdered. Dr. Roy is framed for the crime due to circumstantial evidence. However, on his way to jail, an accident occurs and he escapes. A fugitive from justice, he tries to discover the truth. He eventually finds aid in a police officer, Javed. Eventually, Dr. Roy is able to bring the perpetrators behind the kidney scam to justice and kill Ifti, his wife's murderer.
Cast
Soundtrack
The film score and soundtrack of the film were composed by R. Anandh, a prolific composer of advertisement films.
Reception
The Indian Express praised the film writing: "The Sivan brothers’ team of director and cameraman combine to make a technically efficient thriller taking its cue from the film version of the television series The Fugitive." | b3e7b63b-5d85-4984-bc93-8a93526a98ac |
null | American baseball player
Baseball player
John Evans Montague (born September 12, 1947), is a former professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Montreal Expos, Philadelphia Phillies, Seattle Mariners and California Angels of Major League Baseball (MLB) in parts of seven seasons spanning 1973–1980. He was born in Newport News, Virginia.
Career
Montague attended Newport News High School and played college baseball at Old Dominion University, was selected by the Chicago White Sox in the 15th round of the 1965 Major League Baseball Draft, but decided not to sign with the team. He was then selected by the Baltimore Orioles in the 3rd round of the 1967 amateur draft. On April 13, 1973, the Orioles sent him to the Montreal Expos in exchange for Mickey Scott.
He made his major league debut for the Expos on September 9, 1973 against the New York Mets, pitching the eighth inning of a game the Expos lost by a score of 3-0, and retiring all three batters he faced. He was with the Expos for two full seasons, with no decisions in the 1973 season in four relief appearances, and ending the 1974 with a 3-4 record and 3 saves in 46 appearances, including one start. He pitched in 12 games for the Expos in 1975, finishing with an 0-1 record and two saves in 12 appearances, before he was picked off waivers by the Philadelphia Phillies on September 2, 1975. He appeared in three games in relief in 1975 in his brief stint with the Phillies.
He was purchased by the Seattle Mariners on November 6, 1976 from the Phillies. As a member of the Mariners' inaugural team, he earned the first save in team history, preserving a 5-1 win against the California Angels at the Kingdome on April 9, 1977, pitching a scoreless eighth and ninth inning and giving up only one walk (erased on a double play). He finished the 1977 with an 8-12 record and four saves in 47 appearances, including 15 as starting pitcher. He only appeared in 19 games for the Marines in 1978, all in relief, ending with a 1-3 record and two saves. Montague started the 1979 season with the Mariners, and had a 6-4 record and one save in 41 appearances with the club.
He was traded by the Mariners on August 29, 1979 to the California Angels for a player to be named later, a trade completed when the Angels sent Jim Anderson to the Mariners on December 5, 1979. He ended the 1979 season with a 2-0 record and six saves in 14 relief appearances. 1980 was his final season in the major leagues, ending his career with a 4-2 record and three saves in 37 appearances, all in relief. The final game of his career was on August 28, 1980, giving up nine hits and six runs (all earned) in a two-inning relief appearance in a 13-8 loss to the Baltimore Orioles. | 51d8a582-3efc-46fb-bdbf-583e1f38b692 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Devil_(DC_Comics)"} | Comics character
Tasmanian Devil is a fictional character, a superhero in the DC Comics universe. He first appeared in Super Friends #7. His first canon appearance is Infinity, Inc. #32 (November 1986).
He is unrelated to the Looney Tunes character, although both characters are owned by divisions of WarnerMedia.
Fictional character biography
Hugh Dawkins is a born metahuman with the ability to turn into a supernaturally large and intelligent Tasmanian Devil, in a fashion similar to a werewolf. An alternate origin has jokingly been offered, claiming that Hugh's mother was a were-Tasmanian Devil who raised him in a Tasmanian Devil cult, which gave him a Tasmanian Devil amulet after selling his soul to a Tasmanian Devil and injecting him with a radioactive Tasmanian Devil musk from a race of alien Tasmanian Devils which gave him his powers. While Hugh is a pacifist, his alter ego of the Tasmanian Devil is aggressive and bestial. His parents had a hard time with him until he saved his father's life.
He works as a superhero in Tasmania until he is contacted by a man named Doctor Mist to join the Global Guardians. He fights alongside the team and other heroes. In one incident, a teamup with Infinity Inc. goes bad when Taz is mentally forced to help a murderous villain gain revenge on a casino. Later, the Guardians' base is destroyed and the team disbands.
League and Guardians
Dawkins helps to rebuild the Justice League Embassy which had been destroyed during an alien invasion. His affiliation with the Justice League causes his rejection by the Queen Bee, ruler of Bialya, who is reforming the Guardians. Her efforts seem beneficial but are for her own selfish gain, as she is using brainwashing techniques to put the Guardians under her control. This affects the Devil again, as his close friend Tuatara falls into a coma after destroying a neo-Nazi compound and attacking the League. Tuatara receives care by an Australian medical facility.
Dawkins and his friend Joshua Barbazon are preparing the Justice League Australian embassy. Their plans include transferring Tuatara to the medical lab, as soon as it is completed. The Queen Bee recalls Tuatara before this happens. Dawkins is infuriated by these circumstances, which he doesn't fully understand.
Dawkins would be there when Tuatara recovers his true mind. Called up in a League effort to stop an international incident, Dawkins and many other League members travel to Bialya. It turns out that Captain Atom, Elongated Man, Ice, and Blue Beetle had been fired by Ambassador Heimlich, a mole placed into UN power by the Queen Bee. They had illegally invaded Bialya to investigate.
The backup team enters, with the permission of Queen Bee, just in time to be caught in a devastating explosion, which destroys an entire city block. The League and many innocent people are saved by Ice creating a shield, but so many others are not so lucky. Dawkin's former friends regain their minds, and the Bee's massive brainwashing efforts are uncovered. He also learns that Doctor Mist was a robot, Jack O'Lantern is dead but an impostor, and Owlwoman is missing. It's said that Little Mermaid is also missing, though both sides in the conflict had seen her die from a misfired shot by Lantern. Queen Bee, the one that has caused so much problems is deposed and slain by Sumaan Harjavti, the brother of the man the Queen had slain and deposed.
Dawkins and the League help with relief and recovery efforts. After this he would return to Australia, but he rejoins a team of Guardians to rescue those still endangered by the secret machinations of Harjavti. The entire group is endangered as those left behind had been implanted with subliminal orders to kill. Fortunately, nobody is actually harmed and the Guardians are reformed again. Taz assists with clean up efforts after Coast City is obliterated.
He rejoins Justice League International after aiding them against the villain Sonar. He is present for the funeral of fellow Leaguer Ice. He becomes indirectly involved in another recruitment effort but it doesn't work out.
It is also revealed that Hugh is openly gay in Justice League Quarterly #8 (1992). He has previously been romantically interested in JLA liaison Joshua Barbizon, had a crush on Hal Jordan and is dating Starman, Mikaal Thomas. r
Bloodlines
Later, Dawkins works with the Justice League during the Bloodlines event. He teams up, mainly with Elongated Man and Metamorpho to stop a group of murderous aliens terrorizing London. The other adult female team members, Power Girl and Doctor Light, are unavailable to assist due to previous commitments. The men are not very successful as dozens of citizens vanish or are killed. The toll, which includes a missing school bus, deeply affects all three. During one investigation, they are attacked by the rookie armored hero Lionheart, who mistakes Taz's unusual form (and the changing forms of his friends) for the eyewitness reports of the aliens.
The aliens attack the League's headquarters, a (seemingly haunted) castle. Summoned by the energy flares of their youngest member, Maya, the group returns and fights the creatures. Lionheart, though his secondary mission is to discredit the League, sees the nobility in Taz and the others and helps them chase off the aliens. No pursuit is possible, as all are injured; Taz himself has been impaled through the shoulder. Lionheart, before fainting from his injuries, summons medical help through an emergency Justice League communications channel. Taz recovers in time to help his JLE teammates and dozens of other heroes defeat the Bloodlines aliens. The aliens are destroyed in a swamp outside of Metropolis in America.
Funerals and Risk
Around this time, Dawkins goes on a JLI goodwill tour to New Zealand. They resist him at first. He and his contact, Raylene Mackenzie, stumble upon the villain Phobia and Tas literally sniffs out one of her recent murders. The two get into a back-and-forth fight with the fear-casting killer. Raylene confronts a fear of drowning, while Tas' hallucination concerns the abusive treatment his mother heaped upon his father. Working together, the two defeat Phobia. Tas' efforts to save a New Zealander endears him to the entire country.
Dawkins later assists the Justice League in battling Overmaster. There, the team loses Ice. The group falls apart, and Dawkins soon leaves too, not wanting to stay in a group so small and unestablished. He does not see the point.
Tas is one of the mourners at the funeral for Maxwell Lord. After some time missing, he is shown attending the funeral of Sue Dibny, wife of the Elongated Man.
He joins the Ultramarine Corps and lives for a time on their floating city of Superbia. When the entire city is conquered by Gorilla Grodd and his forces, Tas and the other surviving heroes are sent to cause destruction. His mind and the Corps are rescued by the Justice League. Soon after, he takes part in the Corps' mission into the infant universe sometimes known as Nebula Man. Their efforts later allow the villain to be destroyed.
Tas helps out in the OMAC Crisis. He is one of many superheroes who go to the Sahara as bait for the legions of meta-human killing machines. This scheme works, and many OMACs are destroyed without harming the hosts within.
After the events of Infinite Crisis, Tas is shown at a memorial service/headcount. During the 52 maxi-series, Tas and other powered beings, including Gloss and Manticore, face a rage-maddened Black Adam in Sydney, Australia. They are shown unconscious and buried in debris.
Later, Tas once again rejoins the Global Guardians.
In Detective Comics #852 (2008), Tas makes a brief appearance fighting hostile gunmen on the streets of Australia.
Death and return
In the 2009 mini-series Justice League: Cry for Justice, it is revealed that Tas was skinned, and his pelt was made into a rug by the villain Prometheus.
In the 2011 Starman/Congorilla one-shot, it is revealed that Prometheus had his body put into a stasis pod. He was fully healed and awakened after a citizen of Gorilla City named Malavar placed his comatose body in a Lazarus Pit. He rises from the Pit just in time to help Starman, Congorilla, Malavar and Animal Man fight a group of enemies, and then returns to Australia to tell his mother that he is still alive.
Following his resurrection, Tas appears as a member of the Justice League's reserve roster during the battle against Eclipso's shadow army.
The New 52 and DC Rebirth
In Midnighter and Apollo it is implied he is not only resurrected but married to Gregorio de la Vega, who refers to his husband as a therianthrope and named Hugh. This is confirmed in the DC Pride anthology, in which Hawkins debuts as part of the Justice League Queer, which is brought together by his husband to defeat Eclipso.
In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Tasmanian Devil is listed as a member of the Australian superhero team called the Sleeping Soldiers.
Powers and abilities
Hugh Dawkins can turn into a large Tasmanian devil. In this form, he possesses super strength, savage claws, advanced healing, razor sharp fangs and the ability to grow larger in size. | da34163e-f1cd-4138-b323-860020e600bb |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TradeMark"} | Residential Tower in North Carolina, United States
TradeMark (a.k.a. "TradeMark Condos") is a 325 feet (99 m) tall, primarily residential, skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It was completed in 2007 and has 28 floors and 200 residential units. Additionally it is one of the tallest buildings in Uptown Charlotte.
News stories
WBTV of Charlotte has reported on three floods and elevator problems in the one-year-old building, raising concern over the quality of construction. Repairs for the June 3rd, 2008, flood (reported on June 4) that were promised to the flood victims by management company Duvall have, as of August 1, 2008, yet to take place. Victims of the prior floods complained about Duvall's lack of responsiveness. TradeMark was builder Boulevard Centro's first major high-rise building construction project. | a4763d07-a7fa-4073-a1b1-824037821b0b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalangba"} | https://www.facebook.com/groups/KALANGBAFAMBULFile:Question+book-new.svgThis+article+needs+additional+citations+for+verification.+Please+help+improve+this+article+by+adding+citations+to+reliable+sources.+Unsourced+material+may+be+challenged+and+removed.Find+sources: %22Kalangba%22 – news ·+newspapers ·+books ·+scholar ·+JSTOR++(November+2010)+(Learn+how+and+when+to+remove+this+template+message)
Place in Northern Province, Sierra Leone
Kalangba (/kælæŋbæ/)(Loko: Ngangba) is a rural village in Bombali District, Northern Province, Sierra Leone. It is the headquarters for Ngowahun Chiefdom. It is situated about 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Makeni, the largest city in Sierra Leone's northern region. Kalangba is approximately 134 miles (216 km) north-east of the nation's capital, Freetown. It is a multicultural community. The majority of the inhabitants belong to the Loko ethnic group as well as the Fula and Mandingo. The Loko are the fifth largest ethnic group in Sierra Leone. As of the 2016 census, the population was 3,000.
Etymology of Name
The name Kalangba has its origin from its founder, a fisherman known as Pa Ngangba. The British colonial administrators could not pronounce Ngangba well and so they called it Kalangba. Pa Ngangba was a member of the Loko tribesmen and used to fish along the waters of Manqwa, the name of a stream with literal meaning “if we cut ourselves” running through what is today known as Kalangba (or "Ngangba" in Loko).
Pa Ngangba's comrade Pa Cigolo (Cigolo meant “spider” in Loko) settled on the other side of the town now used as a cemetery. A nearby settlement known as “Makambie” founded by a warrior called Kambie was merged with Kalangba. According to oral tradition, it is believed that the pre-colonial empire ruled by Bai Bureh, the hero of the Hut Tax War of 1898, extended from Kasseh in the Port Loko District to Kalangba.
The inhabitants are mostly engaged in unsustainable livelihood activities - agriculture, fishing and hunting - for sustenance. The town lacks most of the basic needs and services required for a modern settlement. However, Kalangba has a Junior Secondary School and a Primary health center that serve the community and the peripheral villages. Kalangba has also two elementary schools, one founded by the American Wesleyan Mission in the late forties and the other by the Sierra Leone Muslim Brotherhood in the late seventies.
Kalangba is a very religious community with converts and traditional Christians and Muslims. The town has a majestic structure imposingly located at the center of the town, the Wesleyan Church with a capacity to host more than five hundred people. There is also a Baptist church and two Mosques.
History
Present day Kalangba is a merger of three prehistoric settlements - Macigolo on the north east, Mandagai on the south east and Makambi on the west. The Sesays, The Kargbos, The Fornahs and The Koromas had lived in those settlements. It was in the era of the Trans Sahara Trade but up to the end of the Trade in the 17th century, Kalangba was unknown because the Trade in its real time never effectively reached that part of Sierra Leone.
Between the 15th and 18th centuries, there were intertribal conflicts all across West Africa from the Sahel to the coast lines. Much of that was felt in Kalangba with the arrival of a splinter group of the Manes from Mandimansa (Present day Mali) who invaded Sierra Leone in the 16th century led by the great grandfather of the Kamaras, Pa Tegbehun. Pa Tegbehun, known in Ngowahun as the great warrior, established his control over the three settlements in the first half of the 19th century from Gbangbawahun on the south side of Kalangba. At that time the expansion of the British Colony into the protectorate areas of Sierra Leone had just begun. However, Colonial relationship with Kalangba was actually felt during the era of Pa Tegbehun's successor, Yangi Saio, better known as Kandeh Saio II.
Yangi Saio came to power during the spread of Islam in West Africa. It was during the time of Yangi Saio the great Muslim cleric and prominent business man, Pa Alhaji Saccoh, arrived. It was also during the time of Yangi Saio the three settlements were merged. The American missionaries from Oklahoma who had been in Sierra Leone since the late 1800s also came to Kalangba during that period.
Between the era of Yangi Saio and Kandeh Saio III, power shifted to Gbendembu for a while within the context of amalgamation of two chiefdoms; namely, Gbendembu Chiefdom and Ngowahun Chiefdom. By the time Kandeh Saio III came to power, Kalangba had grown into a multicultural settlement. There were the Lokos, the Mandingoes, the Susu, the Fula, the Wolof, etc. The multiculturalism and increase in population was sped with the construction of road between Makeni and Kamakwei and establishment of the ferry system on the Mabole River in the early 20th century.
Infrastructure
The source of the water supply in Kalangba is underground water wells. There is no modern sewerage system.
Residents rely on generators for power as the village has no electrical grid.
Education
Primary schools
Secondary schools
Notable people
° Rev. Joseph Mojoko Koroma notable pastor of Faith Wesleyan Church Darby USA and humanitarian donating 50,000 dollars of medical books to the college of Medicine and Allied Science Sierra Leone( Concord Times) He is also an | 519fc5f3-6a36-4d1d-9bef-7a7a027f0f08 |
null | Radio station in Dublin, New Hampshire
WFCB-LP (100.3 FM) was a radio station broadcasting a religious radio format. Formerly licensed to Dublin, New Hampshire, United States, the station was owned by Kingdom Christian Ministries, Inc.
The station's license was cancelled and its call sign deleted by the FCC on November 17, 2011. | acf51284-4a96-4877-9f9d-acae19cac9f3 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroweisia"} | Genus of mosses
Gyroweisia is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pottiaceae.
The genus was first described by Wilhelm Philippe Schimper.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
The genus contains seven species: | c7d0ab50-30d9-437e-8ec9-851642e12b16 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rates_in_Northern_Ireland"} | Northern Ireland tax
Business rates in Northern Ireland are a tax on non-domestic property including offices, factories and shops.
In the 2020-2021 fiscal year, no rates were collected due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
All properties are to be revalued by 2023. | 17af89fc-76fb-47fb-8358-3bda9484c877 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Kremlin_Cup_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_doubles"} | 1996 tennis event results
Natalia Medvedeva and Larisa Savchenko won in the final 7–6(7–5), 4–6, 6–1 against Silvia Farina and Barbara Schett.
Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.
Seeds
Draw
Key | 507b03a5-083e-43df-aa54-60099eb89547 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills%E2%80%93Higgs_equations"} | Yang–Mills coupled to a Higgs field
In mathematics, the Yang–Mills–Higgs equations are a set of non-linear partial differential equations for a Yang–Mills field, given by a connection, and a Higgs field, given by a section of a vector bundle (specifically, the adjoint bundle). These equations are
with a boundary condition
where
A is a connection on a vector bundle,
DA is the exterior covariant derivative,
FA is the curvature of that connection,
Φ is a section of that vector bundle,
∗ is the Hodge star, and
[·,·] is the natural, graded bracket.
These equations are named after Chen Ning Yang, Robert Mills, and Peter Higgs. They are very closely related to the Ginzburg–Landau equations, when these are expressed in a general geometric setting.
M.V. Goganov and L.V. Kapitanskii have shown that the Cauchy problem for hyperbolic Yang–Mills–Higgs equations in Hamiltonian gauge on 4-dimensional Minkowski space have a unique global solution with no restrictions at the spatial infinity. Furthermore, the solution has the finite propagation speed property.
Lagrangian
The equations arise as the equations of motion of the Lagrangian density
Yang-Mills-Higgs Lagrangian density
where
is an invariant symmetric bilinear form on the adjoint bundle. This is sometimes written as
due to the fact that such a form can arise from the trace on
under some representation; in particular here we are concerned with the adjoint representation, and the trace on this representation is the Killing form.
For the particular form of the Yang-Mills-Higgs equations given above, the potential
is vanishing. Another common choice is
, corresponding to a massive Higgs field.
This theory is a particular case of scalar chromodynamics where the Higgs field
is valued in the adjoint representation as opposed to a general representation. | cfd52ea4-acc1-4df6-971d-27b2c01a2d17 |
null | English footballer
Arthur Martin McGarry (1898–1960) was an English footballer who played at right-half for Port Vale, Reading, and Rochdale.
Career
McGarry most likely joined Port Vale in the autumn of 1918. He played numerous games for the club in the war leagues and non-leagues before Vale were elected into the English Football League in October 1919. He played 45 games in 1919–20, and was a member of the sides that enjoyed double cup glory in 1920, but lost his place through injury in August 1920. He was released from The Old Recreation Ground at the end of the 1920–21 season after being able to muster just three Second Division appearances, and moved on to Reading and then Rochdale.
Family
His brother, J. McGarry, was also a footballer; he played as a half-back for Goldenhill Wanderers. He also made one appearance for Port Vale, replacing Arthur as half-back on 23 November 1918 in a war league game; a 4–1 loss at Burnley.
Career statistics
Source: | e7c0dee1-6edc-4bae-9c65-511cf8bef6e4 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Samuel_Ashe"} | World War II Liberty ship of the United States
SS Samuel Ashe was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Samuel Ashe the ninth Governor of the US state of North Carolina from 1795 to 1798. He was also one of the first three judges of the North Carolina Superior Court in 1787.
Construction
Samuel Ashe was laid down 17 July 1942, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 164, by the North Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, North Carolina: she was launched 17 September 1942, sponsored by Miss Shirley Jean Beasley, the daughter of E.O. Beasley, the foreman of welders at NCSB.
History
She was allocated to American South African Line, Inc., on 29 September 1942. Among her missions was repatriating part of the US 1269th Engineer Combat Battalion stateside from Antwerp in August 1945.
On 6 January 1948, she was laid up in the James River Reserve Fleet, Jones Point, New York. She was laid up in the, Hudson River Reserve Fleet, Jones Point, New York, 23 May 1953.
On 11 June 1953, she was withdrawn from the fleet to be loaded with grain under the "Grain Program 1953", she returned loaded with grain on 25 June 1953. She was withdrawn from the fleet on 2 July 1956, to have the grain unloaded, she returned reloaded on 24 July 1956. On 3 January 1958, she was withdrawn from the fleet to be unloaded, she returned empty on 13 January 1958. She was withdrawn from the fleet on 8 September 1958, to be loaded with grain, she returned loaded with grain on 17 September 1958. She was withdrawn from the fleet on 22 December 1959, to have the grain unloaded, she returned empty on 30 December 1959. She was withdrawn from the fleet on 10 October 1960, to be loaded with grain, she returned loaded with grain on 29 October 1960. She was withdrawn from the fleet on 12 April 1960, to have the grain unloaded, she returned empty on 20 April 1963.
She was sold for scrapping, on 27 May 1968, to Northern Metals Co. She was removed from the fleet on 30 June 1969.
Bibliography | 63a9a820-fe78-40ac-b748-78d2262b5617 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_listed_buildings_in_Lossiemouth,_Moray"} | This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Lossiemouth in Moray, Scotland.
List
Key
The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:
In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C. | 46a547b6-0ee2-46c8-8e07-5970603d544b |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calymmanthium_substerile"} | Species of plant
Calymmanthium substerile is a species of Calymmanthium from Peru. | 07f4a4bf-603f-4cf5-a90b-114f5a960372 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopton,_Suffolk"} | Human settlement in England
Hopton is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. Located just south of the Norfolk border on the B1111 road between Stanton and Garboldisham, in 2005 it had a population of 650. It shares a parish council with neighbouring Knettishall.
All Saints' Church is at the geographical centre of the village, it has regular services and is part of the United Benefice of Stanton, Hopton, Market Weston, Barningham & Coney Weston.
Schools
There is a primary school, and a pre-school. The primary school feeds students both to Thurston Community College in Thurston and Ixworth Free School in Ixworth. | 2d1ae324-bbf0-482d-845a-d6b59b7b8a3c |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloke_(disambiguation)"} | Look up bloke in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Bloke is a slang term for a man.
Bloke may also refer to: | c5fd949f-6c68-4d5f-bc59-affc15b159ce |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Archipelago"} | Group of islands off the northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula
Palmer Archipelago, also known as Antarctic Archipelago, Archipiélago Palmer, Antarktiske Arkipel or Palmer Inseln, is a group of islands off the northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It extends from Tower Island in the north to Anvers Island in the south. It is separated by the Gerlache and Bismarck straits from the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilhelm Archipelago, respectively.
Palmer Archipelago is located at 64°15′S 62°50′W / 64.250°S 62.833°W / -64.250; -62.833.
History
Adrien de Gerlache, leader of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899), discovered the archipelago in 1898. He named it Archipelago Palmer for American Captain Nathaniel Palmer, who navigated these waters in 1820.
Both Argentina and the United Kingdom have operated research stations there.
Islands
The archipelago includes:
Gallery | 694da507-5be5-404b-b39c-463a844cd864 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogmia_albipunctata"} | Species of fly
Clogmia albipunctata is a species of drain fly, a member of the family Psychodidae commonly known as the bathroom moth midge, bathroom moth fly or drain fly.
Distribution
This very common species has a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate areas and is often associated with humans. The species can be found near sewer drains, sewage treatment plants, plant pots, swamps and any other shaded place containing decaying, moist organic matter. The species is a common pest around household drains, but the larvae have an important role in sewage treatment.
Description
Clogmia albipunctata adults have broad wings covered with brownish and blackish hairs. There is a tuft of blackish hair near each wing vein fork and a tuft of white hair at the ends of most veins (i.e. each wing has a pair of black spots near the middle and several white spots along the edge). The thorax and abdomen are covered in gray/brownish-gray hairs. There is a pair of antennae which are longer than the abdomen and covered in white hairs. The legs are brown with white annuli (rings) at the tips of the tibiae and metatarsi.
The original species description gives a body length of 2.2 mm and a wing length of 2.2 mm. Later records show C. albipunctata can reach slightly greater sizes, such as a body length of 2.5 mm.
The species name, albipunctata, means "white-dotted", in reference to the white spots on the wings and appendages.
Biology
The adults can sustain themselves by drinking water or consuming flower nectar and live for about 12 days. They spend most of their life perched on walls. They move rarely, and with weak flight. The larvae live in aquatic environments, feeding on organic decaying matter, and take about 18 days to turn into a pupa, which develops into an adult after 5 days. They often infest drains of bathrooms and, for this reason, they are also known as "bath flies" in the United States.
Although they are considered harmless, some cases of myiasis caused by the larvae of this insect are reported in the literature, at the nasal, intestinal and urinary levels but are often associated with very poor sanitary conditions and bad hygiene habits.
Pest control
Protected by the extremely fine water-repellent hairs covering their bodies, adults and larvae are difficult to drown, and are not affected by contact with most water-borne toxins such as bleach. Boiling water has little or no effect on the adults for the same reason, and even the eggs are highly resistant to both chemical or thermal assault. Eggs can also withstand periods of dehydration. Extermination of this household pest depends on the maintenance of clean household drains for a period of at least three weeks.[citation needed]
Suspect drains can be identified by placing a glass jar or taping a clear plastic bag over them, and periodically checking for adult flies. A clear plastic cup coated inside with vegetable oil or petroleum jelly can also be used. Partially covering the drain opening with sticky adhesive tape is another method used to identify breeding sources.
Thorough mechanical cleaning of drains will remove the larval food source, and is the most effective control measure. High-pressure drain cleaning will not only eradicate the feeding source of the larvae, it also cleans the entire length of pipe reducing the likelihood of drain flies from returning. Alternatively, injected foams containing bacteria or enzymes may be useful to break down gelatinous scum deposits. Besides sink drains, floor drains and shower drains are common sources, as well as leaky shower pans, but any location with moist decaying organic matter can be a breeding site. In commercial buildings, sump pump pits, sewers, and elevator pits may trap moisture where drain flies can breed.
Because of their attraction to light, drain flies may be monitored by using fan-based traps baited with visible or ultraviolet light. However, only killing adult flies is usually not effective; larval food sources must be removed to stop more flies from emerging. | 26f68a4f-4212-4443-ad81-731c3470dce1 |
{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_School_of_Bucharest"} | International baccalaureate school in Romania
The American International School of Bucharest (AISB) is a multicultural and international school located in the town of Voluntari, 5 km outside central Bucharest, Romania, set on a 10 hectare campus. English is the primary instructional language. The school was founded in 1962 by the United States Embassy. It is one of the only schools in Romania authorized to offer students the International Baccalaureate (IB) program. This includes the IB Primary Years, Middle Years and Diploma programmes.
The school currently serves a population of 955 students from 66 countries globally.
Education
Since 1997, the American International School of Bucharest is an accredited IB World School. Both the New England Association of Schools and Colleges and the international nonprofit Council of International Schools organization have accredited the curriculum. As of the 2019–2020 academic year, total enrollment is approximately 950 students from 60 nationalities with an average of 18 students per class.
Technology In Education
During the 2012–2013 academic year, AISB implemented a 1:1 'bring your own device' laptop program for all students in grades 5 to 10, which later expanded during the 2013–2014 academic year to include all students from grades 5 to 12. The laptop program encouraged other initiatives which included the implementation of a high-speed 10Mbit/s internet connection, improved access control with the printer infrastructure, and campus-wide WiFi internet access. AISB is now a Microsoft Showcase School. | 88293962-7337-4b25-80a5-bf50059f39dc |
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