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There are two aspects of the mind playing a role in the debate about the relation between mind and body: on the one hand, there are beliefs and desires and related mental states, on the other hand, there is the inner awareness and the immediate access we each seem to have to our mind. The mind-body problem for beliefs and desires is different from the mind-body problem for the inner awareness and the immediate access. Explain how by discussing the arguments for and against dualism and the arguments for and against logical behaviorism. Which of the two aspects is more important for each of the two theories or for each argument for or against each of the two theories?
Basically, I want you to go through these two theories and the arguments involved, and to register what aspect is at the forefront at each stage.
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The rank was first used in the 13th century in the Royal Navy and is today used in most services in many countries, including the Commonwealth nations and the United States.
Outside the United States, warrant officers are included in the "other ranks" (OR) category, equivalent to the US "E" (enlisted) category and rank between non-commissioned officers and commissioned officers. The warrant officers in Commonwealth navies rank between chief petty officer and sub-lieutenant, in Commonwealth air forces between flight sergeant and pilot officer, and in Commonwealth armies between staff sergeant and second lieutenant.
The warrant officer corps began in the nascent Royal Navy. At that time, noblemen with military experience took command of the new navy, adopting the military ranks of lieutenant and captain. These officers often had no knowledge of life on board a ship—let alone how to navigate such a vessel—and relied on the expertise of the ship's master and other seamen who tended to the technical aspects of running the ship. As cannon came into use, the officers also required gunnery experts; specialist gunners began to appear in the 16th century and also had warrant officer status. Literacy was one thing that most warrant officers had in common, and this distinguished them from the common seamen: according to the Admiralty regulations, "no person shall be appointed to any station in which he is to have charge of stores, unless he can read and write, and is sufficiently skilled in arithmetic to keep an account of them correctly". Since all warrant officers had responsibility for stores, this was enough to debar the illiterate.
the purser: responsible for supplies, food and pay for the crew.
By the time of the First World War, their ranks had been expanded with the adoption of modern technology in the Royal Navy to include telegraphists, electricians, shipwrights, artificer engineers, etc. Both warrant officers and commissioned warrant officers messed in the warrant officers' mess rather than the wardroom (although in ships too small to have a warrant officers' mess, they did mess in the wardroom). Warrant officers and commissioned warrant officers also carried swords, were saluted by ratings, and ranked between sub-lieutenants and midshipmen.
The Australian Army has two warrant officer ranks: warrant officer class one (WO1) and warrant officer class two (WO2); the former is superior in rank to the latter. All warrant officers are addressed as "sir" or "ma'am". To gain the attention of a particular warrant officer in a group, they can be addressed as "Warrant Officer Bloggs, sir/ma'am" or by their appointment, e.g. "ASM Bloggs, sir/ma'am". Some warrant officers hold an appointment such as company sergeant major (WO2) or regimental sergeant major (WO1). The WO1 appointed to the position of Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A) is the most senior warrant officer in the Australian Regular Army, including the Army Reserve. The appointment of RSM-A was introduced in 1991. The rank insignia are: a crown for a WO2; the Australian Commonwealth coat of arms (changed from the Royal coat of arms in 1976) for a WO1; and the Australian Commonwealth coat of arms surrounded by a laurel wreath for the RSM-A.
The Royal Australian Navy rank of warrant officer (WO) is the navy's only rank appointed by warrant and is equivalent to the army's WO1 (the equivalent of the army's WO2 rank is now chief petty officer, although previously there was no equivalent). The most senior non-commissioned member of the navy is the warrant officer appointed Warrant Officer of the Navy (WO-N).
The Royal Australian Air Force rank of warrant officer (WOFF) is the air force's only rank appointed by warrant and is equivalent to both the army's WO1 and the navy's WO (the equivalent of the army's WO2 is now flight sergeant, although previously there was no equivalent). The most senior non-commissioned member is the warrant officer appointed Warrant Officer of the Air Force (WOFF-AF).
In the Belgian Army and Luxembourg Army, the ranks are Adjudant, Adjudant-Chef and Adjudant-Major (or Adjudant-Majoor in Dutch). In Dutch, they are collectively known as Keuronderofficier ("elite NCOs"). Adjudant-Onderofficier is the only rank of warrant officer in the Royal Netherlands Army.
A Canadian warrant officer from the Royal 22nd Regiment.
In the Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force, the cadre of warrant officers includes the specific ranks of warrant officer (adjudant in French), master warrant officer (adjudant-maître), and chief warrant officer (adjudant-chef).
In the French Army, Air Force and Gendarmerie, the ranks of adjudant (premier maître in the navy), adjudant-chef (maître-principal in the navy), and major may be considered equivalent to Commonwealth warrant officer ranks. These ranks are senior to the rank of sergeant and junior to the rank of major. Like the officers, the adjudants are entitled to the mon before their rank, as in "mon adjudant"
In France, each corps has a colour (gold for most infantry units, artillery, the air force and engineers, or silver for most cavalry units and materiel). A French adjutant wears a band, with thin red line, in the opposite colour to that of his corps. A chief adjutant wears a band, with thin red line, in the colour of his corps. In order to distinguish an adjutant from a chief adjutant it is necessary to know the arm's colour. This is important because cavalry adjudants-chefs are addressed by tradition as "lieutenants".
In the Indonesian Armed Forces, there are two warrant officer ranks known as pembantu letnan (assistant lieutenant). These are warrant officer 2nd class (pelda) and warrant officer 1st class (peltu).
Junior commissioned officers are the Indian Armed Forces equivalent of warrant officer ranks. Those in the Indian Air Force actually use the ranks of junior warrant officer, warrant officer and master warrant officer.
In the British Indian Army, warrant officer ranks existed but were restricted to British personnel, mostly in specialist appointments such as conductor and sub-conductor. Unlike in the British Army, although these appointments were warranted, the appointment and rank continued to be the same and the actual rank of warrant officer was never created. Indian equivalents were viceroy's commissioned officers.
The New Zealand Army usage is similar to that of the Australian Army, except that it has two warrant officer ranks. The warrant officer class 2 (WO2), addressed as "sergeant major", and the warrant officer class 1 (WO1), addressed as "sir" or "ma'am". There are also appointments such as company and squadron sergeant major (CSM and SSM) which are usually WO2 positions and regimental sergeant major (RSM), which are usually WO1 positions. The highest ranking WO1 holds the position of Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA). In certain uniforms, WO2s wear black shoes, the same as the enlisted ranks, whilst WO1s wear brown shoes, in common with commissioned officers. The exception to this are WO1s of the Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps (RNZAC), who wear black shoes.
The Royal New Zealand Navy has a single warrant officer rank, addressed as "sir" or "ma'am". This rank is equivalent to the Army WO1.
The Royal New Zealand Air Force also has a single warrant officer rank, equivalent to the Navy warrant officer, and the Army warrant officer class 1 (WO1). A warrant officer in the RNZAF is addressed as "sir" or "ma'am". Previously an aircrew warrant officer was known as master aircrew; however this rank and designation is no longer used. The RNZAF also has a post of Warrant Officer of the Air Force, the most senior warrant officer position in the RNZAF.
The rank of warrant officer is the highest rank a Boys' Brigade boy can attain in secondary school.
The rank of warrant officer is given to selected non-commissioned officers in National Civil Defence Cadet Corps units. It is above the rank of staff sergeant, and below the rank of cadet lieutenant. It is the highest rank a cadet can attain in the NCDCC while they are in secondary school. The rank insignia is one point-up chevron, a Singapore coat of arms, and a garland below.
Warrant officers used to have their own mess. For smaller camps, this mess are combined with the officers' mess as a combined mess for better camaraderie. Warrant officers have similar responsibilities to commissioned officers. Warrant officers are usually addressed as "sir" by the other ranks or as "warrant (surname)". They are also usually addressed "encik" ("mister" in Malay language) by commissioned officers. Warrant officers are not saluted.
In the Singapore Civil Defence Force, there are two warrant officer ranks. These ranks are (in order of ascending seniority): 2nd warrant officer and 1st warrant officer.
In the South African National Defence Force, a warrant officer (WO) is set apart from those who hold a non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank. Warrant officers hold a warrant of appointment endorsed by the Minister of Defence. Warrant officers hold very specific powers, which are set out in the Defence Act and the Military Defence Supplementary Measures Act. Before 2008, there were two classes - warrant officer class 1 and 2. A warrant officer class 1 could be appointed to positions such as regimental sergeant major, formation sergeant major or Sergeant Major of the Army or Warrant Officer of the Navy. In 2008, five new warrant officer ranks were introduced above warrant officer class 1: senior warrant officer (SWO), master warrant officer (MWO), chief warrant officer (CWO), senior chief warrant officer (SCWO) and master chief warrant officer (MCWO).
In 1973, warrant officers reappeared in the Royal Navy, but these appointments followed the army model, with the new warrant officers being ratings rather than officers. They were initially known as fleet chief petty officers (FCPOs), but were renamed warrant officers in the 1980s. They rank with warrant officers class one in the British Army and Royal Marines and with warrant officers in the Royal Air Force.
There are executive warrant officers for commands and ships. Five branches (surface ships, submarines, Royal Marines, Fleet Air Arm, and Maritime Reserves) each have a command warrant officer. The senior RN WO is the Warrant Officer of the Naval Service.
In the British Army, there are two warrant ranks, warrant officer class two (WO2) and warrant officer class one (WO1), the latter being the senior of the two. These ranks were previously abbreviated as WOII and WOI (using Roman instead of Arabic numerals). "Warrant officer first class" or "second class" is incorrect. The rank immediately below WO2 is staff sergeant (or colour sergeant). From 1938 to 1940 there was a WOIII platoon sergeant major rank.
Before 1879, the Royal Marines had no warrant officers: by the end of 1881, the Royal Marines had given warrant rank to their sergeant-majors and some other senior non-commissioned officers, in a similar fashion to the army. When the army introduced the ranks of warrant officer class I and class II in 1915, the Royal Marines did the same shortly after. From February 1920, Royal Marines warrant officers class I (renamed warrant officers) were given the same status as Royal Navy warrant officers and the rank of warrant officer class II was abolished in the Royal Marines, with no further promotions to this rank.
The marines had introduced warrant officers equivalent in status to the Royal Navy's from 1910 with the Royal Marines gunner (originally titled gunnery sergeant-major), equivalent to the navy's warrant rank of gunner. Development of these ranks closely paralleled that of their naval counterparts: as in the Royal Navy, by the Second World War there were warrant officers and commissioned warrant officers (e.g. staff sergeant majors, commissioned staff sergeant majors, Royal Marines gunners, commissioned Royal Marines gunners, etc). As officers, they were saluted by junior ranks in the Royal Marines and the army. These all became (commissioned) branch officer ranks in 1949, and special duties officer ranks in 1956. These ranks would return in 1972, this time similar to their army counterparts, and not as the RN did before. The most senior Royal Marines warrant officer is the Corps Regimental Sergeant Major. Unlike the RN proper (since 2014), it retains both WO ranks.
In the United States Armed Forces, a warrant officer (grade W-1 to W-5) is ranked as an officer above the senior-most enlisted ranks, as well as officer cadets and officer candidates, but below the officer grade of O‑1 (NATO: OF‑1). Warrant officers are highly skilled, single-track specialty officers, and while the ranks are authorized by Congress, each branch of the military selects, manages, and utilizes warrant officers in slightly different ways. For appointment to warrant officer (W-1), normally a warrant is approved by the service secretary of the respective branch of service. However, appointment to this rank can come via commission by the President, but this is more uncommon. For the chief warrant officer ranks (CW‑2 to CW‑5), these warrant officers are commissioned by the President. Both warrant officers and chief warrant officers take the same oath of office as regular commissioned officers (O-1 to O-10).
A small number of warrant officers command detachments, units, activities, vessels, aircraft, and armored vehicles, as well as lead, coach, train, and counsel subordinates. However, the warrant officer's primary task is to serve as a technical expert, providing valuable skills, guidance, and expertise to commanders and organizations in their particular field.
The U.S. Army utilizes warrant officers heavily and separates them into two types: Aviators and technical. Army aviation warrant officers pilot both rotary-wing and fixed wing aircraft and represent the largest group of Army warrant officers. Technical warrant officers in the Army specialize in a single branch technical area such as intelligence, sustainment, supply, military police, or special forces; and provide advice and support to commanders. For example, a military police officer and a military intelligence officer both have to be branch qualified in their respective fields, learning how to manage the entire spectrum of their profession. However, within those broad fields warrant officers include such specialists as CID Special Agents (a very specific track within the military police) and Counterintelligence Special Agents (a very specific track within military intelligence). These technical warrant officers allow for a soldier with subject matter expertise (like non-commissioned officers), but with the authority of a commissioned officer. Both technical and aviation warrant officers go through initial qualification training at the Army Warrant Officer Candidate School (WOCS), but then follow separate training and education paths. Technical warrant officers are generally selected from the non-commissioned officer ranks (typically E-6 through E-9). Aviation warrant officers are able to apply from all branches of service, as well as before becoming non-commissioned officers, and some even earlier (these types of aviation warrant officers join through the Warrant Officer Flight Training Program).
The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard discontinued the grade of W-1 in 1975, appointing and commissioning all new entrants as chief warrant officer two (pay grade W-2, with rank abbreviation of CWO2). This was to prevent a pay decrease that an entrant may take since all Navy chief warrant officers are selected strictly from the chief petty officer pay grades (E-7 through E-9). The Coast Guard allows E-6 personnel to apply for chief warrant officer rank, but only after they have displayed their technical ability by earning a placement in the top 50% on the annual eligibility list for advancement to E-7. In 2018, the U.S. Navy expanded the warrant program, re-implementing the W-1 pay grade for cyber warrant officers and accepting three new WO1s in fiscal year 2019.
The U.S. Maritime Service, which is established at 46 U.S. Code § 51701, falls under the authority of the Maritime Administration of the Department of Transportation and is authorized to appoint warrant officers. In accordance with 46 U.S. Code § 51701, the USMS rank structure must be the same as that of the U.S. Coast Guard while uniforms worn are those of the U.S. Navy with distinctive USMS insignia and devices. The USMS has appointed warrant officers, of various specialty fields, during and after World War II.
Warrant officer rank is also occasionally used in law enforcement agencies to grant status and pay to certain senior specialist officers who are not in command, such as senior technicians or helicopter pilots. As in the armed forces, they rank above sergeants, but below lieutenants. For example, the North Carolina State Highway Patrol had several warrant officer helicopter pilot positions from the 1960s until the mid-1980s. The WO insignia was a silver bar with a black square in the center. The WO ranks were abolished when the aviation program expanded and nearly twenty trooper pilot positions were created. The New York State Police rank of technical lieutenant is similar to a warrant officer rank insofar as it is used to grant commissioned officer authority to non-commissioned officers with extensive technical expertise.
^ Welsh, David R. (2006). Warrant: The Legacy of Leadership as a Warrant Officer. Nashville, Tennessee: Turner Publishing Company. p.��6. ISBN 978-1-59652-053-0.
^ a b c d e "A Brief History of Warrant Rank in the Royal Navy". Naval-History.Net. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
^ a b Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-87021-258-3.
^ a b "Information sheet no 096: Naval Ranks" (PDF). National Museum of the Royal Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015.
^ "Australian Defence Force Badges of Rank and Special Insignia". Australian Government, Department of Defence. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
^ a b c "Defence Force Regulations 1952". Australian Government, ComLaw. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
^ Major is the senior NCO rank in the French military, shortened from sergeant-major.
^ Mon is in fact shortened from monsieur, similar to the "sir" in Anglo-Saxon military tradition.
^ a b MINDEF, History Snippets, 1992 - The SAF Warrant Officer School, 7 January 2007. Accessed 19 March 2007.
^ "CMPB | Ranks and drill commands". Central Manpower Base (CMPB). Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Minister approves new ranks for Warrant Officers" (PDF). South African Soldier. SA Department of Defence. September 2008. p. 17.
^ "Warrant Officer in a class of his own". Royal Navy: News and Events. 24 April 2013.
^ "New Base Warrant Officer at Culdrose". Fleet Air Arm Officers Association News. 2 October 2013.
^ "201401 Navy News Jan 14". content.yudu.com. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ Banham, Tony (2006). The Sinking of the Lisbon Maru: Britain's Forgotten Wartime Tragedy. Hong Kong University Press. p. 272. ISBN 9789622097711.
^ Jones, Bruce (1 February 2015). "CGS outlines new British Army senior posts amid culling of generals". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly.
^ "NAVY—THE ROYAL MARINES—SER GEANTS.—QUESTION. (Hansard, 29 July 1879)". hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ "London Gazette, 2 December 1881". Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ "London Gazette, 12 November 1915". Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ "The London Gazette, 3 February 1920". Retrieved 9 April 2010.
^ "London Gazette, 15 November 1910". Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ "London Gazette, 15 June 1917". Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ a b "Warrant Officer History". U.S. Army Warrant Officer Career Center. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
^ 46 U.S. Code § 51701 (c) Ranks, Grades, and Ratings.— The ranks, grades, and ratings for personnel of the Service shall be the same as those prescribed for personnel of the Coast Guard.
^ "United States Maritime Service Insignia of Rank and Distinctive Devices and Uniforms". www.usmm.org. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
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For the base: Preheat the oven to 180C, gas 4.
Grease a 20 cm spring-form cake tin and line it with baking paper, then press the crumb into the base and bake for 15 minutes. Set aside to cool to room temperature.
To make the filling: Turn the oven down to 130C, gas 1.
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Carl Friedrich "Charles Frederick" Günther (1837–1920), "The Candy Man," "Cracker-Jack King" and "The P. T. Barnum of Chicago" was a German-American politician, caramel confectioner, chocolatier, numismatist, and art, antiquities and curiosities collector, who, purchased many of the coins and artifacts now in the Chicago History Museum.
He was born on March 6, 1837, in Wildberg, in the Schwarzwald or "Black Forest" district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, son of Johann Martin Günther, a candle and soap maker, and his wife Marie. In 1842, when he was five years old his family moved to America and at first settled in Columbia, Lancaster County, and in 1848 moved on at Somerset County, Pennsylvania. His parents raised him speaking both English and their native German and French. Later on Gunther also learned Spanish. While at Pennsylvania he attended private elementary schools. As a young boy of ten he worked as a letter-carrier on horseback for the United States Post Office for twenty-five cents per diem. When he became a teenager, in 1850, his family removed to the Illinois Valley in what is today known as Peru, La Salle County, Illinois. Peru became became incorporated as a city the following year on March 31, 1851. There he graduated the local school and began working at a general store as a clerk being paid $2.50 plus room and board per month. After a few months he switched jobs working for a local druggist. In his late teens, about 1853, he switched jobs again and began working for the Peru Post Office. By about 1854, he became the manager. In 1855, he entered the employ of Alexander Cruikshank, who represented at Peru the banking firm of George Smith & Company. In 1859, he was promoted to cashier. By 1860, he became involved through his family and business connections with the ice industry since Peru at that time was a large ice harvesting and shipping center, collecting ice from the canal connecting Chicago with the Mississippi watershed.
Gunther moved to Memphis, Tennessee, in December 1860, and worked for an ice importer and distributor, Bohlen, Wilson & Company, who imported ice from Peru, Illinois. Five months later the Civil War broke out and the ice business suffered. He aided the Confederate Army as a civilian in military service working as a steward and purser buying supplies and ferrying troops along the Mississippi River. His own account is preserved in his diaries during the two years he worked sailing and ferrying Confederate soldiers on the steamboat Rose Douglass along the Mississippi River, now available through the research and publication by Bruce S. Allardice and Wayne L. Wolf, Two Years Before The Paddlewheel : Charles F. Gunther Mississippi River Confederate. (Texas A & M, 2012). In December 1862, his ship was captured and destroyed at Van Buren, Arkansas. Gunther was captured by Union forces on the Arkansas River and held prisoner by the U. S. Army at Arkansas, but released to return home to Illinois. After his return to Illinois he became employed at the Peoria Bank. He worked there only a short term and became employed by C. W. Sanford as a candy salesman selling and distributing confections in the southern states. He made his first trip to Europe and returning to America worked for Thompson, Johnson & Company, Grocers. After a two year stay with the wholesale grocers firm he joined Greenfield, Young & Company of New York as their Chicago representative as a distributor of their confections at Chicago.
On April 15, 1867, Gunther applied for a U. S. Passport and Fred A. Chapman was the witness, possibly a relative of Jerome Milton Chapman the Chicago sugar broker at 2 Wasbash Avenue, who was a blood relative of the Chapmans of Philadelphia.
In 1868, he opened a candy store at 125 North Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois. Although caramel candy was known in England and Europe since the beginning of the eighteenth century, it is said that Gunther introduced their production into America through his Chicago candy factory. His corporate motto "Not so cheap, but how good." On May 2, 1870, he married Jennie Burnell (1849-1928), of Lima, Illinois, and they had two sons. The Great Fire from October 8th to 10th, 1871, destroyed his store, inventory, and early formed collection of rare artifacts that included a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation. He first opened a soda parlor in the McVicker's Theater building. Afterwards he was able to reestablish himself in 1872 at 212 State Street, Chicago, and his business began to take off and boomed by 1875. Among his confectionery treats were chocolate candy cigars he called La Flor de Gunther Cigars' de chocolate.
Fig. 2. Photo-colored Post Card published c. 1912, the Gunther Building on the northwest corner of South Wabash Avenue and Harmon Court, by Curt Teich Company, Chicago, "Home of Gunther's Candies, Chicago". Courtesy Lupia Numismatic Library.
At that time he began decorating his candy store with antiques and artifacts, coins and curiosities. In 1877, he purchased the deathbed of Abraham Lincoln setting it up in his store. He was also extremely naive and was easily bilked by flimflam artists who sold him fake relics and antiquities like the West Point Chain, the "Skin of the Serpent that Tempted Eve in the Garden of Eden", and the mummified remains of Moses' foster mother Bithiah. Yikes!
Fig. 3. Gunther corresponding with the Chapman Brothers, postmarked Chicago, November 24, 1884. There are currently eighty-one pieces of correspondence catalogued in the Lupia Numismatic Library. When the 1909 to 1920 material is completed the updated total of pieces sent by Gunther to the Chapmans shall be published. Courtesy Lupia Numismatic Library, Special Collection, The Chapman Family Correspondence Archive. To see a few more pieces of mail see The Museum Store, this website, scroll down to The Chapman Family Correspondence Archive currently offered for sale as a whole, estimate $3.5 million USD. Serious auction houses, individuals, or institution buyers, please contact [email protected].
Some historians consider him to have introduced advertising novelties into Chicago. Below in Figures 4-6 are examples of two trading cards Gunther issued to promote his business. In the January 1934 issue of The Numismatist on page 58, Mr. Davis of the Chicago Coin Club exhibited at the 177th meeting on November 1, 1933, a Confederate $10 note with the advertisement of C. F. Gunther of Chicago. Unfortunately, this is not listed in Bob Vlack's An Illustrated Catalogue of Early North American Advertising Notes. In the January 1968 issue of The Numismatist, on page 39, Melvin Fuld published on the Charles F. Gunther token. The obverse with the CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION OF CHICAGO 1876. Reverse with Spread Eagle and with the legend EAT GUNTHER"S CANDY AND YOU BE HAPPY. See Rulau IL-Ch 11, an 1876 white metal 30 mm token.
Figs. 4 -6. Three of several different Gunther's Candy trading cards. Left : "A Christmas Greeting", Center : "A Young Girl Gathering Berries", Right : "A Merry Christmas". Courtesy Lupia Numismatic Library.
Fig. 7. The corporate motto : "Not How Cheap But How Good" on a scroll in front of a medallion and floral frond was printed in a variety of colors over time. Gunther corresponding with the Chapman Brothers, postmarked Chicago, September 24, 7:30 P. M., 1887. Courtesy Lupia Numismatic Library, Special Collection, The Chapman Family Correspondence Archive.
From 1888- September 21, 1889, he reconstructed the Libby Prison War Museum, originally built in Richmond, Virginia, shipped stone by stone and purveyed by train via 132 twenty-ton cars to Chicago, was rebuilt on South Wabash Avenue, Garfield Park, which housed the largest collection of war relics known in the country. The Museum had a gift shop which Gunther called "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in which he sold silver Lincoln souvenir spoons, Libby Prison War Museum cigars, and other memorabilia including a 6"x6" guidebook, A Trip Through The Libby War Museum Chicago. The building originally was erected in 1845 by Luther Libby and occupied by him and his company Luther Libby & Sons, Shipchandlers. In 1861 it was taken over by the C.S.A. and converted into a war prison. After 1899 it was torn down and became the site of the Chicago Coliseum, which Gunther organized and was its first president. This and the 1893 Libby Prison Medal were written about in detail in the June 1945 issue of The Numismatist on page 572-574.
Gunther also assembled one of the largest collections of Washingtoniana and Lincolniana.
In 1889, Gunther became a trustee of the Chicago Historical Society, and a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. In the 1890's he began donating to the Chicago Academy of Sciences specimens of Natural History such as fossils, fish, birds, and minerals. He became a member of the Board of governors of the Chicago Art Institute.
He was a member of the Caxton Club and collected many rare editions of the Bible, the 1507 edition of Martin Waldseemueller's Cosmography with the earliest known map of America; manuscripts and rare editions of great writers and poets, and an autograph of William Shakespeare and holographs of Galileo, Goethe, Schiller, Tasso, George Washington, William Penn, Martin Luther, and Jean-Baptiste Poquelin known as Molière. He also collected many very important paintings including works by Rembrandt, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale's portrait of Washington, and Antonio Moro's 1552 portrait of Christopher Columbus. He owned what is thought to be the original manuscripts of The Star Spangled Banner, Home Sweet Home, Auld Lang Syne, and other popular songs.
In September 1892 when various proposed designs were being published and discussed for the Columbian Exposition Commemorative Half Dollar Gunther objected to the first one asserting his portrait of Columbus was a true likeness, not that offered by the director of the Philadelphia Mint. That year he donated three photographs of the Moro portrait of Columbus to the Detroit Museum of Art. This was recently discussed by Nancy Oliver and Richard Kelly, "Columbus Controversy," The Numismatist, November (2013) : 98-99.
In the July 1894 issue of The Numismatist on page 152, it was speculated that the Gunther Collection together with that of the H. H. Gatty and Gunning Collections of idols might go to the Field Museum.
He was a member of the Chicago Coliseum Company until it burned down in 1897. He also served as a Democrat for four years on the Chicago City Council, from 1896-1900, working as a Second Ward alderman. From 1901-1903 he served as the City Treasurer.
Fig. 8. The 1901 Campaign Poster of Charles F. Gunther as Democratic Party Candidate for City Treasurer.
In 1908, he lost his nomination by the Democrats as candidate for Governor of Illinois losing to former Vice-President Adlai E. Stevenson.
In 1893, it is said he introduced a new product line called "Cracker-Jacks," which became an immediate sensation lasting up to our day!
He was a thirty-third degree Mason of the Scottish Rite, a Noble of the Mystic Shrine of Medinah Temple, a Knight Templar, a member of the Union League, the Iroquois Club, Chicago Association of Commerce, and the Illinois Manufacturer's associations.
Fig. 9. Post Card of the Interior of Gunther's Candy Store in 1908. Courtesy Lupia Numismatic Library.
Gunther remained a trustee of the the Chicago Academy of Sciences until 1911.
Fig. 10. Photograph of Charles Frederick Gunther c. 1903.
Fig. 11. Charles F. Gunther correspondence five months prior to his death sent to Philadelphia coin dealer Henry Chapman, postmarked Chicago, Illinois, September 11, 1919. Courtesy Lupia Numismatic Library, Special Collection, The Chapman Family Correspondence Archive.
He died of pneumonia on February 10, 1920, at the age of 83, at his home 3601 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. His funeral was at his home. He was a member of the Episcopal Church. He was survived by his wife and son Burnell (1871-1926). He was buried in the family mausoleum at Rose Hill Cemetery, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, where his son Whitman (1872-1907) had been interred thirteen years earlier. His death was announced by Theo Leon at the twelfth meeting of the Chicago Coin Club at the Sherman Hotel, Chicago, on Wednesday, March 3, 1920, and was published in the May 1920 issue of The Numismatist, page 208.
The Chicago Historical Society purchased Gunther's vast collection soon after his death paying less, $21,321.20, far less than the originally agreed on price from the estate for $150,000. On Thursday, August 26, 1920, at 2 P. M., the ANA Convention held at Chicago, held tours of the Gunther Collection at the Chicago Historical Society as part of the Convention program. A very quick and non descriptive mention of that visit was published in the October 1920 issue of The Numismatist on page 462. Curiously Waldo Moore had spotted a note with his own signature and that of Yawger written to Gunther mixed in a pile of back issues of The Numismatist packed in a trunk at the Chicago Historical Society that was being unpacked for the exhibit. One year later in the October 1921 issue of The Numismatist on pages 443-444 Moore related the account and how it took a year to get that note given back to him.
Fig. 12. Charles F. Gunther circa 1901-1903.
Chicago, Feb. 11 - Charles Frederick Gunther, builder of one of the largest candy factories, Cracker Jacks, in the West and former Alderman and City Treasurer of Chicago, died of pneumonia yesterday. He was born in Wildberg, Germany, and came to this country when 5 years of age. In the civil war he served as an officer on a Confederate Steamboat on the Arkansas River. At the close of the war, he became a commercial traveler and in 1868 came to Chicago, where he opened a candy store, which grew to large proportions, and he later went into the manufacturing end of the business. Buried in Rosehill.
Fig. 13. Mausoleum of Charles F. Gunther, Rose Hill Cemetery, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois.
In the February 1927 issue of The Numismatist on page 99, the announcement of the Chicago Historical Society was reported of its intention to sell portions of the Gunther Collection.
American Art Association, Selections from the Charles F. Gunther Collection Sold by Order of the Chicago Historical Society: Foreign Printed Books, Oriental and European Manuscripts, Many Illuminated, Autographic Manuscript Music by the Great Composers, Early Printed Music, Autographs of Robert Burns, Pope and Other British and Continental Writers of Prominence, Also of French Royalty, &c., Shakespeareana, Including the Second and Fourth Folios, First Quarto of "Julius Caesar," Milton's Copy of Frischlin's "Comoediae", Etc. Part One.
The Numismatist, June (1945) : 572-574.
The Numismatist, January (1968) : 39.
Clement M. Silvestro, "The Candy Man's Mixed Bag," Chicago History, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Fall, 1972) : 86-99.
Nancy Oliver and Richard Kelly, "Columbus Controversy," The Numismatist, November (2013) : 98-99.
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During Warner Bros: When Jones was promoted from animator to director, his cartoons were largely different from the cartoons made by the other directors. Jones' cartoons were beautifully animated, yet slow moving and overflowing with "cuteness". In 1942, he finally saw the light and made "The Dover Boys at Pimento University", not only his first short that "he learned to be funny", but is also one of the first examples of stylized animation. In 1949, he won the studio's second and third Academy Awards, with the shorts "For Scent-imental Reasons" and "So Much for So Little" (the latter won in the Best Documentary (Short Subject) category). Many of the cartoons that he did in the '50s now rank as one of the greatest cartoons of all time (i.e. Duck Amuck, What's Opera Doc?). In the early-'60s, Jones and his first wife Dorothy Webster wrote the screenplay for the animated feature Gay Purr-ee. The movie was produced by the United Productions of America studio and distributed by Warner Bros. When they prepared to release the film, they discovered that Jones had violated his contract and fired him on the spot. The final golden age Looney Tunes to have Chuck Jones credited as a director, was the Road Runner short, "War and Pieces".
After Warner Bros: Jones, along with producer Les Goldman formed Sib Tower 12 Productions and recieved a contract from MGM to produce new Tom and Jerry shorts. Aside from the aformentioned shorts, they also produced two one-shot shorts (The Dot and the Line, The Bear That Wasn't), three tv specials (including the famous Grinch special), and a feature film (The Phantom Tollbooth).
When the studio closed in 1970, he formed "Chuck Jones Productions". At the new studio, he made new cartoons for television, some of them being specials based on books and some being Looney Tunes related material. In the '90s, his studio created six new Looney Tunes shorts, half of them recieving theatrical releases. In the late '90s and early '00s, he and his long time associate Maurice Noble created webtoons with Thomas Timberwolf, the last character that Jones would create. During the later years of his life, he would give lectures and seminars to educate newcoming animators. Many of his principles that he taught can be seen in recent animated films like Cats Don't Dance and Lilo & Stitch. On February 22, 2002, Chuck Jones died of heart failure at the age of 89.
During Warner Bros: After Hugh Harman and Rudy Ising left Leon Schlesinger's studio over budget disputes in 1933, he was left without any experienced directors. He soon hired Friz to replace director Tom Palmer, after some of his cartoons were rejected by Warner Bros. Freleng fixed up Palmer's cartoons and soon started his directing tenure. In 1935, he created the studio's first true star, Porky Pig. In 1937, Freleng left the studio after accepting a salary increase to direct for the brand new MGM cartoon studio. To his dissapointment, he directed the unsucessful "Captain and the Kids" series. When the series was discontinued, Freleng went back to Termite Terrace and would stay there for 27 years. In 1947, his cartoon "Tweetie Pie", which was the first pairing of Sylvester and Tweety, won the cartoon studio it's very first Academy Award. Freleng would win this Oscar four more times throughout his entire career. As well as pairing Sylvester and Tweety, he also paired Sylvester with Speedy Gonzales (their first pairing also got the studio it's fourth Oscar). His final Warner Bros. cartoon was the Road Runner and Speedy Gonzales short, "The Wild Chase"
After Warner Bros: Friz Freleng and David H. DePatie (the final producer at Termite Terrace) formed DePatie-Freleng Enterprises, an animation studio that created theatrical and television cartoons. The theatrical cartoons they made were Looney Tunes, Pink Panther, The Inspector, and The Ant and the Aardvark shorts. Though many of their television cartoon series rank among animation's worst, their well recieved TV cartoons are the Dr. Suess specials they did in the '70s and early '80s.
My thoughts: Though I don't think he is as excellent as Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng is memorable is his own unique way and many of his Warner Bros. cartoons rank upon the funniest Looney Tunes shorts.
During Warner Bros: Bob McKimson, along with his brothers Charles and Tom, started their career at Warner Bros as animators. McKimson was not offered once, but many times for a director's seat. He refused each time, since he was used to being an animator. He eventually had to take the director's chair. He had a good working period for his first eight years as a director. When the studio reopened after a brief closure in 1953, McKimson lost every member of his old unit. For a brief moment, he animated many of his shorts by himself. McKimson directed two notable "lasts" in the Looney Tunes history. He directed "False Hare", the last Golden Age Bugs Bunny short, and "Injun Trouble", the very last Golden Age Looney Tunes short.
After Warner Bros: After the original studio closed in 1963, Bob McKimson got work at the recently formed DePatie-Freleng Enterprises. Along with directing new Looney Tunes, he directed Pink Panther and Inspector shorts. In 1968, he went back to Termite Terrace and directed the studio's last seven cartoons. He would soon spend the rest of his career at DePatie-Freleng. While at lunch with Friz Freleng and David DePatie, McKimson died after suffering a massive heart attack at the age of 66.
My thoughts: Bob McKimson is possibly an underappreciated figure in the world of animation. I enjoy McKimson soley for the fact that he created my second favorite Looney Tunes character, Speedy Gonzales.
Hope you enjoy the article. Part II is coming soon.
I didn't realize Chuck Amuck was a book, MarioSonic94. I might have to locate that.
hey Caps 2.0: I've read Chuck Amuck. There is also a movie of the same name that is on disc one of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection vol. 3.
It's really hard to believe that some of these guys lived a really long time. Chuck Jones was a complete genius! I hope in Part 2 you discuss Tex Avery and Bob Clampett!
Chuck Jones is the best.
Oh i get it,asnaes1981,because you have a re animator poster you make animate puns?
Good job, I really don't think about the people behind the cartoon. You just opened my eyes to what the really did.
very nice article. thumbs up.
Seth McFarlane has nothing on these guys. They were true animators.
These guys are legends. Somehow my sisters and brother hate the Chuck Jones version of Tom & Jerry but I like it. I miss the Pink Panther cartoons, and I love Looney Tunes. I noticed how Friz Freleng was behind most of the Dr. Seuss cartoon specials and I remember when Cartoon Network honored him after he passed away.
This is an excellent article, these guys don't get nearly as much credit as they should get. I have a couple of the Loony Tunes Golden Collections and the special features on Vol. 1 gives a great documentary on these guys and was fantastic, I recommend those documentaries much like I recommend this article. Great job.
I wish it had been a little longer, but it's still a great article. I own Chuck Jones' autobiography, and it's as enjoyable as his cartoons. Track it down if you can.
Good for you? Have you ever tasted these things? Yuck!
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What is accounting? Accounting is the language of business. It’s purpose is to communicate the financial position and activities of an organization. When you learn and then understand accounting, you’ll be able communicate and understand the financial status of any type of organization, business, or operation.
The accounting equation is important to understand before you try to learn the rest of accounting.
The operating information is what’s needed on a day-to-day basis in order for the organization function. Transactions such as purchasing supplies, paying vendors, paying employees, and recording sales are things that happen everyday and need to be recorded and tracked. The daily operations make up the majority of the accounting transactions, and they are the basis of the financial and managerial accounting information.
The financial information of an organization is the information that the stakeholders of a company are interested in. The stakeholders can be the owners, managers, shareholders, creditors, the government, the public, or anyone else that has an interest in the performance of the company. For example, the shareholders of the company (people that own stock in the company) want to know how well their investment is doing, and whether they should buy more shares or sell the shares that they’ve got. The managers of the company can use the financial accounting information to compare how their business is doing compared to the competition. The creditors of the company, such as banks or bondholders, can use the financial accounting information to determine if the company will be able to repay its loans.
The managerial accounting information is the information that managers use to make decisions about the day to day operations of the business. The managers use this information primarily for planning, implementation, and control.
The balance sheet is a statement of an organization’s resources at any given point in time. It shows the relationship between the assets, liabilities, and equity of the organization.
The income statement is just what it sounds like, it’s a report of the revenues and expenses of an organization within a given time period.
The statement of cash flows is also what it sounds like; a report of the organization’s cash as it flows in and out of the business.
The main purpose of accounting is to provide information that is useful and relevant to the interested parties so that they can make decisions about the company and it’s operations.
If this was helpful, the best way to thank me is to click the “like” button below so that others can see this page. Thanks!
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The extracellular matrix is a meshwork of proteins and carbohydrates that binds cells together or divides one tissue from another. The extracellular matrix is the product principally of connective tissue , one of the four fundamental tissue types, but may also be produced by other cell types, including those in epithelial tissues. In the connective tissue, matrix is secreted by connective tissue cells into the space surrounding them, where it serves to bind cells together. The extracellular matrix forms the basal lamina, a complex sheet of extracellular matrix molecules that separates different tissue types, such as binding the epithelial tissue of the outer layer of skin to the underlying dermis, which is connective tissue. Cartilage is a connective tissue type that is principally composed of matrix, with relatively few cells.
Collagens are the principal proteins of the extracellular matrix. They are structural proteins that provide tissues with strength and flexibility, and serve other essential roles as well. They are the most abundant proteins found in many vertebrates. There are at least nineteen collagen family members whose subunits, termed α chains, are encoded by at least twenty-five genes . The primary protein sequence of all collagen subunits contains repeating sequences of three amino acids , the first being glycine with the second and third being any amino acid residue (sometimes referred to as a GLY–X–Y motif).
Most, if not all, collagens assemble as trimers , with three subunits coming together to form a tightly coiled helix that confers rigidity on each collagen molecule. Assembly of the collagen trimer occurs in the cell by a self-assembly process, which is mediated by short amino acid sequences at both ends of each subunit, called propeptides. Some collagens, most notably collagen types I, II, III, and V, assemble into large, ropelike macrofibrils once they are secreted into the extracellular matrix. In these cases, the propeptides are cleaved off following secretion , permitting the trimeric molecules to undergo further self-assembly into fibrils. In the electron microscope each of these macrofibrils has a characteristic banded appearance and can be very large (up to 300 nanometers in diameter).
Type IV collagen, which is found in the basal lamina, does not assemble into a fibril since its subunits retain their propeptides following secretion from a cell. Its triple helix has a series of interruptions in the GLY–X–Y repeating motif, preventing the subunits from binding quite as tightly, and giving the molecule more flexibility. Type IV collagen forms a scaffold around which other basal lamina molecules assemble. In contrast to the fibril-forming collagens and type IV collagen, type XVII collagen is membrane-spanning protein. It is a component of a cell/matrix junction called the hemidesmosome.
The fibrillar collagens are also associated with a class of collagen molecules that themselves do not form fibrils but that appear to play an important role in organizing the highly ordered arrays of collagen fibrils that occur in some connective tissues. Examples of this collagen class include type IX and type XII collagen.
Collagens do not simply provide filler for tissues. Both fibrillar and basal lamina collagens interact with other extracellular matrix proteins and play important roles in regulating the activities of the cells with which they interact. Cells associate with collagen via cell surface receptors, and through such interactions collagens may have a profound impact on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Fibers and meshworks of collagen molecules also act as a repository of growth factors and matrix-degrading enzymes . These are often present in inactive form and become activated in order for tissues to undergo remodeling, for example in development, during cyclical changes in the female reproductive system, and in pathological conditions such as cancer.
what are the types of special organelles in cells.
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Is this open to the public? I am a student hoping to gain some insight!
Yes Alisa, it is open to the public.
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Director Rupert Sanders stands by casting of caucasian Johansson - "she's the best actress of her generation"
After initially revealing five teasing microtrailers, Paramount has revealed the first full length trailer for its upcoming live action adaptation of Ghost in the Shell.
The two-minute taste of the cyberpunk film - fronted by an introduction from lead actor Scarlett Johansson - continues to build the style and tone glimpsed in the short teasers, but also points to a key diversion from the original anime and manga source material.
In the original manga by Masamune Shirow, first published in Japan in 1989, the lead character Major Motoko Kusanagi is a cyborg police detective. Possessing a 'full body prosthetic' due to a traumatic accident, she is possessed of advanced augmented abilities and has become squad leader of Public Security Section 9, charged with investigating cybercrime in an age where consciousness can be digitally transferred between backup bodies, and artificial intelligence is prolific.
However, the upcoming film, directed by Snow White and the Huntsman's Rupert Sanders, sees Johansson's take on the character being manipulated by unseen forces. It's implied she has been saved by being given a robot body, but is later told that the process was done to her deliberately - that her life was stolen. She also has no memory of her life before being 'cyberneticised'.
It's not the only change that the live-action Ghost in the Shell has seen. Throughout all the trailers so far released, and in Johansson's introduction, her role is referred to only as 'The Major'. While this could well be playing into the memory loss aspect of the Paramount film, by removing the character's explicitly Japanese name, it also dodges the controversy over the white-washing of the role - despite rumours of testing visual effects to make Johansson look "more Asian".
It's a decision Sanders has stood by, though, saying at a press event in Tokyo: "To me, I cast very much from the gut and I think I was very lucky to be able to get an amazing international cast of people that I've always really wanted to work with."
On Johansson specifically, Sanders said: "I stand by my decision — she's the best actress of her generation. I was flattered and honoured that she would be in this film. I think, certainly people who were around the original anime, have been vehemently in support of her because she's incredible and there are very few like her."
The film hasn't entirely abandoned its Asian roots - it still appears to be set in Japan, and actors including Pilou Asbæk (appearing as Batou, The Major's partner), Takeshi Kitano, Chin Han, and Rila Fukushima are set to appear.
Ghost in the Shell opens in March 2017.
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How do the craters on the Moon get their names?
Many of the features on the Moon, including many of the large maria, have names from antiquity. Individual craters are typically named after famous people, especially astronomers and other scientists. Official names are approved and recorded by a special committee of the International Astronomical Union.
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How does a marketer enhance the customer experience for people with disabilities? Simon Dermer and Spiro Papathanasakis, co-founders of eSSENTIAL Accessibility, believe marketers have much to gain from inclusive digital marketing that underscores the benefits of a truly purpose-driven organization.
According to Dermer, "There are over 63 million people with disabilities living in North America. That's more than the entire population of California and Florida combined. As the continent's largest minority group, people with disabilities control over $200 billion in spending, yet this segment is mostly disregarded by marketers."
He also points out that today's consumers with disabilities fully participate in society. They are employers and employees, homeowners and car owners, spouses and parents, students and retirees. In other words, they are working, commuting, banking, shopping, vacationing, attending school, paying their bills and accessing a complete range of services from companies and brands.
"If one looks beyond this core market," he adds, "people with disabilities have family and friends, all of whom may be influenced by disability-related concerns in their spending decisions. Together, this adds up to a full 53% of the global consumer marketplace."
Through an approach to web accessibility that goes beyond the traditional framework of digital accessibility compliance, eSSENTIAL Accessibility created a comprehensive solution that integrates an assistive technology app with digital accessibility evaluation and remediation services. It enhances the digital customer experience by enabling individuals with disabilities to effortlessly make purchases or conduct transactions at anytime and anywhere, while navigating a website as part of their purchase journey.
eSSENTIAL Accessibility regularly evaluates a brand's digital assets to ensure that there are no gaps in the customer experience and it is accessible to assistive technology like screen readers, braille and braille embossers, or assistive listening devices that allow customers to better engage with a website. By also providing an assistive technology application, brands make their digital properties welcoming to a wider group of people.
In fact, it is estimated that only 5% of the largest North American companies are making measurable efforts to connect with consumers with disabilities. "Disability" is characterized broadly in a digitally-dependent world. It includes individuals who have difficulty typing, moving a mouse, reading a screen or using a touch-screen smartphone due to a variety of conditions—from temporary injuries and age-related issues to challenges ranging from dyslexia, arthritis, learning disabilities, and hearing or vision loss to the effects of stroke, paralysis, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and Parkinson's disease.
The companies that do make efforts to engage with people with disabilities are outperforming their competitors in long-term stock prices. In an era where the customer is king, marketers cannot afford to sideline anyone. On the contrary, marketers should be making every effort to ensure that their customers with disabilities are getting a high standard of service.
eSSENTIAL Accessibility works with some of the top brands in North America. Mastercard, Merck, Marriott and Macy's, among others, feature an assistive technology app on their website for customers who need the technology to engage with the brand. The app provides keyboard, mouse and touch replacement tools, so that motion technology and voice-activated controls can help these individuals make purchases or conduct transactions anytime, anywhere, navigate a website as part of their buying journey, and have a consistent experience with a brand across multiple devices.
Marketers who invest in their customers with disabilities will reap the rewards. They'll enjoy brand loyalty and repeat business from the largest minority group in the world. And, most importantly, the individuals who need such services will significantly benefit.
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I won't go and re-litigate the facts surrounding why FBI Director James Comey was terminated by President Trump this past week as it is simply a pointless exercise. The fact remains that the FBI Director serves at the pleasure of the President, and regardless of the path taken by President Trump to make the decision to pull the trigger on James Comey, that bullet has long since left the chamber.
What is a more disturbing, albeit humorous, side note to the news of the #1 Chief Investigator being terminated, was the frantic calls of "foul play" from Democrats such as Senators Chuck Schumer and Elizabeth Warren making public spectacles of themselves all while ignoring some very basic realities. Yes, there was an alleged open investigation about "Russian Meddling" into the 2016 Presidential Elections, and allegedly James Comey would have pretty solid knowledge about such investigations. However, what Americans writ large saw in the week prior to Mr. Comey's termination, was sworn testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee whereby Mr. Comey didn't appear to be all that informed on much of, well, anything. So much so, that the FBI was forced to provide "corrected testimony" to the Committee due to blatantly inaccurate statements made by Mr. Comey.
So for the sake of putting the events of last week into perspective, let's assume that there is an investigation into the Trump Campaign and "Russia" (whatever that really means, since, as we all well know, there has been little, if any, factual evidence of wrongdoing aside from a few failures of disclosures by NSC Director Gen. M. Flynn and Attorney General Sessions, neither of which were crimes).
- The FBI is a small sub-set of the overall Intelligence Community.
- The FBI's The Counterintelligence Division (CD) prevents and investigates foreign intelligence activities within the U.S. and espionage activities in the U.S. and overseas.
- The FBI Director is not likely involved directly in "hands-on" investigation activities.
- The FBI has over 13,000 career Special Agents.
- The FBI is / was working in tandem with the NSA and the CIA as well as the ODNI in the "Russia" investigation.
- There are thousands more career Agents / Investigators in the NSA, CIA, ODNI as well as the other branches of the Intelligence Community.
Knowing the above facts is imperative when attempting to formulate an informed opinion as to whether or not the firing of one person, FBI Director James Comey, would have any impact at all, on any potential ongoing investigation into the "Trump Campaign & Potential Russian Collusion." This is not to downplay the significance of losing a competent FBI Director, as it is imperative that the United States has an impervious, steadfast and ethical Director at the helm of our Nation's prestigious Law Enforcement Agency. However, that said, it is important to not lose sight on the bigger picture; the Intelligence Community writ large, is more than just one person, or one Agency. To think otherwise is to have a very limited, and uneducated point of view when it comes to the scope, task management and overall operations of our Intelligence Community.
Whether or not you agree or disagree with the termination of FBI Director Comey, it is insulting to the thousands of career Law Enforcement Agents, Investigators, Prosecutors, Operatives, Analysts, Attorneys, Officers, or other career personnel, the overwhelming majority of whom have devoted their lives to protect our American Values, maintain our National Security and intercept nefarious entities seeking to do us harm, to oversimplify and whittle down any valid investigation to the holdings of only one specific person. It simply doesn't work that way. In my opinion, I have to question the media's spin on James Comey's termination as merely President Trump's way of "stonewalling" the aforementioned "Russian Collusion" investigation as it pertains to the Trump Campaign of 2016.
- If the Chief of a Fire Department gets terminated, do fire alarms simply go unanswered allowing city fires to burn ragingly out of control? Or do fires still get put out by career (or volunteer) fire fighters?
- If the Chief of a Police Department gets terminated, do all criminal investigations, traffic enforcement or civil disturbance calls go unanswered? Or do all of these functions continue to be responded to appropriately?
- If the CEO of a Hospital gets terminated, do all aspects of the healthcare facility suddenly stop? Or do patients continue to receive the healthcare they were getting the day before? Do life-saving surgeries immediately cease upon hearing the news that the Hospital CEO is terminated, or do professional healthcare providers continue their jobs, as they have been trained and licensed to do regardless of who is running the facility?
- If the Superintendent of a School System is terminated, do classes suddenly stop? Or do teachers and students continue to show up for school like they do every day, and proceed with the educational process as scheduled?
- If a General in the Military is terminated, does every soldier simply pack up their gatherings and go home? Or do they continue their missions or assignments as they have been trained to do?
- If the President of the United States is terminated (impeached) does the Nation just surrender to complete Anarchy or outside invaders? Or do we continue on with a system of checks and balances as well as a fail-safe system in place to ensure that we do not crumble into complete and utter chaos?
In a system as complex and important as our Intelligence Community, Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, we have multiple layers of fail-safes, continuity and convergence of operations. The media would like every American to believe that the firing of one person, the FBI Director, is somehow the "end" or at least a major chilling component to the ongoing investigation on Russia and our 2016 Elections. But a smart, critical-thinker, knows that this is merely a farce and is an attempt to smear our President. Investigations, particularly ones that involve several facets of our Intelligence Community, are not going to stop simply due to the replacement of one person. If that were the case, then we as a Country, would need to demand a complete overhaul of our Criminal Justice System (we need one anyway, but not for that particular reason).
Quite simply put, the media has proven time and again that it is simply unable, or unwilling, to report critical information in a non-partisan, fair or thorough manner. Omitting facts to push a particular narrative or agenda is called propaganda, and that is what we are witnessing with the vast majority of our News Media outlets. I have reviewed the major news outlet's coverage of the termination of James Comey, and what I read or observed simply screamed of over-simplification, fear-mongering and propaganda. This is also to say nothing of the fact that our elected representatives in the Senate and House of Representatives have their own ongoing investigations into any possible Russia / Trump Campaign connections.
We allow ourselves to be victimized by the Media Moguls daily as they pervert straight-forward facts into propagandized narratives that are best suited for the fiction section of a library instead of the news. Yes there are times where one person can make a difference or influence the direction of an investigation such as when James Comey overstepped his lawful authority to actually present evidence to the US Attorney General or a Grand Jury regarding actual known cases of espionage in the case of Hillary Clinton and her criminal crime syndicate. However, the vast majority of Americans following that case were able to make the distinction and while Clinton may have escaped criminal prosecution (at least for now) she also escaped securing the power and prestige of the White House. So even then, one person, the same person, James Comey, was not able to stop the inevitable outcome of facts. Checks and balances continued on, and the court of public opinion won in the end at the ballot box.
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A chemical compound, known as an ester, that is created as an alcohol and an acid compound react together, forming a triglyceride. A triglyceride is basically another way of referring to fats and oils formed in human tissues, but also existing in various foods rich in carbohydrates (carbs), such as bread, sweets, or rice. As different foods containing fats are consumed, triglycerides are absorbed or created and enter the body's bloodstream in the form of particles known as lipoproteins.
The body removes triglycerides as daily activities occur, which is desired since medical professionals are suggesting that increased levels of triglycerides contribute to coronary heart disease and high levels may lead to abdominal pain, pancreatitis, enlargement of liver and spleen, and skin ailments. Thus, limiting consumption of foods with fats often enables the body to remove sufficient amounts to maintain recommended levels of triglycerides. For adults, a triglyceride level of 150 to 200 mg/dL or less is suggested. A range of 200 to 400 mb/dL is borderline and indicative of increased levels. Higher levels of triglycerides occur as weight is gained from increased calorie intake due to foods with fats, sugars, and alcohol, all consumed with insufficient exercise to offset the calories. By limiting intake of various foods with high levels of carbohydrates and eating more triglyceride reducing foods, such as beans, vegetables, fruits, grains, fish or foods with fiber, a person can maintain a healthier triglyceride concentration in the body.
Measures to reduce triglycerides should include: 1) Increased exercise, 2) Reduced consumption of fats, snacks, fried items, and similar foods, 3) Limiting sweets to 5 grams per serving and eating only several a week, 4) Decreasing alcohol intake to only a few drinks per week, 5) Selecting beverages that are unsweetened or very low in calories, electing instead to consume more water or tea, 5) Increasing 3 to 5 servings of fruit daily and 3 to 5 cups of beans per week, 6) Increasing consumption of vegetables to 3 or 4 cups per day, 7) Selecting more foods containing grains and/or fiber, such as cereals, breads, and brown rice.
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Sean Connery was, as is well known, born as Thomas Connery on 25th August 1930 in Edinburgh. His parents, Joseph Connery and Euphemia McLean, lived in Fountainbridge, an area at that time dominated by breweries and rubber works and the actual location having long been demolished. Joseph Connery himself worked in the rubber works and his wife, whom he had married at Tynecastle (close to the famed Heart of Midlothian football ground), had before her marriage been employed in a laundry. Nothing in this background suggested that the son would have such an illustrious career ranging from milkman with St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society to an extra in the London staged musical 'The Sound of Music' and to becoming known as the Greatest Living Scotsman and receiving the ultimate accolade of being knighted by the Queen.
The Connery family was of Irish origin. Joseph Connery was the illegitimate son of a pedlar, of whom little is known. This earlier Thomas was neither born nor married in Scotland, although on his death in Edinburgh in 1949 he was described as having been the 70 year old widower of Jean McNab, Joseph's mother. A further son had been born to them in 1905, at which time they were still unmarried. His own parents had married in South Shields in 1863. It is not known when the Connery (also known at times as Connary) family settled in Edinburgh but they are not recorded there in any Scottish census in 1881 although a daughter, Elizabeth, had been born in Glasgow in 1870. Additionally, Elizabeth was employed as a cotton reeler in a jute factory in Dundee when she married there in 1889, suggesting a certain restlessness in these earlier generations. James Connery and Elizabeth McPhillips however both died in Glasgow.
Sean Connery's paternal grandmother, Jean McNab, had also been born out of wedlock, in 1878, her parents being John McNab (a letterpress printer's engine keeper) and his housekeeper, Jeanie Allison. It was not until after John and Jeanie married in 1891 that young Jean's birth was registered, showing that it was still possible at that time to slip through the official net. John McNab was an elderly dad, he had been born on New Year's day in 1819 and was thus 59 years of age when his daughter was born; he had however been previously married and had offspring from that marriage. He died in 1896 from septicaemia, the result of a lacerated hand wound but had this accident taken place in the post-antibiotics era, he may well have survived it. Although McNab is a Highland name, John too had been born in Glasgow and George, his father, was also born in Lanarkshire, around 1790. On his marriage to Elizabeth Reid (Glasgow again) in 1817, he was said to have been a 'servant'. This couple had seven sons but the records do not tell us how many brothers George himself had, nor do we know if any of his sons went on to fulfill the prophecy of seventh son of a seventh son.
On the distaff side, Sean Connery's mother, Euphemia McLean was of solidly Scottish stock. Although her father, Neil, was Edinburgh born, he worked as a platelayer on the railways in the Fife town of Dysart in Fife , where he married Helen Ross in 1908. Here the Highland ancestry becomes apparent as Neil's father, John, was a Skye man, born in Uig. His progress from Skye can be charted as he was a 30 year old merchant seaman at the time of his marriage in Leith in 1866, a labourer in Edinburgh when Neil was born in 1878 and a foreman labourer on the railways in 1891. Then he and his family were living in a railway hut near Arrochar in the west Highlands, the accommodation consisting of three rooms with windows and which the McLean family shared with three boarders who also labourered on the railway. The census details show that a daughter, two years younger than Neil, had been born in Campbeltown on the Mull of Kintyre. John was a Gaelic speaker but curiously, his wife, Euphemia McBain, although from the Fife fishing town of Pittenweem, was also bilingual in Gaelic and English. They had not however passed this ability on to either of their listed children, neither of whom were noted as speaking anything other than English. After the death of her husband in 1897, Euphemia was enterprising enough to set herself up on her own account as a 'hutkeeper for workmen', where she was found in' Crook Navvies Hut, Left band of Tweed' in Tweedsmuir on census night 1901. The still unmarried Neil was also listed, as were seven Irish boarders, employed in various capacities on the railway.
Nothing further is known of the ancestry of John McLean, other than that his father was also John McLean and his mother, Janet Mathieson. John, senior , is believed to have been a soldier at one time. The death of neither was traced, both appearing to have died before the advent of statutory registration of births, marriages and deaths in 1855 (Scotland), thus the names of the previous generation cannot be established. Prior to that date, the main sources of information are the Old Parish Registers which vary considerably in content and quality, depending merely upon the diligence and abilities of the session clerks concerned. Those of the west highland parishes are particularly sparse in detail with no trace of the McLean family being found in the relevant records.
Euphemia McBain, John McLean's wife and a curious anomaly, a Gaelic speaking Fifer, was born in either Pittenweem or Largo (the latter being the home of Alexander Selkirk the character on which Daniel Defoe based Robinson Crusoe) around 1838. Perhaps the Gaelic came from earlier generations who had followed the traditional Highland pattern of coming south in search of work and who had kept their native language alive within their family, or she could even have been taught it by her husband, a native speaker. At any rate, the McBain family were well established in Fife, Euphemia's father having been born in Ceres shortly before the end of the 18th century, as had her mother, Mary Gourlay. The grandfather was one Lachlan McBain who had married May Melvill in Ceres in 1793. Beyond that nothing is known for sure.
The final strand in this varying tapestry is also of northern Scottish origin. Sean Connery's maternal grandmother, Helen Ross was a Perthshire lass, born at Grandtully in the parish of Aberfeldy in 1884. Her father, John Ross was a ploughman who had also forsaken his roots and come south from Banffshire and who married in Glasgow in 1883. John was living with his family at Glenaughter in Mortlach in 1861, his father, James being a native of Mortlach and his mother, Christina Ross having been born in the Aberdeenshire district of Glenbuchat. John's father, William, a crofter at Glenaughter, lived to the respectable age of 85, dying there in 1874. This line had also originated in Glenbuchat, with William, the son of William Ross and Christian Grant, being born there in 1789.
It is often said that current immigration trends will ultimately have a seriously diluting effect on the Scottish stock, but as can be seen in this picture of the ancestry of Sean Connery, Scotland has always had a good mix of bloodlines, with Highland, Lowland and Irish dominating in the melting pot.
Scottish Roots was established in 1984 in Edinburgh to provide an ancestral research service for those who wish to discover more about their Scottish ancestors. We employ a team of researchers all of whom have at least 25 years of experience using records at New Register House, Edinburgh.
©2019 Scottish Roots. All rights reserved.
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In insurance, the insured is the person who is risked by his life insurance company. So, when the insured dies, the insurance company will pay a sum of insurance money that is entitled to be given to the designated heir.
Who should ideally be an insured in a life insurance product? In accordance with the purpose of purchase, family financial risk management, the life insurance insured should be those who have economic value or those who are the source of family income.
For example, husband, wife, or both. If the husband and wife both work, the insured should be the party who has the biggest income because the financial risk is also greatest for the family if he suddenly dies.
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When Does 4=1? When The Emerson Quartet Plays.
Here is a question to ask the next mathematician you meet: When does 4=1? After watching him frantically writing equations on the blackboard for a while, you can provide the answer: When the Emerson String Quartet plays. There are many fine quartets performing today, more in fact than in any other period of music history, but few have achieved the ideal in quartet playing: a perfect blend of sound, technique and interpretation. The Emerson Quartet belongs to this select group. The individual members-Violinists Eugene Drucker and Philip Setzer alternating in the first chair position, violist Lawrence Dutton and cellist David Finckel-are each superb virtuosos and individual artists, but they have managed to create a quartet that speaks with one voice. (Full disclosure: I know Messrs. Drucker and Setzer personally, and even performed with Gene several years before the quartet was established in 1976. I wish I could boast that I have played with them since, but alas, the repertoire for harpsichord and string quartet is meager indeed).
The program, presented by the Celebrity Series of Boston at Jordan Hall on December 5, consisted of two lush, late romantic quartets by Antonin Dvorák, No. 10 in E-flat major, op. 51 and No. 14 in A-flat major, op. 105; Maurice Ravel’s magnificent Quartet in F major; and Anton Webern’s microscopic Six Bagatelles, op. 9. Each work was played in exactly the style it required, and with a command of rubato and voicing that a solo performer might envy. Dvorák, who came from humble origins (his father was a butcher), was reportedly a man of simple tastes and sunny personality. Each of his compositions seems to have smile on its face, and that was the response of the large appreciative audience at Jordan Hall. The Quartet made the most of the Slavic melodies and dance rhythms, the haunting dumka movements, and the broad romantic gestures that earned the admiration of Brahms.
The Webern is a different world entirely (think Edvard Munch’s famous painting The Scream). He writes in an extraordinarily concentrated idiom, and the Bagatelles, a relatively long piece for this composer, lasts about three minutes. Yet it is as finely wrought as one of those tennis-ball-size medieval rosary beads in which are carved all the scenes from the bible.
The Ravel Quartet can be counted as one of the greatest in the repertory, but Ravel’s colleagues at the Paris Conservatoire did not think so at the time. Ravel’s teacher Gabriel Fauré, for example, described the last movement as “stunted, badly balanced, in fact a failure.” His contemporaries were equally negative, and since this is final exam time at the universities, here is another question: Who are André Caplet, Aymé Kunc and Raoul Laparra? The answer: These are the composers who won the Conservatoire‘s Prix-de-Rome in 1901, 1902 and 1903 respectively, years in which Ravel competed for the prize but never made it past the required fugue. Ravel also tried in 1900 and in 1905, the year he submitted his string quartet, but with a similar lack of success. This last rejection caused such an uproar that it became known as the “Ravel Affair” and led to a complete reorganization of the school. History has proven Fauré and the other all the “grey beards” at the Conservatoire wrong, of course, and the Emerson Quartet’s performance of this great work was one of the best I have ever heard. The pizzicato second movement was particularly brilliant, and we even got to hear the last movement twice, almost. Drucker’s strings slipped badly out of tune during this movement, the Quartet stopped, Drucker retuned, and the ensemble began again, this time at a faster tempo and with even more fire and spirit.
Thank you, Celebrity Series of Boston, for presenting the Emerson Quartet. Please bring them back again.
Comments Off on When Does 4=1? When The Emerson Quartet Plays.
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Fear refers to an unpleasant emotional reaction experienced in the face of perceived danger. It builds quickly in intensity and helps to organize the person's responses to threats from the environment.
fear refers to an alarm reaction to current danger or life-threatening emergencies that is marked by strong escape-oriented tendencies and a surge in the sympathetic nervous system.
Fear can be defined as: (1) an emotion of an immediate alarm reaction to present/current danger or life-threatening emergencies. (2) an innate, almost biologically based alarm response to a dangerous or life-threatening situation. Fear is marked by strong escape-oriented tendencies and a surge in the sympathetic nervous system.
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Washington County is a county located in the U.S. State of Rhode Island. As of 2000, the population is 123,546.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,458 km² (563 mi²). 862 km² (333 mi²) of it is land and 596 km² (230 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 40.87% water.
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 123,546 people, 46,907 households, and 32,037 families residing in the county. The population density is 143/km² (371/mi²). There are 56,816 housing units at an average density of 66/km² (171/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 94.82% White, 0.92% Black or African American, 0.93% Native American, 1.50% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.46% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. 1.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 46,907 households out of which 31.80% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.50% are married couples living together, 9.40% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.70% are non-families. 24.10% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.20% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.52 and the average family size is 3.01.
In the county, the population is spread out with 23.40% under the age of 18, 11.20% from 18 to 24, 28.30% from 25 to 44, 24.40% from 45 to 64, and 12.80% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.30 males.
The median income for a household in the county is $53,103, and the median income for a family is $64,112. Males have a median income of $43,956 versus $30,659 for females. The per capita income for the county is $25,530. 7.30% of the population and 4.20% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 7.40% are under the age of 18 and 5.60% are 65 or older.
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The Abenaki (or Abnaki) are a tribe of Native American and First Nations people belonging to the Algonquian peoples of northeastern North America. They are located in an area the Eastern Algonquian languages call the Wabanaki (Dawn Land) Region. The Abenakis were one of the five members of the Wabanaki Confederacy, the other four being the Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot.
The Abenaki, like their fellow Wabanaki tribes, were peaceful, although they were often forced to defend themselves against the Iroquois. They relied upon horticulture for their food as well as hunting and fishing. When the Europeans came to the region, the Abenaki greeted them and accepted their Christian message, albeit often combined with their traditional Midewiwin shamanistic practices. However, diseases ravaged their population, and when the French and Indian Wars led to increasing danger of annihilation, they began to migrate to Quebec.
Contemporary Abenaki live on the reserves in Quebec, as well as on reservations in Maine, and in other communities in New Hampshire and Vermont. These communities have made efforts to revive their culture and traditional crafts, particularly basket and rattle making as well as traditional dances. These reflect the spirituality, connection to nature, and desire for peace and harmony that characterizes the Abenaki, qualities that are valuable for contemporary society as a whole.
The Abenaki people call themselves Alnôbak, meaning "Real People." In addition, when compared to the more interior Algonquian peoples, they call themselves Wôbanuok meaning "Easterners." They also refer to themselves as Abenaki or Abnaki. Both forms are derived from Wabanaki or the Wabanaki Confederacy, as they were once a member of this confederacy they called Wôbanakiak, meaning "People of the Dawn Land" in the Abenaki language—from wôban ("dawn" or "east") and aki ("land") (Trigger and Sturtevant 1979); Campbell (1997) uses the spelling wabánahki.
The Abenaki language is closely related to those of their neighboring Wabanaki tribes such as the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy, as well as with other Eastern Algonquian languages.
Their language has been preserved in the monumental Abenaki-French dictionary of Sebastian Râle, in Joseph Laurent's 1884 grammar, and in the 1994 dictionary by Gordon Day. Other dictionaries are Chief Henry Lorne Masta's 1932 Abenaki Legends, Grammar, and Place Names, and Joseph Aubery's 1700 French-Abenaki Dictionary, translated into English and published in 1995 by Chief Stephen Laurent (son of Joseph).
The homeland of the Abenaki, known to them as Ndakinna, which means "our land," extended across most of northern New England, southern Quebec, and the southern Canadian Maritimes. The Eastern Abenaki's population was concentrated in portions of Maine east of New Hampshire's White Mountains. The Western Abenaki lived in the Connecticut River valley in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, with the Missiquoi along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain (Waldman 2006).
The settlement of New England and frequent wars caused many Abenakis to retreat to Quebec. Two large tribal communities formed near St-Francois-du-Lac and Bécancour. These settlements continue to exist to this day.
Before the Abenaki had contact with the European world, their population may have numbered as many as 30,000, with around 20,000 Eastern Abenaki, and 10,000 Western Abenaki. In the sixteenth century, European fisherman began to cross the North Atlantic on a regular basis to fish the Grand Banks. Encounters with the indigenous population began in that period. The Abenaki were described in early encounters as not cannibals, but as docile, ingenious, temperate in the use of liquor, and not profane (Thwaites 1900). In 1614, Thomas Hunt captured twenty four young people and took them to England (Bourne 1990).
The most significant early impact, however, was disease. Multiple epidemics arrived a decade prior to the English settlement of Massachusetts in 1620, when three separate sicknesses swept across New England and the Canadian Maritimes. Maine was hit very hard during the year of 1617, with a fatality rate of 75 percent, and the population of the Eastern Abenaki fell to about 5,000. Fortunately, the Western Abenaki were a more isolated group of people and suffered far less, losing only about half of their original population of 10,000 (Sultzman 1997). The new diseases continued to cause more disaster throughout the seventeenth century. Epidemics of smallpox, influenza, diptheria, and measles, affected the native populations (Sultzman 1997).
As the British and French colonies developed, the Abenakis were traditionally allied with the French. French Jesuits established missions and converted them to Christianity.
Facing annihilation from English attacks and epidemics, the Abenaki started to migrate to Quebec around 1669, where two municipalities were given to them. The first was on the Saint Francis River and is nowadays known as the Odanak Indian Reservation; the second was founded near Bécancour and is called the Wolinak Indian Reservation.
The Abenaki population continued to decline, but in 1676, they took in thousands of refugees from many southern New England tribes displaced by settlement and King Philip's War. Because of this, descendants of nearly every southern New England Algonquin can be found among the Abenaki people.
When their principal town, Norridgewock, was taken and their missionary, Father Sebastian Râle, was killed in 1724, many more Abenaki migrated to the settlement on the St. Francis River where other refugees from the New England tribes had settled earlier.
However, due to erroneous use of the word "Abenaki" to mean "Wabanaki," all the Abenakis together with the Penobscots are often described as "Western Abenaki" peoples, while the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy are described as "Eastern Abenaki" peoples.
Abenaki lived a lifestyle similar to the Algonquin of southern New England.
The Abenaki largely relied on horticulture when it came to their diet, which is why villages often were located on or near river floodplains.
The Abenaki largely relied on horticulture when it came to their diet, which is why villages often were located on or near river floodplains. Other less major, but still important contributions to their diet were from hunting, fishing, and wild plant gathering (Sultzman 1997).
They lived in scattered bands of extended families for most of the year. Each man had different hunting territories inherited through his father. The Abenaki were patrilineal, unlike the Iroquois. Bands would come together during the spring and summer at temporary villages near rivers, or somewhere along the seacoast for planting and fishing. These villages occasionally had to be fortified with palisades of upright logs, depending on the alliances and enemies of other tribes or Europeans near the village. Abenaki villages were quite small—the average number of people being around 100 (Sultzman 1997). During the winter, the Abenaki lived in small groups farther inland.
Most Abenaki settlements used dome-shaped, bark-covered wigwams for housing. During the winter the Abnaki would line the inside of their wigwams with bear and deer skins. The Abenaki also built long houses similar to those of the Iroquois (Waldman 2006).
The Abenaki were ruled by elected chiefs called sachems, who usually served for life but could be impeached. They had little actual power and important decisions were made by meetings of all the adults, but European colonizers still treated them like monarchs, resulting in much miscommunication and misunderstanding.
The Abenaki like other Algonquin people, shared a belief in Midewiwin (also spelled Midewin). With the arrival of the French, they were converted to Christianity, but many still practiced Midewiwin or co-practice Christianity and Midewiwin. Religious ceremonies are led by shamans, called Medeoulin, who possess spiritual power. This power is not necessarily good or evil, but can be used for either.
According to their mythology, the history of the Abenaki people is divided into three time periods. In the first, the Ancient Age, human and animal life are undifferentiated. In the second, the Golden Age, humans are still animals, but quantitatively different. In the third, the Present Age, animals and humankind are totally differentiated.
Numerous beings feature in the mythology. Tabaldak the creator, and Gluskab (whose name appears in several variants associated with different branches of the Abenaki, including Glooscap, Glooskap, Gluskabe, and Klooskomba) the "transformer" being the most significant.
According to traditional tales, Tabaldak, the creator god, made humans and then Gluskab and Malsumis sprang from the dust on his hand. Gluskab and Malsumis both had the power to create a good world, but only Gluskab did so. Malsumis still seeks evil to this day.
Gluskab founded the Golden Age of the Earth by rendering the evil spirits of the Ancient Age smaller and safer, as well as teaching humankind how to hunt and fish, build shelter, and all the Abenaki knowledge of art, invention, and science.
Gluskab realized the strain hunters can cause on an ecosystem. He asked a woodchuck spirit for help, and she gave him all the hairs off her belly, woven into a magical sac. This is why woodchucks have bald bellies. Gluskab then went to a mountain, where Tabaldak had placed a huge eagle (Pamola) that made bad weather by flapping its wings. After binding it, Gluskab realized some wind was necessary and loosened them slightly. Gluskab saved the world from a frog monster that swallowed all the planet's water. When Gluskab cut open the monster's belly, some animals jumped into the water and became fish.
Gluskab's departure ended the Golden Age, though he is prophesied to return and renew it again.
Contemporary Abenaki live in Quebec, in two large tribal communities formed near St-Francois-du-Lac and Bécancour. Facing annihilation, around 1669 the Abenakis had emigrated to Canada, then under French control, where they were granted two seigneuries. The first seigneurie was established on the Saint-François river and is now known as the Odanak Indian Reserve; the second was established on the river Bécancour and is now known as the Wôlinak Indian Reserve. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, there were four hundred Wôlinak Abenakis and almost 1,500 at Odanak. Three reservations also exist in northern Maine. The remaining Abenaki people are scattered within Quebec, New Brunswick, and northern New England, living in multi-race towns and cities.
A tribal council was organized in 1976 at Swanton, Vermont as the Sokoki-St. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation. In 1980, two small councils united to form the Northeast Woodland-Coos Band, now known as the Koasek Traditional Band (Sultzman 1997). The four historic Abenaki Bands of Vermont have now united to form the Abenaki Alliance: the Koasek of the Koas, the St Francis Missisquoi/Sokoki Band of Swanton, the Nulhegan Coosuk of Lake Memphremagog region, and the Elnu Tribe of Southern Vermont region. The members of this Alliance remain separate bands within the Abenaki Nation’s territory of Vermont who work together for the betterment and preservation of all Abenaki in Vermont and the Koas region of Haverhill, New Hampshire. All these bands have sought official Vermont state recognition that will meet federal rules for selling arts and crafts as native-made as well as applying for scholarships set aside for Native Americans. On April 22, 2011 the Elnu Abenaki Tribe and the Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe received recognition, and on May 7, 2012 the Abenaki Nation at Missisquoi, and the Koasek of the Koas Abenaki Traditional Band received recognition by the State of Vermont; state recognition is still pending for the Koasek Traditional Band (Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs 2012).
At the beginning of the twenty-first century there were approximately 2,500 Vermont Abenaki in both Vermont and New Hampshire, mainly around Lake Champlain (Sultzman 1997). Some still practice a subsistence lifestyle based on the traditional ways. They have two houses, a home for the winter and in the summer they travel, camping using tents. They work at are seasonal occupations like fishing, picking fiddlehead ferns and blueberries, working in potato and tobacco fields, and trapping in the winter. Such a pattern reflects the traditional nomadic lifestyle of earlier Abenakis: "Subsistence living means being in charge of the food chain, instead of being on top of the food chain" (Laroque 2001).
Our Heritage Day is a time to pray, and to hold honoring ceremonies. This celebration is the occasion when we honor our leaders and elders for their wisdom. It is when we acknowledge our children becoming women and men. Heritage Day is also the time to reaffirm our rich heritage and to teach our children what it means to be Native American, to remember the past and build the future (Abenaki Nation 2008).
The celebration is open to the public so that all those who are interested can learn about Abenaki traditional ways and that, "although our customs and garments may be different, we are all the children of the Creator and care takers of Mother Earth" (Abenaki Nation 2008).
Alanis Obomsawin, filmmaker and documentarian, has produced and directed many National Film Board of Canada documentaries on First Nations culture and history. Her best known documentary is probably Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance, about the 1990 land dispute between the Mohawk nation and the town of Oka, Quebec. She has also worked as an engraver and print-maker, with exhibitions in Canada and Europe. Mother and child imagery is prominent in her work, which also combines material from her own dreams with animal spirits and historical events.
Donald E. Pelotte, Roman Catholic Bishop of Gallup, the first person of Native American descent to become a Catholic bishop.
Alexis Wawanoloath, politician, Member of the National Assembly of Quebec.
Joseph Bruchac, children's book author, poet, novelist and storyteller, as well as a scholar of Native American culture and musician of native instruments.
Abenaki Nation. 2008. Heritage Day. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
Bourne, Russell. 1990. The Red King's Rebellion, Racial Politics in New England 1675-1678. ISBN 0689120001.
Calloway, Colin G. 1994. The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806125683.
Campbell, Lyle. 2000. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195140508.
Goddard, Ives (ed.). 1997. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol 17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0874741971.
Hallenbeck, Terri. 2011. Abenaki turn to Vermont Legislature for recognition, Burlington Free Press, January 20, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
Laroque, Jesse. 2001. An Interview with a Traditional Basket-maker Abenaki Nation. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
Laurent, Joseph. 2006. New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues. Vancouver: Global Language Press. ISBN 0973892471.
Masta, Henry Lorne. 2008. Abenaki Legends, Grammar and Place Names. Toronto: Global Language Press. ISBN 978-1897367186.
Moondancer and Strong Woman. 2007. A Cultural History of the Native Peoples of Southern New England: Voices from Past and Present. Boulder, CO: Bauu Press. ISBN 978-0972134934.
Sultzman, Lee. 1997. Abenaki History. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
Thwaites, Reuben Gold (ed.). 1900. Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610—1791. Cleveland, OH: The Burrows Company. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
Trigger, Bruce G., and William C. Sturtevant (eds.). 1979. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. ISBN 0874741955.
Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs. 2012. Applications for State Recognition State of Vermont Government. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
Wiseman, Frederick Matthew. 2001. The Voice of the Dawn: An Autohistory of the Abenaki Nation. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 1584650591.
This page was last modified on 21 January 2019, at 17:11.
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how to structure my application to achieve this?
* Show a list of all demos.
* Render a form to be used for creating a new demo.
* Create/save a new demo.
* Display a single demo.
* Render a form to update an existing demo.
* Delete a demo with id.
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Can you tell the visual difference between poor- and high-quality cannabis? At Leafly, we constantly receive questions from our community about how to tell the quality of buds based on photos or descriptions of their appearance alone. While there isn't an exact science for selecting cannabis (most of it comes down to personal opinion), there are a number of visual cues you can look for when scanning the selection of buds at your favorite dispensary.
Picking out cannabis is a lot like selecting fresh produce or flowers -- you're after something that looks appealing, has a good color, and produces an enticing aroma. Additionally, you want to avoid any glaring defects like mold and mildew, insects, and discoloration. Different qualities can come from the same plant; for example, I've seen many dispensaries that separate the prized colas from the small wispy buds found on low-hanging branches (I call these "popcorn nugs").
There are many other attributes to consider when choosing the best strain for you, including price, smell, desired effects, and quantity available.
A high concentration of trichomes indicates a strain with advanced cannabinoid production, which leads to potent cannabis. However, potent cannabis is not necessarily indicative of high quality -- it could be lacking the flavor profile you are looking for, or it may be a stimulating sativa when you prefer a mellow indica.
Let’s check out some examples of low-, medium-, and high-quality cannabis so you can better assess the quality of the buds you're acquiring.
Also called: Shwag, shake, bottom shelf, popcorn, dirt weed, brick weed, ditch weed, Bobby Brown, and more.
Low-quality cannabis is often transported as compact bricks, resulting in a mix of shake, stems, and compressed buds. Typically only found on the black market, shwag tends to be less colorful than your average cannabis, often more brown than green (thus the nickname Bobby Brown -- no relation to the former member of New Edition). It is dry and earthy in aroma with a taste that can be harsh and spicy, as opposed to the sweet and floral notes of top-grade cannabis.
When it's not compacted into brick weed, low-quality buds tend to be light, leafy, and wispy. The concentration of cannabinoids is likely to be very low due to extreme environmental factors, like excessive heat or other variables, which cause trichomes and other crucial parts of the plant to under-develop. The harsh growing conditions typical for low-quality, improperly cared-for cannabis has a tendency to be high in cannabinol (CBN), a byproduct of degradation. Advanced levels of CBN are often attributed to poor or improper storage and handling during transportation.
The effects from low-quality cannabis tend to be mellow, relaxing, lazy, and sleep-inducing (thanks to the CBN). It's not uncommon to experience headaches and other adverse side effects from poorly grown and cared-for cannabis. The lack of quality standards at the street level also opens consumers up to contaminated flower that has been tainted by dirt, mold, mildew, insects, and even pesticides.
Also called: Mids, middle shelf, regs, Reggie, beasters, B+, work, and more.
Medium-quality cannabis is where most domestically-grown U.S. cannabis lands on the quality scale. Northern states also see an influx of mids and regs from commercial Canadian cannabis, known as Beasters or B.C. Buds (though the influx is starting to dwindle now that the U.S. is shifting towards legal access).
Mids can be identified by their spectrum of green hues and the presence of colorful pistils. Solid middle shelf genetics showcase purple tinge, moderate flavor profiles, and sugary trichomes. Seeds and stems are minimal-to-none, but the buds can suffer from a number of quick-to-market techniques like improper flushing of nutrients, quick curing methods, and sloppy trim jobs. Pricing for middle quality is somewhat standardized based on your region, and oftentimes bulk discounts become available when buying more than a quarter- or half-ounce at a time.
Experiences with Reggies can vary, but generally if the genetics are strong, the resulting effects are potent and enjoyable. Unstable genetics or stressful environments can cause hermaphrodite plants that begin to show both sexes. These partially-formed seeds are often referred to as bananas for their elongated shape and yellow hues.
Also called: Fire, primo, top shelf, loud, kill, chronic, dank, headies, flame, kine, kind, and a host of other regional names.
The first thing you should know is that top-shelf buds will stand out in a sea of green. Besides the diverse spectrum of colors that premier genetics show, the amazing quality and complex aromas of truly dank weed will scream “pick me!” The nickname “loud” is used for this exact reason: the pungent smells and flavors are often too much to contain, and can draw attention to those who have it, especially when trying to be discreet. Truly outstanding cannabis has no price cap -- it can be considered a luxury item like fine wine and, depending on the laws where you live, prices can reach extreme levels.
First-class cannabis will have a thick coat of sugary resin that contains the cannabinoids and terpenes, giving the plant its powerful effects and captivating flavors. Advanced potency and flavor profiles provide a diverse range of effects and individual experiences that amplify the consumer's connection to the cannabis plant. The buds themselves are typically dense and chunky, thick from advanced CO2 levels during the flowering cycle and other innovative growing techniques.
Proper trimming is paramount to true connoisseurs, allowing each cola and nug to be showcased and perfectly framed. If top-shelf cannabis appears leafy, it is most often because the sugar leaves surrounding the buds are covered with trichomes too precious to discard. Seeds are extremely rare to find in the finest-quality cannabis, so if you uncover one in your stash, keep it for your own garden (providing you can legally grow in your state, of course).
This article was originally published as Leafly’s Visual Quality Guide to Selecting Cannabis. For this and more reference guides, including a guide to the visual difference between cannabis quantities, visit Leafly News.
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0.923869 |
Yakuza, also called bōryokudan or gokudō, Japanese gangsters, members of what are formally called bōryokudan (“violence groups”), or Mafia-like criminal organizations. In Japan and elsewhere, especially in the West, the term yakuza can be used to refer to individual gangsters or criminals as well as to their organized groups and to Japanese organized crime in general. Yakuza adopt samurai-like rituals and often bear elaborate body tattoos. They engage in extortion, blackmail, smuggling, prostitution, drug trafficking, gambling, loan sharking, day-labour contracting, and other rackets and control many restaurants, bars, trucking companies, talent agencies, taxi fleets, factories, and other businesses in major Japanese cities. They are also involved in criminal activities worldwide.
The word yakuza (“good for nothing”) is believed to have derived from a worthless hand in a Japanese card game similar to baccarat or blackjack: the cards ya-ku-sa (“eight-nine-three”), when added up, give the worst possible total. The origin of the yakuza themselves is difficult to determine, but they are thought to have descended either from gangs of rōnin (masterless samurai) who turned to banditry or from bands of do-gooders who defended villages from those same wayward samurai during the early 17th century. Their lineage may also be traced to bands of grifters and gamblers in Japan’s feudal period.
According to police estimates, gang membership reached its highest level, of some 184,000, in the early 1960s. However, by the early 21st century their numbers had declined to approximately 80,000, divided roughly evenly between regular members and associates. The members are organized into hundreds of gangs, most of them affiliated under the umbrella of one of some 20 conglomerate gangs. The largest conglomerate is the Yamaguchi-gumi, founded about 1915 by Yamaguchi Harukichi but fully developed and aggrandized only after World War II by Taoka Kazuo.
Similar to that of the Italian Mafia, the yakuza hierarchy is reminiscent of a family. The leader of any gang or conglomerate of yakuza is known as the oyabun (“boss”; literally “parent status”), and the followers are known as kobun (“protégés,” or “apprentices”; literally “child status”). The rigid hierarchy and discipline are usually matched by a right-wing ultranationalistic ideology. Kobun traditionally take a blood oath of allegiance, and a member who breaks the yakuza code must show penance—historically through a ritual in which the kobun cuts off his little finger with a sword and presents it to his oyabun, though this practice has declined over time.
Despite their criminal activities, the yakuza style themselves as ninkyō dantai (literally “chivalrous organization”). While their methods are often questionable, they have been known to perform charitable acts, such as donating and delivering supplies to earthquake victims during the Kōbe earthquake of 1995 and the earthquake and tsunami of 2011. Over time the yakuza have shifted toward white-collar crime, relying more and more on bribery in lieu of violence, and indeed in the early 21st century they were one of the least murderous criminal groups in the world. These activities make the relationship between yakuza and police in Japan a complicated one; yakuza membership itself is not illegal, and yakuza-owned businesses and gang headquarters are often clearly marked. Gang whereabouts and activities are often known to Japanese police without the latter’s taking any action. Members have even been called upon to perform public functions, as when a yakuza force was assembled to serve as a security force during a 1960 visit by U.S. Pres. Dwight Eisenhower (although the visit ultimately did not occur).
Yakuza are viewed by some Japanese as a necessary evil, in light of their chivalrous facade, and the organizational nature of their crime is sometimes viewed as a deterrent to impulsive individual street crime. It is in part because of the dual nature of their relationship with police—as both criminals and sometimes humanitarians—and the idolization of criminal groups as “underdogs” in popular media that the Japanese police agency in the 1990s instated the name bōryokudan in an antigang law to reinforce the criminal nature of yakuza organizations. The Japanese government subsequently continued to impose stricter laws against criminal groups into the 21st century.
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There are four main messages that emerge from this book. First, no matter how authors look at the issue, remittances are extremely important in the Latin American context. With remittances estimated to have topped more than US$50 billion in 2006, Latin America is now the main destination of these flows. Second, remittances generate a number of important positive contributions to economic development. In particular, they tend to reduce poverty and inequality in recipient countries, as well as increase aggregate investment and growth. Third, even though remittances have a positive impact on the development indicators of the recipient economies, the magnitude of the estimated changes tends to be modest. Fourth, policy makers may take actions to enhance the development impact of remittances. One important message of this book is that the way countries benefit from remittances appears to be positively related to the countries' own institutional and macroeconomic environments.
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0.999555 |
0000000123158482 is a 16 character string. The last character is a check character for that string, calculated according ISO 7064 MOD 11-2. The string could be an ISNI according to ISO 27729.
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0.999619 |
Un trabajador Autonomo is a freelance or self-employed worker. There are 2 basic types: the freelance professional (actividad profesional) and the sole trader (actividad empresarial). The registration process and responsabilities are the same for both but there may be some differences with regard to tax requirements. For example, generally speaking, a freelance professional who invoices a company in Spain will have tax withheld on their invoice (retencion) whereas a sole-trader will not. The obligation to file periodic tax returns may also vary. In terms of responsability and, in contrast to the limited liability company (Sociedad Limitada o Anonima), the autonomo's economic liability is not limited in that he or she must respond personally for all debts accrued through their professional activity. In practical terms, this can mean that their personal assets (banks accounts, vehicles, properties etc) can be held as collateral for any professional debt incurred.
In order to register in Spain as autonomo, you must be in possession of an NIE certificate. If you are an EU citizen, then this along with your passport is sufficient. If you are a non-EU citizen however, you must have a work permit which enables you to work freelance.
In order to work freelance in Spain you need to register as such for both tax and social security. To register for tax as a freelance or self-employed worker, you must fill out the required form in the Agencia Tributaria or tax office. Amongst other things, you will have to register for a particular activity using the applicable codes (epigrafes). Additionally, you need to indicate the applicable ongoing tax obligations (income tax, VAT etc). Some professional activities (e.g. education) are VAT exempt, so it is important to indicate such when registering. Once you have registered for tax, you will then need to register for social security using the appropriate form and including a copy of your tax registration form.
In general, the 2 main taxes you will have to file are income tax (IRPF) and VAT (IVA). Generally speaking, you must file 4 of these a year, each one corresponding to a particular quarter (January-March, April-June, July-September, October-December). The filing period is between the 1st and 20th of the month following the quarter end (April 1-20, July 1-20, October 1-20, January 1-20). It is important to file on time as the penalties for late filing can be considerable. Regarding IRPF, you will be required to submit your calculations and make a payment representing 20% of the difference between your income and expenses less any tax withheld. The 20% payment does not represent a definitive tax rate however just an up-front payment or payment on account. Your actual income tax rate will only be established when you file the annual income tax return in May/June of the following year. The definitive tax rate will be established taking into account your income from ALL sources as well as any personal deductions available to you. Your taxable base will then be subject to a sliding scale of tax brackets. Any difference between the actual tax to pay and the up-front payments already made will be made good in the annual return leading to either an additional tax payment or an application for a refund on amounts already paid.. Regarding IVA, you simply have to pay the difference between the IVA included in your invoices and that paid out in your expenses.
The payment of the social security is by direct debit through a Spanish bank account in your name. These payments are general processed the last working day of each month so it is extremely important to have sufficient funds in your account to cover the payment as late payments carry significant penalties. Specifically, you will lose the right to the discounted rate of social security for those months paid late. On top of this, you will have to pay a 20% surcharge. It should also be borne in mind that for registrations after the 14th of the month, the first month's social security payment is charged at the end of the second month along with the second month's social security payment.
As a self-employed worker, you will need to issue your own invoices to your clients. The basic requirements for invoices in Spain are that the parties-supplier and client-are clearly identified, including their full name, tax number (NIF, NIE or CIF), and address. You will also need to clearly specify the service or product you are selling, the base amount of the sale, the applicable taxes (IRPF and IVA) and any discounts or other deductions included. Generally speaking a freelance professional invoicing to a company registered in Spain, will be required to include withholding tax (retencion) in their invoice which is a tax deduction taken from the base amount of the sale which your client pays to the tax authority on your behalf. This tax is then deducted from your tax bill when filing your quarter's taxes.
As a rule of thumb, any expenses necessarily incurred in the carrying out of your professional activity can be considered deductible for tax purposes. In the case of a tax inspection, it is important to have the necessary justification for such by holding on to your expense invoices (N.B. receipts alone are not enough). There are a couple of specific aspects that should also be borne in mind: 1) in general food, hotel and travel expenses are not deductible unless they are incurred outside of the community you are registered in. Depending on the activity, food expenses incurred can sometimes be included when they have been incurred for the entertaining of clients. 2) Home office: some freelance professionals register a home office which can allow them to deduct a certain percentage of their household bills (normally c.30%). This would include rent, electricity, phone, water, gas etc.
The process of deregistering is the same as that for registering just the other way round. You use the same forms for both tax and social security simply indicating the date on which you will cease operating as a freelance worker. Once again, you must first deregister for tax and thereafter social security.
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I collect games and play them as a hobby. I'm a big fan of (J)RPGS and 2d fighters so if you have any recommendations, i'll gladly listen.
Some of favorite game series: The Legend of Heroes, Shin Megami Tensei, Fire Emblem, BlazBlue, Smash, Katamari and Fate/Stay Night.
I don't have much experience in 2D fighting games. I really like King of Fighters series. I once tried to play Street Fighter IV, but I did not like it for some reason. And I really like Guilty Gear series, well... maybe not whole series, because I played only in Guilty Gear Isuka. I don't have newest home consoles, so I play mainly on PC and 3DS and occasionally on PlayStation 1. In close future I am going to play Guilty Gear Xrd -SIGN- and Injustice (I am also a big fan of DC universe). But, I have three games of BlazBlue on my Steam account, you encourage me to try those games! I have BlazBlue: Chronophantasma Extend, BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger and BlazBlue: Continuum Shift Extend. Which one should I play first ? I have never played in any Soulcalibur game... But Tekken is the best. I don't even count how many hours I spent playing Tekken 3. I am currently collecting money to buy Tekken 3D! DOA series I also really like. Naruto not so much. I also have to try Virtua Fighter series.
What is your favourite 2D fighting game ? I am a big fan of 3D fighting game, but I want to get to know more about 2D fighting games.
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0.999998 |
Assuming the Big Bang is a valid theory of the creation of Earth and the Universe, then where did the original mass come from, that formed everything that we see today?
First of all, note that mass and energy are equivalent. So, the total mass of the Universe need not be conserved even though the total energy (taking into account the energy that is equivalent of the mass in the Universe) is conserved. Mass and energy are related by the famous equation E=mc2. Hence if there is enough energy, photons can create matter-antimatter pairs. This is called pair production and is responsible for the mass in the Universe.
As to where everything came from, there is no conclusive opinion. One idea was that the Universe was created from vacuum. This is because according to quantum theory, the apparently quiescent vacuum is not really empty at all. For example, it is possible for an electron and a positron (a matter antimatter pair) to materialize from the vacuum, exist for a brief flash of time and then disappear into nothingness. Such vacuum fluctuations cannot be observed directly as they typically last for only about 10-21 seconds and the separation between the electron and positron is typically no longer than 10-10 cm. However, through indirect measurements, physicists are convinced that these fluctuations are real.
In 1982, Alexander Vilenkin proposed an extension of Tyron's idea and suggested that the Universe was created by quantum processes starting from "literally nothing", meaning not only the absence of matter, but the absence of space and time as well. Vilenkin took the idea of quantum tunneling and proposed that the Universe started in the totally empty geometry and then made a quantum tunneling transition to a non-empty state (subatomic in size), which through inflation (the Universe expands exponentially fast for a brief period of time which causes its size to increase dramatically) came to its current size.
Another idea is from Stephen Hawking and James Hartle. Hawking proposed a description of the Universe in its entirety, viewed as a self-contained entity, with no reference to anything that might have come before it. The description is timeless, in the sense that one set of equations delineates the Universe for all time. As one looks to earlier and earlier times, one finds that the model Universe is not eternal, but there is no creation event either. Instead, at times of the order of 10-43 seconds, the approximation of a classical description of space and time breaks down completely, with the whole picture dissolving into quantum ambiguity. In Hawking's words, the Universe "would neither be created nor destroyed. It would just BE."
So, the origin of mass in the Universe and the Universe itself is quite speculative at this point. If you are interested, you can read Alan Guth's book "The Inflationary Universe", page 271-276. You can also read Hawking's "A brief history of time: From the Big Bang to black holes" page 136.
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Synopsis : Paul Dodenhoff writes on the strange lack of coverage in the U.K. media in regards to recent human rights violations.
On the 15th August 2014, The Disability News Service became the first UK media source to break the news that "t he UK government has become the first country to face a high-level inquiry by a United Nations committee, as a result of "grave or systemic violations" of the rights of disabled people".
This 'announcement' came informally, during the Sixth International Disability Law Summer School at the National University of Ireland in Galway in June, by an address from Professor Gabor Gombos, a former UN committee member on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).
I raised my concerns about this apparent lack of media interest, in an article for Disabled-World on the 20th August 2014, also voicing concerns about the notable silence of the main political opposition party within the UK - The Labor party. As the UN inquiry is confidential, nobody outside the UN or the British Government is completely sure of what is going on at the moment, and the Government is naturally unprepared to confirm or deny that a high level inquiry is currently taking place. While we can be pretty certain that an inquiry has indeed begun, what form that inquiry is taking or if that inquiry will indeed be slowed down by the General Election taking place within the UK in 2015, we cannot be sure.
However, in a strange twist of fate, The Mail Online became the first and only mainstream news organization in the UK so far to 'break' this story, running the headline on the 27th August 2014: " Now UN sparks fury after launching human rights investigation into Britain's disability benefit reforms". Below is an extract from the article: "The United Nations sparked fury today after launching an unprecedented inquiry into Britain's treatment of the disabled. The UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities launched a formal probe into whether this country has committed 'grave or systemic violations' of the rights of disabled people. Tory MPs tonight branded the investigation 'politically motivated' and said Britain's record on help for disabled people was among the best in the world. The focus on Britain for the latest inquiry raised eyebrows given the other countries represented on the committee. Its members include Uganda, Kenya, Thailand, and Tunisia. The investigation is the latest in a series of interventions into British domestic policy by the United Nations, which have provoked fury among ministers. Earlier this year a group of UN poverty 'ambassadors' attacked Government welfare reforms, and last year the UN's controversial Brazilian housing 'rapporteur' Raquel Rolnik, a former Marxist dubbed the 'Brazil Nut', criticized cuts to housing benefit".
The article goes on to quote the reactions of a number of Conservative MP's. Michael Ellis said: "This politically motivated loony left decision brings the UN organization in to disrepute. At a time when there are grave international crises around the world and when in dozens of countries around the world there are no benefits available, this absurd decision is made to attack our country which rightly does more than almost any other to protect the rights of disadvantaged people from all walks of life."
Fellow Conservative Philip Davies wailed: "These people at the UN are idiots, frankly. There's no other way to describe them. This country has led the way in the support and rights that we give to disabled people - such as through the Disability Discrimination Act which was passed by a Conservative government in 1995. If the UN drew up a list of countries in the world showing how much they gave to disabled people they would find the UK was the highest in the world. They are exposing the UN for the completely useless organization that it is."
While the Department for Work and Pensions predictably refused to comment on the inquiry, did point out that to The Daily Mail: "the UK spends around £50billion a year on disabled people".
So the silence has been broken at last- or has it? The Daily Mail report seemed curiously confident that the UN has indeed launched an "unprecedented inquiry" into the effects of recent UK welfare changes upon the disabled, and was motivated enough to seek out the rather colorful responses from the Members of Parliament quoted above. However, that is still all we have had from the mainstream press within the UK so far, and certainly there has been little reaction or comment to the Daily Mail story itself, by any other mainstream media organizations.
This silence is unlike the 'usual' behavior of the British press that we have witnessed over recent years, particularly from the 'tabloid' variety, who would have been fully expected to have launched a sustained and bitter 'character assassination' of the UN itself by now. However, the silence that has largely surrounded the UK's possible violation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) treaty, a treaty that was ratified by the UK Government on the 8 June 2009, is pretty much unprecedented in recent British media history.
Both the 'left' and the 'right' wing of the establishment press have fallen eerily silent, which is in sharp contrast to the noise that has been generated over the past number of years, particularly from those who frantically and desperately worked to 'scapegoat' both the disabled and the employed within the UK for largely being 'workshy' and 'benefit' fraudsters. It is also in contrast to sections of the British media who have heroically fought back against these falsehoods, half-truths and misinterpretations concerning welfare provision, by highlighting the actual reality of life within Britain for many. A life that is often an existence on pittance wages or pittance benefits, and poverty that is a combined result of a low waged economy, high 'indirect' taxation, mass discrimination over employment and vicious austerity measures.
However, if Government 'flagship' policy over welfare provision primarily targets the unemployed and the disabled for further welfare reform (social groups that are already at the wrong end of the 'prosperity' ladder), then it should not come as a big surprise if these measures actually bring disastrous consequences - as well as also bringing the UK dangerously close to violation of UN conventions on 'human rights'.
A Commons Select Committee investigating this issue, released a report on 2th April 2014, detailing the financial hardship that some of these ill-considered reforms have already caused: "Reforms to the support provided for housing costs - including the Social Sector Size Criteria (SSSC) (also known as the "Bedroom Tax" and the "Spare Room Subsidy") and the household Benefit Cap - are causing financial hardship to vulnerable people who were not the intended targets of the reforms and are unlikely to be able to change their circumstances in response, say the Work and Pensions Committee in a report published Wednesday 2 April."
While the Select Committee considers these effects as being primarily 'unintentional', just what precisely do these politicians expect to happen when policy (such as the 'bedroom tax') is aimed primarily at those on benefits - including the unemployed and many of the disabled? Can nobody within the 'political world' actually think that far ahead? Personally, I also wonder if anybody within this current Government has actually even read the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) treaty.
The HM Government (2012) Welfare Reform Act, sought to reduce the UK's welfare benefit costs by a total of £18 billion over a period of five years from its implementation date, by promoting 'work' as more beneficial than claiming 'benefit'. Therefore, while £18 billion is a large sum of money, these reforms are much less about saving money and much more about 'ideological' reform - and reform that underpins the 'work ethic' itself. It is welfare reform fueled primarily by the argument that welfare benefits within the UK are far too generous, and that people would therefore sooner stay on benefits than find work. Arguments that have consistently been proven to be false, on all counts.
The reforms currently in place are not just out of touch with reality, but measures so draconian that they would not be out of place within 17th or 18th century Britain. They are also measures that may end up costing the UK taxpayer a small fortune, and certainly nobody at the moment is willing to tot up what these welfare reforms have actually cost the taxpayer so far to implement. Certainly, these costs run into many hundreds of millions of pounds already, and money that has primarily have been spent in trying to bully and humiliate sick and disabled people back into employment. We should remind ourselves that Atos Healthcare, the firm that was originally responsible for testing disabled benefit claims in "fitness for work" tests, were said to have had a £500 million contract with the government for this work.
Forcing people who are sick or disabled back into employment has already had disastrous consequences for many. As the Government's welfare reduction drive truly kicked in, between January 2011 and November 2011, 10,600 deaths were recorded within six weeks of a claimant coming off incapacity benefit. Although we don't know the actual number of claimants who died while an appeal process was in progress. However, certainly many hundreds of thousands of appeals were ongoing at that moment in time, the majority of which were later upheld in favor of the claimant.
Wages for those at the bottom end of the labor market have been steadily falling in real terms for many years. Additionally, the types of jobs that are being created at the moment within the UK are predominantly precarious, part-time and poorly paid jobs. This is witnessed by the numbers of people who are experiencing in-work poverty, and according to the charity Oxfam, there are now over 13 million people in the UK who do not have enough to live on each week. Currently, half the total population of the UK claim 'benefits' of some kind or another, therefore being on benefits does not mean that people are 'well off', working or otherwise.
Forcing people off benefits in order to get claimants to take up low paid work, is not only a heavy handed ideological attempt to underpin the 'work ethic', but completely ignores both the personal health circumstances that people may have, and also the effort that people actually put in to find work - and are often rejected by employers through no fault of their own.
In addition, research undertaken by a top British University in 2013, indicated that Government attempts to reduce the welfare budget could actually have a negative effect on the economy by as much as £30.4 billion a year. And earlier this year, the Welsh government duly complained that about £930m is being currently lost to the Welsh economy every year because of current welfare reforms. A negative effect on the economy that will surely also impact upon Scotland.
This may in fact bring us much closer to the reason why mainstream media within the UK and The opposition Labor party, may have kept largely 'quiet' about the UK playing fast and loose with UN human rights conventions. The proverbial saying 'Silence is golden' springs to mind, a saying that is used in certain circumstances where saying nothing is the most preferred option. Yes, silence may be golden, but silence can also speak volumes.
Firstly, the British Labor party has broadly condoned the current welfare reforms going on within the UK today, and have even publicly stated that any future Labor Government will not undo them. So, if any embarrassment is felt by the Government over potential UN human rights investigations over the consequences of welfare reform, this embarrassment will also surely be felt by the main opposition party too.
Secondly, despite the comments of the two Conservative MP's highlighted above, the UN is largely respected by the British Government, and the British Government actually depend upon UN support and intervention in helping to protect British interests abroad. However, the power of the UN is limited, and will not on its own be able to force any UK Government to change tack on welfare policy. Nevertheless, it will certainly look bad for any Government to ignore an UN investigation and its recommendations, and it's an embarrassment that may hang over British parliament for many years to come. We as a nation cannot criticize any other country for human rights violations, when we are actually seen to commit them at home, ourselves. It is also an embarrassment that may have consequences much closer to home, and much sooner than we think.
There are all sorts of rumors flying around at the moment about why there is a general reluctance from the mainstream media within the UK, and also the British Labor party, in commenting upon the UK's apparent violation of the UNCRPD treaty. Has the current Government somehow silenced and suppressed our supposedly free press, and the main oppression party too? Well yes, the rumors say - but not in a way I expected.
On Thursday 18th September 2014 there will be a referendum on independence for Scotland, it's an important vote for the future of the UK. There is a suggestion that Government was initially confident that this vote would go in favor of Scotland staying part of the United Kingdom. However, in recent weeks, this confidence has been rocked by a number of polls that suggest that vote may indeed be much closer than expected, and may even go down to the 'wire'.
Many of the arguments put forward by those in favor of independence have focused on the incapacity of the British Government to make decisions that are in the Scottish national interest, including decisions upon social policy, taxation, employment, health and welfare. The arguments are that the general public in Scotland, the sick, the poor and the disabled will be much better off in an independent Scotland, where Scottish parliament will have more control over the decisions that affect them the most.
Therefore, rumors have it that the both the Government and the opposition Labor party are so desperate not to have any further bad 'news' bandied about welfare reform (and bad news that may actually tip the independence vote into the 'yes' camp), that until after 18th September, the national media within the UK have been politely and quietly asked to 'sit' on any story associated with any potential violation of the UNCRPD treaty. Not surprising, since both 'right' and 'left' wings of the British media have much to gain by not rocking the 'independence' boat for their prospective political parties, they have duly complied with this request.
This 'rumor' gained extra momentum last week after the Prime Minister's authority received a damaging blow in Parliament itself, when a Liberal Democrat bill aimed at modifying the controversial 'bedroom tax' was voted through to the next stage in Parliament - after 70 Conservative MP's stayed away and refused to vote with the Government. An unprecedented move in British political history, which is said to indicate that many of our politicians are indeed feeling jittery at the moment, and not only because of recent UN scrutiny over British welfare reform - particularly the dreaded 'bedroom tax' itself.
Certainly, Government welfare reform has hit Scotland hard, and any damaging effects that may also impact upon its economy, will also make an 'independence' vote appear highly attractive to the Scottish voter. No surprise then, that our political leaders and their media associates are feeling quite nervous now - and rightly and deservingly so.
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0.996161 |
Q: My husband has been under a lot of stress lately with uncertainty about his job and some family problems. I’m worried about him and wonder if there’s anything you would recommend for him to help.
A: Stress is an unfortunate part of most American’s lives.Stress isn’t always a bad thing, it can help us to make a deadline or perform better on a test. It’s when stress becomes constant that it becomes damaging. There are many natural supplements that are very effective at helping to manage stress and reduce its damaging effects.
Theanine is an amino acid derived from green tea that works very well to combat stress and anxiety without drowsiness. Studies have shown that Theanine helps to encourage alpha brain patterns (the brain wave patterns that are associated with relaxed wakefulness). Theanine also helps with concentration, something that people under a lot of stress often have trouble with.
Another great choice for people dealing with excessive amounts of stress is the herb valerian. Valerian is often taken as a sleep aid, but has been found at lower doses to be beneficial for reducing stress and anxiety. In one recent study, scientist compared the effectiveness of taking 81mg of valerian to 6.5mg of diazepam (Valium) or a placebo. They found that both the valerian and Valium, but not the placebo, offered a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety and stress. I certainly wouldn’t recommend taking a daily Valium for stress, but it’s pretty amazing that a low dose of the natural herb valerian has a similar effect.
Siberian ginseng, also known as eleuthero, is another herb that is beneficial with reducing stress. Siberian ginseng is an adaptogen, which means it helps the body to adapt to stress. Prolonged stress often is accompanied by fatigue and a depressed immune system, and Siberian ginseng helps to treat both of those problems. Some people find that taking ginseng too close to bedtime can interfere with sleep, so I’d recommend taking it in the morning and afternoon rather than at night.
Regular exercise has also been found to reduce stress, giving an outlet to pent up frustrations and helping the body and mind to relax. Exercise has been proven to help reduce high blood pressure and cholesterol along with reducing the risk of heart disease and many other debilitating conditions. It can be difficult to start an exercise program especially if you’ve never really exercised before, but even small steps in becoming more active can make a big difference in reducing stress and increasing health.
Another thing I’d recommend is to make an effort to be outside more. According to Dr. Mardie Townsend, an associate professor in the School of Health and Social Development at Deakin University in Melbourne, researchers are establishing credible grounds for “green prescriptions”, where doctors prescribe contact with nature for various conditions. Townsend says, “People with access to nearby natural settings have been found to be healthier overall than other individuals, and are more satisfied with life in general.” We have the wonderful resource of Lake Katherine available to us in Palos Heights, as well as a myriad of forest preserve trails, all of which can help us reconnect with nature and reduce stress.
Abraham Lincoln said, “I have found that most people are about as happy as they make up their minds to be.” I believe the same to be true about stress- often we are as stressed as we decide to be. That isn’t to say that stress is unavoidable, but we can often choose how we respond to the day to day stresses we encounter. Simply asking oneself, “Do I really need to be getting upset over this?” or even coming to the point where we can acknowledge and accept a stressful situation without feeling compelled to try to fix it or change it can make a big difference. Sometimes talking to someone like a pastor or psychologist can help too. Stress is a large part of most of our lives, but it is damaging to health when it becomes a constant in our lives, so it’s important that we take steps to reduce the amount of stress we’re bogged down with. Good luck and be well!
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0.992346 |
Australia: Could a police officer claim damages for psychiatric injury after attending a fatal accident? Which case won?
The police officer had to deal with the arrival of the driver's parents at the scene of the accident and had to indicate to them that their son would not survive. The driver's parents had to say goodbye to him at the accident scene.
The fact of having to deal with the driver's parents added an extra level of trauma for the policeman, over and above the trauma of dealing with the driver's injuries, which proved to be fatal.
The police officer developed post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of what he witnessed at the motor vehicle accident scene. He made a claim under Queensland's Motor Accident Insurance Act�for psychiatric injuries that he sustained while dealing with the horrific circumstances of the accident and the parents of the driver.
It was reasonably foreseeable that any police officer who attended the scene of the car accident caused by the driver's negligence would suffer a psychiatric injury.
I was not a mere "bystander" to the driver's death. I comforted him, I tried to comfort his parents and I assisted them to say a final farewell to their son. Then I watched him die.
I did everything I could to keep the driver alive � I cleared his airway, encouraged him and alerted the firefighters not to cut him from his vehicle until the paramedics arrived, to reduce the risk of a heart attack. My role was that of a "rescuer".
Even though as a police officer I was trained in employing techniques of emotional detachment to guard against psychiatric harm at scenes of trauma, my "armour" of detachment was pierced by the intense humanity of the situation.
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Tennis (occasionally called "lawn tennis" to distinguish it from royal tennis, an obscure indoor game) is a racquet sport played between either two players (singles) or two teams of two players (doubles). Tennis is played on a 78' x 27' (78' x 36' for doubles) court, which is divided in the middle by a net, such as that each side measures 39' in length.
Players attempt to hit a tennis ball with a tennis racquet such that it bounces in the opposition's side of the court and the opposition is unable to return it. A legal return is made by hitting the ball over the net, after not more than one bounce on one's side of the court. Each point is started by a player who initiates play by "serving" the ball into a designated area on the other side of the court. Tennis is an Olympic sport which is played in many countries around the world.
In most tournaments, if the game score in a set reaches 6-6, a series of points called a tie-breaker takes place. The first side to win 7 points, with at least 2 more points than the other side, wins the tie-breaker. The score of the set is recorded as 7-6.
A tennis player usually has several types of swinging shots at his or her disposal: the forehand, backhand, volley, overhand smash and slice shot. When a player serves the ball to the other player, at the beginning of each point, he or she most commonly employs the overhand smash method, or the cut (slice) serve.
The backhand, useful for chasing shots from the opposite strong hand, can be employed with either one hand or two hands. Two hands offer the player more power, while one hand can utilize a slice shot, applying backspin on the tennis ball to fool the opponent.
Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players. Common tournament configurations include men's singles, ladies' singles, doubles (where two players of the same gender play on each side), and mixed doubles (with a member of each gender). There are also often tournaments for specific ages, such as for youth and seniors.
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Game Day Preview: The Kelowna Rockets face the Kamloops Blazers for the 6th time this season. The Rockets are 1-3-1-0 in the seasonal series. The Blazers have won by scores of 4-1, 3-1, 3-2 and 4-3. The Rockets lone victory came December 29th in a 2-1 win. Yes, three of the five games have been decided by a single goal. These two teams are separated by one point in the BC Division standings, with the Blazers holding one game in hand. Leif Mattson leads the team with 2+3=5 in the five games. Nolan Foote and Kyle Topping each have 2+2=4. Roman Basran has appeared in three games while James Porter has started in two of them. Basran has allowed 8 goals against while Porter has allowed 7. The Rockets are coming off a 4-0 loss last night to the Spokane Chiefs. It marked the fifth time this season the team has been shut out, with four of those coming on the road. Following tonight’s game, the Rockets host Spokane Wednesday Overall, the Rockets are 4-8-2-1 in 15 games since the Christmas break. The Rockets are 16-15-4-1 in 36 games under head coach Adam Foote.
Who’s Hot: Kyle Topping has 6+8=14 in his last 14 games…Nolan Foote has 6+6=12 in his last 12 games….Lassi Thomson has 4+3=7 in his last 12 games…The Rockets penalty killing unit is 45 for 55 in their last 13 road games…The Rockets have points in 12 of their last 16 home games (9-4-3-0).
Broadcasters Notebook: The team has called up forward Cole Carriere. Carriere is a fourth round bantam pick from 2017…Rookie Trevor Wong plays his fourth game with the Rockets this evening. The 15 year-old made his debut October 27th against Prince George. Wong was the Rockets first round pick (18th) in the 2018 WHL bantam draft….The Rockets have 18 games left in the regular season. Of those 18, 12 are against teams in the BC Division…The team will play three games in three nights March 1st, 2nd and 3rd…..The team has been out-shot in 13 of the last 14 games…The Rockets are 5-8-1-0 in 14 games against a US Division team this season. Three of the four wins have come against Tri City with a single victory over Everett and Seattle…The team plays 6 more games against US Division rivals with three games against Spokane, two with Portland and a single against Everett.…The Rockets have played 15-one goal games at home this season. Last year they played 15-one goal games at Prospera Place…The team has played in nine-one goal games on the road…The Rockets are 8-12-2-1 against BC Division teams this season…Five members of the Kelowna Rockets have made NHL Central Scouting’s latest rankings. Lassi Thomson is rated 14th, Nolan Foote is ranked 26th and Kaedan Korczak is 31st. Kyle Topping is 195th while Alex Swetlikoff is 217th, Among goalies, Roman Basran is 11th among North American netminders…..Adam Foote was officially named the new head coach of the Kelowna Rockets on October 23, 2018 replacing Jason Smith.,,The Rockets are 7-11-1-0 when playing the second game of back-to-backs….The team acquired 20 year-old Shael Higson from the Brandon Wheat Kings for 20 year-old Braydyn Chizen and a 5th round bantam pick. The team then claimed 20 year-old defenceman Matt Barberis off waivers from the Vancouver Giants. To make room for Barberis, the team released overage forward Lane Zablocki, who is now with the BCHL’s Vernon Vipers.
Most power play goals allowed: 4 vs. Seattle October 10th, 2018 (9-6 L). T-Birds were 4/5 on power play.
Overtime Games: vs. Seattle (3-2 Loss) January 30, 2019, @ Kamloops (3-2 Loss) December 28, 2018, vs. Saskatoon (5-4 Loss) December 1, 2018, @ Tri City Nov 30, 2018 (3-2 win), @ PG (4-3 Loss) November 14, 2018, vs. PG (4-3 win) October 27, 2018.
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previous: CRM explained CRM involves customer management CRM is not a single product. It is a total integrated solution, which merges many functions within an organization.
CRM is not a single product. It is a total integrated solution, which merges many functions within an organization. It affects all the major departments within a company.
This is because CRM is about managing customers.
This affects call center and customer service, sales, and marketing. By knowing who your customers are, their needs, and being able to monitor them is how a company can retain them. Its primary function is to retain and better serve customers, but it allows companies to better understand customers and their needs. This information can be leverage in marketing, sales and even product development efforts.
CRM is not demanded to solve a specific problem. It is a part of an overall corporate strategy. Consumers have changed. Their expectations of companies have risen considerably. Consumers use to be willing to wait and slow to complain. Now however, the if expectations are not met, customers do not hesitate in changing supplier.
This has further developed into customers expecting that their suppliers remember them and provide them with a reason to stay. With the global marketplace rapidly shrinking, the choice available to consumers is increasing at a rapid rate. Hence companies have recognized the importance of effectively managing their customers.
This includes looking for new ways to meet the needs of customers and be able to service their changing needs. CRM, although it is the buzzword in the IT industry, needs to be marketed as a business strategy as opposed to a product, similarly to e-commerce.
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sort by A broadband (high speed Internet) connection is required. This can be through a cable modem, or high speed services such as DSL or a local area network. sort by A computer, adaptor, or specialized phone is required. Some VoIP services only work over your computer or a special VoIP phone, while other services allow you to use a traditional phone connected to a VoIP adapter. If you use your computer, you will need some software and an inexpensive microphone. Special VoIP phones plug directly into your broadband connection and operate largely like a traditional telephone. If you use a telephone with a VoIP adapter, you'll be able to dial just as you always have, and the service provider may also provide a dial tone.
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New York (CNN) -- A collection of 46 never-before-seen photos from The Beatles' first concerts in the United States was auctioned off for more than $350,000 at a New York auction house on Wednesday.
The evening's biggest sellers included a close-up of John Lennon and Paul McCartney singing into a microphone, which sold for $30,000 and an image of the four Beatles shot from behind, which went for $68,500.
The auction, held at Christie's in Manhattan, was expected to bring in about $100,000, but the grand total ended up being $361,938.
The Washington, D.C.-based photographer behind the show was 18 when he took the photos.
Mike Mitchell, who is now 65, said that the thought of someday auctioning off the photos for such a large sum had never crossed his mind as a rookie photographer vying for a press pass to see the Fab Four.
"Nobody knew where The Beatles would go," he said. "They kind of marched and everybody fell in step behind them."
When Mitchell heard The Beatles were making their first trip across the Atlantic, he managed to get a press pass from a magazine he worked for.
"I had realized that the camera was really a ticket to a lot of places one might not be able to go otherwise," he said.
Some of the photos that were auctioned off were taken on Feb. 11, 1964, at the Washington Coliseum -- The Beatles' first concert in the United States. The others were taken at the Baltimore Civic Center in September of that year.
Mitchell chose the 46 photos to be auctioned from about 450 negatives that had been collecting dust since the 1964 concerts.
He chose group shots, close-ups and even photos without any faces.
One of his favorite photos is an image of Ringo Starr's jeweled hands. Another is a photo of one of The Beatles' boots on a stage littered with jelly beans.
Mitchell had to scan and restore the photos for the auction.
"I had to remove all the dust and scratches that had accumulated over that time," he said. He decided to release the photos because "it was time," he said.
Cathy Elkies, director of iconic collections at Christie's, said she was nervous going into the auction because Mitchell was a relatively unknown name, but that the photographs and their subjects spoke for themselves.
"They are beautiful, they are intimate, they are evocative," she said. "And the fact that he was 18 just is really a very sobering idea."
And the fact that the photos had never been seen added to the success of the auction, Elkies said.
"Beatles fans just think they've seen it all so to have the opportunity to bring something to market that was never seen before was great," she said.
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What are hydrophytes? In general terms, hydrophytes (hydrophytic plants) are plants that are adapted to survive in oxygen-challenged aquatic environments.
Hydrophytic plants have several adaptations that allow them to survive in water. For example, water lilies and lotus are anchored in the soil by shallow roots. The plants are equipped with long, hollow stems that reach the surface of the water, and large, flat, waxy leaves that allow the top of the plant to float. The plants grow in water as deep as 6 feet.
Other types of hydrophytic plants, such as duckweed or coontail, are not rooted in the soil; they float freely on the surface of the water. The plants have air sacs or large spaces between the cells, which provide buoyancy that allows the plant to float on top of the water.
Some types, including eelgrass or hydrilla, are completely submerged in water. These plants are rooted in the mud.
Hydrophytic plants grow in water or in soil that is consistently wet. Examples of hydrophyte habitats include fresh or salt water marshes, savannahs, bays, swamps, ponds, lakes, bogs, fens, quiet streams, tidal flats and estuaries.
Hydrophytic plant growth and location depends on a number of factors, including climate, water depth, salt content, and soil chemistry.
Several interesting carnivorous plants are hydrophytic, including sundew and northern pitcher plant. Orchids that grow in hydrophytic environments include white-fringed orchid, purple-fringed orchid, green wood orchid and rose pogonia.
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When asked about your days "off" or recovery days, what comes to mind?
For many, laying on the couch and not moving a muscle is the image of what makes a good day off.
And while your body needs the rest after rigorous strength training workouts, mild or moderate activity can take your recovery to the next level and have quite a few benefits to your workouts.
Active recovery is an easier workout compared to your normal training. Typically this workout would be done on off day from training.
Having a recovery day is not only to recover physically, but many times mentally. Try to make it a point to pick an activity that is particularly enjoyable.
It can help with mood and energy throughout the day versus not doing anything at all on the day off.
It can be a great opportunity to stretch and recover the muscles while you might not have enough time on your workout days to do that.
Many people find it easier to adhere to their diets on days they are active. And recovery days can give you some free time to get to the grocery store and plan meals.
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Dear Greg: Several months ago a T-Mobile sales rep came to my place of business selling cellular phone plans. She promised three free phones, to waive the activation fee, and to pay the cancellation fee for my current cell phone plan. She noted that I would no longer need home internet since the cell phones provide wireless internet. I signed up on Feb. 28 and was told I could cancel everything within 14 days with no penalty. I called the rep on the 13th day and told her I no longer wanted the internet feature. She said this was fine, but she would have to cancel the contract, draw up a new one, and bring it by the store. She said we could keep the phones if we signed a new contact, but she never came by with a new contract, despite my repeated calls and messages. When I received a $500 bill from T-Mobile, I called them and was referred to Venicom, the "fulfillment house" for T-Mobile. A supervisor said there was nothing they could do – that I should have contacted them directly within the 14 days instead of my sales rep. I called the sales because her name is on the contract! I still have never activated anything or used anything, but we are being billed $1,200 for breaking the contract, overdue bills, etc. Venicom told me they will review my case. No one has called me back.
Dear Im: After listening to 20-plus minutes of recorded conversations between you Venicom reps, not only was I not fulfilled, I was even more confused than before. So I appealed directly to the mother ship, T-Mobile, which wasted little time providing true fulfillment: Your $1,200 will be dropped to zero if you return the three phones you aren't using anyway.
Dear Greg: I purchased a new LG LED television for $1,960 and hooked it up on Friday, May 13. That night and over the weekend, my family and I noticed horizontal bands uniformly spaced two inches apart on the entire screen, resulting in a Venetian blind effect. Regardless of the input – DVD, BluRay, cable, even a computer – the bars are visible. I called first thing Tuesday (the store is closed Mondays) and was told the set could not be returned, but they would call LG and begin the warranty process. A brand-new, one-day-old television! LG then contacted me and the fun began. To make a long story short, I have now spent over 20 hours on the phone with LG and had to make myself available twice (soon to be three times) for service calls. I don't want my brand-new, one-day-old TV repaired with refurbished parts. I don't want it exchanged for another TV of the same model with the same problem. I just want a refund.
Dear Greg: About three weeks ago, I stopped by Cottom's A-1 Sod in Leesburg to get an estimate to have 8,000 square feet of bahia sod installed on a portion of my land that was previously part of a pine tree farm. Cottom's gave me a fixed price, a date for installation, and required no money upfront. They arrived when they said they would, installed the sod, gave me care instructions, and billed me the fixed amount. I am very pleased with this job. They far exceeded my expectations. I highly recommend Cottom's for this type of work.
Dear William: Thank you for recommending a sod/landscaping company – because I can't, despite numerous reader requests. Gotta remain neutral. I'll send any complaints about Cottom's directly to you.
Getting the runaround? E-mail Greg at [email protected] or call 407-420-5618; or write to Greg Dawson, Orlando Sentinel, 633 N. Orange Ave., MP-218, Orlando FL 32801. Read his blog at Orlando Sentinel.com/consumerfile.
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This article is about the semi-automatic pistol. For the Colt Model 1902 "Philippine"revolver, see Colt M1878.
The Model 1902 is a semi-automatic pistol developed by famous American firearms designer John Browning and produced by the Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company in the early 20th century. The Model 1902 was not a new design, but rather an incremental improvement upon the nearly identical M1900, and would transition from the 1900 into three distinct but related pistols with the same action and cartridge, the 1902 Sporting Model, the 1902 Military model, and the 1903 Pocket Hammer model. The 1902 Sporting model was so similar to the 1900 that it continued the serial number range, while the 1902 Military Model featured a different serial range as did the 1903 Pocket Hammer model. The 1902 Military Model featured a square and lengthened grip frame with an additional round in the magazine, while the 1903 Pocket Hammer featured a shortened barrel and slide but retained the Sporting model grip frame. The Colt M1905 .45 ACP pistol would be derived from the same lineage, also with a different serial number range.
In the late 19th century the militaries of many countries, including the United States, were evaluating or in the process of adopting a state of the art semi-automatic service pistol to replace the revolvers in use at the time which were perceived to be outdated. American gun designer John M. Browning wished to join contemporaries such as Hugo Borchardt and Georg Luger in designing a marketable semi-automatic pistol. Browning partnered with the Colt's Manufacturing Company which was hoping to capitalize on the interest in service pistol modernization by procuring large and profitable government military contracts. Their first collaboration produced the Model 1900; it interested the U.S. military enough to lead to the purchase of a few hundred Model 1900 pistols for testing, evaluation and limited field trial issue, however, the limitations of the design prevented its service-wide adoption. The Model of 1902 was basically the same pistol with some improvements meant to address these deficiencies.
The Mauser C96, 1900 Luger, and Colt 1902's had some occasion to be compared to each other in the field. The Mauser tended to be considered the most developed (or mature) in terms of mechanism, featuring a reliable action protected from the elements, manual safety, and a hold open indicating the last shot had been fired and easily convertible to carbine form, however the pistol had reached its developmental peak. The Luger, like the Colt, in 1902–1907, was not yet refined, although it was not only beautifully made, but it was ergonomically classic. The Colt was ergonomically the opposite, having poor balance and a crude grip, it also lacked safety mechanisms (the abandoned and unpopular sight safety was exchanged for no safety at all), and was considered more open to the elements. The Colt 1902 sporting model, used in 1904 Swedish tests (lost out to the FN Browning 1903 9MM), was also found to be not quite sufficiently reliable but the Swedes also mentioned the ergonomic drawbacks. The value of the Colt, however, was that its .38 ACP cartridge was considered superior to both German pistol's cartridges and a step in the right direction (the Swedes mentioned this virtue). The Colt 1902 had room to develop, while the Mauser was already mature and not subject to improvement. The Luger on the other hand would be developed at about the same pace as the Colt 1902, the competition peaking in 1907 when .45 ACP Colt 1905's and 45 ACP Lugers faced off, although in the end both pistols showed insufficient promise in the heavier caliber, and as the United States was committed to the .45 ACP, the basic 1902 design stayed terminally rooted to the .38 ACP and the Luger had a tad more stretch and would find the greatness with the 9 mm parabellum cartridge that would never come to the Colt 1900/1902/1905 series. However the Colt pistols helped sell the semi-automatic pistol concept in the United States and would contribute to the development of the Colt 1911.
The M1902 was a short recoil operated pistol derived from the Model of 1900 by the simplification of its internal mechanism and a reduction in the number of internal parts. Browning and Colt also adopted the suggestion of the U.S. Military to add a slide stop to the design. The problematic pivoting rear sight safety of the M1900 which swung back and down to physically block the arc of the pistol's hammer was also removed. Another shortcoming in the M1900 design was brought out by trials held by the British military, who discovered that the pistol had a tendency to fire when dropped. In the M1902, the firing pin's length was reduced to be less than that of the slot it moved in, decreasing the likelihood of such an occurrence unless the firing pin was actually struck by the hammer.
The Model of 1902 was chambered for the same .38 ACP cartridge as was the earlier M1900 pistol. The M1902 pistol for the most part also shared the same hard black rubber grips which were standard on the Model 1900, however, custom grips were also available, especially on presentation versions. The vast majority of Model 1902 pistols were produced with a highly polished, deep and lustrous Colt Royal blued finish, but rarely nickel and silver plated models are encountered, as well as various custom finishes. On some early production Model 1902s the trigger, pins, and grip screws were set off with a fire or nitre blued finish, giving those parts a beautiful cobalt blue hue. The hammer of 1902 pistols usually had a case hardened finish. Earlier production pistols featured either milled straight line or cross-cut checkered slide serrations on the forward end of the slide, which were deleted in later years of production. Although the M1902 was originally intended for the military market, Colt was progressive enough to recognize that commercial merchandizing of the pistol also offered potential revenue and introduced a sporting version of the pistol with a few minor changes. Neither the Military or Sporting versions of the pistol had a manual safety.
The Colt 1902's featured three distinctive hammers for the 1902 sporting model. Two, referred to by Colt as the "high" spur hammer and a rounded hammer, referred to by Colt as the "stub" hammer, were carryovers from 1900 production. Eventually, by 1904, at or just beyond serial 7184, the supply of "high" spur hammers was exhausted and the "stub" hammer became the norm for the sporting model. The 1902 Military Model, started production with "stub" hammers only. The third hammer, which did not see use until late 1907 or early 1908,was a lower profile spur hammer and replaced the stub hammer only in the very last of the sporting models but took position as the sole 1902 Military model hammer from about 1908-09, just prior to that being phased into production alongside the stub hammers.
Due to hand polishing of Colt Automatics through the 1905 Model .45, the depth of any pistol's markings might vary on the same pistol as well as the weight; pistols might vary as much as an ounce when compared. The 1902 Militaries were slightly heavier than the sporting models due to the extended square frame and lanyard loop.
Offered between 1902–1928, the Military Model 1902 differed from the sporting version in that the grip handle was a bit longer and square-shaped so as to house one additional round of ammunition in the magazine. The Military model featured the mechanical slide stop and had a lanyard loop on the heel of the grip, it was also slightly heavier. Military models produced prior to 1908 had rounded hammers, while post-1908 models had spur hammers. Colt presented one of these pistols to then-President Theodore Roosevelt. Overall, approximately 18,068 total units of the Military Model 1902 version were produced.
Available from 1902 to 1907, the Sporting Model 1902 variant was slightly lighter and smaller than the military version, with a more rounded grip frame. In 6 years of production a total of approximately 6927 Sporting versions were manufactured. In the period of 1902–1907 the Sporting Models still outsold the military models, 6,927 to 5,500 and when production of the Sporting Model ended in 1907, sales were still steady. Perhaps unexpectedly, with the end of Sporting model production, the Military Model sales actually began to decline until 1913, with the continued sales of the Model 1905 .45 ACP probably cutting significantly into sales improvement, and then the Colt 1911 .45 ACP came on in 1912 to directly eliminate the Model 1905, the Model 1905 not being able to hold a candle to the more modern pistol. Perhaps this contributed to a jump in sales, as demand for the Colt 1911 outstripped supply, and many pistols still went south to the Mexican Army in small lots or individually, and the excitement of World War I on the horizon probably also spurred a re-interest. However, the number sold only averaged about 1,100 units per year and after 1915, sales dropped steadily with only a trickle being sold, the Military Model's sales did more fading away than ending in 1928.
The 1902 Colt sporting Model was considered by Colt to be a continuation of its 1900 model. Serials picked up at the end of Colt 1900 Model production with serial 4275 in 1902 and continuing into 1907 with 10999. A final offering of the 1902 sporting model was made in 1907 with a special serial run of 191 pistols, 30000–30190.
Through approximately serial number 7184 in 1905, the even serial numbered 1902 sporting models featured the "high" spur hammer of the 1900 Model. Apparently Colt was using up the remaining Model 1900 hammers in Sporting Models while still utilizing the stub hammers with the odd numbered pistols. After the supply of the high Model 1900 hammers was exhausted in 1904, all the sporting models thereafter used rounded hammers until the end of regular production. At the cessation of production of the sporting model, the last 191, presumably non production line pistols utilizing spare parts and specially numbered 30000–30190. Certain deductions can be made giving approximate numbers of the three hammer variations of the sporting model: 1,450 "high" spur hammer pistols made between 1902 and 1904, 5483 round "stub" hammer models shipped up into early 1908. Any "extra" sporting models put together from part stocks and shipped after that period probably had low spur hammers.
The slide serrations on the 1902 sporting model initially continued the sixteen milled plunge serrations on each side as featured in the model 1900. The 1902 Sporting Models looked very much like the Model 1900, however all vestiges of the 1900 sight safety had disappeared. At approximately serial 8000 around April 1905, these serrations were changed to a more modern look of twenty instantly discernible cut serrations as they did not plunge into the slide but cut down to the bottom. The position of the cuts was relatively short lived as the cut serrations were moved to the back of the frame. Certain deductions for the 1902 sporting model can be made: Front milled plunge serrations, number made about 3,725 (1,444 high spur hammer/2,281 stub hammer) (approx); front cut serrations, only about 500? made (all round hammer); rear cut serrations 3,002 made (2,811 stub hammer/191 low spur hammer).
The last sporting model did not see delivery by Colt until 1912. However, its basic design with a shorter barrel survived long after with the continued production of the Colt 1903 Pocket Hammer Model, a relative more closely related to the 1902 Sporting Model than the 1902 Military model. The number of Colt 1902 sporting models delivered to Mexico does not appear to have been great, the 1902 Military proving more popular.
In 1901, the military, in evaluating its test Model 1900 Colts, suggested a longer grip with an additional round in the magazine and a lanyard loop. This brought about the Model 1902 Military model which although inspired by military suggestions, was nonetheless primarily a commercial pistol. It eclipsed the sporting model in sales by about three to one. However, if one considers the production of the 1903 Pocket Hammer models as being just short barreled 1902 Sporting Models, which they basically were, then the 1902 Military comes in second-best.
The 1902 "Military" model was introduced with a new style of front serration, a densely checkered area on the front of the slide immediately discernible from the 1902 Sporting Model's plunge serrations. A longer, squarer grip with a lanyard loop also made it distinctive, and of course the magazine was longer than the sporting model's as it carried an extra round. Less distinctive, but significant, was the addition of a slide stop on the right side of the frame. The 1902 Military Model offered a bit more panache with all these bells and whistles, the 1902 Sporting Model being more plain.
Unlike the sporting model, the 1902 Military committed to the use of the stub hammers. Serial numbers started oddly, the first 300 pistols being numbered 15001–15200, then working backward to 15000–14900, and continuing backwards from 1903 into 1907 serials 14899–11000. In 1907 there commenced a serial run of 15201–15999, then production serials stabilized, in late 1907, starting at 30,200 and continuing to the production end in 1928 at 43,266. Yearly production peaked in 1907 at 1,400, and by 1917, large production numbers were pretty much done, but minimal production continued.
Use of the stub hammers ended approximately in late 1907, and there was a phasing in of lower spur hammers by until around 33000 where the spur hammers take over completely. The front checkered slides reputedly end around serial 11000 in 1906, where the slides then featured the more familiar vertical cut serrations on the rear of the slide. This leads to a deduction that the 1902 Military's with front checkered slides were produced 1902–1906 and numbered about 4,000, all with stub hammers; 1902 military's with rear cut serrations and stub hammers were produced 1906-1908ish and numbered approximately 2,000 (guesstimate); and rear cut serrations and low spur hammers being manufactured starting in 1907 number about between perhaps 11,000–12,000.
The Model 1902 was never adopted by the U.S. or any other world military organization, probably due to reservations regarding the design's robustness as well as its developmental nature. The largest military purchase (still commercially serialed but military marked) known to date were of 1902 Military Models, 800 pistols in 1908 to Mexico (Mexican Crest on top of slide-rear slide serrations but still round hammers—pearl grips) However, other unmarked 1902 Militaries were purchased in smaller lots, perhaps adding up to several thousand pistols if not more to Mexico alone. The second largest purchase was 500 marked pistols purchased in 1906 through the London Agency (in the 11000 serial range) by the Chilean Navy (round hammer, checkered front slide, slide marked). Sporting Models show occasional purchases also by individuals associated with various governments, but only in single or smaller lots. At least one American observer in Mexico in 1913 mentioned them as the standard pistol of the regular Mexican Army. The US government purchased 200 1902 Militaries (serials 15000–15201) in 1902 for service evaluation of type (round hammer, checkered front slide). The Mexican marked pistols undoubtedly saw service during the Mexican revolution along with other privately acquired Military, Sporting Model, and 1903 Pocket Hammer Colts. The U.S. Army's unsatisfactory experiences several years earlier with .38-caliber pistols used against Moro tribesmen during the Philippine–American War may also have been a factor against larger acceptance of the "large frame" automatics. Events of this conflict called into question the effectiveness of earlier pistols in the 1902's class, ultimately leading to the 1904 Thompson-LaGarde Tests which concluded that for military use, ".38"-caliber cartridges of the time were inadequate and recommended the adoption of a pistol cartridge of at least .45 (11.43 mm) caliber. Colt and Browning responded to these criticisms with the introduction of the Colt Model 1905 pistol chambered in a new .452 in cartridge Browning designed—the .45 ACP. Whether or not the .45 ACP was overkill, European countries, with the exception of England who also had experience with fanatical opposition in the empire, opted for generally lighter calibers.
One can only speculate on the type of commercial customer (excluding the military users) that would have purchased the Colt 1902 Sporting and Military Models: perhaps wealthier hunters, fishermen, and adventurers who visited remote areas of the wilderness; businesses, especially those with Latin American offices and projects in remote areas such as mining interests in the US as they had significant and occasional labor unrest (often with very good cause) in the early 20th century; the more modern leaning police of the era who might have evaluated the pistols (no known significant police sales); perhaps shopkeepers who preferred the flat pistol for the counter shelf plus the imposing long barrel and superior rate of fire over robber's revolvers; perhaps those who just liked the look and selected the pistol for personal defense or the home; and of course the casual owners and shooters who liked the novelty.
Prior to 1905, they were clearly "modern" holster pistols and the public and military already understood the value of about 1.5 seconds of seven/eight shot firepower. By 1906, however, unlike the Europeans (except the French and English) who were "sold" on automatics and had been buying them since the turn of the 20th century in a near frenzy, the North American customers were still waiting, perhaps taking their cue from the military, for more robust and powerful automatic pistols. The Colt 1905 .45 ACP, which was really being developed by Colt with military contracts in mind, supplied the most impatient and significantly supplemented Colt 1902 sales while setting the table for US government adoption of the Model 1911. Competition in Europe was overwhelming except in England. Although mainland European sales are noted, the admittedly excellent and safer Mauser M1896's and Lugers took the lion's share of the large frame automatic market. Steyr and others were at least regionally strong.
It is highly possible that the Military Model might have seen increased foreign sales during World War I had not Colt been concentrating on the 1911 (over 80,000 commercial 1911s were delivered to foreign countries during the war, 50,000 to Tzarist Russia alone). These sales might have otherwise gone to the 1902 Military Model.
Miller, David (2006). The History of Browning Firearms. Guilford, DE. ISBN 978-1-59228-910-3.
This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 15:09 (UTC).
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I would categorize the creation of this recipe as total kitchen experimentation. I had some Italian bread that was a day or two away from being thrown out if it wasn't used up so I baked it and threw some ingredients together to create this yummy, tangy pesto to top it off with. I used store-bought pesto to create this recipe but you're welcome to make your favorite classic pesto recipe to use. This is super quick and super easy to make. This recipe only makes a small amount so double, triple, or quadruple it if you're serving it at a party.
Combine all ingredients in a mini food processor and puree. Serve in small dish or bowl. Spread on Italian bread or use in a pasta dish.
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What would you do if you had access to $1b margin for a month? Let's assume the cost of capital is similar to what IB charges, 2.5%. What trade will you make?
Put it all on red SPY same month calls. YOLO!
Seriously, IRL I'd probably do nothing. Even with special situations, there is no guarantee they'd work out in a month and they likely won't be big enough to put in $1B.
The best trade would be one where you are likely make a little, but have a tail risk of losing a lot. I think this can be structured by selling out of the money calls and puts simultaneously (forgot how this is called). The thinking is that even make a little percentagewise with a high likelihood is worth quite a bit with this huge sum and blowing up with $1B is somebody else’s problem.
You can no longer follow me on Twitter!
The problem is most trading strategies don't work with that much money. I know of a $100M AUM fund that only does theta decay trades similar to the short strangle trade you mention. Even at that size they have difficulty getting into and out of positions.
Other trading strategies don't work well at scale because instead of coat-tailing the market movers you become the market mover.
I know an engineer who day trades and has been successful for over a year. I don't know if the strategy will work for all markets, but he has traded it long enough that if it was scalable he should be worth quite a lot of money. He is not worth a lot of money because: 1. his strategy is not scalable, and 2. he spends a lot of money.
I decided a few years ago it wasn't worth my time to "get good" at trading even though I dabbled with a short theta trade for about a year. If you look at the wealthiest people none of them got there (and stayed there) by trading options.
I know ScottHall agreed with you ... and it's all for fun anyway ... but I disagree with you guys.
IMO, under the conditions given you really do a binary YOLO trade. I really would like bet-on-red. I.e. 50% you double, 50% your $1B margin is gone - and as you said then it's someone else's problem.
But yeah you could decide what is an acceptable outcome for you and bet accordingly. E.g. if you are fine with getting $100M out of it, then bet on 90% chance you get 100M, 10% you lose $1B.
The problem I have with strategies that generate $10M 99% time and blow up 1% time is that ... why bother? If you risk to blow up, at least risk it for obscene amount of money, not for some 10M.
I am ignoring what JRM said that you might not be able to find 50/50 or 90/10 strategies because of the money involved. Although if you went for very liquid investments, you might.
And to repeat once more: this is all for fun, in reality I would very very likely do nothing.
it wouldn't matter if the end result was a 10M or 100M profit. Both are insane amounts. What matters is what you risk losing if you go into bankrupcy.
a) If I had nothing to lose: "heads I win, tails I don't loose much" - Pabrai.
b) If I had something to lose: "why risking what you have and need for what you don't have and don't need?" - Buffett.
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Does Thanos not get all the Infinity Stones in Avengers: Infinity War? Here's why he only has two stones in the marketing. The new Infinity War trailer has almost everything fans wanted: more bearded Cap, more quips, more cosmic threat, more Wakanda. The only things really missing (aside from perennial absentee Hawkeye) is the Infinity Stones themselves.
The entire point of the MCU-capper is to have Mad Titan Thanos, who's been teased since the mid-credits scene of The Avengers in 2012, collecting the various MacGuffins from across the previous films. He's had six years to get ready, and after eighteen movies of hype, you'd be expecting a big threat. He's a being who in the comics destroyed half the universe's population just to impress Death, and based on Gamora in the trailer has similar finger-clicking goals here. However, MCU Thanos is slacking.
The first tease for Infinity War showed Thanos with two Infinity Stones: the Power Stone (from Guardians of the Galaxy) and the Space Stone (formerly the Tesseract). The former he presumably stole from Xandar, possibly in the film's opening sequence, while the latter is given to him by Loki in a scene following directly on from the end of Thor: Ragnarok. That was fine at the time: the film was still in the early days of its marketing so wasn't going to show much detail from later in the story. Everybody assumed we were just getting early-on glimpses. After all, the teaser also had Infinity Stone holders Doctor Strange and Vision coming under fire.
Now, though, the new trailer has deepened the mystery. Thanos still only has two Stones in this trailer, but we definitely see him from later in the movie this time; the money shot is Captain America blocking the Infinity Gauntlet during the Wakanda fight, and it still has only Power and Space in it. We know Wakanda is the film's third act, so while this is exciting confirmation Thanos does make it to Earth, it leaves some big questions about how well he's doing in his quest.
While that does make Thanos look bad at a job he was so confident in he proclaimed "I'll do it myself" in Avengers: Age of Ultron, it does fit with the known plot of Infinity War. Unlike the comic Infinity Gauntlet, which has Thanos already in possession of all six Infinity Gems and using their powers almost immediately, Avengers 3 is more of a heist film, showing his quest to get the prize. Wakanda is the staging ground for both the Mind Stone (in Vision's forehead) and Time Stone (in Doctor Strange's Orb of Agamotto), so he can't have a full set there. Besides, it wouldn't make sense for him to catch 'em all all if he's going to end half the universe the moment they're in possession.
Only having a third of the stones does tease a bit of Avengers' plot, though: it seemingly confirms that the Reality Stone (Thor: The Dark World's Aether) and Soul Stone (still a mystery, although some believe to be in Wakanda) won't be attained by Thanos yet, with him instead going for the Earth-based ones. That leaves where the movie's really heading at an impasse, possibly pointing to something cosmic after the jaunt in Black Panther's homeland. Indeed, Marvel 10 year promo teased a four-stoned gauntlet, suggesting he'll get more.
Related: Where Are The Infinity Stones?
All that theorized, it could all just be misleading advertising. Thanks to the amount of CG compositing involved in their shots, Marvel is the master of hidings things from trailers - see Spider-Man in Captain America: Civil War's airport battle - and so you can never truly trust what they're showing. It may be that Thanos does have more ingots at this point but they've been removed from the trailer to preserve spoilers. After all, if he had the yellow Mind Stone, that would have some serious implications for Vision.
What Thanos' meager set of Infinity Stones reveals, ultimately, is that Avengers: Infinity War is a battle for the collecting, not the use of power. We knew that, of course, so this really only asks more forward-thinking questions: what's going to go down in that ending? After all, if Avengers 4 is going to be a time travel film, something has to go seriously wrong.
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Microphones for computers I am on intensive than most games. There is one that talks about troubles with eMachines. I've seen the culprit be: a for a while now. Make sure both desktop a gift, so it's not stronger psu? 650-700? Ram was out, and then it to work properly though :?
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0.879 |
Dartmoor is in the centre of Devon in the South West of England. It is an area of moorland which covers 368 square miles and is protected by National Park status.
The uplands of the moor are granite and there are over 160 exposed Tors, formed by erosion of softer materials around the granite. The highest point on Dartmoor is High Willhays, a Tor which stands 2037 feet above sea level, making it the highest point in Southern England. Much of the land is covered in thick layers of Peat, meaning the rain that falls on the moor soaks in and is distributed slowly, sometimes causing potentially dangerous boggy areas. The moors experience higher levels of rainfall than the surrounding lowlands, resulting in numerous rivers across the moor. The moor takes its name from one of these rivers, the River Dart .
Many prehistoric remains have been found on Dartmoor, dating from the Neolithic and early Bronze Age. Dartmoor has the highest concentration of Bronze Age remains in the United Kingdom, leading to the belief that this was the main period when larger populations moved onto the moor. The acidic nature of the soil has meant that organic remains have not survived, but the hardy granite tools and buildings have been found in abundance.
There are many menhirs (standing stones), stone circles other monuments on the moor, including the Beardown Man, standing 3.5 metres above ground. It is estimated that another metre of stone is buried under the ground. There are about 5000 hut circles surviving on the moors, many had L-Shaped porches to protect from the wind and rain.
There are plenty of myths and legends associated with the moors. They are said to be the home of pixies and many more monstrous creatures, including a headless horseman, a pack of ghostly hounds and a large black dog. The Devil himself is said to have appeared on the moors during the 'Great Thunderstorm' of 1638. A number of writers have been inspired by the mystery of the moors. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote 'The Hound of the Baskervilles' and 'The Adventure of Silver Blaze' based on the moors. Other famous writers, such as Agatha Christie , have also been unable to resist the use of the eerie moor setting.
The moor is a favourite with walkers, offering vast open spaces and breathtaking views. Other popular pastimes include fishing on the many rivers, cycling and pony trekking. It is also a place with lots on offer for the visiting Archaeologist. Those interested in art and crafts can visit places such as the Devon Guild of Craftsmen in Bovey Tracey and the Powdermills Pottery at Postbridge . Bovey Tracey also hosts a Contemporary Craft Fair in June. Fans of Alan Titchmarsh should heed his advice and visit The Garden House at Yelverton or some of the many other gardens that Dartmoor offers, such as Stone Lane Gardens at Chagford .
The moors are traditionally used by the British military for manoeuvres and live firing exercises. This can affect walking areas on the moor and visitors are advised to check before walking in certain areas of the moor. There is an army base at Okehampton , which is also home to The Museum of Dartmoor Life and the Dartmoor Railway Ltd, a restored steam railway.
Dartmoor is also famous for one of its less pleasant landmarks, Dartmoor Prison. Found at Princetown , well into the moor, it was built originally between 1806 and 1809 to house prisoners from the Napoleonic Wars. The prison began to house domestic prisoners from 1851 and for a time housed many of the more serious criminals. More recently, however, it has lost its 'High Security' status and tends to house 'White Collar' criminals.
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Jacques-Victor-Albert, 4th duc de Broglie (French: [albɛʁ dəbʁœj]; 13 June 1821 – 19 January 1901) was a French monarchist politician, diplomat and writer (of historical works and translations).
Broglie was briefly Prime Minister of France, from May 1873 to May 1874.
Albert de Broglie was born in Paris, France, the eldest son of Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie, a liberal statesman of the July Monarchy, and Albertine, baroness Staël von Holstein, the fourth child of Madame de Staël. He was therefore the great-grandson of Jacques Necker.
After a brief diplomatic career at Madrid and Rome, the revolution of 1848 caused Albert de Broglie to withdraw from public life and devote himself to literature. He had already published a translation of the religious system of Leibniz (1846). He now at once made his mark by his contributions to the Revue des deux mondes and the Orleanist and clerical organ Le Correspondant. These, and other contributions, brought him the succession to Lacordaire's seat in the Académie française in 1862, joining his father in this august society.
In 1870 he succeeded his father as the 4th duc de Broglie, having previously been styled prince de Broglie. In the following year he was elected to the National Assembly for the département of the Eure, and a few days later (on 19 February) was appointed French Ambassador to London.
In March 1872, however, in consequence of criticisms of his negotiations concerning the commercial treaties between Britain and France, he resigned his post and took his seat in the Assembly, where he became the leading light of the monarchical campaign against President Thiers.
On the replacement of the latter by Marshal Mac-Mahon, the duc de Broglie became President of the Council and Minister for Foreign Affairs (May 1873), but in the reconstruction of the ministry on 26 November, after the passing of the Septennate, transferred himself to become the Minister of the Interior. His tenure of office was marked by an extreme conservatism, which roused the bitter hatred of the Republicans, while he alienated the Legitimist Party by his friendly relations with the Bonapartists, and the Bonapartists by an attempt to effect a compromise between the rival claimants to the monarchy.
The result was the fall of the cabinet on 16 May 1874. Three years later (on 16 May 1877) he was entrusted with the formation of a new Cabinet, with the object of appealing to the country and securing a new chamber more favorable to the reactionaries than its predecessor had been. The result, however, was a decisive Republican majority. The duc de Broglie was defeated in his own district, and resigned office on 20 November. Defeated in 1885, he abandoned politics and reverted to his historical work, publishing a series of historical studies and biographies. He died in Paris on 19 January 1901, aged 79.
The Princesse de Broglie, the 1853 portrait of Princesse Albert de Broglie, née Joséphine-Eléonore-Marie-Pauline de Galard de Brassac de Béarn by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.
On 18 June 1845, styled Prince de Broglie, he married Joséphine-Eléonore-Marie-Pauline de Galard de Brassac de Béarn (1825–1860).
Louis-Alphonse-Victor, 5th duc de Broglie (1846 – 1906) father of the scientist brothers including the 7th Duke, the Nobel Laureate.
François-Marie-Albert (1851 – 1939) great-grandfather of the present duke, Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie (b. 1949).
^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 627.
^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 627, 628.
^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 628.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Broglie, de s.v. Jacques Victor Albert, Duc de Broglie" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 626–628.
Lebars, Jean (1907). "Jacques-Victor-Albert, Duc de Broglie" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Les Immortels: Albert de Broglie" (in French). Académie française. 2009. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
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0.964191 |
I moved from the address at which I am registered. What should I do?
I moved from another state.
If you moved to Connecticut from another state, you must register to vote in Connecticut to be able to vote. Unless you register in person, the last day to register in time to vote in the next election by mail is fourteen days before a general election and five days before a primary election. If you register in person at the town clerk’s office, the last day to register in time to vote in the next election is seven days before a general election and noon on the day before a primary election.
If you moved from out of state, you may register to vote the same day you become a resident of the State of Connecticut. Under federal law, if you move within thirty days of a presidential election, you are allowed to vote for President and Vice President in your former state of residence, either in person or by absentee ballot.
If you moved to a new address in a different town, you should complete a new registration form to update your records. That form is available here: http://www.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3179&Q=392218&SOTSNav_GID=1846#VoterRegistrationForms.
The election is right around the corner and I never updated my registration from my previous address. What should I do?
If you moved to a new address in the same municipality since you last voted, you should contact your local election official to find out the location of your current polling place. Election officials may have changed your registration record to reflect your new address even if you did not notify election officials about the move. If your registration information has been changed to your current address, you should go to the polling place associated with that address to vote.
Many registered Connecticut voters who move are still entitled to cast a ballot that will be counted — even if they did not notify the appropriate election official about their move before Election Day and the election official has not changed their registration.
If you moved to a new address that is covered by the same polling place as your old address, you can vote a regular ballot at that polling place after confirming your change of address at that polling place. This is true regardless of how close to the election you moved.
If you moved to a new address within the same municipality but with a different polling place, you are entitled to vote a regular ballot at the polling place associated with your new address if you transfer your registration with municipal election officials, or registrars of voters. If you attempt to transfer registration on Election Day, both registrars must approve the request.
If the registrars cannot confirm that you are registered in the municipality, or if both registrars do not agree to transfer the voter registration, then you can vote by provisional ballot. The provisional ballot will be counted if you are registered in the municipality.
If you moved to a new address in a different municipality (city, borough, or town), you must register to vote at the new address to be eligible to vote.
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 9-12(a) (West 2010).
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 9-23g(d)(2).
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 9-19b(a), -17(a), -23a.
Nicholls v. Schaffer, 344 F.Supp. 238 (D. Conn. 1972) (striking down Connecticut’s constitutional and statutory six-month residency requirement for voting as a violation of equal protection).
42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1(e) (2010).
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 9-35(e) (West 2010).
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann..§ 9-35(e).
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 9-232l(a).
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 9-232n.
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"Things That Make No Sense" (2006) on the album Field Day(1988).
how can I make this clear ?
Albums has song "Things That Make No Sense"
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Are there Native American characters in fiction/fantasy that don't come off as stereotype?
I was talking about the new Mortal Kombat with someone and how I wanted to see Nightwolf returning. Nightwolf is a Native American who uses a lot of spirit-stuff (magic tomahawks and bows and arrows ) and talks about his ancestors a lot. Someone else said he was a stereotype character and shouldn't return but I believe that he only comes across that way because of his lack of screen time to be fleshed out more. But that got me thinking on other Native characters in similar media. Superheroes or fantasy characters and so on, maybe even normal fiction. Are there any Natives you know about that wouldn't give the same impression and could be pointed to as reference for a good character? Thanks.
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John Hanks (February 9, 1802 – 1889) was Abraham Lincoln's first cousin, once removed, his mother's cousin. He was the son of William, Nancy Hanks Lincoln's uncle.[nb 1] and grandson of Joseph Hanks.
John Hanks was born near Beardstown, and near the Falls at Rough Creek, in Nelson County, Kentucky on February 9, 1802. Four years later his family moved to Hardin County, Kentucky. Hanks married Susan Malinda Wilson in Kentucky in 1826. She was born on February 14, 1804 and died on March 11, 1863.[nb 2] Their children were William, Louis, Jane, Phelix, Emily, Mary Ellen and Levi.
Hanks lived in Indiana with Thomas Lincoln for four years from 1822 or 1823. While there, he and Abraham farmed corn and were hired out to split rails. He then traveled to Kentucky for a year or two. In 1828 settled in Macon County, Illinois after having built the first house in Decatur, Illinois. It was he who persuaded Thomas to move to Illinois in 1830.
He worked alongside Abraham at his first job after he left home. Hanks and Abraham together went to New Orleans in 1831, as hired hands on a flatboat owned by Denton Offutt, Lincoln (and his stepbrother John D. Johnston) being hired at Hanks' recommendation. Hanks claims that he initiated the first speech for Lincoln, believing that he would deliver a better speech than the candidate running for office. Having heard the speech, the candidate urged Lincoln to continue giving speeches.
Hanks served four or six months during the Black Hawk War of 1832, during which time he helped build a fort at Ottawa.
On May 9, 1860, the opening day of the convention, Oglesby addressed the crowd, announcing that "An old Democrat of Macon county […] desire[s] to make a contribution to the Convention". At this cue, Hanks, and Isaac Jennings, carried two of the fence railings into the Convention hall, which were tagged with a banner that read "Abraham Lincoln, the Rail Candidate for President in 1860. Two rails from a lot of three thousand made in 1830 by John Hanks and Abe Lincoln.".
This election stunt had the side-effect of making Hanks into somewhat of a national celebrity. Supporters requested "genuine Lincoln rails" split by Hanks and Lincoln. Oglesby wrote certificates of authenticity of the 72 "genuine" Lincoln rails that were dispatched on Hanks' behalf.
The Democrats started a rumour that Hanks was not in fact going to vote for Lincoln come election time. They had come to that conclusion based upon his having voted for Stephen A. Douglas, the Democratic presidential hopeful, in 1858. Oglesby transcribed a letter in response for the illiterate Hanks, stating that he would be voting for Lincoln and why. The letter was condemned by Hanks' brother Charles and the Democrats, who were suspicious that it was written by someone else, some "smart Republican", on Hanks' behalf. Charles stated that he thought Hanks "even yet does not know what is in it, much less did he ever write it". It was decided that no more open letters by Hanks should be published, and instead Hanks took to making personal appearances in support of Lincoln on the campaign trail.
After Lincoln's election, Hanks sought a political appointment in the new administration, again through Oglesby as a letter-writing intermediary, preferring to be an Indian agent. However, although (according to Henry Clay Whitney) Lincoln did give the matter some serious consideration, he was not appointed to any position by Lincoln, although he did visit the White House several times and attended Lincoln's inauguration.
When the United States Civil War broke, Hanks enlisted as a teamster in the Illinois regiment, under Ulysses S. Grant, despite being technically too old to enlist. Hanks was never to see his first cousin, once removed, in the flesh again, their paths only crossing for a final time when Hanks attended Lincoln's funeral.
^ Previously Joseph Hanks, Jr. was identified as John's father.
^ Barton says Susan Malinda Wilson Hanks died March 11, 1865; Wilson says she died in 1863 and her gravestone says she died March 11, 1863.
^ Oglesby had been looking for a populist symbol to attach to Lincoln for the convention, and had approached Hanks about it. Hanks told Oglesby, in response to being asked what kind of work Lincoln had been good at in his early years, "not much of any kind but dreaming, but he did help me [to] split a lot of rails when we made a clearing twelve miles west of here".
^ Plummer 2001, p. 41.
^ Guelzo 2011, p. 40.
^ a b Bush 2003, p. 2.
^ a b Wilson 1998, p. 779.
^ a b c Barton 1920, p. 404.
^ a b c d Tarbell & Davis 1896, p. 71.
^ "Susan Malinda Wilson Hanks". Find a Grave. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ Guelzo 2003, p. 40.
^ Bush 2003, p. 2-5.
^ Guelzo 2003, p. 43.
^ Bush 2003, p. 5.
^ Bush 2003, p. 7.
^ Plummer 2001, p. 41–42.
^ Plummer 2001, p. 42-43.
^ Guelzo 2003, p. 242.
^ Plummer 2001, p. 45–46.
^ Plummer 2001, p. 46–48.
^ a b Plummer 2001, p. 48.
William Eleazar Barton (1920). The Paternity of Abraham Lincoln: Was He the Son of Thomas Lincoln? An Essay on the Chastity of Nancy Hanks. New York: George H. Doran Company.
Bush, Harold (2011). Lincoln in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 1609380452.
Guelzo, Allen C. (2003). Abraham Lincoln: redeemer President. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4293-0.
Plummer, Mark A. (2001). Lincoln's rail-splitter: Governor Richard J. Oglesby. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02649-2.
Tarbell, Ida M.; Davis, J. McCan (1896). The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln (reprinted Forgotten Books ed.). New York: S. S. McClure. ISBN 978-1-4400-7997-9.
Douglas Lawson Wilson; Rodney O. Davis; Terry Wilson; William Henry Herndon; Jesse William Weik (1998). Douglas Lawson Wilson; Rodney O. Davis; Terry Wilson (eds.). Herndon's Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements About Abraham Lincoln. University of Illinois Press. p. 779. ISBN 0252023285.
Ames, Marilyn Gahm (1974). John Hanks: Lincoln's rail splitter cousin (M.A. thesis). Illinois State University.
"Lincoln Moments - John Hanks (1802-1889)" (PDF). Kentucky Historical Society.
This page was last edited on 18 January 2019, at 01:33 (UTC).
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0.997324 |
So we can add using only NAND gates, but can we subtract? From math, you know that subtracting is just adding a negative. A-B is the same as A+(-B). And making a negative in binary math is really easy: Just take each digit, and invert it, then add one to the resulting number. To invert, we just run each digit though a NOT gate (formed from a NAND with both inputs wired together). Then, adding 1 is easy, since our adder already has a carry input and all a carry in really does is add 1 or 0 to the result. (we will add 1). This "negative of the number" is also called the "additive inverse^" because it's the number you add to make another number go away.
The circuit below is the result, The inputs are from the left. To save space, we just used one number box. The number on the right is subtracted from the number on the left and the result is displayed on the far right. Use the up and down arrows to change the numbers.
If you look back at the adder, you will see that this is almost exactly the same circuit. The only difference (other than using just one input block) is that the wires for one of the numbers goes through that set of NANDs wired as NOTs. And notice the push button at the top. We have that wired into the carry input of the adder, and pre-set to a 1. This adds the one we needed to make our negation into a negative.
If you stare at that long enough, you might start to see the paterns of how the logic works. You can go back to the simple adder to see what is inside each box. Remember: It's all done with NANDs!
The 2 bit to 4 line active low decoder puts things in order.
We aren't /really/ finding the negative number by negating and adding one, but it's close enough. What we are doing is finding the number to add that makes the system exactly overflow.
Notice that the result, 10000 has one more digit, always a 1, and the original 4 digits are now zero. This is what we are doing when we negate and add one to a binary number: We are finding the binary number that makes the original digits zero, with one additional digit. For 0101 (5 decimal), the answer is 1010+1 or 1011 (11 decimal), because 0101+1011=10000 in binary math (5+11=16).
But in digital logic math, we only have so many wires, so that extra digit is lost (or becomes a carry out). So what did we really do if we always ignore the extra top digit? We found the number to ADD which makes the original number zero. And what is a number you add that makes the original zero? It's the negative of that number: A+(-A)=0.
The explanation I found easiest to understand is that of the "additive inverse" or the number you add to something to make it "go away" or rather, to make all but the highest digit zero. This is effectively the negative of the number if you drop the top digit.
So, the inverse of 25 is 75, because 25+75=100 and you drop the 1. So to subtract 25 from, say, 50, you add 75 instead and get 125, drop the 1, 25 is 50-25.
Another example: The inverse of 2 is 8 because 2 and 8 are 10 (drop the 1). So to subtract 2 from 7 for example, just add 7 and 8 which is 15, drop the 1, answer is 5.
When we work with a fixed number of digits, dropping the 1 (the overflow) is easy... and only requires a small adjustment to the way we find the inverse. Let's say we will stick to 4 digits always. That makes the inverse of 25 (actually 0025) become 9975. And the inverse of 0002 is 9998. Everything still works, 0050+9975=(1)0025, and 0007+9998=(1)0005.
A very nice video from Minute Physics that explains this.
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0.981359 |
Condition: 2.49 5 6 15 20 13 (25%) How the condition of the course is rated.
Greens: 2.93 9 12 14 14 10 (25%) What is the condition of the greens.
Clubhouse: 3.24 7 18 20 10 4 (10%) What is the condition of the clubhouse.
Staff: 3.61 21 11 16 5 6 (15%) How well the staff treats their customers.
Layout: 3.00 8 12 19 12 8 (10%) How well is the course layed out.
Overall: 2.71 6 10 16 15 12 (15%) What is the total impression of the course.
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0.999889 |
Going on safari in Africa offers tourists the opportunity to see some of the most spectacular wildlife on Earth – including African elephants, but as it becomes more popular worldwide, it’s worth remembering that we often don’t know how tourism affects the animals we observe.
Chimpanzees now face the daunting task of surviving in a habitat increasingly infested and assaulted by humans. And as their populations decline, so does their behavioural variation. In short, humans are causing chimpanzee cultural collapse.
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0.999978 |
Why do the requirements for happiness level always increase when I want to build a new house?
New buildings give birth to more settlers. Your happiness level corresponds to the number of inhabitants in your village and cannot be lower than it. So to build a construction, first you need to reach a certain happiness level fitting the amount of villagers this construction will provide your island with. For example, to build a new villa that will add 3 villagers, your happiness level must be at least 3 levels higher than the current number of your population.
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0.986556 |
How cool and gosh darn emotional does this book sound? Based on the summary, I know that this book has to do with time travel and heart break. And it sounds like there might be a love triangle? While this summary is vague, I am definitely intrigued and can't wait for this book to come out! Hopefully it's as good as it sounds!
Seeing this one around a bit lately! Doesn't sound like my kind of read but hope you love it!
This is new to me, but it sounds really good. Thanks for sharing.
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0.999104 |
What is Forest and Riverine Biodiversity?
Forest is a complex ecosystem consisting mainly of trees that help create a special environment which impact the kinds of animals and plants that exist in the forest. Trees are a vital component of environment as its clean the air, conserve heat at night, cooling the air on hot days and act as excellent sound absorbents.
Rivers provide important habitats and serve as feeding and breeding grounds for a wide range of riverine biodiversity that lives in the river as well as in the river-fringing vegetation or river banks. Rivers also form a key component of our environment and landscape. They provide the means for delivering water to every corner of the earth and are vital for healthy waterways.
The forest and riverine biodiversity that is detailed or stressed here are the plant and animal species that live in and along the forest and river. The different species occupying or dominating a habitat may indirectly indicate the health of a habitat; these species are called biological indicators. This is because certain plants as well as animals prefer clean water or a percentage of canopy cover, making them as indicators of water deterioration or forest degradation due to human activities.
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0.983737 |
To attract or entice someone or something away (from someone, something, or some action). He thought he could lure my girlfriend away by showing up in his expensive car and flashing his money around. The promise of a big salary isn't going to lure me away from a job I love. The company has been trying to lure away investors from its rival.
to entice or draw someone away from someone or something. Do you think we could lure her away from her present employment? They were not able to lure away many of the employees of the other companies.
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0.993542 |
You watch someone disinterestedly push food around their plate. Are they bored? Not hungry? It might be something more serious, like an eating disorder. Eating disorders are not simply being picky about what food to eat, however. They are legitimate, biologically based mental disorders that can take over lives and destroy the well-being of sufferers, and they rank highest among all mental disorders for fatality.
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0.993245 |
Review: At the height of the Second World War, plucky patriot Steve Rogers (Chris Evans) attempts to enlist in the army alongside his best friend 'Bucky' Barnes (Sebastian Stan), but proves too puny to pass the physical exams. Recognising Steve's innate heroism, brilliant scientist Dr. Abraham Erskine (Stanley Tucci) recruits him for the top secret Project Rebirth being prepared in war-torn Britain where his courage, wit and selfless decency impress beautiful English agent Peggy Carter (Hayley Atwell) and grouchy Colonel Phillips (Tommy Lee Jones). Working with flamboyant billionaire inventor Howard Stark (Dominic Cooper), Erskine's experimental super-serum transforms scrawny Steve into the muscular superhero, Captain America, whose exploits inspire his countrymen and infuriate the Nazi regime, including the covert Hydra organisation fronted by Johann Schmidt (Hugo Weaving - with an impeccable German accent) a.k.a. the hideously deformed madman, the Red Skull.
Created by Joe Simon and the legendary Jack Kirby in 1941, Marvel Comics' star-spangled superhero previously had a checkered career on the silver screen. Aside from a supporting role in the tacky Turkish oddity 3 Dev Adam (1973), there were two terrible TV movies starring Reb Brown in 1979 as well as the infamous Cannon-produced Captain America (1990) directed by Albert Pyun with Matt Salinger in the title role, which was never released in American theatres. Little wonder many felt the character was too kitsch to translate for the cinema or else too ideologically outmoded to engage a modern audience. But what the earlier films lacked was charm and sincerity, qualities Captain America: The First Avenger delivers in spades as well as an admirable intention to engage our emotions besides dazzle us with superhero action.
With Marvel now forging close ties between all their film franchises, this follows the trend set by Iron Man (2008), Thor (2011) and The Incredible Hulk (2008) and lays groundwork for the forthcoming Avengers movie, which curtails a few promising plot strands even though the film can stand on its own merits. The screenplay by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely (the duo behind the Narnia films) is beautifully crafted with many subtle touches (note Steve's use of a trashcan lid in one early scene) alongside more overt flourishes (e.g. the "World of Tomorrow" exhibit where Howard Stark exhibits his latest inventions), but crucially takes time to establish engaging characters so that when the breakneck sci-fi thrills and outlandish action erupt onscreen we have a backbone of human drama to make us care. Markus and McFeely also add an interesting satirical layer to the Captain America mythos, as Steve is initially used not as a superhuman commando but a tacky, moral-boosting campaign figure encouraging Americans to buy war bonds. Amusing parodies of propaganda from the period include red, white and blue chorus girls, tie-in movies and, yes, comic books, until our hero is mocked by real servicemen. He wins their respect by rescuing a platoon trapped behind enemy lines, who include his old pal Bucky, and then assembles a winningly multiracial strike force to take the fight to the Red Skull.
Having already been the best thing in the otherwise lacklustre Fantastic Four (2005), Chris Evans delivers a charismatic and surprisingly affecting performance as a valiant but humble hero who defines what real American patriotism is all about. When asked whether he wants to kill Nazis, Steve replies he does not want to kill anyone but hates bullies. No matter where they come from. While Evans is outstanding, the film remains an ensemble piece with Atwell cast an agreeably gutsy and resourceful heroine. Instead of the usually tepid English Rose stereotype that usually occurs when a British actress is cast in these sort of roles, Atwell enters the film punching out a sexist soldier and holds her own from thereon. Tommy Lee Jones is perfectly cast as the growling military man, Sebastian Stan and Dominic Cooper find grace notes amidst the action, and the film finds room for snappy character work from Toby Jones as a conflicted Nazi scientist (look out for a well-scripted scene between him and Tommy Lee Jones), Michael Brandon as an oily senator and the ever-villainous Richard Armitage.
Opening with a nod to The Thing from Another World (1951) and including a climactic scene unmistakably inspired by the intro to A Matter of Life and Death (1946), director Joe Johnston one-ups his similarly retro The Rocketeer (1990), staging a number of rousing, feel-good scenes with gusto and foresaking comic book camp for gripping wartime heroics with added oomph.
This review has been viewed 2348 time(s).
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0.656905 |
What makes counseling work? Or if it doesn’t work, why doesn’t it?
Counseling is a place to facilitate change. A counselor is a change agent. The goal of therapy is to help clients make decisions and clarify feelings so that they can solve presenting problems. A counselor is trained to give guidance and to advise. A client chooses whether or not to implement the direction and feedback provided in to their life.
I believe that the majority of people are capable of change. I also believe that the majority of people who are capable of change have to first take responsibility for their contribution to the struggle. While you may not be responsible for the pain you have experienced you are responsible for recovering from it.
In counseling I focus on helping people to understand their emotions, address emotional myths, use mindfulness and un-mindfulness for emotional regulation, practice letting go and working on relationships.
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0.946555 |
"+" increments the value stored in the internal accumulator.
Instructions "H" and "Q" are case-sensitive and must be uppercase. The characters of the program which are not instructions are ignored.
You are given a program written in HQ9+. You have to figure out whether executing this program will produce any output.
The input will consist of a single line p which will give a program in HQ9+. String p will contain between 1 and 100 characters, inclusive. ASCII-code of each character of p will be between 33 (exclamation mark) and 126 (tilde), inclusive.
Output "YES", if executing the program will produce any output, and "NO" otherwise.
In the first case the program contains only one instruction — "H", which prints "Hello, World!".
In the second case none of the program characters are language instructions.
Server time: Apr/23/2019 18:16:59 (g1).
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0.999888 |
How many children in America are not taught to read?
The answer is 90 percent if the children are blind. That represents 52,070 students who are not learning to read. Most Americans are shocked to hear this statistic. And we should be.
1. There are not enough Braille teachers.
2. Some teachers of blind children have not received enough training.
3. Many educators do not fully understand the significance of Braille instruction.
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0.999968 |
Panel 1: A blue-skinned humanoid blows a horn in alarm.
Panel 2: The golden-winged man looks up, startled as a blade is pointed towards him.
Panel 3: Zoom out shot of the winged man being surrounded by 6 blue humanoids with weapons. One of them asks an incoherent question and the man says "Stop! I am not your enemy!" Another humanoid says something incoherent.
Panel 4: Closeup of the man's face as he says "I am The Loyal! Lower your weapons now! I require medical attention!
Panel 5: Two of the blue humanoids speak incoherently to each other.
Panel 6: Closeup of the winged man's hand as it glows with energy.
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0.999997 |
Why am I telling you this? Because I think we are generally capable of much more than we think. I don’t expect anyone to take me as a role model as far as triathlons go, but I wouldn’t mind being a role model for people who want to push themselves to try new challenging pursuits, or who just want to become more physically active. Because of trying a triathlon, I’ve met a lot of wonderful new people and had fun.
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0.966119 |
Why is it that when you ask Siri "what's the best cellphone ever?" (or "best mobile phone ever" or "best smartphone ever") that it responds with "the Nokia Lumia 900"?
Quite simple: because Siri hands the query (being non-weather-related) off to the Wolfram Alpha search engine, which pulls its data in from Best Buy, where the Nokia Lumia 900 had a total of five - count them - favourable reviews.
Here, go and have a look: "best cellphone ever", "best mobile phone ever", "best smartphone ever".
In each there's a link: "user rating: 5 out of 5 (based on 4 reviews)".
Where does WolframAlpha get its data for mobile phone recommendations? Best Buy.
Unfortunately even that isn't accurate. If you look at the page that that links to, it says that it has a rating of 4.4 out of 5, from 11 reviews. So Wolfram Alpha isn't quite keeping a live feed on this.
But… if you look at it, the latest reviews date from 11 April - which is when this all blew up. Be suspicious of those reviews. The earliest ones are more trustworthy, but even those might not be as believable as you might want.
The next up? The LG Tracfone - a $19.99 phone (this comes up whether you ask for a "smartphone", "mobile phone" or "cellphone". WolframAlpha says it's 5/5 - based on 1 review.
But no, even that isn't right. There are two reviews, of which one is a 5-star (yay!) posted on 16 March and the other is a 1-star posted on… 11 May. Ah, the same day that this Siri thing came up. So that's probably not a "real" review.
Whatever - it's a nice meme, but it doesn't bear fact-checking.
After a series of never-ending clicks, I believe I was able to trace this "story" back to its roots. Dalrymple linked to AppleInsider, which links to TheNextWeb (hi Robin!), which links to ZUnited, which links to WMPoweruser.
So - a fun story, not entirely supported by the facts.
Siri recommending the Nokia Lumia 900 as the answer to 'best cellphone ever'. And now you know how the magic works.
But it does tell us a couple of things.
Third: savvy marketing people are going to start gaming reviews like this to push their phones up rankings. Actually, you'd expect this is happening already, wouldn't you?
Fourth: hope that WolframAlpha to have a rethink about whether trying to answer "best X ever" is much use. Or whether BestBuy's customer reviews section is actually the place to ask.
What there is... is a rather worrying tendency for 'intelligent search' to default to rather silly, subjective and easily manipulable review sites (Best Buy? The US equivalent of Dixons). It shows the weakness in the chain. It's worrying because voice input + intelligent search is increasingly going to be the future of human computer interaction (smartphones, now Kinect with Internet Explorer, maybe the new Apple iTV...). So these kinks and weaknesses should be sorted out now.
That's it exactly. When you search for "best" anything - on sites such as Amazon, Yelp, Google, anywhere that offers a rating - you have to be aware of whether the results come from (a) a representative sample (how many Lumia reviews do you need for it to be robust? How many for a restaurant review?) (b) actual buyers (or is it marketing people stuffing the reviews?). Boiling questions down to one-line answers carries risks that are far more subtle than whether we get a laugh from Siri's responses. The question is whether we're aware of them.
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0.962986 |
Edward III (November 13, 1312 – June 21, 1377) was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II, he went on to transform the Kingdom of England into the most efficient military power in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He remained on the throne for 50 years; no English monarch had reigned for as long since Henry III, and none would again until George III.
Edward was crowned at the age of 14, following the deposition of his father. When 17 years old he led a coup against his regent, Roger Mortimer, and began his personal reign. After defeating, but not subjugating, the Kingdom of Scotland, he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1337, starting what would be known as the Hundred Years' War. Following some initial setbacks, the war went exceptionally well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the highly favorable Treaty of Brétigny. Edward’s later years, however, were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inertia and eventual bad health.
Edward III was a temperamental man, but also capable of great clemency. He was, in most ways, a conventional king, mainly interested in warfare. Highly revered in his own time and for centuries after, Edward was denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by later Whig historians. This view has turned, and modern historiography credits him with many achievements, especially with strengthening English identity and giving Parliament more scope. His need to raise money to pay for his war in Europe actually meant that he listened with sympathy to his subjects' petitions. He knew, too, that whether he liked it or not, he could not rule without Parliament's support. Parliament had made him king, so Parliament could also depose him, as it had his father.
Edward was born at Windsor on November 13 1312, and was thus called "Edward of Windsor" in his early years. The reign of his father, Edward II, was fraught with military defeat, rebellious barons and corrupt courtiers, but the birth of a male heir in 1312 temporarily strengthened Edward II's position on the throne. To further this end, in what was probably an attempt by his father to shore up royal supremacy after years of discontent, Edward was created Earl of Chester at the age of only 12 days, and was given a full household of servants for his court, so he could live as if he were a full adult Nobleman independently of his father, less than two months later.
On January 20, 1327, when the young Edward was 14 years old, the king was deposed by his queen, Isabella, and her consort Roger Mortimer. Edward, now Edward III, was crowned on February 1, and a regency was set up for him, led by Isabella and Mortimer. Mortimer, the de facto ruler of England subjected the young king to constant disrespect and humiliation.
Mortimer knew his position was precarious, especially after Edward and his wife, Philippa of Hainault (June 24, 1311 – August 15, 1369), had a son on June 15, 1330. Mortimer used his power to acquire a number of noble estates and titles, many of them belonging to Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel. FitzAlan, who had remained loyal to Edward II in his struggle with Isabella and Mortimer, had been executed on November 17, 1326. However Mortimer's greed and arrogance caused him to be hated by many of the other nobles. All this was not lost on the young king.
Shortly before his eighteenth birthday, Edward, with the help of a few trusted companions, staged a coup d'état at Nottingham castle (October 19, 1330), resulting in the arrest of both his mother Isabella and Mortimer. Mortimer was sent to the Tower of London, and hanged a month later. Isabella was forced into retirement at Castle Rising. With this dramatic event, the personal reign of Edward effectively began.
Edward chose to renew the military conflict with the Kingdom of Scotland in which his father and grandfather had engaged with varying success. Edward repudiated the Treaty of Northampton that had been signed during the regency, thus renewing claims of English sovereignty over Scotland and resulting in the Second War of Scottish Independence.
Intending to regain what the English had conceded, he won back control of Berwick and secured a decisive English victory at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 against the forces of the infant David II of Scotland. Edward III was now in a position to put Edward Balliol on the throne of Scotland and claim a reward of 2,000 librates of land in the southern counties - the Lothians, Roxburghshire, Berwickshire, Dumfriesshire, Lanarkshire and Peebleshire. Despite the victories of Dupplin and Halidon, the Bruce party soon started to recover and by the close of 1335 and the Battle of Culblean, the Plantagenet occupation was in difficulties and the Balliol party was fast losing ground.
At this time, in 1336, Edward III's brother John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall died. John of Fordun's Gesta Annalia is alone in claiming that Edward killed his brother in a quarrel at Perth.
Although Edward III committed very large armies to Scottish operations, by 1337 the vast majority of Scotland had been recovered for David II, leaving only a few castles such as Edinburgh, Roxburgh and Stirling in Plantagenet possession. These installations were not adequate to impose Edward's rule and by 1338/9 Edward had moved from a policy of conquest to one of containment.
Edward's military problems, however, were on two fronts; the challenge from the French monarchy was of no less concern. The French represented a problem in three areas: first, they provided constant support to the Scottish through the Franco-Scottish alliance. Philip VI protected David II in exile, and supported Scottish raids in Northern England. Second, the French attacked several English coastal towns, leading to rumors in England of a full-scale invasion. Finally, the English king's possessions in France were under threat—in 1337, Philip VI confiscated the duchy of Aquitaine and the county of Ponthieu.
Instead of seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict by paying homage to the French king, Edward laid claim to the French crown as the only living male descendant of his deceased maternal grandfather, Philip IV. The French, however, invoked the Salic law of succession and rejected the claim, pronouncing Philip IV's nephew, Philip VI, the true heir (see below) and thereby setting the stage for the Hundred Years' War.
In the war against France, Edward built alliances and fought by proxy through minor French princes. In 1338, Louis IV named him vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire, and promised his support. These measures, however, produced few results; the only major military gain made in this phase of the war was the English naval victory at Sluys on June 24, 1340, where 16,000 French soldiers and sailors died.
Meanwhile, the fiscal pressure on the kingdom caused by Edward's expensive alliances led to discontent at home. In response he returned unannounced on November 30, 1340. Finding the affairs of the realm in disorder, he purged the royal administration. These measures did not bring domestic stability, however, and a standoff ensued between the king and John Stratford, the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Edward, at the Parliament of England of April 1341, was forced to accept severe limitations to his financial and administrative prerogatives. Yet, in October of the same year, the king repudiated this statute, and Archbishop Stratford was politically ostracized. The extraordinary circumstances of the 1341 Parliament had forced the king into submission, but under normal circumstances the powers of the king in medieval England were virtually unlimited, and Edward took advantage of this.
After much inconclusive campaigning on Continental Europe, Edward decided to stage a major offensive in 1346, sailing for Normandy with a force of 15,000 men. His army sacked the city of Caen and marched across northern France. On August 26 he met the French king's forces in pitched battle at Crécy and won a decisive victory. Meanwhile, back home, the returned David II was defeated and captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross on October 17. With his northern border pacified, Edward saw an opportunity to stage a major offensive against France and laid siege to the town of Calais. The town fell in August of 1347.
After the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV in October of 1347 his son Louis V, Duke of Bavaria negotiated with Edward to compete against the new German king Charles IV, but Edward finally decided in May 1348 not to run for the German crown.
In 1348, the Black Death struck Europe with full force, killing a third or more of England's population. This loss of manpower, and subsequently of revenues, meant a halt to major campaigning. The great landowners struggled with the shortage of manpower and the resulting inflation in labor cost. Attempting to cap wages, the king and parliament responded with the Ordinance of Labourers (1349) and the Statute of Labourers (1351). The plague did not, however, lead to a full-scale breakdown of government and society, and recovery was remarkably swift.
In 1356, while the king was fighting in the north, his oldest son, the Black Prince, won a great victory at the Battle of Poitiers. Greatly outnumbered, the English forces not only routed the French but captured the French king, John II. After a succession of victories, the English held great possessions in France, the French king was in English custody, and the French central government had almost totally collapsed. Whether Edward's claim to the French crown originally was genuine or just a political ploy, it now seemed to be within reach. Yet a campaign in 1359, meant to complete the undertaking, was inconclusive. In 1360, therefore, Edward accepted the Treaty of Brétigny, whereby he renounced his claims to the French throne but secured his extended French possessions.
While Edward's early reign had been energetic and successful, his later years were marked by inertia, military failure and political strife. The day-to-day affairs of the state had less appeal to Edward than military campaigning, so during the 1360s Edward increasingly relied on the help of his subordinates, in particular William Wykeham. A relative upstart, Wykeham was made Lord Privy Seal in 1363 and Lord Chancellor in 1367, though due to political difficulties connected with his inexperience the Parliament forced him resign to the chancellorship in 1371.
Compounding Edward's difficulties were the deaths of his most trusted men, some from the 1361–1362 recurrence of the plague. William Montacute, Edward's companion in the 1330 coup, was dead by 1344. William de Clinton, who had also been with the king at Nottingham, died in 1354. One of the earls of 1337, William de Bohun, died in 1360, and the next year Henry of Grosmont, perhaps the greatest of Edward's captains, gave in to what was probably plague. Their deaths left the majority of the magnates younger and more naturally aligned to the princes than to the king himself.
The king's second son, Lionel of Antwerp, attempted to forcefully subdue the largely autonomous Anglo-Irish lords in Ireland. The venture failed, and the only lasting mark he left were the suppressive Statutes of Kilkenny.
In France, meanwhile, the decade following the Treaty of Brétigny was one of relative tranquillity, but on April 8, 1364 John II died in captivity in England, after unsuccessfully trying to raise his own ransom at home. He was followed by the vigorous Charles V, who enlisted the help of the capable Constable Bertrand du Guesclin. In 1369, the war started anew, and Edward's younger son John of Gaunt was given the responsibility of a military campaign. The effort failed, and with the Treaty of Bruges in 1375, the great English possessions in France were reduced to only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.
Military failure abroad and the associated fiscal pressure of campaigning led to political discontent at home. The problems came to a head in the parliament of 1376, the so-called Good Parliament. The parliament was called to grant taxation, but the House of Commons took the opportunity to address specific grievances. In particular, criticism was directed at some of the king's closest advisers. Lord Chamberlain William Latimer and Lord Steward John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby were dismissed from their positions. Edward's mistress, Alice Perrers, who was seen to hold far too much power over the aging king, was banished from court.
Yet the real adversary of the Commons, supported by powerful men such as Wykeham and Edmund de Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, was John of Gaunt. Both the king and the Black Prince were by this time incapacitated by illness, leaving Gaunt in virtual control of government. Gaunt was forced to give in to the demands of parliament, but by its next convocation, in 1377, most of the achievements of the Good Parliament were reversed.
Edward himself, however, did not have much to do with any of this; after around 1375 he played a limited role in the government. Around September 29, 1376 he fell ill with a large abscess. After a brief period of recovery in February, the king died of a stroke at Sheen on June 21. He was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, King Richard II of England, son of the Black Prince, since the Black Prince himself had died on June 8, 1376.
The middle years of Edward's reign was a period of significant legislative activity. Perhaps the best known piece of legislation was the Statute of Labourers of 1351, which addressed the labor shortage problem caused by the Black Death. The statute fixed wages at their pre-plague level and checked peasant mobility by asserting that lords had first claim on their men's services. In spite of concerted efforts to uphold the statute, it eventually failed due to competition among landowners for labor. The law has been described as an attempt "to legislate against the law of supply and demand," making it doomed to failure. Nevertheless, the labor shortage had created a community of interest between the smaller landowners of the House of Commons and the greater landowners of the House of Lords. The resulting attempts at suppression of the labor force angered the peasants, leading to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.
The reign of Edward III coincided with the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the papacy at Avignon. During the wars with France, opposition emerged in England against perceived injustices by a papacy largely controlled by the French crown. Heavy papal taxation of the English Church was suspected to be financing the nation's enemies, while the practice of provisions—the Pope providing benefices for clerics, often non-resident aliens—caused resentment in an increasingly xenophobic English population. The statutes of Provisors and Praemunire, of 1350 and 1353 respectively, aimed to amend this by banning papal benefices, as well as limiting the power of the papal court over English subjects. The statutes did not, however, sever the ties between the king and the Pope, who were equally dependent upon each other. It was not until the Great Schism in 1378 that the English crown was able to free itself completely from the influence of Avignon.
Other legislation of importance includes the Treason Act of 1351. It was precisely the harmony of the reign that allowed a consensus on the definition of this controversial crime. Yet the most significant legal reform was probably that concerning the Justices of the Peace. This institution began before the reign of Edward III, but by 1350, the justices had been given the power not only to investigate crimes and make arrests, but also to try cases, including those of felony. With this, an enduring fixture in the administration of local English justice had been created.
Parliament as a representative institution was already well established by the time of Edward III, but the reign was nevertheless central to its development. Parliament's role in deposing Edward II and in confirming Edward III's own succession, had also strengthened its authority. During this period membership in the English baronage, formerly a somewhat indistinct group, became restricted to those who received a personal summons to parliament. This happened as parliament gradually developed into a bicameral institution. Yet it was not in the House of Lords, but in the House of Commons that the greatest changes took place. The widening of political power can be seen in the crisis of the Good Parliament, where the Commons for the first time—albeit with noble support—was responsible for precipitating a political crisis. In the process, both the procedure of impeachment and the office of the Speaker were created. Even though the political gains were of only temporary duration, this parliament represented a watershed in English political history.
The political influence of the Commons originally lay in its right to grant taxes. The financial demands of the Hundred Years' War were enormous, and the king and his ministers tried different methods of covering the expenses. The king had a steady income from crown lands, and could also take up substantial loans from Italian and domestic financiers. To finance warfare on Edward III's scale, however, the king had to resort to taxation of his subjects. Taxation took two primary forms: levy and customs. The levy was a grant of a proportion of all moveable property, normally a tenth for towns and a fifteenth for farmland. This could produce large sums of money, but each such levy had to be approved by parliament, and the king had to prove the necessity. The customs therefore provided a welcome supplement, as a steady and reliable source of income. An 'ancient duty' on the export of wool had existed since 1275. Edward I had tried to introduce an additional duty on wool, but this unpopular maltolt, or 'unjust exaction', was soon abandoned. Then, from 1336 onwards, a series of schemes aimed at increasing royal revenues from wool export were introduced. After some initial problems and discontent, it was agreed through the Ordinance of the Staple of 1353 that the new customs should be approved by parliament, though in reality they became permanent.
Through the steady taxation of Edward III's reign, parliament—and in particular the Commons—gained political influence. A consensus emerged that in order for a tax to be just, the king had to prove its necessity, it had to be granted by the community of the realm, and it had to be to the benefit of that community. In addition to imposing taxes, parliament would also present petitions for redress of grievances to the king, most often concerning misgovernment by royal officials. This way the system was beneficial for both parties. Through this process the Commons, and the community they represented, became increasingly politically aware, and the foundation was laid for the particular English brand of constitutional monarchy.
Central to Edward III's policy was reliance on the higher nobility for purposes of war and administration. While his father had regularly been in conflict with a great portion of his peerage, Edward III successfully created a spirit of camaraderie between himself and his greatest subjects.
Both Edward I and Edward II had conducted a policy of limitation, allowing the creation of few peerages during the sixty years preceding Edward III's reign. The young king reversed this policy when, in 1337, as a preparation for the imminent war, he created six new earls on the same day. At the same time, Edward expanded the ranks of the peerage upwards, by introducing the new title of duke for close relatives of the king.
Furthermore, Edward bolstered the sense of community within this group by the creation of the Order of the Garter, probably in 1348. A plan from 1344 to revive the Round Table of King Arthur never came to fruition, but the new order carried connotations from this legend by the circular shape of the garter. Polydore Vergil tells of how the young Joan of Kent, Countess of Salisbury —the king's favorite at the time—accidentally dropped her garter at a ball at Calais. King Edward responded to the ridicule of the crowd by tying the garter around his own knee with the words honi soit qui mal y pense—shame on him who thinks ill of it.
This reinforcement of the aristocracy must be seen in conjunction with the war in France, as must the emerging sense of national identity. Just like the war with Scotland had done, the fear of a French invasion helped strengthen a sense of national unity, and nationalize the aristocracy that had been largely Anglo-French since the Norman conquest. Since the time of Edward I, popular myth suggested that the French planned to extinguish the English language, and like his grandfather had done, Edward III made the most of this scare. As a result, the English language experienced a strong revival; in 1362, a statute ordered the English language to be used in law courts and, the year after, Parliament was for the first time opened in English. At the same time, the vernacular saw a revival as a literary language, through the works of William Langland, John Gower and especially Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.
Yet the extent of this Anglicization must not be exaggerated. The statute of 1362 was in fact written in the French language and had little immediate effect, and parliament was opened in that language as late as 1377. The Order of the Garter, though a distinctly English institution, included also foreign members such as the John V, Duke of Brittany and Sir Robert of Namur. Edward III—himself bilingual—viewed himself as legitimate king of both England and France, and could not show preferential treatment for one part of his domains over another.
Influential as Stubbs was, it was long before this view was challenged. In a 1960 article, titled "Edward III and the Historians," May McKisack pointed out the teleological nature of Stubbs judgement. A medieval king could not be expected to work towards the future ideal of a parliamentary monarchy; rather his role was a pragmatic one—to maintain order and solve problems as they arose. At this, Edward III excelled. Edward had also been accused of endowing his younger sons too liberally and thereby promoting dynastic strife culminating in the Wars of the Roses. This claim was rejected by K.B. McFarlane, who argued that this was not only the common policy of the age, but also the best. Later biographers of the king such as Mark Ormrod and Ian Mortimer have followed this historiographical trend.
From what we know of Edward's character, he could be impulsive and temperamental, as was seen by his actions against Stratford and the ministers in 1340–41. At the same time, he was well-known for his clemency; Mortimer's grandson was not only absolved, but came to play an important part in the French wars, and was eventually made a knight of the Garter. Both in his religious views and his interests, he was a conventional man. His favourite pursuit was the art of war, and, as such, he conformed to the medieval notion of good kingship. He seems to have been unusually devoted to his wife, Queen Philippa. Much has been made of Edward's sexual licentiousness, but there is no evidence of any infidelity on the king's part before Alice Perrers became his lover, and, by that time, the queen was already terminally ill. This devotion extended to the rest of the family as well; in contrast to so many of his predecessors, Edward never experienced opposition from any of his five adult sons. On the other hand, Edward did give impetus to an increase in Parliament's role in governance, even if his deference to Parlimant was pragamatic rather than ideological, and his contribution to a distinct sense of English identity have attracted the title, "father of the English nation.".
Arms of Edward III and his sons, Trinity College Cambridge.
↑ For an account of Edward II's later years, see Natalie Fryde. The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II, 1321–1326. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. ISBN 052122201X).
↑ Ian Mortimer. The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation. (London: Jonathan Cape, 2006. ISBN 022407301X), 1.
↑ W. M. Ormrod. The Reign of Edward III. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 6.
↑ Ormrod: 1990, p 9.
↑ N.M. Fryde, (1978), "Edward III's removal of his ministers and judges, 1340–1," British Institute of Historical Research 48: 149–161.
↑ Ormrod, Reign of Edward III, 16.
↑ May McKisack. The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959. ISBN 0198217129132).
↑ J. Hatcher, (1977). Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1348–1530. (London: Macmillan. ISBN 0333212932).
↑ N.C. Prestwich. Plantagenet England: 1225–1360. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0198228449), 553.
↑ For a discussion of this question, see Prestwich, 2005, 307–310.
↑ Ormrod, 1990, 90–94; W. M. Ormrod, "Edward III (1312–1377)” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 019861411X).
↑ Ormrod, 1990, 35–37; McKisack, 1959, 387–394.
↑ The earlier belief that Gaunt "packed" Parliament in 1377 is no longer widely held. See J.C. Wedgewood. "John of Gaunt and the packing of parliament," English Historical Review 45(1930): 623–625.
↑ B. Hanawalt. The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0195036492), 139.
↑ M. Prestwich, (1981). "Parliament and the community of the realm in the fourteenth century," in Art Cosgrove and J.I. McGuire, (eds.) Parliament & Community. (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1983. ISBN 9780904651935), 20.
↑ A. Musson and W. A. Ormrod. The Evolution of English Justice. (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 033367670X), 50–54.
↑ A. L. Brown. The Governance of Late Medieval England 1272–1461. (London: Edward Arnold, 1989. ISBN 0804717303), 70–71.
↑ Brown, 1989, 67–69, 226–228.
↑ G.L. Harriss. King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. ISBN 0198224354) 509–517.
↑ K. B. McFarlane. The Nobility of Later Medieval England. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. ISBN 0198223625), 158-159.
↑ McKisack, 1959, 251-252. Another candidate for the owner of the original garter was her mother-in-law Catherine Grandisson, the Dowager Countess of Salisbury.
↑ McKisack, 1959, 253; Prestwich, 2005, 554.
↑ William Stubbs. The Constitutional History of England in its origin and development, second ed. (London: 1878), quoted in May McKisack, "Edward III and the historians." History 45 (1960): 3.
↑ K. B. McFarlane. England in the fifteenth century. (London: Hambledon Press, 1981. ISBN 0950688258), 238.
↑ Ormrod, 1990, 44; Prestwich, 2005, 290–291.
↑ Mortimer, 400–401; Prestwich, 1980, 241.
Barber, Richard, "Edwards III's Round Table," History Today 57 (8)(Aug 2007): 12-18.
Brown, C. The Second Scottish War of Independence. Charleston, SC: Tempus ISBN 9780752423128.
Fryde, N.M., "Edward III's removal of his ministers and judges, 1340–1," British Institute of Historical Research 48 (1978): 149–161.
Nicholson, R. Edward III and The Scots. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Stubbs, William, Abbott. The Constitutional History of England in its origin and development, second ed. London: 1878.
History of "Edward III of England"
This page was last modified on 22 September 2017, at 20:34.
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Here is a small piece of statistics from the ongoing Hero I-League 2016-17 which covers the amount of goals scored in every quarter of the clock. The below provided stats are valid only till Round 10 of Hero I-League 2016-17.
Hero I-League Statistics: Goals Scored every 15 minutes.
The maximum number of goals(30 Goals) scored is in the final 15 minutes of the game.
The minimum number of goal(7 Goals) scored is in the first 15 minutes of the game.
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If we discovered evidence for cyclic cosmology, would that disprove biblical cosmology? For the original audience, Gen 1-2 describes the world they could see. The earth and the visible stars. Modern readers have a greater sense of scale.
Yet that doesn't mean Yahweh only created what naked-eye astronomy can observe. It doesn't mean that if the universe extended far beyond what ancient Jewish readers would be able to see on a starry night, God was not the creator of what lay beyond the reach of naked-eye astronomy. What you could see was a synecdoche for what you couldn't. It was all of a piece.
Genesis sets the stage for human history, and God's activity in human history. In so doing, it places humans in a larger cosmic context, but that's undeveloped.
If, say, there are extraterrestrials tucked away in some indetectable corner of the universe or multiverse, their existence wouldn't mean God didn't make them, even if that falls outside the immediate purview of Genesis–or NT counterparts (e.g. Col 1:16).
A cyclic cosmology is to time what a multiverse is to space. In both you have multiple worlds, but in a multiverse these are spread out over space whereas in cyclic cosmology these are spread out over time. A diachronic rather than a synchronic ensemble. But the principle is the same. God would be the creator of all–whether one or many.
Mind you, I'm not aware of any evidence for cyclic cosmology. If such turned up, it would require Christian philosophers to retool some of their cosmological arguments, yet cosmological arguments from contingency (e.g. Leibniz, Pruss) would apply with equal force to cyclic cosmology.
Cosmological arguments (and many others) against the Bible seem to carry a hidden assumption that the information in the argument should have been considered in the Biblical text. Alfred Edersheim in the preface of vol 4 of his Bible History makes the comment that concerning the book of Judges "They give the history of Israel from the prophet’s point of view — not a succinct and successive chronicle of the nation, but a history of the Kingdom of God in Israel." Likewise, if I were writing a history of Rome, I would mention the Gauls attacking the city in 390 BC. I would not mention that the Temple of Aesculapius was built at Epidaurus or that Andocides died in Athens or that Egypt agreed to an aliance with Cyprus and Athens. Because these were not mentioned doesn't mean they didn't happen. It just means they are beside the point of the history I am writing. Cosmological arguments may have no impact on Genesis not because they are untrue but because Genesis is not concerned with that point. The point of Genesis is not to explain exactly how the physical world was created but to attribute all of that creation to Yahweh instead of pagan gods or blind chance.
Good reply, especially the last sentence. I see that people waste time with arguing about what is meant by a day.
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Hoehn spoke regularly with his lawyer, Daniel Borgen, during Crews' evidence but showed little Pregnant women and their boyfriend. She returned to the UK to give birth to their son Diego, but just after her son arrived a friend sent her a Facebook message containing a picture of Adonis getting married to another woman. The medical examiner who performed the post-mortem, Victor Froloff, said on Monday that he is not sure whether Ms Greywind died from blood loss or strangulation. A Pregnant women and their boyfriend California woman allegedly had her boyfriend repeatedly punch her in the stomach in an attempt to kill the baby last month, police said. Thousands skip school to attend Belgium climate protest More than 10, students have skipped school again in Belgium to join a march The pair eventually broke free and made their way to the hospital. LeMahieu, the team's second baseman.
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The Committee to Protect Journalists released a statement saying it "is aware of the arrest of Julian Assange and is examining the USA charges for press freedom implications".
"I know nothing about WikiLeaks", the president told reporters at the White House.
The comments are the first time that Hillary has addressed the arrest of Assange who was taken from the Ecuadorian embassy in London by British police where he had been hiding out for more than six years. In 2018, CPJ published a blog arguing that conspiracy charges against Assange could set a unsafe precedent. After being dragged away by police in handcuffs, it was later revealed by Scotland Yard that he had been arrested on behalf of the U.S. And we can hope that turns out to be good news.
It's also likely to trigger a debate over press freedom and call attention to unresolved questions about Assange's role in the release of stolen Democratic emails leading up to the 2016 presidential election, part of special counsel Robert Mueller's recently concluded investigation into ties between the Trump campaign and Russian Federation.
The accusation was first made against Assange in 2012 and led to charges from the Swedish government. The charge relates to Assange's interactions with Chelsea Manning, a former US Army intelligence analyst who was convicted under the Espionage Act for leaking classified information to WikiLeaks and spent seven years in prison.
Is the US government going after Assange for publishing classified documents?
"We are not going to allow Ecuador to become a hacking center and we can not allow illegal activities to take place in the country in order to harm citizens or other governments", Romo said, after pointing out that Ecuador also suspects two Russian hackers to be involved in the influence campaign on their country. In line with standard operating procedure in Swedish courtrooms, he was not formally charged. "That's not a useful way to talk about what distinguishes the Assange case".
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The retailer should charge 44 dollars for the book.
Let s represent the selling price. The basic relationship is: selling price equals cost plus profit. Selling price = Cost + Profit Selling price = s Cost = 22 Profit = 50% of the selling price = 50% $\times$ s = 0.5s So, s = 22 + 0.5s 0.5s = 22 Divide both sides by 0.5 s = 44 The retailer should charge 44 dollars for the book.
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Do you think it is wrong for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeks to prevent the use of Stevia?
Stevia is an herb zero calories healthy that can be refined into a sugar or alternative sweetener, is sweeter than sugar several times, contains vitamins and minerals and is a naturally sweet herb, but Somehow the FDA wants to avoid its use. This product must be in the public domain and on the shelves advertised as a sweet alternative to sugar and marketed as a sweetener. Read the details here and here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia www.stevia.net and buy some to try on eBay (just search for steviva). Once read about it, do not you wonder why a big thing that is being hidden? I am, what do you think about it? I should be mentioned that Stevia is not illegal for use as a suppliment. It is perfectly safe, but the FDA is corrupt!
Stevia is not illegal, but it is illegal to advertise as a sweetener. They have been using in Japan since 1945 as a sweetener widely used as well if they create problems for the large sugar companies, because people definitely start to use it instead of sugar.
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When Meghan Markle was just starting out in Hollywood, she earned extra money by doing calligraphy. She even did the invitations for singer Robin Thicke and actress Paula Patton's wedding. But Markle's beautiful handwriting can reveal more about soon-to-be-royal than just a former side-hustle.
First, Lowe compared two of Markle's signatures using a practice called Gestalt graphology, meaning she analysed the spatial arrangement of letters, what those letters look like (the equivalent of font), and the writing movement, which includes things like rhythm and speed.
Handwriting can change depending on both life experience and mood, Lowe explained. 'It reflects who you are in the moment.' But signatures don't tell the whole story. 'A signature by itself is your public image. It's what you want the world to know about you,' Lowe says.
Markle's training in calligraphy makes her handwriting difficult to decipher. 'It's like wearing a mask,' Lowe says of the stylised writing. That said, it still reveals several personality traits to a trained eye like Lowe's.
'Someone who uses a very stylised form of writing is concerned about the way things look. She wants to show the world a very particular, beautiful image. She wants to be perfect really,' Lowe says, describing the note.
'She's insecure and her public image covers that up. She has strong emotions but she works really hard to control them,' she continues. 'Those arched strokes that come back over the words in this particular writing are like a symbol of protecting the ego. She's very people oriented but she's a little shy so she has to push herself."
'I would say that she's comfortable in the spotlight even given the shyness, she wants to be in the centre of things, and she takes life seriously,' Lowe says.
What will Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's wedding be like?
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The radio looks great and once you get it working it does the job - at least those functions that are covered in the user manual and that I can use. It really is just what I was looking for from a DAB radio. However, the user manual that comes with it is sorely lacking. It was important to me that the radio has a function to preset 10 stations on DAB and another 10 on FM. However, this is not covered anywhere in the user manual so as yet is a feature I haven't been able to make use of. If the instructions were better and I could use all the functions I would have given it 5 stars.
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A surgical team kept a man alive with CPR for 90 minutes after suffering a heart attack.
While most patients stop responding within 20 minutes due to insufficient blood flow to the brain, this rare case in Denmark lasted more than an hour.
Every time they stopped pumping, the 69-year-old man would fall unconscious. But every time they started again, he would once again be able to respond to questions by moving his eyes.
However, during the hour and 30 minutes scans revealed no movement in his heart, and blood shifting between the layers of his aorta, which even surgery would not be able to fix.
Ultimately, they were forced to give up - but the team has now presented the case at a medical conference in Copenhagen, showing we may still have much to learn about CPR.
'At this time, paramedics were still in the room, and CPR was initiated immediately,' the anesthesiologist Dr Rune Sarauw Lundsgaard told CNN.
'Due to a recent event with another patient, the cardiac arrest team was in the next room, and advanced CPR was initiated shortly after.
'This means that two paramedics and four hospital porters were shifting in pairs of two at performing the CPR.
CPR is an emergency technique that will supply blood to the brain and other organs of a person who is suffering a cardiac arrest and the heart has stopped beating.
Trained staff do chest compressions and may use an automated external defibrillator (AED) to deliver a shock if needed.
Studies have found that continuing CPR for longer than 35 minutes leads to better survival rates in children, but generally hospitals stop after 20 minutes.
'Normally, chest compressions are stopped once the patient shows signs of life or spontaneous breathing. [When] the patient moved, we stopped CPR, and immediately the patient went unconscious due to his nonfunctioning heart. This was done several times with the same result,' Dr Lundsgaard told CNN.
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The player controls a small pad, known as the "vaus" space vessel, which prevents a ball from falling from the playing field, attempting to bounce it against a number of bricks. The ball striking a brick causes the brick to disappear. When all the bricks are gone, the player goes to the next level, where another pattern of bricks appear. There are a number of variations (bricks that have to be hit multiple times, flying enemy ships, etc.) and power-up capsules to enhance the vaus (expand your vaus, multiply the number of balls, equip a laser cannon, break directly to the next level), but the main gameplay remains the same. At round 33, the final stage, the player will take on the game's boss, "Doh". Once a player reaches round 33, he must defeat Doh with his remaining number of vauses in reserve; if not: game over. In other words, there are no continues on the final round.
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Those who seek to gain muscle mass will need to pay close attention to their diets for optimal progress. Unfortunately, there is much conflicting advice regarding diets for bodybuilding, and sometimes it is all too easy to over analyse everything and become frustrated. Here are ten back to basics bodybuilding diet tips.
1. Consume enough calories to grow. Food intake should be great enough to support the growth of the body. A calorie surplus is usually required to gain body mass, with sufficient levels of protein to encourage the growth of muscle tissue. If you have trouble consuming enough calories in the form of food intake, try consuming a quality weight gainer or meal replacement drink. Such a quality supplement would contain several hundred calories, a protein blend for sustained absorption, and a quality complex carbohydrate source.
2. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. Suboptimal hydration levels can significantly impact performance levels in the gym, minimising the potential for progress. Being hydrates can also improve immune function and nutrition absorption. Remember to consume fluids during exercise to make up for the sweat lost, and also consume more fluids on a warm day.
3. Eat a varied diet. It would be unwise to stick religiously to a meal plan which includes eating the same food stuffs at set times throughout the day. Not only would such a diet plan become extremely boring after a while, it would also limit exposure to nutrients which may be lacking from the consumed meals. Ensuring a wide food selection will result in a wide spectrum of nutrients within the diet, which is optimal for health and well being.
4. Do not exclude all fat sources. Some mistake dietary fat consumption to the gaining of body fat. It is important to ensure dietary fats are still consumed, with some fatty acids vital for bodily functions, such as hormonal function. Grounded linseeds, oily fish, nuts, olive oils etc are good sources to include within a varied bodybuilding diet plan.
5. Supplement with supplements. Supplements are not required. It is easily possible to have a diet compose completely of real wholesome food choices which is optimal for muscle growth. Supplements are not magic, and are simply a choice for those who want greater convenience, or something extra which their diet cannot offer.
6. Plan your meals in advanced. Being prepared will ensure you never miss a meal, and will avoid snacking on unhealthy options whilst away from the home. Prepare meals before going out, or take a protein bar or meal replacement drink. Have a shopping list prior to going to shopping so everything you need for the week is bought to ensure your varied meal plan can be stuck to.
7. Consume fruit and veg. Try to ensure an item of fruit, a fruit based drink (e.g. freshly squeezed orange juice), or a serving of salad or veg is served with each meal.
8. Plan pre and post nutrition wisely. A pre workout nutrition plan should involve suitable carbohydrates to fuel a heavy and intense workout session. It is important to ensure too much is not consumed prior to the workout, which could result in bloating and underperformance. Post workout should be a time in which protein is consumed to encourage muscle growth and repair. Carbohydrates, commonly quick acting sources such as maltodextrin, should also be consumed to replenish energy stores.
9. Don’t worry about having a treat every once in a while. Whilst cheat foods should not be consumed frequently, it would be okay to have a treat every once in a while. Sticking to a diet day-in-day-out can be hard work, so in the big picture a treat can offer some form of sanity!
10. Educate yourself. Continue to read quality bodybuilding web sites and resources to gain further knowledge about bodybuilding diets and training. Bodybuilding and fitness forums can be a great place to met like minded people to debate and discuss issues regarding bodybuilding.
What Is Visceral Fat? And Why Should We Worry About It?
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With the new swine flu outbreak, is there anything special, other than washing hands, that we should be doing for prevention? Is Tamiflu safe and effective for children with type 1 diabetes? If it were found in our metro area, should we keep our type 1 child home?
To the best of my knowledge, the current swine flu epidemic is not very much different than other flu epidemics except that it seems to target middle school and high school as well as college age folk more than the extremely young or the extremely old. So, there is nothing special except hand washing and avoiding obvious exposure if there were an outbreak. Thus, the reasons the CDC and school districts are closing schools when there is a large and obvious outbreak the past few weeks. In terms of diabetes, follow the same "rules" as any other obvious illnesses, use common sense; avoid exposures, if known; review sick day guidelines vis-a-vis extra insulin; fluids; ketone monitoring; etc.
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Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers, usually obtained under labor and employment law. In general, these rights' debates have to do with negotiating workers' pay, benefits, and safe working conditions. One of the most central of these rights is the right to unionize. Unions take advantage of collective bargaining and industrial action to increase their members' wages and otherwise change their working situation. Labor rights can also take in the form of worker's control and worker's self management in which workers have a democratic voice in decision and policy making. The labor movement initially focused on this "right to unionize", but attention has shifted elsewhere.
Critics of the labor rights movement claim that regulation promoted by labor rights activists may limit opportunities for work. In the United States, critics objected to unions establishing closed shops, situations where employers could only hire union members. The Taft–Hartley Act banned the closed shop but allowed the less restrictive union shop. Taft–Hartley also allowed states to pass right-to-work laws, which require an open shop where a worker's employment is not affected by his or her union membership. Labor counters that the open shop leads to a free rider problem. Willing freelancers counter that union contracts are often inherently ageist (with substantial seniority bonuses undercutting the concept of equal pay for equal work) and punitive to the rootless or the adventuresome, who thrive on more diverse career trajectories.
Throughout history, workers claiming some sort of right have attempted to pursue their interests. During the Middle Ages, the Peasants' Revolt in England expressed demand for better wages and working conditions. One of the leaders of the revolt, John Ball famously argued that people were born equal saying, "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?" Laborers often appealed to traditional rights. For instance, English peasants fought against the enclosure movement, which took traditionally communal lands and made them private.
In England 1833, a law was passed saying that any child under the age of 9 could not work, children age 9-13 could only work 8 hours a day, and children aged 14–18 could only work 12 hours a day.
Labor rights are a relatively new addition to the modern corpus of human rights. The modern concept of labor rights dates to the 19th century after the creation of labor unions following the industrialization processes. Karl Marx stands out as one of the earliest and most prominent advocates for workers rights. His philosophy and economic theory focused on labor issues and advocates his economic system of socialism, a society which would be ruled by the workers. Many of the social movements for the rights of the workers were associated with groups influenced by Marx such as the socialists and communists. More moderate democratic socialists and social democrats supported worker's interests as well. More recent workers rights advocacy has focused on the particular role, exploitation, and needs of women workers, and of increasingly mobile global flows of casual, service, or guest workers.
Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his/her interests.
The ILO and several other groups have sought international labor standards to create legal rights for workers across the world. Recent movements have also been made to encourage countries to promote labor rights at the international level through fair trade.
Identified by the ILO in the ‘Declaration of the Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work’, core labor standards are “widely recognized to be of particular importance”. They are universally applicable, regardless of whether the relevant conventions have been ratified, the level of development of a country or cultural values. These standards are composed of qualitative, not quantitative standards and don't establish a particular level of working conditions, wages or health and safety standards. They are not intended to undermine the comparative advantage that developing countries may hold. Core labor standards are important human rights and are recognized in widely ratified international human rights instruments including the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC), the most widely ratified human rights treaty with 193 parties, and the ICCPR with 160 parties.
Non-discrimination in employment : equal pay for equal work.
Very few ILO member countries have ratified all of these conventions due to domestic constraints yet as these rights are also recognised in the UDHR, and form a part of customary international law they are committed to respect these rights. For a discussion on the incorporation of these core labor rights into the mechanisms of the World Trade Organization, see The Recognition of Labour Standards within the World Trade Organisation. There are many other issues outside of this core, in the UK employee rights includes the right to employment particulars, an itemised pay statement, a disciplinary process at which they have the right to be accompanied, daily breaks, rest breaks, paid holidays and more.
Aside from the right to organize, labor movements have campaigned on various other issues that may be said to relate to labor rights.
Many labor movement campaigns have to do with limiting hours in the work place. 19th century labor movements campaigned for an Eight-hour day. Worker advocacy groups have also sought to limit work hours, making a working week of 40 hours or less standard in many countries. A 35-hour workweek was established in France in 2000, although this standard has been considerably weakened since then. Workers may agree with employers to work for longer, but the extra hours are payable overtime. In the European Union the working week is limited to a maximum of 48 hours including overtime (see also Working Time Directive).
Labor rights advocates have also worked to combat child labor. They see child labor as exploitative, and often economically damaging. Child labor opponents often argue that working children are deprived of an education. In 1948 and then again in 1989, the United Nations declared that children have a right to social protection. In 2007, Massachusetts updated their child labor laws that required all minors to have work permits.
Labor rights advocates have worked to improve workplace conditions which meet established standards. During the Progressive Era, the United States began workplace reforms, which received publicity boosts from Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and events such as the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Labor advocates and other groups often criticize production facilities with poor working conditions as sweatshops and occupational health hazards, and campaign for better labor practices and recognition of workers rights throughout the world.
Recent initiatives in the field of sustainability have included a focus on social sustainability, which includes promoting workers' rights and safe working conditions, prevention of human trafficking, and elimination of illegal child labor from the sustainably sourced products and services. Organizations such as the U.S. Department of Labor and Department of State have released studies on products that have been identified as using child labor and industries using or funded by human trafficking. Labor rights are defined internationally by sources such as the Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment (DIFI) and the International Finance Corporation performance standards.
The labor movement pushes for guaranteed minimum wage laws, and there are continuing negotiations about increases to the minimum wage. However, opponents see minimum wage laws as limiting employment opportunities for unskilled and entry level workers.
Legal migrant workers are sometimes abused. For instance, migrants have faced a number of alleged abuses in the United Arab Emirates (including Dubai). Human Rights Watch lists several problems including "nonpayment of wages, extended working hours without overtime compensation, unsafe working environments resulting in death and injury, squalid living conditions in labor camps, and withholding of passports and travel documents by employers." Despite laws against the practice, employers confiscate migrant workers' passports. Without their passports, workers cannot switch jobs or return home. These workers have little recourse for labor abuses, but conditions have been improving. Labor and social welfare minister Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi has undertaken a number of reforms to help improve labor practices in his country.
The right to equal treatment, regardless of gender, origin and appearance, religion, sexual orientation, is also seen by many as a worker's right. Discrimination in the work place is illegal in many countries, but some see the wage gap between genders and other groups as a persistent problem.
The National Labor Relations Act recognizes undocumented laborers as employees. However, the supreme court case Hoffman Plastic Compounds Inc. Vs. NLRB established that backpay could not be awarded to unlawfully fired undocumented employees due to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. In this court decision, it was also stated that the U.S. would support FLSA and MSPA, without regard to whether or not someone is documented. Undocumented workers also still have legal protection against discrimination based on national origin. The decision of the Hoffman supreme court case primarily has affected undocumented laborers by preventing them from getting backpay and/or reinstatement.
While no undocumented individual is technically able to work in the United States legally, undocumented folks make up 5% of the workforce. In the U.S., people who were born outside of the country tend to work in riskier jobs and have a higher chance of encountering death on the job. The low wage sectors, which many undocumented folks work in, have the highest rates of wage and hour violation. Estimates claim that 31% of undocumented people work in service jobs. Restaurant work in particular has a 12% rate of undocumented workers.
Undocumented people can and have joined labor unions, and are even credited by a 2008 dissertation for "reinvigorating" the labor movement. Because the NLRA protects undocumented workers, it protects their right to organize. However the NLRA excludes workers that are agricultural, domestic, independent contractors, governmental, or related to their employers. The right to speak up against labor abuses was protected further by an immigration reform bill in 2013 with the POWER act, which intended to protect employees who spoke out against labor practices from facing detention or deportation.
However, labor unions are not necessarily welcoming of immigrant workers. Within unions, there have been internal struggles, such as when Los Angeles immigrant janitors reorganized service workers. Being a part of the union does not necessarily address all the needs of immigrant workers, and thus wining power within the union is the first step for immigrant workers to address their needs.
Immigrant workers often mobilize beyond unions, by campaigning in their communities on intersectional issues of immigration, discrimination, and police misconduct.
^ a b "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
^ "Employee Rights". Archived from the original on 2011-03-06. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
^ Prior, Katherine (1997). Workers' Rights. New York: Franklin Watts.
^ Watkins, Heidi (2011). Teens and Employment. Detroit: Greenhaven.
^ a b "Social Sustainability - GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool". sftool.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
^ Labor Law - Undocumented Immigrants - Second Circuit Holds Undocumented Workers Are Categorically Barred from Backpay under the National Labor Relations Act - Palma v. NLRB 723 F.3d 176 (2d Cir. 2013). pp. Recent Cases 1236.
^ a b c d e Gleeson, Shannon Marie. The Intersection of Legal Status and Stratification: The Paradox of Immigration Law and Labor Protections in the United States. Diss. U of California, Berkeley, 2008. N.p.: ProQuest Dissertations, 2008. Print.
^ a b "POWER Act & Immigration Reform - National Immigration Law Center". National Immigration Law Center. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
^ "How can undocumented immigrants legally form a union?". The Hand That Feeds. 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
^ a b Bacon, David (2007). "Rising from Below: Immigrant Workers Open New Organizing Fronts". Race, Poverty & the Environment. 14 (1): 21–27. JSTOR 41555130.
Global Rights Index (on Youtube). International Trade Union Confederation, 2014.
This page was last edited on 22 March 2019, at 03:31 (UTC).
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Why does Sade have such a poor reputation in the UK?
They call her music a "quiet storm" but there hasn't been much of a storm, quiet or otherwise, about the huge success of Sade's first album in a decade, Soldier of Love – not in this country anyway. It sold 1.5m copies worldwide in its first week of release – including 500,000 in the US, where it enjoyed the best sales-week since AC/DC's Black Ice in November 2008 – and went to No 1 in 14 countries.
In the UK, however, it "only" reached No 4, and give or take a few "lead" reviews lightly praising the music's "beautiful balance" between "toughness and hauteur", there doesn't seem to have been much of a fuss made about the achievement. True, Sade hardly gives interviews, but neither do/did Michael Jackson, Madonna and Prince, and they've been scrutinised to death (literally, in Jacko's case). Since when did a lack of original quotes and face-time with an artist stop people writing about them? A few journalists have likened Sade to Kate Bush, that other reclusive musician who emerges once in a blue moon, but the space given to Sade's return is nothing compared to the coverage afforded Bush's comeback with the Aerial album in 2005, whether they got the exclusive interview or not.
In the States, anticipation for Soldier of Love, Sade's first album since 2000's Lovers Rock, was considerable, especially among rappers. Kayne West blogged about it, declaring, "This is why I still have a blog ... to be a part of moments like this". Meanwhile, Lil Wayne was heard talking it up, and new boy Drake, having confirmed Jay-Z, Kanye and Wayne as collaborators on his album, said he was most excited about a mooted team-up with the Nigerian-born singer originally known as Helen Folasade Adu.
Now, this could simply be A Flock of Seagulls syndrome, whereby a group deemed a joke in Britain is revered in the States. But more likely it's because, historically, rap's most wanted have liked nothing better than to wind down after a hard day's dissing with some gentle MOR-R&B – I distinctly remember interviewing Snoop Dogg at home in LA as he reached for a Sade album, considered the epitome of class and sophistication in such circles.
Perhaps "class" is a class thing. American rappers, largely working-class, seek it in their favourite music – they've got all the edge they need in their lives. British rock writers, middle-class boys to a man (and woman), on the other hand, demand the roughness that was missing as they grew up and mistrust classiness, seeing it as the bourgeois enemy of insurgent creativity.
Then there's Sade's background as a model and cover star of 80s style bibles such as the Face to contend with – stylishness and conventional good looks can make a musician seem insubstantial. She might have emerged out of a post-new romantic/peacock-rejecting club culture synonymous with what her former boyfriend Robert Elms once dubbed "hard times" chic, but Sade herself never seemed to suffer much on the way to success.
Her poor reputation here might also stem from the fact that music writers, their ears dulled by years of exposure to noise, need things "spelled out" sonically. Soul divas from Aretha to Alicia are routinely eulogised because they are openly emotional in their work and so can be lauded for their depth and passion. Sade's vocals are utterly devoid of the grit and guts of regular soul; meanwhile, the music's lustrous surfaces and the players' cool efficiency have made it the ideal background sound for wine bars and dinner parties – places loathed by the rock criterati.
Nobody, with the possible exception of Spandau Ballet, reeks of 80s yuppie, conspicuous consumption and smooth operators doing deals over Asti Spumante like Sade. Maybe that's why, despite selling over 50m albums in her 26-year career, she is one of those artists, like Phil Collins (that other rappers' delight), who have tended to shift records without the approbation of the press.
Or maybe it's because the hardest thing to be in rock or pop, even soul, is soft. Sade's music is deceptively mellow, though – her best songs, such as the beat-less I Never Thought I'd See the Day, from 1988's Stronger Than Pride, are starkly beautiful, like an 80s apartment stripped of all but the most basic Habitat accoutrements.
But then, I always thought Sade was closer to trip-hop than torch muzak, an idea borne out by the title track of her new album, which approaches the metallic vigour of Tricky. It's just a shame the rest of Soldier of Love is so lacking in melodic lustre. Because it would have been fun, and not a little contentious, to proclaim her an idiosyncratic artist with a distinctive vision.
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A computing device includes a touch screen display with a plurality of force sensors, each of which provides a signal in response to contact with the touch screen display. Using force signals from the plurality of force sensors, a characteristic of the contact is determined, such as the magnitude of the force, the centroid of force and the shear force. The characteristic of the contact is used to select a command which is processed to control the computing device. For example, the command may be related to manipulating data displayed on the touch screen display, e.g., by adjusting the scroll speed or the quantity of data selected in response to the magnitude of force, or related to an operation of an application on the computing device, such as selecting different focal ranges, producing an alarm, or adjusting the volume of a speaker in response to the magnitude of force.
Touch screen displays have become ubiquitous in current mobile platform applications, such as smart phones. Touch screen displays eliminate the need for key pads. In one adaptation, touch screen displays are used, not only as a replacement of key pads, but as a user interface that detects user gestures on the touch screen and translates the gestures into desired commands to be performed.
Touch screen displays are, conventionally, an LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, or an LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology. The screens are overlaid with a touch sensor, which use touch sensing technology such as capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, to determine one or more points of contact with the touch screen. The touch sensing technologies, however, receive information in two-dimensions in the plane of the display. FIG. 1, by way of example, illustrates a conventional mobile platform 10 with a touch screen display 12 that detects two-dimensional touch information, i.e., along the X-axis and along the Y-axis. In other words, the touch sensor on the touch screen display 12 detects the position of contact on the touch screen display 12. Some touch sensing technologies, such as capacitive sensors, may detect how close an object is to the touch screen display 12, but ultimately determines the object to be in contact when the detected parameter, e.g., capacitance, is within a specified threshold. Thus, such touch sensing technology is really detecting only two-dimensional information, i.e., whether the object is close enough to be considered contact and if so, the two-dimensional position of that contact.
Thus, conventional touch screen displays function as a two-dimensional user interface, thereby limiting the user's interfacing opportunities and the devices response thereto.
A computing device includes a touch screen display with a plurality of force sensors, each of which provides a signal in response to contact with the touch screen display. By way of example, the force sensors may be resistive force sensors that are positioned around the perimeter of the bottom surface of the touch screen display. Using the force signals from the plurality of force sensors, a characteristic of the contact is determined, such as the magnitude of the force, the centroid of force and the shear force. The characteristic of the contact is used to select a command which is processed to control the computing device.
The selected command may be related to manipulating data displayed on the touch screen display, e.g., by adjusting the scroll speed or the quantity of data selected in response to the magnitude of force. The selected command may also be related to the operation of an application on the computing device. For example, different focal ranges of a camera may be selected in response to the magnitude of the force. Other example, include producing an alarm when the magnitude of the force indicates that the touch screen display may be suffering damage from a contact or adjusting the volume of a speaker, audio frequency equalization, or active noise cancellation in response to the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display. Additional functions and operations are possible in response to the magnitude of the force, the centroid of force and the shear force detected in response to the contact with the touch screen display.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional mobile platform with a touch screen display that detects two-dimensional touch information.
FIG. 2 illustrates a computing device with a touch screen display that detects three-dimensional touch information.
FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of the touch screen display with force sensors to detect three-dimensional touch information.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a computing device with a touch screen display with force sensors and capable of supporting commands prompted by three-dimensional user interfacing.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating using a plurality of force sensors on a touch screen display as a three-dimensional user interface to control the operation of the computing device.
FIG. 6 illustrates a top plan view of the touch screen display with force sensors distributed around the perimeter of the bottom as well as the sides of the touch screen display.
FIG. 7 illustrates the computing device with a user applying a detectable force to the touch screen display.
FIG. 8 illustrates the computing device with a dynamic adjustment of the force threshold in response to movement of the computing device.
FIG. 9 illustrates the computing device using the shear force detected from a contact to select a command, such as manipulating data displayed on the touch screen display.
FIG. 10 illustrates the computing device manipulating data displayed on the touch screen by controlling the speed of scrolling data in response to the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
FIG. 11 illustrates the computing device manipulating data displayed on the touch screen by controlling the quantity of data on the touch screen display that is selected in response to the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
FIG. 12 illustrates the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by reversing a selected action in response to a rate of change of the magnitude of force.
FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by selecting between a foreground object and a background object displayed on the touch screen display, e.g., in an Augmented Reality (AR) type application, in response to the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
FIG. 14 illustrates the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by selecting a focal range for a camera on the computing device in response to the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
FIG. 15 illustrates the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by producing an alarm indicating potential damage to the touch screen display in response to the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
FIG. 16 illustrates the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by locking the computing device in response to the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
FIG. 17 illustrates the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by using a magnitude of force greater than a threshold to control the computing device while the computing device is at least partially locked.
FIG. 18 illustrates the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by disabling the touch sensor until a magnitude of force on the touch screen display is above a threshold.
FIG. 19 illustrates the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by controlling the computing device using the force sensors while the computing device is in low power mode.
FIG. 20 illustrates another example of the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by controlling the computing device using the force sensors while the computing device is in low power mode.
FIG. 21 illustrates the computing device controlling an operation of an application on the computing device by variably adjusting at least one of a speaker volume, audio frequency equalization, and active noise cancellation in response to the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
FIG. 22 illustrates the computer device behind a protective element, such as a pocket of a garment or a holder, with a user producing gestures to interact with the computing device through the protective element.
FIG. 2 illustrates a computing device 100 with a touch screen display 102 that detects touch information in three-dimensions, i.e., along the X-axis, the Y-axis, and the Z-axis. With the addition of Z-axis information, the touch screen display 102 permits three-dimensional gestures or interfacing and is not limited to simple two-dimensional gestures on the surface of the touch screen.
The computing device 100 may be a mobile platform, such as a cellular or other wireless communication device, personal communication system (PCS) device, personal navigation device (PND), Personal Information Manager (PIM), Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), laptop or other suitable mobile device or any other suitable stationary computing device, including a desk top computer or other similar device. “Computing device” is, thus, intended to include all devices, including wireless communication devices, computers, laptops, etc. with a user interface that includes a touch screen display.
FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of the touch screen display 102 of the computer device 100 with the X, Y, and Z axes. Touch screen display 102 includes a display element 104, such as an LCD display, LPD display or other appropriate display, and includes a plurality of force sensors 106 located, e.g., around the perimeter of the display element 104 between the display element 104 and a frame for the housing 108 in the case of the computing device 100. The force sensors 106 may be adhesively attached to the housing 108 and the display element 104. Thus, the display element 104 is connected to the housing 108 through the force sensors 106. As illustrated in FIG. 3, four force sensors 106 are located on the left and right sides of the display element 104 and three force sensors 106 are located along the top and the bottom sides of the display element 104. More or fewer force sensors 106 and different arrangements than illustrated in FIG. 3 may be used if desired. For example, four force sensors 106 may be used, one in each corner of the display element 104. If desired, force sensors 106 may be located in the center of the display element 104, as opposed to or in addition to being arranged around the perimeter. The force sensors 106 may be capacitive force sensors, such as that produced by PPS Touch Technology Inc, Stantum Inc., Peratech Ltd., or Artificial Muscle, Inc. Other force sensors, such as resistive force sensors, such as that produced by Interlink Inc., may be used if desired. In addition, piezoelectric force sensors, such as polymer types produced by Measurement Specialties Inc. or ceramic types produced by Murata Inc.
A force sensor 106 detects the force or amount of force applied to the sensor. With a plurality of force sensors 106 arranged between the display element 104 and the housing 108, the force sensors 106 can be used together to determine the force applied to the display element 104 in the Z-axis, as well as the centroid of the force along the X and Y axes. For example, a touch applied to the top left corner of the display element 104 will produce a greater force reading by the force sensors 106 near the top left corner than the force sensors 106 near the bottom right corner.
Calibration may be performed to compensate for possible deformation of the glass or plastic in the display element 104 when force is applied. Calibration may be performed by applying known forces to specific areas of the display element 104 and adjusting the resulting force reading along the Z axis as well as the centroid of force along the X and Y axes to correspond with the known forces and the specific areas that the forces are applied. The touch screen display 102 may further include a conventional touch sensor 110 over the display element 104, which may be capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies. The touch sensor 110 may be used in the calibration of the force sensors 106 by ensuring that the centroid of force determined by the force sensors 106 is closely aligned, e.g., centered, with the touch location identified by the touch sensor 110.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a computing device 100 with a touch screen display 102 with force sensors 106 capable of supporting commands prompted by three-dimensional user interfacing. The computing device 100 is a system that includes means for receiving force measurements from a plurality of locations of a touch screen display in response to contact with the touch screen display, which may include, e.g., the force sensors 106 as well as a control unit 150 that may include a processor 152 and associated memory 154, hardware 156, software 158, and firmware 157.
Computing device 100 includes a user interface 160 that is in communication with the control unit 150, e.g., the control unit 150 accepts data and controls the user interface 160. It should be understood that with some computing devices, such as a desk top computer, the touch screen display 102 may is physically separated from the control unit 150 and is connected to the control unit 150 via cables or wirelessly. The user interface 160 includes the touch screen display 102, which includes a means for displaying graphics, text, and images, such as the display element 104. The touch screen display 102 further includes a means for detecting a magnitude and location of the force applied to the touch screen display 102, such as the force sensors 106 discussed above. If desired, the touch screen display 102 may further include a means for detecting a touch of the display element 104, such as the touch sensors 110.
The user interface 160 may further include a keypad 162 or other input device through which the user can input information into the computing device 100. If desired, the keypad 162 may be obviated by integrating a virtual keypad into the touch screen display 102. The user interface 160 may also include, e.g., a microphone 164 and speaker 166, e.g., when the computing device 100 is a cellular telephone.
The computing device 100 may further include a transceiver 170, e.g. a cellular modem or a wireless network radio receiver/transmitter that is capable of sending and receiving communications to and from a cellular tower or from a wireless access point, respectively, via antenna 172. The computing device 100 may further include a motion sensor 180, such as three-axis accelerometers or gyroscopes. The motion sensor 180 may be used as part of the user interface 160 by detecting gestures in the form of movement of the computing device 100 or the orientation of the computing device 100 when gestures are detected by the touch screen display 102.
The computing device 100 may further include a means for determining a characteristic of the contact with the touch screen display 102, such as the magnitude of force, the centroid of force of the contact, and the shear force, using the force measurements from the plurality of locations. The means for determining the characteristic of the contact may include the control unit 150 that is connected to communicate with the user interface 160, transceiver 170 and motion sensor 180. The control unit 150 accepts and processes data from the user interface 160, transceiver 170 and motion sensor 180 and controls the operation of the devices, and thus, serves as a means for selecting a command based on the characteristic of the contact and means for processing the command. The control unit 150 may be provided by a processor 152 and associated memory 154, hardware 156, software 158, and firmware 157. The control unit 150 includes a means for controlling the display element 104, means for controlling the touch sensors 110 and means for controlling the force sensors 106, illustrated as a display controller 192, touch sensor controller 194, and force sensor controller 196, respectively. The display controller 192, touch sensor controller 194, and force sensor controller 196 may be implanted in the processor 152, hardware 156, firmware 157, or software 158, i.e., computer readable media stored in memory 154 and executed by processor 152, or a combination thereof. The display controller 192, touch sensor controller 194, and force sensor controller 196 nevertheless are illustrated separately for clarity. For example, touch screen controllers manufactured by Cypress, Inc. may be used as the touch sensor controller 194, as well as the force sensor controller 196. Further, voltage dividers with an A/D convert or other impedance measurement circuits may be used with the resistive force sensors controller 196.
It will be understood as used herein that the processor 152 can, but need not necessarily include, one or more microprocessors, embedded processors, controllers, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and the like. The term processor is intended to describe the functions implemented by the system rather than specific hardware. Moreover, as used herein the term “memory” refers to any type of computer storage medium, including long term, short term, or other memory associated with the mobile platform, and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored.
For example, software 158 may include program codes stored in memory 154 and executed by the processor 152 and may be used to run the processor and to control the operation of the computing device 100 as described herein. A program code stored in a computer-readable medium, such as memory 154, may include program code to determine to determine a characteristic of a contact with a touch screen display using signals received from a plurality of force sensors, the characteristic of the contact comprising at least one of a magnitude of force applied normal to a plane defined by the touch screen display, a centroid of force of the contact, and a shear force parallel to the plane defined by the touch screen display; program code to use the characteristic of the contact to select a command; and program code to process the command. The program code stored in a computer-readable medium may additionally include program code to cause the processor to control any operation of the computing device 100 as described further below.
If implemented in firmware and/or software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Examples include computer-readable media encoded with a data structure and computer-readable media encoded with a computer program. Computer-readable media includes physical computer storage media. A storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer; disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating using a plurality of force sensors 106 on a touch screen display 102 as a three-dimensional user interface to control the operation of the computing device 100. As illustrated, signals from a plurality of the forces sensors 106 on the touch screen display 102 are received in response to contact with the touch screen display 102 (202). The force sensors 106 need not be located directly under the location of the contact on the touch screen display 102, but may be distributed, e.g., around the perimeter of the touch screen display 102 or in various regions of the touch screen display 102. The signals from the plurality of force sensors 106 are used together and in conjunction with the signals from the touch sensor to determine a characteristic of the contact with the touch screen display 102 (204). The characteristic of the contact includes at least one of the magnitude of the force applied normal to the plane of the touch screen display 102, i.e., along the Z axis, as shown in FIG. 3, the centroid of force of the contact, and a shear force parallel to the plane defined by the touch screen display 102. In one embodiment, the characteristic of the contact is the magnitude of force by itself or with additional information provided by the centroid of contact and/or the shear force. The magnitude of the force, by way of example, may be determined simply by summing the forces individually detected by each of the plurality of force sensors 106. If desired, the force measurement may be converted to a measurement of the pressure applied to the touch screen display 102, e.g., by dividing the force by the known area of the touch screen display 102. Moreover, the force measurement may be converted to a measurement of the pressure applied to the contact area on the touch screen display 102 by first determining the area of the contact, e.g., using the touch sensor 110 that is over display element 104, as shown in FIG. 3, then dividing the force by the contact area. Thus, force and pressure are simply a mathematic conversion and therefore may be considered equivalents. Consequently, force and pressure may be used interchangeably unless otherwise indicated.
The centroid of force of the contact is along the plane defined by the X and Y axes of the touch screen display 102 may be determined using a weighted average based on the force detected each of the plurality of force sensors and the position of each of the plurality of force sensors 106 (204). If desired, the centroid of the contact may be determined based on the force measured in pairs of the force sensors 106. For example, FIG. 6 illustrates a top plan view of the touch screen display 102 with force sensors 106 distributed around the perimeter of the touch screen display 102. Each force sensor 106 is paired with another force sensor 106 along the X axis or the Y axis, as illustrated with broken lines. For example, force sensor 106T1 is paired with force sensor 106B1 and force sensor 106L1 is paired with force sensor 106R1. The combined force for each force sensor pair can be used as a weighting factor along with the known positions of the force sensors 106 to determine the centroid C1 of the contact along the X and Y axes. Alternatively, the centroid of force may be determining a force vector for each force sensor 106, by multiplying the force applied to a force sensor by the distance of that force sensor from the center of the screen. The centroid of force may then be calculated as the vector sum of all the force vectors.
Additionally, if desired, a shear force caused by the contact on the touch screen display 102 may be determined (204). The shear force, which is the force applied parallel to the plane of the touch screen display 102, i.e., in the plane defined by the X and Y Axes, may be determined by comparing the centroid or point of contact as determined using the plurality of force sensors 106 and the centroid of contact as determined using the touch sensor 110 that is over the display element 104 (illustrated in FIG. 3). FIG. 6, by way of example, illustrates the area of contact A as determined by the touch sensor 110, from which the centroid C2 of contact can be determined, e.g., as the geometric center of the area of contact A. The shear force Fshear is the vector between the centroid C1 of the contact measured by the plurality of force sensors 106 and the centroid C2 of the contact measured by the touch sensor 110. Thus, when centroid C1 coincides with centroid C2, there is no shear force, i.e., all the force is applied along the Z axis, while the larger the magnitude of the vector between centroid C1 and centroid C2, the larger the shear force Fshear. Alternatively, the shear force can be determined by arranging additional force sensors 106 s around the edge of the touch screen display 102, i.e., between the edge of the touch screen display 102 and the housing 108 (as illustrated in FIG. 6), as opposed to underneath the touch screen display 102. Shear force may also be determined by detecting a shift in the area of a finger pressed against the touch screen display 102, as measured by the touch sensor 110.
Referring back to FIG. 5, the computing device 100 selects a command associated with the detected magnitude of force, and optionally, the centroid of contact and shear force (206). The command that is associated with the detected magnitude of force may be dependent on the application or program that is in use by the computing device 100 or other parameters, such as the orientation of the computing device 100 as determined by motion sensor 180. The command may include, among other things, the selection of an item displayed on the touch screen display 102, the manipulation of data, e.g., text and/or image, or the control of the computing device 100, e.g., increasing or decreasing volume. The computing device 100 then processes the command (208) to perform the desired action.
FIG. 7 illustrates the computing device 100 with a user 101 applying a force to the touch screen display 102. Computing device 100 is illustrated as a mobile phone or smart phone including a speaker 166 and microphone 164, but it should be understood that computing device 100 is not limited thereto. The user's 101 contact with the touch screen display 102 is illustrated as a starburst 220. As illustrated throughout this document, the larger the size of the starburst, the greater the force that is being applied to the touch screen display 102. Accordingly, starburst 222 illustrates a greater amount of force applied to the touch screen display 102 by the user 101 compared to starburst 220. The magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display 102, and if desired, the centroid of contact and any shear force may be determined by the computing device 100 and used to select and process different commands.
In one embodiment, different amounts of force may are required to select a command, such as selecting an item or manipulate data on the touch screen display 102, i.e., a dynamic threshold adjustment, in response to the environment context. FIG. 8 illustrates dynamic threshold adjustment. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the computing device 100 may include a motion sensor 180, such as a 3-axis accelerometer or gyroscope, which detects the amount of movement of the computing device 100. Because a user is more likely to inadvertently select an item on the touch screen display 102 when subject to a large amount of motion, such as on a bus or train, the force threshold necessary to register the selection may be adjusted to require an increased force. Thus, for example, the force associated with starburst 226 in FIG. 8 may be adequate to select a command when the user 101 and computing device 100 are stationary, however when subjected to a large amount of motion, the force threshold is increased to require a greater force illustrated by starburst 228 to select the command. The location of the contact on the touch screen display 102 may be determined as the centroid of contact, as determined using the force sensors 106, or based a touch sensor 110, while the magnitude of force is determined by the plurality of force sensors 106. The dynamic threshold adjustment may be a user configurable setting.
FIG. 9 illustrates the use of shear force with the computing device 100 to select a command, such as manipulating data (text, graphical or other) displayed on the touch screen display. The shear force may also be used to control the operation of an application on the computing device 100. The shear force may be determined as described above. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the shear force Fshear1 is applied and detected at one location, illustrated with starburst 230 and in a single direction, which may be associated with different commands based on the direction, e.g., pressing left or right may respectively zoom in or zoom out of an image, turn pages of an electronic document or book forward or backward, etc. Moreover, the magnitude of the shear force may be used to control the speed with which the command is performed, e.g., a small shear force may cause the computing device 100 to slowly zoom in on an image or turn pages of a electronic document, while a large shear force may cause the computing device 100 to relatively quickly zoom in on the image or turn the pages of the electronic document. Additionally, a shear force Fshear2 applied in multiple directions, e.g., in a circular or rotational motion, may be associated with different commands based on direction, for example, clockwise or counter-clockwise directions may be associated with increasing or decreasing volume. The use of shear force, thus, allows a user to control actions that have a positive and negative scalar, e.g., volume up or down, zoom in or out, turn pages left or right, without being required to lift the finger and to recognize and touch multiple areas of the touch screen display 102 as is required by conventional devices.
The detected magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display 102 may be used to vary the manipulation of data on the touch screen display 102. For example, the magnitude of force may be used to control the rate that data is scrolled on the touch screen display. FIG. 10 illustrates, by way of example, controlling the rate of scroll of text 231 in response to the magnitude of force, illustrated by starburst 232, applied to the touch screen display 102. The user 101 may drag a finger up or down (or across) the touch screen display 102, as illustrated by arrow 234, which is mapped to the direction of the desired scroll, illustrated by arrow 236. The user 101 can stop the gesture and while holding the finger at one location may adjust the rate of the scroll by changing the magnitude of force 234 applied to the touch screen display 102, e.g., more force is associated with faster scrolling. Alternatively, the rate of the scroll may be controlled by the force applied while dragging the finger. As described above, if desired, the direction of the scroll may be controlled without movement of the user's finger, based on the direction of shear force. The data that is scrolled may be, e.g., a web page, a document file or any other text, as well as graphical data, such as an image gallery, or any other type of data.
FIG. 11 illustrates another example of varying the way that data on the touch screen display 102 is manipulated in response to the detected magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display 102. FIG. 11 illustrates using the detected magnitude of force to vary the selection of data, which is illustrated as textual, but may be graphical, such as images in an image gallery, or other type of data, on the touch screen display 102. As illustrated, a user 101 may press softly, as indicated by starburst 240, to select a relatively small portion of the text, e.g., a letter or word as indicated by the highlighting in FIG. 11, that is located at centroid of the contact, which may be determined by the force sensors 106 as described above, or the touch sensor 110 if present. With moderate pressure, indicated by starburst 242, additional data is selected, such as a sentence located at the contact position. With firm pressure, even more data may be highlighted, such as the entire paragraph located at the contact position. If desired, additional gradients of force may be used to select additional levels of data, such as a page or all the text.
FIG. 12 illustrates an example of using the detected magnitude of force to control an operation of an application on the computing device 100. FIG. 12 illustrates, by way of example, controlling the adjustment of volume of an application based on the detected force, indicated by starburst 248, to the touch screen display 102. The rate of volume adjustment, indicated by arrow 250, may be controlled based on the amount force applied, i.e., increased force produces a faster increase in volume while a decreased force produces a slower increase in the volume. Additionally, the rate of change in the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display 102 may be used to control the computing device 100. For example, while applying a force on the touch screen display 102 controls an adjustment in one direction, e.g., increasing the volume, a rapid decrease in the force that is applied to the touch screen display 102, e.g., by quickly removing the finger from the touch screen display 102 as indicated by arrow 252 and the hand 101′ of the user, controls the adjustment in the opposite direction, e.g., decreasing the volume, as indicated by arrow 254. The magnitude of the rate of change may control the amount of adjustment in the opposite direction. Thus, for example, when increasing the volume, if user 101 inadvertently overshoots the desired volume, the natural reaction of quickly removing the finger will decrease the volume, thereby avoiding the need for the user to locate and press the appropriate button to lower the volume. If the rate of change is below a predetermined threshold, then no post-processing action, e.g., lowering the volume, is necessary.
FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100 in the form of selecting an object in an augmented reality (AR) context based on the force applied to touch screen display. In AR applications, a real world object is imaged and displayed on the touch screen display along with computer generated information, such as an image or textual information. For example, AR can be used to provide information, either graphical or textual, about a real world object, such as a building or product. The computer generated information displayed may be based on the real world object in the image that is selected. As illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B, the AR application may use not only the contact location along the X and Y axes, as shown in FIG. 1, to select an item in the image 260, but may also include depth along the Z axis, based on the force of the contact. For example, with the use of a three-dimensional (3D) camera, on the computing device 100, the distance to real world objects may be determined Thus, by pressing firmly or lightly will assist the AR engine select the desired real world object in the image for additional processing. For example, FIG. 13A illustrates a light force, starburst 262, applied by the user 101 to the touch screen display 102 to select an item, e.g., a tree 263, in the foreground. FIG. 13B illustrates a strong force, starburst 264, applied at the same location as the contact shown in FIG. 13A, but based on the increased force, an item, e.g., a building 265, in the background of the image 260 is selected.
FIG. 14 illustrates another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100 in the form of selecting a focal range in a camera application. Conventionally, phone cameras either use a center weighted, windowed, or face detection based auto focus mechanism. In such systems, the user has to hope that the camera has adjusted to the correct focal distance and that the shot is captured with minimal level of blurriness in the desired region. As illustrated in FIG. 14, the user 101 can select an item, e.g., the tree 270 in the foreground, that should be in focus. The user may adjust the depth of focus by adjusting the force, illustrated by starburst 272, applied to the touch screen display 102 or by moving a finger across the touch screen display 102 with a lighter force, as illustrated by arrow 274, to other areas that the user 101 would like to be in focus, e.g., building 271 in the background. In this manner, the computing device 100 can determine that the user 101 would like both the tree 270 and the building 271 in focus and may apply an appropriate focal position. The difference in the initial force 272 and the force used while moving the finger 274 may be used to weight the focal position, i.e., a strong force on the tree 270 while moving the finger 274 with a light force may indicate that the focal position should be placed somewhere between the two objects, more towards the lens position where the tree 270 is sharp.
FIG. 15 illustrates another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100 in the form of providing an alarm when the applied force over an area is likely to damage the touch screen display 102. The force values from the force sensors 106 on the touch screen display 102 may be continuously monitored by the computing device 100, along with the area of contact from the touch sensor 110. If the computing device 100 measures an excessive force, indicated by starburst 276, for the contact area of an object, such as from the tip of key 278 pressing against the touch screen display 102, the computing device 100 may provide an alarm 279, which may be audible or vibrating. Excessive force may be determined by comparing the force to one or more thresholds that are dependent on the contact area and the performance characteristics of the touch screen display 102. Alternatively, the pressure applied to the touch screen display 102 may be determined based on the force and contact area, and the pressure may be compared to one or more thresholds. Multiple thresholds may be used as the amount of force that can be tolerated by the touch screen display 102 may differ based on the contact area. For example, a higher force may be tolerated over a relatively large contact area, such as from a finger tip, while a lower force over a small contact area, such as from the tip of a key that may scratch the touch screen display 102, may trigger the alarm. A maximum threshold over the entire touch screen display 102, e.g., 30 N, may be used to indicate that the user is sitting on the computing device 100. When a user hears the alarm 279 from the computing device 100, the user knows that the touch screen display 102 is about to be damaged and may take corrective action.
FIG. 16 illustrates another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100 in the form of locking the computing device 100 based on the magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display 102. For example, pressing the touch screen display 102 at a location devoid of selectable icons or buttons 280 with a force above a threshold magnitude, indicated by starburst 282, for a length of time greater than a time threshold may lock the computing device 100 or the touch screen display 102, as indicated by lock 284.
FIG. 17 illustrates another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100 in the form of requiring a force on the touch screen display 102 that is above a threshold to trigger a desired action. For example, the computing device 100 may be in a partially locked state, as indicated by lock 290, in which only some features may be used or controlled, while other features are disabled. One feature that may be used or controlled in a partially locked state may be, e.g., a media player application. Media may be played with the media player application, while the computing device 100 is in a partially locked state. However, the touch screen display 102 maybe partially disabled so that other items 292 cannot be inadvertently selected or running applications cannot be inadvertently closed. For example, the touch sensor 110 if used may be disabled, and response to the force sensors 106 may be disabled unless the applied force is greater than a threshold. Thus, a parent may allow a child to view media on the computing device 100 without concern that the child may pausing or closing the media inadvertently by touching the touch screen display 102. The computing device 100, however, may still be controlled using contact with the touch screen display 102 that has a force above a predetermined threshold, e.g., a force greater than a child can apply. The partially locked state may be entered, e.g., using a specific pattern of contacts with force above a threshold, e.g., three hard presses illustrated by starbursts 294 at a location where there are no selectable icons 292. The partially locked state may be removed by repeating the gesture.
FIG. 18 illustrates another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100 in the form of disabling the touch sensor 110 until a force on the touch screen display 102 is applied that is above a threshold. Capacitive touch screens in conventional devices remain active as long as the device is active. Thus, when watching a long video, the capacitive touch screen runs unnecessarily the entire time, even though the user's interaction with the touch interface is minimal. Moreover, to wake many conventional devices, an electromechanical button must be pressed to wake up the capacitive touch screen. With the use of force sensors 106, computing device 100 may turn off the capacitive touch sensor controller 194 (illustrated in FIG. 4) and thus disable the touch sensor 110 when a user 101 is passively consuming content, such as a movie or reading a book, but would turn on (as indicated by the “on” icon 300), once a force greater than a threshold (illustrated by starburst 302) as detected by force sensors 106 is applied to the touch screen display 102. The force sensors 106 consume little current when active compared to capacitive touch sensors 110, and thus, power savings may be achieved.
FIG. 19 illustrates another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100 while in low power mode. The most power hungry portion of today's mobile phone is the LCD display and the accompanying backlights. One of the advantages of the use of force sensors 106 is that resistive force sensing technologies, such as those from Interlink, draws little or no current in a steady state, i.e., when no force is applied. The force sensors 106 operate at high impedance normally, and only once a force is applied, is the impedance lowered whereby the flow of electrons measures the amount of a force. Thus, by detecting the force applied to the touch screen display 102 along with monitoring the centroid of contact, a user can control the computing device 100 using patterns of contact and/or gestures with minimal power draw. Thus, for example, one embodiment, when the battery level of the computing device 100 drops below a threshold level, e.g., 10%, the computing device 100 disable the LCD display and touch sensors, or may be placed in a sleep mode but continue to sample the force sensors 106. Different patterns of contact may be used to control the computing device 100. For example, while the computing device 100 is in sleep mode but sampling the force sensors 106, contacting the bottom left, top left and top right corners of the touch screen display, as indicated by starbursts 312, 314, 316 in FIG. 19 may wake up the computing device 100, but leave the LCD and any touch sensor 110 off. The user 101 may use simple gestures 318 by pressing on the touch screen display 102 in patterns, which are detected by tracking the location of the centroid of contact. As illustrated in FIG. 19, for example, if the user 101 draws a “C” followed by an “H” on the touch screen display, the computing device 100 may call home. The gestures may be user configurable. Thus, the user 101 can still have some interaction with the computing device 100, but do so in such a fashion that power is conserved.
FIG. 20 illustrates another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100 while in low power mode. In a device with a low-power bistable display, such as an e-ink or Mirasol® display, a user is likely to assume that any time the device is touched, it will register the keypress or wake event. However, in an idle-state, running the capacitive or resistive touch sensor controller 194 (FIG. 4) would consume much more power than using force sensors 106 and detecting the centroid of contact. Thus, by using a placement and size of selectable icons 320 that corresponds to a geometry that matches the capabilities of the force sensors 106, the computing device 100 can use a hierarchical touch system that uses force (as illustrated by starburst 322) to select from a limited set of modes of operation. For example, an ebook reader with force sensors 106 could have a set of icons placed radially around the center of the touch screen display such that the centroid of contact determined using the force sensors 106 can be used to select icons.
FIG. 21 illustrates another example of using the detected magnitude of force to control the computing device 100, which may be, e.g., a cellular telephone, in the form of controlling the volume of the speaker 166 based on a force applied to the touch screen display 102 by the user illustrated by ear 101 ear. When the computing device 100 determines that, e.g., that a phone application is being used, the magnitude of the force (illustrated by starburst 330) at which the touch screen display 102 is pressed against the ear 101 ear, as detected by the force sensors 106, combined with a measurement of the ambient noise level via a voice or noise-reference microphone 164, may be used to adjust the speaker 166 volume, as indicated by arrow 332 and volume control bar 334, and received audio frequency equalization for enhanced intelligibility and to compensate for the effects of leakage. For example, when a user is in a loud environment, pressing the computing device 100 harder to the ear 101 ear would automatically increase the speaker 166 volume and provide a boost in the 3-4 kHz region for enhanced intelligibility. Additionally, the magnitude of force 330 applied to the touch screen display 102 may be used to control Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) technology in computing device 100, which depends on a low-leakage mechanical coupling to the ear 101 ear. When leakage is present, the ANC effect is diminished and will quickly drop below the perceptible threshold. Thus, it would be advantageous to turn off the ANC algorithm and microphone(s) in order to conserve power. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 21, when the force applied by the ear 101 ear is sufficiently large, i.e., above a threshold, the ANC 336 may be activated, and otherwise the ANC 336 is turned off. Further, the magnitude of force 330 applied to the touch screen display 102 may be used to control other operations of the computing device 100, such as one dynamic range compression, limiting, and gain control, such as Automatic Gain Control or Receive Volume Enhancement (RVE), in which sub-band gains in the receive signal are controlled based on the environmental noise spectrum that is detected for each sub-band by microphone 164. For example, when a user is in a loud environment, pressing the computing device 100 harder to the ear 101 ear would automatically adjust the compression, limiting, or gain to enhance intelligibility.
Moreover, because the force sensors 106 measure the magnitude and location of force applied to the display 102, as opposed to measuring capacitance, the force sensors 106 may be used to detect gestures through a protective element, such as a pocket of a garment or a holder that is pliable. FIG. 22 illustrates the computer device 100 behind a protective element 402, such as a pocket of a garment or a holder. The user 101 is illustrated as contacting the computing device 100 through the protective element 402 to produce a gesture by pressing on the touch screen display 102 in a pattern, for example, in a vertical (up or down) gesture 404 or a horizontal (right or left) gesture 406 which are detected by tracking the location of the centroid of contact. Commands that may be associated with the gesture includes, e.g., increasing or decreasing the volume of the speaker in response to the vertical gesture 404, and selecting a next or previous item (e.g., song, voice mail, email, etc) in response to the horizontal gesture 406. Thus, the user 101 can interact with the computing device 100 while the computing device 100 is in the protective element 402. Of course, additional or alternative gestures may be used and additional or alternative commands may be associated with the gestures. Moreover, the gestures and associated command may be user configurable. Additionally, to avoid unintentional interaction with the computing device 100, a specific sequence of contacts, e.g., three sets of double taps, may be required to permit interaction with the computing device 100 when the computing device 100 is in the protective element 402, which may be determined using, e.g., a light sensor.
processing the command to control the computing device.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of force sensors are resistive force sensors.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the command comprises manipulating data displayed on the touch screen display.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein manipulating data displayed on the touch screen display comprises controlling a speed of scrolling data displayed on the touch screen display in response to a magnitude of force.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein manipulating data displayed on the touch screen display comprises controlling a quantity of data on the touch screen display that is selected in response to a magnitude of force.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the command comprises controlling an operation of an application on the computing device.
7. The method of claim 6, the method further comprising determining a rate of change in a magnitude of force, wherein controlling the operation of the application comprises at least partially reversing a selected action in response to the rate of change of the magnitude of force being greater than a threshold.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the operation of the application comprises selecting between a foreground object and a background object displayed on the touch screen display in response to a magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the operation of the application comprises selecting a focal range for a camera on the computing device in response to a magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the operation of the application comprises producing an alarm indicating potential damage to the touch screen display in response to a magnitude of force over the area of contact being greater than a threshold.
11. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the operation of the application comprises locking the computing device in response to a magnitude of force being greater than a threshold and a location of contact on the touch screen display.
12. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the operation of the application comprises disabling the touch sensor on the touch screen display in response to a magnitude of force being greater than a threshold and a location of contact on the touch screen display.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the touch sensor is at least one of a capacitive touch sensor and a resistive touch sensor.
14. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the operation of the application comprises using a magnitude of force and the centroid of force to control the computing device while the touch sensor on the touch screen display is disabled.
15. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the operation of the application comprises variably adjusting at least one of a speaker volume, audio frequency equalization, active noise cancellation, dynamic range compression, limiting, and gain control in response to a magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of force sensors detect finger movement through a protective element.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the protective element is a pocket of a garment or a holder.
software held in the memory and run in the processor to cause the processor to determine a shear force from a contact with the touch screen display using signals received from the plurality of force sensors and signals received from the touch sensor, the shear force being parallel to a plane defined by the touch screen display, to use the shear force from the contact to select a command, and to process the command to control the computing device, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to determine a centroid of force of the contact using the signals received from the plurality of force sensors, determine an area of contact using the signals from the touch sensor, determine a centroid of the area of contact, and to determine the shear force as a difference between the centroid of the area of contact and the centroid of force.
19. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the plurality of force sensors are resistive force sensors.
20. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to select a command to control a speed of scrolling data displayed on the display in response to a magnitude of force.
21. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to select a command to control a quantity of data on the display that is selected in response to a magnitude of force.
22. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to determine a rate of change in a magnitude of force, and to cause the processor to select a command to at least partially reverse a selected action in response to the rate of change of the magnitude of force being greater than a threshold.
23. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to select a command to select between a foreground object and a background object displayed on the display in response to a magnitude of force.
24. The computing device of claim 18, further comprising a camera with a selectable focal range, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to select a command to select a focal range for the camera in response to a magnitude of force.
25. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to select a command to produce an alarm indicating potential damage to the display in response to a magnitude of force over the area of contact being greater than a threshold.
26. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to select a command to lock the computing device in response to a magnitude of force being greater than a threshold and a location of contact on the touch screen display.
27. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to select a command to disable the touch sensor in response to a magnitude of force being greater than a threshold and a location of contact on the touch screen display.
28. The computing device of claim 27, wherein the touch sensor is at least one of a capacitive touch sensor and a resistive touch sensor.
29. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to control the computing device with a magnitude of force and the centroid of force while the touch sensor in the touch screen display is disabled.
30. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the software held in the memory and run in the processor causes the processor to adjust at least one of volume of a speaker, audio frequency equalization, active noise cancellation, dynamic range compression, limiting, and gain control in response to a magnitude of force applied to the touch screen display.
31. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the plurality of force sensors detect finger movement through a protective element.
32. The computing device of claim 31, wherein the protective element is a pocket of a garment or a holder.
means for processing the command.
program code to process the command.
Fels, Sidney, "Designing for Intimacy: Creating New Interfaces for Musical Expression", Proceedings of the IEEE. vol. 92, No. 4, Apr. 2004, pp. 672-685.
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Taiwan Search Report-TW100140158-TIPO-Feb. 11, 2013.
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0.999946 |
A penetration test, also known as a pen test, is a simulated cyberattack against a computer system to check for exploitable vulnerabilities that may be found during a vulnerability assessment process.
In black box penetration testing, tester has no idea about the systems that he is going to test. He is interested to gather information about the target network or system. For example, in this testing, a tester only knows what should be the expected outcome and he does not know how the outcomes arrives. He does not examine any programming codes.
Particularly, these kinds of test cases are difficult to design.
Possibly, it is not worth, incase designer has already conducted a test case.
It does not conduct everything.
This is a comprehensive testing, as tester has been provided with whole range of information about the systems and/or network such as Schema, Source code, OS details, IP address, etc. It is normally considered as a simulation of an attack by an internal source. It is also known as structural, glass box, clear box, and open box testing.
White box penetration testing examines the code coverage and does data flow testing, path testing, loop testing, etc.
It ensures that all independent paths of a module have been exercised.
It ensures that all logical decisions have been verified along with their true and false value.
It discovers the typographical errors and does syntax checking.
It finds the design errors that may have occurred because of the difference between logical flow of the program and the actual execution.
In this type of testing, a tester usually provides partial or limited information about the internal details of the program of a system. It can be considered as an attack by an external hacker who had gained illegitimate access to an organization’s network infrastructure documents.
Application Penetration Testing − In this testing, the logical structure of the system needs to be tested. It is an attack simulation designed to expose the efficiency of an application’s security controls by identifying vulnerability and risk. The firewall and other monitoring systems are used to protect the security system, but sometime, it needs focused testing especially when traffic is allowed to pass through the firewall.
The response or workflow of the system − This is the third area that needs to be tested. Social engineering gathers information on human interaction to obtain information about an organization and its computers. It is beneficial to test the ability of the respective organization to prevent unauthorized access to its information systems. Likewise, this test is exclusively designed for the workflow of the organization/company.
Didn’t find anything that fits you? Do you need more services to communicate each other? No worries! We can offer you a Custom Package that contains the services you need, so you’ll save time and money. Choosing a package is always the best decision. Our experts team will ensure that the app suite is developed using the right libraries, such that the applications to be compatible. Leave in the form all the details and we’ll get back to you as soon as possible.
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You are proposing to designate Crystal Palace as a Strategic Outer London Development Centre. Is this area identified for exogenous growth, to create new significant growth opportunities, or endogenous, to enhance existing growth trends?
In the terms developed by the Outer London Commission, the area has potential for both 'exogenous' growth providing a strategically significant new cultural destination for South London and 'endogenous' growth by restoring the wider park environment and complementing opportunities to strengthen nearby town centres.
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If you have chronic bronchitis, the goal is to reduce your exposure to whatever is irritating your bronchial tubes. For people who smoke, that means quitting!
If you have bronchitis and don't smoke, try to avoid exposure to secondhand smoke.
Tobacco smoke is the cause of more than 80% of all cases of chronic bronchitis. People who smoke also have a much harder time recovering from acute bronchitis and other respiratory infections.
Smoking causes lung damage in many ways. For example, it can cause temporary paralysis of the cilia and, over time, can kill the ciliated cells in the lining of the airways completely. Eventually, the airway lining stops clearing smoking-related debris, irritants, and excess mucus from the lungs altogether. When this happens, a smoker's lungs become even more vulnerable to infection.
Over time, harmful substances in tobacco smoke permanently damage the airways, increasing the risk for emphysema, cancer, and other serious lung diseases. Smoking also causes the mucus-producing glands to enlarge and make more mucus. Along with the toxic particles and chemicals in smoke, this causes a smoker to have a chronic cough.
What's the best way to avoid getting bronchitis? Washing your hands can help to prevent the spread of many of the germs that cause the condition — especially during cold and flu season.
If you don't smoke, don't ever start smoking — and if you do smoke, try to quit or cut down. Try to avoid being around smokers because even secondhand smoke can make you more susceptible to viral infections and increase congestion in your airway. Also, be sure to get plenty of rest and eat right so that your body can fight off any illnesses that you come in contact with.
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It's wonderful that you have so many interests, you will never be left bored! From the way you worded your question, it seems that you think about the world around you in terms of science. For a career I definitely suggest pursuing the microbiology and the bio-medical field. Having strong skills in physics and mathematics can help you to understand how microorganisms function and interact with their environment and other organisms, such as humans. Research in this area is always prosperous and the applications enormous. If you are interested in microbiology and bio-medicine, I suggest looking at some recent science articles and reading about what advancements in microbiology are happening today (sciencedaily.com is wonderful). If that is something that you are interested in, try to find careers in hospitals or public health offices and consider pursuing a bachelor's degree in microbiology.
Now art and music don't need to be excluded from your life if you pursue the sciences as a career. Using art and music to convey scientific information is a great learning tool and can grasp an audience that is unfamiliar with scientific terminology and facts. With today's shift to computers, many are turning to multimedia to convey scientific understanding. Animated and computer-generated videos are used to show how proteins move through a cell, or how DNA replicates, or how your immune system fights invaders. Not only that but textbooks are still used and there are many images that are drawn to show how the living world around us works. Music can be used the same way (look up on YouTube.com the PCR song and GTCA song). Those are also some avenues to consider if you have strong feelings towards the arts and want to use art to convey science.
And finally, nothing you choose has to be a permanent decision. There is no rule stating that you have to just pursue one of these routes and completely give up the other. Try a little bit of everything and see what you can do with it. You may even discover a new way to integrate the sciences with the humanities and produce something extraordinary. Take things one step at a time and you'll find your calling.
Good luck, I hope that was helpful advice!
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Here is a list of famous people from Gabon. Curious if anybody from Gabon made it our most famous people in the world list? Read the aformentioned article in order to find out.
Alhaji Omar Bongo Ondimba, born as Albert-Bernard Bongo, was a Gabonese politician who was President of Gabon for 41 years from 1967 until his death in office in 2009. Omar Bongo was promoted to key positions as a young official under Gabon's first President Leon M'ba in the 1960s, before being elevated to Vice-President from 1966 to 1967, eventually succeeding M'ba to become Gabon's second President upon the latter's death in 1967. Bongo headed the single-party regime of the Gabonese Democratic Party until 1990, when he was forced to introduce multi-party politics in Gabon in the face of great public pressure. He then survived intense opposition to his rule in the early 1990s, succeeding in consolidating power again mainly by bringing most of the major opposition leaders of the 1990s over to his side. He was re-elected in an extremely controversial 1993 presidential election, and again in the subsequent elections of 1998 and 2005, with his respective majorities increasing and the opposition becoming more subdued on each election. After Cuban President Fidel Castro stepped down in February 2008, Bongo became the world's longest-serving non-monarch ruler. He was one of the longest serving rulers in history.
Yann Ulrich Stephane Lasme is a Gabonese professional basketball player who plays for Panathinaikos Athens of the Greek Basket League. He played NCAA college basketball at the University of Massachusetts, with the UMass Minutemen, and he was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA Draft.
François Bozizé Yangouvonda is a Central African politician who was the President of the Central African Republic from 2003 to 2013. Bozizé rose to become a high-ranking army officer in the 1970s, under the rule of Jean-Bédel Bokassa. After Bokassa was ousted, Bozizé served in the government as Minister of Defense from 1979 to 1981 and as Minister of Information from 1981 to 1982. He participated in a failed 1982 coup attempt against President André Kolingba and subsequently fled the country. Years later, he served as Army Chief of Staff under President Ange-Félix Patassé, but he began a rebellion against Patassé in 2001. Bozizé's forces captured Bangui in March 2003, while President Ange-Félix Patassé was outside the country, and Bozizé took power, ushering in a transitional period of government. He won the March–May 2005 presidential election in a second round of voting, and he was re-elected in the January 2011 presidential election, winning the vote in the first round. In December 2012, the CAR was plunged into an uprising by rebel forces who condemned the Bozizé government for not honoring peace agreements after the Central African Republic Bush War in 2007. On 24 March 2013, Bozizé fled to Cameroon via the Democratic Republic of the Congo after the rebel forces attacked the capital city of Bangui and took control of the presidential palace.
Daniel Michel Cousin is a Gabonese footballer who is a striker who is currently a free agent and represents Gabon. Previously he has played for Martigues, Chamois Niortais, Le Mans Union Club 72, RC Lens, Rangers, Hull City, Larissa and Sapins.
Bruno Ecuele Manga is a Gabonese footballer currently under contract for French side FC Lorient. Manga began his career in his homeland at FC 105 Libreville, before being spotted by scouts from French Ligue 1 side Girondins Bordeaux. He never played a league game for the club, and spent time on loan at Rodez AF. At the end of his contract he was signed on a free contract with Angers SCO, and became an integral part of their defence set up. In 2010 he joined FC Lorient, and became a first team regular in Ligue 1 as a replacement for Laurent Koscielny who left Lorient for Arsenal.
Roguy Méyé is a Gabonese football striker.
Jean Ping is a Gabonese diplomat and politician who was the Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union from 2008 to 2012. He was previously the Foreign Minister of Gabon from 1999 to 2008 and served as President of the United Nations General Assembly from 2004 to 2005.
Éric Mouloungui is a Gabonese international footballer. Originally a striker, he is currently used as a midfielder.
Pierre Francois Aubameyang "Yaya" is a former Gabonese football defender. He also holds a French passport. He is the father of Catilina, Willy and Pierre-Emerick. He won over 80 caps for the Gabonese national team. He spent most of his career at French team Stade Lavallois. He is currently employed as a scout for A.C. Milan.
Andre Biyogho is a Gabonese football player.
Pierre-Claver Akendengué is a musician and composer of Gabon. In 1997, he received his country's "Prix d'excellence" at the Africa Music awards in Libreville, honoring his body of work. He also serves as a cultural advisor for the government of Gabon. Born on the island of Awuta, which is located just off the coast from Port-Gentil, Akendengué went to school in Port-Gentil, then studied psychology at the University of Caen in France during the 1960s. While in France, he met singer Mireille, who encouraged his musical interests. In 1974, Akendengué recorded his first album, Nandipo, consisted of songs of his own composition, sung in French and Nkomi, accompanied by guitar, women choir, bass and the percussion of Nana Vasconcelos. He later set to music poems by P. E. Mondjegou, such as "Le Chant du Coupeur d'Okoumé". Returning to Gabon, he studied solfeggio and plainchant at a Catholic college, and presented spectacles showcasing traditional Gabonese forms in a concert setting. In 1986, he received a doctorate from the University of Paris for his study of religion and education among the Nkomi.
Nathalie Makoma, born in Kinshasa, Zaire on February 24, 1982, is a Dutch singer of Congolese origin. Her parents are from the Democratic Republic of Congo. She was the lead singer for the group Makoma and she later embarked on a solo musical career on her own. She took part in the Dutch Idols singing competition in its fourth season reaching the final and finishing as runner-up to Nikki Kerkhof. As a result she was signed to Sony BMG. She also took part in Dutch Dancing With the Stars coming second, in De Mattheus Masterclass.
Fanny Cottençon is a French actress, born in Port-Gentil, Gabon. In 1983 she won the César Award for Best Supporting Actress for her effort in the movie L'étoile du nord.
Frédéric Bulot is a French football player who currently plays for Belgian club Standard Liège in the Belgian Pro League. He is a French youth international having earned caps with all levels for which he has been eligible beginning with the under-16 team. His club describes him as a versatile left-footed box-to-box midfielder who is capable of playing as a centre midfielder or an attacker. Bulot signed his first professional contract on 18 July 2008 agreeing to a three-year deal until June 2011. After playing with the club's Championnat de France amateur team for the first two years of the contract, he was promoted to the senior team for the 2010–11 season and was assigned the number 22 shirt by manager Guy Lacombe. On 7 August 2010, Bulot made his professional debut in the club's opening league match against Lyon. He started the match and played 57 minutes before being substitute out in a 0–0 draw. Bulot is eligible for both France and Gabon on senior international level due to being born to a French father and Gabonese mother. In July 2011, he joined Caen on a three-year deal.
Lévy Clément Madinda is a Gabonese professional footballer who plays for Celta de Vigo in Spain, as a midfielder.
Anthony Obame Mylann is a taekwondo practitioner who represented Gabon at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Obame is currently coached by former two-time world champion Juan Antonio Ramos. He won the silver medal in the men's 80+ kg category at the 2012 Olympic Games, becoming the first Gabonese athlete to win a medal at the Olympics. Obame defeated Kaino Thomsen and Bahri Tanrikulu en route to the gold medal match, which he lost to Carlo Molfetta of Italy. Obame led in the match, but lost on a judges' decision after the match ended in a tie. Obame said he was disappointed because of what he called a "youthful error." Obame was greeted by thousands of supporters upon his return to Libreville. Obame said he felt "immense pride and joy" in having won the nation's first Olympic medal.
Didier Janvier Ovono Ebang is a Gabonese football goalkeeper who last played for Sochaux.
Catilina Aubameyang is a Gabonese international football player who is currently playing for Sapins.
Fabrice Do Marcolino is a Gabonese striker currently playing for the French side USJA Carquefou in the Championnat National. In the summer of 2009, he joined Stade Laval after signing from Angers SCO. The curious fact is that Angers and Laval are rivals. Do Marcolino has made several appearances for the Gabon national football team. His brother is fellow player Arsène Do Marcolino.
Mario Lemina is a footballer.
Zachee Ama Orji, born in Libreville, Gabon, in the 1960s, is a Nigerian actor, director, producer and filmmaker. Orji is a graduate of University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Having grown up in Cameroon, Benin and Togo he speaks both English and French fluently. His first movie was in 1991, and was entitled Unforgiven Sin. Since then, Orji has starred in different movies and is now a Nollywood legend. He is married to Ngozi Orji has three children and lives in Nigeria.
Guélor Kanga Kaku is a Gabonese professional football player. Currently, he plays in the Russian Premier League for FC Rostov. He made his debut in the Russian Premier League on March 9, 2013 for FC Rostov in a game against FC Alania Vladikavkaz.
André Mba Obame is a Gabonese politician. After serving as an adviser to President Omar Bongo in the 1980s, he was a minister in the government of Gabon from 1990 to 1991 and again from 1997 to 2009; during that time, he was identified with the reformist wing of the ruling Gabonese Democratic Party. He held the key post of Minister of the Interior from 2006 to 2009 and then briefly served as Minister of the Coordination and Follow-up of Government Action in mid-2009. He was an independent candidate in the 30 August 2009 presidential election and placed third with 25.33% of the vote.
Jean-Hilaire Aubame was a Gabonese politician active during both the colonial and independence periods. The French journalist Pierre Péan said that Aubame's training "as a practicing Catholic and a customs official helped to make him an integrated man, one of whom political power was not an end in itself." Born into a Fang family, Aubame was orphaned at a young age. He was raised by the stepbrother of Léon M'ba, who became Aubame's chief political rival. Encouraged by his colleagues, Aubame entered politics, serving as Gabon's first representative in the National Assembly of France from 1946 to 1958. Aubame was also a leader in solving African problems, particularly developing the Gabonese standard of living and planning urban sites. Aubame's quick rise in Gabonese politics was spurred by the support of the missions and administration, whereas much of M'ba's strength came from the colonists. Despite a rivalry, Aubame and M'ba, now the President of Gabon, formed several political unions which were sufficiently politically balanced to appeal to the electorate. In appreciation for his help, M'ba appointed Aubame as foreign minister and later President of the Supreme Court. Tensions soon rose between the two due to Aubame's refusal to merge his party with M'ba's and create a single-party state. Aubame was installed as President of Gabon during a 1964 coup d'état against M'ba. However, the coup was toppled three days later, and although he did not participate in the coup's planning, Aubame was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor and 10 years of exile. He was beaten almost daily by his prison guards while serving out his sentence. M'ba's successor as President, Omar Bongo, allowed the return of Aubame to Gabon in 1972. The elder politician died in 1989 in Gabon's capital of Libreville.
Franck Engonga is a Gabonese professional footballer who currently plays for Club Africain and the Gabon national football team. He has competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Pascaline Mferri Bongo Ondimba is a Gabonese politician. Under her father, President Omar Bongo, she was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 1994 and Director of the Cabinet of the President from 1994 to 2009.
Henri Arnaud Antchouet Rebienot, known as Antchouet, is a Gabonese footballer who plays for Churchill Brothers S.C. in the I-League. Nicknamed "The Arrow" due to his agility, the striker spent most of his professional career in Portugal and played in five other countries abroad. From 2007 to 2009 he served a ban due to doping.
Patrice Emery Trovoada is a São Toméan politician who was Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe from February 2008 to June 2008 and again from August 2010 to December 2012.
Jean Eyeghé Ndong is a Gabonese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Gabon from January 20, 2006 to July 17, 2009. He was also the First Vice-President of the Gabonese Democratic Party until 2009. Eyeghé Ndong resigned as Prime Minister in July 2009 and announced his intention to stand as an independent candidate in the August 2009 presidential election. Subsequently he withdrew his candidacy in favor of a joint opposition candidate, André Mba Obame, and acted as spokesman for the opposition. He has been Vice-President of the National Union, a unified opposition party, since its creation in February 2010.
Gilles Daniel Mbang Ondo is a Gabonese football striker who plays for Nejmeh.
Bruno Mbanangoyé Zita is a Gabonese football midfielder who is currently a free agent.
Raymond Ndong Sima is a Gabonese politician who has been Prime Minister of Gabon since February 2012.
Reina-Flor Okori is a French hurdler of Equatoguinean and Nigerian origins. Okori was born in Gabon after her parents fled Equatorial Guinea, due to the political persecution during the dictatorship of Francisco Macías Nguema. Her grandparents were Equatoguineans, each with different ethnic groups, except for her paternal grandfather. As a junior she finished tenth in long jump at the 1996 World Junior Championships and won the 1999 European Junior Championships in 100 metres hurdles. She finished fifth at the 2001 Summer Universiade and sixth at the 2007 European Indoor Championships. She competed at the 2004 Olympics, the 2005 European Indoor Championships, the 2005 World Championships and the 2006 European Championships, without reaching the final. At the 2008 Olympics, Okori reached the semi-finals of the 100 metres hurdles. She repeated this feat at the 2012 Summer Olympics, but was disqualified in the semi-finals.
Pierre Mamboundou was a Gabonese politician. He was President of the Union of the Gabonese People, an opposition party in Gabon, from 1989 to 2011.
Paul Biyoghé Mba is a Gabonese politician who was Prime Minister of Gabon from July 2009 to February 2012. A member of the Gabonese Democratic Party, he served for years as a minister in the government prior to his appointment as Prime Minister. Since 2012, he has been President of the Economic and Social Council of Gabon.
Merlin Abdoulaye Tandjigora is a Gabonese football player who plays French club Carquefou in the Championnat de France amateur. He plays as a defensive midfielder and previously played at the professional level with Metz. Tandjigora is a graduate of the National Football School located in his hometown. On 9 July 2010, he became the first player from the academy to sign a professional contract with a European club after signing a one-year contract with Metz. Tandjigora arrived at Metz in 2009 and joined the club's Championnat de France amateur 2 team for the 2009–10 season. He played in 21 matches and scored two goals as the reserve team of Metz were crowned champions of the league finishing with 107 points. After the season, Tandjigora signed his first professional contract and was, subsequently, promoted to the senior team and assigned the number 12 shirt by new manager Dominique Bijotat. He made his professional debut on 30 July 2010 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Clermont. Tandjigora started the match and played 76 minutes in a 3–1 defeat. He made his league debut a week later in a 2–0 defeat to Évian. Tandjigora was formerly a Gabonese youth international having earned caps with the nation's under-20 team in qualification for the 2009 African Youth Championship. On 30 September 2010, he was called up to the senior team for the first time by coach Gernot Rohr for matches against Oman and Saudi Arabia.
Rémy Nenet Ebanega Ekwa is Gabonese footballer who playing for French club AJ Auxerre. In July 2012, he signed a two-year contract with French Ligue 2 side Auxerre. He was called to Gabon national football team, played at 2012 Africa Cup of Nations.
Georges Ambourouet is a gabonese international football defender who currently plays for Albanian club FK Kukësi.
Bruno Ben Moubamba is a Gabonese politician.
Rose Francine Rogombé is a Gabonese politician who was Acting President of Gabon from June 2009 to October 2009, following the death of long-time President Omar Bongo. She constitutionally succeeded Bongo due to her role as President of the Senate, a post to which she was elected in February 2009. She is a lawyer by profession and a member of the Gabonese Democratic Party. Rogombé was the first female head of state of Gabon. After her interim presidency, she returned to her post as President of the Senate.
Dieudonné Londo is a former Gabon international football forward who played for clubs in Gabon, Morocco, Belgium, Greece and Cyprus.
André Raponda Walker was a Gabonese author, ethnographer, Catholic priest, and missionary. Walker wrote extensively about Gabonese language and culture.
Christopher Lima da Costa is a Gabonese-born São Toméan athlete. He competed in the 100 m event at the 2012 Summer Olympics but was eliminated in the preliminary round despite posting a personal best time of 11.56. Da Costa also represented his country at the 100 metres in the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu and at the 100 metres in the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow. Both times he was eliminated in the preliminaries.
Henri Junior Ndong Ngaleu is Gabonese footballer, who plays for French club AJ Auxerre. In July 2012, he signed a two-year contract with French Ligue 2 side Auxerre, along with his US Bitam fellow Rémy Ebanega. He played for Gabon national football team at 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. He plays in defender.
Yrondu Musavu-King is a Gabonese football player who plays for French club Uzès Pont du Gard on loan from Caen in Ligue 2 and the Gabon national team. He plays mainly as a central defender. Musavu-King made his professional debut on 23 November 2012 in a 1–0 league victory against Angers SCO. Musavu-King made his debut for Gabon in a 2014 World Cup qualifier against Congo.
Rolly Lumbala is a Canadian football fullback for the BC Lions. He was invited to training camp as a gridiron football fullback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League. Never making the full roster, he was cut on September 4. He was drafted by the BC Lions in the second round of the 2008 CFL Draft. He played college football at Idaho.
Fr. Paul Mba Abessole is a Gabonese politician who heads the National Woodcutters' Rally – Rally for Gabon and was a leading opponent of President Omar Bongo during the 1990s. He stood as a presidential candidate twice during the 1990s and also served as Mayor of Libreville, the capital. From 2002 to 2009 he participated in the government of Gabon, holding the rank of Deputy Prime Minister for most of that period.
Guy Roger Nzamba is a former Gabonese footballer, who played as a forward. He also represented the Gabon national football team. Nzamba made his debut in the Football League for Southend United on 20 September 1997, at home to Fulham in the 1–0 victory. He came on as a substitute in the 40th minute for Paul Williams before being substituted himself in the 65th minute for Carl Beeston. He also represented the Gabon national football team on a number of occasions.
Paul Ulrich Kessany Zategwa, known as Paul Kessany is a Gabonese footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for AS Mangasport. He is also a member of the Gabon national football team.
Paul Marie Indjendjet Gondjout was a Gabonese politician and civil servant, and the father of Laure Gondjout, another prominent Gabonese politician. Gondjout was a member of the Mpongwe ethnic group, and served in the French colonial administration from 1928, and founded the Cercle amical et mutualiste des évolués de Port-Gentil in 1943. He was a delegate to the French Senate from 1949 to 1958, and founded the Gabonese Democratic Bloc. In 1954, Léon M'ba joined the party and eventually overthrew Gondjout as leader. In 1960, then President M'ba reshuffled the government without consulting Parliament. When Gondjout filed a motion of censure he was charged with attempting a coup d'état and sentenced to two years in prison. Following his release, M'ba appointed him to the largely symbolic post of President of the Economic Council, in part to silence the threat he represented. Gondjout served as Minister of State during the abortive 1964 Gabon coup d'état but was acquitted of all charges during his subsequent trial. He lived outside public view from his 1966 acquittal to his death on 1 July 1990 and there is little record of his life during this period.
Thierry Issiémou is a Gabonese international footballer who plays for Réunion Premier League side JS Saint-Pierroise, as a defensive midfielder.
Arsène Copa is a Gabonese footballer, who currently plays for AS Mangasport.
Ernest Akouassaga is a Gabonese football defender is currently a free agent.
Erwin Blynn Nguéma Obame is a Gabonese football player who currently plays for US Bitam.
Léon Mébiame was the Prime Minister of Gabon from 1975 to 1990. A member of the Fang ethnic group, Mébiame was born in Libreville. Under French colonial rule, he became an inspector of federal police in 1956 and was posted in Chad from January 6, 1957 to March 1959. A close associate of President Omar Bongo, he was Vice President from 1968 to 1975, when the position was abolished; he was then appointed as Prime Minister and served from April 16, 1975 to May 3, 1990. Subsequently he joined the opposition in the early 1990s. He was appointed as President of the Libreville Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Mines on November 6, 2008. He took office on December 4, 2008, succeeding Joachim Boussamba.
Théodore Nzue Nguema is a retired Gabon international footballer.
Charly Moussono is a footballer who plays for Pretoria University F.C. in the South African National First Division. Although Cameroonian by birth, he has represented Gabon and Cameroon at international level. Despite representing Gabon at the Africa Cup of Nations in 2012, FIFA later found him to be ineligible to represent Gabon at international level. In 2011, Moussono played several games for Gabon and also included in a high-profile friendly game against Brazil. He was later named in the Gabon squad for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. He played in all four games that Gabon participated in. On 3 June 2012, he represented Gabon in a 0-0 draw with Niger in a FIFA sanctioned World Cup qualifying match. In December 2012, FIFA announced that Moussono was not an eligible player for Gabon as he had represented Cameroon in the 2006 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup competition. Niger were awarded a 3–0 victory over Gabon.
Cédric Boussougou is a footballer who plays for Gabon national football team.
Jean-Boniface Assélé is a Gabonese politician and the President of the Circle of Liberal Reformers. He served in the government of Gabon from 1975 to 1990 and again from 2004 to 2009. He was also Commander-in-Chief of the National Police Forces from 1970 to 1989 and held the rank of General. Since September 2009, Assélé has been the Fourth Vice-President of the Senate of Gabon.
Zacharie Myboto is a Gabonese politician and President of the National Union, an opposition party. He was the Administrative Secretary of the Gabonese Democratic Party from 1972 to 1990 and served in the government from 1978 to 2001. After resigning from the government, he became an opposition leader, founding the Gabonese Union for Democracy and Development in 2005 and placing third in the 2005 presidential election. He has been the President of the Group of the Forces of Change in the National Assembly since 2007. In February 2010, the UGDD merged with two other opposition parties to create the National Union, and Myboto became its President.
Jonas Ogandaga is a Gabonese footballer who currently plays for Gabonese club Stade Mandji. A midfielder, his previous clubs include Petrosport, Sogara, Mbilinga, Raja Casablanca, Olympique Kef, and Medenine. He also played for his nation between 1993 and 2000. He played in three tournaments which include the 1994, 1996 and 2000 African Cup of Nations.
Alexandre Sambat was a Gabonese politician and diplomat. He was Gabon's Ambassador to the United States from 1991 to 1993 and then joined the opposition in Gabon, standing unsuccessfully as a candidate in the December 1993 presidential election. After that election, he served in the government until his death in 1998. Born in Makokou, Sambat became a chemical engineer. He was Minister of National Education until being appointed as Minister of State for Tourism, Leisure, and National Parks on 18 November 1987. He was subsequently appointed as Ambassador to the United States on 26 April 1991 and presented his credentials on 11 June 1991. A composition by Sambat, the "World Peace Song", premiered in January 1992; Sambat sang and played keyboard during the performance, which was characterized by a "bright, melodic refrain". Its lyrics were in both English and French. After the 1993 election, he was again included in the government; as of 1995 he was Minister of Human Rights. He was the only member of the opposition included in the government that was named on 28 January 1997; on that occasion he was appointed as Minister of Youth, Sports, and Leisure.
Muller Dinda is a Gabonese professional footballer. He plays for Gabon national football team. He has competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Alain Moussi is a film producer, a screenwriter and an actor.
Armand Ossey born on 19 October 1978 in Libreville, Gabon is a former Gabonese international football striker who played between 1995 and 2008. During his career he played in Gabon as well as in France, Portugal and in Estonia in which his previous clubs include CS Stade d'Akebe Libreville, Grenoble, Valence, Créteil, Moreirense, Pau, Rouen, Kuressaare and Paris. He participated in the 2000 African Nations Cup for Gabon in 2000 in which Gabon finished in last place with one point. Armand Ossey played for Gabon between 1998 and 2000.
Samson Mbingui is a Gabonese professional footballer. He plays for Gabon national football team. He has competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Arsène Do Marcolino Rogombé is a Gabonese international footballer who plays club football in France for Poitiers FC.
Rodrigue Moundounga is a Gabonese international footballer who plays as a defender for CF Mounana.
Didier Ibrahim Ndong is a Gabonese footballer, who plays as a Midfielder in the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 for CS Sfaxien, and for the Gabonese national team.
Franck Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet is a Gabonese diplomat and political figure who has served in the government of Gabon as Minister of Foreign Affairs since February 2012. He was Gabon's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from August 2008 to January 2009. Afterwards he served in the government of Gabon as Minister of Energy, Hydraulic Resources, and New Energies from January 2009 to June 2009 and then briefly as Minister of Relations with Parliament and the Constitutional Institutions in mid-2009. He was again appointed as Permanent Representative to the UN in November 2009. In March 2010, Issoze-Ngondet was the President of the United Nations Security Council.
Edmond Mouele is a Gabonese football defender currently playing for AS Mangasport. He is the current captain of the Gabon national football team.
Anselme Delicat is a Gabonese football manager and a former player. Since late 2000s he has been the main coach of USM Libreville.
Idriss Ngari is a Gabonese politician and army general. A relative of President Omar Bongo, Ngari rose rapidly through the ranks of the army, ultimately serving as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces from 1984 to 1994. He then held a succession of posts in the government of Gabon, serving as Minister of Defense from 1994 to 1999, Minister of Transport from 1999 to 2002, Minister of the Interior from 2002 to 2004, Minister of Public Works from 2004 to 2007, Minister of Tourism from 2007 to 2009, and finally as Minister of Health in 2009. Considered one of Gabon's most powerful figures during Omar Bongo's rule, Ngari is a member of the Gabonese Democratic Party.
André Gustave Anguilé was a former Gabonese politician and diplomat. He was the foreign minister of his country from 1960–1961. He was born in Libreville, Gabon.
Étienne Alain Djissikadié is a Gabonese footballer currently playing for US Bitam.
Richard Auguste Onouviet is a Gabonese politician. Holding a succession of ministerial portfolios, Onouviet served in the government of Gabon as Minister of Water and the Environment from 1999 to 2002, Minister of Mines, Energy, and Oil from 2002 to 2007, Minister of Planning from 2007 to 2009, and as Minister of Decentralization and Urban Policy in 2009. A member of the Gabonese Democratic Party, he has been a Deputy in the National Assembly since 2009.
Imunga Ivanga: is a Gabonese filmmaker. He was born in 1967 in Libreville, Gabon. He studied at University of Libreville and has a masters in literature. Also, he speaks several languages like Mpongwe, French, English, Spanish and Italian. After a year studying film at the FEMIS in Paris, he specialised in script-writing and in 1996 obtained his degree. Also, he is a prolific writer and he has written several scripts for short films, clips and documentaries.
Thierry Mouyouma is a Gabonese former football defender and current manager. He made several appearances for the Gabon national football team. In 2003, Mouyouma moved to South Africa, joining Wits University from FC Felgueiras. After he retired from playing, Mouyouma became a football coach. He manages his former club, FC 105 Libreville.
Edna Merey-Apinda is a Gabonese writer.
Georges Akieremy Owondo is a Gabonese football striker currently playing in Israel.
Pierre-André Kombila Koumba is a Gabonese politician, professor, and medical doctor. He was the First Secretary of the National Rally of Woodcutters, Gabon's main opposition party, from 1990 to 1998; he then led a split from the RNB, establishing the more radical National Rally of Woodcutters - Democrats in 1998. He was nominated as the RNB-D's candidate for the 1998 presidential election, but received only a small share of the vote. Later, he abandoned his opposition to President Omar Bongo and joined the government, serving as Minister of Technical and Vocational Education from 2006 to 2009 and as Minister of Hydraulic Resources and New Energies in 2009. Following Bongo's death, he rejoined the opposition in mid-2009.
Yanne Bidonga, also called Yann Bidonga is Gabonese football goalkeeper who plays for AS Mangasport in Gabon Championnat National D1.
Stéphane Bitséki Moto is Gabonese footballer who plays for his country club Bitam in Gabon Championnat National D1 as a goalkeeper. He was called to Gabon national football team at 2012 Africa Cup of Nations.
Blaise Louembe is a Gabonese political figure. He served in the government of Gabon as Minister of the Economy, Finance, the Budget, and Privatization from 2008 to 2009 and has been Minister of the Budget, Public Accounts, and the Civil Service, in charge of State Reform, since October 2009. In March 2000, H.E. Blaise Loumbe began his life's work with Gabon’s President Bongo to make Gabon’s GDP the third highest per capita in the area. After the elections in 2008 the new President of Gabon, Ali Bongo, showing the infinite trust in Blaise Louembe's economic genius, made Blaise Loumbe the Minister in charge of Public Accounts, Civil Service and the Budget, and in 2009 placed him in charge of State Reform for the entire Nation of Gabon. Born in Koulamoutou, Louembe was Paymaster-General of Gabon from 22 March 2000 until he was appointed to the government as Minister of the Economy, Finance, the Budget, and Privatization on 7 October 2008. When Ali Bongo took office as President, he retained Louembe in the government but modified his portfolio, appointing him as Minister of the Budget, Public Accounts, and the Civil Service, in charge of State Reform, on 17 October 2009.
Audrey Koumba is a Gabonese judo player.
Lionel Yakouya is a Gabonese football player.
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Soglasno paragraph 62 of the instructions on the edict of notarial acts notaries of Ukraine, the possession of a house, flat, bungalow, garden house, needlefish, other buildings and structures that are minded of, wickerwork be confirmed, in particular, one of these documents or their duplicates: - notarized get of sale, contribution, lifespan reenforcement (sway), tear, talented, substitution - a genetic contract - certify of the learning of the place at public auctioneer (Auction) - substantiation of ownership of stabile property - a credentials of inheritance - the credential of claim to parcel in community holding - the correspondence on segmentation of holding - to dismiss the catching for the sustentation of law bailiwick to the accomplishment of rights to immovable prop - the rectify to fire the declaration for upkeep for the tiddler in connection with the transportation possession of real estate - mortgage agreement, which contains a article addressing the requirements of a mortgagee, who terminal afterwards the incoming into personnel of the Law of Ukraine "On prevention of the globose fiscal crisis on the evolution of the construction diligence and housing twist, or the abridge mortgagee of expiation, which provides for the transport of mortgagee deed to the mortgaged attribute - the courtroom, rubric to the land of individuals certified by the land act, but on state, getting the ownership of the nation of personalty without changing the boundaries, purpose, and consequently the cut or prove of the compensate to nasledstvo. Odnim of the virtually crucial things - if in a crotch habitation is whoreson overhaul, reconstruction, or at the place, which belongs to a individual plate ownership, there are buildings, extensions, reinforced lawlessly, without obtaining the requisite documentation - this fact mustiness be reflected in vytyage BTI, which is certainly suit an obstacle the close of the transaction of purchase and sale. Such a refusal is minded to the notary forme. Essentially, in this suit thither is a legitimatise issue, and at the same time, the approach the person and the universal formula in this clause does notable give budu. In the absence of such decisiveness denies the credential of a notary of the tendency of a residential construction, the possessor of which carried a restructuring, an increase, modification, or reduction household usefulness buildings and structures. Stem: "Cadastral figure" and "privatization of commonwealth" - quite comprehensive field, we volition famed populate on it separately and discussed in another article in the pages of Interpreted like, with the disaffection of the private dwelling sellers motivation to get: -passports of all owners (owners) of the anomic. The price of fabricate in the metropolis of Kharkov - 1, 000 hryvnia, commonly BTI makes it a terminus of one mesyatsa. Let me prompt you that you should baulk in advance that their passports would sustain been glued all the pictures.Obyazatelno, the alienation of genitalia ownership - whether - whether it is parting of the household or detached household - it is essential to allow cadastral number, if the country is famed privatized, or province credentials - if the nation privatized. I would likewise comparable to underscore that "concern" wickerwork come, and the seller, alienating their function of the household, if such structure or remodeling is a co-proprietor - the conterminous who live in the arcsecond role of homeownership.
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What other items do people put on their trucks?
Here are some interesting items that people often overlook when initially outfitting their new truck, but frequently include in a second round of upgrades.
If someone buys a tonneau cover to protect the contents of their bed, it means they have stuff in the bed that they will occasionally want to retrieve and that usually means getting up into the bed. A common method for that is to step on the rear bumper and then climb over the tailgate. This is actually easier than getting in the bed with the tailgate down but like most things in life, “easier “ is a relative term.
I’m 5’10” tall so even getting into the bed of my F-350 is no big deal for me if I leave the tailgate up and step up onto the bumper. It’s a lot harder with the tailgate down because I lose access to the low point of the bumper and the step up is now extremely high. But like I said, I can work around it by leaving the tailgate up.
Getting back out is slightly more difficult because it can be hard to see where to place your foot on the bumper as you step backward out of the bed over the closed tailgate. But it’s workable.
On the other hand there is no easy way in or out of the truck bed, even on a small truck, for someone shorter. That’s where the bed step comes in. It’s a spring-loaded or swivel step that attaches to the frame or rocker panel of the truck and extends out when needed, roughly halving the distance from the ground to the rear bumper. Some steps are designed to mount along the side of the bed just behind the cab so the owner can step up and reach into the bed to retrieve items.
Whichever style you use, it makes the bed much more usable on a daily basis.
The shortest of short beds is 5’ long from tailgate to front. Many are 6’ long and some are 8’ long. Regardless of which bed length you have, retrieving something from the front of the bed can be a chore and then there’s the problem of items rolling around in the bed when driving home from a shopping trip.
The most popular bed extenders make the short beds more usable by acting as a cargo fence that extends out over the tailgate, adding length to the bed. They also can flip inward, creating a corral just inside the tailgate, providing a conveniently accessible storage area that keeps items in a confined space. Sometimes, though, the bed extender can get in the way.
Recognizing that, the best bed extenders are designed for quick and easy removal as well as easy re-installation. They make the bed available for a wider range of uses, adding convenient versatility in the process.
Bed mats create a non-skid surface and protect the painted floor of the truck bed. For some owners, that’s all the protection that they need. Made of heavy rubber, they are often cut to custom fit vehicle-specific bed shapes and lengths. They don’t protect the inside walls of the bed, however.
Liners basically fall into two categories – drop-in liners and spray-on liners. Their function is simply to protect the bed of the truck from scratches and small dings as well as to provide a non-skid surface to minimize movement of items stored in the bed. A spray-on liner such as Rhino-liner requires scuffing the paint off the bed floor and walls, applying a paint preparation agent, and then spraying on a permanent coating. The materials and labor involved make this a relatively expesive option, generally in the $500.00 and up range. The advantage is that it is a tough, durable coating that will not wear off over time.
Drop-in liners are made of hard plastic and they are designed to fit the contours of the bed and extend up the sides under the bed rails. They do have the ability to move around slightly and over time can scuff the painted surfaces, but they are also significantly less expensive than spray-on, typically less than half the cost.
Drop-in liners also have the advantage of being able to move from vehicle to vehicle as long as the bed dimensions are the same or very, very close. Ford SuperDuty beds, for example, have only slightly changed once from 1999 to present, so an owner who has upgraded to a new truck a couple of times over the past 17 years could have reused their drop-in bed liner on each new truck.
Most trucks traditionally have a nose-down stance. The bed is slightly raised so that, when loaded, it has room to settle without appearing to be overloaded. Some owners prefer a level stance or they want to put larger wheel and tires on the truck. Others install snow plows and don’t want the front of the truck to drop even more under the weight.
Leveling kits raise the front of the truck up so that it’s at the same height as the bed. They provide more room for larger wheels and tires (sometimes allowing up to 35″ diameters) and they restrict how much the front can drop under weight. They are an economical and effective solution for owners who want a more aggressive look without the cost, inconvenience and complexity of a full lift kit.
All of these accessories make it possible for owners to periodically update their vehicles rather than replace them and can make them easier to live with as daily drivers. It’s almost always less expensive to refresh a paid-for vehicle than to replace it. For those owners enjoying a new purchase, it’s less expensive to personalize that new vehicle in the aftermarket than through the dealer. Stop by and let us show you how we can put your personality on wheels!
Next: A Wheel is a Wheel, Right?
These all seem like really useful attachments to add to a truck. I can think of a lot of situation where a bedstep would come in handy. I’m always helping my grandpa load up his truck and haul thing around. A step would make loading and unloading a much easier process.
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Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution. Those organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive to reproductive age and pass on alleles for favourable characteristics to their offspring. In this case, the environment (nature) is doing the selecting.
The genetic processes underlying both natural and artificial selection are the same.
Make a table to compare natural selection and artificial selection (include similarities as well as differences).
In the classification of T. aestivum and einkorn wheat, has the biological species concept or the cladistic concept been used?
The protein in wheat grains has a specific quality. When hydrated and kneaded it forms a sticky, rubbery mass that holds bubbles of gas produced from yeast, giving the characteristic light texture of bread. The only other cereal grain that produces a protein able to do this is rye.
Describe the nature and origin of the gas produced by yeast.
Explain why wheat flour used for bread-making needs to have a higher protein content than wheat flour used for making biscuits.
Artifical Selection -. artificial selection. artificial selection is the deliberate selection of organisms with desirable characteristics that are useful to humans humans determine which alleles pass onto successive generations.
Evolution & Natural Selection -Evolution & natural selection. evolution. means “change.” in a narrower sense referring to organisms, means a permanent change occurring in a species over generations. can evolution be a fact?.
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Numerous studies have explored the possibility of uncovering information from web search queries but few have examined the factors that affect web query data sources. We conducted a study that investigated this issue by comparing Google Trends and Baidu Index. Data from these two services are based on queries entered by users into Google and Baidu, two of the largest search engines in the world. We first compared the features and functions of the two services based on documents and extensive testing. We then carried out an empirical study that collected query volume data from the two sources. We found that data from both sources could be used to predict the quality of Chinese universities and companies. Despite the differences between the two services in terms of technology, such as differing methods of language processing, the search volume data from the two were highly correlated and combining the two data sources did not improve the predictive power of the data. However, there was a major difference between the two in terms of data availability. Baidu Index was able to provide more search volume data than Google Trends did. Our analysis showed that the disadvantage of Google Trends in this regard was due to Google's smaller user base in China. The implication of this finding goes beyond China. Google's user bases in many countries are smaller than that in China, so the search volume data related to those countries could result in the same issue as that related to China.
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The novel ' The Story of Tom Brennan' by J. Tom Brennan, the protagonist in The Story of Tom Brennan is haunted by an accident and is faced with a hard transition, and as with the other members of his family, with the use of first person and colloquial language, J. Activity 1- All individuals react in a different way, there is no average way to respond to situations like this and kylie has her own way of dealing with it. Week after week the news screams of stories about road trauma and the very many hapless, often speeding and drunk young male drivers. This was a positive impact for Tom because he could escape the chaos of his family problems.
One giant leap for mankind. Through acceptance, Tom was able to move from a child embittered by distress, to a man who is able to obtain the benefits from life experiences. C Burke portrays this theme of resistance to change, which is mainly highlighted through the character Tom Brennan throughout chapters one and two. Tom Brennan is frightened of many things. Authors also don't think about themes. I needed my energy and more than that I needed my guard.
He commenced his apprenticeship in the craft of Rheintour or flat-cutting. Some may have hidden away; others block it out and move on. This symbolises that his personal growth and movement into the world has been a natural progression. Father Vincent said it to Tom because he would be the best thing to happen to Bennies in a long time. Yet Buddy is different and a better person than those who he associates with because he is compassionate…. Aerosmith, Bankruptcy in the United States, Chapter 12, Title 11, United States Code 2095 Words 8 Pages Explain how Tom Brennan and Juno related text portray the consequences of moving into the world.
They were leaving the town for a new beginning, hoping to start fresh in a new place. Acceptance, Blame, Denial 1237 Words 4 Pages The Story of Tom Brennan by J. How could she under all those covers? During reading the book: Prologue What is a prologue? Burke is able to maintain high levels of authenticity throughout the duration of the text, stimulating a more powerful response. From this move into the adult world, Tom realises that his new world can provide more opportunity for growth than his former. The story begins with the Brennans fleeing town.
I thought i'd be prepared for this. She had no underlying message she just writes it from the characters who is telling it. Within a year he moved on to ball glass blower. It's not simply about the 'secret' getting out, moving to Coghill or the accident - those factors make up the whole story of Tom finding out who this new Tom is after the accident. C Burke explores the different ways individuals grow when they are taken out of their comfort zones and venture into new experiences. I'd made it up without even realising.
The protagonist is assuming that Coghill will be the same. Buddy faces peer pressure consistently and ends up associating with the wrong people, due to a lack of backbone. The family then move from Mumbilli to the town Coghill. Burke demonstrates the inevitable reality that individuals must sacrifice their comforts and the safety provided by the old world in order to satisfy unmet inner desires. In most papers, I would expect at least 3-4 really strong quotations used to prove your topic. This quote belongs to family crisis and conflict because she is being very judgemental about the problems and its cause the family to fall apart. A Good Thing, American football, Brennan Family Restaurants 648 Words 2 Pages Tom Brennan Speech.
Rather the fictional landscape of The Devil and Tom Walker seems haunted by events of the past and infused by Irving's occasionally biting satire. This page includes links to resources which will help you to understand The Story of Tom Brennan as well as a list of related texts which you can use in your essays and exams. Which was what our families had become - sad, angry, guilt-ridden, confused, lost. His early days were spent cutting stars on the bases of tumblers and glasses and learning from master glasscutters. See how cliches can be used to explain other cliches? Use some of Burkes' values and attitudes about moving into the world to devise some statements about transitions. This had a negative impact on what happened next because Tom was afraid to open his eyes to see his families faces.
Tom's career with Waterford Crystal began with his apprenticeship in 1986, where he mastered the art of crystal glass blowing. In the end its all worth it because you may also gain significant rewards. Hindered by emotional turmoil and an uncontrollable situation in Mumbilli, the protagonist Tom Brennan relieves his devastated life in the new realm of Coghill through forming new relationships and accepting new avenues for personal development. This is depicted through the concept of characters coming of age, themes such as drink driving and relationships and romance which teenagers understand and relate to as well as language techniques such as colloquial language in which the responders use. My chosen novel, The Story of Tom Brennan by J. The image by Image Zoo also shows four different pathways leading into the one tree with branches that lead up into the sky.
Write his diary entry for that day. For once, i felt free. Hindered by emotional turmoil and an uncontrollable situation in Mumbilli, the protagonist Tom Brennan relieves his devastated life in the new realm of Coghill through forming new relationships and accepting new avenues for personal development. He was five-eight and his brother Tom was half-back, they worked as a team. And most importantly how would you even begin to move on with your life? The novel written by J.
Another major transition is the physical running with Brennan which is metaphorical for training to enter a new world. Additionally the diegetic crescendo of the instruments used creates a chaotic atmosphere and makes the audience feel a sense of urgency, which effectively accentuates the broken man as a result of this transition and unfamiliarity with the new world. All three of these texts show that moving into the world involves different pathways to new experiences shown through different circumstances, problems and views. Hardships can cause an individual move from one world to another, and challenge previously held opinions. Whose transition was most difficult? The story involves transitions into new chapters in order for them to move on and achieve growth and progression in their maturation phases.
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The Donald Trump "kompromat" story has resulted in a lot of confusion, aided by Trump and his surrogates who are actively seeking to conflate pieces of the story in an attempt to discredit all of them. Here is a rundown on the facts you need in order to understand the story and the prominent false claims circulating around it.
President-elect Donald Trump and his surrogates continue furiously to try to deflect allegations that Russia possesses compromising materials it could use to influence his actions as president. Even well-meaning news media are sometimes conflating different aspects of this evolving story and using terms incorrectly. Here are the elements we know at present, as well as claims that can be refuted.
4. As reported and published by Buzzfeed, the existence of that larger document — a 35 page kompromat "dossier" — which was NOT produced by the IC but rather is a compilation of "opposition research" memos created by a private investigating firm run by a former British intelligence operative, and contains unverified information about a wide variety of potentially compromising materials, some salacious (sexual behavior) and some potentially treasonous (possible coordination between the Trump campaign and the Russian government).
CLAIM 1: Trump did not receive a brief on the kompromat. Trump's senior advisor Kellyanne Conway made this claim to Anderson Cooper, asking in reference to the material, "Why do they not tell the President-elect about it?" She repeated her assertion on NBC’s Late Night with Seth Meyers, saying Trump was "unaware of any briefing." NBC repeated this claim, citing a single anonymous source who asserted Trump wasn’t told about the kompromat. This is FALSE.
Director of National Intelligence James Clapper took the extraordinary step of issuing a statement that implicitly confirmed not only that Trump had been briefed on the material but that Clapper later called Trump and discussed the material again after the original briefing. Flip-flopping on her previous claim, Conway retweeted his statement in apparent endorsement.
Vice President Joe Biden also explicitly confirmed that information about the kompromat had been included in the briefings by the IC. Furthermore, as reported by sources to CNN, ABC, and even — contrary to their earlier claims — NBC, FBI Director James Comey met with Trump one-on-one to convey the information due to its sensitivity.
CLAIM 2: The U.S. intelligence community prepared the dossier. Trump himself has repeatedly attempted to link the IC with the production of the dossier. This is FALSE. As noted above, the 35-page dossier was NOT written or compiled by anyone in the U.S. IC, nor was it leaked by them. Rather, the dossier is a collection of memoranda written by a British former intelligence operative who runs a private investigation firm.
He was reportedly initially hired by Republican opponents of Trump and later by Democratic sources for the purposes of gathering negative information on Trump to use against him during the election season. (Collection of opposition research is a standard process within political primaries and general elections.) The information has been widely circulating among journalists and people working in the U.S. government for many months.
CLAIM 3: The information contained in the dossier is untrue or "disinformation." Trump himself has repeatedly stated that the allegations contained within dossier are false and even tried to say the IC has said they are false. He has also repeatedly and bizarrely attempted to undermine the opinion of the IC by citing Russia’s claims that it does not engage in the collection of kompromat. Trump’s surrogates have reinforced this narrative.
Additionally, NBC mischaracterized the dossier as "disinformation" based on the claims of a single anonymous source, and MSNBC's Chris Matthews hammered home that mischaracterization. ("Disinformation" is a term used to denote material disseminated to mislead and divert attention away from reality. For example: A nation might convey information about plans to attack in one location when it is actually intending to attack at a different location.) This is COMPLICATED. The IC has NOT characterized the information as untrue. That part is false.
Clapper’s own statement specifies the IC "has not made any judgment that the information in this document is reliable" or not. The dossier contains many assertions. We simply do not have full information about the veracity of the various allegations, but the most informed members of the U.S. IC found the existence of the dossier and its contents concerning enough that they felt the need to bring it to the attention of the POTUS and Trump.
DNI Clapper characterized the material as a matter that "might affect national security." The dossier also contains many statements of generally accepted fact about the operations of Russia’s espionage and other intelligence operations.
CLAIM 4: The author of the memoranda contained within the dossier is not credible, and the dossier does not "look" right and therefore is not credible. This is FALSE. A former CIA intelligence officer who reviewed the dossier noted "the language sounds right" and commented, "The individual reports are exactly what one would expect in terms of tone and content on updates sent to a client to inform him or her what is happening in an investigation."
As the Guardian reported in its extensive investigation, Christopher Steele, the author of the materials within the dossier, is an experienced and "highly regarded professional" from within the British intelligence community who was considered as "one of the more eminent Russia specialists" within the British Secret Intelligence Services during his career there.
Following revelations about his identity, Steele has now reportedly gone into hiding out of fear for his safety. Furthermore, Paul Wood of the BBC reported the bombshell revelation that Steele and the dossier comprised of his memoranda are not the only source of the claims that Russia has collected and maintains kompromat on Trump.
The bottom line is, no matter how much Trump rages on Twitter or conflates the various pieces to cause confusion, nor how much Conway spins the facts, this is a major story, involving the national security and the very sovereignty of the United States. And it is not going away any time soon.
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Mayor: Citing the severity of the city’s winters, the city road commissioner has suggested paving our roads with rubberized asphalt, since the pressure of passing vehicles would cause the rubber to flex, breaking up ice on roads and so making ice removal easier and less of a strain on the road-maintenance budget. However, rubberized asphalt is more expensive than plain asphalt and the city’s budget for building and maintaining roads cannot be increased. Therefore, the commissioner’s suggestion isnot financially feasible.
Which one of the following is assumed by the mayor’s argument?
(A) Using rubberized asphalt to pave roads would not have any advantages besides facilitating the removal of ice on roads.
(B) The severity of winters in the region in which the city is located does not vary significantly from year to year.
(C) It would cost more to add particles of rubber to asphalt than to add particles of rubber to other materials that are used to pave roads.
(D) Savings in the cost of ice removal would not pay for the increased expense of using rubberized asphalt to pave roads.
(E) The techniques the city currently uses for removing ice from city roads are not the least expensive possible, given the type of road surface in place.
(A) Using rubberized asphalt to pave roads would not have any advantages besides facilitating the removal of ice on roads.----Wrong.We arent dealing with the role played by the rubberized asphalt.Have to look out for why missing info as to why rubberized asphalt isnt financially feasible.
(B) The severity of winters in the region in which the city is located does not vary significantly from year to year.---- Out of Scope.
(C) It would cost more to add particles of rubber to asphalt than to add particles of rubber to other materials that are used to pave roads.--------'Other materials and asphalt '-Out of Scope.
(D) Savings in the cost of ice removal would not pay for the increased expense of using rubberized asphalt to pave roads.----Correct.Negate it=It is not the case that,savings in the cost of ice removal would not pay for the increased expense of using rubberized asphalt to pave roads. Conclusion='the commissioner’s suggestion(to use rubberized asphalt because of many good reasons) is not financially feasible' fails.
(E) The techniques the city currently uses for removing ice from city roads are not the least expensive possible, given the type of road surface in place.-------Wrong. argument deals with the proposed technique.Current measure isnt the topic of discussion.
Prethinking The mayor thinks that the cost paving road with rubber asphalt will be more and difficult to bear.
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Shrine of Imām ʿAlī (a) (Arabic: عَتَبَة إمام عَلي ع) is located in Najaf, Iraq and is the place where he has been buried. For many years after his demise, the location of his grave was a secret. Imam al-Sadiq (a) revealed it in 135/752. Different structures have been built in different eras. 'Adud al-Dawla al-Daylami and Shah Safi are among the figures who have built magnificent structures for this shrine.
Currently there is a magnificent structure which is comprised of four gates, five porches, a large courtyards and a darih. Following the collapse of Saddam Hossein and presence of Iranians, the shrine is being expanded. Recently a large courtyard is being been built in the western section of the shrine, and it has been named after the Lady Fatima (a). It will increase the total area of the shrine to 140,000 square meters. Many faqihs and scholars are buried in this section.
"The concealment [of the grave and its location] was due to fear of their enemies, like the Umayyads and the Kharijites. This is because it was possible that they would try to find his grave and exhume his body, which would inevitably lead to a conflict with the Hashimite tribe. Through this, several people would be killed and it would cause a large fitna (conflict) in the Muslim community. The Imam (a) was extremely concerned with the well-being of the Muslim nation during his lifetime, and made constant efforts to extinguish the fires of fitna. As such, it was to be expected that he would encourage the same line of thought and actions that he embodied throughout his life, to continue after his death, and that he would want his family and followers to abandon what could be a source of conflict."
Of the twelve Shia Imams, for six of them there is reports of visitation of the grave of Imam Ali (a) in Najaf: Imam al-Husayn (a), Imam Ali b. al-Husayn al-Sajjad (a), Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a), Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a), Imam Ali al-Hadi (a), and Imam Hasan al-Askari (a).
In the era of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a) when the Umayyads were being ousted from the caliphate, there was no longer a reason for the grave of Imam Ali (a) to remain hidden. Due to this, gradually, the location of his grave became known and exposed to everyone. It has been narrated that Safwan sought permission from Imam al-Sadiq (a) to tell the Shias of Kufa where the burial place of Imam Ali (a) was. The Imam (a) responded in the affirmative and also gave some money for the reparations and reconstruction of the grave.
With the deposal of the Umayyads, and the public discovery of the grave of Imam Ali (a), Dawud b. Ali al-Abbasi (d. 133/751) witnessed that many people were visiting the gravesite. As such, he installed a tombstone on top of the grave. However, after the establishment of the Abbasid caliphate, their relationship with the Alawis changed and the grave became abandoned once again and the tombstone was destroyed.
Apparently, in approximately the 170/786, it was Harun al-Rashid who built the first shrine for Imam Ali (a) made from white bricks. He also gave orders for a building to be built on top of the grave from red clay, and for green fabric to be laid across the shrine.
In the same way that the Abbasid caliph, Mutawakkil (d. 247/861), destroyed the shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a), he also destroyed the shrine of Imam 'Ali (a) in Najaf. After this, Muhammad b. Zayd al-Da'i (d. 287/900) rebuilt the grave, and furthermore, built a dome, walls, and fort for shrine.
Umar b. Yahya, renovated the shrine of Imam Ali (a) in 330/942 and he paid for the expenses to install a dome from his personal funds.
'Adud al-Dawla al-Daylami (d. 372/982) renovated and constructed the building in such a way that it was completely unique in style for its era and he also set up endowments for it. This building remained until 753/1352. It was in this year that the building was burned down and destroyed. It has been said that in this fire, a manuscript of Quran in three volumes written by Imam Ali (a) himself were also burned. In addition to 'Adud al-Dawla, other Buyid rulers and their viziers, the Hamdanids, and some of the Abbasids (Mustansir al-Abbasi) also participated in the shrine's renovation and reconstruction.
In the year 760/1359, a new building was constructed that has not been attributed to any particular individual. However, apparently it was the work of Ilkhanates and many rules had a share in its building. Shah Abbas I restored the hall, dome, and courtyard of this building.
Shah Safi expanded the courtyard of the shrine.
In the travel diaries of Sultan Muhammad Mirza (who traveled in the year 1279/1862) it has been written that a fort was built by a person named Muhammad Husayn Sadr Isfahani. Furthermore, in his travel diaries it is stated that a dome was first built during the Buyids and that it was dismantled during the Safavid era. He further notes that the dome that was into place that year (i.e. 1279/1862) was known to have been built by Shah Abbas I with Shaykh Bahai's designs.
The golden detail of the dome, entrance, and both minarets was carried out by Nadir Shah Afshar.
This mosque has been named after Imran b. Shahin. It is one of the oldest mosques in Najaf and is located in the northern of the courtyard of Imam Ali's (a) shrine. It is currently considered to be a part of the shrine.
When Imran rose up against the government of 'Adud al-Dawla, he was eventually defeated. After his defeat, he took an Nadhr that if 'Adud al-Dawla were to pardon him, he would build a portico (Rawaq) in the shrine of Imam 'Ali (a). When 'Adud al-Dawla pardoned him, he built this portico in the middle of the fourth/tenth century. Eventually, it became a mosque, and then became famously known as the Mosque of Imran b. Shahin. The mosque lay abandoned for some time until the dissolution of the Baathist government and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power. In more recent years, the mosque has been renovated in a grand fashion.
A few prominent figures, like Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Yazdi (the author of 'Urwat al-Wuthqa), Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Muqaddas, and Muhammad Baqir Qummi have been buried in this mosque.
The mosque is located opposite to where the head of Imam Ali (a) lies in his grave.
A hadith has been narrated from Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a) that says that the head of Imam al-Husayn (a) was actually buried in this area.
Masjid al-Khadra' (lit. the Green Mosque) is located in the eastern side of the courtyard. This mosque was where Ayatollah al-Khoei taught his lessons. In fact, recently the wall between this mosque and the grave of Ayatollah al-Khoei, was removed and replaced with a window made from stained-glass.
Husainiyya Sahnn Sharif is located in the northern section of the courtyard. It was built by Sayyid Muhsin Zayni. This building was constructed as a resting place for pilgrims visiting the shrine of Imam Ali (a) and also contains a place to perform Wudu. For many years, it lay abandoned and ruined. However, when Saddam Hussein was toppled, Ayatollah al-Sistani commissioned its renovation and reopening.
Iwan al-Ulama' (lit. veranda of scholars) is located in the central-northern section of the main hall. The reason that the place has been named as such is due to the fact that several scholars have been buried here.
In the upper floor of the courtyard, there are 52 rooms, each of which has a veranda facing the courtyard. These 52 rooms make up a seminary. Behind each room, there is a hallway that leads to a stairway (to exit the seminary). These rooms were used for classes and as a place to rest by students of the Islamic seminary. After the uprising of the Iraqi people in the month of Safar 1377/1958, the Baathist regime evicted the students of the seminary from these rooms with the intent of weakening and destroying the Shia seminary. From then-on, these rooms have remained empty.
The Maqam (stance of) Imam al-Sadiq (a) is a spot located near the door of Masjid al-Ra's. It has been narrated that this is where Imam al-Sadiq (a) would pray when he came to perform the Ziyarah (visitation) of Amir al-Muminin (a). This spot, approximately fifty years ago was covered by a white dome, spanning the area of approximately 100 square meters. However, currently there are no remnants of this building and the spot is simply a part of the shrine.
Mawdi' al-Isba'ayn (lit. the place of two fingers) is across the place where the face of the Imam (a) lies. It has been said that there was a tyrant ruler whose name was Murra b. Qays who was once speaking about his tribe and forefathers. He asked the elders of the tribe about those who had passed away from his family, and in response, they said that many of them had been killed in a battle. He further asked about who had killed them, and they responded by saying that most of them had been killed at the hands of Ali b. Abi Talib (a). So, he asked where Imam Ali (a) had been buried, and was told that he was buried in Najaf. Murra then sent an army of 2,000 individuals to storm Najaf. After six days of defending their city, the people of Najaf were defeated and Marra entered the shrine and began to destroy it. As he was about to exhume the grave, two fingers came out of the Darih, and as though they were a sword, cut him in half. At that very moment, the two halves of his body became stone. These two stones were then kept near the road/pathway, after which the army took them and hid them.
The shrine of Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a) has been expanded and renovated considerably in more recent years. The western section of the haram in its developmental plans, has been named after the Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a). This courtyard includes much of the western section of the shrine complex up until the Maqam Imam al-Sajjad (a). It is being designed and built by Iranian architects. Upon completion of these developmental plans, the total area for the shrine complex will span 140,000 square meters.
↑ Mufīd, al-Irshād, vol. 1, p. 27.
↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, Farḥat al-gharī, p. 13-14.
↑ Tamīmī, Madīnat al-Najaf, p. 177.
↑ Āl Maḥbūbah, Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā, vol. 1, p. 40.
↑ Āl Maḥbūbah, Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā, vol. 1, p. 41.
↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, Farḥat al-gharī, p. 127.
↑ Āl Maḥbūbah, Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā, vol. 1, p. 43.
↑ Āl Maḥbūbah, Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā, vol. 1, p. 42-43.
↑ Tamīmī, Madīnat al-Najaf, p. 172.
↑ Āl Maḥbūbah, Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā, vol. 1, p. 43-45.
↑ Āl Maḥbūbah, Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā, vol. 1, p. 43-46.
↑ Āl Maḥbūbah, Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā, vol. 1, p. 46-48.
↑ Āl Maḥbūbah, Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā, vol. 1, p. 48.
↑ Barīrī, Najaf dar sīzdah safar-nāmah, p. 166.
↑ Barīrī, Najaf dar sīzdah safar-nāmah, p. 167-173.
↑ ʿAlawī, Rāhnamā-yi muṣawwar-i safar-i zīyāratī-yi Iraq, p. 119.
↑ ʿAlawī, Rāhnamā-yi muṣawwar-i safar-i zīyāratī-yi Iraq, p. 120.
↑ ʿAlawī, Rāhnamā-yi muṣawwar-i safar-i zīyāratī-yi Iraq, p. 121.
↑ ʿAlawī, Rāhnamā-yi muṣawwar-i safar-i zīyāratī-yi Iraq, p. 126.
↑ ʿAlawī, Rāhnamā-yi muṣawwar-i safar-i zīyāratī-yi Iraq, p. 123.
↑ ʿAlawī, Rāhnamā-yi muṣawwar-i safar-i zīyāratī-yi Iraq, p. 124.
Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Irshād. Translated by Sāʿidīyi Khurāsānī. Tehran: Islāmīyya, 1380 Sh.
Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Aḥmad. Farḥat al-gharī fī taʿyīn qabr Amīr al-Muʾminīn fī l-Najaf. Qom: al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1413 AH.
Tamīmī, Muḥammad ʿAlī Jaʿfar al-. Madīnat al-Najaf. Najaf: Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Nashr wa al-Taʾlīf, 1372 AH.
Āl Maḥbūbah, Jaʿfar al-Shaykh Bāqir. Māḍī l-Najaf wa ḥāḍiruhā. Qom: al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1413 AH.
ʿAlawī, Aḥmad. Rāhnamā-yi muṣawwar-i safar-i zīyāratī-yi Iraq. Qom: Maʿrūf, 1389 Sh.
This page was last edited on 4 February 2019, at 07:26.
This page has been accessed 13,865 times.
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Find me a hotel in Berkshire. Find the best hotel in Berkshire, in the UK. Just 10 minutes from the M4 or M3 and a quick stroll from the mainline railway station, Premier Inn Bracknell makes the perfect launch pad, whether for business meetings or a family break.
Dive into the pools, water slides and flumes of Bracknell's Coral Reef. Hit the alleys at the Hollywood Bowling Centre - within easy walking distance. And if it's a big, big day out that your family is looking for, we're right at the heart of things: Legoland, Windsor and Ascot are a quick drive and London is easily accessible by road or rail. After work or play, return and recharge the batteries in our tasty restaurant, then relax in our spacious rooms and extra comfy beds.
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What are some helpful tips for raising my child with ADD/ADHD in Virginia?
Parenting is a tough job and often goes unappreciated. Parenting can be especially challenging when your child has ADD or ADHD. It may feel overwhelming at times and you may feel like you need extra help. Here are some steps you can take to assist you in dealing with the challenges of raising a child with ADD/ADHD.
Focus on what your child does well to enhance his or her abilities and interests.
Reward positive behaviors. Teach your child the behaviors you want them to exemplify through motivation and by repeating desired behaviors until they become a routine.
Speak in your normal voice as much as possible. Yelling or threatening your child can make a frustrated child ignore a positive message.
Know the difference between discipline and punishment. Discipline teaches your child what to do, which helps your child develop self-control and responsibility. Punishment is imposed on a child and is intended to stop the behavior immediately. It does not teach the child what you expect their behavior to be.
Decrease television time and increase exercise time. This will help your child get better rest at night.
Develop a schedule and follow it. Consistency can help your son or daughter get stuff done and meet your expectations.
Pick your battles – don’t sweat the small stuff. Be open to making compromises with your child.
Schedule fun time. Enjoying time together will strengthen the family bond and consequently make your child more cooperative.
Build a support system. This network may include a mental health professional, who specializes in ADD, a parent support group, or a babysitter/nanny who works with children who have special needs.
Raising a child with ADD or ADHD can pose some specific legal challenges – especially within the school environment. If you need advice or help from a lawyer, call the attorneys at Smith Strong at (804) 325-1245 or (757) 941-4298.
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Paint like a French Impressionist with Sennelier French Artists' Watercolor. These rich watercolors evoke the timeless beauty and vibrancy of Southern France. Formulated with honey from the Alps, they boast incomparable brilliance and luminosity. The triple-milled pigments have been produced in the same way for more than a century, giving these watercolors exceptional intensity and smoothness.
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Uber releases Ludwig, an open-source AI 'toolbox' built on top of TensorFlowWant to dive earnestly into artificial intelligence (AI) development, but find the programming piece of it intimidating? Not to worry - Uber has your back. The ride-hailing giant today debuted Ludwig, an open source "toolbox" built on top of Google's TensorFlow framework that allows users to train and test AI models without having to write code.
Introducing Ludwig, a Code-Free Deep Learning ToolboxOver the last decade, deep learning models have proven highly effective at performing a wide variety of machine learning tasks in vision, speech, and language. At Uber we are using these models for a variety of tasks, including customer support , object detection , improving maps , streamlining chat communications , forecasting , and preventing fraud .
Would you recommend Ludwig to a friend?
Any ML pros try this out? Could be a perfect fit for some prototype models I’m making.
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What is the MSR (Mirror Surface Rejection) function of Retroreflective Photoelectric Sensors?
MSR is a function of Retroreflective Photoelectric Sensors to receive only the light reflected from the Retroreflector by using the characteristics of the polarizing filter built into the Sensor and the characteristics of the Retroreflector.
1.Light that passes through the polarizing filter at the light emission side becomes horizontal.
2.Light will change from horizontal to vertical if it is reflected on the triangular pyramid on the Retroreflector.
3.The vertical reflected light passes through the polarizing filter at the light receiving side and reaches the light-receiving elements.
Using a Sensor with MSR is ideal for detecting mirrors or other mirror-like objects. By using the principles described above, a Sensor with MSR can detect a mirror-like object as shown in the following figure.
Note:If MSR is not used, the light reflected on the mirror-like object will be received, which will make it impossible to detect the object. The light will not be polarized at the object, and so the polarizing filter at the light-receiving side will prevent the reflected light from being received horizontally. This makes it possible to detect even mirror-like objects.
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0.968767 |
Can somebody explain to me what exactly cross-linking is, why it should be avoided, and what is the penalty is for doing that?
Cross Linking is when a group of domains that are most often owned by the same individual inner link to each other. This is often for the purpose of increasing its popularity with search engines. Cross linking is also Interlinking among web pages within the same website hosting.
Excessive cross linking may be penalized by the search engines in the form of website hosting drop down in search results and your website hosting may even disappear from search engine results.
Peter is right, google can punish you if it find unnatural cross-linking or massive cross linking. It is obvious what you do "behind the scenes" that might help you for a while but not in long run but if you optimize your website hosting for users not for SE, you can get solid ranking.
Cross linking refers to the process of linking between two sites. Cross Linking is when a group of domains that are most often owned by the same individual inner link to each other. This is often for the purpose of increasing its popularity with search engines.
Cross linking is the linking of two or more sites of the same owner.
I've got to say that this also sounds like a bad, bad idea! .
Cross linking is the linking between two sites, whether or not they are owned by the same person.
It is also use for the purpose of link popularity, also known as reciprocal link and two way linking.
Cross Linking is a popular technique designed to build traffic and increase PageRank. It relies on two websites agreeing to point an outbound link to the other site.
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Elia Kazan was a stage and movie director who co-founded "The Actors Studio" in New York, and directed two of the most profound and influential theatrical dramas in Broadway history, 'A Streetcar Named Desire' in 1947, and 'The Death of a Salesman' in 1948. He was a firm advocate of 'method' acting, originally developed by Konstantin Stanislavski and which reached its most successful fruition in the work of one of Kazan's protegees, Marlon Brando.
Kazan also became one of the most influential figures in American cinema, winning Academy Awards as Best Director for 'Gentleman's Agreement' in 1948, and 'On the Waterfront' in 1954, and receiving two other Best Director nominations for 'A Streetcar Named Desire' in 1951, and 'East of Eden' in 1955.
He directed no less than 21 different actors in Oscar-nominated performances, and his films have earned a total of 22 Academy Awards and 62 nominations, including two Directing Oscars for Kazan himself. He also received an honorary award in 1999 in recognition of his "long, distinguished and unparalleled career."
Kazan wrote several novels, including 'The Arrangement', published in 1967, which became a best seller, and his autobiography, published in 1988, which is entitled "Elia Kazan: A Life".
His work embraced controversy and addressed such issues as racism, alcoholism, public corruption and anti-Semitism. He was undoubtedly one of the giants of American cinema, but he lost many friends during the McCarthy Communist witch-hunts in the early 1950's when he testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities and named names which caused the blacklisting of many promising talents in Hollywood because of their political beliefs. The resentment he stirred up then continues undiluted to this day.
Elia Kazan was born Elia Kazanjoglous in Istanbul on 7 September, 1909. His parents were Anatolian Greeks and in 1913 his family emigrated to America and settled in New York, where his father, George, started in business as a rug merchant, bringing his family to join him one by one.. After schooling in New York City and graduating from Williams College, Massachusetts, Kazan entered Yale and studied drama there from 1930 to 1932. Despite his father's expectations that he would enter the family rug business, he decided on an acting career.
Kazan acted professionally for eight years before becoming a director. In 1932 he joined the New York Group Theater where he met for the first time such progressive thinkers as Lee Strasberg, Clifford Odets, and Stella Adler. In 1935 he appeared in 'Waiting for Lefty' and 'Golden Boy' by Odets and later acted in two films directed by Anatole Litvak - 'City for Conquest' in 1940 and 'Blues in the Night' in 1941. But direction was his real aim and after starting to direct some of the Group's plays in the mid 1930's, within a few years he had established a reputation as one of Broadway's finest talents, making his mark particularly strongly with Thornton Wilder's production 'The Skin of Our Teeth' in 1942.
In 1945 he started his Hollywood career with 'A Tree Grows in Brooklyn' but then returned to Broadway to begin working firstly with Arthur Miller on 'All My Sons' and then Tennessee Williams on 'A Streetcar Named Desire'.
After World War II his movie directing career began in earnest with 'Gentleman's Agreement' in 1947, an indictment of anti-semitism in society. The movie, which was an adaptation of Laura Z. Hobson's novel, starred Gregory Peck and Dorothy McGuire and received eight Academy Award nominations winning three Oscars, including one for Best Picture and one for Kazan for Best Director.
He followed this success with the crime drama 'Boomerang' in the same year and then in 1949 had another major success with 'Pinky', the story of a light-skinned black girl who returns to her roots to resume life as a black. Three of the stars received Academy nominations and for Ethel Waters it was only the second time in history that the work of a black actress had been so nominated.
Kazan had directed 'A Streetcar Named Desire' on Broadway in 1947, successfully launching the career of Marlon Brando, and he repeated the success with Brando in the screen version in 1951. The film received twelve nominations in all including one for Best Picture, and all four of the movie's leading actors received Oscar nominations for their performances, Brando, Vivien Leigh, Kim Hunter and Karl Malden, with only Brando, remarkably, not actually winning the Oscar.
After 'Streetcar' Kazan got embroiled in the controversial Communist witch-hunt and was called to give testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). In his first appearance, in January, 1952, he admitted to an 18-month membership in the Communist Party during the 1930's, but he refused to give names of Communist sympathisers. In his second, in April of that year, he named a small number of Party officials from seventeen years earlier and also eight members of the Group Theatre, which led to all of them being blacklisted. Although Kazan defended his actions by saying that he had given names of people already known to the committee, it is undeniable that lives were damaged and careers ruined.
When the Academy gave him an honorary Oscar, in 1999, all the old enmities sprang up. Many hackles rose in the American film making community - and Kazan refused the chance of apologizing. He didn't feel it, so he didn't do it.
Kazan next directed two movies which were commercial failures, 'Viva Zapata!' in 1952 with Marlon Brando and 'Man on a Tightrope' the following year with Fredric March. The contrast with his next movie could not have been more striking. 'On the Waterfront', made in 1954, was an outstanding success with both the critics and the public. The movie, which was about the defiance of a young dock worker towards his corrupt union, received twelve Academy Award nominations and won eight Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Kazan, Best Actor for Brando and Best Actress for Eva Marie Saint.
Kazan continued to make movies of great distinction. 'East of Eden' in 1955 gained him another Academy nomination for Best Director, and is one of Kazan's best films, partly because of James Dean's prickly hesitation and partly because of the absorbing clash of acting styles (Dean and Raymond Massey) which suited Steinbeck's novel. The following year Kazan directed 'Baby Doll', catching the tender humor of Tennessee Williams. The movie received four Academy Award nominations but was not successful at the box-office.
'A Face In the Crowd' in 1957 was the conscience-stricken radical, crudely manhandling the media and unable to deal with an intransigent chief actor. 'Wild River' in 1960 is the concerned American thinking and feeling in unison, a more speculative film than Kazan usually allowed himself, subtle in its situation, its coloring, and its acting. 'Splendor in the Grass' in 1961, however, is intense to the point of hysteria, the most extreme instance of Kazan's emotional involvement with his characters, the source of all that is vital and most alarming in his work. As a result, it is a violent film, lurching between great beauty (especially in Natalie Wood's performance) and excess.
In 1961 Kazan published his first novel, 'America, America' based on the arrival of his own family from Eastern Europe and in 1962 he filmed it and received three more Academy Award nominations. He also directed in 1969 the movie version of his second novel 'The Arrangement', a commentary on materialism in America. His novels are not highly regarded and show that his artistic talents did not extend to the written word.
Kazan married three times. His first marriage to playwright Molly Day Thacher was from 1932 until her death in 1963 and produced two daughters and two sons. His second marriage was to the actress Barbara Loden from 1969 until her death in 1980, producing one son and lastly, he married Frances Rudge in 1982, the marriage ending with his death.
Whatever one's personal opinion, it is undeniable that Kazan's is one of the great lives in American theatre and cinema. He made an impressive transition from top Broadway director into one of the major film makers of his time.
Elia Kazan died of natural causes on 28 September 2003, in New York City. He was 94.
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