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What became Grumman's first light aircraft came from the drawing board of noted kit aircraft designer Jim Bede. The AA-1 began life as the Bede BD-1, a small and compact design using just 385 parts and bonded honeycomb construction. The original BD-1 was powered by a 65kW (90hp) Continental C90-14, and first flew on July 11 1963. Unlike other Bede designs however the BD-1 was not intended for kit building, instead Bede renamed his company the American Aviation Corporation, and placed the BD-1 in series production at the company's Cleveland plant. Production aircraft differed from the prototype in having a revised wing layout and vertical tail, a wider track undercarriage and a more powerful Lycoming O-235. First production aircraft were designated the AA-1 Yankee and the first were delivered in 1968, the last in 1971. The Yankee was replaced in production by the AA-1A Trainer, with a modified wing and equipped for pilot training. It flew for the first time on March 25 1970 and was certificated in January 1971. In 1972 the AA-1A was replaced by the AA-1B, a revised version with greater takeoff weights. The AA-1B was available as the Trainer, or as the Tr2, a superior spec deluxe version with upmarket interior trim, wheel fairings and more comprehensive standard avionics fit. Following Grumman Corporation's acquisition of American Aviation, the AA-1 was produced under the Grumman American Aviation Corporation banner. In 1978 Grumman American introduced the further improved AA-1C with greater takeoff weights, a more powerful O-235 engine and revised tail surfaces. The AA-1C was available as the T-Cat trainer model and as the Lynx more luxurious touring model. AA-1 production was discontinued mid 1978, just before Gulfstream acquired Grumman American.
AA-1A - One 81kW (108hp) Lycoming O-235-C2C flat four piston engine driving a two blade fixed pitch propeller. AA-1C - One 85kW (115hp) O-235-L2C.
AA-1A - Max speed 222km/h (120kt), max cruising speed 203km/h (110kt), long range cruising speed 180km/h (97kt). Initial rate of climb 765ft/min. Service ceiling 13,750ft. Range with no reserves 805km (435nm). AA-1C - Max speed 233km/h (126kt), max cruising speed 217km/h (117kt), long range cruising speed 178km/h (96kt). Initial rate of climb 700ft/min. Max range with reserves 648km (350nm).
AA-1A - Empty 442kg (975lb), max takeoff 680kg (1500lb). AA-1C - Empty 485kg (1066lb), max takeoff 726kg (1600lb).
Wing span 7.47m (24ft 6in), length 5.87m (19ft 3in), height 2.32m (7ft 7in). Wing area 9.4m2 (101sq ft).
Total AA-1 production 1822, including 461 AA-1, 470 AA-1A, 680 AA-1B, and 211 AA-1C.
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Maybe now that the film about Ian Curtis' life is in the cinemas worldwide, let's start a topic to discuss one of the most brilliant bands of the seventies. Despite their short existance, JD left a landmark on the music world and I would almost say they inspired and thus helped to create the whole goth movement and new-wave. Of all dead musicians, Ian Curtis is one of those I miss the most. He was pure genius and his tormented lyrics sounded so real, you could hear in his vocals that he meant all that depressed talk. Yeah we got New Order but the word "ersatz" best describes how they never got close to the brilliance of Joy Division.
"The seventies had the hopeful undertone of punk music, but the late seventies and eighties were dark as night: no hope. From Manchester we got the suiting band. Joy Division sounded like a rainsoaked city at night, like the soundtrack to a serious depression".
I think that reviewer is spot on.
My favourite JD song is "Disorder": "I've been waiting for a guide to come and take me by the hand. Could these sensations make me feel the pleasures of a normal man?"
I think that Transmission is their best song- "We would have a fine time living in the night, Left to blind destruction, Waiting for our sight" gets me every time. I think he really had something, but at the same time Ian Curtis ended his life leaving his child without a father and that really upsets me about him.
I don't like them at all, I tried, I even have some of their records, but I just can't help but feel sick when I listen to their music.
Clearly people who say The Smiths are depressing have never listened to Joy Division.
They make me switch off, 'Transmission' is good, at the same time his vocals make me a bit on edge.
I wouldn't say I hated them, or didn't like them, but they're raved over to hell.
Discovering JD is like discovering the smiths all over again, the buzz, the excitement. They are a cornerstone of the monolithiic manchester music scene ... and deservedly so. The best songs IMO (from what I have heard so far...) are Disorder, Something must break, Transmission, Digital and Ice Age. They are a quality band.... what could have been? is my question.
One of the most important bands of my entire life. Ian Curtis is certainly one of the best lyricists of all time and I adore virtually everything they ever recorded.
Joy Division are one of my favourite bands purely because of how raw they were. When I mean raw they weren't packaged in any particular way and glossed over like other bands during their period and indeed after. Ian Curtis' pain and frustration was all too plain to see and you feel his pain through his music, which is what makes it so special and so unique to the point that its frightening. Even with the sombre lyrics and the deeply baritone voice of Curtis, Joy Division had an immense energy and warmth about them within the realms of live performance as can be seen in old music footage from their era.
My favourite song of theirs is a song that I can relate too immensely, that song is "A means to an end" that reminds me of a friendship that I had that went sour. The poetic use within the song itself is an art form, but meanings behind the words are too plain to feel when you listen to the song. I feel the song is either about Curtis losing an important friendship or about how he's lost a friend in himself, I'm not quite sure, but one of the finest songs I've ever heard.
As for the Joy Division being overrated? They probably are, but then I don't tend to play Simon Cowell with music much, I find it all too disrespectful. Take Rage Against The Machine for example, I've yet to meet someone who dislikes them, but that doesn't mean they aren't a fantastic band does it?
Aargh! JD are the #3 favourite band of mine! (#1 The Smiths, #2 Blur).
I can't exactly pick one to be my favourite, but Shadowplay, Disorder, Leaders of Men and Dead Souls are all brilliant!
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The cathode ray tube (CRT), invented by German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897, is an evacuated glass envelope containing an electron gun (a source of electrons) and a fluorescent screen, usually with internal or external means to accelerate and deflect the electrons. When electrons strike the fluorescent screen, light is emitted.
The electron beam is deflected and modulated in a way which causes it to display an image on the screen. The image may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), echoes of aircraft detected by radar, and so forth.
The single electron beam can be processed in such a way as to display moving pictures in natural colors.
The generation of an image on a CRT by deflecting an electron beam requires the use of an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep, heavy, and relatively fragile. The development of imaging technologies without these disadvantages has caused CRTs to be largely displaced by flat plasma screens, liquid crystal displays, DLP, OLED displays, and other technologies.
The inverse process can be used to create an electronic version of an image impinging on a suitable screen in the video camera tube: Electrons are emitted by the photoelectric effect; the resulting electrical current can be processed to convey the information, later to be recreated on a CRT or other display.
The earliest version of the CRT was a cold-cathode diode, a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor-coated screen, sometimes called a Braun tube. The first version to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson (who gave his name to the term, "Johnson noise") and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric, and became a commercial product in 1922.
The cathode rays are now known to be a beam of electrons emitted from a heated cathode inside a vacuum tube and accelerated by a potential difference between this cathode and an anode. The screen is covered with a phosphorescent coating (often transition metals or rare earth elements), which emits visible light when excited by high-energy electrons. The beam is deflected either by a magnetic or an electric field to move the bright dot to the required position on the screen.
In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. An image is produced by modulating the intensity of the electron beam with a received video signal (or another signal derived from it). In all CRT TV receivers except some very early models, the beam is deflected by magnetic deflection, a varying magnetic field generated by coils (the magnetic yoke), driven by electronic circuits, around the neck of the tube.
The source of the electron beam is the electron gun, which produces a stream of electrons through thermionic emission, and focuses it into a thin beam. The gun is located in the narrow, cylindrical neck at the extreme rear of a CRT and has electrical connecting pins, usually arranged in a circular configuration, extending from its end. These pins provide external connections to the cathode, to various grid elements in the gun used to focus and modulate the beam, and, in electrostatic deflection CRTs, to the deflection plates. Since the CRT is a hot-cathode device, these pins also provide connections to one or more filament heaters within the electron gun. When a CRT is operating, the heaters can often be seen glowing orange through the glass walls of the CRT neck. The need for these heaters to "warm up" causes a delay between the time that a CRT is first turned on, and the time that a display becomes visible. In older tubes, this could take fifteen seconds or more; modern CRT displays have fast-starting circuits which produce an image within about two seconds, using either briefly increased heater current or elevated cathode voltage. Once the CRT has warmed up, the heaters stay on continuously. The electrodes are often covered with a black layer, a patented process used by all major CRT manufacturers to improve electron density.
The electron gun accelerates not only electrons but also ions present in the imperfect vacuum (some of which result from outgassing of the internal tube components). The ions, being much heavier than electrons, are deflected much less by the magnetic or electrostatic fields used to position the electron beam. Ions striking the screen damage it; to prevent this, the electron gun can be positioned slightly off the axis of the tube so that the ions strike the side of the CRT instead of the screen. Permanent magnets (the ion trap) deflect the lighter electrons so that they strike the screen. Some very old TV sets without an ion trap show browning of the center of the screen, known as ion burn. The aluminum coating used in later CRTs reduced the need for an ion trap.
When electrons strike the poorly-conductive phosphor layer on the glass CRT, it becomes electrically charged, and tends to repel electrons, reducing brightness (this effect is known as "sticking"). To prevent this the interior side of the phosphor layer can be covered with a layer of aluminum connected to the conductive layer inside the tube, which disposes of this charge. It has the additional advantages of increasing brightness by reflecting towards the viewer light emitted towards the back of the tube, and protecting the phosphor from ion bombardment.
For use in an oscilloscope, the design is somewhat different. Rather than tracing out a raster, the electron beam is directly steered along an arbitrary path, while its intensity is kept constant. Usually the beam is deflected horizontally (X) by a varying potential difference between a pair of plates to its left and right, and vertically (Y) by plates above and below, although magnetic deflection is possible. The instantaneous position of the beam will depend upon the X and Y voltages. It is most useful for the horizontal voltage to repeatedly increase linearly with time until the beam reaches the edge of the screen, then jump back to its starting value (sawtooth waveform, generated by a timebase). This causes the display to trace out the Y voltage as a function of time. Many oscilloscopes only function in this mode. However it can be useful to display, say, the voltage versus the current in an inductive component with an oscilloscope that allows X-Y input, without using the timebase.
The electron gun is always centered in the tube neck; the problem of ion production is either ignored or mitigated by using an aluminized screen.
The beam can be moved much more rapidly, and it is easier to make the beam deflection accurately proportional to the applied signal, by using electrostatic deflection as described above instead of magnetic deflection. Magnetic deflection is achieved by passing currents through coils external to the tube; it allows the construction of much shorter tubes for a given screen size. Circuit arrangements are required to approximately linearise the beam position as a function of signal current, and the very wide deflection angles require arrangements to keep the beam focussed (dynamic focussing).
In principle, either type of deflection can be used for any purpose; but electrostatic deflection is best for oscilloscopes with relatively small screens and high performance requirements, while a television receiver with a large screen and electrostatic deflection would be many meters deep.
Some issues must be resolved when using electrostatic deflection. Simple deflection plates appear as a fairly large capacitive load to the deflection amplifiers, requiring large current flows to charge and discharge this capacitance rapidly. Another, more subtle, problem is that when the electrostatic charge switches, electrons which are already part of the way through the deflection plate region will only be partially deflected. This results in the trace on the screen lagging behind a rapid change in signal.
Extremely high performance oscilloscopes avoid these problem by subdividing the vertical (and sometimes horizontal) deflection plates into a series of plates along the length of the "deflection" region of the CRT, and electrically joined by a delay line terminated in its characteristic impedance; the timing of the delay line is set to match the velocity of the electrons through the deflection region. In this way, a change of charge "flows along" the deflection plate along with the electrons that it should affect, almost negating its effect on those electrons which are already partially through the region. Consequently the beam as seen on the screen slews almost instantly from the old point to the new point. In addition, because the entire deflection system operates as a matched-impedance load, the problem of driving a large capacitive load is mitigated.
It is very common for oscilloscopes to have amplifiers which rapidly chop or swap the beam, blanking the display while switching. This allows the single beam to show as two or more traces, each representing a different input signal. These are properly called multiple-trace (dual trace, quadruple trace, and so on) oscilloscopes.
Much rarer is the true dual beam oscilloscope, whose tube contains an electron gun that produces two independent electron beams. Usually, but not always, both beams are deflected horizontally by a single shared pair of plates, while each beam has its own vertical deflection plates. This allows a time-domain display to show two signals simultaneously.
Many modern oscilloscope tubes pass the electron beam through an expansion mesh. This mesh acts like a lens for electrons and has the effect of roughly doubling the deflection of the electron beam, allowing the use of a larger faceplate for the same length of tube envelope. The expansion mesh also tends to increase the "spot size" on the screen, but this trade off is usually acceptable.
When displaying one-shot fast events the electron beam must deflect very quickly, with few electrons impinging on the screen, leading to a faint or invisible display. A simple improvement can be attained by fitting a hood on the screen against which the observer presses his face, excluding extraneous light, but oscilloscope CRTs designed for very fast signals give a brighter display by passing the electron beam through a micro-channel plate just before it reaches the screen. Through the phenomenon of secondary emission this plate multiplies the number of electrons reaching the phosphor screen, giving a brighter display, possibly with a slightly larger spot.
The phosphors used in the screens of oscilloscope tubes are different from those used in the screens of other display tubes. Phosphors used for displaying moving pictures should produce an image which fades very rapidly to avoid smearing of new information by the remains of the previous picture; that is, they should have short persistence. An oscilloscope will often display a trace which repeats unchanged, so longer persistence is not a problem; but it is a definite advantage when viewing a single-shot event, so longer-persistence phosphors are used.
An oscilloscope trace can be any color without loss of information, so a phosphor with maximum effective luminosity is usually used. The eye is most sensitive to green: for visual and general-purpose use of the P31 phosphor gives a visually bright trace, and also photographs well and is reasonably resistant to burning by the electron beam. For displays meant to be photographed rather than viewed, the blue trace of P11 phosphor gives higher photographic brightness; for extremely slow displays, very-long-persistence phosphors such as P7, which produce a green trace followed by a longer-lasting amber or yellow afterimage, are used.
The phosphor screen of most oscilloscope tubes contains a permanently-marked internal graticule, dividing the screen using Cartesian coordinates. This internal graticule allows for the easy measurement of signals with no worries about parallax error. Less expensive oscilloscope tubes may instead have an external graticule of glass or acrylic plastic. Most graticules can be side-illuminated for use in a darkened room.
Oscilloscope tubes almost never contain integrated implosion protection. External implosion protection must always be provided, either in the form of an external graticule or, for tubes with an internal graticule, a plain sheet of glass or plastic. The implosion protection shield is often colored to match the light emitted by the phosphor screen; this improves the contrast as seen by the user.
Close-up of the shadow mask of a 15-inch CRT monitor, showing the cursor.
Close-up of the aperture grille of a 25-inch television monitor, displaying the letter "e" of a teletext page.
Graphical displays for early computers used vector monitors, a type of CRT similar to the oscilloscope but typically using magnetic, rather than electrostatic, deflection. Here, the beam traces straight lines between arbitrary points, repeatedly refreshing the display as quickly as possible. Vector monitors were also used by some late-1970s to mid-1980s arcade games such as Asteroids. Vector displays for computers did not noticeably suffer from the display artifacts of Aliasing and pixelization, but were limited in that they could display only a shape's outline (advanced vector systems could provide a limited amount of shading), and only a limited amount of crudely-drawn text (the number of shapes and/or textual characters drawn was severely limited, because the speed of refresh was roughly inversely proportional to how many vectors needed to be drawn). Some vector monitors are capable of displaying multiple colors, using either a typical tri-color CRT, or two phosphor layers (so-called "penetration color"). In these dual-layer tubes, by controlling the strength of the electron beam, electrons could be made to reach (and illuminate) either or both phosphor layers, typically producing a choice of green, orange, or red.
Other graphical displays used "storage tubes," including Direct View Bistable Storage Tubes (DVBSTs). These CRTs inherently stored the image, and did not require periodic refreshing.
Some displays for early computers (those that needed to display more text than was practical using vectors, or that required high speed for photographic output) used Charactron CRTs. These incorporate a perforated metal character mask (stencil), which shapes a wide electron beam to form a character on the screen. The system selects a character on the mask using one set of deflection circuits, and selects the position to draw the character at using a second set. The beam is activated briefly to draw the character at that position. Graphics could be drawn by selecting the position on the mask corresponding to the code for a space (in practice, they were simply not drawn), which had a small round hole in the center; this effectively disabled the character mask, and the system reverted to regular vector behavior.
Many of the early computer displays used "slow," or long-persistence, phosphors to reduce flicker for the operator. While it reduces eyestrain for relatively static displays, the drawback of long-persistence phosphor is that when the display is changed, it produces a visible afterimage that can take up to several seconds to fade. This makes it inappropriate for animation, or for real-time dynamic information displays.
Color tubes use three different phosphors which emit red, green, and blue light respectively. They are packed together in strips (as in aperture grille designs) or clusters called "triads" (as in shadow mask CRTs). Color CRTs have three electron guns, one for each primary color, arranged either in a straight line or in a triangular configuration (the guns are usually constructed as a single unit). Each gun's beam reaches the dots of exactly one color; a grille or mask absorbs those electrons that would otherwise hit the wrong phosphor. Since each beam starts at a slightly different location within the tube, and all three beams are perturbed in essentially the same way, a particular deflection charge will cause the beams to hit a slightly different location on the screen (called a "subpixel"). Color CRTs with the guns arranged in a triangular configuration are known as delta-gun CRTs, because the triangular formation resembles the shape of the Greek letter delta.
Dot pitch defines the "native resolution" of the display. On delta-gun CRTs, as the scanned resolution approaches the dot pitch resolution, moiré (a kind of soft-edged banding) appears, due to interference patterns between the mask structure and the grid-like pattern of pixels drawn. Aperture grille monitors do not suffer from vertical moiré, however, because the phosphor strips have no vertical detail.
The outer glass allows the light generated by the phosphor out of the monitor, but (for color tubes) it must block dangerous X-rays generated by high energy electrons impacting the inside of the CRT face. For this reason, the glass is leaded. Color tubes require significantly higher anode voltages than monochrome tubes (as high as 32,000 volts in large tubes), partly to compensate for the blockage of some electrons by the aperture mask or grille; the amount of X-rays produced increases with voltage. Because of leaded glass, other shielding, and protective circuits designed to prevent the anode voltage from rising too high in case of malfunction, the X-ray emission of modern CRTs is well within approved safety limits.
CRTs have a pronounced triode characteristic, which results in significant gamma (a nonlinear relationship between beam current and light intensity). In early televisions, screen gamma was an advantage because it acted to compress the screen contrast. However in systems where linear response is required (such as when desktop publishing), gamma correction is applied. The gamma characteristic exists today in all digital video systems.
CRT displays accumulate a static electrical charge on the screen, unless preventive measures are taken. This charge does not pose a safety hazard, but can lead to significant degradation of image quality through attraction of dust particles to the surface of the screen. Unless the display is regularly cleaned with a dry cloth or special cleaning tissue (using ordinary household cleaners may damage anti-glare protective layer on the screen), after a few months the brightness and clarity of the image drops significantly.
The high voltage (EHT) used for accelerating the electrons is provided by a transformer. For CRTs used in televisions, this is usually a flyback transformer that steps up the line (horizontal) deflection supply to as much as 32,000 volts for a color tube (Monochrome tubes and specialty CRTs may operate at much lower voltages). The output of the transformer is rectified and the pulsating output voltage is smoothed by a capacitor formed by the tube itself (the accelerating anode being one plate, the glass being the dielectric, and the grounded (earthed) Aquadag coating on the outside of the tube being the other plate). Before all-glass tubes, the structure between the screen and the electron gun was made from a heavy metal cone which served as the accelerating anode. Smoothing of the EHT was then done with a high voltage capacitor, external to the tube itself. In the earliest televisions, before the invention of the flyback transformer design, a linear high-voltage supply was used; because these supplies were capable of delivering much more current at their high voltage than flyback high voltage systems, in the case of an accident they proved extremely deadly. The flyback circuit design addressed this; in the case of a fault, the flyback system delivers relatively little current, making a person's chance of surviving a direct shock from the high voltage anode lead more hopeful (though by no means guaranteed).
CRT screens have much deeper cabinets compared to LCD screens for a given area, however, they can display higher resolutions on a smaller screen. Also, LCD have worse color rendition due to the fluorescent tubes used as back light, even though they can be brighter overall. The result is that CRT are useful for displaying photos with a high pixels per unit area and correct color balance, and for having large desktop area concentrated into a small screen. Having 1600 by 1200 resolution in 18" 4:2 rather then 20-24" on most LCD also allows less eye movement to view different parts of the screen. However, the end of most high-end CRT production in the mid 2000s (including high-end Sony, NEC, and Mitsubishi product lines) means an erosion of the CRT's capability. In addition to offering high-resolutions in a smaller screen area, they offer the resolutions more cheaply for a given resolution.
In general, rear-projection displays and LCDs require less power per display area, but plasma displays consume as much as or more than CRTs. However, color CRTs still find adherents in computer gaming due to their high refresh rates and higher resolution per initial cost. CRT's are also still popular in the printing and broadcasting industries as well as in the professional video, photography, and graphics fields due to their greater color fidelity and contrast, better resolution when displaying moving images, and better view from angles, although improvements in LCD technology increasingly alleviate these concerns. The demand for CRT screens is falling rapidly, and producers are responding to this trend. For example, in 2005 Sony announced that they would stop the production of CRT computer displays. Similarly, German manufacturer Loewe ceased production of CRT TVs in December 2005. It has been common to replace CRT-based televisions and monitors in as little as 5-6 years, although they generally are capable of satisfactory performance for a much longer time.
This trend is less progressed in television CRT displays. Due to the high cost of large LCD panels and plasma displays, a market niche for CRTs still exists as a cheaper alternative to these technologies. However, this situation is rapidly changing. In the United Kingdom, the largest retailer of domestic electronic equipment, DSG (Dixons) reported that CRT models made up 80-90 percent of the volume of televisions sold at Christmas 2004 and only 15-20 percent a year later, and that they were expected to be less than 5 percent at the end of 2006. Dixons have announced that they will cease selling CRT televisions in 2007.
Magnets should never be put next to a color CRT, as they may cause magnetization of the shadow mask, and in severe cases can permanently distort it mechanically, which will cause incorrect colors to appear in the magnetized area. This is called a "purity" problem, because it affects the purity of one of the primary colors, with the residual magnetism causing the undesired deflection of electrons from one gun to the wrong color's phosphor patch. This can be expensive to have corrected, although it may correct itself over a few days or weeks. Most modern television sets and nearly all newer computer monitors have a built-in degaussing coil, which upon power-up creates a brief, alternating magnetic field which decays in strength over the course of a few seconds (typically, the decay is implemented with a specialized resistor in the circuit which increases resistance with its increasing temperature as a result of the current passing through it). The coil's interaction with the shadow mask, screen band, and chassis components is the reason for the characteristic "hum" associated with turning on many CRT-equipped displays. This degaussing field is strong enough to remove most cases of shadow mask magnetization.
It is possible to purchase or build an external degaussing coil, which can aid in demagnetizing older sets, or in cases where the built-in coil is ineffective.
A transformer, which produces a large alternating magnetic field (one can typically be found in soldering guns, though not soldering irons), may also be used to degauss a monitor, by holding it up to the center of the monitor, activating it, and slowly moving the gun in ever wider concentric circles past the edge of the monitor until the shimmering colors can no longer be seen (if a soldering gun is being used, ensure that the hot tip is facing away from the glass and the user). To see the shimmering colors clearly, you may need to display a white or light-colored screen. This process may need to be repeated several times to fully remove severe magnetization.
In extreme cases, very strong magnets such as the now popular neodymium iron boron, or NIB magnets, can actually deform (and likely, permanently bend) the shadow mask. This will create an area of impure color rendition on the screen and if the shadow mask has been bent, such damage usually can't be repaired. Subjecting an old black and white television or monochrome (green or amber screen) computer monitor to magnets is generally harmless; this can be used as an effective demonstration tool for seeing the immediate and dramatic effect of a magnetic field on moving charged particles.
Electromagnetics: Some believe the electromagnetic fields emitted by CRT monitors constitute a health hazard to the functioning of living cells. Exposure to these fields diminishes according to the inverse square law, which describes the propagation of all electromagnetic radiation: Double the distance, quarter the power; monitor and television manuals typically recommend a minimum viewing distance of 85 cm (34 in). The EM energy is also less intense for the display's user than for a person located behind it, because the deflection yoke is closer to the rear.
It is well-known that electromagnetic waves of sufficient energy can harm human cells (as is the case in ionizing radiation), but it is not currently well-established that the weaker radiation commonly emitted by electronic devices (including CRTs) has long-term health effects.
Ionizing radiation: CRTs emit a small amount of X-ray band radiation as a result of the electron beam's bombardment of the shadow mask/aperture grille and phosphors. Almost all of this radiation is blocked by the thick leaded glass in the screen, so the amount of radiation escaping the front of the monitor is widely considered harmless. The Food and Drug Administration regulations in 21 CFR 1020 are used to strictly limit, for instance, television receivers to 0.5 milliroentgens per hour (mR/h) (0.13 µC/(kg•h) or 36 pA/kg) at a distance of 5 cm from any external surface; most CRT emissions fall well below this limit.
Early color television receivers (many of which are now highly collectible) were especially vulnerable due to primitive high voltage regulation systems. X-ray production is generally negligible in black-and-white sets (due to low acceleration voltage and beam current), and in virtually every color display since the late 1960s, when systems were added to shut down the horizontal deflection system (and therefore high voltage supply) should regulation of the acceleration voltage fail.
All television receivers and CRT displays equipped with a vacuum tube based high voltage rectifier or high voltage regulator tube also generate X-rays in these stages. These stages are universally housed in a metal enclosure called the "high voltage cage" to substantially reduce (and effectively eliminate) exposure. As examples, a 1B3 and a 6BK4 vacuum tube would be installed inside this metal enclosure. For both X-ray and electrical safety reasons, the set should never be operated with the cover of the high voltage cage opened.
Toxins: CRTs may contain toxic phosphors, although this is very uncommon in modern CRTs; breaking the glass envelope could release these toxins. Also, because of the X-ray hazard, the glass envelopes of most modern CRTs are made from heavily leaded glass, which may represent an environmental hazard, especially in the presence of acid rain leaking through landfills. Indirectly heated vacuum tubes (including CRTs) use barium compounds and other reactive materials in the construction of the cathode and getter assemblies; normally this material will be converted into oxides upon exposure to the air, but care should be taken to avoid contact with the inside of all broken tubes. In some jurisdictions, discarded CRTs are regarded as toxic waste.
Flicker: The constant refreshing of a CRT can cause headaches in migraine sufferers and seizures in epileptics, if they are photosensitive. Screen filters are available to reduce these effects. A high refresh rate (above 75 Hz) also helps to negate these effects.
High voltage: CRTs operate at very high voltages, which can persist long after the device containing the CRT has been switched off and/or unplugged, sometimes for years. Residual charges of hundreds of volts can also remain in large capacitors in the power supply circuits of the device containing the CRT; these charges may persist. Modern circuits contain bleeder resistors, to ensure that the high-voltage supply is discharged to safe levels within a couple of minutes at most. These discharge devices can fail even on a modern unit and leave these high voltage charges present.
Voltmeter should be rated at 32,000 + volts to measure this high voltage presence. It is likely that a special voltmeter will be needed, as most common ones don't read voltages that are in that range.
Those working inside CRT-containing equipment should know how and be able to safely discharge these hazards. In particular, the large rubber connector which looks like a suction cup is responsible for supplying accelerating voltage to the bell of the CRT. Under the suction cup is the ultor, which couples the accelerating voltage to the inside of the tube. Inside the glass bell is a coating of metallic paint, while the outside of the bell is coated with a conductive graphite coating called Aquadag; between the ultor's connection to the flyback transformer and the Aquadag, there is therefore a capacitance capable of maintaining the full accelerating voltage for weeks. While this accelerating voltage is high (typically from 7 kilovolts (kV) to 50 kV depending on screen size, monochrome or color, direct view or projection), both the capacitance and flyback current are small (on the order of picofarads and nanoamperes respectively), so shocks from the accelerating voltage are typically embarrassing and painful but usually harmless. On the other hand, the voltages and available currents used in the deflection and power supply circuits can result in instantaneous death.
Carrying a CRT with the screen away pointed away and gun end pointed at the chest is the most dangerous way to hold it. The high voltage, if still stored in the tube, could travel from the arms at the CRT face to the gun end of the tube, right into the chest.
Implosion: All CRTs and other vacuum tubes operate under high vacuum so that air and gas molecules will not interfere with electron streams. CRTs have large viewing areas and proportionally larger bells required to accommodate the deflection of the electron beams to the rear of the screen. As a result, these highly evacuated glass bulbs have a large surface area, with each and every square inch exposed to atmospheric pressure. The larger the CRT, the more surface area, the more total exterior air pressure load.
Therefore, CRTs present an implosion hazard when mishandled. While a great deal of research has gone into implosion protective designs for CRTs, all CRTs present this risk to some degree. Early television receivers even included a "safety glass" to protect viewers from flying glass due to spontaneous structural failures of the CRT; with modern (early 1960s onward) banded and bonded-face CRTs, the safety glass has become redundant. Safety goggles, leather gloves, and heavy sweaters are considered indispensable safety equipment amongst experienced technicians and preservationists of early television equipment.
Because of the strong vacuum within a CRT, they store a large amount of mechanical energy; they can implode very forcefully if the outer glass envelope is damaged. The fragments of glass accelerated by the implosion force can bounce off each other or miss and wind up flying out the other side of the tube. Therefore the implosion becomes an explosion of glass and other parts of the tube. Even with a chain vest you can still get scars to show from this event. (Specifically, from working on a powered set from behind the tube when it imploded.) Most modern CRTs used in televisions and computer displays include a bonded, multi-layer faceplate that prevents implosion if the faceplate is damaged, but the bell of the CRT (back portions of the glass envelope) offers no such protection. Certain specialized CRTs (such as those used in oscilloscopes) do not even offer a bonded faceplate; these CRTs require an external plastic faceplate or other cover to render them implosion safe while in use. Before the use of bonded faceplates, one of the hazards was that a broken neck or envelope could cause the electron gun to be propelled at such a velocity that it would erupt through the face of the tube.
Unmounted CRTs should always be carried "face" down, using both hands, and by grasping the tube under the face, wrapping the hands around the sides where the metal mounting frame is attached. It is important never to carry a CRT by the neck! For added safety, carrying the tube in a closed, thick box or with a thick cloth wrapped around it (but not in such a way as to impair one's grip on the tube) is a good idea; this will reduce the amount of flying debris should the tube break. Large tubes (over 19 inches) should be carried by two people.
When handling or disposing of a CRT, certain steps must be taken to avoid creating an implosion hazard. The most simple and safe method to make the tube safe is to identify the small sealed glass nib at the far back of the tube (this may be obscured by the electrical connector) and then (while wearing safety glasses and gloves) filing a small nick across this and then to break it off using a pair of pliers. A loud sucking sound will be heard as the air enters the tube, filling the vacuum. Once the vacuum is filled, the tube is destroyed, but it cannot implode.
In October of 2001, the Environmental Protection Agency created rules for disposing of CRTs in the United States, stating that CRTs must be brought to special recycling centers. In November of 2002, the EPA began fining companies that disposed of CRTs through landfills or incineration. Regulatory agencies, local and statewide, monitor the disposal of CRTs and other computer equipment.
In Europe, disposal of CRT televisions and monitors are covered by the WEEE Directive.
↑ CNET, The basics of TV power. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
↑ London Evening Standard, The future is flat as Dixons withdraws sale of "big box" televisions. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
Compton, Kenneth. 2003. Image Performance in CRT Displays. Bellingham, WA: SPIE: ISBN 0819441449.
Dahl, Per F. 1997. Flash of the Cathode Rays: A History of J J Thomson's Electron. Oxford: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0750304537.
Heilbron, John L. 2003. The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195112296.
Samuel M. Goldwasser TV and Monitor CRT (Picture Tube) Information.
History of "Cathode ray tube"
This page was last modified on 19 January 2017, at 16:30.
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Based on the preferences of travelers worldwide, today, once again, Mexico is 10th among the countries with the most foreign visitors according to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
For 11 years (2000 to 2011) Mexico was listed among the top ten most visited destinations in the world. Then, in 2013, the country placed 15th based on the preferences of travelers worldwide, and today, once again, Mexico is 10th among the countries with the most foreign visitors according to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
This confirms that tourism is of a high-priority for federal, state and municipal governments and the private sector, and that hospitality, friendliness, quality and service is required to support this economic activity that generates 8.5% of Mexico’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 2.3 million jobs eign visitors according to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
The opinion in the media regarding this topic is that, despite the social and economic situation, international visitors are once again putting travel to Mexico on their itineraries. In doing so, they have managed to counter the effects of news related to drug trafficking, and tourism has come out on top.
Mexico has many reasons to be on the list of the top ten most visited countries in the world. It offers 32 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which positions the country sixth among those countries with the highest number of sites on the UNESCO list, behind France, Spain, Italy, China and Germany.
It is home to beautiful colonial cities, such as Mexico City, Puebla, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Zacatecas, Campeche and San Miguel de Allende, to name just a few. It surprises visitors with 83 "Magic Towns", charming towns recognized for their symbolic attributes, legends, history and traditional events. In addition, the country has 187 archeological sites that are open to the public year-round, including Chichen Itza and Uxmal (Puuc Route) in Yucatan, as well as Coba and Tulum in Quintana Roo.
Amazingly, Mexico also has 41 biosphere reserves, 67 national parks, five natural monuments, eight areas dedicated to the protection of natural resources, 37 areas dedicated to the protection of plant and animal life, and a total of 18 sanctuaries.
And let’s not forget about the beach destinations in Mexico. With spectacular natural attractions and first-class hotels, Cancun is a leader in tourism to Mexico and Latin America. It is known for the beauty of its beaches, its proximity to the second longest barrier reef in the world, its mysterious underground rivers, and pockets of Mayan culture, as well as for many other reasons. When you consider all of the above facts, it's easy to see why Mexico is positioned among the top vacation destinations in the world.
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College football rankings for week 8 have been released, and LSU, Texas A&M, and West Virginia made some of the biggest jumps in both polls.
LSU, which upset No. 10 Auburn 27-23, moved back into the AP Poll at No. 24 and into the Coaches Poll at No. 25.
Texas A&M, which won at Florida 19-17, moved back into the Coaches Poll at No. 24. West Virginia, which beat Txä Tech 46-35, entered the AP Poll at No. 23.
The top six teams are the same in both Week 8 polls: Alabama, Penn State, Georgia, TCU, Wisconsin, and Ohio State.
They did just beat Florida & Auburn but not sure if this Ed Orgeron thing will last, I could be wrong.
Clemson loses to Syracuse by 3 pts, only drops 5 spots in the AP poll. Syracuse still has 0 votes in the AP poll.
Washington loses to Arizona State by 6 pts, only drops 7 spots. Arizona State still has 0 votes.
Washington State loses to Cal by 34 pts, only drops 7 spots. Cal still has 0 votes.
Auburn loses to LSU by 4 pts, drops 11 spots. LSU is now ranked 24th.
Explain to me how Auburn drops the furthest by losing to the better team.
Probably because it’s their second loss.
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Tessellation comes from the Latin word “tessela,” which is a piece of clay, stone or glass used to make a mosaic (a pattern laid out with these materials). Here is an example of a mosaic.
Where did tessellations come from?
Tessellations were first used by the Sumerians at about 4,000 BC to build wall decorations in patterns of clay tiles. They soon became popular decorations in all of classical antiquity. Some of the most famous tessellations are the Moorish wall tiles of Islamic architecture.
In 1519, Johannes Kepler became the first person to complete a study of tessellations after he explored the hexagonal structure of honeycombs and snowflakes. Almost 300 years later, Russian crystallographer Yvgraf Fyodorov began the study of tessellations in mathematics.
In nature, the honeycomb is the most well-known tessellation, though you can also find tessellations when dirt dries and cracks, when lava cools, and in the barks of trees and coverings of some fruits.
Tessellations also have lots of uses for people. When factories want to cut a shape out of a piece of metal, for example, they do it in tessellations in order to reduce waste. You will also find tessellations in all manner of decorations for the home, like on wallpaper, curtains and carpets. If you walk down a path that is tile, chances are good you are walking on a tessellation!
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The Commission finds that the Québec radio market cannot sustain an additional radio station at this time. Consequently, the Commission will not issue a call for applications for new radio stations to serve that market and will return the applications filed by Dufferin Communications Inc. and Gilles Lapointe and Nelson Sergerie, on behalf of a corporation to be incorporated, for broadcasting licences to operate commercial radio stations in Québec, Quebec.
In Broadcasting Notice of Consultation 2016-160, the Commission announced that it had received applications by Dufferin Communications Inc. (Duffering) and by Gilles Lapointe and Nelson Sergerie (Lapointe-Sergerie), on behalf of a corporation to be incorporated, to operate commercial FM radio stations in Québec, Quebec. The two applicants proposed to use one of the last known FM frequencies available in Québec, namely 105.7 MHz.
make a determination that the market cannot support additional stations, return the applications and issue a decision setting out this determination.
The Commission received interventions from Bell Media Inc. (Bell), Cogeco Media Inc. (Cogeco), RNC MEDIA Inc. (RNC), Leclerc Communication inc. (Leclerc), Media ClassiQ Inc. (Media ClassiQ), Dufferin, Lapointe-Sergerie, Genex Communications Inc. (Genex), Groupe Attraction Radio inc. (Attraction), Mr. Yannick Patelli, on behalf of La Vie agricole, and Mr. Michel Cloutier, on behalf of Communications Lévis 2001.
Bell, Cogeco and RNC indicated that the Commission should postpone all calls for applications to serve that market until licensees have had at least one year to adapt to the regulatory changes resulting from the re-examination of the regulatory approach to radio announced by the Commission.Footnote 2 They added that this would also allow the Commission to better evaluate that market relative to the changes made to the regulatory framework.
Leclerc and Media ClassiQ expressed concern that the introduction of a new music station in the market would adversely impact existing music stations, while a new talk station would exacerbate the current trend, which consists in the vast popularity of this type of station to the detriment of music stations. They also expressed concern about the effect that an additional station could have on the already precarious situation of their own stations, which are struggling to compete with those of the large groups (Bell, Cogeco and RNC).
The five operators in the Québec market noted that four of the nine stations in the market are unprofitable. They added that introducing a tenth commercial station would only further destabilize the market and worsen an already difficult economic situation. They also noted that one of the current players in the market had put one of its stations up for sale and that other ownership changes might therefore occur in the market.
Dufferin submitted that most of the anticipated revenue would come from new sources, that the effect of the station would be spread out among the nine current stations and that the addition of a French-language station would have an undue negative impact. Dufferin did not deem the issuance of a call for applications to be necessary; however, in the event that the Commission disagreed, it submitted that the call should only target applications for English-language stations.
Lapointe-Sergerie submitted that the market was doing well from a socio-economic point of view, showing revenue stability and posting almost full employment, and was second only in Canada in this regard. It also noted that a market study demonstrated that a fair number of businesses were in favour of a new station (57%) and that nearly half of them would be prepared to invest in advertising broadcast on this station (52%).
Genex and Attraction supported the issuance of a call for applications and indicated their interest in filing an application to operate a radio station. La Vie agricole also supported such a call, indicating that it would like to see the emergence of a station that showcased agricultural issues.
For his part, Mr. Michel Cloutier asked that the Commission thoroughly assess both the resources available in the market as a whole and the situation of the English-language community to determine whether this linguistic minority was well served and whether the population was sufficient to ensure the survival of an English-language radio station.
In their joint reply, Leclerc and Media ClassiQ argued that Dufferin’s application should trigger a call since it runs counter to the Policy with regard to spectrum availability. They also noted that their stations were in financial difficulty and that the other groups did not seem to take this into account in their initial interventions. They submitted that the Québec market could not support a new station.
The five groups operating in the Québec market jointly submitted that the applicants did not take into account the latest financial data and overestimated the market’s potential advertising revenue. They argued that Dufferin had artificially increased the size of the English-language community in Québec and noted the absence of interventions from this community in support of the application.
Dufferin replied that awaiting the review of the regulatory framework for French‑language music was not in the public interest and that in its view the addition of an English-language station would help to better evaluate the effect of this regulation on French-language stations. It added that the Québec market’s profit before interest and taxes (PBIT) margin was 14% in 2017, showing its strength and ability to support a new service.
Lapointe-Sergerie stated in its reply that the Commission should not take into account the arguments of Leclerc and Media ClassiQ, given the recent changes within these two organizations and the financial impacts that usually result from such changes. It noted that a number of groups said that they were prepared to take a financial risk to provide a new service in the Québec market. It also noted that it was unfair to await a potential new regulatory framework since all licensees would be on equal footing with regard to these eventual changes. Finally, it indicated that the Commission should not give special weight to the factor of official language minority communities relative to other factors that it must take into account.
From 2011 to 2016, the population of the Québec census metropolitan area (CMA) grew, and the Conference Board of Canada forecasts that this growth will continue to outpace that of the province to 2021. However, this growth has not prevented revenues from the Québec radio market from declining since 2014, nor its PBIT margin from falling well below the provincial average in 2016 and 2017.
The financial situation of the market has deteriorated since the Commission denied, in Broadcasting Decision 2010-320, three commercial radio licence applications, including one from Evanov, which fully owns Dufferin, for an English-language station. The Commission concluded that market performance did not support the introduction of a new station. In fact, in 2017, even though four of the five ownership groups in the market were profitable, four of the nine stations that they operate in Québec posted a negative PBIT.
Finally, revenues and audience shares are well distributed among the main market groups. The audience listening to stations outside of the market is small, which suggests that a new station would garner the majority of its listenership from the market’s current stations.
In light of all the above, the Commission finds that the Québec radio market cannot sustain an additional radio station at this time. Consequently, it will return the applications filed by Dufferin Communications Inc. and by Gilles Lapointe and Nelson Sergerie,on behalf of a corporation to be incorporated.
Further, consistent with its approach set out in the Policy, the Commission will not generally be disposed to accept applications for new commercial radio stations to serve the Québec radio market for a period of two years from the date of this decision.
Bell Media Inc., Cogeco Media Inc., RNC MEDIA Inc., Leclerc Communication inc. et Media ClassiQ Inc.
This re-examination includes among other things the Common Ownership Policy, Canadian content levels and French-language vocal music levels.
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In April 17-22, nearly 100,000 people attended the annual convention of the National Association of Broadcasters in Las Vegas. It is the world's largest electronic media show, covering all aspects of terrestrial radio and television, including DTV and HDTV.
The Television Industry in the US is made up of many interconnected groups. The complexity of digital television matches the complexity of the relationships within the industry itself. The Technological Convergence has been completed: all sectors now use the same technology. Broadcasters, for example, have traded vacuum tubes for silicon, just as everyone else has. The largest barriers to the adoption of HDTV are political, not technological.
In times of change, some will get stronger positions and some will get weaker; some new players will emerge and some old players will leave the game. Each of the players is struggling to change the least, while hoping to make the other players unstable. The consequences of this game infest all aspects of the new television systems, including the shape (and number) of remote control units.
This is my summary of the major players in the HDTV Game.
Government: The Federal Government regulates television in the United States. The government has three branches.
Executive: The Presidential branch of government is not playing a significant role in the development of television. It is preoccupied with world war.
Legislative: Congress is playing a significant role, setting deadlines and directions for the FCC.
FCC: The Federal Communications Commission, established in 1934. The FCC, unlike most Federal Agencies, is a creature of Congress, and not part of the Executive Branch. The FCC, led by Chairman Powell, is using its power and influence to help solve the chicken-and-egg problem of HDTV adoption. The FCC has varying power and influence over the various industries. Its control of spectrum licensing gives it great power over broadcasting, but it has virtually no power over DVD publishing or the Internet.
Judicial. The courts often have to settle disputes among the players.
Syndicators, who sell programs directly to broadcasters on a station-by-station basis.
Broadcasters: Broadcasters transmit signals over the air.
O&O (Owned and Operated). These are broadcasting stations that are owned by Networks.
Affiliates. These are broadcasting stations that are not owned by Networks, but which carry a Network's programming.
Independents. These are broadcasting stations not owned by or affiliated with Networks.
Cable: Cable transmits signals through wire or fiber. Typically there is one cable system per city.
MSO (Multiple System Operator), owns many cable systems. Comcast, TimeWarner, Cablevision.
Independents, operating a single cable system. These are disappearing.
Satellites: Satellites transmit signals from orbit. DirecTV, Dish Network, Voom.
Publishers: Publishers put programs on tapes or DVDs and distribute at retail or by mail.
Internet. Streaming video. There is little money here now, but potential huge potential. The Internet is unregulatable, which is frightening to Producers and the regulated Carriers. The computer companies (HP, IBM, Microsoft) want to dominate HDTV, but are not significant yet.
Organizations. There are numerous industry organizations that produce standards and recommendations pertaining to DTV and HDTV.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), Consumer Electronics and Broadcast Societies.
Producers. Producers develop programming. They are often the copyright owners.
Manufacturers. The makers of TV receivers and other devices, including DVD players and DVR (digital video recorders).
Viewers. The audience, the ultimate receivers of programming.
Advertisers, who pay for the production and distribution of most programming. They are threatened by the ad-skipping features of DVR.
Conglomerates. There are many companies which fit into several of the above categories.
The Technology Keynote was delivered by Donald Norman (Professor of Computer Science, Psychology, and Cognitive Science at Northwestern University, former VP Research at Apple Computer), who complained that HDTV systems are too complex for people to use. He said that he has one, and that his wife is unable to use it when he is not home.
Virtually all HDTV sets are being sold today for Home Theater applications, primarily the viewing of DVDs. Virtually no HDTV sets are being sold today primarily for receiving HDTV broadcasts. I heard no mention of this important fact at the NAB Conference.
The FCC declined to dictate specific levels of performance. Such matters are left to industry to determine.
The ATSC standards are still evolving. There are new features, such as E-VSB (a robust transmission mode) which are not found in older digital tuners. Older tuners cannot see E-VSB transmissions, so there is already a digital tuner legacy problem.
I spoke to representatives of Scientific/Atlanta and Motorola, two major digital cable equipment manufacturers. Neither was displaying Plug and Play set top boxes. I was told that the cable operators don't want the Open Cable standards and will be very slow to implement.
The proposed Broadcast Flag is a bit that causes certain outputs to be disabled. The intention is to prevent content from jumping to the Internet.
NAB is strongly recommending use of PSIP for supporting program guide material in broadcast programming.
Transition requires triplecast: analog, SDTV, and HDTV.
Concerns that HDTV is too expensive.
PSIP = Program System Information Protocol.
Distributed transmission networks. B Chip. Upgradability.
Industry-wide blanket licenses to ASCAP $98.1M.
No mention of rights management, just excessive fees paid by broadcasters for music.
E-VSP adds error correction at a cost of 50% capacity. Allows delivery of signals to marginal areas.
It can share a channel with conventional VSP.
Current DTV tuners do not see it.
Cost breakdown on a Taiwan LCOS TV.
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The inflation rate in Iceland between 1990 and today has been 235.33%, which translates into a total increase of kr235.33. This means that 100 kronur in 1990 are equivalent to 335.33 kronur in 2019. In other words, the purchasing power of kr100 in 1990 equals kr335.33 today. The average annual inflation rate has been 4.12%.
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Stephen Orr Spurrier (born April 20, 1945) is a former American football player and coach often referred to by his nickname, the "Head Ball Coach". Steve Spurrier was born in Miami Beach, Florida and grew up in Tennessee, where he was a multi-sport all-state athlete at Science Hill High School in Johnson City. He attended the University of Florida, where he won the 1966 Heisman Trophy as a college football quarterback with the Florida Gators. The San Francisco 49ers picked him in the first round of the 1967 NFL draft, and he spent a decade playing professionally in the National Football League (NFL), mainly as a backup quarterback and punter. Spurrier was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1986.
After retiring as a player, Spurrier went into coaching and spent several years as an assistant at several college programs, including at Duke University, where he began to develop his innovative offensive system while serving as the Blue Devil's offensive coordinator in the early 1980s. He was hired to his first head coaching job by the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1983. The USFL folded after three seasons, and Spurrier returned to the college ranks, serving as the head football coach at Duke (3 seasons), Florida (12 seasons), and South Carolina (10.5 seasons). Between his stints at Florida and South Carolina, he led the National Football League's Washington Redskins for two seasons. Spurrier retired from coaching in 2015 and became an ambassador and consultant for the University of Florida's athletic department, though he briefly returned to the sideline as the head coach of the Orlando Apollos of the short-lived Alliance of American Football in 2019. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 2017, making him one of four members to be inducted as both a player and a coach.
Spurrier's teams were known for winning with aggressive and high-scoring offenses, and he became known for teasing and "needling" rivals both before and after beating them on the field. He is the winningest coach in both Florida and South Carolina program history, and his last Duke squad won the program's only Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) championship over the last half-century in 1989. Florida's four consecutive Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships in the mid-1990s is the second-longest streak in conference history behind Bear Bryant's 1970s Alabama teams, and Spurrier and Bryant are the only coaches to hold the record for most conference wins at two different SEC schools. Spurrier is second to Bryant in total wins while leading an SEC program. When Florida quarterback Danny Wuerffel won the Heisman Trophy during the Gators' 1996 national championship season, Spurrier became the only Heisman Trophy winner to coach another Heisman Trophy winner. In September 2016, the University of Florida officially renamed the Gators' home field to Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium.
Steve Spurrier's skills as a young baseball player caused a local businessman to talk the Reverend Spurrier into coaching the Little League team sponsored by his business so that Spurrier's son would be on the squad. The younger Spurrier has often repeated an anecdote about playing baseball on a team coached by his father. "How many of you believe that it's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game, that counts?" the elder Spurrier once asked his players. When some raised their hands, he told them, "Well, I don't believe in that saying. If they're keeping score, we're going to play to win."
Spurrier was Science Hill's starting quarterback for two years, during which time Coach Kermit Tipton installed a passing offense to take advantage of Spurrier's talents and occasionally allowed him to call plays. Boosted by a post-season game at the end of his senior year in which he brought the Hilltoppers back from a 21–0 second-half deficit to win 28–21, Spurrier was a high school All-American and drew the attention of many college programs.
After winning multiple all-state honors in high school, Spurrier was recruited in one or more sports by many colleges, including Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, Duke, South Carolina, and both Air Force and Army. However, he was not aggressively pursued as a football player by the coaching staff at the University of Tennessee in nearby Knoxville because at the time, Tennessee ran a wing-T offense that featured a running quarterback while Spurrier was an excellent passer. While Tennessee never officially offered him a football scholarship, Volunteers basketball coach Ray Mears offered Spurrier a scholarship, which he declined since he preferred to play football.
University of Florida coach Ray Graves heard about Spurrier late in the recruiting process from his brother Edwin, who was the postmaster in Knoxville, and visited Johnson City in February 1963. Spurrier and his family got along well with Graves, and Steve visited the Florida campus in Gainesville the following week. He received a favorable first impression of Gainesville when he arrived to find warm sunshine after leaving freezing temperatures in Tennessee, and thought more highly of Graves when the coach stayed by his side in the school infirmary after Spurrier's cold worsened into the flu during his recruiting visit. Graves did not promise Spurrier that he would be his starting quarterback, but he told the star recruit that he fit into his coaching staff's plan to open up the Gator offense and would be given a fair opportunity to earn the job. Soon after returning home to Johnson City, Spurrier agreed to attend the University of Florida because of "the passing, the SEC, the weather, and coach Ray Graves."
The 49ers began the 1975 season with a 2-5 record, prompting Spurrier to ask Nolan for a chance to start against the Los Angeles Rams, who had dominated the rivalry during his tenure in San Francisco. Nolan agreed, and Spurrier led his team to a 24-23 comeback win, throwing for 240 yards and three touchdowns with no interceptions in what he later called his "best, or at least favorite" game of his pro career. The performance earned him the starting job, and the 49ers won the next two games behind Spurrier to get back to 5-5. However, they lost their next four games, Spurrier was sent back to the bench, and Coach Nolan was fired at the conclusion of the season. Incoming coach Monte Clark traded multiple high draft picks for New England Patriots' quarterback Jim Plunkett, making it clear that Spurrier would not be a part of the 49ers' rebuilding plans. Overall, he was 13-12-1 as a starter with San Francisco.
In April 1976, Spurrier was sent to the expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in exchange for two players and a second round draft pick as part of the new franchise's first trade. The Buccaneers' new acquisition generated local excitement, as Spurrier had been a college star at the nearby University of Florida. He won the job as team's first starting quarterback, a position that he later regretted as the undermanned Bucs went on to suffer the first winless season (0-14) in modern NFL history. Though he had looked forward to playing professional football in Florida, Spurrier was frustrated by losing, the constant hits playing behind a porous offensive line, and his philosophical differences with Bucs coach John McKay. McKay insisted on employing a run-heavy attack similar to the offense he had used to win championships at The University of Southern California, while Spurrier felt that the team did not have the right personnel to run the ball effectively and should open up the offense. Another point of contention was Coach McKay's insistence that his son, John McKay, Jr., be the Buc's primary wide receiver while Spurrier and other observers felt that he did not have the talent to fill that role.
Spurrier spent fall 1977 out of football, living in Gainesville with his young family and considering possible career choices. While not officially connected with the University of Florida at the time, he was often on campus, running at the university's track and attending football games as a fan. He watched the Gators play to a 6–4–1 record in 1977, a season that prompted head coach Doug Dickey to scrap the wishbone-based run-heavy attack that his teams had used for several years with declining success in favor of a more open pro-style offense. To effect this change, Dickey revamped his offensive staff, and he hired Spurrier to his first coaching job as Florida's quarterbacks and receivers coach.
The changes did not bring many positive results. While Florida's passing attack improved, the 1978 Gators' overall scoring output was almost identical to that of 1977 (about 22 points per game) and the team's record slumped to 4–7, leading to Dickey's dismissal. Spurrier expressed an interest in becoming Florida's next head coach but was not a serious candidate due to his lack of experience, and Clemson coach Charley Pell was hired soon after conclusion of the season. Pell chose not to retain any of Dickey's staff, leaving Spurrier without a job.
Like Dickey at Florida, Rodgers sought to shift Georgia Tech's offense from a wishbone attack to a more passing-oriented offense. And also like Dickey, Rodgers's efforts did not produce immediate results. The Yellow Jackets began the season 1-5-1 and did not score more than 14 points against a Division 1-A opponent over its first seven games. Spurrier, who had not been tasked with constructing a game plan and had seldom been allowed to call plays up to that point, asked Coach Rodgers for a larger role on the staff and was allowed to take control of the offense for the eighth game of the season, against Duke. Georgia Tech surprised Duke with a more aggressive offense than they'd run all year, and the Yellow Jackets won, 24-14. With Spurrier continuing to call plays, Georgia Tech won the next two games as well, scoring over 20 points in both contests and setting a Georgia Tech record for passing yardage in a season. But the campaign ended with a 16-3 loss to archrival Georgia, dropping Georgia Tech to 4-6-1 overall and leading to Rodgers' dismissal.
In 1980, Spurrier was hired to be the offensive coordinator at Duke University by head coach Red Wilson, who had been impressed by Spurrier's coaching abilities the previous season when Georgia Tech had upset Wilson's Duke squad. Wilson gave the young coach free rein to design the offense, coach the quarterbacks, and call the plays, and Spurrier met the challenge by developing a record-breaking offense that Duke fans nicknamed "Air Ball". Under Spurrier, Blue Devils quarterback Ben Bennett set an NCAA record for career passing yardage, receiver Chris Castor was named ACC player of the year, and Duke's 1982 team became the first in Atlantic Coast Conference history to average more than 300 passing yards per game. Duke earned two straight winning seasons in 1981 and 1982, a feat that the program had not achieved since 1970 and 1971 and would not achieve again until Spurrier returned as the school's head football coach later in the decade. They also upset Tennessee in Knoxville 25-24 in 1982 on an 88-yard touchdown pass during Spurrier's first return to the state as an opponent.
In later years, Spurrier has stated that his seasons working to get maximum production out of outmanned Duke squads were critical to his development as a coach and an offensive strategist. Success at a school not known for its football program also built Spurrier's reputation as an innovative young offensive coach who could improvise and succeed without seeming to work very hard. Duke quarterback Ben Bennett recalls Spurrier diagraming a trick halfback option play with his cereal on the morning before a game, and the play going for a 60-yard touchdown pass that afternoon. During another game, Spurrier devised a new pass play on the sideline which Duke ran for a touchdown on their next offensive possession. Coach Wilson had not seen the play before, and when he asked Spurrier what play he'd called, the young assistant replied "Touchdown, coach."
In December 1989, Spurrier accepted an offer to return to the University of Florida as the Gators' "head ball coach." He had privately expressed interest in the job in early October, when Florida coach Galen Hall was fired mid-season for his alleged involvement in an NCAA rules violation and prominent Gator boosters reached out to Spurrier. However, he delayed any further discussion at that time to concentrate on coaching Duke. After the Blue Devils clinched the ACC championship in their last regular season game, Spurrier met with University of Florida president Robert Bryan and athletic director Bill Arnsparger, and he agreed in principle to return to Florida on December 12.
Won one national championship (1996), and played for another (1995).
A fast start to the 2002 season raised hopes for Spurrier's potential success. The Redskins led off the preseason in Japan, where they beat the San Francisco 49ers 38–7 in the American Bowl. The team threw for over 400 yards and was accused of running up the score, a charge frequently leveled against Spurrier at Florida. The Redskins went 4–1 in the preseason (including a 40–10 win in Tampa against Spurrier's last professional team, the Buccaneers) and won the first game of the regular season 31-23, with Shane Matthews throwing for 327 yards and 3 touchdowns against the Arizona Cardinals. However, subsequent opponents were able to slow Spurrier's offense, mainly by using disguised blitzes to disrupt the passing game. By the end of the season, the Redskins were ranked 25th (out of 32 teams) in scoring offense and finished with a 7–9 record. It was only Spurrier's second losing campaign in 18 years as a head coach, the first being his first year at Duke.
Spurrier's disappointing tenure as an NFL head coach has been heavily scrutinized and analysed. During his first season in Washington, Spurrier brought in several of his former stars from Florida, including quarterbacks Danny Wuerffel and Shane Matthews, leading to criticism that he played favorites. Also criticized was his decision to bring along most of his coaching staff from Florida even though they had little or no experience coaching professional football (the exception being Marvin Lewis, who was a veteran NFL coach). As the 2002 season progressed, an increasing number of philosophical, strategic, and player personnel differences began to cause a rift between Spurrier and the Washington front office, including team owner Daniel Snyder. Snyder pushed for the drafting of Tulane quarterback Patrick Ramsey in the 2002 NFL Draft, and though Spurrier said that he would not play Ramsey very much during his rookie season, the coach was pressured to use him by team officials, and Ramsey was starting by game 4. The quarterback position continued to be a source of friction, particularly when, over Spurrier's objections, the front office decided to release Wuerffel before the start of Spurrier's second season. Spurrier later said that he "knew it was over" when he "wasn't allowed to pick the backup quarterback".
Spurrier spoke about his NFL coaching experience during SEC Media Days in 2014. "When I left Florida after 12 years, I thought I was going to coach in the NFL five or six years and retire to the beach, and play golf a bunch, and travel around, this, that and the other. But that was a bad plan. It was. Later you found out that was not a real good idea. But that's the way I was thinking back then.". After retiring from coaching, Spurrier further reflected on his NFL stint in several interviews. In a 2016 appearance on the Paul Finebaum Show, Spurrier reflected that the Redskins might not have been the best choice for his jump to the NFL. "I went to the team that offered the most money instead of the best situation", he said. And in 2015, he told David Feherty that, "The owner and the personnel guys, they picked the team. I couldn’t even pick the quarterback the second year. So I knew it wasn’t going to work, but that's ok. I probably didn’t do a very good job, and the situation wasn’t what I was looking for, so it was time to move on." In an interview with The Washington Post in 2019, Spurrier said "I did a lousy job." as Redskins Head Coach but also said "The G.M. did a lousy job. He happened to be the owner, so who needed to go?".
Spurrier won his 100th SEC game on October 11, 2008, coaching the Gamecocks to a 24–17 victory over Kentucky. In his ten seasons as the Gamecocks' head coach, Spurrier has beaten each of South Carolina's traditional SEC Eastern Division rivals at least five times. Against their annual SEC Eastern Division opponents, his ten teams have posted an 8–2 record against Kentucky, 8–2 against Vanderbilt, 5–5 against Tennessee, 5–5 against Georgia, 5–5 against Florida, and 2-1 against Missouri who began competing in the SEC in 2012. Against South Carolina's major in-state rival, Clemson, Spurrier's Gamecocks have gone 6–4. While Spurrier's teams at South Carolina have shown flashes of his old "Fun 'n' Gun" offense, they have mostly relied on stout defense to win upsets. The Gamecocks have been bowl eligible every year Spurrier has been their head coach, a feat no other Carolina coach has accomplished. Also, the Gamecocks have been ranked in the AP Poll Top 25 at some point during the season in nine out of Spurrier's ten years at South Carolina .
In April 2018, Spurrier was named the head coach of the Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football (AAF), a new spring football league that was slated to begin play in February 2019. Spurrier was the first coach or player to sign with the AAF, as he thought the four to five month per year commitment made the new league a "perfect job" for him to get back into coaching . The AAF did not finish the season due to league-wide financial difficulties, but as the Apollos led the standings with a 7-1 record when the league shut down, Spurrier and others declared that they should be named the AAF "regular season champions".
In July 2016, Spurrier returned to the University of Florida to serve as an ambassador and consultant for the athletic program. On September 3, 2016 the field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium was renamed to "Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium" in honor of Spurrier's achievements at the university. In January 2017, South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley inducted Spurrier into the Order of the Palmetto, the highest honor of the South Carolina government.
In August 2017, Spurrier joined SiriusXM Satellite Radio as a college football analyst, co-hosting three weekly programs on SiriusXM Channel 84, College Sports Nation. He has also been a frequent guest on several other radio and TV sports programs, particularly covering SEC football or golf.
Spurrier married his college sweetheart, the former Jerri Starr, on September 14, 1966, during his senior year at the University of Florida. They have four children —Lisa, Amy, Steve, Jr., and Scott, as well as over a dozen grandchildren. Spurrier's oldest son, Steve Jr., has been an assistant football coach for several years, including stints as a receivers coach on his father's staffs in Washington and South Carolina. After his father retired in 2015, Steve Jr. joined Bob Stoops's staff at Oklahoma. Spurrier's youngest son, Scott, played wide receiver for the Gamecocks through the 2009 season. Scott eventually joined his father as tight ends coach of the Orlando Apollos.
^ Spurrier set the Sugar Bowl passing record with 352 yards in 1966 Sugar Bowl. This record would not be broken until the 1992 Sugar Bowl, when Florida quarterback Shane Matthews passed for 370 yards, and was broken again in the 1995 Sugar Bowl, when Florida quarterback Danny Wuerffel passed for 394 yards, both under head coach Steve Spurrier. Ironically, both of Spurrier's proteges also lost their record breaking Sugar Bowl contests. The current Sugar Bowl passing record is currently held by another Florida quarterback, Tim Tebow, who threw for 482 yards in the 2010 Sugar Bowl, which Florida won. However, Tebow played for the Gators after Spurrier had left.
^ Florida's athletic administration brought back blue uniforms, installed natural grass, and signed a contract to renew the Miami rivalry before Spurrier's first Florida team took the field in 1990. However, the contract to play Miami was cancelled several months later when the SEC decided to move to an eight game league schedule and establish the SEC Championship Game beginning in 1992.
^ a b c Florida was ineligible for the SEC title, a bowl game, and the Coaches' poll in 1990 due to NCAA violations under the previous coach.
^ Spurrier resigned on October 12, 2015. Shawn Elliott was named interim head coach and led the Gamecocks to a final record of 3-9.
^ The Alliance of American Football folded after playing eight games of a planned ten-game schedule, at which point the Apollos held a two game lead in the standings.
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^ Associated Press, "Football and Basketball Teams Placed on Probation at Florida", The New York Times (September 21, 1990). Retrieved February 8, 2011.
^ The Gators won the 1984 SEC championship, but were stripped of the title by a vote of the SEC university presidents in the spring of 1985 because of fifty-nine documented violations of NCAA rules by the previous coaching staff. The Gators also had the best record in the SEC in 1985, but were ineligible for the SEC championship because of NCAA probation.
^ S.L. Price, "'96: For The Love Of Gator Nation", Sports Illustrated (October 3, 2007). Retrieved April 8, 2010.
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^ Gatorzone.com, Facilities, Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ a b c Dave Kindred, "Spurrier dares to imagine always", The Sporting News (January 28, 2002). Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ Ray Goff responded publicly: "He's a good coach, but I'd like to run into him some night down a dark alley." Jack Hairston, "Spurrier Has Built a Sugar Bowl Legacy Archived 2014-03-25 at the Wayback Machine", Times-Picayune (January 8, 2008). Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ Associated Press, "Spurrier resigns as Gators coach", ESPN (January 4, 2002). Retrieved July 25, 2009. See also American Rhetoric, Online Speech Bank, Steve Spurrier: Resignation Speech (University of Florida) Archived August 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
^ SECSports.com, Football, SEC Football Roundup - Saturday, September 2nd Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ a b SECSports.com, Football, SEC Football Roundup - Saturday, September 30th Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
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^ College Football Data Warehouse, All-Time Coaching Records, Urban Meyer Records by Year: 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
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^ a b "Schottenheimer out, Spurrier in for Redskins". ESPN. January 14, 2002. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
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^ Demasio, Nunyo (July 28, 2003). "Owning Up, Snyder Learns From the Past". Washington Post.
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^ a b "Low: Unhealthy culture hurt Spurrier in NFL". December 11, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
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^ Schwartz, Nick (September 30, 2015). "Steve Spurrier reveals he wasn't allowed to choose his starting QB with the Redskins in 2003". USA Today. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
^ Williams, Charean (March 26, 2019). "Steve Spurrier: I did a lousy job in Washington but so did Dan Snyder". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ See, e.g., Mark Maske, "Spurrier Considering Options in Florida", NFL Insider, The Washington Post (October 29, 2004). Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ "With Zook out, will Spurrier get a call?", ESPN News Services (October 26, 2004). Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ David Jones, "Spurrier withdraws name from Florida coaching search", USA Today (November 4, 2004). Retrieved April 8, 2010.
^ Mark Schlabach, "Teams in Fight To Skip Bowls", Washington Post, p. D1 (November 23, 2004). Retrieved September 5, 2009.
^ Viv Bernstein, "With Less Swagger, Spurrier Returns to SEC", The New York Times (November 24, 2004). Retrieved September 5, 2009.
^ Karl Taro Greenfeld, "Meet Mr. Humble", Sports Illustrated (August 22, 2005). Retrieved April 8, 2010.
^ a b College Football Data Warehouse, All-Time Coaching Records, Steve Spurrier Records by Year: 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ a b College Football Data Warehouse, South Carolina Opponents, South Carolina Record by Team, South Carolina vs. Tennessee. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ a b College Football Data Warehouse, South Carolina Opponents, South Carolina Record by Team, South Carolina vs. Florida. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ Ben Crane, "Coach Gives funds to USC: Spurrier's gift seeks to aid renovations of athletic facilities Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine", Daily Gamecock (September 6, 2006). Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ a b College Football Data Warehouse, All-Time Coaching Records, Steve Spurrier: 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
^ College Football Data Warehouse, Florida vs. Mississippi St Archived July 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 4, 2009. Spurrier's Gators lost to Mississippi State in Starkville in 1992 and 2000.
^ College Football Data Warehouse, All-Time Coaching Records, Steve Spurrier Records by Year Archived February 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ Antonya English, "Gators start Ring of Honor with four former greats", St. Petersburg Times (October 1, 2006). Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ a b c Alex Riley, "Spurrier's past still outshines his future: Battle with best of SEC leaves Carolina, Florida fans pondering legacy[permanent dead link]", Daily Gamecok (November 13, 2006). Retrieved August 26, 2009.
^ a b Michael Aguilar, "Defense uses 'bend don't break' mantra for win: Stops on Tiger offense allow gutsy Gamecocks to wrangle seventh win[permanent dead link]", Daily Gamecock (November 27, 2006). Retrieved August 26, 2009.
^ Jonathan Hillyard, "Victory over rival will spark turnaround for USC: Spurrier says Clemson win could get Carolina ready for future success seasons[permanent dead link]", Daily Gamecock (November 27, 2006). Retrieved August 26, 2009.
^ College Football Data Warehouse, South Carolina vs. Clemson (SC). Retrieved August 26, 2009.
^ Associated Press, "Suitors beware, SC gives Spurrier $500K raise", ESPN (December 2, 2006). Retrieved July 25, 2009.
^ AP Poll Archive, 2006 Final AP Football Poll Archived August 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 26, 2009. In the final AP Poll, the five teams that defeated South Carolina finished as follows: Florida 1st, Auburn 10th, Arkansas 15th, Georgia 23rd, and Tennessee 25th.
^ a b c d College Football Data Warehouse, South Carolina Yearly Results: 2005–2009. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
^ College Football Data Warehouse, South Carolina Coaching Records, Steve Spurrier Records by Year Archived February 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ Pete Iacobelli, "Spurrier holds down Gamecocks expectations", USA Today (August 25, 2008). Retrieved September 11, 2009.
^ College Football Data Warehouse, All-Time Coaching Records, Steve Spurrier: 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
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^ "The Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football Announce Full Coaching Staff". Alliance of American Football. December 10, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
Chastain, Bill (2002). The Steve Spurrier Story: From Heisman to Head Ballcoach. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-0878333165.
Henry, Ran (2014). Spurrier: How the Ball Coach Taught the South to Play Football. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0762791842.
Spurrer, Steve with Buddy Martin (2016). Head Ball Coach: My Life in Football. New Rider Press. ISBN 978-0399574665.
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With the expectations of sustainable products a growing concern for consumers, bioplastics are becoming an increasingly important part of the plastics industry. Just like auto companies are searching for alternative sources of energy for transportation vehicles, chemical companies are searching for alternatives in the manufacturing of plastic materials. Fossil fuels won’t be available forever, and currently billions of pounds of plastics are being produced and consumed annually, just in the flexible packaging industry alone.
Bioplastics currently represent only a small fraction of this emerging area of development, but usage is growing. Not only are the resources used for production renewable, but some companies are also claiming that the production process has a smaller carbon footprint. There is great potential for collaboration with startups and universities to help overcome challenges and realize the commercial and environmental potential of bioplastics as replacements for the less-sustainable oil-based plastics.
However, although startups, young companies and universities are progressive in their approach to bioplastic technology, protecting innovations through intellectual property is not always a priority. These companies are anxious about bringing their products to market and are often overlooking important intellectual-property opportunities. Intellectual property matters to the success of bioplastic products, and may determine the future landscape of the industry. In fact, the number of current patents for bioplastic products has increased sharply since 2006, when the amount of pending patents also skyrocketed.
Patents are necessary and important, but often are not enough for exuberant startups. Take Vonage, for example, which was sued by Verizon in June 2006 for allegedly using Verizon’s patented technology that allowed voice calls to be transferred from the Internet onto the traditional telephone network. Although Vonage claimed its services were developed with its own proprietary technology along with technology licensed from third parties, its lack of intellectual property rights led to it losing the case. In November 2007, Vonage was ordered to pay Verizon $120 million due to patent infringements.
My speculation is that Vonage, along with many other companies, didn’t realize all of the opportunities to protect its intellectual property, intellectual assets and intellectual capital. Companies and inventors must always assume that nothing is protected, especially before the patent process is complete.
First, it’s important to understand that the terms “intellectual property,” “intellectual capital” and “intellectual assets” are often used interchangeably, but they are really not the same.
Intellectual capital generally refers to knowledge-based assets of an organization and related resources that create value and competitiveness. Intellectual property refers to items that can be legally owned, such as patents, trademarks, trade secrets and copyrights. When intellectual capital becomes codified in some way — preserving it for the future — it becomes an intellectual asset.
Intellectual assets are broader in scope and, in addition to intellectual property, also include publications and other documents and agreements. Intellectual assets may pertain to many aspects of a company’s know-how, including unpatented products, designs, formulations, processes and the collective skills, creativity and experience of staff or inventors. Some intellectual assets can be low-cost complements or even alternatives to patents that still help in protecting a company’s designs, slogans, names or new products.
c Trademarks are a type of intellectual property that may be a word, name, symbol or device that is used by its owner to identify or distinguish goods or services from those of other entities. Rights in trademarks and service marks, unlike patents and copyrights, arise as a result of use of the mark in commerce to identify the source or origin of goods and service. Trademarks are often the go-to sources for protecting intellectual assets. There are also many non-traditional trademark opportunities as well.
c Digital intellectual assets aren’t new to companies or individuals that have been using e-mail accounts and Web domains as proof of ownership of company or product names. Today, branding YouTube channels, Twitter avatars and Facebook pages with the name of a company or product is an easy, legitimate and incredibly traceable way to begin an intellectual asset estate.
c A defensive publication is used to prevent another party from obtaining a patent on a product by distributing a description or drawing of the product to the public so that it becomes prior domain or prior art. Strong publications start with thoroughly documented invention disclosures. The publication also discloses details related to how to make or use the product, discloses embodiments and variations, cites technical references and includes drawings. The most successful are also crafted with specific objectives in mind and are reviewed by technical and legal experts prior to distribution. A defensive publication could also include publicity generation, such as news articles, about your product. For a relatively small fee, your document can be published on a site like IP.com. Your document is almost instantly published and time stamped, archived, and made searchable by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and other patent offices, providing a lasting and secure record that the information disclosed was part of the public domain at that time.
Now is the time to increase your awareness and expertise in intellectual property rights for bioplastics products that could shape your business in the next five years. When you’re developing your proactive intellectual property strategy, use intellectual property to build bridges to partners, making it a driver of, not a barrier to, innovation. It may be the key to overcoming some of your challenges with disruptive innovation.
Cheryl Perkins is president and Jeff Lindsay is solution development director at Neenah, Wis.-based management consulting firm Innovationedge LLC.
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Looking for a definitive answer regarding Mutual Funds/ RRSP after death. I understand that when a person dies their funds are liquidated 1 min before death so Mutual Funds would be pulled out in full and transferred to the estate. In this example I will say this fund has no beneficiary and will go through probate and the estate will have to pay the taxes on the amount.
My question is regarding the banks taking taxes prior to the transfer to the estate, I was under the impression that they sent the full amount and taxes would be paid from the estate when they were filled? Can they even take taxes off and why would they?
Well you have things basically correct in the first sentence, where there is a deemed disposition at death. So someone dies and has $100k in their RRSP and this is added to their income. If they passed away today for example, they would have whatever income they have for the year so far, plus that $100k for their 2018 income (and other things that could apply in their situation).
I think what you are talking about is withholding tax? If you were to withdraw money from the RRSP they hold back tax money upfront (10% under $5k, 20% between $5k-$15k and 30% over $15k essentially).
The banks hold it back? I understand the heavy taxation on it but was under the impression that it was up to the estate to do the taxes and not the bank to withhold the money. If the banks do it they must provide a slip of some sort for taxes?
Edit: Also possible that I'm thinking of beneficiary payments on RRSP and the bank not holding back taxes.
Well that tax is on withdrawals in general and the institution (bank or otherwise) has to hold it back. It's just not an option.
They do provide a tax slip because those are taxes paid and go to offset the bill when that date arrives.
There are things you can do to defer those taxes. Spousal rollover is the most common, because it goes to a spouse with no taxes incurred, but also things like dependant children (which could be adults if they are disabled or things like that). But the reality is that you would have to make those elections before death.
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Create a safer environment for your farm operation with our help. Fewer accidents on your farm ultimately mean premium savings for you.
We offer a team of risk management consultants who provide expert safety advice for farmers and their employees. Depending on the size of your operation, you can meet with our consultants on your farm, where they will get an accurate picture of your unique risks. They will help you identify potential hazards on the farm and find solutions to them.
Additionally, we’ll analyze your loss history and claims experience and help you create a realistic plan for avoiding repeat incidences.
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The British Invasion group which actually didn't have any Brits!
There was one British Invasion group which actually didn't have any Brits: The Walker Brothers. They were not really brothers and not really Walker.
The group included Scott Engel, eventually known professionally as Scott Walker, John Maus who has been using the name Walker since his teens, and Gary Leeds eventually known as Gary Walker.
The trio was from California, relocated to the UK to further their musical careers. After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits "Make It Easy on Yourself" and "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit "My Ship is Coming In". John Maus (John Walker) was married to Kathy Young ("A Thousand Stars") from 1965-1969.
Formed in 1964, they adopted the 'Walker Brothers' name as a show business touch even though the members were all unrelated, simply because they liked the name "Walker" They provided a unique counterpoint to the British Invasion by achieving much more success in the United Kingdom than in their home country, a period when the popularity of British bands dominated the U.S. charts.
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Probability values are deceptive. Many people feel intuitively that a raw probability value 'is just math' and does not capture all there is to say on a subject. This sentiment is correct: By giving only a probability value, a lot of relevant information can be glossed over. What is the missing information that is not captured by the probability number, and how can it be quantified?
Imagine that a person comes up to you with a coin and asks you what the probability is that it will come up heads when he flips it.
In scenario one, you answer naively: 50%.
In scenario two, you take the question seriously and investigate in depth: You test the coin and find out that it is balanced and has not been tampered with. You investigate the person who will flip the coin and find no evidence that they are a conman who would know how to manipulate a coin flip. You investigate why you are being asked this question, and find that the person is conducting a study on psychology to test basic math competencies, and this is only a test question. He therefore has no incentive to falsify the results of the coin flip.
After the thorough investigation in scenario two, you answer confidently: 50%.
You will note that the answer was the same in both scenarios. From the point of view of a third person who only hears your response, the two scenarios are completely identical. This is terribly misleading.
Imagine that before giving your answer, you hear a rumor that there is a conman going around with a loaded coin that always ends up tails.
It's not like there are many people going around asking about coinflips, so the chances are high that this person is that conman. In scenario one, this information should cause you to change your answer and give a number somewhat lower than 50%, depending on how likely you think it is that the person in front of you is the conman. In scenario two however, the rumor does not influence your assessment at all. After all, you already investigated the person and verified that he isn't a conman.
In both scenarios, the same probability value is given initially, and there is no way for a third person to differentiate the two scenarios. But after the same additional information is given, the probability in one of the two scenarios changes, and the other does not.
This means that there is hidden information here that the probability value is not accounting for.
Unfortunately, there is no easy fix for this problem in the general case.
A probability value is based on a calculation that can depend on any number of factors in any number of combinations. There are formulas that are very stable under changing inputs. There are formulas where altering a single input by a minuscule amount changes the output completely. And there are formulas where the inputs are such abstract things that even quantifying them at all is nigh impossible. After all, how do you quantify "You hear a rumor that a conman is going around with a loaded coin"?
Due to this complexity, it is impossible to quantify everything that has gone into a probability value.
Investigating the coin has an x% chance of determining that the probability it will land on heads differs from 50% by more than 0.1%.
In the scenario 1, x is the probability that the coin is counterfeit. In scenario 2 x is virtually 0 because it has already been tested and proven to be genuine.
What is the probability that the scenario is counterfeit? This is actually another very complex question of its own. If you want to be very thorough, you could not just give a probability here but recurse and give additional sources of relevant evidence for this probability value as well.
Investigating the motivation and sleight-of-hand skills of the person asking the question has a y% chance of determining that the probability it will land on heads differs from 50% by more than 0.1%.
I believe that it would be a worthy endeveaour to try to develop a standardized way to present such additional sources of relevant evidence. This would allow scientists to make more accurate, less misleading statements about probabilities and allow them to succinctly summarize which areas of further research are most likely to yield fruits.
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Hungry Heaven: A Burger Joint "For Hungry People" in Meguro!
The motto of the restaurant is to make burgers "for hungry people", so you've probably guessed it, their burgers are huge. Not only that, but they're reasonably priced too! Located in Meguro, Hungry heaven is a must-go place for all you burger lovers!
Truffle ฤดูร้อนที่มีข้อ จำกัด เฉพาะในเวลา จำกัด และเบอร์เกอร์เนื้อญี่ปุ่น!
ทรัฟเฟิร์ตในช่วงฤดูร้อนและพิซซ่า Kuroge Wagyu จากพิซซ่าจะมีให้บริการในช่วงซัมเมอร์นี้ในช่วงเวลา จำกัด ที่ร้านอาหารและบาร์ "The Dining Room" ที่โรงแรมโตเกียวอินเตอร์คอนติเนนตัล ตั้งแต่วันที่ 1 กรกฎาคม - 31 สิงหาคม!
More Meat, More Cheese! McDonald's Japan New Limited-Time Burgers!
McDonald's Japan's cheeseburgers just got bigger! Double and TRIPLE versions of the cheeseburger classic are now out for a limited time! A spicy version of the double cheeseburger was also released!
The "Moon-Viewing Burger" Back At McDonald's For A Limited Time!
It's that time of the year again. Fall is slowly creeping in and restaurants everywhere in Japan are releasing limited fall edition foods to reflect the seasonal change. McDonald's has been releasing its own fall edition burger called the "tsukimi burger", which translates to the moon-viewing burger. Why moon-watching and what does it have to do with burgers? You'll find the answers in this article.
Pulplism เป็นร้านอาหารจานด่วนแห่งใหม่ในเมือง Nishiazabu ใกล้กับ Roppongi เชี่ยวชาญในการทำเบอร์เกอร์หมู แนวคิดนี้เป็นศิลปะที่น่ารักและพวกเขามีความภาคภูมิใจในการทำเบอร์เกอร์กับหมูญี่ปุ่นที่ผ่านการรับรองมาตรฐาน SPF (หมูเฉพาะเชื้อโรคที่ปลอดเชื้อ) นี่คือสิ่งที่คุณจะได้พบกับ Pulplism!
People were not surprised when Trump had an American burger during his meeting with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. But the visit was short. Had he stayed longer, what else would he eat?
Two Rich New Chicken Burgers At McDonald's Japan From February 7th, 2018!
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How should we compare a decrease in average quality of life with a gain in population size? Population ethics is a rigorous investigation of the value of populations, where the populations in question contain different (numbers of) individuals at different levels of quality of life. This abstract and theoretical area of philosophy is relevant to a host of important practical decisions that affect future generations, including decisions about climate change policy, healthcare prioritization, energy consumption, and global catastrophic risks.
Most people find the Repugnant Conclusion, i.e. the claim that Z is better than A, to be highly counterintuitive. Thus many take the fact that Total Utilitarianism implies that Z is better than A to count against it, and attempt to find an alternative view in population ethics that avoids this implication. However, as Derek Parfit (Reasons and Persons, 1984) and Gustaf Arrhenius (Population Ethics, forthcoming) have shown, it is difficult to avoid implying the Repugnant Conclusion without taking on board one or more other claims which are, in turn, highly counterintuitive. Many of the puzzles in this area begin by setting up a smooth spectrum of populations, ranging from one in which everyone is at a very high quality of life (as in A) all the way to one in which everyone is at a very low but positive quality of life (as in Z), but where adjacent populations differ only slightly in terms of quality of life.
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Will to live or fear of death?
This refers to the looming death of the Brideshead patriarch, surrounded by his family. I was struck by the implication that the will to live gives strength, while the fear of death drains it.
If you extend that, it might suggest that people are more motivated by attraction to something than by fear or revulsion of something. In which case, cigarette packets featuring every horrific disease engendered by coffin sticks may be less effective than sunnier images of the rewards of not smoking.
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Article about the Biennale in the “Daily-Sun” of Dhaka.
A five-day-long performance art event titled ‘Live Stream’ was arranged at the performance art pavilion of 18th Asian Art Biennale at National Theater Hall of Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy, Dhaka. A total of 26 performance artists including 15 Bangladeshi artists participated in the event.
Performance art is a performance presented to an audience within a fine art context, traditionally interdisciplinary. Performance may be scripted or unscripted, random or carefully orchestrated, spontaneous or carefully planned and with or without audience’s participation. The performance can be live or via media.
The names of the artists whose presentations mesmerized the audience include Gim Gwang Cheol (South Korea), Abel Azcona (Spain), Preach R Sun (USA), Marita Bullmann (Germany), Park Kyeongha (South Korea), Cang Xin (China), Maeda Yuzuru and Yuki Kobayashi (Japan), Leman Sevda Daricioglu (Turkey) and Marisa Garreffa (Australia). Their performances were even more attractive than that of the hosts. Their ideas, materials and body language were authentic, artistic and extremely charming.
“I can perform in any situation by involving four basic elements: time, space, my body and elements. Performance art makes a relationship between the performers and the audience. Performance art can be presented anywhere, in any type of venue or setting and for any length of time. The actions of an individual or a group at a particular place and in a particular time constitute the work. But, a performance-artist cannot play a role like acting. The artist has to come up with his or her own idea, body and materials,” said artist Marita Bullmann, a participant from Germany.
Young Bangladeshi artist Sujon Mahbub presented his performance titled ‘Man, The Slave of Time’, which also had an important theme and interesting elements. His co-artist Jinia Jafran played violin at the performance space and Sujon was fastened with the wheel of time. A circled watch was moving with his hands and legs in the circle. His mouth was tied and eyes were covered with a pair of black sun-glass. He only heard the sound of sublime but the circle of time was unmoved. His performance was nine-hour-long and the circle kept moving around the entire performance space. ‘Man, The Slave of Time’ was largely appreciated by the audience, foreign artists and critics.
The show of performance art came to an end on September 05, 2018. After that, a two-day long performance art workshop was inaugurated by Liaquat Ali Lucky on Thursday at BSA. Bangladeshi artist Mahbubur Rahman conducted the workshop, where all the participating artists of the biennale took part. Today, they will present a group performance as an output of the workshop at the same pavilion. With this performance they will curtain off the event of performance of the art biennale.
Funded by the Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia in the framework of Individual Support for Artists (IFK), a project of ecce GmbH.
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Get actionable tips for designing a content marketing program.
Content can be an incredibly effective method for gaining brand awareness, establishing market authority, and building customer loyalty.
At the same time, the high number of pieces published has led to "content shock" and disengaged readers. Only relevant, high-value content captures attention, and that starts with a consistent and targeted strategy.
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Are high temperature hair straightener irons safe for your hair? If you are using an electronic device of any nature then there will always be a risk associated with the use. Generally it can be safe to say that the risk associated with using these products is very small. Electric hair irons have a heating module inside which will heat them up to a certain temperature. There are a number of ways that you can make sure that the high temperature hair straighteners are safe for your hair.
The first area that will be covered is to ensure that you maintain your hair iron and keep it in good condition. Always be sure to follow these simple procedures for keeping your iron in in good working order. Make sure the cord of the straightener is not damaged and is not damp, and when storing your hair straightener make sure it is not stored in a damp place, do not keep them in the bathroom. A Hair straightener can become very hot when they are on full strength so much so that you can easily burn your skin, think what this can do to your hair too.
Most electric hair straighteners will have a temperature setting switch which will regulate the heat that they give out. When you first use the flat iron make sure the heat setting is on the lowest setting, you can then build the temperature up as you need to. People’s hair is always different and reacts differently to heat, so your temperature tolerance level could well be lower than someone else’s. If you do use the straightener and the temperature is too high then you can run the risk of burning and damaging your hair. You can easily tell if you are burning your hair and the straightener is too hot. The make up of human hair is 14% Cysteine and the smell associated with burning hair is due to the sulphur compounds that are formed in the hair. If you smell a pungent smell then make sure you stop straight away and check that your hair has not burned because hair damages very easily and it will burn quickly.
If you use your iron everyday then you still run the possibility of damaging your hair. The overuse of the heat will cause problems for your hairs health, the first signs that you could be causing some damage is your hair will look very dry and you will be able to see the damage. If you do think that you have damaged your hair then consult a professional stylist or your local beauty shop for products that could help to repair the damage.
In summary overuse of a hair straightener iron on a temperature setting that is too high for your hair can cause problems. You should try to use them only maybe once or twice a week to give your hair a chance to recover and not do long term damage.
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Eliminate the use of traditional batteries with the Apple Magic Mouse 2. Featuring an updated design, the Magic Mouse 2 is lighter and has fewer moving parts, thanks to its continuous bottom shell and built-in rechargeable battery. The Magic Mouse 2 also has an optimized foot design, which tracks with ease and moves with less resistance across the surface of your desk. You can also use the Multi-Touch surface to perform gestures such as swiping between websites, opening up the Notification or Mission Control, and scrolling through documents. Magic Mouse 2 can be used right out of the box and will pair automatically with your Mac.
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When was the Chin dynasty?
This first great Chinese empire the Chin dynasty ran from about 221 to 206 B.C.
It established the approximate boundaries and governmental system of China for the next 2,000 years, and gave its name to the nation.
The effects of the dynasty lasted until the 1911 revolution, which overthrew the empire and created a republic.
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A servant of Hela, Leah was initially tasked with assisting Loki against the forces of the Serpent. After the Serpent was defeated, Leah was left on Earth, with Loki arranging for her to stay in a cave near Asgard, much to her chagrin. She assisted the de-aged God of Mischief several times, mostly using her magic powers since Loki didn't have his anymore.
She wasn't pleased with Hela's decision of staying in Asgard to assist Loki and she continuously remains cold and insults the trickster. However, Loki stated that she was going to be his "BFF," much to her confusion, and usually took her with him to Broxton and shared with her what he liked from Midgard, such as milkshakes and the Internet.
It was hinted that she may have romantic feelings for Loki, though she denied it fiercely. Nevertheless, she appeared to be very protective of Loki as seen when she threw a human bully out a window with only one arm, after he had threatened to beat up Loki. Also, as a Dead's Keeper, she didn't need to sleep so she usually watched Loki's room all night. It was also mentioned that they might have kissed.
On their quest to the United Kingdom to fight the Manchester Gods, Loki changed his mind and decided to help them instead with both Leah's and Daimon Hellstrom's help. They also had been entrusted by Hela with the task of finding the Holy Grail in order to heal her missing hand by the Dísir. Once they found the Grail, Hela's hand returned but at the expense of Leah's life, who started to fade away. In her last moments, Leah told Loki not to be sad because sacrifice was in her nature as a handmaiden. Loki told her he was glad to have known her and, once more, called her BFF. Leah reached out and held Loki's hand with a smile, while telling him that she had finally looked it up and knew it meant "Best Friends Forever," thanking him for the sentiment but asking him if he ever thought it could be true, finally fading away completely as Loki cried for her loss.
Name is an anagram of Hela.
Leah doesn't need to sleep, so during all night she used to watch Loki's room.
She stated that she liked "bad boys," specially Daimon Hellstrom and his lack of a shirt.
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Each and every year, there comes a new bat introduced in the market. This is the main reason as to why you should more careful when you are purchasing the best baseball bat for little league play. Buying the best baseball bat for little league can be involving because you have to consider a lot of things so that you can get the right product.
You need to look at the material used to make the bat, the design and the size of the bat among other important things. If you want your kid to excel in playing baseball, you need to make the right bat selection. You should not pick any bat that you come across because it might not be perfect for little league play.
The type of baseball bat that you buy for your child can bring a positive or negative effect on the performance of your child.To prevent you from buying the wrong baseball bat, I have provided you with some important baseball bats that you can purchase for little league.All the bats are of great quality, and they are designed so that kids can swing without using too much force.
When you are purchasing the best baseball bats for little league, there are some important considerations that you should remember if you want to get the best product that will serve the needs of your child. The following are some top things that you should put in mind.
Not all the bats you will come across are approved for play in little league. Before you buy any baseball bat, it is important to find out whether it is approved for little league play so that you get a great product that will meet the needs of your young player.
There are so many considerations that you will need to look at when you are buying a baseball bat for little league play. The length of the bat is determined by the weight, age, and height of the child. You can also determine the right bat length based on your child's playing skills.
Baseball bats come in different barrel size diameter. A baseball bat that is designed with a larger barrel makes it easier for the child to make the right contact but it can also be difficult to swing. In most little league baseball bats, they are designed with a barrel diameter of 2 1/4, which is perfect for young players.
A heavy bat can be perfect if you want more mass or sending the ball away, but it can also be difficult to swing. If your child is not in a position to handle heavy weight baseball bats, this may slow down their performance. It is always good to choose a product that your child can handle easily without any problems.
My team and did a lot of research looking for the best baseball bat for little league. We gathered information from a lot of sites, and we also tested some of the top rated bats. Luckily, we came up with five quality baseball bats that will be perfect for playing little league.
Let your child enjoy playing baseball with the DeMarini 2014 Uprising Little League Baseball Bat. This is a nice bat that will help them take the playing tactics to the next level.
The bat is designed with a durable alloy that provides a perfect balance of high KSI strength and fracture toughness so that you can enjoy a long-lasting performance.
How your child holds the bat determines whether they will make an accurate shot or miss the shot. Always look for a bat that is has a perfect grip so that it will be easy to be in control throughout the game.This is why this bat features a grip with thin performance feel for easy holding when you are in the field.
This is an ideal baseball bat that is approved for play in little league and other youth baseball associations. It has a nice barrel that will help young players be in control of the game.
Easton does a perfect job in making top quality baseball bats that help young players experience the best moments when in the field.
One of their top selling baseball bat that you can check is the Easton MAKO COMPOSITE Youth Baseball Bat, which is designed for play in little leagues.
This is a nice technology that yields the fastest swing when you are playing. With this baseball bat, you can achieve a massive sweet spot and a better feel.
A comfortable bat will always help the player make the right hits. This is why this model features a cushioned hyper-skin grip that offers an enhanced grip and a very soft feel.
This is another improved technology that isolates the handle from the barrel. This ensures that there is a maximum transfer of energy and reduced vibrations.
Are you looking for the best baseball bat that is approved for little league play?
If you haven't tried the Worth Amp Lithium 28 Inch, it is high time that you get this bat, and you will be impressed with the performance of your child.
This baseball bat is designed with a barrel diameter of 2 1/4 inches making it perfect for young players. The bat is 1.15 BPF approved for play in all associations.
With this baseball bat, you kid find it easy to get an accurate control over the distance, direction and the power of the shots made.
If you want a lightweight baseball bat that your child can swing with ease, this is the right model to go for. Your young baseball player will always produce the maximum swing speed when using this baseball bat.
Succeeding or failing baseball can be highly determined by the type of bat that you have. Having the wrong bat not only makes swinging difficult but also can undermine your overall performance.
Are you a young player looking for speedier swings without using too much force? If this is what you are expecting, get the Easton YB14S500 S500 Youth Baseball Bat, and you will enjoy all the moments when you are playing baseball.
This bat is perfect for play as well as training. There are some things that you will love in this baseball bat. Let us have a look at some important characteristics of this baseball bat.
This is a one-piece bat that is made with aluminum making it lightweight and durable. Since you do not have much weight to bear, swinging the bat becomes a very simple job.
This youth baseball bat is designed with a very comfortable handle that provides the user with a comfortable grip. The handle is also cushioned for added comfort.
This baseball bat is approved for play in little league. It has the recommended barrel size making it ideal for young hitters.
Looking for a baseball bat can be a challenging task for a parent because there are so many options to choose from.
You also need to get the recommended bat that passes all the rules and regulations needed for play in little league.If you are still not sure o the right bat to get for your little player, get the Easton YB15MKX MAKO XL COMP -10 Youth Baseball Bat and you will love how your kid will perform when playing baseball.
The bat features an ultra-thin 29/32 inch composite handle designed with performance diamond grip making it very easy to get the right grip for smooth play.
This is one among the many reasons that make this baseball bat approved for little league play. The barrel size is just perfect for young players, and they can achieve the best contact with the ball.
This baseball bat has received certification from quite some organizations such as USSSA 1.15 BPF, Little League, Babe Ruth, AABS, Pony Baseball and Dixie Youth Baseball bat.
If you are not keen on the type of baseball bat that you choose for your child, you might end up choosing the wrong product that compromises the performance of your kid in the field.
As a parent, you joy is seeing your child thriving in baseball, and this is why you should be smart when you are making the purchase.
You can get any of the bats mentioned above at affordable prices, and they are all approved for little league play. With any of the bats, you child will feel comfortable and achieve the best swing all the times.
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After flowing from its Himalayan source waters and through Bhutan, China, and India, the mighty Brahmaputra empties into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh alongside several other major rivers.
The Sundarbans Mangroves in Bangladesh near the confluent mouths of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
Bangladesh is renowned for its beautiful geomorphic features, including the massive rivers flowing throughout the country. Within the borders of Bangladesh lie the bottom reaches of the Himalayan Ranges' water sources, which serve as the primary sources for rivers that flow through such countries as China, Bhutan, and India and eventually passing into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Rivers also drive various economic activities such as agriculture, waterway communication, and energy source among others. Since these rivers play a significant role in the economic growth, it is therefore deemed important to study some of the major rivers in Bangladesh, focusing on the countries they flow through. The following are some of the major rivers in Bangladesh.
The Brahmaputra River is one of the greatest in Asia and the longest to pass through Bangladesh, covering a length of 1,802 miles, and also cutting across India, Bhutan, and China. It starts from Kailash in northern Tibet and ends in the Bay of Bengal. The Assam people see this river as both a blessing and a curse citing the floods it causes on the adjacent land during the monsoon but leaves an immensely fertile ground after the floods. Peasants take advantage of this land not only to plant food for their use but also for export purposes. Despite its significance to the Assamese, the river is also prone to surface water pollution that arises from oil spillages from vehicles and nearby factories.
The River Ganges originates from the Himalaya Mountains and it is accompanied by three distinct courses of flow, namely its upper, middle, and lower courses. Famous for its large water basin, it stretches over a distance of 1,569 miles cutting through India and Bangladesh. Over the years, the surrounding area has always been liable to floods causing numerous effects to the inhabitants living nearby. Despite all these effects that are detrimental to the residents, the floods also bring some benefits of land fertility.
The Surma River, also known as the Barak River, originates from the Manipur Mountains in Northern India, and flows through Eastern Bangladesh, covering a distance of 559 miles. It ends in the Kishoreganj District, where it converges with River Kushiyara to form River Meghna. The dynamic meandering of this river faces environmental detriments posed by the surrounding inhabitants, among them being pollution and human settlement on vital catchment area.
The Atrai River hails from West Bengal, and flows through the Dinajpur District before fanning out in Chalaan Beel. It measures a length of 242 miles. Even though it is one of the leading causes of flooding in certain areas, it serves as a perennial fishing ground.
The River Raidak serves as a tributary to the Brahmaputra River, measuring a length of 230 miles. In spite of its small length, it cuts across Bhutan, India, and Bangladesh.
The river originates in the district of Darjeeling in West Bengal at the heart of the Himalayas. It measures 224 miles flowing through India and Bangladesh.
The Teesta River originates from the Himalayas and streams down forming a boundary between Sikkim and West Bengal. The 192-mile long river passes through India and merges up with river Brahmaputra.
Originating from the Hills of Lushai, the Karnaphuli River stretches itself over a distance of 168 miles. The Kaptai Dam situated on this river facilitates the production of hydroelectric power which serves the locals of Chittagong.
The River Meghna hails from the convergence of the Surma and Kushiyara Rivers. Considered as one of the most important rivers in Bangladesh, it measures 164 miles and fans out of the Bay of Bengal. Its delta constitutes four principal mouths, namely Shahbazpur, Bamni, Hatia, and Tetulia.
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0.910733 |
What is it that makes a game particularly memorable?
When you finish a game, you want to feel as if you’ve accomplished something. By the time you beat some games, you want to really feel you’ve made the game world a better place through your actions (or, perhaps, you have intentionally left a horrifying wake of devastation). You’ve solved all major problems, and probably a lot of minor ones as well. Maybe you’ve beaten a particularly tough platformer or shooter and you feel like you’ve done a superhuman feat or twelve. The important part is you feel like you’ve done something significant or participated in a memorable story. The main pieces used to bring about this feeling are plot and challenge.
Unfortunately, this sense of accomplishment can be out of reach when playing a game. Sometimes, this is because the game simply doesn’t establish a concrete goal or follow through on it, but other times there are a variety of details that might do away with this idea. Whether the plot is unbelievable, the game is too easy to beat, or some other reason, sometimes games just don’t feel like they give this sense of completion.
Some games lack this feeling by making the game entirely reactionary. Your characters are so busy going from event to event, without any consideration of why they keep going, that by the time the game ends you don’t really think of your accomplishments as more than stimulus-response – all you did was the only thing you could do given the situation. Compare this to a situation where the characters make a definite decision to follow their path, despite possible consequences (take, for example, the scenes before the final sections of Final Fantasy VII or Wild ARMS 2, where each character specifically decides to finish what they started). If the player can empathize with the characters because they have to make a risky decision, that will only make the game that much more involved.
Other games lose the feeling by allowing the player to lose interest. If the game is plot-driven and the world seems so utterly disconnected from reality then you can’t empathize with anyone. A similar problem happens if the plot is so contrived that it’s impossible to believe. Take for example Final Fantasy VIII, where you find out all the characters magically knew each other beforehand but each one managed to forget it. The plot doesn’t have to be gritty or overly realistic, but suspension of disbelief can only carry you so far.
Challenge is a major factor that can create a sense of achievement. Just as a game with 2-hour cutscenes between half-hour long sections of simple gameplay does not make the player feel like they have accomplished much, a game that is only gameplay would not be very interesting if it could be beaten without any effort. Even in the case of “breakable” games where you can easily become immensely powerful, there is still a sense of accomplishment that comes with breaking the game. If the game’s brokenly easy from the beginning, though, it wouldn’t be much of an accomplishment to beat it. By comparison, games with a solid amount of challenge, whether it is strategic or simply involves hand-eye coordination, make you feel satisfied for completing them. Particularly if it’s something you can be proud of accomplishing, you feel good for finally having overcome those obstacles.
Some genres simply don’t yield an overall sense of accomplishment. Any kind of simulation game that doesn’t have a set goal (such as The Sims) can’t have much of a sense of accomplishment simply because none of them have an ending. You can, say, get a Sim to light himself on fire after you lock him in a room, but you can never say you beat the game. These games can be fun as temporary diversions, but I tend to stop playing them is because there’s no endpoint – just aimless improvement. In the end, the player has to remain self-motivated to play the game.
This disease is also common to MMOs; no ending means the only accomplishment can come from competing (or cooperating) with other players. Some people actually find it more entertaining to create their own goals. Whether it’s playing through a favorite RPG with a special restriction (probably the best-known is the Single White Mage playthrough of Final Fantasy) to increase the challenge, or trying to beat a fighting game without using the “kick” button, sometimes a player can generate his or her own feeling of accomplishment.
What are some examples of games that instill this feeling? I would say that most RPG games do, as they tend to have a more involved narrative. In Fallout, for example, when you complete the game you get scenes showing what happened to each town after the end of the story; if you get several good endings (or bad ones, depending on which you prefer), you feel better about having taken care of all the peoples’ problems. As you see the problems you solved, you get a feeling that you really did help out (or kill) a lot of people. Another example is Gunstar Heroes. Although the game barely has a skeleton of a plot, the gameplay on the more challenging modes is difficult, to the point where beating the game without continuing is in itself an accomplishment.
Some exceptions I can come up with are Final Fantasy X and Xenosaga. Both are heavily story-based, yes, but neither is particularly difficult. Final Fantasy X is incredibly easy, and doesn’t even require much effort to beat (although it may take some effort to sit through some of the scenes). Xenosaga is a bit more difficult, but the feeling throughout the game is very mechanical; something happens to you and your characters are forced to do something about it immediately, and the game is very linear-feeling. Add this to the background of episodic content with obvious foreshadowing and few answers throughout, and you probably won’t feel like you’ve done much until episodes II or III.
In the end, even experiencing a particularly memorable plot or accomplishing a particularly challenging task can make a video game much more entertaining, adding dimensions to a game that would otherwise not be quite as fun.
One idea I’ve come to enjoy (and may in fact use in a future review), is that a game should never assume I have nothing better to do than to play it. If should never force me to do things that waste time or have little purpose. It shouldn’t do "videogamey" things because that’s just what games do. Always do I need a reason to move forward, some incentive to keep trying or to go exploring. Without this it becomes quite hard for me to continue with any title. Examples of "videogamey things": mandatory tutorials because people don’t read manuals, breaking suspension of disbelief, mine cart stages, car chases, long attack animations, excessive character upgrading.
Was watching ES on 15 min and saw a quick stick save(hockey metaphor) by the bulls but but looks like the bears have the puck again now.
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0.992886 |
what is a good body lotion?Let's see the 3 best body lotions reviews!
Review by abrilio: I love anything Verbena and Citrus Verbena from L'occitane and this is no exception. Smells amazing and I really enjoy using this when the weather gets warmer or after a cool shower following a workout. The gel consistency is light and it absorbs immediately leaving your skin soft and lightly scented (the scent, sadly, doesn't last long) Putting in the the fridge makes it even more heavenly. What I don't like about this is the price. Thirty something dollars for a small tub of cream is excessive imo. I would consider getting it on sale or request it as a gift, but would not pay the full pricetag. Update: So I bit the bullet and bought another one of those. I just love it so much in the summer. Slightly sweet, grapefruity and really revitalizing in the 90 degree weather.
Review by blyss: Super Indulgent! I swear its one of those products that can make your eyes roll back....hahaha.like when you bite into an extremely good piece of chocolate. The texture is lovely, smooooth soft and ohh so moisturizing. Love this stuff!And the smell, real grapefruits. YUMM!
Review by srobinb: This lotion is awesome, sinks right into the skin without being greasy and keeps it moisturized and soft all day. Smells great and a big bottle will last you a long time.
Review by oneofmylies99: Ive been using this as my everyday moisturizer on and off for about 2 years now, and occasionally i'l stray and try out something new but i always end up coming back because it's such a nice light non greasy moisturizer that absorbs into the skin really quickly.
Review by psychoexgirlfriend: This is fabulous for dry skin. I like this much more than their 'Aloe Fresh' moisturizer in the green bottle which was one of my long term favorites. The consistency is slightly thicker, but that doesn't affect how it absorbs into my skin; quick and fairly efficient. It doesn't leave sticky residues and isn't greasy at all. My skin feels smoother and softer with continued use. Smells clean and fresh too.
Review by pulidobl: This scent is great for the summer and I love the texture of the body butter. I can't wait to try other scents. Great product.
Review by francesca39: This smelled like Skittles to my nose. On dry down, the candy like note faded a bit, and the scent became more subtle and sophisticated. Lovely, but not really something I'd wear.
This gets a four as the lotions and creams from SS are fantastic, and the scent is non-plasticky or fake.
Review by Erin: Oh man I love this lotion!!! A girl in my class bought this one and it didn't smell nice on her at all. However I love the way it smells on me, and my bf did too, which is a good sign because he HATES foodsy lotions. Anyway, yes this smells like rainbow sherbert but it reminds me more of an ice cream shop. You know how when you walk into an ice cream shop, it feels really cool and you can smell the combination of all the ice cream flavors? That's what this lotion reminds me of, it smells "cool" which is hard to explain but when I touch it I expect it to be cool too =P (it's not btw) and it smells like an ice cream shop too. I will definitely repurchase this item if Mary keeps it on.
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0.957311 |
Imagine you’re putting together a few must-have essentials for locs hair care. Did you add in a brush to the necessities? If not then you’d better reconsider because Loc Brushing can drastically improve the health of your locs!
1. Reduces Build Up. Loc Brushing helps to remove trapped oils in your locs which are magnets for lint. Once lint is in your locs, you can use Loc Brushing to help dislodge it, remove dead skin cells (dandruff), and other buildup that may have become trapped inside your locs.
2. Conditions & Controls Frizzy Hair. Frizz is caused from lack of moisture and Loc Brushing helps to spread your natural oils from your scalp to the ends of your locs and hydrate the locs while taming any frizzy hairs in the process.
3. Makes Your Hair Grow. Loc Brushing invigorates the hair follicles with the bristles of the brush, bringing more blood flow and oxygen to the scalp while promoting hair growth.
4. Prevents Breakage. Loc Brushing helps to evenly distribute moisture from the roots to the ends and when your hair is properly moisturized you’re less prone to breakage.
5. Detangles Roots. Whether you have Sisterlocks or are Semi-Freeforming, you know finger detangling can be time consuming. Loc Brushing helps to separate tangled hairs and give a neater appearance.
6. Therapeutic. Practicing Loc Brushing gives you a moment to connect with and nurture your crown. Each brush stroke makes your scalp and locs feel refreshed (from my personal experience!).
You can incorporate Loc Brushing into your regimen in several different ways. To help remove dirt, build up, or lint from your locs, dry brushing is a great solution. Dry Loc Brushing is when you use a brush on your locs when they are not wet. Using a brush on dry locs will quickly help to dislodge and remove buildup from the surface of the loc and a few layers within the loc matrix that you can’t completely get with shampoo. With that being said, I recommend practicing Dry Loc Brushing before you shampoo your locs as a Pre-Shampoo treatment.
When your locs are wet you can use a brush to thoroughly moisturize your hair. In the past, I moisturized my locs with water and overlapped it with a sealant however my locs still felt dry in certain areas. Instead of just hydrating the outside layer of the locs, brushing the locs while wet and then brushing the sealant in will ensure full coverage and deeper penetration of moisture within the intertwined hairs.
My professional recommendation is to use a Soft Bristle Brush, preferably made with natural fibers, such as boar bristles. The bristles of a boar bristle brush are most similar to human hair and will strengthen and add natural shine to our hair. Do not use a brush with hard bristles because that will damage the loc matrix and potentially cause breakage or thinning. It is better to invest in a quality, professional soft bristle brush now, than to pay the price of loc repair later.
You want to be sure to begin loc brushing at the right time. If you are just beginning your loc journey, it is best to wait until the majority of your locs have buds on the ends and are in the teenage phase before you start Loc Brushing. Attempting Loc Brushing before you reach the teenage phase puts your locs at risk for unraveling so, at this early stage, it’s better to take preventive measures against lint and buildup by protecting your locs at night and using natural products.
Once your locs are in the teenage phase and beyond, it is recommended to incorporate Loc Brushing into your regimen. You can practice wet Loc Brushing daily or as a post-shampoo treatment and/or practice dry loc brushing as a Pre-Shampoo treatment.
For a demonstration and tips on how to incorporate Loc Brushing into your regimen watch the video tutorial for “Loc Brushing 101“.
How often do you brush your locs?
You have more experience than me in the industry but I also am a Licensed Cosmetologist with a focus in natural hair and locs. In my personal experience and observing other loc rockers that brush their locs and have reaped all the benefits so we will have to agree to disagree.
Just saw the viewing if license brushing. Thanks for posting it. Question, can people just getting LOCS in their hair (the length of your pinky finger & or the length of a small needle), can they also loc brush their hair as well?
You mention “teenage years” in LOCS. How long does it take for your locs to enter the teenage years? How long is teenage years in locs?
I agree, only brush the locs! I am so glad I’m not alone as a believer in Loc Brushing!
I love brushing my locs! It does give you that connected, bonding moment… I use soft brush with my oils poured on bristles after I wash hair. It helps to add shine to dry locs without saturating hair. It also stimulates edges. Thanks for your tutorials.
I will have to say that I agree with loc brushing, I don’t do it very often, maybe like once a month. I haven’t had a lot of free time to do any maintenance on my hair. Brushing is quick and easy to do and with my soft texture it keeps the frizzy flyaway hair under control. I have noticed that my locs feel more conditioned after brushing them, so I go easy on the conditioner .
Yes! It makes a huge difference. Thank you for sharing your experience!
I will be getting sisterlocs soon. Thanks for the info. I have a lot to learn about the maintenance and care of them.
Can you brush your locs if you have thin, tightly curled hair?
The use of the brush is more so dictated by what stage of the locking process you are in. If you have healthy mature locs, then yes you can brush them using a SOFT boar bristle brush.
I have a question about loc brushing. Is it possible to brush the locs daily, or only when the locs are wet and before washing the hair? My locs are pass the teenage years, and I have been loc’d for two years.
I brush my mature Sisterlocks once a week and not extensively. Sometimes when wet and other times to neaten. It works for me but I wouldn’t recommend daily brushing. I wonder if texture makes a difference too.
I began brushing my locs for the first time. My locs are 6 years old. I tell you loc brushing has been phenomenal. My locs are thinning and breaking off. They were dry even though I moisturized. Since i’ve started brushing, i’ve notice a difference. My locs are so much softer and healthy looking. I am not going to twist them as often as i used to. i want them to get thicker. I am so glad I found this site. I will learn how to properly care for my locs and get them thicker.
I am happy to help Jaron and so glad that it is working out for you!!
I would never have thought to brush my locs until after reading this article and watching the introductory video. My hair texture in the front is looser than in the back, so it always seems fuzzy to me. Rather than retwisting more often or using a “hard hold” product. I’m going to try brushing my locs once a week or so for the next month (July 2018) and report back.
Hey Dianne! How did the loc brushing work out for you in lieu of frequent retwisting? Looking forward to hearing about your experience!
Thanks for sharing! I am definitely going to try wetting the brush instead of my locs, great tip!
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0.986766 |
Iron Man 2 stars Robert Downey Jr., Gwyneth Paltrow, Scarlett Johansson, Don Cheadle, and Samuel L. Jackson. Tony Stark is back and now that the world knows he's Iron Man, he must deal with a new enemy who has a connection to his father. He must also battle his health as the arc reactor is beginning to kill him.
First of all, the plot was all over the place and nothing really meshed together very well. At points it focuses at the villainous Whiplash, but then at others it would go back to Tony's health. These two subplots didn't really benefit each other and they felt as though they were going in separate directions. In my opinion, I think having these two come together perfectly would have improved the movie greatly, but the state in which we got it in simply didn't work for me. One could argue they attempted to mix them together, but as I said it didn't really work well. Along with that, we are given some more relationship problems with Tony and his beloved ones, but it was just another addition to an already packed plot.
It also felt as though Iron Man 2 mainly existed due to some SHIELD build up for Marvels big project that would become a success, The Avengers. We are introduced to some of the significant members of SHIELD. For example, Nick Fury, Natasha Romanoff, and Phil Coulsen. Although they were needed for the future of Marvels bigger projects, these characters felt out of place. You could tell that Marvel needed to shoehorn them in to this movie, and for that reason they didn't really feel needed. I think if you took all of them out along with the build up of the Avengers, the movie would feel less crowded.
Even though those are some huge flaws, the movie definetley has some moments where it was fantastic. I mentioned this before in my Iron Man review and I'll say it again: Robert Downey Jr. is Iron Man. It's as if he was born to play Tony Stark because he just owns the role. He was able to bring in his hilarious personality to the character, which was very great to see on screen. Don Cheadle also did a fantastic job as Rhodey, and Gwyneth Paltrow too was great as Pepper Potts. The only character that I didn't really care for was unfortunatley Mickey Rourke's Whiplash.
Marvel has a tough time creating memorable villains, and they failed once again with Whiplash. Due to the story problems mentioned above, his character didn't really add anything and wasn't necessary. Removing him entirely could've improved the story drastically in my opinion. Also, it was mentioned at points that he had a connection to Tony's father, but there was nothing mysterious about it. All that was mentioned was that Whiplash's father worked alongside Tony's. That was it. It didn't really add anything to the character and was unneccessary. As a whole, not a great villain.
Overall, Iron Man 2 was a disappointment. It had a ton of issues including a convoluted story, Avengers build up and villain problems. Even though they exist, it's not an awful movie. Iron Man 2 has some great heroes and excellent action scenes. I loved the scene in which both Tony and Rhodey fight against the droids in the park! Although it contains flaws, you can still have a good time with this movie.
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0.999967 |
why not just include the fees in the room rate?
There are a number of reasons, though the only one that possibly benefits the consumer is that if fees were included in the nightly rate, they would be subjected to municipal occupancy taxes.
There's an unintended consequence for you: cities jack up hotel taxes, and the hotels respond by changing their pricing policies so that all of a sudden a chunk of the money they are charging customers isn't subject to the tax.
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0.99999 |
Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu was born in 18 January 1689 generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Age of Enlightenment. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He did more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon, and may have been partly responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire. Montesquieu was one of the great political philosophers of the Enlightenment.
Insatiably curious and mordantly funny, he constructed a naturalistic account of the various forms of government, and of the causes that made them what they were and that advanced or constrained their development. He used this account to explain how governments might be preserved from corruption. He saw despotism, in particular, as a standing danger for any government not already despotic, and argued that it could best be prevented by a system in which different bodies exercised legislative, executive, and judicial power, and in which all those bodies were bound by the rule of law.
This theory of the separation of powers had an enormous impact on liberal political theory, and on the framers of the constitution of the United States of America. Introduction of Montesquie’s separation of Power The term "trias politica" or "separation of powers" was coined by Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu, an 18th century French social and political philosopher. His publication, Spirit of the Laws, is considered one of the great works in the history of political theory and jurisprudence, and it inspired the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Constitution of the United States.
Under his model, the political authority of the state is divided into legislative, executive and judicial powers. He asserted that, to most effectively promote liberty, these three powers must be separate and acting independently. Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances.
The traditional characterizations of the powers of the branches of American government are: * The legislative branch is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government. * The executive branch is responsible for implementing and administering the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch. * The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it. Forty state constitutions specify that government be divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
California illustrates this approach; "The powers of state government are legislative, executive, and judicial. Persons charged with the exercise of one power may not exercise either of the others except as permitted by this Constitution. " While separation of powers is key to the workings of American government, no democratic system exists with an absolute separation of powers or an absolute lack of separation of powers. Governmental powers and responsibilities intentionally overlap; they are too complex and interrelated to be neatly compartmentalized.
As a result, there is an inherent measure of competition and conflict among the branches of government. Throughout American history, there also has been an ebb and flow of preeminence among the governmental branches. Such experiences suggest that where power resides is part of an evolutionary process. This Web page provides resources for legislators and staff to use in addressing separation of powers issues. It organizes them into broad categories and links to a diverse set of resources to illustrate how the doctrine applies to specific issues under each category.
The resources include law review articles, court cases and legislative reports. Legislative Main article: Parliament of Malaysia The Parliament building in Kuala Lumpur Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (literally the "Chamber of the People"); and the upper house, the Senate or Dewan Negara (literally the "Chamber of the Nation"). All seventy Senate members sit for three-year terms (to a maximum of two terms); twenty-six are elected by the thirteen state assemblies, and forty-four are appointed by the king based on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The 222 members of the Dewan Rakyat are elected from single-member districts by universal adult suffrage. Parliament has a maximum mandate of five years by law. The king may dissolve parliament at any time, and usually does so upon the advice of the Prime Minister. General elections must be held within sixty days of the dissolution of parliament. In practice, this has meant that elections have been held every three to five years at the discretion of the Prime Minister.
Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. Malaysia has two sources of law. The national constitution, the nation's supreme law, can be amended by a two-thirds majority in parliament. (Since its formation, the BN has never lacked the necessary two-thirds until 8 March 2008's General Election) The second source of law is syariah (Islamic law), which applies only to Muslims. The federal government has little input into the administration of syariah; it falls to the states to implement Islamic law, and interpretations vary from state to state.
The parliament follows a multi-party system and the governing body is elected through a first-past-the-post system. Executive Executive power is vested in the cabinet led by the prime minister; the Malaysian constitution stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the Lower House of parliament who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA), commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body.
The Executive branch of the government consists of the Prime Minister as the head of the government, followed by the various ministers of the Cabinet. Strictly speaking, the Executive branch does not have the right to intervene in the Legislative or Judicial branches of the state. This is to ensure that the principle of separation of power is adhered to, as guaranteed by Article 127 of the Federal Constitution (Jeong, 2007). The Executive branch of the government formulates various socio-economic policies and development plans, for the development of the country as a whole.
The Executive has the power and authority to generate revenues through the collection of various taxes, levies, fines, summons, custom duties, and fees, to name some, from the general public. Judicial Main article: Judiciary of Malaysia The Palace of Justice in Putrajaya, housing the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court The judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, although supporters of the government hold many judicial positions. The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by the Court of Appeal, and two High Courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia, and one for East Malaysia.
The subordinate courts in each of these jurisdictions include Sessions Courts, Magistrates' Courts, and Courts for Children. Malaysia also has a Special Court to hear cases brought by or against all Royalty. There is also a Special Court, established in 1993 to hear cases brought by or against Ruler. Before its establishment, Rulers were immune from any proceedings brought against them in their personal capacity. Rulers include the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the elected Monarch), and the heads of state of Malaysia's component states. Separate from the civil courts are the Syariah Courts, which decide on cases which involve Malaysian Muslims.
These courts run parallel to the normal court system, and are undergoing reforms that include the first ever appointment of female judges. Debate exists in Malaysia over whether the country should be secular or Islamic. Some state governments controlled by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, including that of Terengganu, have passed Islamic laws, but these have not gone into effect due to opposition from the federal government. http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/montesquieu/ http://www. ncsl. org/research/about-state-legislatures/separation-of-powers-an-overview. aspx http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia.
What Criticisms have been made of the Judiciary?
How effectively does the judiciary protect civil liberties?
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0.998971 |
I need warranty info on my kenmore elite washer. how do I get it?
The warranty for this washer is provided in the owner's manual. The image below shows the warranty information for this washer. Here is a direct link for the full owner's manual: Owner's Manual . If you need service under that warranty, you can call Sears at 1-800-469-4663 (1-800-4MY-HOME).
Since your washer is older than 1 year, the full warranty is expired but there is still a limited warranty on the exception parts described below. You would have to pay for the labor of diagnosis and replacement of those parts but you would not be charged for the covered parts. Refer to the details of the warranty for specific provisions and restrictions.
What does F 28 mean on my He2 plus washer?
The "F28" fault code indicates the communication between the Central Control Unit (CCU) and the Motor Control Unit (MCU) cannot be sent correctly.
Loose wiring connection between the CCU and the MCU.
Loose wiring connection between MCU and motor.
Intermittent failure within the CCU.
Intermittent failure with the MCU.
Loose or no grounding connection.
The top panel is removable in order to access the CCU and the rear panel is removable in order to access the MCU. NOTE: Disconnect the power cord from the power source before removing the top and rear panel. Check for any loose connections at the MCU and CCU. If no loose connections are found and your washer continues to display F28 then I recommend calling a service technician to diagnose and repair your washer.
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0.886246 |
Win7 x32 ger in einer VM, auf aktuellem Update-Stand, kein Internet.
Ich glaube, ich habe ein Problem mit wsusoffline1121 entdeckt.
Nach Reboot ist IE8 installiert.
wsusoffline gestartet, es kommt eine Meldung: IE11 wird mitinstalliert.
Das Update ist nicht für Ihren Computer geeignet.
Mit wsusoffline installiert kommen keine Meldungen, aber es wird ein Reboot verlangt (obwohl nichts installiert wurde).
Nach Reboot wieder wsusoffline gestartet.
Nun wird der IE11 installiert. Install sieht normal aus.
IE8 ist immer noch installiert !
Egal wie oft wsusoffline gestartet wird, der IE11 wird, glaube ich, 3x installiert, aber nach Reboot ist weiterhin IE8 installiert.
IE11 nicht mit wsusoffline installieren, sondern per Doppelklick auf "W:\wsusoffline\client\w61\glb\IE11-Windows6.1-x86-de-de.exe".
IE8 ist weg und IE11 korrekt installiert !
Danach noch wsusoffline, damit IE11-Updates eingespielt werden.
IE11 mit wsusoffline installiert: kein Erfolg.
Manuell per Doppelklick installiert: alles ok.
Gibt das Log (C:\Windows\wsusofflineupdate.log) etwas her?
Bzgl. der Updates, die vor der Installation des IE kommen: Es ist normal, dass du bei Doppelklick auf diese Updates die Meldung bekommst, das Update wäre nicht geeignet. Ich glaube kaum, dass du die Vorbereitungsupdates bzw. Prerequisites ebenfalls deinstalliert hast. WSUS Offline muss aber sicherstellen, dass die Updates vorhanden sind. Und eine mehrfache Installation schadet nicht (unbedingt).
windows6.1-kb2533623-x86.msu "Das Update ist nicht für Ihren Computer geeignet."
windows6.1-kb2670838-x86.msu "Update ... ist bereits auf dem Computer installiert."
windows6.1-kb2729094-v2-x86.msu "Update ... ist bereits auf dem Computer installiert."
windows6.1-kb2731771-x86.msu "Das Update ist nicht für Ihren Computer geeignet."
windows6.1-kb2786081-x86.msu "Update ... ist bereits auf dem Computer installiert."
windows6.1-kb2834140-v2-x86.msu "Update ... ist bereits auf dem Computer installiert."
windows6.1-kb2639308-x86.msu "Update ... ist bereits auf dem Computer installiert."
windows6.1-kb2882822-x86.msu "Update ... ist bereits auf dem Computer installiert."
windows6.1-kb2888049-x86.msu "Das Update ist nicht für Ihren Computer geeignet."
Bis auf die 3 Nichtgeeigneten sind also alle 6 Updates installiert.
Die 3 Nichtgeeigneten versucht wsusoffline zu installieren, weil sie noch "fehlen".
Aber nach der Installation durch wsusoffline und dem Reboot kann man nachsehen, die 3 Updates wurden durch wsusoffline eben nicht installiert. Die bereits installierten 6 Updates sind weiterhin da.
Alle notwendigen Updates sind vor einer IE11-Installation korrekt da.
Trotzdem geht die IE11-Installation mit wsusoffline aus irgendwelchen Gründen schief, während sie per Doppelklick funktioniert.
Halt dich nicht zu sehr an den Prerequisites auf. Wichtig ist, dass herausgefunden wird, warum IE11 nicht via WSUS Offline installiert wird. Leider hast du darüber keine Aussage getroffen, ob das Log etwas Hilfreiches enthält.
Kommt nach dem geposteten Ausschnitt noch mehr in dem Log oder ist das alles? Falls das alles ist, hilft es leider nicht.
und poste das Ergebnis der Ausgabe hier. Beachte, dass die Befehlszeile zum Installieren des IE11 eine einzelne Zeile ist, und der Pfad natürlich an deine Umgebung angepasst werden muss. Sehr wahrscheinlich wird das IE11-Setup einen Errorlevel ausgeben, der leider von WSUS Offline ignoriert und komplett verworfen wird - der könnte aber einen Hinweis auf die Ursache des Problems geben.
Ich kenne da eine gewisse Problematik mit dem IE11.
Obwohl alle Anforderungen erfüllt werden, schlägt die Installation fehl.
Was hilft, ist einfach einen zweiten Versuch zu starten.
Laut Log (C:\Windows\IE11_main.log) scheint es etwas mit einer WMI-Abfrage zu liegen.
Mich würde einmal interessieren, ob es in diesem Fall das selbe Problem ist.
Nachtrag: in vielleicht 1 von 10 Fällen gelingt die IE11-Installation nach dem Install der 3 Prerequisites durch wsusoffline !
VM Win7 x32 ger, kein Internet, alle Updates des aktuellen Monat installiert.
LOG mit alten Infos gelöscht.
wsusoffline gestartet, meldet "IE11 wird automatische installiert".
wsusoffline installiert erst einmal die 3 oben aufgeführten Prerequisites.
wsusoffline installiert IE11 ohne Fehlermeldungen.
Inhalt wsusofflineupdate.log hier oben gepastet.
IE11 ist korrekt installiert !
Es liegt also an den 3 Prerequisites! Ohne diese wird IE11 korrekt installiert. Dabei sind diese 3 Updates garnicht für meinen Computer geeignet (siehe meine Posts weiter oben), zumindest wird das nach Doppelklicks auf die msu-Files gemeldet. Sie können also garnicht installiert werden.
00:00.172: INFO: iexplore.exe version check success. Install can proceed.
00:00.188: INFO: Trying to extract ID: SetupDownloadList.txt (0) as "SetupDownloadList.txt"
00:00.219: INFO: Trying to extract ID: HardwareBlockingList.xml (0) as "HardwareBlockingList.xml"
00:00.281: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 6006 (0) as "IE11-neutral.Extracted.cab"
00:01.342: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 6010 (1031) as "IE11_x86_de-DE.cab"
00:01.389: INFO: Extracted de-DE language pack to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1DA6.tmp\IE11_x86_de-DE.cab.
00:01.389: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 5501 (1031) as "Spelling_de.msu"
00:01.436: INFO: Extracted Spelling dictionary for de to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1DA6.tmp\Spelling_de.msu.
00:01.514: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 5502 (1031) as "Hyphenation_de.msu"
00:01.529: INFO: Extracted Hyphenation dictionary for de to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1DA6.tmp\Hyphenation_de.msu.
00:01.529: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 5501 (1033) as "Spelling_en.msu"
00:01.529: INFO: Extracted Spelling dictionary for en to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1DA6.tmp\Spelling_en.msu.
00:01.545: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 5502 (1033) as "Hyphenation_en.msu"
00:01.545: INFO: Extracted Hyphenation dictionary for en to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1DA6.tmp\Hyphenation_en.msu.
00:01.576: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 6128 (1031) as "IE11-support.cab"
00:04.774: INFO: Launched program to check hardware: "C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1DA6.tmp\IE11-SUPPORT\IEXPLORE.EXE" /CheckHardware "C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1DA6.tmp\HardwareBlockingList.xml"
00:06.131: INFO: Hardware support check succeeded. Installation will continue.
00:06.131: INFO: Windows 7 operating system detected.
00:06.428: INFO: Checking for correct version of C:\Windows\Fonts\segoeui.ttf.
00:23.245: INFO: Waiting for 0 prerequisite downloads.
00:23.245: INFO: The neutral pack was not successfully downloaded from the internet. Installation will continue using the extracted package.
00:23.245: INFO: Waiting for 0 language pack downloads.
00:23.323: INFO: Language pack downloads completed. (exit code = 0xffffffff (4294967295)).
00:23.525: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiStart(0), lParam=0x00163328 returned 0x00000000.
00:23.869: INFO: PauseOrResumeAUThread: Successfully paused Automatic Updates.
00:25.663: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiScan(1), lParam=0x00000000 returned 0x00000000.
00:25.725: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiDecisionDialog(2), lParam=0x00000000 returned 0x00000000.
00:30.764: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiPreInstall(3), lParam=0x00000000 returned 0x00000000.
00:30.779: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiStartInstall(4), lParam=0x00000000 returned 0x00000014.
03:35.734: INFO: Setting registry NOT to check if Internet Explorer is the default browser on first run: SUCCESS.
06:45.260: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiInstallDone(7), lParam=0x00000000 returned 0x00000000.
06:55.930: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiPostInstall(8), lParam=0x00000000 returned 0x00000000.
06:55.977: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiStartFinish(11), lParam=0x00000000 returned 0x00000000.
06:56.055: INFO: No reboot logic message NrApiFinish(12), lParam=0x00000000 returned 0x00000016.
06:56.118: INFO: Waiting for Active Setup to complete.
06:56.180: INFO: Verifying that the Internet Explorer Optional Component is enabled.
06:56.445: INFO: PauseOrResumeAUThread: Successfully resumed Automatic Updates.
07:12.248: INFO: Setup exit code: 0x00000000 (0) - Installation Succeeded. No reboot required.
07:14.026: INFO: Unable to remove directory C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1DA6.tmp, marking for deletion on reboot.
00:00.577: INFO: iexplore.exe version check success. Install can proceed.
00:00.577: INFO: Trying to extract ID: SetupDownloadList.txt (0) as "SetupDownloadList.txt"
00:00.593: INFO: Trying to extract ID: HardwareBlockingList.xml (0) as "HardwareBlockingList.xml"
00:00.624: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 6006 (0) as "IE11-neutral.Extracted.cab"
00:04.181: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 6010 (1031) as "IE11_x86_de-DE.cab"
00:04.181: INFO: Extracted de-DE language pack to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1626A.tmp\IE11_x86_de-DE.cab.
00:04.212: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 5501 (1031) as "Spelling_de.msu"
00:04.259: INFO: Extracted Spelling dictionary for de to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1626A.tmp\Spelling_de.msu.
00:04.275: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 5502 (1031) as "Hyphenation_de.msu"
00:04.275: INFO: Extracted Hyphenation dictionary for de to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1626A.tmp\Hyphenation_de.msu.
00:04.275: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 5501 (1033) as "Spelling_en.msu"
00:04.290: INFO: Extracted Spelling dictionary for en to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1626A.tmp\Spelling_en.msu.
00:04.368: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 5502 (1033) as "Hyphenation_en.msu"
00:04.399: INFO: Extracted Hyphenation dictionary for en to C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1626A.tmp\Hyphenation_en.msu.
00:04.415: INFO: Trying to extract ID: 6128 (1031) as "IE11-support.cab"
00:07.894: INFO: Launched program to check hardware: "C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1626A.tmp\IE11-SUPPORT\IEXPLORE.EXE" /CheckHardware "C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1626A.tmp\HardwareBlockingList.xml"
00:09.033: INFO: Hardware support check succeeded. Installation will continue.
00:09.157: INFO: Windows 7 operating system detected.
00:10.062: INFO: Checking for correct version of C:\Windows\Fonts\segoeui.ttf.
00:22.823: INFO: PauseOrResumeAUThread: Successfully paused Automatic Updates.
00:50.576: ERROR: WMI query for Hotfixes timed out. Query string: 'Select HotFixID from Win32_QuickFixEngineering WHERE HotFixID="KB2729094"' Error: 0x00040004 (262148).
00:51.122: INFO: PauseOrResumeAUThread: Successfully resumed Automatic Updates.
00:51.184: INFO: Setup exit code: 0x00009C47 (40007) - Required updates failed to download.
00:52.884: INFO: Unable to remove directory C:\Windows\TEMP\IE1626A.tmp, marking for deletion on reboot.
Ich sehe da nur Win32_QuickFixEngineering WHERE HotFixID="KB2729094"' Error: 0x00040004 (262148).
Aber KB2729094 ist lt. WMIC definitiv installiert, auch nach Install der 3 Prerequisites durch wsusoffline.
Warum versucht wsusoffline diese 3 Prerequisites zu installieren, obwohl sie für meinen Computer ungeeignet sind?
Was passiert wohl bei deisen Installs genau?
Jedenfalls ist es so schwerwiegend, dass danach IE11 weder mit wsusoffline noch manuell per Doppelklick auf die IE11-Install-Exe zu installieren geht.
Nach den 3 Pres wird der IE11 ja nicht mehr installiert.
Errorlevel 40007 dies ist ein Fehler, wie erwartet.
Und jetzt kommt der seltsame Trick: NICHT rebooten, sondern gleich noch einmal !
Errorlevel 3010 also alles ok !
Versucht wsusoffline ja, etwa 3x wird der IE11 installiert, aber nur mit zwischenzeitlichen Reboots.
Irgendwas passiert beim Reboot, wenn der IE11 das erste mal nach einem Reboot installiert wird.
Aber wie gesagt, nur wenn vorher von wsusoffline die 3 Pres installieren wurden.
Mit wsusoffline IE11 installieren lassen und danach OHNE Reboot noch einmal wsusoffline starten, damit der den IE11 istalliert, ging leider nicht. Es wird nur der Defender aktuallisiert, von einem IE11-Install ist nichts zu sehen. Nach einem Reboot ist IE8 aktiv.
Der wsusoffline-Ordner liegt auf einem Netzlaufwerk. Hat wohl keine Bedeutung, oder?
Eingeloggt bin ich als Admin.
|
0.996239 |
Text, transformations, characterisation, the personal, and the political: 3.
I have no doubt that Albus Dumbledore, had he been a Muggle, should have been a Liberal, then an SDP member, then a Lib Dem. He had his Grindelwald moment, and then went back to schoolmastering.
Harry had his Grindelwald moment, and then remained at the sharp end.
Yes, there are Brian Paddicks. Yes, particularly in the politicised Met consule Tony, and with ACPO succumbing, as public employees’ unions always do, to rent-seeking, there were Ian Blairs. But the odds are that a senior officer of the Forces, a spymaster, or a Chief Constable – and being head of the Aurors is congruent, surely, to one of those three things – shall be, on retirement and unmuzzled, a Conservative (or a Crossbench peer, although that means never being PM), and at any rate not a Lib Dem and not Labour. See also, Lord Dannatt, Lady Neville-Jones, Lady Manningham-Buller, Dame Stella Rimington, Lord Byng, Lord Trenchard…. In American terms, what was Wesley Clark’s one selling point as a Democratic candidate for his party’s presidential nomination? That he was one of vanishingly few senior officers not to be a Republican.
And so, in Bezique, I made Harry a Tory in the Muggle world; on other occasions, a Conservative local councillor when dealing with Muggle neighbours. I think this plausible. You may not. I should be delighted were others to remix these ideas and plausibly make him otherwise. And a criticism that, This is not convincing to me, and these are the reasons why, is perfectly valid and perfectly welcome.
I am absolutely asleep and not quickly skimming with a view to rereading later when more awake. However, while I cannot see Harry as a NeoCon, I can absolutely see him as a classic Conservative who would maintain pensions for the aged and national health at the same time as being absolutely fine with work for the dole schemes and possibly even national service. Someone who would both for protecting the rights of farmers to tell people to frack off and for making contraception free at clinics in a bid to lower the incidence of teen pregnancy.
Personally, were he to vote, I see him changing his vote not infrequently in response to the changing needs of the nation and his changing desires to strangle certain party leaders.
Which is pretty much how I wrote him.
The trouble is that, at least on LJ, certain persons (particularly those with starred and striped blinkers thanks to their geographic location) persist in the identification and conflation of everything that calls itself Conservative with reactionary morons in the Todd Akin mould, or with images of Maggie Thatcher down on all fours, rabidly ripping the throats out of Argentinian babies or what-have-you.
And Harry definitely isn't that, which is possibly why their sickeningly blinkered minds go into hatred overdrive whenever it's suggested that maybe, just maybe, he ticks the Tory box whenever there's a Muggle election.
|
0.999995 |
Article 2: Ash dieback disease - your questions answered.
What is the Disease that is affecting ash trees?
Chalara dieback of ash is a serious disease of ash trees caused by the fungus Chalara Fraxinea. The disease causes leaf loss and crown dieback in affected trees and it can lead to tree death.
Currently the advice is that mature trees should not be removed, as they are valuable to wildlife, take longer to die and can help us learn more about genetic strains that might be resistant to the disease. Infection does not occur directly from tree to tree.
The disease can be spread from spores from the fungi attached to leaves and leaf litter, spores can also be spread by wind and rain.
Recommendations for management are stipulated by the Forestry Commission and DEFRA (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs).
The latest advice from the Forestry Commission is to ensure that the disease is not spread to other areas by ensuring that when leaving parks and woodlands and before visiting other places that mud and leaves from footwear, pushchairs, bikes, cars, dogs and horses is removed and that leaves and branches are not removed from the woodland or park.
Are there any reported confirmed cases within Southwark?
As of the 12 November there has been no verified infection of Chalara in greater London or Southwark, However outbreaks have been found in Counties around the Capital.
What should I do if I suspect that a tree may be infected?
If you suspect a tree may be infected, please report the sighting to the Tree Team at your local authority and they will investigate.
|
0.999017 |
I'm using git with my team and would like to remove whitespace changes from my diffs, logs, merges, etc. I'm assuming that the easiest way to do this would be for git to automatically remove trailing whitespace (and other whitespace errors) from all commits as they are applied.
I have tried to add the following to by ~/.gitconfig file but it doesn't do anything when I commit. Maybe it's designed for something different. What's the solution?
I'm using ruby in case anyone has any ruby specific ideas. Automatic code formatting before committing would be the next step, but that's a hard problem and not really causing a big problem.
apply.whitespace: and strip them, but only during patch, not "always automatically"
temporarily: git commit --no-verify .
Committing in Git with only some changes added to the staging area still results in an “atomic” revision that may never have existed as a working copy and may not work.
For instance, oldman proposes in another answer a pre-commit hook which detects and remove whitespace.
Since that hook get the file name of each file, I would recommend to be careful for certain type of files: you don't want to remove trailing whitespace in .md (markdown) files!
You can trick Git into fixing the whitespace for you, by tricking Git into treating your changes as a patch. In contrast to the "pre-commit hook" solutions, these solutions add whitespace-fixing commands to Git.
The following Git aliases are taken from my ~/.gitconfig.
By "robust" I mean that these aliases run without error, doing the right thing, regardless of whether the tree or index are dirty. However, they don't work if an interactive git rebase -i is already in progress; see my ~/.gitconfig for additional checks if you care about this corner case, where the git add -e trick described at the end should work.
If you want to run them directly in the shell, without creating a Git alias, just copy and paste everything between the double quotes (assuming your shell is Bash like).
# the tree is dirty.
# from being fixed. So, we first check that the index is dirty.
The idea is to run git fixws before git commit if you have whitespace errors in the index.
# '--keep-empty' makes Git not fix the whitespace :P).
These versions are easier to copy and paste, but they don't do the right thing if their side conditions are not met.
Before I learned about the git rebase --whitespace=fix trick from this answer I was using the more complicated git add trick everywhere.
This tells Git to fix whitespace in patches.
Hit a+enterto select all changes for each file. You'll get a warning about Git fixing your whitespace errors.
(git -c color.ui=auto diff at this point reveals that your non-indexed changes are exactly the whitespace errors).
The GIT_EDITOR=: means to use : as the editor, and as a command : is the identity.
I found a git pre-commit hook that removes trailing whitespace.
Save this file as .git/hooks/pre-commit -- or look for the one that's already there, and paste the bottom chunk somewhere inside it. And remember to chmod a+x it too.
Or for global use (via Git commit hooks - global settings) you can put it in $GIT_PREFIX/git-core/templates/hooks (where GIT_PREFIX is /usr or /usr/local or /usr/share or /opt/local/share) and run git init inside your existing repos.
Running git init in an existing repository is safe. It will not overwrite things that are already there. The primary reason for rerunning git init is to pick up newly added templates.
I'd rather leave this task to your favorite editor.
Just set a command to remove trailing spaces when saving.
I wrote this pre-commit hook, which only removes the trailing white-space from the lines which you've changed/added, since the previous suggestions tend to create unreadable commits if the target files have too much trailing white-space.
Please try my pre-commit hooks, it can auto detect trailing-whitespace and remove it. Thank you!
it can work under GitBash(windows), Mac OS X and Linux!
$ git commit -am "test"
auto remove trailing whitespace in foobar/main.m!
auto remove trailing whitespace in foobar/AppDelegate.m!
OK, this is a new tack on solving this problem… My approach is to not use any hooks, but rather use filters and git attributes. What this allows you to do, is setup, on each machine you develop on, a set of filters that will strip extra trailing white space and extra blank lines at the end of files before committing them. Then setup a .gitattributes file that says which types of files the filter should be applied to. The filters have two phases, clean which is applied when adding files to the index, and smudge which is applied when adding them to the working directory.
The require = true causes an error to be raised if something goes wrong, to keep you out of trouble.
Please forgive me if my language concerning git is imprecise. I think I have a fairly good grasp of the concepts but am still learning the terminology.
the for-loop for files uses the $IFS shell variable. in the given script, filenames with a character in them that also is in the $IFS-variable will be seen as two different files in the for-loop. This script fixes it: multiline-mode modifier as given sed-manual doesn't seem to work by default on my ubuntu box, so i sought for a different implemenation and found this with an iterating label, essentially it will only start substitution on the last line of the file if i've understood it correctly.
# only use new-line character as seperator, introduces EOL-bug?
sed-subsition pattern: How can I replace a newline (\n) using sed? .
Set following properly in you Setting-User configuration.
and it removes all whitespace only from lines of files that git reports as a diff.
Slightly late but since this might help someone out there, here goes.
This pretty much did it for me. It's tedious if you have a lot of files to edit. But I found it easier than pre-commit hooks and working with multiple editors.
This probably won't directly solve your problem, but you might want to set those via git-config in your actual project space, which edits ./.git/config as opposed to ~/.gitconfig. Nice to keep the settings consistent among all project members.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged git whitespace githooks or ask your own question.
What's the difference between `git add .` and `git add -u`?
How to know if there is a git rebase in progress?
How to turn removing whitespaces off for some files in Sublime Text 2?
|
0.999985 |
Demands for stronger protection for wildlife in Britain sometimes hide the fact that similar needs are felt in the rest of Europe. Studies by the Council of Europe, of which 21 counties are members, have shown that 45 per cent of reptile species and 24 per cent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.
European concern for wildlife was outlined by Dr Peter Baum, an expert in the environment and natural resources division of the council, when he spoke at a conference arranged by the administrators of a British national park. The park is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the council’s diploma for nature reserves of the highest quality, and Dr Peter Baum had come to present it to the park once again. He was afraid that public opinion was turning against national parks, and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be set up today. But Dr Baum clearly remained a strong supporter of the view that natural environments needed to be allowed to survive in peace in their own right.
"No area could be expected to survive both as a true nature reserve and as a tourist attraction," he went on. The short-sighted view that reserves had to serve immediate human demands for outdoor recreation should be replaced by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future.
"We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems, on which any built-up area ultimately depends," Dr Baum went on. "We could manage without most industrial products, but we could not manage without nature. However, our natural environment areas, which are the original parts of our countryside, have shrunk to become mere islands in a spoiled and highly polluted land mass."
B) all species of wildlife in Europe are in danger of dying out.
2. Why did Dr Baum come to a British national park?
A) Because he needed to present it with a council’s diploma.
C) Because it was the only national park of its kind in Europe.
D) Because it was the only park which had ever received a diploma from the Council.
5. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
D) We should destroy all the built-up areas.
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0.889032 |
Heel pain is a stressful condition that affects day-to-day activities. It can be caused by several conditions, but plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain.
A long, thin ligament called the plantar fascia is located right underneath the skin at the bottom of the foot, connecting the heel to the front of the foot. The plantar fascia helps supports the arch of the foot, and can withstand a lot of the stress we put on our feet. However, sometimes we may overwork our feet, resulting in inflammation and pain known as plantar fasciitis.
While we can’t always pinpoint a specific cause for plantar fasciitis, risk factors may include a high or low arched foot; activities that require repetitive impact on the feet, like running or other sports; and any new or increased activity. Tight calf muscles can also be a risk factor, if the muscles are so tight that it is difficult to flex your foot. Ill-fitting, unsupportive shoes or changes in weight may also contribute to plantar fasciitis.
Symptoms of plantar fasciitis include pain at the bottom of the foot near the heel, pain with the first few steps after a period of rest, and pain that increases after physical activity.
Many people with plantar fasciitis also have calcium deposits, called heel spurs, which form where the fascia tissue band connects to the heel bone, but these spurs are not the cause of heel pain. A heel spur occurs when the tissues of the plantar fascia undergo a great deal of stress, stretching the ligament, and pulling some flecks of calcium into the fascia. These deposits show up on an x-ray as a heel spur, but do not affect the prognosis or treatment of the condition.
The Achilles tendon is a very strong tendon that inserts into the back of the heel, assisting in ankle motion. There are three calf muscles that converge into the Achilles tendon, and they are some of the strongest muscles in the body. When these muscles get worked through exercise, they become even more powerful and pull the Achilles tendon at its insertion point in the heel.
Due to the relationship of the its position on the back of the heel bone, the Achilles tendon has a direct effect on the plantar fascia, and has an opposing pull on it. At times, this opposing pull is the root cause of both plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinitis, as they commonly exist concurrently in the same patient. There are also other versions of Achilles tendinitis that occur higher up on the tendon or where the tendon and muscle converge, but the insertional type at the heel bone are the most common.
How Are Plantar Fasciitis and Achilles Tendinitis Treated?
We have combined our collective experience and developed a systematic approach to heel pain. You will be introduced to the protocol on your first visit to our office.
Before beginning treatment, we may take x-rays or an ultrasound to assist in the diagnosis and rule out of any other possible causes of heel pain, such as a fracture or arthritis. Depending on your personal condition, duration or symptoms, and previous treatments, an individualized treatment protocol will be established. The vast majority of patients will find relief from plantar fasciitis through nonsurgical methods.
Non-surgical treatment begins with rest. Patients should reduce or even completely stop activities that make pain worse, including running or other activities that put extra stress on the feet. Rest will ease the pain and allow the tendons and ligaments to relax. Ice can help with pain and inflammation. Some patients find it helpful to roll the foot over a cold water bottle for 20 minutes at a time, three to four times a day. We may also recommend non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, like ibuprofen or naproxen, to help pain and swelling. Steroid injection therapy is also indicated when plantar fascia pain and inflammation is significant and impairs daily activity.
Since tight muscles in the calves and feet can agitate fasciitis and tendinitis, it may help to stretch out those muscles, especially before participating in exercise or any other physical activity. When appropriate, we may recommend physical therapy to assist with your heel pain protocol. We may recommend custom orthotics and properly fitted, supportive shoes to help cushion and support the heel as you walk. Night splints can also be effective for those who experience heel pain in the morning. Most people sleep with their feet pointed, which relaxes the plantar fascia. The splint stretches out the plantar fascia as you sleep, helping to relieve that morning tightness. We also offer platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections as a treatment option, which harnesses your body’s own healing potential to help repair a diseased or injured tendon.
For those patients who do not respond to the protocol or have had previous failed treatment for heel pain, such as non-invasive extracorporeal shockwave therapy, surgery may be recommended.
For those patients who do not respond to an individualized protocol or have had previous failed treatment for heel pain, we use minimally invasive TENEX as a surgical option. Developed in conjunction with the Mayo Clinic, TENEX is a groundbreaking minimally invasive technology used to remove chronically diseased tendon and fascia, giving quick pain relief and early return to function.
If you have any questions about plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis, or any other form of heel pain, please contact us at (212) 355-4229.
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0.999866 |
Make dough with all ingredients except for the filling.
Grease a baking form with 1 tbsp butter.
Pour all the dough in the form if you plan on an open pie, or 2/3 of the dough if you plan on a closed pie.
Place the filling evenly over the dough.
If you are making a closed pie, cover the filling with the remaining 1/3 of the dough evenly, and pinch the borders of the top and bottom dough layers.
If making a closed pie, prick the top a few times to let steam escape.
Blend 1 egg yolk and 2 tbsp warm water or tea, and smear the dough sides of the pie.
Pre-heat an oven to 380-390 F, place a baking dish into it, and bake for 35-40 minutes.
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Looking for a cheap hotel deal in Philadelphia? There are many options for nearly all budgets in the City of Brotherly Love. Look for a downtown hotel to be near all of the action and close to the must-see attractions like the Betsy Ross House, Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell. If you're trying to make a quick getaway, look at hotels near the Philadelphia airport. Wherever you stay, you’re sure to find a hotel that suits your tastes and budget.
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How many times do we march through life without noticing all the blessings that surround us? Sometimes we go days and weeks without thinking, even for a moment, about all the wonderful, amazing parts of our lives. On the other hand, we certainly seem to have no problem noticing all of the problems and disappointments that surround us. And we remember each and every one of these problems in excruciating detail.
Our problems are rarely overlooked or forgotten. But, noticing all of the beautiful and wonderful parts of our lives is something that we tend to forget. How interesting. We are livid about the long line at the grocery store.
We rant and rave that we can't find a parking place. And those stupid drivers that pull out right in front of us.the blood begins to boil just thinking about it! Sometimes it seems like we're cursed. And complaining is the only thing to do.
In fact, there's probably nothing that we do better. But, what about all the blessings in our lives? Why don't we ever take the time to truly notice all of the small joys in our day? We have gotten into bad habits. We have conditioned our minds to notice all the problems that we face. And we have conditioned our minds to simply take for granted the blessings and small satisfactions in our lives.
And like most habits, this one can be broken. There are concrete ways to bring more gratitude into your life. And even better, as you bring more gratitude into your life, you will notice that there are indeed countless blessings all around you.
There was an amazing study conducted by Emmons and McCollough on gratitude. They essentially proved that gratitude can be learned. They had a control group write down simple things that they were grateful for every single day for three weeks. The results were astounding! Of course everyone in the study felt a deeper sense of gratefulness for all that was in their lives. But, there were so many other, wonderful side effects from this experiment.
Each person in the study noticed an increase in the following areas of their life: - Optimism - Achievement of goals - Alertness - Enthusiasm - Contentment - Better sleep Each person in the study noticed a decrease in these following areas of their life: - Sadness - Anger - Bitterness - Jealousy - Lethargy - Boredom This study made two important discoveries. First of all, the whole area of gratitude can be learned. It is not just something that you are born with. It is not just something that you either have or you don't. You can easily learn to add gratitude to your life. Another important discovery is that gratitude produces so many additional positive results in your life.
The effects of adding a grateful attitude to your life will multiply your happiness tenfold! Most importantly, gratitude will change your outlook on life. Instead of focusing on the negative parts of your life, you will begin to retrain your mind. Dwelling on gratitude will begin to literally reverse your thinking. Instead of simply noticing the rude driver that cut you off, you will focus on the beautiful, sunny day. And instead of fuming that there isn't a close parking place, you will enjoy a brisk walk into the store. And you may even exchange a friendly "hello" with someone on your way.
The point is that you will soon feel the benefits of noticing all of the beauty that is constantly a part of your life when gratitude is embedded in your thinking. Of course, at first you will have to remind yourself constantly to focus on the positives. But, after a while, it will become second nature.
The easiest and most powerful way to add a sense of gratitude to your life is to invest in a journal. (You can buy your own, or simply use a spiral notebook.) You will develop the habit of using 5 minutes every evening to reflect on your blessings. As I said before, this may not come easy at first.
When you start mentally reviewing your day you may instinctively focus on the negative parts. You may only remember the spilled cup of coffee, the fight with your son and the traffic jam on the way home from work. But think! Think deeper. There were small blessings in your day. No question about it.
If you look at the last page of this course, you will notice that I have compiled a list of things that I am grateful for from my own gratitude journal. You will notice that most of my items are small pleasures. I often feel grateful for the quick kiss from my daughter when she leaves for school. After three weeks of consciously noticing the blessings that surround you, your life will change. You will not look at the world the same anymore. You will suddenly begin to focus on the small parts of your life that you appreciate.
You will smile more. You will have a lighter heart. It's an amazing process that you must try for yourself. You will not believe the transformation in your life. Gratitude is not something that just magically appears into our lives.
It is something that needs to be practiced a bit each day. Only then will gratitude begin to appear in our hearts. About 10 years ago, my mom bought me a journal for my birthday.
When I opened it up, it was a gratitude journal that had 5 lines for every day of the year. I was supposed to write 5 things that I was grateful for every day. I had not yet read research on the power of a grateful heart, but I was willing to give it a try. Like most people I plowed through my life without much concern for all the constant blessings that surrounded me. But, I didn't seem to have much of a problem noticing all of the rough edges in my life.
I noticed the pile of bills that needed to be paid, the car that needed to get into the shop, and the laundry that never seemed to get done. There was never a lack of problems for me to focus on. Now, don't get me wrong, there were times that I was grateful: the birth of my children, a wonderful new job, a special night with a friend.but, these experiences were far and few between. They only happened every few months.
So aside from my special events, I really took little notice of the other blessings in my life. I remember the first time that I sat down to write in my gratitude journal. I sat and sat and tried to think of some big event that had happened to me that day.
Nothing came to mind. Then I started worrying that I couldn't think of anything to write down. I couldn't even think of one thing. How was I going to think of five? So, I actually put it away for a few days.
Meanwhile, I would occasionally think about that journal. I would think about what I could possibly write down. The next time that I took it out I wrote down five things: my children, my husband, my parents, my sisters and my friends. Good for me! The next day, I wrote down the same five things.
Obviously, there was a shortage in my creative thinking at the moment. I thought to myself that this seemed kind of pointless to just write the same thing every day. But, what else was I grateful for? And then it clicked.
I suddenly remembered the feeling that I had that same morning as I sat down on my living room couch with a good book and a cup of coffee. I was grateful for those fifteen minutes of reading and coffee. And suddenly, so much began to flood into my mind. I was grateful for the ten minutes that I cuddled with my dog. I was grateful for the sunny day. I was grateful as I looked at my beautiful garden.
After a few days, writing down my five areas of gratitude became second nature. And yes, after a few weeks, my life did change. Instead of rushing through life without notice, I began to actually see all of the beauty around me. Sure, I was still annoyed by my pile of bills, the broken car, and the unending laundry. But, I began to notice the small blessings. I noticed how much abundance was really in my life.
And I developed a grateful heart. Your life will also change as you put aside your problems and focus on your blessings.
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This step uses: Your favorite sweater, a ruler, sharpie, scissors and poster boards.
- Locate your favorite sweater and lay it flat on the poster board with the back side down.
- Use a ruler for a clean trace around the torso until you reach an armpit. Fold in the sleeve along the seam and trace along the curve until you reach the shoulder.
- Repeat the process along the back of the neck line until you reach the other seam at the shoulder.
- Repeat the process for the other shoulder/armpit.
- To create the front panel pattern, fold the sweater in half and repeat the above process. from above.
Note: Trace only one folded side since this piece can simply be flipped later when tracing onto the fabric.
- Draw a diagonal line from the outside edge to the top edge to close the pocket pattern.
- Cut all of the above pieces out.
This step uses: Vest and pocket patterns, scissors, sharpie, canvas, Mylar and quilted liner.
- Begin by tracing the back and front vest panel patterns onto your canvas.
- On another free piece of canvas, trace two front pocket patterns and one inner pocket.
- For the Left and right panel, use the front panel twice by tracing one side and then flipping it to create the opposite side.
- Cut out all pieces leaving approximately one 1/2 inch around the perimeter of the tracing.
- Trace the back panel and front panels onto the quilted liner and remember: For the Left and right panel, remember to trace once then flip the panel pattern to create the opposite side.
Note: This material is tricky to cut. Scissors will work, but a rolling cutter will improve the speed and accuracy of the cut.
"left and right flip" front panel approach from the previous steps.
- Cut out the shape but this time, take it in an inch. You will not be attaching this using a sewing machine as the material does not puncture easily.
This step requires: A hard surface or jewelers anvil, the canvas shell, canvas pocket pieces, iron, sewing machine, copper rivets, hole punch, ball peen (or regular) hammer and pliers with wire cutters.
- Iron all canvas panels and pockets.
- Fold all pocket pieces (including inner pocket) along the outline and press again. This should hide the lines from the trace. Remember: we gave an extra 1/2" on each piece.
- Place inner pocket aside.
- Pin the front pockets to their respective panels.
- Stitch them leaving the diagonal line open. Ensure the folded material is stitched to the panel as well.
- Pin the inner pocket to the desired quilted liner panel. Leave the top open. Ensure the folded material is stitched to the panel as well.
- Do the same for the quilted liner piece with the pocket on it.
- Place rivets through the punched holes from the inside out so that they stick out through the front of the pieces.
- Place a washer (part of the rivet kit) on the top.
- If the washer does not slide down to the base, use the pliers as a setter by placing flat on the washer and lightly tapping until the washer until settles secure at the base. Use the hard surface if required.
- The order of materials should appear in this order: Rivet base, material (front canvas or quilted liner) panel, canvas pocket, rivet washer.
- Trim the rivet leaving 1-2 millimeters using the pliers with the wire cutters.
- Using the hard surface or jewelers anvil lightly tap the area of cut copper to round it over the washer. Do not hammer straight on. Slow and steady will do the trick here.
This step uses: Canvas panels, quilted liner, sewing machine, polyester and bonded nylon thread, bobbins, quilting pins, universal sewing needles.
This step will be essentially creating two separate vests. The quilted liner and canvas will be sewn inside out. I'm using heavier thread and a single stitch on my sewing machine.
- Pin the panels together as if to make the canvas outer shell inside out. Leave the arm holes and bottom unpinned. They are not being sewn in this step.
- Stitch along traced lines on either side of the neck to the shoulder. Remember: do not stitch the arm holes.
- Stitch from the under arm down to the waist opening.
- Pin the panels together so that the sides of the fabric that are facing inward when worn are hidden. leave the arm holes unpinned. They are not being sewn in this step.
- On one side, stitch from the under arm down to the waist opening. Leave an opening approximately 2 inches long next to where the inner pocket if you are using the heating pads. This is where the power cables from the heating pads will be fed to the inner pocket.
This step uses: Quilted liner panel pieces, mylar panel pieces, heating pads, hand sewing needle and thread.
- On the inside out quilted liner, feed the power cables for the heating pads through the 2 inch opening left in the previous step.
- Leave enough slack for the cables and place in the inner pocket.
- On the heating pads I am using, they have ample perimeter material allowing for a needle and thread to penetrate without compromising the electronics. Tack the corners and tie off each one.
- I placed the heating pads so that they would line up with my outer pockets and serve as hand warmers if desired.
-Since the quilted liner is made up of several layers, I opted to only sew through the top layer.
- Feed the power button and USB cable and stitch the two inch opening closed around the wires.
Congrats! You are ready to put it all together!
Step 6: Putting It All Together!
***This step is the most important and critical step in the instructable. I've created a model and drawn lines/arrows indictating certain directions and steps to take.
The aim here is to stitch the darker side of the quilted liner and the outward facing side of the canvas shell in such a way that the vest will need to be turned inside out to reveal the pockets for the outside and the inner battery holder. Think of sewing a bag together and pulling the material through the remaining opening to hide the stitches.
inside out so that the eventual non-visible sides of the vest are outward.
- flip out the panel and stitch the dark quilted liner to the outer shell. Start at the bottom of the back where the seam from the arm pit reaches the bottom of the vest.
- Move away from the back and up to the neck line. See red arrows on model in first image and repeat across the neckline to the other panel. Continue down until you reach the mirrored side of where you start.
- Do not stitch the bottom back pieces together, arm holes or shoulders.
- Turn the vest right side out by reaching up through the bottom and pulling the neck through.
- Reach into vest and push the corners out.
- Tuck the material for the openings at the arm holes inward and pin.
- Tuck the material for the bottom opening inward and pin.
- Stitch these three openings closed. This will leave an exposed seam but it will look clean as the edge is tucked away.
1 X Awesome DIY Heated Vest!
Very good instructable. I have some pads very close to the size of those used and when the voltage is 5 volts, they draw about 1400 ma. I checked. If used with 3.7 volt lion or lipo batteries the current will be at least twice that. This is likely why there are not many of these available commercially since one pad will run down one battery is less than an hour.
Thank you for the insight. I haven't done a full time test but found it was in the neighborhood of an hour with my cellphone battery charger. In a future project I'll look into using a battery pack from a drill. the Milwaukee jackets get up to 8 hours apparently.
You can't actually change the amount of current the heating pads draw, but to lower the current you might think about using a PWM voltage controller. It'll use less power and thus lower current since it pulses the voltage on and off. And of course, this will allow control of how warm the pads get. I suspect that's how the commercial jackets work.
Thank you kindly for that info. admittedly, I'm not strong with electronics which is why I aimed for a plug and play solution. Definitely going to look into the controller. Is that what controls a trickle charge by chance?
No, a trickle charger is controlled by much simpler electronics. PWM is pulse width modulation. A device that puts out a constant voltage that pulses. Trickle charge won't work for the vest.
I recently read that 2 layers of the mylar acts as a faraday cage and blocks EMFs! Who knew!? I love your vest! Looks so cozy!
Thank you Deluges! let me know if you have any questions when you do.
Excellent project. You have definitely got my vote.
Thank you so much! It's my first crack at an instructables article.
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Will open hardware face the same dilemma as the Arts and Crafts Movement?
An unexpected benefit of crowdfunding is that it is encourages the development of open hardware. A couple of years ago, when I counted the Kickstarter campaigns that mentioned free and open source software, there were more than ten times the number that were developing hardware than software, and my impression is that the ratio has not changed much today. Yet while I appreciate seeing open hardware starting to establish itself, I worry that open hardware might go the way of the Arts and Crafts Movement, and defeat its larger aims because of what is needed for success.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was a reaction to mass production in architecture, manufacturing, and art. Flourishing between 1880 and 1920, it favored simple, well-made -- preferably hand-made -- architecture, furniture, and furnishings, often inspired by medieval design. Members of the movement such as William Morris revolutionized the general taste of their times, and many of their designs are still popular today.
Yet in one sense, the Movement failed in the middle of its success: Its members hoped to make their designs cheaply enough to be bought by workers, improving their lives by introducing beauty into everyday things. However, manufacture by hand is generally more expensive than mass production, and that meant that the only market for Arts and Craft products were the well-to-do.
A similar contradiction, it occurs to me, could be at the heart of open hardware. Not only do many open hardware producers aim for aesthetic designs, but, more importantly, they have their own idealistic goals of making the software that runs their products freely available. In some cases, they also want to make their hardware as customizable as possible. By necessity, they rely on hand production, partly because they produce too few units for any established firms to take orders from them. The result is often a price tag so high that, while it sometimes allows the producers to make a living, it also interferes with their more idealistic purposes.
A potential example of this contradiction is Purism. Under the slogans "Beautiful Freedom," and "a laptop that respects your rights, Purism is developing two high-end laptops, one with a thirteen inch screen, and one with a fifteen inch screen. Both have a pleasing minimalist design, with software that is free-licensed from the CPU on up, and both are temptations to anyone who wants a laptop and cares about software and hardware feature. In fact, if you do not hunch over and drool at the prospect of a Purism laptop, then tech is probably the wrong industry for you.
And yet -- and yet -- the fifteen inch model starts at $1850, the approximate price of a high-end Macbook Pro at my local mall, and at least four times the price of a low-end laptop. Order the best of everything, and the price jumps to $3513. The price alone is enough to make even the most devoted software freedom pause, but when I consider the difficulties that a small hardware manufacturer can have with consistent supply (http://lwn.net/Articles/606100/), I also start to worry about whether, with the best faith in the world, Purism can deliver all it promises.
Another example is Keyboardio, which is developing programmable ergonomic keyboards with individual mechanical switches for each sculpted key. The keyboards promise to be an open hardware supporter's delight, with both keys and the lights behind them full programmable. Mounted on two solid pieces of maple, the keyboards display an elegant simplicity that is reminiscent of Arts and Crafts designs.
To me, Keyboardio's features are irresistible. Most days, I spend a minimum of eight hours in front of a keyboard, so why shouldn't I work my own way, and with a piece of practical art? In fact, after writing about the fledgling company, I ordered one for myself.
Yet, at the same time, I couldn't help but notice that, now that Keyboardio's crowdfunding campaign is over, the price will likely be at least $325. That's sixteen times the price of the keyboards I used to buy once or twice a year, throwing them out as they broke down.
In both these cases, the goals and the construction promise to be everything a free software advocate could desire. Yet if the promotion of free hardware in general is a goal, the prices posted by both Purism and Keyboardio are a serious barrier to the success of their ideals. Like the products of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Purism's laptops and Keyboardio's keyboards might allow their manufacturers to make a living for years to come, but at a cost of keeping the results of open hardware out of the hands of the general public.
These observations are no reflection on Purism, Keyboardio, or any other open hardware developers. Small hardware developers have no control over the cost of parts, even when they are making their parts themselves, and I would never begrudge them the right to a fair return for their labor. Such developers are in no way exploiting customers, or doing anything for which they should be ashamed. If anything, they should be praised for their efforts to make the ideal of open hardware a reality.
Still, the potential contradiction remains. Tech is a well-paying industry, and, as the success of Purism's and Keyboardio's crowdfunding campaigns show, there is at least some market for their products. Moreover, in Keyboardio's case, you could argue that their products should last for years, and be cheaper in the long run than a succession of throw-away keyboards.
Right now, however, open hardware products are still in the proof of concept stage. Success may increase the market for them, but whether the increase can be enough to lower the prices and make them mainstream is another question altogether. The organization of hardware manufacturing around the world might even make mainstream success impossible.
Unless open hardware can find a way around this dilemma, it may be condemned by its nature to be a noble failure. Like the Arts and Crafts Movement, without a solution, at best it will become a boutique success, selling to those who can afford its ideals, and missing the buyers who need and would appreciate those ideals the most.
I can only hope that I am wrong.
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0.931784 |
Jamiroquai (formed 1992) Jamiroquai are a hugely popular British acid jazz / jazz-funk band. They rose to fame as a component of the 1990s acid jazz scene, along with bands such as Galliano, the James Taylor Quartet, Corduroy and the Brand New Heavies. The band has sold more than 35 million albums across the globe and are perhaps best recognized by their frontman, Jay Kay, recognizable for his style of dancing, as well as his outlandish headwear.
Formation: Jamiroquai was originally formed by Jay Kay on vocals, Toby Smith on keyboards), Nick Van Gelder (drums), Wallis Buchanan (digeridoo) and Stuart Zender (bass). However, the band's cast has altered several times along the years, with the core members being Jay Kay and drummer Derick McKenzie. Jay Kay is very much viewed as the focal point of the band, to the extent that many people are under the impression that 'Jamiroquai' is the name of a solo act.
Career: In 1992, Jamiroquai's debut single, 'When You Gonna Learn?' was released on the Acid Jazz label. The success of the single led to Jamiroquai signing an eight-album deal with Sony BMG Music Entertainment. Their debut album with the major label was Emergency on Planet Earth, released in 1993.
The following year, they released The Return of the Space Cowboy, with the lead single, 'Space Cowboy', receiving a great deal of mainstream airplay and press attention.
Despite having gained huge popularity in the UK and Europe, it was not until the release of Travelling Without Moving in 1996 that the band achieved their international breakthrough. The album spawned another two massive hit singles for Jamiroquai: 'Virtual Insanity' and 'Cosmic Girl'. The popularity of 'Virtual Insanity' was due in part to the innovative video directed by Jonathan Glazer.
In 2003, Jamiroquai were asked to contribute a compilation for the 'Late Night Tales' series, which included tracks from their influences, such as The Commodores, The Pointer Sisters and Johnny 'Guitar' Watson.
In 1999, Jamiroquai released their next studio album, Synkronized, followed by their fifth album, A Funk Odyssey in 2001. Despite the fact that the band's sound had evolved so much by this point - with critics arguing that they had lost the sound that made them recognizable and unique - the lead single from the fifth album, 'Little L' reached number one in many worldwide charts.
The sixth album from Jamiroquai, Dynamite, was released in the summer of 2005 and reached number 3 in the UK charts. The following year, the band released a greatest hits selection, entitled High Times: Singles 1992-2006, thus ending their contract with Sony. Jay Kay stated that they merely released this compilation in order to fulfill their contractual obligation to Sony and be released from their contract.
Jamiroquai's live performance at Abbey Road studios was broadcast on Channel 4 in 2006, along with performances by Damien Rice and the Goo Goo Dolls. After leaving Sony, Jamiroquai signed a deal with Columbia Records.
Recording for a new album began in 2008, but as of July 2010, only one new track from the band had been played live, despite drummer Derrick McKenzie stating in an interview that over 40 tracks had been written and recorded. In April 2010, Jay Kay announced that the band would be supporting Stevie Wonder. Eventually, the release of the new album was confirmed to be in November 2010 and that the title of the album would be Rock Dust Light Star. The lead single 'White Knuckle Ride' was debuted on the Chris Moyles Show (presented that day by Vernon Kay).
Jay Kay and Jamiroquai - Jay Kay of Jamiroquai Saturday 10th November 2012 The Elton John AIDS Foundation Grey Goose Winter Ball held at the Battersea Power Station.
Jamiroquai Jamiroquai live at Manchester Evening News"
Since forming in 1992 this outfit fronted by Jay Kay have amassed record sales of over 25 million, as well as landing international recognition in the form of 1997's Grammy Award. Having completed their contract with Sony they've now landed on the Mercury roster to present album number eight, due for release November 1 2010.
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What are the Best Types of Content to Share on Social Media?
Social media is an extremely valuable marketing tool for any business. Because so many people are using social media on a constant basis, a strong social media presence can greatly broaden the reach of your marketing content while promoting trust in and engagement with your brand. To make the most of social media, it’s important to share the right kind of content that will maximize engagement and send the right message to your audience.
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What do you do when someone leans forward to push? Especially if he adopts a long and low stance, like in this video below?
If my opponent adopts a long and low stance when leaning forward to push, it means that it is difficult for him to fall forward. If he is going to fall forward, all he needs is to use his front leg to push himself back up and he will regain his balance.
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The Gress Mountain Ranch embodies the healthy interdependence of humans and animals, and models this environment for the larger community. Abused and neglected animals are given life-long care to recover and thrive. Based on their emotional, cognitive, and social needs, humans are guided in their interaction with the animals, and when they leave the Ranch, take with them experiences that increase self-worth, healthy interdependence, and emotional well-being.
The Gress Mountain Ranch is a non-profit animal sanctuary for large, small, and exotic animals and is dedicated to educating and helping both people and animals who have been victims of abuse, neglect, and the unwanted aftereffects.
The ranch located in Orefield, Pennsylvania on a beautiful 15 acre hilly tract situated on the 2nd highest point in the Lehigh Valley. It is certified by National Wildlife Federation as a "wildlife habitat" and is currently a forever home to over 40 animals.
Would you recommend The Gress Mountain Ranch?
The owners are wonderful people who take caring for the animals very seriously. There are a variety of tasks to do, so it is never boring (such as feeding and watering the animals as well as mucking out stalls, and spending time with the animals to help them rehabilitate). You are responsible for the rehabilitation of the animals, so it is always important to treat them with respect and kindness! Volunteering for The Gress Mountain Ranch is one of the best decisions I have ever made.
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0.999991 |
What should you do to transfer favorite movies from Mac to iPhone or iPad? As for the case, you can enjoy them wherever you want. There are different types of files you need to transfer among Mac, iPhone, iPad and other Apple device, including music, photos, videos, apps, messages and so on. But there is one major problem: iOS isn’t designed to accept just any file.
Don’t worry! This passage is going to discuss how to transfer files from Mac to iPhone or iPad. You can learn 6 different methods to achieve the goal, all of them are easy and efficient. Please read on and learn more details.
Connect iPhone or iPad to Mac via the original USB cable. Usually Mac will detect iPhone or other iOS device automatically to launch iTunes on your computer.
Double click iTunes to open this app on Mac, tap on "File" option and then "Add to Library". Here you are able to import files into Mac and convert to your iOS device.
You can also choose Apps in the sidebar of iTunes, and tap on "File Sharing" section to sync files and data from Mac to iPhone or iPad.
For iTunes users, it is common thing to meet with iTunes problems, for example, iPhone not showing up in iTunes, iTunes error 14, etc. If you don’t like this way, please move on to the next solution.
Go to your iOS device, swipe up from the bottom of the screen to start the Control Center, and activate the AirDrop.
Launch your Mac, go to Finder and select AirDrop, too. Then locate a file that you are going to transfer from Mac to iPad, drag the files onto the iPad icon.
Turn to your iOS device where you can see a menu offering to open the file as well as related apps to open the file type. As for the case, you can get the files from Mac on iPhone or iPad.
Create a new address to yourself on your Mac, add the located files as an attachment to the email, and click on Send button.
Open the email on your iOS device, and tap the attachment to download the files. Tap on the downloaded file, your device will offer related apps to open it.
If you have already installed Dropbox or other cloud service, such as Google Drive or Box on your iOS device, you can consider transferring files from Mac to cloud, with which you can access them on your iPhone or iPad.
Step 1: Launch the "Dropbox" desktop app and sign in the account. Make sure you sign in the same account for Mac and iOS devices.
Step 2: Drag files from Mac to the Dropbox application, you can drag different data formats into the application.
Step 3: After transferring data from Mac to iPhone, you can get these files on iPhone or iPad now.
Different from the cloud service mentioned above, iCloud Drive is designed to store the files that you opened with specific apps. With iCloud Drive, you are able to add files in iCloud, create your own folder, or copy the files.
Open Finder app on your Mac, and start iCloud Drive. Then drag your selected files into the location you desire in iCloud.
Launch iCloud Drive app on your iOS device, tap on the file you just added into, and then click on the Share button to choose an app to open this file.
Different from the other methods, Apeaksoft MobieTrans is able to transfer files from Mac to iPhone without Wi-Fi connection. As for the case, you can transfer large files in a fast speed. What’s more, you are able to preview and select the files you want to transfer. The iPhone transfer supports contacts, messages, photos, books, music, movies and etc on iPhone, iPad and iPod. It is compatible with the latest iOS 12.
After downloading and launching this transfer tool on your Mac, use a USB cable to connect your iOS device to your Mac.
Once connected successfully, this software will scan your iOS device automatically. And you can check all your iPhone files in iPhone Transfer.
Then choose the file type in the sidebar, and click Add button to import your located files from Mac to iPhone. It is done. Now you have transferred files from Mac to iPhone! Isn’t it easy?
When you want to transfer files or data from Mac to iPhone or iPad, you can find multiple solutions from the article. Just compare the different methods to get the desire solution accordingly. More questions about the topic, you can share more information in the article.
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Anyone found some great assembly tutorials? I really want to learn assembly, thinking of making my own OS in the future, or building on an existing one so assembly would really help.
As someone who has worked on his own OS before, I would give you the following little tidbit of information: The only part of an OS that has to be in assembly is the very small boot loader - and unless you want to write your own file system too (quite difficult), there are already boot loaders written for you. I have an example for FAT 12 if you want to take a look at it.
The kernel and everything else could be (and often is) written in C/C++ if you wanted. Granted, you wouldn't be able to use the standard libraries, but it saves you a lot of trouble from assembly. You'd write some simple i/o routines in assembly, make them functions, and you'd be all set.
I was making a server OS, and the reason I stopped is because of the device drivers I would need. It's a fun project and you learn a lot, but just be aware that this is a much bigger project than you may think.
As for a tutorial, I'm afraid I can't suggest one. I've mostly learned from books.
Also - try Google. I know it's directory was a wealth of information for me when I was doing my OS.
Thanks guys, Ya I know it would be a lot of work, but its such a cool thing to do. And I will learn so much, It would probably take more than a year but I think it would be worth it.
Art of Assembly (http://webster.cs.ucr.edu/AoA/index.html) perhaps.
I also recommend Art of Assembly. It goes into detail about everything.
Again, I'll try and find the site this came from, as you'd learn a lot about the bootstrap from the rest of the tutorial. I also wrote a very simple ASM kernel that you could build off of - it has the basics of I/O done.
Erm, that bootsector doesn't put you into protected mode. Although you could do this yourself, it makes it more difficult as very few C compilers will support 16bit mode AND 32bit so you'd have to add a second stage loaded.
The bootsector I use is attached, it performs pretty much everything you could want. But you have to have the 2 files it tries to load on the disk otherwise it'll just hang (no space left for error message code). It'll load a flat binary to 0x100000, enable pmode, load the second file (a config file or whatever you want), get a map of the available memory from the bios (can't use bios functions once you're in pmode) - from a floppy, not tested on any hard drive.
Can I ask why you can't use the STL in programming the OS?
because STL makes use of new and new relies on an operating system.
You could prabably get by creating your own STL allocators. Never tried to do that though.
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I’d like to have a hot meal.
It's hot today. Let's go to the beach.
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Is The Ancient Astronaut Theory Racist?
Since its inception, the Ancient Astronaut Theory has caused controversy, being commonly dismissed as misguided Pseudo-Archaeology with Racist connotations because its conclusions negate the accomplishments of Africans in History.
For example, its conclusions regarding the construction of the Pyramids or Great Zimbabwe, are treated as a symptom of the continuation of a Pre-Colonial Western Agenda to deny and appropriate African History and accomplishments.
As an African, in my understanding of the Theory, this view of the Ancient Astronaut Hypothesis is incorrect and stems from an incomplete understanding of the entire Hypothesis.
The Ancient Astronaut Theory doesnt just question current views on African History, rather it challenges the entire human Historical Paradigm which has implications for the narrative of Western Civilization as well.
In addition, the Ancient Astronaut Theory affirms African History in both acknowledged and unacknowledged ways.
The Ancient Astronaut Theory actually affirms African History in several ways.
Firstly, it confirms the Theory of Evolution’s conclusions concerning the origin of Mankind in Africa. More particularly in that according to the Theory, the Anunnaki Genetic Experiments that resulted in the production of the Adamu Prototype or ‘Primitive Worker’ were conducted in the Abzu or Southern Africa.
Secondly, the knowledge and role credited to African Tribes such as Mali’s Dogon Tribe as well as the role of the Olmecs in pre-Historic Meso-America also point to the fact that rather than deny the role played by Africans in History, the Ancient Astronaut Theory actually presents us with an alternative view of History that emphasises rather than denies the role of Africans in Ancient History.
In addition, the Ancient Astronaut Theory also challenges the current Paradigm on the origins of Western Civilization.
According to the Ancient Astronaut Theory, Civilization followed a particular trajectory beginning in Ancient Sumer. In short, the trajectory of Civilization begins with 4 Regions: Sumeria, Africa, Meso-America and The Indus Valley.
After the Great Deluge or Noah’s Flood, and following the rise of Babylon in the 2nd Pyramid War, Civilization subsequently spread and became established in Assyria, Phoenicia and Ancient Egypt.
It was the conquest of these Ancient Kingdoms by Alexander the Great that brought the Greeks into contact with the Ancient Knowledge of the Anunnaki Kingdoms.
Its acknowledged that Greek Civilization and by extension Western Civilization owes a great debt to the Persians and Egyptians, and it is on the basis of the Knowledge acquired by the Greeks from these other earlier Civilizations that Western Civilization in its present form was birthed and subsequently evolved.
In my view, it is a mistake to treat the Ancient Astronaut Theory as Racist…Fundamentally, it represents a challenge to the entirety of the current Human Historical Paradigm, and in doing so challenges us to revise African, Western and Eastern History.
By focusing only on those aspects of the established African Historical narrative that the Ancient Astronaut Theory contradicts, those that contend that its Racist miss how the Hypothesis affirms the role of Africa and Africans in Ancient History, as well as the challenge it poses to the Western Historical Paradigm in terms of which Civilization is cast in a purely Western orientation beginning with the Greeks.
Far from being Racist, the Ancient Astronaut Theory calls upon all Humanity to revise our current Paradigm and as an African, the hypothesis actually affirms my identity and provides me with the tools and information to understand the real origins of Culture and Civilization beyond the limitations of the current Paradigm.
Our sense of identity should not be so fragile as to fail to withstand the facts of History.
For more on the Ancient Astronaut Theory, you can visit our Anunnaki Article Archive. The documentary below is a good discussion on the evolution of Civilization from Sumeria to the Greeks.
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Making sure you get the perfect gift for everyone on your holiday shopping list can be tough. But shopping for someone with Alzheimer's or dementia can be even trickier. Here are some things to consider when shopping for a person who has been diagnosed and when shopping for their caregiver.
Consider their capabilities: When giving a gift to someone who has Alzheimer's, it's important to consider the disease progression, their cognitive abilities and needs. Someone in the early stage may still enjoy many of the same gifts as before the diagnosis. But someone who is in the later stage of dementia and who cannot follow directions, understand the written word, or is physically frail, will have trouble with the simplest of things, like knotting a tie, for instance.
Personalize it: Thoughtful gifts like a personalized photo album, scrapbook, or a framed collage of family and friends are great ideas. These often tap into the person's longterm memories and will undoubtedly be something they can enjoy - and who knows, it might even spark some wonderful conversation.
Music and movies: Along these same lines, consider giving a compact disc of their favorite music or perhaps making them a playlist of songs from their youth. Music has been proven to trigger positive memories in people with Alzheimer's , so this is a great way to go! If there is a movie you enjoyed together in the past, get the DVD and make a fun night out of watching it together in the comfort of their own home.
Practical and thoughtful: Gifts with everyday uses - like a comfy blanket or quilt, a warm sweater (preferably without a lot of buttons or ties), a bathrobe, or slippers - will be a big hit and something the family caregiver will appreciate as well. On the practical side, providing your friend with an account at a care service - something that the caregiver can manage - can be enormously helpful and a safe option to get them around town. And, for those in the late stage of the disease, beautiful picture books or soft stuffed animals may provide joy and comfort.
In general, try to avoid gifts that involve complicated cognitive or physical tasks. These can be stressful and outweigh the thoughtfulness of the gift. When in doubt, simple is always better.
Since caregivers are often under enormous stress and are frequently exhausted, thing of gifts that will give them some respite. A gift certificate for a massage or a manicure would definitely be welcomed. Consider taking the caregiver out for a nice meal so he or she can have some time to unwind, away from caregiving responsibilities. Meal services that give them the night off from cooking is another practical idea.
Sending a thoughtful note recognizing their sacrifice and caregiving efforts would also be a nice touch. But, accompanying that note with an offer to look after the person with dementia for a day in order to give the care provider a much-needed and hard to come by rest would be considered a luxury.
Simply taking the time to show you care will go a long way with the person with dementia and the caregiver and will help them enjoy the holiday season event more!
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Will Arnett explains that playing Batman in The LEGO Batman Movie allowed him to bend the rules around the character, and make him a little bit goofier while still maintaining his familiar characteristics. He talks about Batman and The Joker's complicated relationship, and how the film explores what might happen if they realized they cannot live without the other. Will shares his excitement upon learning that he would be co-starring with Michael Cera, whom he previously worked with on Arrested Development. Will says that he wants people to come to the film to laugh, to connect to the story, and ultimately, have a good time.
The LEGO Batman Movie Clip - "Batman Will Stop You"
The LEGO Batman Movie Clip - "Snake Clowns"
The LEGO Batman Movie Clip - "Raise Your Son"
The LEGO Batman Movie Clip - "I Know Who You Are"
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Shelly emphasizes on alliteration to paint a dark and gloomy picture of the situation. Shelly elaborates the Victor Frankenstein's feeling at that point by unraveling his solitude to being "deep, dark, deathlike". The repetition of the sound 'd' adds to the melancholic mood. Darkness in Frankenstein symbolizes despair. Shelly furthers the idea of Frankenstein's upcoming upheavals and foreshadows his dangers by using dark imagery. Victor Frankenstein's willingness to overcome these dangers is also presented by means of Victor wanting to inspire himself "with fortitude" to fight against the turmoil that is to be experienced by Victor Frankenstein.
To what extent do you agree with the view that, in Frankenstein, Mary Shelley is exploring 'the dark side of the human psyche'?
Shelley includes this quotation in the novel as she is laying the groundwork for the reader, she wants her readers to understand the two sides of Victor, the beginning when he is very loving and happy, compared to the rest of the novel where he becomes distraught and bordering on mad, "nothing is more painful to the human mind..." This quotation shows the reader that Shelley meant Victor to be very hyperbolic, when he is happy everything is wonderful in the world and when he is unhappy, he feels emotionally corrupt.
Though Frankenstein was written by the daughter of a feminist, the women in the novel seem less important than the men.
The story revolves around Victor Frankenstein in first person, which allows the reader to relate to him with more ease. With Shelley's decision of first person, it allows us to feel the emotions Frankenstein feels, which really complements the story as there are many extremes of happiness and sadness, allowing the reader to experience these as closely as possible. The first person perspective also gives way to bias, considering we are reading Frankenstein's personal reaction to events, rather than a third person view which gives an unbiased explanation of events.
Furthermore, Victor's guilt, thus his despair, is subject to Freudian interpretation, particularly in his dream immediately following the creation of the monster: on envisaging Elizabeth, Victor embraces her and her lips 'became livid with the hue of death' (Shelley, p. 39). In addition to foreshadowing the death of Elizabeth, alluding to Victor's guilt, a psychoanalytical interpretation suggests Victor's repressed sexual desires or, as an extension, as Kate Ellis argues, his fear of female sexuality inherent within the bourgeois society, as the subconscious source of despair.1 This notion of repressed desire as a source of discontentment is supported throughout the text through the allusion to the doppelg�nger; the monster can be interpreted as a externalisation of Victor's subconscious.
As it 'stretched out' to reach Frankenstein, a 'grin wrinkled its cheeks', which indicates a need for its creator. The monster is behaving like a newborn baby needing the guidance of its mother. In my opinion there are no signs of monstrosity in its actions at this stage. After the creature's escape from Frankenstein's laboratory the reader is given the chance to empathise with it, as its own story reveals its true feelings. The narrator in these chapters is the monster itself and the events are, therefore, surveyed from its perspective. A dual narrative, such as this, gives the opportunity to explore events from different points of view and affects ouropinion of the characters.
Frankenstein - the role of Safie in the novel.
The structure of De lacey's family constitutes M.Shelley's ideal, an ideal derived from her mother's "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman". Infact, it is the character of Safie, the beloved of Felix De Lacey which best exemplifies to it which shall be discussed in the following paragraphs. Safie, the daughter of the Turkish merchant is appalled by her father's betrayal of Felix and by the Islamic oppression of women he endorses. Therefore, she decides to escape from the clutches of her father and flees from Turkey to Switzerland, seeking Felix.
This debate is at the heart of the book: the monster is born good but becomes wicked because people abuse and reject him. Worst of all, his creator Victor Frankenstein refuses to grant him his natural right of freedom, equality and fraternity. The creature in Frankenstein plays an important role in the novel. Mary Shelly writes good and bad aspects of the creature, that makes the audience sympathise for it. The monster was at first described ugly by the creator himself Victor Frankenstein in Chapter 5 "How can I describe my emotions of catastrophe" and where Victor describes the horrid complexion of each part of the creature.
The narrative is framed through Walton who refers to Victor as like 'a brother' whose 'constant and deep grief fills [him] with sympathy and compassion', (Frankenstein p. 15) guiding the reader to sympathise with Victor, described by Walton as 'a noble creature' who is 'so attractive and amiable'. There are many links between Victor and Walton and also between Victor and the Creature, creating a doubling effect, another gothic technique. Victor and Walton have both lost their mothers, are alienated from family and friends and are both exploring the unknown all helping strengthen the bond between them.
So, let us first look at this issue of Victor's and the creature's 'father-son' relationship. Of course, the common interpretation of this matter is that Frankenstein manages to usurp the roles of both God and the female. Indeed, 'like father like son' has a profound meaning here, and the creature is, in effect Victor's "own vampire" - his child. The most indicative portrayal of this usurping of the female (the mother) follows immediately after the creature's 'awakening', with Frankenstein's horrifically symbolic dream of Elizabeth - his potential and prearranged partner - being degraded into the corpse of his dead mother.
She cut what The Quarterly wanted removed from Lawrence's work. The novel is the first in the mad-scientist genre. Victor has now become more corrupt. The creature is more sensationalised and dehumanised. Playwrights recognised problems in translating the play. The internal reasonings of Victor and the monster were cut. Walton's framing narrative couldn't be portrayed. The story became more visual. The monster became the star with more visual violence. There were also comic versions. The plays stay a lot truer to the original than most of the films. Silent films found it hard to translate the story onto screen.
This contrast can be seen as feminist by some critics since Elizabeth has the courage to humiliate herself in order to save Justine where the male character Victor does not. However since Elizabeth does not succeed as a pleading woman it reflects on how much society in those times would listen and be convinced by a woman speaker, and therefore the powerlessness of a woman. Elizabeth punctuates the novel with a series of concerned letters pleading with Victor for him to come home whenever he is away.
This immediately implies that Walton is in possible danger on his journey and sparks the suspense that the reader will carry through the entirety of the novel. At this point the reader is also made aware that the novel contains a possible evil and that at any point this evil could appear and harm the only character that the reader has met so far, Robert Walton. It soon becomes clear, through reading Walton's letters home that he is a driven romantic and so the reader can expect the contrasts of the ghastly and beautiful which is typical of the romantic genre.
Frankenstein contrasts his 'thirst for knowledge' with Elizabeth's interest in 'the aerial creations of the poets'.
Implicitly she contrasted what she considered to be "good" science - the detailed and reverent description of the workings of nature- to what she considered "bad" science, the hubristic manipulation of the elemental forces of the nature to serve man's private ends. In Frankenstein, she illustrated the potential evils of scientific hubris and at the same time challenged the cultural biases inherent in any conception of science. Victor Frankenstein chooses to work within the newly established field of chemical physiology.
To what extent is ''Frankenstein' concerned with the theme of education and what does it have to say about the advantages and disadvantages of this?
However, despite all of his academia, he is still astonished when he is told about Frankenstein's creature, and even more so when he views it for himself. This proves that despite formal education, there will still be gaps of knowledge, and the power to surprise will always exist. Victor relates to Walton all about how his education was formulated, what exactly he had learnt from his bad experiences with books and at Ingolstadt, and by focussing on outdated science such as those ideas thought of by Cornelius Agrippa and Albertus Magnus.
Compare and contrast the ways in which Frankenstein and one other Gothic novel explore the meaning of the 'monstrous'.
Frankenstein's creature on the other hand does not wish to harm others originally, but even before Victor could have a chance to witness the creature's true personality for himself, he condemned the creature as a 'wretch' and immediately 'breathless horror and disgust filled [his] heart'. This is not completely understandable, and makes the reader wonder whether if a living creature is monstrous on the outside, then wonder if the inner self, the personality of the creature will reflect its outer appearance.
When he comes across Victor Frankenstein he records Frankenstein's story in his letters home to Margret. Victor's story is supposed to communicate a warning to society. The warning is to not become so wrapped up in the pursuit of knowledge that contact with other people becomes unimportant. Isolating oneself from society due to science is a common theme in Frankenstein, Victor and Walton both do this and Victor learns the consequences of this the hard way. Victor has been through a lot in his quest to create life.
Frankenstien;In her 1831 introduction to the novel Shelley explained how she wanted to 'curdle the blood and quicken the beatings of the heart'. Do you think she achieves her aim? Look closely at chapter 20.
It has been considered however, that the way in which Shelley may have 'curdled the blood' of readers at the time of the novels publish may differ to that of contemporary reader. The alteration in priorities of values in society has greatly changed meaning so may the reader's responses. Shelley creates many running themes throughout the novel, most of which are traditionally for gothic literature pieces, chapter 20 seems to be a crucial point in the novel in which many themes are concentrated to give the chapter a true sense of gothic terror.
As the character of the creature, Shelly provides us with some information about the monster before it has even been created. Things such as that he is being created from parts taken from morgues and graves. We also know that his limbs have been stitched together as we also told that he is going to be eight feet tall. These facts show that his physical appearance will obviously be repellent and terrifying. The reason I am mentioning the physical description of the creature is because when imagining a monster with such features, a horrific and frightening 'thing' would come to mind; however we later find that the outcome of Victor's horrid invention turns out to be completely different.
Feminist critic Anne K. Mellor argues that Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is an attack on masculine Romanticism. To what extent do you agree with Mellor's assessment?
And through Frankenstein's narrative, Shelley hopes that the readers can "deduce an apt moral" being that over ambition corrupts. The characteristics of a masculine Romantic hero consist of a dominative egocentric personality with huge ambitions to pursue revolutionary ideas. These characteristics are represented in the novel through Walton, and Frankenstein. Walton has ideas to "tread a land never before imprinted by the foot of man". He is also convinced that his "voyage" can give "all man kind to the last generation", an "inestimable benefit". Similarly, Frankenstein has ideas to challenge "the principle of life" and find out "how nature works in her hiding places".
Also, it must be noted that her husband has these traits of a masculine Romantic hero, so she would want to highlight these characteristics to attack her husband as well. However, many of the features of the novel are reflected in her life such as the deaths of her mother and children. This solidifies the opinion that the novel is an attack on the masculine Romantic hero but also shows how she might have used the novel as therapy to deal with difficult life events as well.
Shelley uses 'The Modern Prometheus' as a subtitle to the novel. Explore the ways in which the idea of the 'Modern Prometheus' is important to the novel as a whole.
It is also very likely that she had the comtempory Romantic version of Prometheus in mind when alluding to this myth. Percy Shelley, Mary's husband wrote 'Prometheus Unbound' around the time when she was doing much of the background reading for her own novel. In this Prometheus is depicted as a Romantic character who sees himself as a suffering champion of humanity impelled by pure motives for the noblest ends. The fact that Mary Shelley uses the term 'Modern' would imply that it is quite likely that she would take this point of view into consideration when using the subtitle.
What views of 'mankind' does the Romantic writer, Mary Shelley, present in Frankenstein?
and he sees the importance of friendship and feels the lack of it has a serious disadvantage 'I bitterly feel the want of a friend'. Shelley has used the epistolary style of writing in this part of the novel and this enables the reader to quickly get into the story and creates an air of realism. Walton's ambitions are a mirror of Frankenstein's and we see two characters who have become obsessed with the pursuit of knowledge believing that they are doing it for the good of mankind rather than any material wealth.
Explore the way that Shelley presents the relationship between Frankenstein and his creature.
They are both extremely lonely and feel isolated in their world. Frankenstein cannot talk to anyone about his feelings and what he has done. "...But now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart." This shows how his realization of what he has done has affected him and made him feel guilty and shocked for what he has done and created, and for the knowledge he has. Once you have acquired knowledge you cannot loose it, therefore it sticks with you and you cannot forget it.
Therefore, it is seen that Shelley uses Safie to introduce the older female with `a countenance of angelic beauty and expression' to the creature, and also allows him to witness romantic love and the power and importance it holds. The strength of love is again demonstrated in the De Laceys story when Felix risks his life to increase his chance with Safie. When Safie arrives at the De Lacey's house, she is unable to speak their language, and thus has to be educated by the householders.
"In conclusion, through the characterisation of Victor and his monster in Frankenstein, Shelley explores the detrimental effects that social isolation, both self-imposed and socially imposed, together with self-denial and ambiguous or undefined self-identity has on individual expression, self-worth and ultimately the fate of the character. The despair that results from the guilt and isolation presented in conjunction with the central characters is essential to the reader's understanding of the characterisation employed by Shelley, and provides the central platform in which the demise of the characters is explored and understood."
For this essay I have chosen to analyse 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' and 'The Eve of St. Agnes'. Theses are both ballads we have studied in class and both could be described as good examples of ballads.
"In conclusion there is substantial evidence to support the claim that both "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and "The Eve of St. Agnes" are romantic narrative verse. Also even though the two ballads are on different topics they still both contain the features needed to be classed as a good example of a ballad."
Analyse chapter 4 of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and explore the extent to which it fits into the genre of the gothic novel and reflects the fears and concerns from the era in which the novel was written.
"In conclusion, Mary Shelley uses the gothic genre to great effect. However the genres of science and romance may not just be a feature of the book they can also represent the life of Mary Shelley. In context Mary Shelley was a lover of science and ultimately this is what her book is based on however her aim may have been to dissuade people playing or interfering with humanity. The effects are conveyed in the novel. Most of the novel fits in with the gothic genre as Shelley uses: pathetic fallacy, isolation, setting and many more in chapter 4 alone. Overall the novel wavers on the edge of the gothic genre and a deeper personal representation."
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The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (often referred to as the Milwaukee Road) (The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (often referred to as the Milwaukee Road) (reporting mark MILW), was a Class I railroad that operated in the Midwest and Northwest of the United States from 1847 until 1980, when its Pacific Extension (Montana, Idaho, and Washington) was abandoned following a bankruptcy. The eastern half of the system merged into the Soo Line Railroad on January 1, 1986. The company went through several official names and faced bankruptcy several times in that period. The railroad no longer exists as a separate entity, but much of its trackage continues to be used by its successor and other roads, and is commemorated in buildings like the historic Milwaukee Road Depot in Minneapolis, Minnesota and in railroad hardware still maintained by railfans, such as the Milwaukee Road 261 steam locomotive MILW), was a The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (often referred to as the Milwaukee Road) (reporting mark MILW), was a Class I railroad that operated in the Midwest and Northwest of the United States from 1847 until 1980, when its Pacific Extension (Montana, Idaho, and Washington) was abandoned following a bankruptcy. The eastern half of the system merged into the Soo Line Railroad on January 1, 1986. The company went through several official names and faced bankruptcy several times in that period. The railroad no longer exists as a separate entity, but much of its trackage continues to be used by its successor and other roads, and is commemorated in buildings like the historic Milwaukee Road Depot in Minneapolis, Minnesota and in railroad hardware still maintained by railfans, such as the Milwaukee Road 261 steam locomotive.
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0.804113 |
Is it time to Remove MySQL in favor of MariaDB in Production Servers?
MariaDB is a fork of MySQL, which is community maintained under the GPL v2 license. All code in MariaDB is open source. MariaDB is a binary drop in replacement for MySQL. It includes the XtraDB storage engine as a replacement for InnoDB. Its lead developer is Michael Widenius (also known as "Monty"), the founder of MySQL.
Recently, many popular Linux distributions have moved from MySQL to MariaDB as default database server. Fedora since version 19, Archlinux since March 2013 and OpenSuse. Moreover, Wikipedia is moving to MariaDB and Mozilla is also now using MariaDB.
Famous distributions often used on server environment as Debian and Centos have not yet replace MySQL with MariaDB, but there is a lot of talk about this in their communities. A full list of distributions which include MariaDB is available here.
So, a reasonable question is raised. Is it time to remove MySQL in favor of MariaDB in production servers?
A possible reason to switch to MariaDB could be the Licensing terms. It is known that MySQL AB acquired by Sun Microsystems on early 2008 for $1bn. Sun acquired by Oracle on April 2009. MySQL Enterprise is a commercial product, but MySQL community edition is still available under the GPL license. However, nobody can be certain for the future licensing policy.
I will replace MySQL 5.1 with MariaDB 5.2 in a Debian Squeeze virtual machine (Virtualbox 4.2.4).
The whole procedure is quite simple. Select Operating System and get the repositories settings.
2 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 4 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 20.8 MB of archives.
After this operation, 8,114 kB disk space will be freed.
Stopping MariaDB database server: mysqld.
Starting MariaDB database server: mysqld.
Checking for corrupt, not cleanly closed and upgrade needing tables..
Existing Databases are not affected from MariaDB installation. All databases still operate fine.
mysql and mysqldump commands still work, configuration files remain the same.
Actually, you will not note any difference from your previous setup. The only difference is that MySQL engine has been replaced from MariaDB engine.
This will not occur with MySQL Native Driver (mysqlnd), but this is not included by default in Debian Squeeze.
I use Archlinux on my desktop, so I will have the opportunity to try MariaDB in development environment.
Concerning my server systems, where I use Debian, I will continue to use MySQL, as current Oracle license for community edition of MySQL server allows to use it. When MariaDB will be included officially in Debian, I will make the transition.
What is your opinion about MariaDB? We welcome your feedback. Leave us a comment.
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0.942069 |
Wipe out all species in the universe.
DNAliens are the simple offen talkless henchmen of the Highbreed, actselly made of supoosingly "Inferior" alien races deemed by the Highbreeds.
They are 1/2 any species, 1/2 Xenocytes, despite their speciesism. They often use ID Masks that can make them appear human. They thrive on cold weather.
DNAliens are created when a Xenocyte bonds with a host and is forcibly turned it into a DNAlien, as explained by one in which the DNAlien half of the parasite controls the host half because the host half is "repulsive" to them. These parasites were going to be shipped off in large trucks, but were destroyed thanks to the efforts of Jetray, Gwen, Kevin and Ken.
DNAliens possess ability to spit out slimes from their mouths in order to trap their victims: however, only Humanoid, Osmosian and Arachnichimp DNAliens can do this. Some DNAlien variants have enhanced strength where they can toss around people like a bale of straw. DNAliens have enhanced jumping and can release tentacles from their bodies. DNAliens are also good in handling technology such as laser guns to shoot down their foes.
Slime Spit: Human DNAliens can spit yellow slime from their mouths.
Enhanced Strength: Human DNAliens possess incredible strength.
Enhanced Agility: Arachnichimp possess enhanced agility just like normal Arahnichimps.
Pyrokinesis: Pyronite DNAliens possess pyrokinesis.
Pyro Immunity: Pyronite DNAliens are immune to heat and fire just like normal Pyronites.
Cryo Immunity: Pyronite DNAliens are immune to cold just like normal pyronites.
Quill Projection: Vulpimancer DNAliens can shoot quills just like normal Vulpimancers.
Osmosian DNAliens have the ability to absorb matter and energy and can spit goo.
The DNAliens first appearance is "Ben 10 Returns: Part 1", One was first seen in a lair informing the Highbreed Commander that Max Tennyson has been causing trouble to them.
Another DNAlien was seen in the Rust Bucket, The DNAlien was trying to locate the Omnitrix, but couldn't find the Omnitrix. The DNAlien attack Ben Tennyson where he enter Rust Bucket to look around, The DNAlien was unable to defeated Ben, Ben used a fire extinguisher on the DNAlien, and The DNAlien escape.
Later the DNAliens use ID Masks to disguise themselves as humans and they was giving Laser Lances to the Forever Knights and Kevin Levin. After Kevin demonstrate how the Laser Lances, Magister Librid reveral himself to them and the Forever Knights, The DNAliens unmasked themselves and prepare to attack Ben and his team. but The DNAliens along with the Forever Knights were defeated by Ben's new alien transformation Swampfire.
Dwayne has confirmed DNAliens are hybrids, not a species, so they are not in any Omnitrix Database.
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For this task you will need a vacuum, fabric cleaner, a cloth, and a soft towel.
Vacuum the item to remove any dirt or particles that may stain the fabric.
Spot test fabric cleaner on a part of the furniture you will not see to make sure it will not stain the upholstery.
Apply fabric cleaner gently using a cloth and following the instructions on the packaging.
Wait until the fabric cleaner has worked its magic, and dab with soft towel until the marks are removed.
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How playing sports can help you get ahead in your career Achieving work-life balance just another stressor for stressed-out workers What is an ‘intrapreneur’ and is it right for you? This is exactly how long your subject line should be if you want to get a response Craft beer breweries are drying up in the UK Children are ingesting this dangerous object more and more every year Researchers devise new deadline trick: decide which deadlines are actually important Are you using any of these 100,000 worst passwords for cybersecurity?
Levi Strauss & Co. /?li?va? 'stra?s/ is a privately owned American clothing company known worldwide for its Levis /?li?va?z/ brand of denim jeans. It was founded in May 1853 when Levi Strauss came from Buttenheim, Bavaria, to San Francisco, California to open a west coast branch of his brothers' New York dry goods business. The companys corporate headquarters is located in the Levis Plaza in San Francisco.
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Carbon is the major constituent of all organic matter, from fossil fuels to DNA, i.e., the genetic basis of all life forms. Let us trace the path of carbon as it constantly moves through various steps of the carbon cycle.
Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the universe and forms the building blocks of the living world along with hydrogen and oxygen. In fact, its concentration in the biotic world (living world) is almost 100 times more than that in the abiotic (non-living) world. Other than this, carbon is an important element that forms a blanket around the Earth. It traps the heat of the sun within the atmosphere and hence prevents the Earth from freezing. There is a constant exchange of carbon between the biotic and the abiotic world, thus forming a cycle which is called the carbon cycle. This cycle plays an important role in maintaining proper levels of carbon in the Earth's atmosphere.
Carbon is regularly being exchanged among the atmosphere, land, water, and the living beings. In fact, it is constantly on the move! Let us understand how the carbon cycle works.
CO2 Used by Plants for Photosynthesis - The primary producers (green plants), also known as photoautotrophs, are constantly removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis (the process in which green plants make food for themselves in presence of sunlight). Certain bacteria, also referred to as chemoautotrophs, use carbon dioxide to synthesize the organic compounds they need.
Consumption by Animals - The carbon present in the food made by green plants reaches animals through the food chain. Carnivorous animals receive this carbon when they eat other animals.
Ocean Intake - Carbon dioxide is continuously being dissolved in the seas and oceans through the process of diffusion. Once dissolved, this carbon dioxide may remain as it is in the marine waters or may get converted into carbonates (CO3-2) and bicarbonates (HCO3-). The carbon dioxide dissolved in water is used by marine plants for photosynthesis. The carbonates are converted into calcium carbonate by certain marine organisms. This calcium carbonate is used by corals and oysters to make their shells. When these organisms die, their shells deposit on the sea floor and finally turn into sedimentary rocks.
Decay and Decompose - When living organisms die, their bodies decay and decompose. This happens due to various natural reasons. The energy as well as the carbon dioxide present in their bodies is released by the chemical reactions taking place on the body.
Formation of Fossil Fuels - As plants and animals die and get buried under the ground after millions of years, they change into fossil fuels due to high pressure and other physical and chemical changes.
Use of Fuels for Industrial Purposes - Fossil fuels stored in the heart of the Earth are dug out and used by industries for purposes of energy production. It is also used as a raw material for other purposes.
Carbon Emissions - The fuel used by the companies leads to the production of waste gases. These gases also contain a large amount of carbon dioxide.
Respiration by Plants and Animals - Carbon dioxide is regularly being returned to the atmosphere by the process of respiration in plants and animals. Burning of wood and fossil fuels in industries and automobiles also releases carbon dioxide.
Greenhouse effect and global warming are two phenomena that are a result of high levels of greenhouse gases, like carbon in the atmosphere. With industrial revolution, our dependence on fossil fuels has increased manifold. This has increased the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 30% as compared to the situation 150 years ago. Due to this, the Earth's temperature has been continuously rising in the recent years. As a result, glaciers around the world are melting faster and raising the levels of water in the seas and the oceans.
Other than the carbon cycle, there are other geochemical cycles, like the hydrogen cycle and the nitrogen cycle that maintain proper levels of hydrogen and nitrogen on the Earth. However, human activities like rapid industrialization and deforestation threaten to disrupt this equilibrium. We must contribute from our side to maintain this delicate balance, as our lives depend on it.
How does Carbon-14 Dating Work?
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English (Traducir este texto en Español): <br><center><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png/90px-Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png"></center><br><br><b>Baden-Württemberg</b> is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine—but one which has some of its major cities straddling the banks of the Neckar River (Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, Mannheim). It is third largest in both area and population among the country's sixteen states, with an area of 35,742 square kilometers (13,800.1 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants (both almost equivalent to all of Belgium). The state capital is Stuttgart.<br><br><b>Geography</b><br>The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Rhine valley. The high plateau Swabian Alb between Neckar, Black Forest and Danube is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares both Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the foothills of the Alps with Switzerland.
English (Traducir este texto en Español): <br><center><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png/90px-Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png"></center><br><br><b>Baden-Württemberg</b> is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine—but one which has some of its major cities straddling the banks of the Neckar River (Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, Mannheim). It is third largest in both area and population among the country's sixteen states, with an area of 35,742 square kilometers (13,800.1 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants (both almost equivalent to all of Belgium). The state capital is Stuttgart.<br><br><b>Geography</b><br>The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Rhine valley. The high plateau Swabian Alb between Neckar, Black Forest and Danube is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares both Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the foothills of the Alps with Switzerland.
English (Traducir este texto en Español): &lt;br&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http:&#47;&#47;upload.wikimedia.org&#47;wikipedia&#47;commons&#47;thumb&#47;5&#47;5e&#47;Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&#47;90px-Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&quot;&gt;&lt;&#47;center&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Baden-Württemberg&lt;&#47;b&gt; is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine—but one which has some of its major cities straddling the banks of the Neckar River (Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, Mannheim). It is third largest in both area and population among the country's sixteen states, with an area of 35,742 square kilometers (13,800.1 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants (both almost equivalent to all of Belgium). The state capital is Stuttgart.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geography&lt;&#47;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Rhine valley. The high plateau Swabian Alb between Neckar, Black Forest and Danube is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares both Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the foothills of the Alps with Switzerland.
English (Traducir este texto en Español): &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;http:&amp;#47;&amp;#47;upload.wikimedia.org&amp;#47;wikipedia&amp;#47;commons&amp;#47;thumb&amp;#47;5&amp;#47;5e&amp;#47;Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;#47;90px-Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&amp;#47;center&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Baden-Württemberg&amp;lt;&amp;#47;b&amp;gt; is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine—but one which has some of its major cities straddling the banks of the Neckar River (Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, Mannheim). It is third largest in both area and population among the country's sixteen states, with an area of 35,742 square kilometers (13,800.1 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants (both almost equivalent to all of Belgium). The state capital is Stuttgart.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Geography&amp;lt;&amp;#47;b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Rhine valley. The high plateau Swabian Alb between Neckar, Black Forest and Danube is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares both Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the foothills of the Alps with Switzerland.
English (Traducir este texto en Español): &amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;center&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;img src=&amp;amp;quot;http:&amp;amp;#47;&amp;amp;#47;upload.wikimedia.org&amp;amp;#47;wikipedia&amp;amp;#47;commons&amp;amp;#47;thumb&amp;amp;#47;5&amp;amp;#47;5e&amp;amp;#47;Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;amp;#47;90px-Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;#47;center&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;b&amp;amp;gt;Baden-Württemberg&amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;#47;b&amp;amp;gt; is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine—but one which has some of its major cities straddling the banks of the Neckar River (Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, Mannheim). It is third largest in both area and population among the country's sixteen states, with an area of 35,742 square kilometers (13,800.1 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants (both almost equivalent to all of Belgium). The state capital is Stuttgart.&amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;b&amp;amp;gt;Geography&amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;#47;b&amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;gt;The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Rhine valley. The high plateau Swabian Alb between Neckar, Black Forest and Danube is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares both Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the foothills of the Alps with Switzerland.
English (Traducir este texto en Español): &amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;center&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;img src=&amp;amp;amp;quot;http:&amp;amp;amp;#47;&amp;amp;amp;#47;upload.wikimedia.org&amp;amp;amp;#47;wikipedia&amp;amp;amp;#47;commons&amp;amp;amp;#47;thumb&amp;amp;amp;#47;5&amp;amp;amp;#47;5e&amp;amp;amp;#47;Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;amp;amp;#47;90px-Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;#47;center&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;b&amp;amp;amp;gt;Baden-Württemberg&amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;#47;b&amp;amp;amp;gt; is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine—but one which has some of its major cities straddling the banks of the Neckar River (Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, Mannheim). It is third largest in both area and population among the country's sixteen states, with an area of 35,742 square kilometers (13,800.1 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants (both almost equivalent to all of Belgium). The state capital is Stuttgart.&amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;b&amp;amp;amp;gt;Geography&amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;#47;b&amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;gt;The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Rhine valley. The high plateau Swabian Alb between Neckar, Black Forest and Danube is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares both Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the foothills of the Alps with Switzerland.
English (Traducir este texto en Español): &amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;center&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img src=&amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;http:&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;upload.wikimedia.org&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;wikipedia&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;commons&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;thumb&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;5&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;5e&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;90px-Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;center&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;b&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;Baden-Württemberg&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;b&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine—but one which has some of its major cities straddling the banks of the Neckar River (Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, Mannheim). It is third largest in both area and population among the country's sixteen states, with an area of 35,742 square kilometers (13,800.1 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants (both almost equivalent to all of Belgium). The state capital is Stuttgart.&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;b&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;Geography&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;b&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Rhine valley. The high plateau Swabian Alb between Neckar, Black Forest and Danube is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares both Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the foothills of the Alps with Switzerland.
English (Traducir este texto en Español): &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;center&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;img src=&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;http:&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;upload.wikimedia.org&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;wikipedia&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;commons&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;thumb&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;5&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;5e&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;90px-Grosses_Landeswappen_Baden-Wuerttemberg.png&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;center&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;b&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;Baden-Württemberg&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;b&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine—but one which has some of its major cities straddling the banks of the Neckar River (Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, Mannheim). It is third largest in both area and population among the country's sixteen states, with an area of 35,742 square kilometers (13,800.1 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants (both almost equivalent to all of Belgium). The state capital is Stuttgart.&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;b&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;Geography&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#47;b&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Rhine valley. The high plateau Swabian Alb between Neckar, Black Forest and Danube is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares both Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the foothills of the Alps with Switzerland.
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Have you ever met someone with a really impressive, super-infectious attitude to life? Their optimistic and diligent mindset is admirable; they seem to be so confident in the outlook that life will turn out just fine.
That's what a winning attitude looks like.
Let's talk about ways to adopt a winning attitude so we can equip ourselves with the mental foundation needed to experience a happy, successful life.
Those with a winning mindset move only in one direction - forward. So to adopt a winning attitude, you cannot linger in the past. Winners have a powerful momentum, they just keep doing.
A winning attitude starts with eyes that are firmly fixed on the finish line or end goal. Head up, eyes forward. To develop a winning attitude, you can't spend most of your time thinking and ruminating on what went wrong in the past. Yes, you should learn, but you can't linger. You should spend most of your time thinking about future goals and plans and how you can keep moving forward. Every step brings you closer to your goal.
Break down the self-imposed barriers that are holding you down. Remember, you are only confined by the walls you build yourself.
We tend to knock ourselves down a lot with thoughts like "I can't" or "It probably won't work". But adopting a winning mindset means interrupting such pessimism with a burst of curiosity and openness. Challenge those negative thoughts with the question: "Why not?".
You'll soon realise that we often hold ourselves back without just cause. If you were to really investigate the situation, you would realise that there is no legitimate reason why you cannot be successful. The flimsy excuses will come to light as what they are.
We are often our own worst enemy. But with the question "Why not?", we make the switch to becoming the defenders of our grandest dreams.
"You shouldn't focus on why you can't do something, which is what most people do. You should focus on why perhaps you can, and be one of the exceptions."
I really love this quote. It thoroughly exudes a winning attitude. The concept is similar to the previous point about asking 'why not?'.
Here's the thing: If someone has done what you want to do before, then why are you so doubtful that you can too? If they are human and they have done it, is it really so out of your reach? Adopting a winning attitude means going into an activity or even aspiration with the thought that 'If they can do it, I can too." Yes, you can.
Here's the second thing: If someone has not done what you want to do before, why can't you do it, and set the record? A winning mindset doesn't focus on being in with the majority, a person with a winning mindset is really intrigued with the exceptions to the rule. If you think that way, you can do something very interesting and very different.
You can be an exception, and in that 2% (of whatever).
A winning attitude is still a realistic attitude. Be hopeful, but you shouldn't expect sunshine and roses 24/7. After all, there has to be a period of rain for growth to occur.
Part of adopting a winning attitude is accepting failure as a part of life. Those people you admire with a winning attitude are well acquainted with failure, not shielded from it.
In fact, accepting and embracing failure is a must, because if you never fail it means you're not doing much.
Expect times when no matter how hard you've tried, you still don't know the answer. Times when you have to do your research, when you have to ask for help, when you have to learn from the sum of the experience. Expect years of putting in hard work with no visible results. If you expect all of that, then you will be able to patiently endure until your reward eventually comes around.
Those who can be grateful for what they have will get more.
Practising gratitude results in abundant benefits in various aspects of life. Gratitude will make you happy, because it will help you realise how fortunate you are to a) be alive, b) to have experienced all the good things you have already experienced.
This is important because you need to be happy to truly have a winning attitude. Who wants to be grumpy anyway?
I find that gratitude has a tendency to open up a lot of unexpected doors. Your grateful mindset will attract you to like-minded people, and will make people feel comfortable around you. In that way, gratitude allows you to receive more blessings and opportunities, all the while giving you joy.
To adopt a winning attitude, you have to be careful of what you feed your mind and general consciousness.
You want to build up happy, confident energy, so stay away from negative influences that drain it.
Adopting a winning attitude is a process that can be sensitive, especially at the beginning when you've been used to thinking and acting quite differently. It requires that you limit contact with people who are sore losers or even jealous of those who are winning.
You will want to watch out for other people's own fear and uncertainty that often comes out as a lack of support - or worse - discouragement. It's called protecting yourself from negativity and it requires proactive effort, both in realising the things people might possibly say, but also how to ignore it.
Adopt a winning attitude by adopting life lessons that others pass on through books and interviews. Adopt a winning attitude by spending time with encouraging people in person. You absorb a lot through the thoughts and reflections that consume your consciousness from the moment you wake up to the moment you go to bed.
By strategically selecting these influences and reminding yourself of the importance of the end goal, you can and will adopt a winning attitude.
What do you do to help you adopt a winning attitude? Comment below!
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A New research from the New Climate Economy has found that investing in smart cities could generate savings of US$17 trillion by 2050, and could also reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 3.7 Gt CO2e per year by 2030, more than the current annual emissions of India.
With complementary national policies such as support for low-carbon innovation, reduced fossil fuel subsidies, and carbon pricing, the savings could be as high as US$22 trillion, the report said.
"The steps that cities take to shrink their carbon footprints also reduce their energy costs, improve public health, and help them attract new residents and businesses," said Michael R. Bloomberg, UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Cities and Climate Change. "This report can help accelerate the progress cities are making in all of these areas, by highlighting smart policies and encouraging cooperation through efforts like the Compact of Mayors."
"Better, more resilient models of urban development are particularly critical for rapidly urbanizing cities in the developing world," said Eduardo Paes, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro and Chair of C40 Cities. "Cities around the world are already leading the way in implementing sustainable and innovative urban solutions. By sharing and scaling-up these best practices through international collaboration, cities can save money and accelerate global climate action."
"Developing country cities have a major opportunity to lead the low-carbon future", said Parks Tau, Mayor of Johannesburg. "In Johannesburg, the Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transit and the highly competitive R1.5bn green bond both demonstrate a commitment to economic growth and investment rooted in resilient, sustainable urban development."
Nick Godfrey, head of Policy and Urban Development at the New Climate Economy and an author of the report, provided context for the report's analysis. "US$17 trillion in savings is actually a very conservative estimate," he said, "because it only looks at direct energy savings generated from investment, which are a small proportion of the wider social, economic, and environmental benefits of these investments."
The report also recommends that the international community should develop an integrated package of US$1 billion or more over five years to help accelerate and scale up low-carbon urban strategies in at least the world's largest 500 cities.
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Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is both highly controversial and widely misunderstood. Its negative aspects are emphasized while the benefits are largely ignored, especially by the mainstream media. As a natural product with a wide range of industrial and medical applications, it has been subject to a campaign of misinformation by big business and government who have a vested interest in its prohibition.
Q: What are the origins of hemp?
Native to Central Asia, hemp has been cultivated for over ten thousand years. The ancient Chinese called it "ma" and used it for making cordage, building materials, cloth and paper. High protein hemp seeds were used as food and in making hemp oil, which has been found to be richer in polyunsaturated fats than canola or soy. In India, hemp was believed to have been produced by the gods. The "Bhagavad Gita (IX:16) called it "the healing herb", and throughout the subcontinent it was a valuable medicine used to treat malaria, improve digestion, cure dysentery, increase mental power and heighten sexual potency. The Bible referred to hemp several times in the Old Testament. In Ezekiel 34:29, hemp (Kaneh) is called a "plant of reknown". Few remember that between the American Revolution and the Second World War, hemp was one of our country's most important agricultural crops. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp on their plantations and both encouraged its widespread cultivation. Benjamin Franklin started one of America's first paper mills with hemp, which allowed the colonies to have a free colonial press without having to import paper from England. The Declaration of Independence was drafted on hemp paper. Because hemp fiber is ten times stronger than cotton, it was traditionally made into twine, canvas and clothing. The sails for the USS Constitution, and nearly every other old sailing ship, were made of durable hemp fabric.
Q: How is hemp used?
Hemp can be used to make an astounding 25,000 different products. In addition to well-known products like rope, twine, nets, canvas bags and carpets, the fiber from hemp stalks can be used to make textiles for apparel, diapers, sheets, towels, tents, drapes, knapsacks and shoes. The first Levi's jeans were made of hemp fibers which are longer, stronger, more lustrous, absorbent and mildew resistant than cotton. The fibers and hurds (a pulp byproduct after the hemp fiber is removed from the plant) can make newsprint, cardboard and stationery. Hemp fibers will also strengthen and allow paper to be recycled indefinitely.
In addition to salad oil, margarine and food supplements, hempseed oil has been used to make paint, varnish, ink, fuel, plastic resin, solvents and lubricating oils. It can also be used to make soap, shampoo, bath gels and cosmetics. Hempseed is the world's second richest plant source of protein and is cheaper to cultivate than even soybeans. Hemp protein can be added to flour and animal feed instead of more expensive crops like soy and corn.
Hemp hurds can be used to manufacture cellophane, plastic, building materials, insulation, fiberboard, cement blocks and mortar, and can even be made into a fiberglass substitute.
A hearty plant with few natural enemies, hemp requires no pesticides or fertilizers. Since it takes only 100 days to grow, several crops can be planted a year or after other crops are harvested. the leftover stalks make excellent mulch. A variety of hemp used for industrial purposes contains only minute amounts of the psychoactive chemical THC that is usually associated with hemp cultivation.
Q: Where is hemp produced today?
While hemp cultivation has been prohibited in the United States since 1938 (except during WWII when the government strongly encouraged farmers to grow hemp), it is widely cultivated legally for industrial use in China, the world's largest producer of non-wood paper. Over 10,000 tons of hemp were harvested in France last year, primarily to make building materials and insulation. Romania, Hungary, Russia, Spain and Poland all grow and make products from hemp.
Q: Does hemp have medicinal value?
Until the development of aspirin and barbiturates, cannabis was an important drug in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was used to treat rheumatism, ulcers, asthma, insomnia, migraine and other health problems. Although information of its therapeutic value is ignored by the mainstream media, a growing number of physicians have investigated the medicinal values of hemp. The excellent book, Marihuana: the Forbidden Medicine, by Lester Grinspoon, M.D. and James B. Bakalar, discusses many of their findings. After numerous lawsuits on behalf of cancer patients, 35 states now permit hemp to be consumed primarily to counteract the nausea produced by cancer chemotherapy and AIDS drugs. Help has also been found to help improve the appetite of people with AIDS and to treat symptoms of glaucoma, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, pruritus (severe itching), depression and other mood disorders.
Q: But isn't hemp a dangerous hallucinogen?
Hemp has long been valued as a euphoric, uplifting and mind-expanding herb. A campaign organized by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and supported by the alcohol, tobacco, petrochemical and paper industries during the 1930s led the public to believe that hemp as addictive and caused "violent crimes (and) psychological and emotional degeneration." Despite a number of scientific studies (including one undertaken in New York City by the LaGuardia administration which found no proof that major crime was associated with marihuana or that it caused aggressive or anti-social behavior) it was declared a dangerous drug by the Federal Government and outlawed in 1937.
While the abuse of mind-altering substances can be harmful, especially while driving or operating machinery, there have been no studies that have proven that smoking hemp is either dangerous or addictive. A major study in Jamaica between 1968 and 1975, sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health (Vera Rubin and Lambros Comitas, Ganja in Jamaica: A Medical Anthropological Study of Chronic Marihuana Use: Anchor Books, NY, 1975), reported even regular smoking of ganja was "without deleterious social or psychological consequences" and found "no impairment of physiological, sensory and perceptual-motor performance, tests of concept formation, abstracting ability and cognitive style and tests of memory." The study also debunked the theory that hemp smoking leads the user to hard drugs like cocaine and heroin, since the use of hard drugs among working class Jamaicans is virtually unknown.
Q: How can hemp cultivation save trees and support the environment?
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 10,000 acres planted in hemp will yield as much paper as 40,000 acres planted in trees, and requires far less caustic chemicals in its manufacture than paper from wood pulp. Its potential use as an environmentally-friendly source of paper, including corrugated boxes, computer paper and stationery, as well as paperboard and particle board for furniture and housing construction, is enormous. Even if 1917 technology to process hemp into pulp were used today, hemp could replace about 70 percent of all wood pulp produced by paper mills.
Coal and petrochemicals originally received their energy from the sun millions of years ago and stored energy as the plants decayed. When burned, they release pollutants into the atmosphere. Biomass fuel, on the other hand, releases fewer pollutants and the fuel source spends the growing season removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Hemp is the world's champion photosynthesizer converting solar energy into biomass more efficiently than almost any other plant. Hemp has at least four times the biomass/cellulose potential of corn or kneaf. It can also compete economically with petroleum-based fuels, without depleting the ozone layer. During World War II, Henry Ford even developed a car that could run on hemp-based fuel.
Q: Why is the government so against the cultivation of hemp?
The alcohol, tobacco and petrochemical interests, as well as large paper companies with interests in forest products, helped influence the government to ban the cultivation and use of hemp in the 1930s. Timid politicians, who prefer to maintain the status quo, are disinclined to legalize hemp for fear of being branded drug advocates. However, shifting economics have renewed interest in hemp cultivation and products. By 1994, over 200 different companies imported hemp, and that year the Governor of Kentucky appointed a task force to study the feasibility of tobacco farmers growing hemp. In January of this year, the Hemp Production Act was introduced in the Colorado state legislature.
Q: What is the future of hemp?
Hemp is one of the most economical crops one can grow. If not outlawed by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs in the 1930s, many of the nation's family farms would be profitably growing hemp today. Because it grows in many climates and in most types of soil, it is perfectly suited for regional economics. In contrast to importation, local production of hemp would be inexpensive, and lead to the growth of local businesses.
As the public learn more about the value of hemp, there will be a greater demand for hemp products. Seek out additional sources of information and share it with friends, relatives and public officials. Support the use of hemp textiles, clothing and paper.
The Hempstead Company, 2060 Placentia Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA (714-650-8325).
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The PAX6 gene was first defined by homology to Drosophila gene paired as a member of the vertebrate paired box-containing (PAX) family. Located on chromosome 11p13, it encodes a 422-amino-acid transcription factor, occupying 14 exons in a 22 kb genomic region. PAX6 contains an amino terminal paired domain (PD), a glycine-rich hinge region (Gln/Gly), a homeodomain (HD) and a carboxy terminal Proline/Serine/Threonine (PST) rich transactivation domain. Pax6 is highly conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene; Pax6 (5a) isoform is made by alternatively splicing exon 5a; inclusion of this 14 amino acid coding region changes the binding activity of protein, and leads to different biological activities. The human peptide encoded by exon 5a differs by a single amino acid from the corresponding mouse and zebrafish peptides .
PAX6 is expressed in the developing eye, adult retina, lens and cornea, developing telencephalon, thalamus, pituitary, pineal, cerebellum, spinal cord and pancreas . It is best known for its role as a master regulator of eye development ; studies have also shown it plays substantial role in brain ; pancreatic and pituitary development . Though human and mouse Pax6 share exact amino acid sequence, Pax6 is shown to play different roles in brain development in two species; it functions as a master regulator of early specification of the neuroectoderm in human, but it is not expressed until later stages of neural stem cell development in mice .
As a transcription factor involved in different tissue developments, Pax6 regulates the expression of a wide range of molecules, including transcription factors, cell adhesion and signalling molecules, hormones and structural proteins . In turn, PAX6 expression is regulated by upstream transcription factors, and by its own expression . A wide range of upstream, intronic, and downstream enhancers have been identified that are important in spacio-temporal expression of Pax6 .
Mutations of PAX6 lead to eyeless in Drosophila , small eye in mouse , and aniridia in human . As inferred from PAX6 expression pattern, mutation of PAX6 also disrupt other cellular processes; it is associated with Gillepie syndrome , autosomal dominant keratitis, Peters anomaly , myopia , optic nerve malformations , and neural developmental anomalies .
Ensembl genome browser indicates there are 33 transcripts for Mouse Pax6, 24 of which are protein coding.
NCBI evidence viewer (new window)NCBI evidence viewer displays all RefSeq models, GenBank mRNAs, annotated known or potential transcripts associated with human PAX6 gene.
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During the last half of the nineteenth century, Lakota Sioux and their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies defended their homelands and natural resources against incursions by the federal government and European American settlers. Collectively known as the Sioux Wars, major engagements included the Grattan Massacre (1854), Fetterman Fight (1866), Battle of the Rosebud (1876), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), and the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890).
The first violent conflict in the Plains involving the Lakota Sioux and the federal government grew out of increased travel along the Oregon Trail. To protect overland travelers, the federal government built Fort Kearny in present-day Nebraska and purchased Fort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. Government agents also negotiated the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, which guaranteed the safe passage of emigrants in exchange for annuities and the recognition of tribal territories. Peace held until 1854 when a trivial event–the theft of an emigrant's cow by young Lakotas–led to the Grattan Massacre and subsequent army retaliations. On August 19, 1854, Lt. John Grattan led a detachment of twenty-nine men to recover the stolen cow from the village of Conquering Bear along the North Platte River. Misunderstandings and a belligerent Grattan sparked violence. When the shooting stopped, Grattan and all of his men lay dead; Conquering Bear was the lone Lakota casualty. Army retaliation was certain. The following summer, Col. William S. Harney destroyed a Sioux village at Ash Hollow (present-day Nebraska), killing more than 100 men, women, and children. Harney then pushed into Lakota territory, briefly occupying Fort Pierre (South Dakota) and finally establishing Fort Randall on the Missouri River. Harney's invasion of the Sioux homeland caused the Sioux to move away from the roads, soldiers, and forts and, in combination with the federal government's preoccupation with the Civil War (1861–65), led to almost ten years of relative peace.
Trouble flared again in 1865–67 when emigrants, in violation of the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie, moved along the Bozeman Trail to the Montana goldfields. This pathway cut through the heart of Plains Indian hunting grounds in the Powder River area. Persistent Lakota raids against settlers and soldiers along this route prompted the federal government to build Forts Reno, C. F. Smith, and Phil Kearny to protect emigrant travel. Despite the heavy military presence, Indian attacks continued, and in the second half of 1866 Lakotas led by Red Cloud and Crazy Horse battled federal troops. The most notorious engagement was the Fetterman Fight (December 21, 1866) near Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming Territory, where eighty men under Capt. William Fetterman were killed. Public cries for decisive action against the Sioux reached a fever pitch, but Congress voted to broker peace with the warring tribes. Red Cloud signed the Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), which guaranteed, among other things, abandonment of the Bozeman Trail forts and creation of a large reservation that included the Black Hills. After agreeing to this treaty, Red Cloud and many Lakota bands moved onto this Great Sioux Reservation, while Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Gall continued to resist encroachment on their lands. They openly rejected the treaty and continued to pursue their traditional life.
Hostilities erupted once again after an 1874 military expedition into the Black Hills confirmed rumors of gold. Gold seekers flooded into Paha Sapa (the Black Hills)–a clear violation of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty–forcing leaders such as Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull to defend Sioux territory. To avoid conflict, the federal government in 1875 offered to purchase the land from the Sioux. Overwhelmingly, the Sioux rejected this, and the government provoked a military showdown by issuing an ultimatum requiring all Sioux to report to an agency by January 31, 1876, or be considered hostile. The off-reservation people, now loosely allied under Sitting Bull, were scattered in the Powder River area (southeastern Montana and northwestern Wyoming) in small winter camps, and they largely ignored this arbitrary, impossible demand.
In May 1876 the army launched a threepronged campaign to force the Lakotas back onto the Great Sioux Reservation: Col. John Gibbon advanced eastward from Fort Ellis (Montana), Gen. George Crook moved north from Fort Laramie, and Gen. Alfred Terry (with George Custer) moved westward from Fort Abraham Lincoln (North Dakota). The military's campaign began to crumble when on June 17, 1876, the Sioux, led by Crazy Horse, routed and turned back Crook's command at the Battle of the Rosebud. On June 25.26, 1876, in the most famous fight of the offensive, Lt. Col. George Custer's Seventh Cavalry attacked an enormous Indian encampment on the Little Bighorn (Greasy Grass) River. Custer divided his command and attempted to strike the village from both ends but was quickly overwhelmed by superior numbers. Custer and 210 men in his immediate command (263 total) were killed.
After this victory, the Sioux and their allies fragmented into small bands and dispersed. The army initiated a winter campaign and relentlessly hunted down those bands that had not returned to their agencies. In May 1877, Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson, Nebraska; he was killed four months later, reportedly while trying to escape. Sitting Bull fled to Canada with as many as 2,000 followers. In retaliation for defeat at the Little Bighorn, Congress annexed the Black Hills from the Great Sioux Reservation on February 28, 1877.
Essentially, these events marked the end of the Sioux Wars and the start of the reservation era. After Sitting Bull returned to the United States in 1881, all Lakota Sioux bands lived on reservations and any hope of effective resistance was gone. The final conflict between the Sioux and the federal government–the Wounded Knee Massacre–was hardly a military confrontation. Militarily defeated, the Sioux readily adopted the Ghost Dance religion but with a more militaristic twist–some believed they would be impervious to bullets and most believed that if they danced and prayed with enough fervor the European Americans would be driven from the country. Their newfound focus caused great fear in the Plains, leading to a confrontation with federal troops. On December 29, 1890, while attempting to disarm a fleeing band of Lakotas, the Seventh Cavalry killed more than 250 Lakotas (mostly women and children) on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. This massacre marked the end of Sioux resistance and the last chapter in the Plains Indian Wars.
See also: IMAGES AND ICONS: Custer, George Armstrong / LAW: United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians / RELIGION: Ghost Dance.
Olson, James C. Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965.
Utley, Robert M. The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846–1890. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.
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This phrase means that someone agrees with and encourages others' opinions or behaviors.
You are my best friend, so you have to side with me.
I really wonder why Tom sided with her.
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For other uses of "World music", see World Music (disambiguation).
World music (also called global music or international music) is a musical category encompassing many different styles of music from around the globe, which includes many genres including some forms of Western music represented by folk music, Jazz, as well as selected forms of ethnic music, indigenous music, neotraditional music, and music where more than one cultural tradition, such as ethnic music and Western popular music, intermingle.
World music's inclusive nature and elasticity as a musical category may pose for some obstacles to a universal definition, but its ethic of interest in the culturally exotic is encapsulated in Roots magazine's description of the genre as "local music from out there". Millie Small released "My Boy Lollipop" in 1964, Small's version was big hit, reaching number 2 both in the UK Singles Chart and in the US Billboard Hot 100. In 1960s Miriam Makeba and Hugh Masekela got popular hits in USA. Ravi Shankar played sitar at Woodstock pop festival. They were examples of third world music.
In 70s Manu Dibango had funky hit "Soul Makossa"(1972) and Osibisa released "Sunshine Day"(1976). 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. It has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion, and worldbeat. Mory Kante had club hit in 1987.
The term has been credited to ethnomusicologist Robert E. Brown, who coined it in the early 1960s at Wesleyan University in Connecticut, where he developed undergraduate through the doctoral programs in the discipline. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia and began a world music concert series. The term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry. There are several conflicting definitions for world music. One is that it consists of "all the music in the world", though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless.
The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of non-Western music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music. It may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as "local music from out there", or "someone else's local music". It is a very nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture, including Western elements (examples noted in this section).
Music from around the world exerts wide cross-cultural influence as styles naturally influence one another, and in recent years world music has also been marketed as a successful genre in itself. Academic study of world music, as well as the musical genres and individual artists associated with it appear in such disciplines as anthropology, folkloristics, performance studies and ethnomusicology.
In the age of digital music production the increased availability of high-quality, ethnic music samples, sound bites and loops from every known region are commonly used in commercial music production, which has exposed a vast spectrum of indigenous music texture to developing, independent artists. These influences proliferate quickly in a web-based music industry that is now percolating as a much larger, predominantly self-promoted menu, via an increasing number of indie-artist-friendly, streaming Internet options, such as Last.fm, Rhapsody, Live365, Jango Artist Airplay and ReverbNation.
An amalgamation of roots music in the global, contemporary listening palette has become apparent, which weakens the role major entertainment labels can play in the cultural perception of genre boundaries. As a result, definitions of the genre have become particularly varied, and determined by particularly wide-ranging and varied opinions.
Similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. This is especially true in the context of world music, where branches of ethnically influenced pop trends are as genre-defined by consumer perception as they are by the music industry forums that govern the basis for categorical distinction. Academic scholars tend to agree that, in today's world of consumer music reviews and blogging, global music culture's public perception is what ultimately distils a prevailing basis for definition from genre ambiguity, regardless of how clearly a category has been outlined by corporate marketing forums and music journalism. The world music genre's gradual migration from a clear spectrum of roots music traditions to an extended list of hybrid subgenres is a good example of the motion genre boundaries can exhibit in a globalizing pop culture.
The classic, original definition of world music was in part created to instill a perceived authenticity and distinction between indigenous music traditions and those that eventually become diluted by pop culture, and the modern debate over how possible it is to maintain that perception in the richly diverse genre of world music is ongoing.
In a report on the 2014 globalFEST National Public Radio's Anastasia Tsioulcas said "Even within the "world music" community, nobody likes the term "world music." It smacks of all kinds of loaded issues, from cultural colonialism to questions about what's "authentic" and what isn't (and who might get to police such inquiries), and forces an incredible array of styles that don't have anything in common under the label of "exotic Other." What's more: I believe that in many people's imaginations, "world music" means a kind of fairly awful, gloppy, hippy-ish, worldbeat fusion. It's a problematic, horrible term that satisfies absolutely no one."
Examples of popular forms of world music include the various forms of non-European classical music (e.g. Japanese koto and Chinese guzheng music, Indian raga music, Tibetan chants), Eastern European folk music (e.g. the village music of the Balkans, The Mystery Of The Bulgarian Voices), Nordic folk music and the many forms of folk and tribal music of the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Central and South America, Latin music, and Indonesian music.
The Breton musician Alan Stivell pioneered the connection between traditional folk music, modern rock music and world music with his 1972 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp. At this time, Stivell's contemporary, Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens popularised Welsh folk music. Neo-traditional Welsh language music featuring a fusion of modern instruments and traditional instruments such as the Pibgorn and the Welsh harp has been further developed by artists such as Bob Delyn a'r Ebillion. Lebanese musical pioneer Lydia Canaan fused Middle-Eastern quarter notes and microtones with anglophone folk, and is listed in the catalog of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's Library and Archives as the first rock star of the Middle East.
More recently, other Welsh-language bands such as Calan and 9 Bach have achieved international acclaim. Experimental psychedelic rock group Super Furry Animals's Welsh-language album Mwng was released in May 2000 and re-released in May 2015, captures the spirit of World music as 'trying to hang on to something that's under serious threat from advanced capitalism'.
The broad category of world music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of ethnic music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. Over the 20th century, the invention of sound recording, low-cost international air travel and common access to global communication among artists and the general public has given rise to a related phenomenon called "crossover" music. Musicians from diverse cultures and locations could readily access recorded music from around the world, see and hear visiting musicians from other cultures and visit other countries to play their own music, creating a melting pot of stylistic influences. While communication technology allows greater access to obscure forms of music, the pressures of commercialization also present the risk of increasing musical homogeneity, the blurring of regional identities, and the gradual extinction of traditional local music-making practices.
Since the music industry established this term, the fuller scope of what an average music consumer defines as "world" music in today's market has grown to include various blends of ethnic music tradition, style and interpretation, and derivative world music genres have been coined to represent these hybrids, such as World fusion, Global fusion, Ethnic fusion or Worldbeat. Good examples of hybrid, world fusion are the Irish / West African meld of Afro Celt Sound System, the pan-cultural sound of AO Music and the jazz / Finnish folk music of Värttinä, each of which bear tinges of contemporary, Western influence—an increasingly noticeable element in the expansion genres of world music. World fusion / Worldbeat / Ethnic fusion / Global fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements of Western pop. Good examples are Paul Simon's album Graceland, on which South African Mbaqanga music is heard, Peter Gabriel's work with Pakistani Sufi singer, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, the Deep Forest project, in which vocal loops from West Africa are blended with Western, contemporary rhythmic textures and harmony structure, and the work of Mango, who combined pop and rock music with world elements.
More recent bands who exhibit experimentation with World music Hybrid Forms include Vampire Weekend, The Very Best, Island Cassettes & Yeasayer, many of which cite inspiration from the work of Paul Simon.
Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share the new-age music genre, which is a category that often includes Ambient music and textural expressions from indigenous roots sources. Good examples are Tibetan bowls, Tuvan throat singing, Gregorian chant or Native American flute music. World music blended with new-age music is a sound, loosely classified as the hybrid genre, ethnic fusion. Examples of ethnic fusion are Nicholas Gunn's "Face-to-Face" from Beyond Grand Canyon, featuring authentic Native American flute combined with synthesizers, and "Four Worlds" from The Music of the Grand Canyon, featuring spoken word from Razor Saltboy of the Navajo Indian Nation.
The subgenre world fusion is often mistakenly assumed to refer exclusively to a blending of Western jazz fusion elements with world music. Although such a hybrid expression falls easily into the world fusion category, the suffix "fusion" in the term world fusion should not be assumed to mean only jazz fusion. Western jazz combined with strong elements of world music is more accurately termed world fusion jazz, ethnic jazz or non-Western jazz. World fusion and global fusion are nearly synonymous with the genre term worldbeat, and though these are considered subgenres of popular music, they may also imply universal expressions of the more general term, world music. Throughout the 1970s and 80s, fusion in the jazz music genre implied a blending of jazz and rock music, which is where the misleading assumption is rooted.
Although it primarily describes traditional music, the world music category also includes popular music from non-Western urban communities (e.g. South African "township" music) and non-European music forms that have been influenced by other so-called third-world musics (e.g. Afro-Cuban music), although Western-style popular song sourced from non-English-speaking countries in Europe (e.g. French pop music) would not generally be considered world music.
Paris is one of the great European capitals for world music. For many years, the city has attracted numerous musicians from former colonies in West and North Africa. This scene is aided by the fact that there are many concerts and institutions that help to promote the music.
Algerian and Moroccan music have an important presence in the French capital. Hundreds of thousands of Algerian and Moroccan immigrants have settled in Paris, bringing the sounds of Amazigh (Berber), raï, and Gnawa music.
The West African community is also very large, integrated by people from Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, and Guinea.
One origin of the term was the initiation of Fête de la Musique ("World Music Day") in 1982 in France. World Music Day has been celebrated on 21 June every year since then. On 29 June 1987 a meeting of interested parties gathered to capitalize on the marketing of this genre. Arguably popular interest was sparked with the release in 1986 of Paul Simon's Graceland album. The concept behind the album was to express his own sensibilities using the sounds he had fallen in love with while listening to artists from Southern Africa, including Ladysmith Black Mambazo and Savuka. This project and the work of Peter Gabriel and Johnny Clegg among others had, to some degree, introduced non-Western music to a wider audience. They saw this as an opportunity. Zila Khan is one of today's leading singers in World Music.
Before 1987, world music had a following but it was still difficult for interested parties to sell their music to the larger music stores. Although specialist music stores had been important in developing the genre over many years, the record companies, broadcasters and journalists had been finding it difficult to build a following because the music, itself, seemed too scarce. However, they were aware that the jazz and classical markets had developed a crossover audience. They decided the best way forward would be a collective strategy to bring the music to a wider audience.
At around this time, Cultural Co-operation started the Music Village Festival. This regular series of free world music festivals continues to run.
[He] felt that the main problem in selling our kind of material lay with the UK retail outlets and, specifically, the fact that they did not know how to rack it coherently. This discouraged [the retail stores] from stocking the material in any depth and made it more difficult for the record buyers to become acquainted with our catalogs.
The first concern of the meetings was to select the umbrella name that this music would be listed under. Suggestions included "world beat" and prefixing words such as "hot" or "tropical" to existing genre titles. "World music" won after a show of hands, but initially it was not meant to be the title for a whole new genre—but just something the record labels could place on record sleeves to distinguish them during the forthcoming campaign. Afterward, they agreed that despite the publicity campaign, this wasn't an exclusive club—and that for the good of all, any label that sold this type of music could use the name.
Another issue was the distribution methods at the time. Most main labels were unhappy with the lack of specialist knowledge in their sales force, which led to poor service. Many larger outlets were reluctant to carry the music, because they favored larger releases they could promote within the store. It was difficult to justify a large presentation expense with limited stock going into stores.
One of the marketing strategies used in the vinyl market at the time was the use of browser cards, which would appear in the record racks. As part of the "world music" campaign, it was decided that these would be a two color affair designed to carry a special offer package; to aid the retailer a selection of labels would also be included, presumably for shelf or rack edging.
In an unprecedented move, all of the world music labels coordinated together and developed a compilation cassette for the cover of the music magazine NME. The overall running time was 90 minutes, each package containing a mini-catalog showing the other releases on offer.
By the time of a second meeting it became clear that a successful campaign required its own dedicated press officer. The press officer would be able to juggle various deadlines and sell the music as a concept—not just to national stations, but also regional DJs keen to expand their musical variety. DJs were a key resource as it was important to make "world music" important to people outside London—most regions after all had a similarly heritage to tap into. A cost-effective way of achieving all this would be a leafleting campaign.
The next step was to develop a world music chart, gathering together selling information from around fifty shops, so that it would finally be possible to see which were big sellers in the genre—so new listeners could see what was particularly popular. It was agreed that the NME could again be involved in printing the chart and also Music Week and the London listings magazine City Limits. It was also suggested that Andy Kershaw might be persuaded to do a run down of this chart on his show regularly.
In most wealthy industrialized countries, large amounts of immigration from other regions has been ongoing for many decades. This has introduced non-Western music to Western audiences not only as "exotic" imports, but also as local music played by fellow citizens. Caribbean music in the United Kingdom or Chicano rock in the United States would be two obvious examples. But the process is ongoing and continues to produce new forms. In the 2010s several musicians from immigrant communities in the West rose to global popularity, such as Haitian-American Wyclef Jean, Somali-Canadian K'naan, Tamil-Briton M.I.A., or Lebanese-Colombian Shakira, often blending the music of their heritage with hip-hop or pop. Cuban-born singer-songwriter Addys Mercedes started her international career from Germany mixing traditional elements of Son with pop.
The diverse nature of major Western cities has changed the pace of musical intermixing. Once, an established Western artist might collaborate with an established African artist to produce an album or two. Now, new bands and new genres are built from the ground up by young performers. For example, the Punjabi-Irish fusion band Delhi 2 Dublin is from neither India nor Ireland, but Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Country for Syria, an Istanbul based music collective, blends American Country music with the music of Syrian refugees and local Turkish music.
In Vancouver,[clarification needed] musicians and composers also work collectively to create original compositions for various combinations of ethnic and western instruments.
The World Music Month started in October 1987. It is a music festival held at the Town & Country Club in London, and it was the start of the winter season for both WOMAD and Arts Worldwide.
More and more international artists, many of whom are big stars in their own countries, are coming to England and North America on tour. They started off, like the Bhundu Boys, playing small clubs and pubs, but now many acts are so popular that they are filling larger venues.
Examples of radio shows that feature world music include World of Music on Voice of America, Transpacific Sound Paradise on WFMU, The Planet on Australia's ABC Radio National, DJ Edu presenting D.N.A: DestiNation Africa on BBC Radio 1Xtra, Adil Ray on the BBC Asian Network, Andy Kershaw's show on BBC Radio 3 and Charlie Gillett's show on the BBC World Service.
World music radio programs today often play African hip hop or reggae artists, crossover Bhangra and Latin American jazz groups, etc. Common media for world music include public radio, webcasting, the BBC, NPR, and the (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). By default, non-region-specific or multi-cultural world music projects are often listed under the generic category of world music.
The generally accepted geographic standard for what designates world music is withstanding criticism for its universal asymmetry, where nearly every classifiable region under the term is defined, relative to Western music culture; this is primarily due to the fact that dominant corporate structures for music distribution and promotion originate in Europe and North America, as do the forums for establishing industry genre categories. Therefore, in market context, "ethnic" music is synthetically defined by a radius that extends from a Western center.
Some musicians and curators of music have come to dislike the term "world music". To these critics, "world music" is a parochial, catch-all marketing term for non-Western music of all genres. In October 1999, Luaka Bop label founder and ex-Talking Heads frontman David Byrne wrote an "I Hate World Music" editorial in The New York Times explaining his objections to the term. Byrne argued that the labelling and categorization of other cultures as "exotic" serves to attract an insincere consumption and deter other potential consumers.
The BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music was an award given to world music artists between 2002 and 2008, sponsored by BBC Radio 3. The award was thought up by fRoots magazine's editor Ian Anderson, inspired by the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. Award categories included: Africa, Asia/Pacific, Americas, Europe, Mid East and North Africa, Newcomer, Culture Crossing, Club Global, Album of the Year, and Audience Award. Initial lists of nominees in each category were selected annually by a panel of several thousand industry experts. Shortlisted nominees were voted on by a twelve-member jury, which selected the winners in every category except for the Audience Award category. These jury members were appointed and presided over by the BBC. The annual awards ceremony was held at the BBC Proms and winners were given an award called a "Planet". In March 2009, the BBC made a decision to axe the BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music.
In response to the BBC's decision to end its awards program, the British world music magazine Songlines launched the Songlines Music Awards in 2009 "to recognise outstanding talent in world music".
The WOMEX Awards were introduced in 1999 to honor the high points of world music on an international level and to acknowledge musical excellence, social importance, commercial success, political impact and lifetime achievement. Every October at the WOMEX event, the award figurine—an ancient mother goddess statue dating back about 6000 years to the Neolithic age—is presented in an award ceremony to a worthy member of the world music community.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World music festivals.
The WOMAD Foundation organizes festivals in countries around the world.
The Globe to Globe World Music Festival takes place in the City of Kingston, Melbourne, for 2 days each year in January.
The Dhaka World Music Festival takes place in Dhaka.
Sfinks Festival in Boechout, Belgium is a 4-day world music festival.
Sunfest is an annual 4-day world music festival that happens in London, Ontario, primarily in Victoria Park that typically runs the weekend after Canada Day in early July. Sunfest is billed as Canada’s Premier Celebration of World Cultures.
Ethnoambient is a two- or three-day world music festival held every summer (started 1998) in Solin, a town in center part of Dalmatia, south part of Croatia.
The Festival de l'Inde takes place in Evian, Haute-Savoie.
The TFF Rudolstadt takes place annually on the first full July weekend in Rudolstadt, Thuringia, Germany.
Budapest Ritmo Festival takes place in Budapest, Hungary.
The Lakshminarayana Global Music Festival (LGMF) takes place annually during December–January, often across several major cities in India. The LGMF has also traveled to 22 countries.
Matasora World Music Festival held in Bandung, Java.
The Fajr International Music Festival is Iran's most prestigious Music Festival founded in 1986. The festival is affiliated with UNESCO and includes national and international competition sections. Since its establishment, many musicians from several countries like Austria, Germany, France participated in the event. The festival have enjoyed a strong presence of Asian countries as well.
The Ariano Folkfestival is a five-day world music festival held every summer in Ariano Irpino, a small town in southern Italy.
The World Music Festival Lo Sguardo di Ulisse was first held in 1997 in Campania, Italy.
OFFest is a five-day world music festival held every summer (started 2002) in Skopje.
Festival au Désert takes place every year at Essakane, near Timbuktu, in Mali, West Africa and has achieved international status in spite of the difficulties of reaching its location.
Mawazine is a festival of world music that takes place annually in Rabat, Morocco, featuring Arab and international music icons.
Festival in New Plymouth, New Zealand. Early March each year.
The Cross-Culture Warsaw Festival, Poland. September each year.
Brave Festival, Wrocław, Poland. July each year.
Ethno Port, Poznań, Poland. June each year.
Ethno Jazz Festival in Wrocław, Poland. Several events throughout the whole year.
Different Sounds (Inne brzmienia), Lublin, Poland. July each year.
Francophonic Festival in Warsaw, Poland. March each year.
Nowa Tradycja (New Tradition), Warsaw, Poland. May each year.
Siesta Festival, Gdańsk, Poland. First edition in April/May 2011.
Festival Músicas do Mundo, Sines, Setúbal District is a world music festival first held in 1998.
The Serbia World Music Festival is a three-day world music festival held every summer in Takovo, a small village in central Serbia.
Sweden , Green World Yoga & Sacred Music Festival, June this year at Skåne.
Konya Mystic Music Festival, held annually in Konya since 2004, in recent years in commemoration of Rumi's birthday. The festival features traditional music from around the world with a mystical theme, religious function and/or sacred content.
Fethiye World Music Festival. The Fethiye World Music Festival presents musicians from different countries of the world for concerts that will contribute to the city’s arts and culture.
Musicport World Music Festival held annually at The Spa Pavilion, Whitby, North Yorkshire.
Drum Camp established in 1996 is a unique world music festival. Each event takes you on a musical journey around the world, combining ancient rhythmic traditions with the most modern and cutting edge grooves and beats.
WOMAD Festival has been running annually since 1986 and is currently held at Charlton Park in Wiltshire.
FloydFest in Floyd, Virginia, United States, has featured artists from a wide diversity of styles.
The Finger Lakes GrassRoots Festival of Music and Dance in Trumansburg, New York, United States, has featured artists from a variety of world and ethnic music genres.
Stern Grove Festival is a San Francisco celebration of musical and cultural diversity, including symphony orchestras and operatic stars.
The Starwood Festival is a seven-day Neopagan, New Age, multi-cultural and world music festival that has been held in July every year since 1981 at various locations in the United States.
^ Tsioulcas, Anastasia (December 13, 2014). "Best Global Music Of 2014". NPR. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ Chris Nickson. The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to World Music. Grand Central Press, 2004. pp 1-2.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 367. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Erlmann, Veit (1996). "Aesthetics of the Global Imagination: Reflections on World Music in the 1990s". Public Culture. 8 (3). pp. 467–488.
^ Frith, Simon (2000). Born and Hesmondhalgh (ed.). "The Discourse of World Music". University of California Press.
^ a b c "World Fusion Music". worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14.
^ Williams, Jack. "Robert E. Brown brought world music to San Diego schools | The San Diego Union-Tribune". Signonsandiego.com. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
^ "World Music and Ethnomusicology". Ethnomusic.ucla.edu. 1991-09-23. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ "What Is World Music?". people.iup.edu. December 1994. Retrieved 2014-10-27.
^ Bohlman, Philip (2002). World Music: A Very Short Introduction, "Preface". ISBN 0-19-285429-1.
^ "New Perspectives in Ethnomusicology: A Critical Survey". Society of Ethnomusicology.
^ "Origins of World Music". BBC.
^ Tsioulcas, Anastasia (January 16, 2014). "What Makes globalFEST So Interesting?". NPR. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
^ Bruce Elder. All Music Guide, Renaissance of the Celtic harp. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
^ "3am Interview: FOLK MINORITY - AN INTERVIEW WITH MEIC STEVENS". www.3ammagazine.com.
^ "Library and Archives Subject File (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Records--Curatorial Affairs Division Records) - Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum - Library and Archives - Catalog". catalog.rockhall.com.
^ a b O'Connor, Tom. "Lydia Canaan One Step Closer to Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame", The Daily Star, Beirut, April 27, 2016.
^ Salhani, Justin. "Lydia Canaan: The Mideast’s First Rock Star", The Daily Star, Beirut, November 17, 2014.
^ Livingstone, David. "A Beautiful Life; Or, How a Local Girl Ended Up With a Recording Contract in the UK and Who Has Ambitions in the U.S.", Campus, No. 8, p. 2, Beirut, February 1997.
^ Ajouz, Wafik. "From Broumana to the Top Ten: Lydia Canaan, Lebanon's 'Angel' on the Road to Stardom", Cedar Wings, No. 28, p. 2, Beirut, July–August 1995.
^ Aschkar, Youmna. "New Hit For Lydia Canaan", Eco News, No. 77, p. 2, Beirut, January 20, 1997.
^ Denselow, Robin (8 May 2014). "9Bach: Tincian review – quietly intriguing Welsh outfit" – via The Guardian.
^ "BBC Wales - Music - Super Furry Animals - Mwng track by track". www.bbc.co.uk.
^ "Afro Celt Sound System". Allmusic.
^ "Minutes of Meeting Between the Various 'World Music' Record Companies and Interested Parties, Monday 29 June 1987". fRoots magazine. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
^ "Addys Mercedes - Addys Mercedes". www.addysmercedes.com.
^ "American country music with an Arabic twist". DailySabah. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
^ "bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/wmusic". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
^ Byrne, David (3 October 1999). "Crossing Music's Borders In Search Of Identity; 'I Hate World Music'". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ "Radio 3—Awards for World Music 2008". BBC. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ Donovan, Paul (2009-03-22). "Mystery of missing BBC music awards". London: The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
^ Dowell, Ben (2009-03-20). "BBC axes Radio 3 Awards for World Music". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
^ Magazine, Songlines. "Songlines - Music Awards - 2017 - winners". www.songlines.co.uk.
^ "Radio 3—WOMAD 2005". BBC. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
^ "Kingston City Council, Melbourne, Australia—Globe to Globe World Music Festival". Kingston.vic.gov.au. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ "Initiative Folk e.V". Folk-music.de. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
^ "LGMF". L Subramaniam Foundation. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
^ "Fajr International Music Festival". Retrieved 2015-09-09.
^ Festival in the Desert—Artist Detail Information; BBC Four, "Festival in the Desert 2004", 5 November 2004.
^ "Festival Mawazine". Festival Mawazine.
^ "Stołeczna Estrada—O projekcie". Estrada.com.pl. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ "Strona główna". Innebrzmienia.pl. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ "Nowa Tradycja 2013—XVI Festiwal Folkowy Polskiego Radia". .polskieradio.pl. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ "Green World Yoga & Sacred Music Festival". www.yogamela.se.
^ "Konya International Mystic Music Festival". www.mysticmusicfest.com.
^ "FETHIYE WORLD MUSIC FESTIVAL TURKEY WEB".
^ Krassner, Paul (2005). Life Among the Neopagans in The Nation, August 24, 2005. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Sorce Keller, Marcello (1996). "Of Minority Musics, Preservation, and Multiculturalism: Some Considerations". In Echo der Vielfalt: traditionelle Musik von Minderheiten/ethnischen Gruppen = Echoes of Diversity: Traditional Music of Ethnic Groups/Minorities, Schriften zur Volksmusik 16, edited by Ursula Hemetek and Emil H. Lubej, 41–47. Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3-205-98594-X. Reprinted in Sonus 18, no. 2 (Spring 1998): 33–41.
An Introduction to Music Studies, Chapter 6: Henry Stobart, ‘World Musics’.
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For coffee it is recommended to store it in the freezer.
for tea the freezer or the fridge is an absolute no.
Considering that both are derived from plants, why is freezer recommended for coffee but not for tea?
"Both are derived from plants" is leading you astray. Tea is made from leaves, so does not freeze particularly well, like many other aromatic leaves (coriander, basil, other leafy herbs) that aren't recommended for freezing.
Coffee, on the other hand, is made from beans, which are much less subject to damage from freezing. There's really not any reason why there should be any similarity between the two.
Finally, neither are recommended to keep in the fridge (mostly because of humidity) and coffee isn't particularly recommended to keep in the freezer; it would be more accurate to say that it can be done with less detriment than tea.
To keep coffee fresh, store it in an opaque, airtight container at room temperature. Storing coffee in the refrigerator or freezer for daily use can damage the coffee as warm, moist air condenses to the beans whenever the container is opened.
Here are some more reasons why it is not recommended to keep it in the freezer.
Coffee is porous. It is exactly this feature that allows us to use oils and syrups to flavour coffee beans for those who enjoy gourmet flavoured coffees. For this same reason, coffee can also absorb flavours and moisture from your freezer. The absorbed moisture will deteriorate the natural goodness of your coffee and your expensive gourmet coffee beans will taste like your freezer.
The coffee roasting process causes the beans to release their oils and essences in order to give the coffee its distinct flavour. This is the reason why your beans are shiny. These oils are more prominent on dark-roasted coffee and espresso beans and the reason why these coffees are so distinct in flavour. The process of freezing will break down these oils and destroy the natural coffee flavour. So unless you don't mind frozen-fish-flavoured coffee, you should avoid using the freezer to store your gourmet coffee beans at all costs.
It's not recommended, but it can be done to less detriment than tea would suffer. The reason it is worse with tea is covered in my first two paragraphs.
Both tea and whole bean coffee can be safely stored in the cabinet much like spices. However, once the coffee is ground, it starts to lose moisture, and therefore taste.
The Food network advises: "Store whole roasted beans in an airtight container in a cool, dry place for up to two weeks. For longer storage, freeze whole beans, freezer-wrapped, up to three months. Since room-temperature ground coffee begins to go stale within a couple of days after it's ground, it should be refrigerated in an airtight container and can be stored up to two weeks."
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged storage-method coffee tea or ask your own question.
What is the best way to store loose tea to maintain its freshness?
What are the consequences of infusing a tea bag longer than recommended?
Are electric kettles a good choice for tea?
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When potential clients ask me why they should build their website on Drupal instead of a different platform, my answer is simple.
Drupal offers more flexibility than any other content management system because of its ability to seamlessly integrate with application program interfaces (APIs) of cloud-based apps and third-party services. Integrations are what allow you to create a site built specifically for your organization’s needs. That being said, there are hundreds of integrations available to Drupal users. So how do you know what’s best for you? Your answers to these three questions should give you a pretty good idea.
Hopefully this is something you’ve already thought through, but if not, let’s talk through it right now. What is the goal of your website? What are you looking to accomplish with your integrations?
Let’s say you have a website and you’re trying to sell something online. Some businesses may opt for an e-commerce system that allows for the entire purchase process to be made online. In other cases, you may just want to provide information about your products or services and entice them to fill out a form or call for more information, initiating your sales process.
In the first instance, you’re looking to drive direct sales. You want people to hit the “buy now” button with their items in their shopping cart and their payment information included. In the second instance, though, you’re not interested in driving an immediate purchase; you’re looking for leads, since your product or service requires a more complicated sales process. The difference may seem slight, but how you work to accomplish each goal can be very different. And the integrations you’d opt for would also be different.
For an e-commerce site driving direct sales, for example, you might want to integrate your Drupal site with an e-commerce platform like Shopify or Magento that allows you to customize, create and manage an online store. When you’re more interested in your funnel and the sales process, on the other hand, a very strong integration with your CRM of choice, such as Salesforce, is important.
It’s important to note that the two are not mutually exclusive in any way. Just because you have e-commerce capabilities for immediate purchases doesn’t mean that you don’t want to track user activity in your CRM. What happens when a potential customer adds one of your products to the shopping cart but doesn’t click the “buy now” button? Conversely, just because you have products and services that require a more in-depth sales process doesn’t mean you don’t want to have an e-commerce component as well for more direct purchases.
At Duo, we did a project with Loyola Medicine Gottlieb Center for Fitness. Loyola’s staff members were great clients because they knew exactly what they wanted. One of their primary goals was to have a clean calendar tool that would enable them to maintain their pre-existing calendar while still displaying content to users in a concise and digestible way. This gave us clear direction, and we were able to meet their needs by integrating their website with Trumba, a third-party calendar tool that allowed them to highlight upcoming classes and events.
How complex of integrations do you need?
That last example was pretty straightforward. But what happens if you need multiple APIs or pieces of content integrated together? This is where Drupal really shines.
Take, for example, a project we completed with Bloomberg. The news organization was looking to build a social discussion platform about business. The content had to be curated and managed by users, and the community was going to focus on market-moving news from across the globe. To create this collaboration platform, we integrated eight applications — yes, eight — to give Bloomberg what it was looking for.
So many moving parts can be a nightmare to maintain, but in Drupal, the applications work seamlessly with one another, and the user has no idea of the back-end complexities.
Burnham Nationwide, a leader in permits for construction services, wanted to build an app that allows users to easily get permit and construction details about specified locations in Chicago, New York City or Los Angeles.
“Our goal is to make the permit and construction process seamless and to simplify it on all levels,” said Carson Kyhl, president of Burnham Nationwide.
The content the PermitMapper app required was already available through different cloud-based data sources, but it wasn’t consistent. Certain municipalities only listed the owner of a particular property, while others highlighted just the contractors involved; there were variations across the different available metadata.
Thanks to Drupal, we were able to set up the app in such a way that users are able to easily search across these different data sources and see all of the information available for that location. Now, whether you are an architect, a contractor, or just someone curious to know about a construction project down the street, you can use PermitMapper to find out everything you need about a building or construction site’s permits.
What makes PermitMapper even more powerful, though, is its integration with Burnham’s HubSpot account. Remember, Burnham wanted to drive visitors toward conversion. PermitMapper serves as a lead-generation tool because visitors are asked to give information such as their name and email to access the PermitMapper. This data feeds directly into Burnham’s HubSpot account, which also tracks user actions like CTA clicks, form submissions and more.
With hundreds of integrations at your disposal, the options of what to incorporate and how to customize your site are nearly limitless. That can be a problem, though. Integrating too many bells and whistles can become a distraction for the user, and ultimately serve as a disservice to you and your organization. Go back to your answer to the first question above: What are your goals?
What do you want the user to do? Do you have the resources to sustain something new? Sure, it would be great to add a fancy new tool that measures dozens of different metrics on your site where users can interact with one another and share ideas, but do these new metrics fit in with helping you meet your overall goals? Do they create an unacceptable signal-to-noise ratio? If so, it’s probably best to hold off, at least for right now.
At Duo, we worked on a project with West Communications, where we were asked to translate site content into six different languages. Initially, West wanted to create a complex solution for translating its content, but we explained that the proposed idea was going to be too detailed for the team to properly leverage moving forward. So, West said no.
Instead, we worked with West and Lingotek, a cloud-based translation service provider, to make the process as simple to manage as possible.
One thing that I’ve been impressed by about Drupal is its ability to grow with a business. If you aren’t sure how exactly you want to take advantage of integrations, you can start out small. We can add widgets on a page for you or add embed code so that you can easily begin to collect additional data about site usage and your users, and then you can build out new complexities over time.
As an aside, one of the biggest differences between widgets and integrations again comes down to flexibility. With widgets, or other embedded content, you don’t have as much freedom to have an impact on the user’s experience; you can often alter the widget’s color or size, but there tend to be few additional options. With integrations, we can create the experience for your user. Instead of having a simple form that you embed, for example, you could use Drupal to create a multi-step process that directly caters to the experience you want your user to have, presenting them with only the options that are most relevant to them.
The options are vast and the potential is powerful. How you take advantage of Drupal integrations is up to you — hopefully your answers to these three questions help.
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14-year-old Arrietty and the rest of the Clock family live in peaceful anonymity as they make their own home from items that they borrow from the house's human inhabitants. However, life changes for the Clocks when a human boy discovers Arrietty.
The fourth feature film from Studio Ghibli to not be directed by Hayao Miyazaki or studio co-founder Isao Takahata.
Continuity: Haru locks Shô's bedroom door while Shô is inside. Arietty enters through the window. Shô finds out the door is locked, so he escapes with Arietty out the window and re-enters the house via the adjacent room's window. Shô later returns to his bedroom (plausibly again via the other room) but he hasn't been seen taking any keys nor did he appear to have had the opportunity to take the keys, so the door should still be locked. When Haru and Sadako later go to the bedroom, they open the door without having to unlock it.
Shô: You came back. Wait, don't go.
Arietty: Please, leave us alone. I wanted to tell you that.
Shô: I want to talk to you.
I went into this film with very limited expectations. I'm not especially a fan of animated movies, and have only seen a small handful of anime productions. So it came as a very unexpected surprise to discover that I absolutely loved this movie. It just seemed to get everything pretty much right. The visual artistry was quite beautiful, with a great deal of invention in the scenes where the little Borrowers navigate through the wide expanses of the house they live underneath. The music was quite stunningly appropriate, with the lilting Celtic sound just perfect in tone for this melancholic story, with some lovely vocal work too. And these images and sounds were combined together into a simple narrative that had an enormous amount of heart to it. I felt a warm buzz long after leaving the theatre.
The Borrower Arrietty is a beautiful film. I cannot really find fault with it. So from this reviewer who has very limited knowledge of anime I give it a perfect ten.
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What is Class A, Class B, or Class C property?
A common question we receive from our investors is what do properties marketed as Class A, Class B and Class C mean, and why does it matter? To begin, investors, lenders and brokers have developed property classifications to make it easier to communicate amongst themselves about the quality and rating of a property quickly. For investors, property class is an important factor to consider because each class represents a different level of risk and return. Investors can use these differences about property class types to consider how each property fits within their strategy of investing, such as return objectives and amount of risk they are willing to accept in order to achieve those returns.
These properties represent the highest quality buildings in their market and area. They are generally newer properties built within the last 15 years with top amenities, high-income earning tenants and low vacancy rates. Class A buildings are well-located in the market and are typically professionally managed. Additionally, they typically demand the highest rent with little or no deferred maintenance issues.
These properties are one step down from Class A and are generally older, tend to have lower income tenants, and may or may not be professionally managed. Rental income is typically lower than Class A, and there may be some deferred maintenance issues. Mostly, these buildings are well-maintained and many investors see these as “value-add” investment opportunities because the properties can be upgraded to Class B+ or Class A through renovations and improvements to common areas. Buyers are generally able to acquire these properties at a higher CAP Rate than a comparable Class A property because these properties are viewed as riskier than Class A.
Class C properties are typically more than 20 years old and located in less than desirable locations. These properties are generally in need of renovation, such as updating the building infrastructure to bring it up-to-date. As a result, Class C buildings tend to have the lowest rental rates in a market with other Class A or Class B properties. Some Class C properties need significant reposting to get to steady cash flows for investors.
Class B and C properties tend to be bought and sold at higher CAP rates than Class A, as investors are paid for taking on the additional risk of an investing in an older property with lower income tenants, or a property in a lower income neighborhood.
The property class investors choose can have a great deal of influence on the stability of an investment over time, as well as its growth appreciation. For investors looking for capital preservation, Class A may be the right investment. For investors looking for capital appreciation, Class B and C may be better investments for that specific risk profile.
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0.932592 |
How was your month in books?
Mia, Frederik and Niklas Halling are a family. Frederik is the headmaster of a private school in Denmark, and Mia is a school teacher. Their son, Niklas is 17 years old.
While on vacation in Majorca, Spain, Frederik displays some unusual erratic behavior. Driving their rental car around winding unfamiliar roads at high speed, Mia screams for her husband to slow down, but he just keeps at it. During the same vacation he eventually falls from a wall and is hospitalized. Through a scan the doctor discovers that Frederik had a seizure which may have caused the fall, but it appears that a benign brain tumor is the reason for some of the crazy things that he has been doing. One thing is certain, Mia's life and her marriage as she knew it most likely will never be the same.
Doctors discover that the tumor is located in an area that affects personality, sexual inhibitions and even smell. He's quick to anger, lacks empathy and makes inappropriate comments to his 17-year old son's female friends. The doctor believes the tumor may have been causing his weird personality/behavior issues for some time and is recommending surgery.
If that isn't bad enough, after Frederik's surgery, Mia learns that her husband stole lots of money (millions of crowns) from the school where he worked. Was he cognizant of what he did or was the tumor to blame? Unable to cope with her husband's outlandish behavior, Mia joins a support group for others dealing with a brain-injured family member. It is there she meets Bernard, an attorney who may be able to help her with Frederik's legal mess, as well as allegations that she might have been aware of the embezzlement. Regardless of the outcome, the scandal labels the family as outcasts, and even though the couple has separated, Niklas and Mia must deal with the consequences of Frederik's actions.
Mia narrates the story through flashbacks as well as after the discovery of the tumor. She reveals what life for her and her son, living with a brain damaged individual. The author has created a thought provoking story that made me stop to think about what I might do in her situation. At first Mia researched every article that was to be found on brain injury, but afterward at times she seemed uncaring and perhaps even an unreliable narrator. I was puzzled and uncertain about this, but I couldn't fault her for the decisions she made either. Great character development, infused with medical detail, at times seriousness and other times humorous, You Disappear, would be a great selection for book clubs -- there is just so much to discuss.
While trying to prioritize my lengthy list of new books coming out in 2014, I decided to try a new feature on my blog. I'm hoping this idea will hopefully serve a few purposes: keep me focused on books I'd like to read, give a little PR to the authors (especially new authors) who worked so hard getting published, and to let other readers know about books that will be hitting the book stores soon (within the next 90 days).
Does this sound like a book you might add to your wish list?
After falling in love with Rachel Joyce's debut novel The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry, I was anxious to try PERFECT. The protagonist of this story is eleven-year old Byron Hemmings.
One foggy morning in the summer of 1972, Bryon's mother is driving him to school at Winston House, and something terrible happens. It's an event which deeply affects Bryron and yet for some reason his mother does not even seem to notice what has happened. Byron feels in some way to blame, as he was the one who distracted his mother by wanting her to look at his watch, believing time was going in reverse.
As weeks pass and no discussion takes place about what had occurred, Bryon is at a loss of what to do or how to bring up the subject with his mother. Is it possible that his mother, Diana, is not even aware of what has happened? Yet for some reason she seems to be changing before his very eyes. She takes up an unlikely friendship with the one woman she probably should be avoiding. Does she really realize what has happened and is this her way of dealing with her guilt? One thing is sure Bryon's "perfect" world as he knew if is shattered.
Bryon, an unpopular young boy, finds comfort discussing what has happened with his one friend James. Unfortunately, his friend James soon seems to be experiencing some troubles of his own. Anxiety, rituals and fear of other people soon separate the two boys as James is institutionalized.
Told in split narrative through Byron as a young boy and later James as a grown man, it is clear early on that their stories are somehow entwined. Diana was also a central character, a woman with much internal conflict. She was quite complex and interesting. Her husband Seymour, who played a small part, was a piece of work. The story was cleverly written and compelling yet very different from Rachel Joyce's debut novel. I loved the descriptions of the British countryside, but the details of James sad situation were especially difficult and was sad listen to at times.
Paul Rhys narrated the audio version and did a very good job.
"Waiting On" Wednesday is a weekly event, hosted by Jill at Breaking the Spine, that spotlights upcoming releases that we're eagerly anticipating. (I don't read a lot of short story collections, but this one sounds really good. I always enjoy hotels as settings for some reason.
Baby Bear won me over when I first saw the gorgeous cover, but this new children's book is so much more than just a pretty cover. The author is also the illustrator, and an individual who has been recognized for his talent as a winner of the Caldecott Honor and the Coretta Scott King Author and Illustrator Awards.
The story is about a very young bear who has lost his way and trying to get back to his home. He meet's several different animals along the way, each helps to build his confidence about his ability to find his way by trusting in himself. Very young children will enjoy the gorgeous illustrations, but may not understand the message, but older children (4-7) will benefit by both the visual as well as the message, in my opinion.
The wonderful illustrations of a gorgeous moon, loveable moose, lion, owl, bear, salmon and other creatures that baby bear meets along his journey are so precious, and who doesn't love a happy ending.
A must buy for every library and a wonderful addition to your child's collection as well.
Every Tuesday I host First Chapter First Paragraph Tuesday Intros, where I share the first paragraph or (a few) of a book I am reading or thinking about reading soon. Care to join us? Today's pick is a book that released last month and I just picked up from the library.
"A few minutes after two in the morning Rebecca Winter woke to the sound of a gunshot and sat up in bed.
Well, to be completely accurate, she had no idea what time it was. When she had moved to the ramshackle cottage in a hollow halfway up the mountain, it had taken her two days to realize that there was a worrisome soft spot in the kitchen floor, a loose step out to the backyard, and not one electrical outlet in the entire bedroom. She stood, turning in a circle, her old alarm clock in her hand trailing its useless tail of a cord, as though, like some magic spell, a few rotations and some muttered curses would lead to a place to plug it in. Like much of what constituted Rebecca's life at that moment, the clock had been with her far past the time when it was current or useful."
Initially I thought that, Me Before You, was probably not my kind of book as it's been called a romance by some, but after so many positive reviews, I decided to give it a try. I'm happy to say that the audio version was wonderful and I was quickly sucked in by the story.
It' an unconventional British girl meets boy story. The girl is 27 year old Louisa (Lou) Clark. Lou still lives at home in tight quarters with her working class parents and a sister and her young son. The family counts on Lou to bring home a paycheck to help pay the bills. Having lost her job at a coffee shop she agrees to take a (6) month position caring for a wheelchair bound, wealthy 30-something young man named Will Traynor. It isn't later until she learns the reason she was hired for just a (6) month assignment. She immediately hates the job and wants to quit.
Will's family is extremely wealthy, and Will once had a powerful job in the banking industry and the life many could only dream of, until a motorcycle accident ended his life "as he knew it". He is now a quadriplegic. Things get off to a rocky start for Lou and Will, but they eventually find some common ground and begin to understand each other and even look forward to seeing each other. Lou has some emotionally painful baggage she has been dealing with as well.
I don't want to say too much more, because this is just one of those stories you MUST experience for yourself. The writing style is amazing and there is some controversial subject matter which is just so well done. The writing tone is at times serious, other times witty or laugh out loud funny, you may even find yourself tearing up a bit. I loved the characters, Louisa is both quirky and so sympathetic and found myself cheering for her all the way. Will takes some time to warm up to, he's resentful of his situation and often angry at life and all he has been robbed of. He is a good listener though and has a big heart as well.
This is one of those stories that is not to be missed. Read it -- you'll be so glad that you did.
On Wednesday of this week I went to work with a completely clean car and when I left work at 4p.m., this is what my car looked like. That added to our (2) week total of about 28" of snow!
This second photo is the side of our driveway -- just no place for them to plow more snow, but Wednesday's forecast is more snow:) On a positive note we enjoyed (2) days of 50 degree sunshine, so some melting occurred.
Aren't all of you 80 degree weather people jealous?
Freckles had his annual check up on Friday along with our other male cat Buddy. While Buddy was a purrfect patient, and appears very healthy for 13 according to the vet, he had an unexplained weigh loss of almost a pound so we have to weigh him weekly. Freckles, age 12 - on the other hand was an awful patient. He has hissed at the vet and vet tech in the past, but this year, he wanted a piece of their flesh....embarrassing. All they were able to do was weigh him (he gained 3 ounces) since last year and give him a rabies shot. So we're shipping him back to Vera Bradley:) He is a gentle giant in his element, but the dreaded crate brings out the worst in him.
I got (3) new books in the mail this past week, and all sound really good. Especially anxious to try the audios (Thank you Random House).
Wishing everyone a stress free week.
Jacqueline is a twenty-for year old Liberian woman who is living alone in a cave on the Greek island of Santorini. How did she get there and why is she homeless, starving and wandering the beach by day?
Trying to survive and earn money for food, she offers massages to tourists. Initially, she trusts no one, keeping to herself. Gradually she shares some of her story with a local waitress who befriends her. This along with her flashbacks and memories of conversations she had with her family, especially her mother, give the reader insight to her haunting past. Once a young woman who once led a privileged life, only to have all that was precious to her disappear after the horrible conflict in Liberia under the rule of Charles Taylor.
The writing is beautiful and the way this story flows is very different. I really enjoyed this novel, but most of all it was Jacqueline’s struggle to survive that held me captive. The story is painful to read at times, yet worth the effort.
A beautiful young woman appears fully dressed in an overflowing bathtub at the Frangipani Hotel in Hanoi. A jaded teenage girl in Houston befriends an older Vietnamese gentleman she discovers naked behind a dumpster. A trucker in Saigon is asked to drive a dying young man home to his village. A plump Vietnamese-American teenager is sent to her elderly grandmother in Ho Chi Minh City to lose weight, only to be lured out of the house by the wafting aroma of freshly baked bread. In these evocative and always surprising stories, the supernatural coexists with the mundane lives of characters who struggle against the burdens of the past.
Based on traditional Vietnamese folk tales told to Kupersmith by her grandmother, these fantastical, chilling, and thoroughly contemporary stories are a boldly original exploration of Vietnamese culture, addressing both the immigrant experience and the lives of those who remained behind. Lurking in the background of them all is a larger ghost—that of the Vietnam War, whose legacy continues to haunt us.
Violet Kupersmith’s voice is an exciting addition to the landscape of American fiction. With tremendous depth and range, her stories transcend their genre to make a wholly original statement about the postwar experience.
Every Tuesday I host First Chapter First Paragraph Tuesday Intros, where I share the first paragraph or (a few) of a book I am reading or thinking about reading soon. Care to join us? Today's pick is a book that released in 2013.
"On an April day in 1970, when most of his fellow architecture students were taking their spring break, Frank Joyner drew a Gillette razor blade across his left wrist with one express purpose in mind: he wanted to see if, when the blood appeared, he was willing to let it flow, or if, in fact, he wanted to live. On hand he had a stack of gauze pads, an Ace bandage, a leather belt he'd tested on his forearm and then punched a new hole in that could serve as a tourniquet. In an anatomy book he'd checked out of the library, he'd read that the veins running down his wrist would yield, if cut, a dark blood, which would only ooze out, and that gauze pressed down beneath the Ace bandage would be sufficient to stop it. Flanking the veins and deeper set, were the radial and ulnar arteries, and these would yield a bright red blood in a pulsating flow, which would take a tourniquet, in addition to the gauze and bandage, to stop. The arteries brought blood from the heart, oxygenated to that brighter red as it passed through the lungs; after its long, wearing trip through the body, the veins brought the blood back."
In last week's Sunday Blatherings, I was telling you how after 10" of snow on Wed, Feb 5th I was anxious for spring. Well, no so fast......Thursday, work was canceled again (something that almost never happens) because this week we were graced cursed with 11" of snow on Thursday and 3" more yesterday. yes, no work is always a treat, but not being able to walk outdoors in several weeks has not been fun.
We amused of cats by filling some pine cones with peanut butter, birdseed and nuts. The birds were so happy, but it also attracted masses of black starlings who scared the tiny birds away at times ugh .....(but guess they were hungry as well).
I'm still all good with being housebound because of snow (although I did leave the house to run errands yesterday). Spent several days organizing recipes, baking, reading, watching movies: The Juror (very good) and Silver Linings Playbook (third time - love that movie) and The Pursuit of Happyness (another favorite).
New Books -- This week, I received several new books in the mail, and can't decide which I'll be reading first....have you read any of these yet?
Stay warm all of you in cold and snow country!
Ordinary Grace is a novel that has been getting a lot of buzz, and since I tend to enjoy coming of age stories, I decided to give this one a try. The story is narrated by Frank Drum, looking back at his youth in Bremen, Minnesota, in particular the summer of 1961 when Frank was just thirteen years old son.
Frank is the middle child, his older sister Ariel is eighteen and a talented pianist. She has a promising future in store, having been accepted at Julliard School of Music. Younger brother Jake, is eleven and suffers bullying and humiliation for his stuttering, an affliction which only seems to surface when he is outside of his home. Their father is a Methodist minister in town and their mother Ruth is unhappy in her role as the wife of a minister. Ruth is a woman who was a talented musician and thought she would be marrying a lawyer, but war changes people, and after Nathan returned from the war, he felt a calling toward religious life instead. His wife doesn't share a strong faith in God to do the right thing, especially when time and again bad things happen in life.
In this normally quiet town four deaths occur in that summer of 1961, the first one involving a developmentally disabled young boy along the train tracks, and shortly after, in the same area, a homeless man is also found dead. Two more deaths/murders follow and one in particular, changes this family forever.
Part mystery, part coming of age story, this was an enjoyable story that held my interest until the very end. The characters were compelling, and the writing good, but I had an issue with the way Frank always seemed to be in just the right place to overhear critical conversations, yet I do understand with a story like this, that device might have been needed to move the story a long. Despite this minor issue, Ordinary Grace is a worthwhile read. The audio book was read by, Rich Orlow, who did a great job.
Mitch Albom's latest novel, First Phone Call From Heaven had an interesting premise, just the idea of a loved one communicating with us from heaven gave me a warm and fuzzy feeling. The truth is I started this audio book in January but was having a hard time with it so I took a few weeks off from it and then tried again. This time I did finish, but found it to be a struggle. I read Tuesdays With Morrie (loved that NF story), but this work of fiction just didn't work for me. The audio version was read by the author and I thought he did an okay job.
For those who haven't read this one, several residents of a small town in Michigan begin receiving phone calls from relatives who have passed on, and soon a media circus follows. Why were certain people chosen to receive the calls, and are they real or some sort of a cruel hoax? The calls are brief, lasting only a few minutes, and they seem to come on the same day of the week. One non-believer, Sullivan (Sully) Harding, an ex-navy pilot is struggling with his own demons. His wife died in a car crash on the day he crashed a plane. He blames himself for his wife's death, which left him with a young son who misses his mom deeply. He's determined to find out where the calls are coming from and prove this is all a hoax.
Although some of the characters in the story were somewhat interesting, the story is dialogue driven which made the flow seem awkward and sentences short and choppy. Based on the subject matter, I was hoping for a story that would pull at the heartstrings, but that just didn't happen. There was also some history about Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone patent, which I found to be mostly annoying. Unfortunately, I can't recommend this one.
In Richard Montanari's chilling new suspense novel, a sealed-off network of secret passages connects all of Philadelphia to the killer hidden within.
Luther Wade grew up in Cold River, a warehouse for the criminally insane. Two decades ago the hospital closed it doors forever, but Luther never left. He wanders the catacombs beneath the city, channeling the violent dreams of Eduard Kross, Europe's most prolific serial killer of the 20th century.
A two-year-old girl is found wandering the streets of Philadelphia in the middle of the night by detectives Kevin Byrne and Jessica Balzano. She does not speak, but she may hold the key to solving a string of murders committed in and around Priory Park.
As the detectives investigate, more bodies are found at Priory Park, and they're drawn closer and closer to the doors of Luther's devious maze and the dark secrets of Cold River.
Jacqueline hadn't eaten since the flattened chocolate bar she found on the step outside the pharmacy.
God's will, her mother had said.
The fortune of finding food when it was most needed. Just when she didn't think she could stay upright any longer, here was food.
How's everyone doing today? Remember how I told you how much I enjoyed being housebound Wednesday (no work and 10" of snow)? Well, I'm pretty much over that feeling and ready for Spring! Friday was my husband's birthday and he got so many phone calls and cards, more than ever before. He said he wonders if people think he is just so old that maybe he won't make it to the next birthday:0 Seriously, it was a special day and we started celebrating with last Sunday's family brunch, a homemade cake by me on Friday as well as a dinner out at a favorite restaurant.
I received several new books over the last (2) weeks. One in particular was a book, The Science of Skinny, was one that one of my friends that I've know way back from high school has raved about. I haven't read it yet, but it pretty much entails purging your pantry and freezer of ALL processed foods, and how sugar feeds cancer. Scary stuff but worth a look.
Have a great Sunday all.
In the mid-90’s in the tiny mill town of Titan Falls, New Hampshire, located on the banks of the polluted Androscoggin River, there were pretty much two kinds of people – “the haves and the have-nots.” The, “haves” were the McAllister family who had run town’s paper mill operation for several generations. Like many other mills, with tougher environmental regulations and higher operating costs in general, the mill is struggling to stay afloat.
The McAllister family consists of Cal, who runs the mill and frequently cheats on his wife, June, Smith College educated, somewhat unhappy with her life in Titan Falls and her husband Cal’s ’s indiscretions, June busies herself with her appearance, sewing groups, and protecting her son Nate and her family’s reputation.
The “have-nots” of this story are the Snows, an orphaned set of siblings who have just come into town to park their run-down RV on a plot of land that has been in their family. There is some unsettling history with their ancestors who once resided there. Gert Snow was a woman who died under suspicious circumstances in the town. The siblings, Mercy Snow, older brother Zeke and smart as whip 9-year old sister Hannah are dirt-poor. With almost no money, Zeke even hunts for food while Mercy tries to find work tending the sheep of a townswoman named Hazel.
Hazel, who had been an orphan herself, gives Mercy a chance and sees that she is excellent with her flock. Hazel's husband Abel is in a coma and fighting for his life. Abel was driving a school bus that was driven off the road and killed a local girl. After the crash officials are quick to blame Zeke as the one who caused the accident. His feisty sister Mercy is driven to prove he was not to blame, but she has her job made tougher by June McAllister and her determination to send the Snow’s on their way.
This was a quick and enjoyable read for me. It’s part mystery and there were interesting revelations along the way that held my interest and kept me quickly turning the pages. Except for son Nate, I thought that the McAllister’s were a despicable couple. I loved spunky little sister Hannah, and her love of books and reading, even if she did take the books from public libraries in various locales. Mercy Snow was a strong character who deserved to have the novel named after her. I cheered for her again and again.
The audio version is read by Christine Lakin who did a great job.
Although, I enjoyed Mercy Snow, the author’s debut novel, The Little Giant of Aberdeen County, still remains a favorite of mine.
Palisades Park in New Jersey is the back drop for what will be a trip down memory lane for some readers. The story begins back in 1922 and spans some 50 years. The story follows the Stopka family, Eddie, his wife Adele, daughter Antoinette (Toni) and son Jack.
Eddie Stopka was just a young child in 1922 when he experienced Palisades amusement park for the first time. The sights, the smells, the salt-water pool and performers. For Eddie, these were memories which would last a lifetime. As a teen Eddie runs away from home, fleeing his abusive stepfather, but he returns to NJ and finds work at the amusement park, a place that brought him so much happiness as a child. He meets his wife Adele at Palisades, buys a concession stand that the two of them operate, and the couple have two children who are also raised with "Palisades" being a part of their inner being. Little Toni is a tomboy and a daredevil, she's also a dreamer who is determined to do anything she sets he mind to even when people tell her something can't be done. One of her dreams is to be a high diver. Her brother Jack is more reserved.
Over the course of the novel, and it's a long one, a lot of things happen: marriage, births, the Great Depression, wars, a fire at the park, and even racial unrest. Each of these events affects the Stopa family in some way. This isn't a novel with a lot of action, but it is a good story with well developed characters that I grew to care about. I enjoyed the interesting details about the park's history and about carnival life, but most of all I was just happy to feel like I really got to know the Stopka family.
Alan Brennert is a fine writer, one of his earlier novels, Moloka'i (2003) will long remain a favorite piece of literary fiction for me.
The audio book was read by Mark McCarthy, and was very well done. As a side note, Palisades Park, shut down completely on September 12, 1971 to make room for high rise condominiums.
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How would you like to know how to seize control of clutter and stay organized for years to come?
Disorganization is defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary as “a state in which everything is out of order”.
When a person is disorganized, he often spends twice or thrice as much time looking for things that should otherwise be easy to find.
He’ll also feels periodically overwhelmed by the bourgeoning amount of clutter that he has to contend with on a daily basis.
Adults and children have different tolerance levels for clutter. Young children often don’t realize that there’s clutter in front of them unless an adult points it out. This is due to their age and their cognitive maturity.
Some adults who live in perpetual clutter claim that disorganization don’t bother them at all. Unless a person is suffering from conditions like compulsive hoarding, clutter is a major stressor that can cause substantial grief and stress to a family.
Not everyone is an expert at staying organized, but some individuals need more help than others.
To gauge your organization skills, I’ve created a short list of items that you must grade from 0-3, with 0 being “no that’s not me” and 3 being “yes, this is exactly me!”. 1’s and 2’s represent the middle range (“this is sometimes true”).
You find it difficult to find things at home because of the volume of stuff you have and how they are arranged/stored inside your house.
When you open a drawer to look for something, it takes you more than 10 minutes to find what you need because of the clutter.
You find it difficult to come early or on time for scheduled events and appointments.
Procrastination is your middle name.
Family members, close friends or even colleagues are telling you to do something about the clutter you make at home or at work. You feel bad most of the time, but you feel that it’s hopeless or not worth your time.
You are chronically stressed by clutter at home and wished it would just go away.
You have a tendency to buy 2 or more copies of the same item so you wouldn’t have to spend time looking for the ones you misplaced.
You don’t normally use lists because you think they don’t work.
You often think that it’s going to take too much time to fix your clutter, so you let the clutter be.
Each person has a certain degree of disorganization.
However, if the disorganization is already causing chronic stress then you have to do something about it right away. If you answered more than 3 items on the list with a 3, you need to step up your game and start remedying your clutter issues. This current series will help you achieve that.
If you find yourself making these excuses every single time you want to get organized, you’re only making things more complicated because you’re actually allowing the disorganization to continue.
You need to stop rationalizing your old habits if you want to make any progress in getting organized. If you allow yourself to hold on to really old and nonfunctional items now, there’s no way you can guarantee yourself a clutter-free future.
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How is the flow cell related to sensitivity of detection?
Your question is rather broad. In general, if the light path through the flow cell is longer, the sensitivity (i.e. the capability to detect something at low concentration) will be greater. I hope that this helps.
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Ali ibn Abu Talib was a man who was a bit below average height, with a dark complexion, and large, dark eyes. He had a thick, wide beard on his handsome face; his teeth would appear when he smiled. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) nicknamed him "Abu Turab" (Father of the Soil); in addition to this, he had other nicknames such as "al-Murtadha" and "Asad- Allah al-Galib". Since he did not worship idols when he was a child, he would later be called, "Karram-Allah wajhah".
Virtually all sources - Sunni and Shiite alike - are in agreement that Ali had the highest status among Muslims in the era of the expansion of Islam in terms of moral and intellectual properties such as knowledge, wisdom, taqwa ("God-consciousness" or piety), sincerity, altruism, compassion, bravery and heroism, as well as being one of those who knew the Quran and the sunnah (practices of the Prophet) of the Prophet Muhammad best at that time. On the other hand, Ali was also an important figure in Islamic mysticism (tasawwuf - Sufism); for this reason, he has been respected and given a special place in Sufi literature, particularly in Turkish cultural history. In spite of all this, it is relatively difficult to know this historical figure and personality, his characteristics and his virtues well; there are many different (and conflicting) narratives about some of his activities, as well as about the speeches attributed to him and his literary writings and poems. It is certain, however, that he was a devout Muslim and faithful to the Quran and the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad, and that he wished to distance himself from worldly affairs; he was an idealist and a God-conscious believer who was very sensitive and compassionate. He was so compassionate that he shed many tears over the unfortunate events in Islamic history, such as the battles of Jamal, Siffin and Nahrawan, and he prayed to God for the salvation of his opponents.
However, the Shiite world has sometimes not found such qualities adequate, although they are recognized and celebrated by the Islamic community in general; they have insisted on attributing to him the title of Imamat (leadership), which constitutes the most important and essential element of the emergence of the Shiite as a separate group within the Muslims. Some also make use of the many legends, or sometimes even hadiths - most of which are not compatible with the principal teachings of the Quran or the Sunnah. According to some, Ali ibn Abu Talib was appointed by Prophet Muhammad himself on the command of Allah to be the leader (imam) and caliph of the Muslim community (ummah), and starting from the early years of his prophethood, Prophet Muhammad had many times either indicated or implied this to his followers. However, this idea, which is shared by many Shiites, is not only incompatible with the general principles of and legal reasoning in Islam, at the same time it goes against the view of the greater majority of the Islamic ummah, as well as historical facts.
Ali ibn Abu Talib is reported to have been born in Mecca twenty-two years before the Hijra (emigration to Medina in 622 AD). His father - who was the uncle of Prophet Muhammad - was Abu Talib, and his mother's name was Fatima bint Asad ibn Hashim. He was the youngest son of Abu Talib. When he was five years old, there was a famine in and around Mecca, and Prophet Muhammad took him under his custody in order to ease the burden on Ali's father; thus, he was raised by the Prophet until they migrated to the city of Medina. Ali was also one of the first to choose the Islamic faith and the message brought by Prophet Muhammad. It is a matter of debate between the Sunnis and the Shiites whether he became Muslim immediately after the wife of Prophet Muhammad, Khadijah, or at the same time as her, or after both Khadijah and Abu Bakr. There are reports that claim that at that time he was nine years old, while others state he was ten or eleven. In this case, it is more likely that he entered Islam after Khadijah, and was the first among the children to enter Islam. He was also most likely to have been the first to pray together with Prophet Muhammad. There is not much information about his life in the pre-Hijrah period. However, in the Shiite sources, which are full of legends and doubtful narratives, his life story is told in minute detail, including his childhood, which was full of miraculous deeds.
When Prophet Muhammad decided to leave Mecca and migrate to Medina as a result of the intensified pressure and torture of the idol-worshippers in Mecca, who were even preparing to assassinate the Prophet, he left Ali ibn Abu Talib in his place in Mecca so that he would divert the enemies and hide the fact that the Prophet had left. After the Prophet had left Ali stayed in the Prophet's bed at night to give the impression that he was still there. Later, he delivered the things that had been entrusted to the Prophet back to their owners, and then on the order of the Prophet, he himself left Mecca (together with Fatima, the Prophet's daughter, and another Fatima, his mother) for Medina, and caught up with Prophet Muhammad, near Kuba. Five months after the Hijrah, when Prophet Muhammad had established the muakhat (brotherhood) among his followers (in order to establish solidarity and close contacts between the ansar - the Muslims of Medina - and muhajirun - the Muslims of Mecca - the immigrant Muslims), he chose Ali as his ‘brother'; he allowed him to marry his daughter Fatima in the last month of the second year of the Hijrah. With Fatima, Ali had three sons and two daughters: Hasan, Hussein and the stillborn Muhsin; the girls were Zaynab and Umm Qulthum. Until Fatima died, Ali did not marry anyone else; after her death, however, he married several times and had many children.
Ali participated in virtually all gazahs (the expeditions or battles in which Prophet Muhammad personally participated) and siryas (battles which Prophet Muhammad commissioned, but did not participate in), including the battles of Badr, ‘Uhud, al-Khandaqh, and Khaybar. In the gazahs he carried Prophet Muhammad's flag. He demonstrated great heroism in the battles, which would later be narrated in a legendary manner. In the Battles of ‘Uhud and ‘Hunayn he bravely protected the Prophet despite his many injuries; in the Battle of Khaybar he used a heavy iron gate as a shield and played a very important role in the victory. Ali was also the commander of the expeditionary force against the Bani Sa'd in Fadak (6 / 628), and commanded the army in the campaign against Yemen (10 / 632). After this campaign, the Bani Hamdan tribe in Yemen collectively entered Islam. Finally, during the Tabuk ghazah, he stayed in Medina as the representative of Prophet Muhammad.
Ali also served as the personal clerk and one of the ‘revelation clerks' (clerks who recorded the revelations received by Prophet Muhammad); he also was the one who wrote the Hudaybiya Treaty. Among his other services was the destruction of the idols that had previously belonged to the Aws, Khazraj, and Tay tribes, as well as demolishing the idols in the Kaaba after Mecca had been conquered by the Muslims. In the 9th year of the Hijrah (631) he was commissioned by Prophet Muhammad to go to Mina to catch up with Abu Bakr who had been appointed as the leader of the pilgrimage convoy, and to read to him the first seven verses of Sura Tawba (the 9th chapter of the Quran) that had just been revealed and were related to pilgrimage and the pagans in Mecca. He was also instructed by the Prophet to declare that as of that year, Muslims would not participate in the pilgrimage with the Meccan pagans any more, and that no one was allowed to make the circumambulation around the Kaaba naked.
When Prophet Muhammad died in 632, the funeral services, such as washing and shrouding the body were carried out according to the Prophet's testament by Ali as well as by some of the other relatives of the Prophet, including ‘Abbas and the Prophet's sons Fadl, Qusham and Usama ibn Zayd. In the meantime, Muslims (both ansar and muhajirun) had gathered together in the garden of the Bani Saida to elect the new caliph. When the Prophet's closest friend, Abu Bakr, was elected as the caliph, Ali did not make bayat (the oath of allegiance) to him until his wife, Fatima, died, six months later. It has been debated between the Sunnis and the Shiites whether this was because Ali had wanted to be the caliph, or because the election of Abu Bakr had been carried out in haste. Whatever the situation was, however, Ali did not make any claim to the caliphate after Abu Bakr was elected as the first caliph. Nor did the Companions of the Prophet who had elected Abu Bakr as the caliph and took the oath of allegiance to him consider that revelation (verse or hadith) or inheritance played a factor in their election of the first caliph, contrary to what many Shiites have claimed. On the contrary, when electing Abu Bakr they considered other factors, such as their belief in his ability to maintain the order and unity of Muslims and to defend and expand the borders of the Islamic state which was already undergoing a process of development and expansion, his being a member of the Quraish tribe (of which the Prophet was also a member), his charismatic personality based on his age and experience, his being one of the first to embrace Islam, and his being the closest friend of Prophet Muhammad. In fact, Ali would later say that he had not taken the oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr in order not to further sadden his wife Fatima, who was already sick - and who would die soon.
During the reign of the first three caliphs, Ali neither accepted any administrative post, nor participated in battles or expeditions - with the exception of acting as the military governor of Medina during the reign of the second caliph, Umar, when the caliph traveled to Palestine and Syria. He preferred to reside in Medina and indulge in religious sciences and meditation over other, administrative or military, offices and duties. Due to the fact that he was deeply knowledgeable about the Quran and hadith, both Abu Bakr and Umar often resorted to his opinion, particularly in matters relating to fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). When Umar was caliph, it was Ali who suggested that the Hijrah of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina should be taken as the start of the Islamic calendar - a proposition which was then accepted. He was also a member of the assembly appointed by the second caliph, Umar, to elect a new caliph when Umar had been stabbed by a freed former slave in the year 23 (644). Although Ali, together with a group of Companions, including Talha ibn ‘Ubayd-Allah and Zubair ibn ‘Awwam, sometimes criticized some of the actions of the new caliph elected by this assembly, Uthman, he never supported the upheavals or rebellions against the caliph which took place during his reign. He criticized the caliph for some of his policies, in particular, for ignoring or not applying the principles of the Quran and the sunnah of the Prophet, and for not applying the penalties sanctioned by the Sharia.
The fact that such leading Companions as Ali, Talha ibn ‘Ubayd-Allah and Zubair ibn ‘Awwam criticized the caliph in this way may have encouraged the rebels who arrived in Medina from Egypt, Basra and Kufa; they met with these Companions and even proposed that each of them be the next caliph after the possible deposition of Uthman from the caliphate. However, these three great Companions of the Prophet firmly rejected this proposition; in particular Ali made serious suggestions to the rebels and cautioned them not to continue in their rebellion. However, he was unable to prevent them from besieging the caliph's house. When the situation became worse, he sent his two sons, Hasan and Hussein, to the caliph's house as guards to protect him, and continued to show his support for him as he had been doing since the beginning. In spite of all these measures, however, Caliph Uthman was martyred by insurgents in the year 35 (656).
After Uthman was martyred, all of the members of the Umayyad tribe immediately left Medina, and thus the city was completely taken over by the insurgents.
Then, a group of leading Companions, including Abdullah ibn Umar, Sa'd ibn Abu Wakkas, Mughira ibn Shu'ba, Muhammad ibn Maslama and Usama ibn Zayd, came together in the mosque and tried to elect a new caliph to end the disorder that had disturbed the Muslim ummah. They elected Ali ibn Abu Talib as the new caliph, but at first he refused this post and he nominated Talha and then Zubair respectively. But when they rejected the post and all insisted that Ali take the position, he finally accepted their pledges of allegiance. There are conflicting reports in the sources about the exact date of this election. According to some sources, this event took place on the same day that Uthman was martyred (18 Dhilhijja / 17 June), while others report that it occurred five days after he had been killed.
After Ali was elected caliph, the first and most important task that lay before him was to find the murderers of Uthman and punish them. However, there was not just one suspect, but rather a large crowd, consisting of as many as a thousand people, all claiming that they had murdered Uthman. It was thus clear that the new caliph would not be able to easily defeat the rebels who in fact had taken the entire city under their complete control. It was a situation in which he thought it prudent to wait for a time. Another possible factor that led him to make this decision was the fact that that only the residents of Medina had taken the oath of allegiance; in other provinces the situation was not so clear, as people did not have good information about what was going on in Medina. Thus, for example, when an envoy was sent to Muawiya, the governor of Syria, who was the nephew of Uthman, to ask him to take the oath of allegiance to Ali, he refused to do so, claiming that Ali had cooperated with the insurgency, thereby implying that he would try to revenge his uncle. In addition, ‘Aisha, the wife of Prophet Muhammad, who had previously supported the opposition against Uthman, now refused to recognize the caliphate of Ali. Moreover, Talha and Zubair joined Aisha four months later. Thus, Ali had to assemble his forces and march toward Basra in order to persuade Talha and Zubair to pledge allegiance to him. Based on our current level of historical information, it is not possible to explain the actual reasons behind the negative attitude of Muawiya, or that of some other Companions who were close to the members of the Umayyad family in Mecca towards the caliph who sincerely wanted to penalize the murderers of Uthman, but was waiting for suitable conditions to do this in.
The army led by Aisha confronted the caliph's army in a place called Huraiba near Basra on 15 Jumaada Thani 36 (9 December 656). What is known as the Battle of the Camel was won by Ali; many Muslims, including Talha and Zubair, were killed in this civil war. The caliph was very saddened by this, and he personally took charge of the funeral services for the Muslims who had been killed on both sides. He also sent Aisha to Medina with an envoy of women. After he distributed the weapons recovered from the battlefield as well as the money in the state treasury to his army as booty and took care of those who had rebelled against his caliphate, Ali once again invited Muawiya to take the oath of allegiance for him, but his proposal was once again refused. For this reason, two Muslim armies confronted each other again, this time in Siffin in Dhul-hijja 36 (June 657). The Battle of Siffin lasted about three months, wearing out both sides. It finally ended in the early morning of 9-10 Safar 37 (27-28 July 657), Friday, which is known as layla al-harir -a designation that alludes to the pain and exhaustion of warriors. When the caliph was getting ready to strike the last blow (through his famous commander Malik al-Ashtar) against the army of Muawiya, the latter saw what was coming and decided to run away from the battle field. At that moment ‘Amr ibn al-As, the conqueror of Egypt, saved Muawiya's life by proposing that the two sides should resort to the discretion of the Quran in order to solve the intransigence. Then Muawiya lay the Great Syrian Quran, as a symbolic gesture, onto five spears and had them carried by his commanders; his soldiers also hoisted copies of the Quran that they had on their lances, and chanted "O Iraqis! Let us end this war; and let the Quran be the judge on the problem between us and you!" This gesture made a great impact on the Qurra (those who had memorized and knew the Quran by heart) as ‘Amr had expected. Although the caliph warned his commanders and soldiers that this was fraudulent behavior, he was not able to persuade his followers. He thus had to accept the proposal for arbitration due to the insistence of many of the Qurras in his army. Ali then unwillingly chose Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as his arbitrator and Muawiya selected ‘Amr ibn al-As as his. The two sides then made an agreement on 13 or 17 Safar 37 (31 July or 4 August 657); the condition was that the two arbitrators would make their decision based on the Quran and if necessary the sunnah of the Prophet. Although the two sides agreed on the decision reached by arbitration at the end of the Battle of Siffin, in which about 70 thousand Muslims had been killed, some of the members of the caliph's army, particularly those who were from Tamim, opposed this agreement, chanting the slogan 'La Hukm illa lillah' (the decision belongs to God), and declared both Ali and Muawiya apostates for accepting a law that was not God's. They also asked Ali to repent to Allah for the error he had committed by accepting the arbitration of a human being, and requested that he wage a war against the insurgents until they abide by the orders of Allah, in accordance with the Quran (al-Hujurat 49/9). Ali then told them that although he had reminded them of the order of Allah at the very beginning, they had not listened to him; now, as an agreement had been reached with the other side, he would not breach this agreement, as this too was a principle of the Quran (Al-Nahl, 16/91). Upon receiving this answer from Ali, approximately ten thousand soldiers, most of whom were members of the Tamim tribe, left the army and retreated to a place near Kufa called Harura, instead of returning to Kufa with the caliph.
Later the caliph went to Harura to talk to them, after which about six thousand soldiers returned to Kufa with him. The remaining four thousand soldiers, who would later be called the Khawarij (or Kharijites, literally "Those who Go Out"), went to the city of Nahrawan.
Meanwhile, the arbitrators met for the first time in Ramadan 37 (February 658) in Dumat al-Djandal, a city located between Syria and Iraq. They first agreed that the policies pursued by Uthman were legitimate and that for this reason those who had killed him did so with no legitimate reason. In the meantime, Ali was gathering his forces together and getting ready for a last attack on Muawiya. He also wrote a letter to Nahrawan to convince the Kharijites who were present there, but this effort failed. Moreover, they traitorously murdered one of the Companions of Prophet Muhammad, Abdullah ibn Habbab, and his pregnant wife merely because the couple did not agree with them. Ali then decided to march towards Damascus only after dealing with the Kharijites by completely finishing them off. Most of the Kharijites were killed in a brutal struggle between the two groups, which took place on 9 Safar 38 (17 July 658). After this war, Ali made a stopover in Nuhayla before marching on to Damascus. In the meantime, he asked the last group of Kharijites, which had stayed in Kufa, who were known as the Ahl al-Nuhayla and numbered about two thousand, to either join his army in its march to Damascus or to return. However, they refused to comply with this proposal and even attacked his army, accusing them of having become infidels (takfir). In the ensuing battle, most of this group was killed with the rest fleeing to Mecca. After all these unfortunate events, Ali's soldiers were too tired to fight another battle, and told him that they did not want to fight anymore. Upon this request, Ali felt obliged to stop his preparations and cancel his plans against Muawiya, and returned to Kufa.
On the other hand, when the two arbitrators once again came together in Sha'ban 38 (January 659) after the first meeting in Dumat al-Djandal, they agreed that both Ali ibn Abu Talib and Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan should be made ineligible for the caliphate, and that the new caliph should be elected by a committee. The decision was first declared by Ali's arbitrator Abu Musa; when it was Muawiya's arbitrator ‘Amr ibn As's turn, he suddenly declared that he had appointed Muawiya to the caliphate! Although Abu Musa objected this declaration, he could not succeed in repealing it. This chaotic situation brought the matter of the caliphate to a dead end, and created a great deal of social and political disorder and unrest in the Muslim world. As a result, there emerged a two-partite power structure, due to the fact that a portion of the public recognized Ali as the caliph, while another portion saw Muawiya as their leader. After the two arbitration meetings, Ali settled in Kufa to prepare for a last battle against Muawiya, but could not get enough support from the Iraqi soldiers, who were not committed enough. Despite this, he was able to gather an army of 40 thousand soldiers and prepare for the campaign. However, one day while he was performing the morning prayer in Kufa, he was badly injured by Abdel-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite who wanted to take revenge on Ali; he stabbed him with a poisonous dagger. Two days later, on 19 or 21 Ramadan 40 (26 or 28 January 661) he died and was buried in Kufa (today's Najaf) in Iraq. After his death, Muawiya gained the full support of the Muslim population in Syria and invaded and conquered many of the regions that had previously been controlled by Ali, including Egypt; he thus established the Umayyad state in the Middle East.
Ali was an intellectual authority among the noble Companions of the Prophet with his deep knowledge of the Quran, hadith (sayings of the Prophet) and particularly fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). Most of the hadith traditions he narrated were about matters of fiqh, most of which he reported from Abu Bakr, Umar, Mikdad ibn Aswad, and his own wife Fatima, as well as from Prophet Muhammad himself. Moreover, those who reported from Ali himself include first and foremost, his sons Hasan and Hussein, as well as other Companions, such as Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, Abdullah ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar, Abu Hurayra, Bara ibn Azib, Abu Said al-Khudri etc. In addition to these, there were hadith scholars, such as Muhammad al-Hanafiyya, Abu al-Aswad al-Duali, Abu Wail Shakik ibn Salama, Sha'bi, Abdel-Rahman ibn Abu Layla, and Zir ibn Hubaysh. The number of hadiths that Ali himself narrated is 586. Twenty of these are found both in the compilations of al-Bukhari and Muslim; nine are reported only in al-Bukhari's Sahih and fifteen in Sahih al-Muslim. Due to the fact that Ali spent a lot of time with Prophet Muhammad, many of the hadiths he narrated were about the Prophet's shamaail (his manners and appearance) and his prayers, as well as the way he used to worship. He also had a sheet of paper with several hadiths on it, which he had recorded when he heard them from the Prophet. According to his own account, this sheet, which he used to carry in his scabbard, contained hadiths about such matters as diyat (blood money), the ways in which a Muslim prisoner of war could be saved from the enemy, the rule that a Muslim life could not be given for that of an infidel, as well as the delineation of the borders of the haram (sacred) district within Medina. This sheet was thoroughly analyzed and published by Rifat Fawzi Abdulmuttalib in 1406 (1986) in Cairo. Ali consistently said that he had not received any other directives from Prophet Muhammad and had not written anything else that he had said other than the Quran and this sheet. During his caliphate, in order to ensure the authenticity of the narrated hadiths, Ali used to require that anyone who reported a hadith with a doubtful source take an oath that they had heard the hadith directly from the Prophet himself. He would suggest that only those hadiths that were known by many people should be narrated, rather than wasting time with weak or inauthentic narrations.
He also encouraged those who wanted to benefit from his deep knowledge on the Quran to ask him questions, and would say that he knew well where and when the verses were revealed to the Prophet, because he was one of those select Companions who had memorized the Quran when the Prophet was still alive and had been able to gain a deep understanding of its content. Unfortunately, however, very little of his contributions to the interpretation of the Quran (tafsir) have been cited in reliable sources due to the fact that his fanatical supporters have attributed many incorrect and extreme views to him, just as they have done with his views on hadith.
Ali ibn Abu Talib also served as the qadi (judge) of Yemen when Prophet Muhammad was still alive. When the Prophet wanted to send Ali to Yemen for this task, after Khalid ibn Walid had fulfilled the post, Ali humbly said that the level of his knowledge in Islam was not high enough to be successful in this position; however, the Prophet reassured him by putting his hand on Ali's chest and telling him that Allah would inspire him with the truth and make him tell the truth all the time, eliminating all his doubts. Then he instructed Ali how to be a good judge. Later when Prophet Muhammad went for his first and last pilgrimage to Mecca, Ali arrived from Yemen and joined him in Mecca.
Ali's knowledge of the law and his competence in jurisprudence was acknowledged by Umar, who said: "Ali is the best among us in terms of legal reasoning". For this reason, the first three caliphs always sought his opinions in important legal and political matters. Other Companions also would not ask someone else after Ali had expressed an opinion on a religious question, as they believed that his views would always prove to be right. Although he was one of the most knowledgeable of the Companions, later generations have been reported less information and scholarly opinions from him in comparison to other younger scholarly Companions, such as Ibn Umar or Ibn ‘Abbas. The reason for this is because during his caliphate years Ali had to deal with battles and with suppressing the instigations and upheavals that frequently occurred. Thus, he could not find much time or opportunity to transmit his repertoire of knowledge in tafsir and fiqh to subsequent generations. Other Companions also had the advantage of living a longer life than Ali.
Also, it has been reported that Ali established the principles of Arabic grammar; but this report is not reliable. The attribution of the science of jifr (cipher) to him is also a baseless claim.
He was also well known for his eloquence and excellence in rhetoric, and many of his aphorisms have been reported in sources. His other more political and religious speeches and letters - which do not have literary quality or manner - were also compiled by the poet and man of letters, Sharif al-Radi (d. 359 / 969). However, whereas the Shiites usually find this report highly reliable, the Sunnis legitimately hesitate about much of its content, and reject some of it on the grounds that it does not belong to Ali. No reliable source ever mentions that Ali wrote a book, nor are these rather dry couplets compatible with his excellent rhetoric and literary taste.
Ali was one of the ten Companions who were promised entrance to Paradise by Prophet Muhammad (also known as the al-ashara al-mubashshara). The reports about his virtues and legends cannot, as Ahmad ibn Hanbal once remarked, be compared with those of other Companions in terms of their number. According to some scholars, some of the Umayyad administrators who were hostile to Ali tried to repress reports about him threatening those who spoke of his virtues; but the fact that many of the Companions of the Prophet spent a great deal of effort to publicize whatever they heard from the Prophet about Ali and every event that they saw as having some relevance to him made it easier for these reports to increase in number. On the other hand, some Shiite groups and others, who desired to abuse Ali's power for political purposes, were not content with the authentic reports about his virtues and personality, but rather fabricated a number of reports about his superiority over the other three caliphs, even when Ali was still alive, which greatly disturbed him. Thus for example, Ibn Abu al-Hadid, a Shiite scholar, has argued that the fabrication of hadiths about virtues was first carried out by some extreme groups within the Shiites, and that many hadiths were fabricated concerning the virtues and superiority of Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib.
The majority of the ‘hadiths' fabricated by extreme Shiite factions concerning the virtues of Ali have a nature that is completely incompatible with Islamic principles. Such fabrications include, for example, reports that claim that Ali would return to the world after his death, or how he is not dead but still lives, that he has divine qualities, or that he hides in a cloud or thunderstorms were his voice and lightening flash his whip, or that he would be sent by God as a messenger after Prophet Muhammad. In addition, it is a fact that the Prophet could not possibly say some of the things that it is claimed that he said, such as the Prophet and Ali were created from the same light (nour), that the angels prayed for them for seven years, and that those who deny that Ali is the best of creation would lose their faith and become infidels, and many more of this kind.
Other reports on the virtues of Ali include those that were not fabricated - as in the case of above-mentioned ones - but are considered by most hadith scholars to be weak. One example includes the following narrative: One day Prophet Muhammad was presented with a fried chicken by his Companions. He then prayed to Allah saying "O Allah! Send me your most beloved servant to share this with me now." Then Ali came over, and they ate it together. In other variants of the reported hadith, it is noted that either Aisha or Anas ibn Malik tried to prevent Ali from getting in although he had come to the door, since they wanted one of their own relatives to have this honor; however, in the end, they had to let him in. Many hadith scholars, such as Thirmidhi, remark that this hadith is weak.
On the other hand, there are also some sahih (authentic) hadiths regarding the virtues of Ali. The extremist Shiite groups, however, are not content with the authentic forms of these reports, but often make amendments to them, particularly in order to support their claim that it was Ali ibn Abu Talib who should have been the first caliph.
One of the most reliable and authentic reports regarding Ali's virtues is the following: Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said during the Battle of Khaybar that he would give the flag to someone who loved Allah and his Messenger the next day and that victory would be won by this person. Many Companions became excited at this promise, including even Umar ibn Khattab. However, Prophet Muhammad gave the flag to Ali, who then led the conquest of Khaybar. Another authentic hadith reports the Prophet as having said that only the believers would like Ali ibn Abu Talib, and only the munafiqs (religious hypocrites) would hate him.
It is only natural that Prophet Muhammad loved Ali so much and paid him compliments in a way that he did not do for other Companions; he was one of first persons to believe the Prophet and enter Islam, he was raised by the Prophet in his own house and under his protection, and he always supported the Prophet, even in times of despair. Moreover, he was both the Prophet's cousin and his son-in-law. Thus, all these reports indicate that Ali was a virtuous and great Companion; however, they do not overshadow the virtues and superiority of the other great Companions, such as Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman, who were themselves close friends of the Prophet and praised by him in different ways. Even the authentic reports about Ali do not disturb the hierarchy, particularly regarding the question of the caliphate.
Finally, it should be noted that the desire to compile the existing reports on the virtues of Ali has, since the early centuries of Islam, led many scholars, both Shiite and Sunni, to produce works in this field; accordingly, there has emerged a huge literature consisting of different studies on the virtues and characteristics of Ali, including his heroic actions in different expeditions and battles.
This article is an abridged version of the article titled ¨Ali¨ by Dr. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı and Dr. M. Yaşar Kandemir, in DIA, III, İstanbul.
Please type '251' into this field.
Who conducted the Prophet's first marriage ceremony?
Which Names did the Prophet Change?
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The man talked about in the news recently is this baseball player.
The man was talked about in the news recently.
The good man is this baseball player.
The man talked about this topic.
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I was listening to FageOner's upgrade of the Leigh Open Air Festival bootleg, and particularly enjoyed hearing Ian's chatter before and after Leaders of Men. I know he was never that talkative during gigs, but I can think of a few instances of him speaking between songs (the Preston show, for example). Are there any other moments like this?
There's the famous quote at the end of "Sister Ray" on "Still" from The Moonlight Club of course - "Should hear our version of Louie, Louie - wow"
Preceding "Leaders Of Men" at the second Nashville Ballroom show - "This one's an older one"
After the Love Will Tear Us Apart without synth from, I think, 2nd April - The Moonlight Club, Ian says that they didn't "practise for a while" and somebody from the crowd goes "You always say that" which amuses Ian greatly and he chuckle.
On that recording, after Ian says "Sorry we've not rehearsed for a while", if you listen hard you can hear Bernard say "It's the first time I've played it all on guitar". At least that's what I think he says!
Another amusing incident is (I think) on 9 Nov 79, at the very start of the audience recording, a woman in the crowd is shouting up at the band as they come onstage "You're Joy Division, aren't you?....Are you Joy Division?" Peter or Ian gives his standard greeting "Good Evening, We're Joy Division", and she shouts back "I know!"
At 1980-04-02 Moonlight, when Ian says "You can tell we haven't rehearsed for a while," I am pretty sure Bernard says something like "I think it sounds better on guitar," referring to LWTUA, making Ian chuckle.
At 1979-07-13 Factory, Ian introduces "She's Lost Control" by saying "There are some things you'll never understand. 'She's Lost Control.'" and "Novelty" by saying "This one's a very old song. Uh, about two years old. Some of you might remember it."
Really, except for Preston and Moonlight, there are few cases where the band are particularly talkative throughout the whole gig. Just little moments. Fage, maybe you should make a compilation of all these little moments?
Like Colonel Tom Parker did with Elvis? NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!
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The same as in the rest of Europe and on American continent, second half of the 19th century meant a radical change in Spanish society. In Spain, more backward country than the rest of Europe, the coming of industrial electricity, which was used for the first time in Barcelona in 1873, was considered a real revolution in industry, transport and everyday life.
Previously, some scientific tests had been done in 1860 like the one in Seville, where a new electrical lighting with voltaic arc lamps was tested, and later on the experiment was repeated in during the April fair. Similar tests, but not so important, were done in 1875 at the fair in Almería. The greatest success in electric power development was produced thanks to hydraulic precipices and improvement of water turbines. Hydroelectric power started to replace coal or gas, although these would never disappear completely because they were used in thermal power stations as a valuable additional source of energy. Hydroelectric resources depended on rain. As there are many droughts in Spain, thermal power stations continued to be built for many years to come.
Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, many electric power companies that used to produce and distribute electricity were opened. Some of the most important were Hidroeléctrica Ibérica, which was headquartered in Bilbao and created by Basque funds in 1901; the Sociedad Hidroeléctrica del Chorro in Málaga, opened in 1903; Hidroeléctrica Española, built in 1911, etc. The most important companies in the 1920s in Andalusia were Sevillana, Mengemor, Chorro and Fuerzas Motrices in the Lecrín Valley.
In the case of Málaga, Alumbrado (Lighting) Company and Calefacción por Gas (Gas Heating) had exclusive rights to lighting supply with the City Council, starting from 1852. The use of gas began during the best financial situation of the city. Nevertheless, electricity appliance was only established in Málaga at the end of the 19th century thanks to the coming and expansion of a German company and the appearance of a new English company. These two companies were producing power until the 1920s at the same time.
None of these happenings meant disappearing of gas as lighting or heating systems supply, considering that gas and electricity were used at the same time for ages. From the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, electric light was considered to be a luxury.
Despite all that, Málaga was the first on the list of Andalusian cities that used electric power. In 1893, it had six thermal power stations with generating potential of 90 CV, while Córdoba, Cádiz and Jaen had two power stations; Almería, Seville and Granada one, and there was none of them in Huelva.
This electric power generating systems that used thermal and steam power stations existed in Málaga until the 1920s.
A full-scale coming of hydroelectric power in 1903, brought grater growth because electricity became more affordable and common.
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Describe the educational and informational objective of the program and how it meets the definition of Core Programming. Join Dr. Jobe Martin and Dan "The Animal Man" on a wild animal adventure. You'll come face-to-face with some of the world's most fascinating creatures - they are ferocious, mysterious, and at the same time hilarious. In Silent Hunters, you'll discover how Creation Proclaims the character, majesty, power and glory of our Creator God. In each creature feature, you'll learn how God is reaching out to mankind by making Himself known in unmistakable ways through: Alligators, Archerfish, Boa Constrictors & Pythons, Mountain Lions and Rattlesnakes. So, grab your camera, pull on your hat and boots, and get ready to encounter God through the wild wonders of His creation. You'll be inspired by the Biblical Insights and invigorated by the adventure!
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Forests are the lungs of our planet. They operate as vast reservoirs for capturing, storing, and releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, as well as providing oxygen. They also provide wildlife habitat, landscape stability, water storage and filtering, and other important environmental functions.
And they create a foundation for human activity and community, including manufacturing and processing, trade, scientific research, tourism, recreation and culture. In all these respects, British Columbia has a treasure in its vast, diverse and bountiful forests. At a time of rapid climate change, which, according to the prevailing view of the scientific community, has been dramatically accelerated by the proliferation of greenhouse gases (GHG) from human activity, the importance of this resource cannot be underestimated.
In terms of removing greenhouse gases (GHG) and carbon from the atmosphere, trees play a key role in accumulating and sequestering these gases through photosynthesis which converts them into organic matter, energy and oxygen. It is estimated that BC’s 55 million hectares of forest store “approximately 6 to 7 billion tonnes of carbon” and remove huge amounts from the atmosphere every year (1).
In that regard, a large amount of carbon is also stored in wood products such as lumber and pulp & paper for both short and long periods of time depending on the product.
On the other hand, forests also emit GHGs through respiration, decay of organic matter, forest fires, fuel burning, and landfills.
As noted by various scientists, “a forest is considered a source of GHGs when it emits more GHGs than it removes from the atmosphere, whereas it is considered a sink when it removes more than it emits” (2). It follows that it is in the interest of humanity and the planet to have our forests function more as sinks rather than sources. In that regard, how we manage our forests is key.
In other words, we need to invest more time, energy, research, innovation and funding into forest management in British Columbia. The benefits that will flow from such an investment not only impact GHG and carbon mitigation, but also job creation and economic development, community viability (both First Nations and non-First Nations), and environmental and cultural values. We have the opportunity to further advance our province, as well as make a contribution to humanity.
Indeed, in the face of various serious challenges, including economic and environmental, British Columbia has the opportunity with its renewable forest resource to be a world leader in GHG mitigation and sequestration, as well as wood manufacturing, development of new wood products, environmental and cultural preservation, and other diverse uses.
For over 100 years, our forest resource has provided much of the backbone of the provincial economy and the foundation of many communities. Going back thousands of years, it has provided a way of life and a means of sustenance for First Nations peoples.
However, in the last provincial election in 2012, this historic contribution, as well as the great opportunity our forests now provide in terms of carbon mitigation and economic development, was not put front and centre as should have happened. Not by a long shot.
Instead, we were treated to the spectacle of LNG and fossil fuels taking centre stage with the provincial government promising 100,000 jobs, a $100 billion prosperity fund, and the elimination of the provincial debt, along with other grandiose promises. Forests and the forest industry were sidelined once again, part of a trend of diminishing the focus on our forests and forest industry, whether by slashing funding for reforestation and silviculture, removing oversight of the forests, and other cutbacks.
What is especially galling is that forestry is a renewable resource, while LNG and fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource that threatens our planetary environment through GHG emissions, fracking, pollution, and other problems.
Yet, despite its renewability and great possibility, a view often prevails that forestry is somehow a sunset industry and, despite no results so far in terms of committed projects, that the future lies with LNG. But the opposite is actually true. And that environmental and economic reality is being driven home every day.
The dictionary defines the word “fickle” as that which is “inconstant or changeable in loyalty.” Our forests have served us well for thousands of years and will likely do so forever. Can we afford to have governments and political parties that are fickle towards them or that are dazzled and blinded by the glow of gas flares?
Will our next provincial election prioritize our forests and their importance for our future or will once again will we be subject to fickleness and the flavor of the day? That is a question that needs to be asked again and again in the lead up to the 2017 election.
This is one of the best opinions on the value of Forests that I have seen for a long time. We need to calculate the value in todays dollars that our forests provide, not just the value of lumber produced or tourist dollars it attracts, but all the benefits society receives from our forested landscape including carbon storage.
We need to come up with a plan where we can continue to reap the benefits of harvesting our bounty, while providing for the attributes of all the other users. This also means that the “other users” need to back off on their demands for total preservation. There are ways to work together to achieve the best end result. Having special interest groups claim to have the last intact piece of old growth forest with total media support, only to have these groups find another area as soon as the last one gets “total preservation” status, is a recipe for economic failure. Our forests are too important to have it’s Management dictated by mis-truths, half-truths, and out right lies.
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The final week of metaphorical English month brings you a guest post by Martin Shovel, a writer, animator and communications expert with a special interest in new media and social networking. He writes regularly about language and communication on his own CreativityWorks blog and is a contributor to the Guardian’s Mind Your Language blog. He tweets @MartinShovel.
The revolution in our understanding of metaphor which started in the late 1970s was Copernican in scale. It overturned the idea that metaphorical language was aberrant and out of the ordinary and placed it firmly at the centre of our conceptual universe. But even today – some forty years later – the idea can be baffling when you encounter it for the first time.
The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.
For me, the most important word in Lakoff’s definition is experiencing. In much the same way that brain scientists learn about normal brain function by studying patients with diseased and injured brains, there is a group of people who can teach us a great deal about the experiential dimension of conceptual metaphor that Lakoff points up in his definition: they are people with Asperger’s syndrome – a condition at the milder end of the autism spectrum. People with Asperger’s possess an extreme sensitivity to the visual and affective power of metaphorical language, a sensitivity that compels them to take things literally, because they do not know how else to take them.
I recently heard a fascinating radio interview with two such people, Frederick and Ben, both university graduates. They talked eloquently about the emotional strain of having the literal pictorial elements of metaphor assault their senses on a daily basis.
Ben responded to this anecdote by saying that he found it very frustrating when other people used ‘ambiguous’ or ‘misleading’ (metaphorical) language because it evoked these kinds of graphic and disturbing images and slowed down communication.
It would be all too easy to dismiss such sensitivity to language as little more than a pathological oddity, but this would be a mistake because the intensity of the Asperger sufferer’s linguistic experience is a distorted, but approximate, representation of our own. It demonstrates the power words have to move, appal and delight us. And it reveals a truth that poets, storytellers and orators have intuited since the dawn of language: metaphor acts upon the body, as well as the mind.
I got to know this Twitter account through Stan Carey’s blog Sentence first: http://twitter.com/#!/preschoolgems. It has some truly wonderful examples of metaphor in action. Stan’s example in this post http://stancarey.wordpress.com/2011/02/14/containers-of-jokes-and-metaphors/ is evidence of how adults and kids share the same experience, pretty much right from the start.
Really interesting post! Thank you.
I would love to make my efl students listen to the interview as a start-up to our approach to literary resources in order to develop writing skills and literary analysis. But it’s not available any more. I’ll write to BBC and ask them about it.
Any other idea on how to access those audio files? Cheers.
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Greetings to you, dear friends on earth! As we are joined again, not physically in flesh and blood, but in spirit, connected by thoughts as you read these words, I would like to remind you and everyone who may come to read my words, that you are never alone, no matter how desperate you may perceive your situation in life. You are always in company of your spirit guide and your guardian angel, and at times there are many more, depending on the tasks that you are to deal with. While your guardian angel ensures that your physical body will not be harmed in such a way that you cannot complete your mission, which can sometimes be a very challenging task for guardian angels, as some humans prefer to abuse their own body and take risks that are, how can I put this, very unnecessary and sometimes only for entertainment, or for curiosity, sometimes even with the intent to cause harm to one’s own body out of lack of realization what the body is for, what life is for. I’m saying this so you can understand your fellow humans more who follow such a self-destructive path, they have lost orientation and a sense of purpose. However, allow me to add that sometimes your guardian angel has to step aside, so you can follow the path you have chosen, or so you can learn important lessons. The missions of humans are quite complex and involve several roles for each of you, as you play a certain role in you family, yet another in your area where you interact with friends, and furthermore where you may interact with colleagues or other humans regarding any work you may do. For some of these roles, souls choose to allow some damage to their physical form (disease or injury), to learn more about themselves, also to allow others to learn to deal with such a situation, which are very important and valuable lessons for all involved, and I do not want to list all what can be learned from this, but there is a lot, which you may know if you have been through such a situation. However, in general guardian angels are allowed to assist you, and your spirit guides, and help maintain your physical body, while your spirit guides have the task of making arrangements with other humans’ guides for needed interactions, for arranging “events” which will allow you to find and follow your path if you choose to do so, giving you hints along the way, arranging meeting people “by coincidence”, scheduling things that need to happen so you can meet your tasks. Well, dear friends, it is time for me to bring my thoughts to an end for today, so let me close by sending you blessings. Amen.
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Fix the world in 1 step.
Why land? Land value is easy to measure, and land is the basis for most things we value: community, natural resources, beauty, etc.
The value of land is how much you can rent it for. Some of that value is added by the owner. I propose that the owner keeps every penny of that value they add: this means no tax on work, no tax on sales, no tax on buildings, no tax on anything you do.
But part of the value of land is its location: this is the value you could charge as rent for the bare ground: the "ground rent". This value exists purely because other people are nearby: the rental value measures the land's potential use by others. Since this value is created by society, regardless of what the owner does, then ground rent belongs to society.
The rest of this web site is what would happen if we let people keep the land value they create.
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It's bright green, but bentgrass is more like a weed when it invades your lawn.
Bentgrass has invaded my lawn, and I would like to know how to get rid of it.
Creeping bentgrass is the most popular and most planted bentgrass. It is used primarily on golf putting greens because it can tolerate frequent, low mowing, as well as foot traffic. Creeping bentgrass aggressively produces horizontal stems, called stolons, that run along the soil's surface. These allow creeping bentgrass to form dense stands under good growing conditions and outcompete other grasses and broadleaf weeds, thus becoming a troublesome weed in a lawn. It is a cool-season grass requiring a cool, humid environment and will spread most vigorously in spring. The leaves of creeping bentgrass are long and slender and a lighter shade of green than bluegrass. Bentgrass is less drought-tolerant than bluegrass and will more readily turn brown under heat stress. It is also very prone to disease. Once you are familiar with its appearance, it is easy to spot.
Creeping bentgrass has a way of working its way into lawns by starting as a small patch and expanding over time. The seed may be blown in or brought in on someone else's lawn mower or may have been in the soil for some time until conditions became right for germination.
An effective way to get rid of the creeping bentgrass in your lawn is to spray it with an herbicide containing glyphosate. Herbicides such as Roundup with glyphosate are nonselective, so they will also kill the desirable grasses as well as any other plants whose foliage they reach. Be sure to follow directions on the label of any herbicide that you use. Spray about a foot outside of the creeping bentgrass clump to make sure you get rid of it all. The herbicide will be most effective when the creeping bentgrass is actively growing.
You could also dig out the clumps of creeping bentgrass, but make sure you get all the roots. If your yard is heavily infested with creeping bentgrass, there is a chance that you will not get rid of it if you just till and install sod. Choosing to replace the entire yard is a judgment call, based on the extent of the weeds and quality of existing grass and based on your goals. Improving cultural practices can dramatically improve the condition of a lawn without the work of starting over with new sod or seed.
Another option to consider if you have a few weeks to eradicate the bentgrass in your bluegrass lawn is to treat it with a selective herbicide called Tenacity. This herbicide will also control other lawn weeds and works best when the weeds are actively growing. You will probably need to treat the bentgrass with three applications spaced seven to 10 days apart to get good control. The bentgrass will begin turning white and then brown as the chemical works. Once you have had success destroying the bentgrass, you may aerate the lawn and then overseed with a bluegrass blend. You could also use a slit seeder to apply the seed. This will take longer to eradicate the bentgrass but may end up being a great option to avoid completely tearing up sections of your yard.
Part sun, full shade — what do they mean?
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I have a doner for my swap. bought a 1998 Z28 Camaro However the security system was activated in the accident and the engine will not turn over. I am going to put it on an OBD scaner tonight but wanted to get thoughts on how to find out what may or may not be wrong with the engine. The dealership will not give security code or anything without processed title and I was wanting to get started sooner than Title office will process paperwork.
I'd go through that motor. '98 LS1's are known to be a bit problematic.
LS1tech.com will likely be the best resource. I don't remember if a 1998 Z28 has the ability to cut the starter with the security system. I seem to recall VATS (which isn't triggered by an accident, it's a key transponder) will just kill fire but let the car crank forever.
If you can get your hands on a tuner software kit, like HPTuners, I do believe there is a capability to disable VATS. Are you certain the engine is grounded properly? Your problem sounds like a problem I had, and I needed to ground the engine better.
Yup, you can turn off VATS with HPTuners. But VATS doesn't disable the starter in a 1998 Z28. If the engine won't turn over, it's not VATS.
It's also not terribly difficult to bypass with wiring, if you have some resistors and a half-hour to kill, IIRC. The IIRC depends on which flavor of VATS the Camaro would use.
In reply to Knurled:VATS never disables the starter, it kills the fuel pump and injectors.
I would not agree with "never" because I've had two vehicles that have had VATS issues that I have had to address.
My first was a 1996 Camaro with a V6 not the LS1. I can't remember for sure but I am pretty sure that it wouldn't even turn over or try to start. I had a locksmith by-pass the VATS system, took him about five minutes and it never gave me any more problems.
My second experience was with a 1987 Corvette that I entered in the Challenge last year. The starter would not engage by the key so I put current directly to the starter and the engine would turn over but would not start. I had the same locksmith by-pass the VATS on this car and the starter would turn but the engine would not start. After checking it over I found the engine was not getting any fuel and the fuel pump was not operating nor were the injectors because of the VATS. Once I found this out I just decided to get rid of the entire computer and VATS and covert this car to a carb and manifold with and electric fuel pump.Fortunately, I was able to find someone that wanted to go with fuel injection so I traded all my stuff for his.
I can confirm from direct experience that a 1998 Camaro Z28 PCM will crank happily but will never fire if the VATS kicks in. Been there, done that. It's a simple thing to turn off via HPTuners, and you can turn off the air pump, rear O2 sensors, EGR, etc at the same time.
Huh. I've never encounted a no-crank issue related to the theft control, but a quick scan of the wiring diagram shows a NO relay in the start signal circuit, and it's controlled by the park/neutral switch on one end and the BCM on the other.
Ok team GRM more info. . . . .
Car was bought at auction. Dealer will not accept the salvage title signed by pen. (They require a title with the owners name printed on it) I don't know if we have the right ignition key (which by the way is the only key we have no door key or fob). . . the ignition key will unlock the column and when you turn the ignition to the on position you get power (when applying external power to the battery) you get lights, radio, PW, fan and so on. When you advance the ignition to the point that the starter should engage you get the security alarm (flashing lights and honking horn) I have hooked up an obd scanner and get a 1626 code for Theft control. I have waded through many posts on LS1Tech and there are several opinions about the impact of VATs and the BCM and PCM this one seems the most like my situation.
Seems like this post is the one I should follow but not sure if my Key resistor is the correct one therefore not sure of the resistance the BCM would need to have as input. . . .
Would this solve the problem from the PCM side and therefore no BCM involvement? Or does the BCM still control things like the starter and all this unit does is unlock the injectors?
THOUGHTS and OPPINIONS welcome from those who are smarter and better informed than myself.
There IS a procedure for learning a new/different key that involves turning the key on for 10 minutes three times in a row. Not sure if it applies to the Camaro's flavor of VATS.
Alternatively, the correct resistor can be hardwired into the VATS wiring harness and the problem ignored.
Knurled wrote: There IS a procedure for learning a new/different key that involves turning the key on for 10 minutes three times in a row. Not sure if it applies to the Camaro's flavor of VATS. Alternatively, the correct resistor can be hardwired into the VATS wiring harness and the problem ignored.
clear this up for me....the electronic bit in the key: resistor or RFID? Where is/are the resistors? (Yes, I know I'm slow to get to the party here.....and thinking that carbs look better all along for my datsun) Do any GRMers in the Chattanooga area have HPTuners?
Just about every shop with a dyno will have HPTuners these days.
Its a resistor in the key, but your no-crank situation is not the VATS.
Have you checked the grounds yet? This happened to me when I first tried firing mine up.
Granted my experience is with the truck flavor of motors, but they don't have any connection between the VATS and either the lights or horn.
To me it sounds like there may be an external alarm system installed. Have you looked for mystery black boxes with lots of wires? It could even be a remote starter, most of them function like that when triggered to be alarms.
oldopelguy wrote: Granted my experience is with the truck flavor of motors, but they don't have any connection between the VATS and either the lights or horn. To me it sounds like there may be an external alarm system installed. Have you looked for mystery black boxes with lots of wires? It could even be a remote starter, most of them function like that when triggered to be alarms.
Just wanted to give an update on the Vats Issue for the 98.
and what do you know engine that starts and runs . . . . The security light is still on so clearly there is an issue other places in the harness but step one compleated.
Thanks all for the advice and help.
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Why Blind Faith and superstition are so much Prevalent in India?
From my childhood, I have noticed one thing in people that blind faith and superstition are very common in most parts of India. The blind faith in people is so strong that they don't want to accept the truth even it is brought in front of their eyes. After spending so many years of my life, I still find many people highly dipped in blind faith and superstition. Blind faith can be of many types and it can be on fake Babas, orthodox beliefs or black magic.
I hope that nobody must have forgotten the women hair cutting episode reported from many parts of India. This news recreated a lot of panic among the common people and soon, the number of such news from different parts of India increased. Due to superstition, people started blaming all this on a witch, and the crowd even killed an old woman because they thought she is a witch.
The recent episode of Baba Ram Rahim is another example of the blind faith of people on fraud Babas. This fake guru was sentenced to 20 years rigorous punishment, however, his blind followers restored to violence and caused damaged to public and private property in protest to the judgment. To stop the agitating people, police opened fire and more than 30 people got killed and around 1000 got injured.
On the other hand, this fake Baba was making lots of money by fooling his innocent followers who once had blind faith in him. As more investigations are coming into light, we are learning many new tricks used by him to increase his wealth. This Baba followed no law, and authorities found many irregularities in his ashram. He was running some illegal factories and he has his own currency.
When such Babas don't follow the right path in life, then how they can tell their followers to move on the right path and do good things in life. But strangely, still there are many people who don't want to accept this truth and they believe that their Guru is innocent.
I believe that there is some issue is our conditioning and from childhood, we are forced to move on the path which is surrounded by blind faith and superstition. Even today, education has failed to reach many people in India and moreover, there are no such topics added in schools education which can tell students about the dangers of blind faith and superstition.
The main blame of all this must be put on our leaders and politicians who use such Babas and fake Gurus for their benefit.
Unless we are able to eradicate the poison of Blind faith and superstition from our system, we can't hope to create a good society.
Are our children safe in Indian Schools?
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How can I guess the correct answer for a question in a multiple-choice exam, if I do not know the right answer? On any number of blank multiple choice questions, is it better to fill in each answer with the same answer (e.g., "C" over and over), or fill... Tips on answering multiple choice questions: Read the question before you look at the answer. Come up with the answer in your head before looking at the possible answers, this way the choices given on the test won't throw you off or trick you.
Don't be persuaded by fancy terms in the question; don't say to yourself, "That sounds impressive, so it must be the right answer." As you read through the possible responses, mark off �... Using my many years of experience in writing exams, I have put together a structured system of "guessing" multiple choice questions (MCQs). Many questions in exams provide you with hints as to which is the correct answer.
Fact or Fiction: Is C the Most Common Answer on the ACT? The idea that C is the best answer to choose when guess-answering a question on a multiple choice test rests on the premise that ACT answer choices are not truly randomized.... Ideally, multiple-choice exams would be random, without patterns of right or wrong answers. However, all tests are written by humans, and human nature makes it impossible for any test to be truly random.
A multiple choice quiz consists of 6 questions each with 4 possible answers If a student guesses at the answer to each question then the mean number of correct answers is? If there are four possible answers to a question, then a guessed answer would have a probability of 1 in 4.
A multiple choice test has 8 questions that has 3 possible answers only one is correct If Judy who forgot to study for the test guesses on all questions what is the probability that she gets 3 right? The probability that she gets exactly 3 right is 8 C 3 *(1/3) 3 *(2/3) 5 = 0.2731 approx.
Though eliminating one answer and making a guess might be worth it in the long-term (as in, you must do so over the course of several questions), you should really only make a guess when you can eliminate two or more answer choices.
For each question, there is a probability of #1/4# of guessing the right answer. One the first question, therefore, we have the probability of #1/4#.
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Should we apply for a fiancé visa or get married and apply for an immigrant visa?
When a U.S. citizen is in a relationship with a non-U.S. citizen who is not present in the U.S. and the couple wants to get married and live in the U.S. permanently, they are often confused about the best immigration process to pursue. Typically, the couple will have two options: 1) pursue the fiancé (K-1) visa, which allows the non-U.S. citizen to enter the U.S. on a visa for the purpose of getting married in the U.S. within 90 days, so that the non-U.S. citizen spouse then can apply for permanent residency; or 2) get married outside the U.S. so that the non-U.S. citizen spouse can apply for an “immigrant visa” to enter the U.S. as a permanent resident.
The fiancé visa process is a three step process. First, the U.S. citizen files a petition with United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”). This petition is the I-129F petition. The primary requirements of the I-129F petition are to prove that: (1) the petitioner is a U.S. citizen; (2) the petitioner is in a bona fide relationship with a non-U.S. citizen; and (3) the couple intends to get married within 90 days of the non-U.S. citizen entering the U.S.
After approval of the I-129F petition, the second step is for the non-U.S. citizen to apply for the K-1 visa at a U.S. consulate abroad. In connection with this application, the applicant must obtain police certificates, undergo a medical examination, and attend an interview with a consular officer.
After the K-1 visa is issued, the non-U.S. citizen may enter the U.S. The couple then must get married within 90 days of entry. After getting married, the non-U.S. citizen must complete the third step in the process by filing an application for permanent residency with USCIS. This application for permanent residency is the I-485 application.
In contrast to the fiancé visa process, the immigrant visa process is a two step process. After the couple is married, the U.S. citizen spouse files a petition with USCIS. This petition is the I-130 petition. The primary requirements of the I-130 petition are to prove that: (1) the petitioner is a U.S. citizen; (2) the couple is legally married; and (3) the petitioner has the financial means to support the spouse.
After the I-130 petition is approved, the non-U.S. citizen spouse files an application for an immigrant visa at a U.S. consulate abroad. In connection with this application, the applicant must obtain police certificates, undergo a medical examination, and attend an interview with a consular officer. After the immigrant visa is approved, the non-U.S. citizen will enter the U.S. as a permanent resident.
In most cases, the decision whether to pursue the K-1 visa or an immigrant visa simply is a question of preference or convenience for the couple. For many couples, it is not practical to get married in the non-U.S. citizen’s home country, and therefore, they choose the K-1 process. However, in certain circumstances the K-1 process is the better option.
The primary occasion to select K-1 processing rather than immigrant visa processing is when the non-U.S. citizen has children who are over the age of 18. When the couple gets married and pursues immigrant visa processing, the U.S. citizen spouse may file I-130 petitions for the spouse as well as all children of the non-U.S. citizen spouse who were under the age of 18 when the couple married. Any children who were over the age of 18 at the time of the marriage will not be able to immigrate with their parent. However, under the fiancé visa laws, any unmarried child of the non-U.S. citizen who is under the age of 21 years at the time the application is filed, may obtain a K-2 visa and come to the U.S. with the parent. Assuming the couple marries within 90 days, the children may apply for permanent residency, even if they turn 21 in the meantime. Therefore, the age of the non-U.S. citizen’s children may necessitate pursuing the K-1 visa process rather than immigrant visa processing.
Another reason couples may want to pursue the K-1 visa process rather than immigrant visa processing is that the processing times may be shorter. It is important to understand, though, that both types of cases involve processing at a U.S. consulate in a foreign country. Each consulate has slightly different procedures and processing times. For that reason, there may be occasions where processing of the K-1 will not be significantly faster than immigrant visa processing, if at all. Generally, however, immigrant visa processing will be slower because of the substantial involvement of a third government agency, the National Visa Center (the “NVC”). Immigrant visa cases require the NVC to process a significant part of the visa application, which tends to increase the risk of delays at the NVC. Although the NVC does play a minor role in K-1 processing, K-1 visa cases typically get through the NVC quicker than immigrant visa cases.
Finally, if the non-U.S. citizen has minor children who will be immigrating to the U.S., the total cost of the government filing fees may be less if the couple pursues the fiancé visa process. For immigrant visa processing, the U.S. citizen must file a separate I-130 petition for each individual, including each of the children. The children then must obtain separate immigrant visas. Each of those petitions and applications has a separate government filing fee. In contrast, when the K-1 process is used, the U.S. citizen files just one petition for the fiancé. After approval, the children may obtain separate visas based upon that petition. However, this cost savings should be weighed against the additional cost of applying for permanent residency after entry to the U.S. and the couple marries. As described above, the K-1 process requires this additional application and its associated filing fee, for each individual.
The immigrant visa process may save government filing fees and reduce the time required for the non-U.S. citizen to obtain permanent residency because it is a two-step, rather than a three-step process. This is one reason why couples who are able to get married overseas may choose to pursue the immigrant visa process rather then the K-1 process. In addition, though, in cases where the couple may not have significant evidence of the bona fide nature of their relationship, or where there are factors, or red flags, that may lead the consular officer to believe that the relationship is not bona fide, already being married may help persuade an officer that the relationship is bona fide. A marriage outside the U.S. may be the factor that convinces a reluctant consular officer that the couple has a bona fide relationship.
Regardless of whether K-1 or immigrant visa processing is pursued, the non-U.S. citizen must undergo an interview with a consular officer before issuance of the visa. Although the interview is required to review a variety of issues (such as whether the petitioner is a U.S. citizen, whether the couple is free to marry each other, whether the applicant has a criminal record, etc.), the primary purpose of the interview is to persuade a consular officer that the couple has a bona fide relationship. In addition to presenting documentary evidence of the relationship, such as written correspondence and cards exchanged by the couple, phone records showing telephone calls between the couple, pictures and travel itineraries showing the couple spending time together, etc., the non-U.S. citizen must be able to talk in a relaxed manner about the couple. The non-U.S. citizen must be able to explain how they met, how often they communicate, what their future plans are, etc. The most important advice we can give to prepare for this interview is to review the filed application(s), ensure that the information is accurate, and be able to talk about the relationship. In addition, the non-U.S. citizen should know significant facts about the petitioner, such as date of birth, where his or her parents and siblings live, and basic details about the petitioner’s employment.
The determination of whether to apply for a fiancé visa or to pursue immigrant visa processing is based on the facts of the particular situation. Numerous factors including timing, costs, travel, children, and evidence of the relationship must be considered in deciding which option to select. To assess the best option for your particular situation, contact an experienced immigration attorney.
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What led to the historic election result � and where does Malaysia go from here?
On the evening of May 10, just one day after the historic election, people were spontaneously gathering and chanting these slogans around Istana Negara, the Sultan�s Palace in Kuala Lumpur, where Mahathir Mohamad was about to be sworn in as Malaysia�s seventh prime minister. These opposition slogans had frequently been heard as anguished cries during the harsh campaign period. This time, however, the people�s chants were rather filled with joys and hopes for the country�s future.
Around the capital, not just in this one place, people celebrated the historic electoral result that would bring Malaysia�s first democratic change of government by waving flags representing the opposition or honking their horns. It is a really historic moment considering the country�s history since independence, which has been characterized by six decades of rule by one political coalition, Barisan Nasional (the National Front or BN).
Looking back, last two general elections � in 2008 and 2013 � were precursors. The decline of BN had become clear since the election in 2008, when they lost their two-thirds majority, which is required to amend the constitution. In addition, at the state level, BN lost their rule in five states, though only one state had been under the opposition control before this election. This event was remembered as a �political tsunami� as the decline of the then-ruling coalition was more than expected.
In the next election, held in 2013, BN further lost seats while still maintaining a simple majority in the national parliament. At this point, however, BN lost the popular vote to the opposition. While facing unpopularity, BN had managed to maintain its power through authoritarian measures such as incumbent-favored gerrymandering and media controls.
Besides the authoritarian nature of the regime, Malay support to the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), a core component of BN, had sustained its reign. The ruling coalition consists of more than 10 parties, including UMNO, the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), and local parties of Sabah and Sarawak state. Though the coalition is supposed to represent each of these ethnic groups, it has promoted policies that could be regarded as favoring Malays or indigenous people (Bumiputera), and observers have often characterized Malaysian politics as �ethnic politics� for this reason. While Malays, particularly in nonurban areas, seemed to have remained loyal to BN, non-Malays, particularly ethnic Chinese and Indians, had broken away and started to take the opposition�s side, particularly from around 2008, when the �political tsunami� happened.
Based on these recent trends, the steady support for Pakatan Harapan (PH), the opposition coalition formed to fight against BN, was certainly expected. Still, however, the magnitude of BN�s downfall was more than anticipated. What was behind this stunning result? What made it possible for PH to record a historic win despite the unequal playing field?
Detailed analysis remains to be done, but a major factor seems to be a shift by Malays, including those in nonurban areas. The unexpected erosion of BN support in Johor state, the birthplace and longtime stronghold of the UMNO, is one indicator of this tendency. BN lost control of Johor�s state government, keeping just 19 seats while PH won 36. In fact, at the state level, BN could defend their majority in just two states, Perlis and Pahang.
Mahathir Mohamad, one time prime minister and leader of BN from 1981 to 2003, re-entered politics as the leader of PH, criticizing the government led by Najib Razak. Mahathir, who once retired and will turn 93 this year, is regarded as the �father of modern Malaysia� and still widely respected, particularly among the Malay population. His strong commitment to PH as a leader influenced Malay votes especially in nonurban areas, those thought to be loyal to BN.
Similar opinions were heard in other places as well. In one area on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur in Selangor state, one Malay voter expressed his anger toward Najib and some UMNO cadres, saying that insults to Mahathir were not acceptable. He said BN�s negative campaign against Mahathir made him decide to vote for PH. Besides the unpopularity of scandal-sunk Najib and the rise in living costs, this �Mahathir factor� seems to have a certain impact on the outcome.
As Mahathir has already been sworn in and started to form his cabinet, what is to be expected for this new government? While uncertainty definitely exists, besides Mahathir himself, some core members of PH have experience in the government, such as Muhyiddin Yassin, a former deputy prime minister who was kicked out from the then-government by Najib in 2015. Also, the Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Keadilan Rakyat (the People�s Justice Party or PKR) � both key components of PH � have experience in ruling state-level government in Penang and Selangor, respectively. Thus, the capability to run the government is there.
Having said that, coordination among groups representing diverse interests within PH could pose some challenges, including the process to install Anwar Ibrahim, a popular opposition figure who has been imprisoned, as prime minister. Mahathir has promised to obtain a pardon for Anwar to pave the way for him to assume Malaysia�s top government position. Looking at the policies that PH promised during the campaign, some of them � including the abolishment of the good and services tax (GST), the reintroduction of fuel subsidies, and the introduction of a new healthcare scheme for lower income households � would certainly be financial burdens. At the same time, to renege on the manifesto could provoke public anger, which could be another source of political crisis. Rising expectations among people for the new government will be sure to make challenges even complex and difficult.
In the long run, we may see some earthshaking changes to the country�s political landscape. For instance, East Malaysia, namely Sabah state and Sarawak state, have long been seen as �BN�s fixed deposit� and the crucial support base for BN. However, this election eroded BN seats in both states. In this situation, local parties that have been a part of BN in these states might seek to enhance relations with PH, as it is important for them to maintain relations with the federal government. There is no reason for them to stay in BN as the opposition. Moreover, BN itself would face a severe future as ethnic-based parties � particularly the MCA and the MIC � have lost support from their supposed bases. The defeat of Liow Tiong Lai, the leader of the MCA, is one clear indicator of the end of their era. The UMNO, the core component of BN, they might approach Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (Pan-Malaysia Islamic Party or PAS) as their Muslim Malay base could somewhat overlap. From PAS�s perspective, however, there seems to be little incentive to align with BN or the UMNO without power.
As noted, one key takeaway from this general election could be the end of �ethnic politics,� which has been regarded as key characteristics of Malaysian politics. Throughout the opposition movement, even before this election�s campaign period, unity across ethnic lines has emerged. In a major PH campaign gathering held in George Town in Penang state just two days before the election, a massive crowd showed up to the park even in heavy rain. Among them, not just ethnic Chinese, a dominant ethnicity in the area, but also Malays and Indians joined together under the same PH banners.
Likewise, at the spontaneous gathering around Istana Negara, mentioned at the start of this article, people celebrated the historic moment regardless of ethnicity. One Indian boy who came with his mother and sister held a placard saying �I love Malaysia � we are all one Malaysian,� which received warm responses from fellow citizens.
While there certainly exist some challenges ahead, the country has just entered a new uncharted phase through this election.
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Is it ever appropriate to critique a film for what it could have or should have been, as opposed to what it is? In most film criticism circles, the answer is generally no. A good critic has to judge the film based on what it sets out to do - even if it fails by conventional standards - not what you want from it. You wouldn't criticize a hangout movie like Dazed and Confused for not having a plot, or disparage Furious 7 for not being an Oscar contender. Those films wanted different things than you. But do we always have to follow this rule? I ask because I recently saw Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice (BvS from this point on) and I think it’s one of those films that permits us to judge it for what it wasn’t. Let me explain.
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Videva, base de datos musical con catálogo de Youtube y Last.fm Uno de los grandes usos que le damos a Youtube es como centro de reproducción musical dada la cantidad de videoclips oficiales que se encuentran disponibles en la plataforma y las recomendaciones que nos permiten descubrir música relacionada. Videva nace bajo la promesa de ser la mayor base de datos musical disponible en Internet, apoyando la afirmación poniendo a nuestra disposición el catálogo musical de Last.FM junto al de Youtube. En Videva podemos buscar lo que nos venga en gana y reproducir los vídeos de nuestros artistas favoritos en cualquier momento, pero si nos sentimos aventureros el sitio web nos recomendará los artistas más recomendados y las canciones del momento desde la primera página. Cuando busquemos una canción o álbum concreto, se nos mostrarán las posibilidades de reproducción en una lista y se nos permitirá visualizar el reproductor a pantalla completa, con las respectivas etiquetas del álbum y previsualización de la portada.
searx Actualités des cultures libres et des partages Hé bien on arrive déjà au numéro 40 ! Si on m’avait dit ça quand j’ai commencé en 2011… En tout cas le choix a été bien compliqué pour ce numéro et j’ai dû laisser sur le carreau quelques titres vraiment très bons ! Un grand merci à tous ces artistes pour leur choix de partager librement leurs œuvres ainsi qu’aux netlabels pour leur travail de défrichage et de mise en avant. Crédit image : January, par Vincent Lee, sous licence CC-BY-NC-SAwww.flickr.com/photos/xine_kr/8352196783 Tracklist : Voices of Music The world premiere of J. S. Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, performed on the original instruments listed by Bach in his original manuscript. HD Video by the Early Music ensemble Voices of Music. The fourth Brandenburg concerto is unusual in that Bach specifically calls for "echo flutes", or "fiauti d'echo".
The Devilfinder Image Browser - View and Download Multiple Images at Once. Greek Instruments ~ Greek Folk Music and Dance ~ John Pappas ~ Ioannis Pappayiorgas ~ Greek Dance Greek Music Klarino Bouzouki Greek Instruments Greek Clarinet This page consists of pictures and information on various Greek folk instruments. For more information about how the various instruments are used together in various regional styles, please visit my page on Greek folk instrument groups. The Three General Families Click on the jumplinks in the table below for more information on each particular instrument.
Key Chords Key Chords app generates guitar chord progressions automatically. Use it free online, or get the app for Mac, Windows or iOS (iPad) - Click on a chord to preview how it sounds. - Drag and drop to arrange the chord progression - Tweak the settings to control the playback speed Or role the dice and Key Chords will automatically generate a nice sounding progression. The Sacred Geometry Of Music The Sacred Geometry Of Music by Andrew Lorimer Music uses the laws of vibration to manifest aurally what exists at the center of everything. Into our reality springs a non-visual harmonic law that is universal. The notes and intervals of music speak directly to the chakra centers and causes them to vibrate in harmony to the vibration of a string or vocal chords, speakers moving through the air, or the sound of someone’s lips making a farting noise through a metal tube. Music uses the laws of physics and mathematics to bring out an emotional response in the listener.
seaquence :about Seaquence is an experiment in musical composition. Adopting a biological metaphor, Seaquence allows you to create and combine musical lifeforms into dynamic compositions. Go! How to play The way each creatures looks and sounds is determined by the step-sequencer pattern, and other parameters you can tweak including their audio waveform, octave, scale, melody, envelope, and volume.
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Write a poem about your favorite person, place or animal.
This is a poem I wrote about my Dad after he passed away when I was 16.
To every little girl, her father is unbreakable. He’s strong and brave. He is her white knight, always riding to her rescue.
Then as she gets older she comes to see that he gets sick. He can get hurt. Still he fights the cold, no sweat. A flu; piece of cake. There is nothing he can’t do.
When she becomes a teenager she’ll get embarrassed by him. She’ll get mad at him. They’ll fight, but when no one’s around they go back to being a little girl and her daddy, the white knight. Now she’s dating and dreaming about her wedding. She knows how proud he’ll be.
One day she’ll find out that her father is breakable. It will break her heart to find out, but it makes her stronger to know that he was unbreakable. She’s just like him.
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The American Revolutionary War, from 1775 to 1783, was predominantly fought between two groups of people – the Patriots and the Loyalists. In general, both the Patriots and Loyalists were culturally identical, such as speaking the same language, wearing the same clothes, and going to the New World with the same goal – to seek a better life. Then why did the two groups fight against each other during the war? Initially, when the First Continental Congress met and protested against Great Britain’s rule, the colonists had no intention to become independent from the crown but only wanted their rights to be recognized. After the French and Indian War, British enforcement gradually became stricter through acts that were placed on the colonies, which eventually led to the recognition and division between the Patriots and Loyalists. Those who favored the idea of independence and wanted to be free from British rule were known as the Patriots, whereas those who supported the British and remained loyal to the crown were known as the Loyalists. Overall, the different characteristics that made up the Patriots and Loyalists, the individual support towards their respective sides of the war, and each of their motivations and beliefs greatly impacted the ultimate outcome of the Revolution.
Although the Patriots and Loyalists were culturally similar within the colonies, there were many additional characteristics that defined the differences between the two. The Patriots were generally wealthy, better educated, and merchants who didn’t rely on trade with England. They were capable of financially supporting themselves by having the “plantation owners trade [their produce] within the colonies and the merchants using smuggling among other countries besides Great Britain” (Beverly). Though the Patriots didn’t have to depend on the English to maintain their economy, they suffered greatly because Parliament enacted many indirect taxes, and then later on creating direct taxes such as the Stamp Act, which were paid by the colonists. The colonists reacted with great fury and annoyance to this British action. In contrast, the Loyalists population usually consisted of government officials, those who had family residing in England, and were wealthier than the Patriots. Since they generally had more money, they were not highly affected by the British taxes imposed on them throughout the years, which the Patriots evidently suffered significantly. Likewise, the Loyalists didn’t have the same hatred towards the British than the Patriots had. This, in response, boosted the Patriots’ motive to fight which eventually helped them win the war.
In addition to the different characteristics that made up the population of the Patriots and the Loyalists, each of their contributions to the war impacted the outcomes in a tremendous way. Without the support of the common patriotic “… men and women in the colonies, such as farmers, lawyers, merchants, ministers, and shopkeepers, their struggle for independence would have failed” (Beverly). These people were the ones that supported the economy, kept it running, and provided supplies to the soldiers fighting in the war. The Loyalists also provided supplies such as armory, gunpowder, and food to the British soldiers and fought alongside with them. Though colonial Loyalists were able to fight alongside with British soldiers, they were only able to assist alongside the soldiers because the British often looked down upon the colonists. Moreover, in order to win the war, the Patriots were willing to “experience suffering, endurance and perseverance necessary for both the military and supporting civilians” (Dillon). If they were short of this “will”, it would have been extremely difficult for them to achieve victory.
Even though the features of each group and their support in the war effort were significant, the motivations and beliefs of the Patriots and Loyalists made the utmost impact on the outcome of the war. The Patriots were furious because they were forced to pay high taxes to support a government abroad that they had no part or say in, and paying higher taxes than some of the other British colonies to finance England’s wars with France (Allen). They believed the monarch was systematically unjust because they were being treated unfairly and were forced upon many things without their own consent. However, the Loyalists also had their own beliefs because they thought cutting all ties with their “mother country” will lead to a democratic society led by the Patriots, who were –in their eyes- violent, immoral, and not suitable to make political decisions. The Loyalists believed that without England’s protection, the colonies might not be able to militarily defend themselves and other nations will eventually invade them and take over, if they don’t prevent the Patriots from losing. Nevertheless, the Patriots had something the Loyalists did not, determination and the drive to keep on fighting until they had reached their goal – freedom. On top of the resentment the Patriots felt, they had a strong ambition to fight until the last soldier standing died, unlike the Loyalists, who were primarily set out to collect money for the king and only determined by greed.
It can be argued that the only reason why the Patriots had won the war was because they had aid from the French towards the end of the war. However, this is false because the Patriots had great morale as a whole and unlimited determination to fight till the very end, and strong leaderships such as George Washington and John Adams to keep every individual motivated as they fought against the Loyalists. Therefore, it was not only the French’s help that led to the demise of British rule in the colonies.
Ultimately, the Patriot’s victory in the American Revolution was greatly impacted by the Loyalist’s decision to maintain their loyalty and the Patriots’ desire for independence. The two groups differed in separate areas such as general characteristics as a whole, strategies in supporting the war effort, and beliefs to follow that subsequently led to the British’s failure.
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Explaining lower rates of sexual abuse in China.
Accumulating research suggests that rates of child sexual abuse are comparatively low in China. This commentary is an effort to evaluate whether it reflects a true lower prevalence or alternatively the effect of inhibited disclosure by victims. We conclude that while some estimates have almost certainly been affected by inhibited disclosure, the overall magnitude of the contrast between Chinese and international rates, particularly for girls, and its consistency with other indicators do suggest a true lower prevalence, although the evidence is equivocal. We discuss some factors that could account for such lower rates including Confucian family values, definitions of masculinity and a collectivist culture that may be protective.
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Atherosclerosis is a devastating global disease in urgent need of novel theranostics [1-7]. Atherosclerotic plaques has a preferential distribution in aortic regions of turbulent/disturbed flow, but regions with steady laminar flow are protected against atherosclerosis development [8-12]. The underlying mechanisms of this geographical distribution of atherosclerotic lesions remain largely unclear, but are likely related to hemodynamic forces-induced signal transduction and gene expression. In particular, laminar flow increases the expression of many anti-atherosclerotic genes, such as kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which critically regulate endothelial homeostasis, but decreases those “pro-atherogenic” genes, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), and endothelin-1 (ET1) [8-14]. In contrast, disturbed flow skews endothelial cells towards the direction of endothelial dysfunction [8-12]. An understanding of mechanisms that mediate the differential gene expression pattern between laminar flow and disturbed flow regions offers us therapeutic opportunities to intervene in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis can be regulated by several epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation/demethylation , histone methylation/demethylation and acetylation/deacetylation [16, 17], microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs [19, 20]. Research in the past decade has indicated that these epigenetic mechanisms modulate multiple aspects of endothelial function , lineage commitment , and atherogenesis . In the context of epigenetic modifications mediated by flow, recent evidence has shown that flow shear stress regulates endothelial gene expression by DNA methylation [23-25], histone acetylation , miRNAs [27-29] and long non-coding RNAs . However, it remains elusive whether flow regulates histone methylation and the expression of novel mechanosensitive genes that regulate endothelial function. Among the epigenetic modifiers, EZH2 in the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) has gained considerable interest for its regulatory role in maintaining pluripotency, cell differentiation, organ development and cancer . PRC2, which directly trimethylates histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and causes chromatin compaction and transcriptional silencing, is composed of EED, SUZ12, RbAp46/48, and EZH2 . In contrast, PRC2-mediated H3K27me3 formation can be reversed by two histone demethylases, named UTX (ubiquitously transcribed X-chromosome tetratricopeptide repeat protein, also known as KDM6A) and JMJD3 (jumonji domain containing-3, also known as KDM6B) . Several lines of evidence have implicated EZH2 in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. For example, recent studies observed increased H3K27 dimethylation in endothelial cells from human early and advanced atherosclerotic plaques despite a global decrease in H3K27 methylation level [32, 33]. EZH2 is also responsive to fluid shear stress and involved in laminar flow-mediated cell quiescence . EZH2 regulates transendothelial migration of leukocytes to microvessels as well as tumor angiogenesis . In addition, EZH2 has recently been shown to restrict myocardin-dependent smooth muscle differentiation from the mesothelium and promote the formation of foam cell and atherosclerosis development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice . Moreover, EZH2 was also upregulated in hyperhomocysteinemic ApoE-/- mice and contributed to foam cell formation . These evidences suggest that EZH2 could play a pro-atherogenic role in atherosclerosis development.
Since EZH2 is a histone methyltransferase that responds to laminar flow , it remains unknown whether atheroprotective flow controls EZH2-mediated histone methylation patterns, which in turn alter endothelial gene expression, thus regulating endothelial function. Here, we show that EZH2/H3K27me3 is reduced by laminar flow in endothelial cells both in vivo and in vitro. Through genome-scale RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based comparison, chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays, we demonstrated that atheroprotective flow upregulates novel mechanosensitive genes, such as IGFBP5 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5) through an H3K27me3-dependent inhibitory mechanism to represses endothelial inflammation. Finally, we observed that EZH2 is upregulated, while IGFBP5 is downregulated in advanced atherosclerotic plaques from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, indicating the clinical relevance of EZH2 in regulating atherosclerosis.
Human atherosclerotic plaques were obtained from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy deposited in the Biobank of Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Germany) [16, 33]. Atherosclerotic plaques were histologically characterized according to the American Heart Association (AHA) Stary classification [40, 41] and divided into early (types I-III) or advanced (types V-VII) atherosclerosis stages. In this study, carotid arteries (n=10) with advanced stage of atherosclerosis (types VI) were used. Plaque-free healthy carotid arteries (n=10) were obtained from the Department of Trauma Surgery as previously described [16, 33]. Details of inclusion and exclusion criteria are provided in Supplementary Material. The demographic data of atherosclerotic patients and healthy donors are summarized in Table S1-2. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Technischen Universität Muenchen with patients' written informed consent. The study was performed according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) carotid artery samples using the High Pure RNA Paraffin Kit (#3270289001, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions [16, 33]. Two 10 μm sections of each sample were pooled for RNA isolation. Total RNA from cultured cells and mice tissues were isolated with RNeasy Minikit and TRIzol Reagent, respectively. Total RNA was converted into complementary DNA (cDNA) using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (#4374966, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Then, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed using iQ SYBR Green Supermix (#1708886, Bio-Rad) as previously described in detail . The comparative cycle threshold (Ct) method (2-ΔΔCt) was used to determine the relative gene expression after normalization to housekeeping gene GAPDH. The Ct values of EZH2 in one control sample and one atherosclerotic patient sample were below the detection limit of qRT-PCR and thus not included for analysis. The sequences of primers are listed in Table S3.
En face staining was performed as previously described in detail , with minor modifications [42, 44]. Mouse aortas were collected after perfusion with saline and neutrally buffered 4% PFA. Aortic segments were then permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min and blocked with 10% normal goat serum (Invitrogen) in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) containing 2.5% Tween-20 for 30 min at room temperature. Next, aorta segments were incubated with rat anti-VE-Cadherin (1:100; #555289, BD Bioscicence), rabbit anti-EZH2 (#6263, ProSci) or rabbit anti-H3K27me3 (#39155, Active Motif) antibody overnight at 4 °C. After rinsing with washing buffer 3 times, aortic segments were incubated with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rat and Alexa Fluor 546-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (1:1,000; Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 1 h in darkness at room temperature. Finally, aortic segments were carefully whole mounted (with lumen side up) in the ProLong Gold-antifade Mounting Media (Invitrogen) for confocal microscopy (IX81, Olympus) with 60x or 40x oil lens. All animal procedures conformed to the Guideline for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Rochester Medical Center.
Mouse endothelial cells were isolated from adult C57BL/6J mouse lungs using collagenase I digestion (3 mg/mL in serum-free DMEM) at 37 °C in an incubator for 45 min, followed by CD31- and ICAM2-dynabeads-based double positive selection [45, 46]. The isolated mouse lung endothelial cells were authenticated by endothelial marker VE-cadherin staining. More than 99% of cultured cells were VE-cadherin positive. The isolation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was performed using the explant method as previously described , with minor modifications. VSMCs migrated from thoracic aorta explants at around 8 days, then, sprouted VSMCs were digested with 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA and reseeded for confocal microscopy or RNA isolation. More than 85% of cultured cells were smooth muscle alpha-actin (α-SMA) positive. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were isolated from the peritoneum cavity by injecting 5 mL ice-cold PBS/0.1% BSA . Cells were cultured in complete media for 4 h, then, non-adherent cells were removed by washing. Macrophages were stained with CD68, and more than 99% of attached cells were CD68 positive.
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated from fresh human umbilical cords and cultured in Medium 200 containing 5% FBS and 1X low serum growth supplement (LSGS) [42, 44]. HUVECs were collected in accordance with the University of Rochester human subjects review board procedures that prescribe to the Declaration of Helsinki. Different donors of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were used in this study, which were from Lifeline Cell Technologies (Frederick, MD, #FC-0032, Lot No. 01181, 01354) and Cell Applications Inc. (#300K-05A, Lot No. 1858, San Diego, CA). HCAECs were cultured in MesoEndo Cell Growth Media supplemented with Growth Supplement (#212K-500, Cell Applications Inc.) plus 5% FBS . For cell authentication, HUVECs and HCAECs were identified by cobblestone cell morphology, staining of endothelial cell-marker VE-Cadherin (BD Bioscicence, #555661) and functional uptake of DiI-oxidized LDL (10 µg/mL, 4 h; Alfa Aesar, #J64164). HCAECs tested negative for mycoplasma, bacteria, yeast, fungi, Hepatitis B and C, as stated on the Vendors' certificates of analysis on individual lots of cells. HUVECs (confluence 80-90%) and HCAECs (confluence 60-70%) were subcultured on the day before experiments. For flow experiments, ECs cultured in fresh complete media were exposed to laminar flow or disturbed flow in a 60 mm or 100 mm cone and plate viscometer. Due to the fact that prolonged culture of ECs renders ECs less responsive to flow , HUVECs and HCAECs were passaged on the day before flow treatment. HUVECs and HCAECs at passage 2 to 5 were used for all the experiments. THP-1 cells (gifted by Y. Cai), a pro-monocytic cell line, were cultured as previously described . THP-1 cells were authenticated by the ability to differentiate into macrophages after PMA (100 nM, 48 h) stimulation and form foam cells after loading with oxidized LDL for 24 h. For cell culture studies, all compounds were prepared as stock solution at 10 mM in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and working solutions were freshly prepared before use.
TNFα is a commonly used stimulus in triggering monocyte adhesion/rolling/transmigration [51, 52], by enhancing the production of MCP1 [51, 53] and other pro-inflammatory and pro-migratory cytokines (such as IL6) . Therefore, TNFα was used in the THP-1 monocyte adhesion assay, which was performed as previously described in detail . Quantification of adherent THP-1 monocytes was performed by manual counting of monocytes after washing with pre-warmed HUVEC complete media three times.
To deplete EZH2, HUVECs at 75-80% confluence were used for transfection. In brief, Lipofectamine 2000 or RNAi Max (6 μL; Thermo Fisher Scientific) was mixed with Opti-MEM (250 μL; Thermo Fisher Scientific), and then two independent siRNA oligos against human EZH2 (20 nM; #SR301494-A, -B, Origene, Rockville, MD) or non-target control siRNA (25 nM; #SR30004, Origene) diluted in 250 μL Opti-MEM was added to the solution, mixed gently, and incubated at room temperature for 20 min. After 3-4 h of transfection, the medium was changed to M200 complete medium and cells were treated 48 h after transfection. Additional Silencer® Select EZH2 siRNA (#s4916, Thermo Fisher Scientific) or Silencer® Select Negative Control #1 siRNA (#S25503, Thermo Fisher Scientific) were used for RNA sequencing. The same method was used to transfect HUVECs with Anti-miRTM negative control (100 nM; #AM17010, Ambion) or Anti-miRTM hsa-miR-101-3p miRNA inhibitor (100 nM; #AM17000, Ambion) using RNAi Max as the transfection reagent.
EZH2 adenovirus was purchased from Vector Biolab (#1371, Malvern, PA). HUVECs were infected with EZH2 adenovirus as indicated.
Core histones were purified using a commercial Histone Purification Kit (Active Motif, #40025, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions, with minor modifications. Briefly, HUVECs were treated with a potent and specific EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 (#A1275, Active Biochem, Hongkong) for the indicated time without changing the media. After washing twice with pre-warmed (37 °C) serum-free M200 media, 0.4 mL ice-cold Extraction Buffer was added to a 60 mm dish. Then, a plastic scraper was used to collect the cell protein extracts. The cells were rotated in Extraction Buffer overnight on a VWR rotating platform at 4 °C to release histones. The following day, cell extracts were transferred to fresh tubes and centrifuged in a microcentrifuge at maximum RCF for 5 min at 4 °C. Crude histones were neutralized with 0.1 mL 5X Neutralization Buffer and purified using columns provided. For Western blots, boiled histone lysates were separated by 12-15% SDS-PAGE. The same membrane was stripped and reprobed with anti-Histone 3 (H3) for equal loading.
Cells were harvested in freshly-prepared lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 2.5 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM β-Glycerolphosphate, 50 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4, and 1X protease inhibitor cocktail) by cell lifters. After clarification at 4 °C, 12, 000 g for 10 min, total cell lysate was collected for SDS-PAGE gel analysis as previously described in detail . After transfer, membranes were blocked in PBS-diluted LI-COR blocking buffer at room temperature for 1 h. Then, the blots were incubated with 3% BSA-diluted primary antibodies (listed in Table S4) at 4 °C overnight or room temperature for 1 h, followed by incubation with LI-COR IRDye® 680RD goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) or IRDye® 800CW goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) or IRDye® 680RD donkey anti-goat IgG (H+L) (dilution at 1:10,000) at room temperature for 30 min. Images were visualized using an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR). Densitometric analysis of blots was performed using NIH Image J software (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/).
ChIP assays were performed using EZ-Magna CHIPTM A/G ChIP kits (#17-10086, EMD Millipore), with slight modifications . Equal amounts of Bioruptor-sheared chromatin were incubated with control rabbit IgG, or rabbit H3K27me3 antibodies at 4 °C overnight. Chromatin-associated proteins were washed and then digested with 1 µL Proteinase K (10 mg/mL) for 2 h at 62 ºC with gentle shaking and incubated at 95 ºC for 10 min for reverse crosslinking and inactivation of Proteinase K. Chromatin DNA were then purified with spin columns provided with the kit. Additional ChIP DNA purification kits were from Active Motif (#58002, Carlsbad, CA). qRT-PCR was performed using ChIP primers encompassing the proximal IGFBP5 gene promoter (Table S3). For each PCR reaction, 1 µL ChIP'ed DNA template was added for each 10 µL reaction. 1% of starting chromatin is used as input. Data are presented as % input using the 2-ΔΔCt method.
The predicted IGFBP5 promoter region (-1000 bp to +45 bp relative to transcription start site) was synthesized by GeneScript and subcloned into pGL3-basic plasmid (Promega). Luciferase activity assay was performed as previously described . In brief, 100 ng Luciferase plasmid was transfected into HUVECs for 24 h using Lipofectamine 2000 as described above. COS7 cells were co-transfected with 10 ng pRL-TK plasmid (Promega) for normalization of transfection efficiency. The ratio of luciferase units to pRL-TK units was calculated and normalized. Data are presented as fold over control after normalization.
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a useful approach for probing the pathological mechanisms of vascular diseases . RNA-seq was performed at the University of Rochester Genomics Research Center (URGRC) as previously described . For flow RNA-seq, HUVECs were subjected to atheroprotective laminar flow for 48 h using cells under static conditions as the control (n=2). For RNA-seq in HUVECs depleted of EZH2, cells were transfected with control siRNA (20 nM) or EZH2 siRNA (20 nM) for 48 h before RNA was prepared for RNA-seq (n=3). DESeq2-1.10.1 was used to perform data normalization and differential expression analysis with an adjusted p-value threshold of 0.05. The significance test used in DeSeq2 analysis was the Wald test, and a log2 fold change between groups is presented. Adjusted p-values were derived using the Benjamini and Hochberg multiple test correction.
The RNA-seq data reported in this paper were deposited in NCBI Gene Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) with the accession number GEO: GSE87534. In Figure S4, published datasets were mined from the GEO database with the accession number of GEO: GDS5083 .
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software 5.0 (GraphPad, La Jolla, CA). Student's t test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Bonferroni tests were used for comparisons between two groups and multiple comparisons, respectively. A p value less that 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
PRC2 is an evolutionarily conserved multi-protein complex that leads to gene silencing through H3K27me3 . To examine the potential involvement of PRC2/H3K27me3 in laminar flow-mediated endothelial gene transcription programming, we first performed a RNA-seq study on human endothelial cells exposed to long-term atheroprotective laminar flow (12 dyne/cm2, 48 h), with an aim to assess the effect of long-term flow on the endothelial transcriptome. We focused on the genes in the PRC2 (Figure 1A), including SUZ12, EED, RbAp46 (RBBP7), RbAp48 (RBBP4), and EZH2. Our data showed that treatment with laminar flow decreased gene expression of EZH2 and RpAp46, without influencing the other three components of PRC2 (Table S5). Since histone methylation is dynamically controlled by the equilibrium of histone methylation and demethylation , we also looked at the effect of laminar flow on the expression of the H3K27me3 demethylases including KDM6A (also known as UTX) and KDM6B (also known as JMJD3) . Our RNA-seq data suggest that laminar flow does not significantly alter KDM6A, or KDM6B gene expression (Table S5), implicating that laminar flow could potentially influence net PRC2-dependent H3K27me3 modification. We also observed that, similar to the effect of EZH2 enzymatic inhibitor GSK126 , laminar flow treatment significantly downregulated the global level of H3K27me3 in endothelial cells (Figure 1B), indicating that laminar flow influences EZH2-dependent H3K27me3 modification. However, laminar flow does not significantly affect global protein expression of histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) or acetylation (H3K9ac) (Figure 1C), suggesting the specific inhibitory effects of laminar flow on H3K27me3. To address whether our in vitro observations can be translated into in vivo conditions, we compared the differential expression of H3K27me3 in two different regions of mouse aorta: one is the inner curvature of the aortic arch exposed to disturbed flow, and the other is thoracic aorta generally exposed to laminar flow. We observed a marked decrease in H3K27me3 staining in the laminar flow area of mouse aorta (Figure 1D). We also observed that the expression pattern of H3K27me3 in vascular endothelium is heterogeneous.
Laminar flow specifically reduces repressive epigenetic mark H3K27me3 in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. (A) Diagram of PRC2. PRC2 is composed of EED, SUZ12, RbAp46/48, and EZH2, which imposes the H3K27me3 epigenetic mark to the target gene promoter, leading to gene silencing. (B) Laminar flow decreases global H3K27me3 levels. HUVECs were exposed to laminar flow for 48 h, and then total histones were purified as described in the methods section. GSK126, a specific inhibitor of EZH2 activity was used as positive control (n=4-5, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. static control or DMSO). (C) Laminar flow does not affect the level of H3K9me3 or H3K9ac. HUVECs were exposed to laminar flow. Cell alignment in response to flow was observed to ensure successful induction of laminar flow. Then, epigenetic marks H3K9me3 and H3K9ac were determined by Western blot. The same membranes were stripped and incubated with histone 3 (H3) as loading controls (n=3). (D) En face immunofluorescent staining of H3K27me3 in mouse aorta. The aortic arch and thoracic aorta were collected from 3-month-old ApoE-/- mice fed a normal chow diet for en face staining. Red, H3K27me3; green, VE-cadherin; blue, DAPI; scale bar=20 µm (n=5).
Laminar flow decreases the expression of chromatin modifier EZH2 in vitro and in vivo. (A) HUVECs were exposed to laminar flow for the indicated time points, and then EZH2 protein expression was determined by Western blot (*P<0.05, ***P<0.001 vs. static control, n=6). (B) HCAECs were exposed to laminar flow for 24 h, and then EZH2 protein expression was determined by Western blot (**P<0.01, n=3). (C) Illustration of atheroprone (inner curvature of aortic arch, #1) and atheroprotective (thoracic aorta, #2) regions of mouse aorta. The picture was manually drawn by powerpoint. (D) EZH2 mRNA expression in aortic endothelium from atheroprone and atheroprotective regions of mouse aorta. Intima-enriched RNA was isolated from the aortic arch and thoracic aorta of ApoE-/- mice fed a normal chow diet for 3 months. RNA was reverse transcribed and cDNA was used for real-time PCR quantification of EZH2 using GAPDH as internal control (**P<0.01 vs. aortic arch, n=8). (E) En face immunofluorescent staining of EZH2 in mouse aorta. The aortic arch and thoracic aorta were collected from 3-month-old ApoE-/- mice fed a normal chow diet for en face staining. Red, EZH2; green, VE-cadherin; blue, DAPI; scale bar=20 µm (n=5).
Since EZH2 is the histone methyltransferase that imposes H3K27me3 epigenetic mark, we next asked whether the decrease of H3K27me3 is due to the decrease of EZH2 expression. We first determined the tissue and cell distribution of EZH2. Consistent with the human GTEx database (https://www.gtexportal.org/home/gene/EZH2), we observed that EZH2 was mostly expressed in the spleen, consolidating the key role of EZH2 in immunity [62, 63]. Other organs enriched in EZH2 include lung, brain and aorta, which are endothelial cells-enriched organs (Figure S1A). We next compared EZH2 expression in vascular cells, using primary isolated mouse lung endothelial cells, aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and peritoneal macrophages. We observed that EZH2 was prominently expressed in endothelial cells (Figure S1B). This expression pattern suggests EZH2 may have an important role in regulating immunity and endothelial functions. We then evaluated the time course of laminar flow-induced EZH2 downregulation. We observed that laminar flow significantly decreased EZH2 protein expression starting from 6 h, with maximal reduction at 24 h (Figure 2A). The flow-dependent reduction of EZH2 was recapitulated in HCAECs exposed to laminar flow (Figure 2B). In agreement with the RNA-seq data, we observed that laminar flow does not significantly affect the protein expression of PRC2 components EED and SUZ12 (Figure S2). To examine whether disturbed flow increases EZH2 expression, we compared the protein expression of EZH2 under disturbed flow and laminar flow conditions, using cells under static conditions as a control. We observed that, compared with static conditions, disturbed flow has no significant effect on EZH2 mRNA and protein expression (Figure S3). To corroborate our in vitro study, we analyzed mRNA and protein expression of EZH2 in mouse aorta regions with disturbed flow (inner curvature of aortic arch) and laminar flow (thoracic aorta) (Figure 2C). Interestingly, we observed a significant reduction of EZH2 mRNA and protein expression in arterial regions with laminar flow compared with that of regions with disturbed flow (Figure 2D-E).
To dissect the mechanism whereby laminar flow reduces EZH2 expression, we first evaluated the effect of laminar flow on EZH2 mRNA expression, and we observed that EZH2 mRNA was significantly decreased in endothelial cells by laminar flow treatment (Figure 3A). Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional mechanisms that induce gene silencing. Mounting studies have shown that several different miRNAs, including miR101, miR26a, miR214, and miR124, can directly target EZH2 expression [64-66]. EZH2 can also be potentially targeted by other miRNAs (Table S6) as predicted by TargetScan . Among these miRNAs, miR101 is the top miRNA that has been reported to be mechanosensitive to date [29, 68]. We then asked whether miRNA 101 might mediate laminar flow-dependent reduction of EZH2 expression. We pre-treated HUVECs with miR101-anti-miR, and found that laminar flow-induced EZH2 downregulation was reversed by miR101-anti-miR treatment (Figure 3B-C), suggesting that miR101 is involved in laminar flow-induced EZH2 downregulation.
miR101 is involved in laminar flow-induced EZH2 downregulation (A) Laminar flow decreases EZH2 mRNA expression. HUVECs were exposed to laminar flow for 24 h, and then RNA was isolated for real-time PCR analysis using GAPDH as loading control (**P<0.01 vs. static control, n=3). (B-C) HUVECs were transfected with miR101 inhibitor (miR101 inh) or control (100 nM) for 48 h and then exposed to laminar flow (L-flow) for 24 h before Western blot was performed to determine EZH2 protein expression (**P<0.01 static+anti-miR control, ##P<0.01 vs. laminar flow+anti-miR control, n=3).
siRNA depletion and pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 reduces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. (A) HUVECs were transfected with non-targeting control siRNA (siNC, 20 nM) or two independent EZH2 siRNAs (#1, #2, 20 nM). Then, EZH2 and H3K27me3 protein expression was determined by Western blot using tubulin and Histone 3 (H3) as the loading controls, respectively (n=4). (B) Quantification of (A) (**P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC, n=4). (C) HUVECs were transfected with non-targeting control siRNA (siNC) or two independent EZH2 siRNAs. Then, a monocyte adhesion assay was performed, original magnification X20. (D) Quantification of (C) (***P<0.001 vs. siNC+vehicle (veh), ###P<0.001 vs. siNC+TNFα, n=4). (E) HUVECs were incubated with different doses of GSK126, then, a monocyte adhesion assay was performed (n=4). Representative data from one experiment is shown in the quantification data (*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. TNFα).
To understand the biological function of EZH2 in endothelial cells, we used two independent siRNAs to deplete EZH2 expression and associated H3K27me3 (Figure 4A-B), then performed monocyte adhesion assays to evaluate the adhesiveness of monocytes to inflamed endothelial cells. Our data showed that EZH2 depletion dramatically inhibited monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells (Figure 4C-D). To confirm this finding, we also incubated cells with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 ; we observed that GSK126 also inhibited monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells (Figure 4E), suggesting that diminishing H3K27me3 by EZH2 siRNA or pharmacological inhibitors could reduce endothelial inflammation.
To gain mechanistic insights into the anti-inflammatory effects conferred by inhibiting H3K27me3, we first compared the common transcriptome between laminar flow-treated and EZH2-depleted HUVECs (Figure 5A). Since H3K27me3 is a repressive epigenetic mark that leads to gene silencing, we mapped out the upregulated common genes between both treatments (Table S7).
Identification of IGFBP5 as a flow-sensitive and EZH2/H3K27me3-target gene in endothelial cells. (A) Venn diagram analysis of overlapping genes revealed by RNA-seq of HUVECs exposed to laminar flow or EZH2 depletion: a total of 293 genes were identified. A complete list of overlapping genes was presented in Table S7. The RNA-seq data were deposited in NCBI Gene Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) with the accession number GEO: GSE87534. (B) Laminar flow upregulates IGFBP5 mRNA expression (n=3). NOS3 gene was used as a positive control for flow treatment (*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. static control). (C) Laminar flow upregulates IGFBP5 protein expression in culture supernatant. After exposure to laminar flow for 24 h, culture supernatant was adjusted by cell number, then IGFBP5 protein expression in the media was determined (n=3). (D) Laminar flow reduces H3K27me3 binding to IGFBP5 gene promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with quantitative real-time PCR (ChIP-qPCR) for IGFBP5 was performed in HUVECs exposed to static conditions or laminar flow for 24 h. Representative data from one experiment are presented (as % input; **P<0.01 vs. IgG control, #P<0.05 vs static with H3K27me3 ChIP, n=2). (E) EZH2 overexpression (M.O.I.=2, 48 h) decreases IGFBP5 gene expression, as determined by qRT-PCR (= *P<0.05 vs. Adcon, n=3). (F) EZH2 siRNA depletion (20 nM, 48 h) increases IGFBP5 gene expression, as determined by qRT-PCR (**P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC, n=3). (G) Pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 by GSK126 (10 μM, 72 h) increases IGFBP5 gene expression without affecting EZH2 expression, as determined by qRT-PCR (*P<0.05 vs. veh (DMSO), n=4). (H) COS7 cells were transfected with pGL3-IGFBP5-luc (-1000-+45bp). 4 h after transfection, cells were infected with control adenovirus (AdNC) or AdEZH2 (M.O.I=2) for an additional 24 h before luciferase activity assay was performed (*P<0.05 vs. AdNC, n=3).
By comparing the common sets of upregulated genes, we identified many anti-atherosclerotic genes, including HMOX1 (heme oxygenase 1), NQO1 (NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1), GPX3 (glutathione peroxidase 3), KLF4, PLAT (plasminogen activator, tissue type) and IGFBP5 (Table S7). Among genes of interest, we selected a less-characterized new gene IGFBP5 for further studies. Our real-time PCR and western blot analysis indicated that IGFBP5 is a flow-responsive gene that can be upregulated by laminar flow at mRNA and protein levels (Figure 5B-C). To validate whether IGFBP5 is an H3K27me3 target gene, we performed ChIP-qPCR analysis in the promoter region of IGFBP5. We observed enrichment of H3K27me3 at IGFBP5 proximal gene promoter, and binding of H3K27me3 to IGFBP5 gene promoter was reduced by laminar flow treatment (Figure 5D). To confirm whether IGFBP5 is an EZH2/H3K27me3 target gene, we used four approaches: (1) EZH2 gain-of-function by infection with adenoviral EZH2, (2) EZH2 loss-of-function by EZH2 siRNA, (3) pharmacological inhibition of EZH2/H3K27me3 activity by GSK126, and (4) dual-luciferase reporter assay. We observed that EZH2 overexpression decreased, while EZH2 depletion by siRNA or H3K27me3 inhibition by GSK126 increased IGFBP5 expression (Figure 5E-G). Luciferase reporter assay also showed that EZH2 overexpression decreased IGFBP5 promoter activity (Figure 5H), suggesting that IGFBP5 is a bona fide methylation target of H3K27me3. Altogether, our data demonstrate that EZH2 epigenetically silences flow-responsive IGFBP5 expression in endothelial cells.
IGFBP5 is an important IGF binding protein that specifically binds to endothelial cell monolayers . Previous studies have shown that IGFBP5 is induced by VEGF and IGF1 treatments , and mediated radiation-induced endothelial senescence . However, the effect of IGFBP5 on endothelial inflammation is unknown. Due to the anti-inflammatory profile in laminar flow-treated endothelial cells, we asked whether IGFBP5 could be an anti-inflammatory molecule in endothelial cells. To this end, we performed a monocyte adhesion assay. Our data showed that adenoviral IGFBP5 overexpression attenuated monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 6A-B). IGFBP5 overexpression also decreased the protein expression of pro-adhesive molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1 in TNFα-inflamed endothelial cells (Figure 6C-D).
IGFBP5 inhibits endothelial inflammation. (A-B) HUVECs were infected with increasing doses (M.O.I.=1-10) of IGFBP5 adenovirus for 48 h, then a monocyte adhesion assay was performed in the absence (vehicle) or presence of TNFα. Adherent monocytes were counted and quantified (***P<0.001 vs. veh plus control adenovirus, #P<0.05 vs. TNFα plus control adenovirus, n=4), original magnification X20. (C-D) HUVECs received the same treatments as described in (A), then, whole cell lysates were collected for Western blot analysis using GAPDH as the loading control. Densitometric analysis of (C) is provided in (D) (**P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. veh plus control adenovirus, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 vs. TNFα plus control adenovirus, n=3).
EZH2 and IGFBP5 expression in human atherosclerotic plaques. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of healthy control and atherosclerotic carotid arteries (n=3, scale bar=600 µm). (B) mRNA expression levels of EZH2 and IGFBP5 determined in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques and healthy controls using real-time PCR (**P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. healthy control, n=9-10).
Since our data pointed to the concept that EZH2 depletion and ensuing IGFBP5 upregulation is anti-inflammatory and probably atheroprotective in endothelial cells, we investigated the expression levels of EZH2 and IGFBP5 in atherosclerotic plaques from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. We first performed a datamining study on published GEO datasets examining differential gene expression patterns between atherosclerotic plaques and adjacent disease-free regions . We observed a significant upregulation of EZH2 and downregulation of IGFBP5 in plaque areas compared with adjacent plaque-free areas (n=32, Figure S4). To confirm this finding, we also performed real-time PCR analysis using the FFPE samples from healthy controls and atherosclerotic patients. H&E staining showed minimal lesions in control samples; however, extensive plaque hemorrhage was observed in advanced plaques from patients (Figure 7A). Our data also indicated an increase in EZH2 expression in diseased vessels compared with healthy control carotid artery (Figure 7B). Consistent with the proposition that IGFBP5 is epigenetically silenced by EZH2, we observed a significant decrease in IGFBP5 expression in human atherosclerotic plaques (Figure 7B). These observations collectively suggest that the clinical relevance of EZH2 in regulating IGFBP5 expression in human atherosclerotic plaques.
Atherosclerosis is a focal disease that preferentially develops in regions of disturbed flow, but less in regions of atheroprotective laminar flow [8-12]. Several landmark studies [23-25] have recently shown that atheroprone disturbed flow alters endothelial gene expression via DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)-mediated DNA methylation of key genes involved in endothelial function, such as KLF3, KLF4, and homeobox protein hox-A5 (HoxA5). Disturbed flow also promotes endothelial DNA methylation by repressing the expression of Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (Tet2) . However, the mechanisms by which atheroprotective laminar flow prevents atherosclerosis at the epigenetic level, especially at the histone methylation level, remain poorly defined. In this study, we uncover that the EZH2-H3K27me3-IGFBP5 pathway contributes to laminar flow-dependent atheroprotective effects.
Through genome-wide RNA-seq, we first identified that laminar flow decreased the expression of two PRC2 components, EZH2 and RpAp46, without affecting the expression of H3K27me3 demethylases-UTX and JMJD3. The net outcome of laminar flow treatment could potentially lead to reduced PRC2 activity, evidenced by decreased global H3K27me3 levels. Recent studies have shown that miR101 is mechanosensitive and EZH2 is a well-defined target of miR101 [29, 68]. By using a miR101 inhibitor treatment of endothelial cells, we observed that miR101 was involved in flow induced EZH2 downregulation, which reproduced a recent study using a different fluid shear system (an ibidi fluidic unit) . In light of the negative feedback loop between miRNA 101 and EZH2 , it is plausible that flow sustains low levels of EZH2 through this regulatory loop. We also showed downregulation of EZH2 mRNA and protein expression in laminar flow areas (thoracic aorta) of mouse aorta, compared with disturbed flow areas (inner curvature of aortic arch). The biological function of EZH2 is to impose a repressive epigenetic mark of H3K27me3 onto target gene promoters, thereby leading to gene silencing . Consistent with the proposition that laminar flow exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects; we observed that both EZH2 depletion by siRNA and inhibition by a specific inhibitor GSK126 reduced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, suggesting EZH2 and the associated H3K27me3 modifier are pro-inflammatory in endothelial cells. The cellular effects of EZH2 could possibly be mediated by modulating H3K27me3 level and the binding of this repressive epigenetic mark to target gene promoters. To evaluate the effect of atheroprotective flow on the EZH2/H3K27me3-dependent genome-wide transcriptional profile, we performed an RNA-seq transcriptional profiling on laminar flow- and EZH2 siRNA-treated human endothelial cells. A Venn diagram was used to compare the common genes regulated by both laminar flow and EZH2 depletion. We found that atheroprotective flow and EZH2 depletion alter the endothelial gene landscape, which includes upregulating atheroprotective genes (such as IGFBP5) while downregulating pro-atherosclerotic genes. Through studying the overlapping genes between flow and EZH2 depletion, we observed that both treatments upregulate several genes maintaining endothelial homeostasis (HMOX1, NQO1, GPX3, KLF4, and PLAT). Our study extends previous observations showing that laminar flow decreases EZH2 expression in cultured endothelial cells and EZH2 downregulation is involved in flow-induced cell quiescence .
Recent studies by Yang et al. and Lv et al. have shown that EZH2 expression is upregulated in mouse models of hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperlipidemia, respectively, unveiling a new functional connection between EZH2 and atherosclerosis. In addition, lentivirus-mediated EZH2 overexpression exacerbates plaque development in ApoE-/- mice fed a high fat diet , suggesting that EZH2 may play a pro-atherogenic role in atherosclerosis. However, to date, there are limited EZH2 target genes identified in endothelial cells. Interestingly, our study identifies IGFBP5 as a novel mechanosensitive gene regulated by EZH2-dependent H3K27me3 that may serve as a critical regulator of flow-elicited responses. IGFBPs are important in vascular biology as they regulate gene expression and extracellular matrix accumulation . Our study shows that IGFBP5 is a flow-responsive but EZH2-H3K27me3-repressive gene that confers anti-inflammatory effects. It is possible that laminar flow-induced secretion of IGFBP5 could exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating IGF-dependent or -independent effects . These data, together with two recent findings showing that atheroprotective drugs, including statins and omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids , reduce EZH2 expression in cancer cells, suggesting EZH2 is a promising therapeutic target for pharmacological intervention. More importantly, our data-mining study and the analysis of the expression level of EZH2 and IGFBP5 in human atherosclerotic plaques demonstrated an association of EZH2 and IGFBP5 with human atherosclerotic plaques, thus increasing the translational potential of our study.
In the current study, we mainly focused on the role of EZH2/H3K27me3 in endothelial function. To ascertain the anti-inflammatory profile conferred by laminar flow, it will be important to address in future studies whether genetic or pharmacological inhibition of H3K27me3 demethylase activity by JMJD3 and UTX will reverse the effects of laminar flow or EZH2 deficiency on endothelial function. In light of the important role of phosphorylation at Ser21 , Thr345 and Thr487 in regulating EZH2 expression/methyltransferase activity, it will be important to evaluate the temporal phosphorylation profile of EZH2 in endothelial cells in response to flow, and the phosphorylation of Ser21 in particular, which can be activated by flow-responsive kinase Akt . Although the precise role of EZH2 in the development of atherosclerosis still requires in-depth investigation using endothelium-specific knockout mice, results presented here indicate that fine-tuned regulation of the levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3 is critical for maintaining endothelial homeostasis. Furthermore, in addition to transcriptional silencing, EZH2 has a non-canonical role in transactivating target genes . This aspect has been well defined in cancer cell biology, showing that EZH2 activates NF-κB target genes . We are currently investigating the role of EZH2 in transactivating endothelial cell-specific genes. We understand that flow-dependent regulation of gene transcriptional programming is a result of the complex interplay between multiple chromatin modifiers (DNA and histone methyltransferases for example ). This is particularly intriguing since a recent study has shown that EZH2-dependent PRC2 is associated with multiple long non-coding RNAs , thereby participating in gene regulation. We also recognize that laminar shear stress elicits profound changes in endothelial transcriptional programming, which include IGFBP5 and other atherorelevant genes. The study focused on the effects of flow on epigenetic regulation of IGFBP5 expression by H3K27me3 in endothelial cells. All these mechanisms were only confirmed by in vitro studies. It is well established that the cell components are complicated in the advanced plaques, including endothelial cells, macrophages, foam cells and smooth muscle cells. Although EZH2 show higher expression in endothelial cells, compared with other smooth muscle cells and macrophages, it cannot be totally ruled out that EZH2/H3K27me3 could also regulate functions of smooth muscle cells and macrophages, since IGFBP5 is a secreted anti-inflammatory protein, which could possibly impact endothelial cells-smooth muscle cell/macrophage communication. Determining the expression of EZH2/H3K27me3 with different markers of individual vascular cell type in the advanced plaque, will provide further evidence supporting the epigenetic modulation of IGFBP5 in plaque endothelial cells. The elucidation of these novel EZH2-dependent genes that regulate endothelial function will provide us a new direction of cardiovascular research.
In summary, the present study reveals EZH2 as a mechanosensitive and potentially atherogenic chromatin modifier that serves as a molecular switch to determine atheroprotective or atheropromoting outcomes in the endothelium based on distinctive H3K27me3 marks. Defining the link between hemodynamic forces and epigenetic regulation of endothelial gene transcription could deepen our understanding of mechanisms underlying blood flow-dependent gene expression and atherosclerosis, and finally will translate into new remedies for atherosclerosis.
ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; EZH2: enhancer of zeste homolog 2; FFPE: formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded; GEO: gene expression omnibus; GPX3: glutathione peroxidase 3; H3K27me3: histone 3 lysine 27; HCAECs: human coronary artery endothelial cells; HMOX1: heme oxygenase 1; HoxA5: homeobox protein hox-A5; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; ICAM1: intracellular adhesion molecule 1; IGFBP5: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5; JMJD3: jumonji domain containing-3; KLF: kruppel like factor; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; PLAT: plasminogen activator, tissue type; PRC2: polycomb repressive complex 2; RNA-seq: RNA sequencing; Tet2: tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; UTX: ubiquitously transcribed X-chromosome tetratricopeptide repeat protein; VCAM1: vascular adhesion molecule 1.
Supplementary methods, figures and tables S1-S4.
We are grateful to Jason R. Myers and John Ashton from Genomic Research Center of University of Rochester for RNA-seq data analysis and depositing. Research conducted in these studies was supported by National Institutes of Health RO1 grants (HL109502, R01HL114570, HL128363, HL130167) and American Heart Association Grant-In-Aid Award (GRNT33660671) (to Z.G.J.).
S.X. and Z.G.J. designed the whole study, Y.X., M.Y., P. L, S.Z., M. K. provided important suggestions and input into this project. J.P. provided human control and atherosclerotic samples for the study. S.S. and P.J.L. proofread the manuscript and offered suggestions for the revision. Z.G.J. supervised the whole study.
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Gas-rich disks in the early universe are highly turbulent and have giant star-forming clumps. Models suggest the clumps form by gravitational instabilities, and if they resist disruption by star formation, then they interact, lose angular momentum, and migrate to the center to form a bulge. Here we study the properties of the bulges formed by this mechanism. They are all thick, slowly rotating, and have a high Sersic index, like classical bulges. Their rapid formation should also give them relatively high α−element abundances. We consider fourteen low-resolution models and four high-resolution models, three of which have supernova feedback. All models have an active halo, stellar disk, and gaseous disk, three of the models have a pre-existing bulge and three others have a cuspy dark matter halo. All show the same basic result except the one with the highest feedback, in which the clumps are quickly destroyed and the disk thickens too much. The coalescence of massive disk clumps in the center of a galaxy is like a major merger in terms of orbital mixing. It differs by leaving a bulge with no specific dark matter component, unlike the merger of individual galaxies. Normal supernova feedback has little effect because the high turbulent speed in the gas produces tightly bound clumps. A variety of indirect observations support the model, including clumpy disks with young bulges at high redshift and bulges with relatively little dark matter.
Numerical simulations have shown that gas-rich primordial galaxy disks can fragment into massive clumps that interact gravitationally and migrate to the center where they merge and form a bulge (Noguchi 1999; Immeli et al. 2004ab; Carollo et al. 2007). In a recent model with an initially uniform disk composed of gas and stars and with an active halo (Bournaud, Elmegreen & Elmegreen 2007a, hereafter BEE07), clump formation and interactions trigger a starburst and redistribute the disk into a smooth exponential profile outside the bulge, while clump ejecta and clump tidal tails create a steeper exponential profile in the far outer regions. The earliest stages resemble high-redshift chain galaxies and clump clusters, with kpc-sized, 108 M⊙ clumps (Cowie et al. 1995; van den Bergh et al. 1996; Elmegreen et al. 2004; Conselice et al. 2004). The required high gas fractions and disturbed kinematics are observed at high redshifts (Genzel et al. 2006; Förster Schreiber et al. 2006; Weiner, et al. 2006; Daddi et al. 2008; Bournaud et al. 2008). The final stages in the model resemble modern spirals with a bulge and generally a double-exponential (type II) light profile (Freeman 1970; Pohlen et al. 2002). The bulge and thick disk can form at the same time. The bulge mass fraction is realistic for early type galaxies (BEE07), and, if the disk continues to grow, it is realistic for late types too. In the present paper, we explore the detailed properties of bulges that form this way. In a companion paper (Elmegreen, Bournaud, & Elmegreen 2008), we propose that nuclear black holes form along with the bulges by the coalescence of smaller black holes from each clump.
There are two main types of bulges (e.g., Drory & Fisher 2007; see review in Kormendy & Kennicutt 2004). Early-type galaxies tend to have “classical” bulges that are red, old, and high in α/Fe ratio (indicative of rapid formation), and an n>2.5 Sersic profile (Zoccali et al. 2006; Ballero et al. 2007; McWilliam et al. 2007; Lecureur et al. 2007). Their age, metallicity and abundance ratios (Moorthy & Holtzman 2006), luminosity function (Driver et al. 2007) and position in the fundamental plane (Falcón-Barroso et al. 2002; Thomas & Davies 2006; Jablonka et al. 2007; MacArthur et al. 2007) form a continuous sequence with elliptical galaxies. The most massive bulges and spheroids are of this type (MacArthur et al. 2007), and the Milky Way bulge may be also (Rich et al. 2007; Minniti & Zoccali 2007). Their origin could be related to galaxy-galaxy mergers (Hernquist & Barnes 1991) or cosmological gas accretion (Steinmetz & Muller 1995; Xu et al. 2007). Fu et al. (2003) and Zavala et al. (2007) suggest that classical bulges form from pre-galactic halo clusters or halo fragments, respectively, which lose their angular momentum to the halo.
In contrast, late-type galaxies (e.g., later than Sbc - Thomas & Davies 2006) tend to have “pseudo-bulges,” which are somewhat blue, span a wide range of ages, and have more disk-like properties, including small-n Sersic profiles (e.g., Debattista et al. 2006; Carollo et al. 2007). They presumably formed by secular evolution in disks, such as vertical instabilities in bars (Combes, & Sanders 1981; van den Bosch 1998; Avila-Reese et al. 2005; Debattista et al. 2006; Athanassoula 2007, 2008), and torque-driven accretion (Pfenniger & Norman 1990; Zhang 1999; see review in Kormendy & Kennicutt 2004). Rapid secular processes in bars might also build bulges that resemble the classical type in some respects (Athanassoula & Martinez-Valpuesta 2007).
The Noguchi model of bulge formation by disk clump coalescence does not fit either bulge type in standard models. Classical bulges supposedly formed early without significant disks and then accreted their disks later (see review in Conselice 2007). This idea is reinforced by the lack of a correlation between the luminosities of bulges and disks (Balcells et al. 2007). The Noguchi model, although fast enough to form a classical bulge in 1 Gyr, requires a disk first to get the material that coalesces. A pseudo-bulge has a disk first, but the bulge forms by a different mechanism, usually involving bars, and it forms over a much longer time than in the Noguchi model.
The Noguchi model fares better in the context of galactic structure observed at high redshift. The disk clumps that are supposed to coalesce to make a bulge are actually observed in galaxies in the Hubble Space Telescope Ultra Deep Field (HST UDF) and other deep fields out to z∼6 (Elmegreen et al. 2007a). These clumps are large (>1 kpc), massive (∼108 M⊙), and young (∼300 Myr, or ∼10 internal dynamical times), making them look like scaled-up star complexes formed by common gravitational instabilities (Elmegreen & Elmegreen 2005; Elmegreen, et al. 2007b). They also contribute strongly to the gravitational forces in the disk. If they resist disruption from supernova explosions, then they should migrate to the center and merge in only a few rotations, which is several ×108 yrs. The dynamical effect should be analogous to that in a major merger, with a thorough redistribution of orbits and a starburst in the gas (BEE07). In this sense, internal clump coalescence in the Noguchi model is like galaxy coalescence in the classical bulge formation model. Both processes also get less important over time: bulge formation by galaxy mergers becomes less important because the galaxy merger rate decreases; bulge formation by clump mergers becomes less important because the disks become less clumpy. Disk clumps presumably result from gravitational instabilities, so their mass depends on the turbulent Jeans mass. As turbulent speeds decrease relative to the rotation speed, clump masses decrease relative to the galaxy mass; then their interactions and migrations toward the bulge becomes less severe. An important difference between the two cases is that in galaxy mergers, each component has its own dark matter, whereas in clump mergers, the components are pure baryons.
A strong constraint on the origin of small bulges in massive galaxies was recently discovered by Weinzirl et al. (2008), who found too high a fraction of these bulges compared to the predictions of cosmological simulations. If a bulge is made by a major merger, as in the classical description, then the merger had to occur at a redshift z>2 in order for the galaxy to have had enough time to accrete its massive disk around the merger-remnant bulge. However, the fraction of galaxies with major mergers only at z>2 is much smaller than the fraction of galaxies with small bulges. Thus another origin for small bulges in massive galaxies is required. Weinzirl et al. suggested minor mergers or secular processes are involved. The Noguchi model discussed here is one possible secular process. Considering the prevalence of the right initial conditions for this model in deep galaxy surveys, i.e., highly turbulent and clumpy disks, it may be the primary secular process to form classical-type bulges.
Genzel et al. (2008) propose that bulges and exponential profiles form rapidly in young disks following dynamical evolution. They base this on high resolution observations of Hα and [NII] in z=2 galaxies that show highly turbulent motions in star-forming regions and inner disk masses proportional to age. Elmegreen et al. (2008) similarly find an age and bulge-mass sequence in the clumpy galaxies of the Hubble Space Telescope Ultra Deep Field. The most clumpy types of disks have younger and smaller bulges relative to their star formation clumps than the smoother spirals. Elmegreen et al. suggested that clump cluster and chain galaxies form bulges and thick inner disks while they are still in their highly turbulent stage. When the gas settles, the clumps get smaller, the disk gets smoother, and bulge formation slows down to make a normal spiral.
In the following sections, we first review the observations of high redshift clumpy galaxies and show examples with and without bulges (Sect. 2). Then we present simulations of gas-rich disks that form massive star complexes and follow the evolution of those complexes as they move inward by mutual gravitational interactions (Sect. 3). The properties of the resulting bulges are discussed in Section 4. The effect of supernova feedback on the evolution and coalescence of giant clumps is studied in Section 5. The effect of clump migration on dark matter cusps is discussed in Section 6. Observations that support this model of bulge formation are reviewed in Section 7. Section 8 contains a summary.
Deep HST images with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) show two types of high redshift galaxies that are clumpy and without bulges or exponential disks: clump-clusters, which are oval collections of bright clumps, discovered by van den Bergh et al. (1996) in the Hubble Deep Field, and chains, which are linear collections of clumps, discovered by Cowie et al. (1995) in HST images of the Hawaii Survey Fields. These two types have similar luminosities and colors, similar clump luminosities and colors, and they collectively have a distribution with respect to their ratio of axes that is constant, as would be the case for circular disks viewed in random orientations (Elmegreen, et al. 2004; Elmegreen & Elmegreen 2005). Thus we suggested that most clump clusters and chains are members of the same population of highly-clumped disk galaxies, viewed at different orientations (Elmegreen, et al. 2005a; see also Reshetnikov, Dettmar, & Combes 2003). Not all clump clusters are single galaxy disks. A few are composed of features with discrepant redshifts so they are probably line-of-sight alignments, and a few others look more like separate galaxies in the process of assembly (see Fig. 5 in Elmegreen et al. 2007b, and Conselice et al. 2008). This is why we prefer to use the general morphological nomenclature of clump-clusters, rather than clumpy galaxies. van den Bergh (2002) called them protospirals, and Conselice et al. (2004) included clump clusters among his more general class of “luminous diffuse objects.” For 178 clump clusters in the UDF, 27±14% of the i775 light is in clumps, compared to ∼8% for spirals (Elmegreen et al. 2005b). For ten extreme cases, 40% of the i775-band light and 19% of the mass is in clumps (Elmegreen & Elmegreen 2005).
The ACS morphology of clumpy galaxies is based on their far-uv restframe properties, which are dominated by star formation. Rest-frame images in B-band or redder are required to see bulges. In Elmegreen et al. (2007a), we compared i775 and NICMOS J images to show weak or no bulges in three clump cluster galaxies, UDF 1666 at redshift z=1.318, UDF 3483 at z=1.80 (photometric), and UDF 6462 at z=1.57, and in one chain galaxy, UDF 7269 at z=0.69 (photometric). Similar comparisons were made in Elmegreen et al. (2008) where the relative bulge masses were also studied. In this latter paper, ∼50% of clump clusters and 30% of chain galaxies in the UDF, taken from a sample of galaxies larger than 0.3 arcsec, were observed to have bulges in the H-band NICMOS images. This leaves more than half of the clumpy, high-redshift galaxies without bulges.
Different examples of clumpy galaxies with strong and weak bulges are shown in Figure 1. Each row consists of two galaxies with ACS V-band images on the left and NICMOS H-band images on the right. The top left is UDF 6922 (zphot=1.35), the top right is UDF 4253 (zphot=1.04), the lower left is UDF 7269 (zphot=0.69), and the lower right is UDF 6486 (zphot=2.64). The two top galaxies have central bright concentrations in H-band that are not evident in the V-band, which shows primarily off-center clumps. These two presumably have bulges. The two in the bottom row have no dominant central concentrations in NICMOS. Other images of clumpy galaxies with and without bulges are shown in Elmegreen et al. (2008).
The identification of bulges in NICMOS images is difficult because the angular resolution is 3 times worse than in ACS images. The best we can say until higher resolution IR observations are available is that among 292 clump cluster and chain galaxies with no evident bulges in the ACS image of the UDF, about half can be examined with NICMOS (because they are large enough or in the NICMOS field of view) and among these, about half contain no obvious central bulges even in NICMOS. These galaxies span redshifts up to ∼5 in the UDF and are therefore plausible examples of the type of pre-bulge clumpy disks discussed in this paper.
It seems reasonable to assume that some high-redshift clumpy galaxies are fragmented, gas-rich disks. The clumps probably formed by gaseous gravitational instabilities, as in local galaxies, in which case the turbulent speed should be moderately large compared to the rotation speed, perhaps several tens of percent. This makes the clump size large compared to the galaxy radius, so there are only a few giant clumps in each galaxy. The high turbulence is in agreement with observations by Genzel et al. (2006), Förster Schreiber et al.(2006), and others referenced above. One of the clump-clusters that has a small bulge or reddish stellar region, UDF 6462, has a global rotation curve indicative of a single galaxy with highly disturbed velocities at the positions of the clumps, suggesting both high turbulence and non-circular motions (Bournaud et al. 2008). The bulge in UDF 6462 is redder than the clumps, somewhat centralized, and has a higher metallicity than the rest of the disk.
The most relevant observations for a model of clumpy galaxies are the overall galaxy size, and the clump masses, separations and numbers. If the clumps form by gravitational instabilities in the gaseous component of an irregular disk, then their properties depend on local values of the turbulent speed σ and column density Σ. To get a small number of massive clumps, we need a relatively high ratio of turbulent speed to rotation speed, ∼10% or more, and to get such a turbulent disk gravitationally unstable so that it forms clumps, we need a fairly high gas column density, which means a high gas-to-star ratio in the disk at that time. Many other details of the initial conditions are less important for this bulge formation model. The clumps should have a mass comparable to the disk Jeans mass, which is MJ∼σ4gas/(G2Σ), and they should have a separation comparable to the Jeans length, LJ∼2σ2gas/(GΣ). If the dispersion for gas is large, comparable to that for the disk stars, then Σ in this equation will have a strong contribution from disk stars, i.e., both stars and gas can contribute to the clump. When the Jeans length is a large fraction of the disk scale length, the clump masses will be a large fraction of the disk mass, and such clumps will interact strongly (BEE07). Cosmological simulations have more realism than our models on extragalactic scales, but they are not generally tuned to give clumpy disks like those we see at intermediate to high redshifts. Analytical models that approximate disk accretion with viscosity and consider thermal cooling (e.g., Lodato & Natarajan 2006) are also not as useful as direct simulations for following the complexity of turbulent disk fragmentation and evolution.
The evolution of gas-rich galaxy disks is modeled here in the same manner as in BEE07. We use a particle-mesh sticky-particle code (see Bournaud & Combes 2002, 2003). Sticky-particle parameters are βr=βt=0.7 for all but run 4, which has βr=βt=0.8. Star formation follows a local Schmidt law where the probability per timestep that each gas particle is transformed into a stellar particle is proportional to the local gas density to the power 1.4 (e.g., Kennicutt 1998). The proportionality factor gives a star formation rate of 3.5 M\sun yr−1 in the initially uniform disk.
In all our models, the initial disk is composed of gas and stars with a uniform surface density (i.e., chain and clump cluster galaxies do not have exponential disks; Elmegreen et al. 2005b). The initial disk radius is 6 kpc and the thickness is h=700 pc with a sech2(z/h) vertical distribution. The disk mass (stars+gas) is 7×1010 M\sun. Stars have a Toomre parameter in the stable regime, Qs=1.5, but the mixed disk of stars and gas is unstable.
We first analyze a series of 14 low-resolution runs with a grid resolution and gravitational softening length of 110 pc. Stars, gas, and dark matter halo are modeled with one million particles each in these runs. Feedback from star formation is not included. Runs 0 to 7 are the same as in BEE07, and their initial parameters were summarized in Table 1 of BEE07. The main fixed parameters were recalled above. The gas mass fraction in the disk, fG, is 0.5 except for runs 4 and 5, where it is 0.25 and 0.75. The halo-to-disk mass ratio, H/D, inside the initial disk radius, is 0.5 except for runs 6 and 7, where it is 0.25 and 0.80.
Runs 0 to 7 have no initial bulge and a dark halo that is a Plummer sphere with a scale-length of 15 kpc. In addition, runs 0N, 1N, 2N have a ΛCDM cuspy halo (Navarro, Frenk & White 1997) with a cusp scale-length rS=6 kpc (concentration parameter 16.7 for a virial radius of 100 kpc). The other parameters including the gas fractions and halo-to-disk mass ratios are unchanged from runs 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Runs 0B, 1B, 2B are like runs 0, 1, and 2, but they have a small initial bulge that is a Plummer sphere with 10% of the disk mass and a radial scale-length of 600 pc.
We also performed higher-resolution models, with some including supernova feedback. The number of particles of each type was larger by a factor 3, the grid resolution and softening length were improved by a factor 2 in each direction everywhere, and they were improved by a factor 4 at radii smaller than 4 kpc. Clump coalescence occurs in this inner region, so the high resolution cases, where the spatial resolution is 28 pc, consider this process best.
With high resolution, Run HR-0 has an initial gas fraction of 60%, an initial bulge of 4% of the disk, and the other parameters as in the fiducial Run 0. Runs HR-0-F1, HR-0-F2 and HR-0-F3 have the same initial conditions and resolution as run HR-0, but with supernova feedback included. We used the feedback model proposed by Mihos & Hernquist (1994). A supernova is assumed to occur for each 50M⊙ of stars formed. A fraction ϵ of the 1051 erg energy of each supernova is released in the form of radial velocity kicks applied to gas particles within the closest cells. We used ϵ=2×10−4 in run HR-0-F1 (which is about the value suggested by Mihos & Hernquist 1994), ϵ=10−3 in run HR-0-F2 and ϵ=10−2 in run HR-0-F3.
During the course of each simulation, clumps were identified every 25 Myr as regions where the surface density is locally larger than the radial average by a factor of 3. Only clumps with masses larger than 2×108 M⊙ and sizes smaller than 3 kpc were considered: this size limitation avoids spiral arms (see BEE07). Sub-structures like OB associations and small dense clusters are expected to form inside the main clumps of real galaxies, but we cannot resolve this in the simulations.
Properties of the bulges formed in the low and high resolution runs without feedback are first considered. The influence of supernovae (SNe) in runs HR-0-F1 to HR-0-F3 will be discussed in section 5. The time-dependent mass column density in the fiducial run 0 was shown in Figure 4 of our previous paper, BEE07. Giant stellar clumps formed in the gas-rich initial disk and then migrated to the center where they made a bulge. About half the clump mass was left in the disk and the other half got to the center. An exponential disk formed outside.
Figures 2 and 3 show the new fiducial runs, 0N, with an initial NFW halo, and 0B, with an initial central bulge. The timescale for clump merging has increased slightly in both cases compared to run 0 because of the relatively smaller mutual forces between the clumps: smaller compared to the dark matter force in run 0N and smaller compared to the combined disk+bulge force in run 0B. The evolution of the high resolution run HR-0 is shown on the top in Figures 6 and 7.
The fractional clump masses, fC, bulge masses, and bulge-to-total (baryonic) mass fractions after 1 Gyr are given in Table 1. Runs 0 to 7 and HR-0 have bulge fractions ranging from 0.12 to 0.36 (average 0.24). Runs with a cuspy dark matter halo have about the same final bulge mass fractions as those with a Plummer sphere halo. Runs with an initial 10% bulge have slightly larger final bulge masses than those without an initial bulge. This increase is not the full 10% because increased tidal forces near the center disrupt the clumps earlier before they coalesce. Bulge growth is somewhat regulated in this way. This keeps the final bulge-to-disk ratio compatible with that in present-day early-type spirals, even when a primordial bulge is present from an earlier clump-cluster phase or another formation process.
Figure 4 shows radial disk column density profiles, (Σ(r), normalized to the central value) of the bulge regions up to ∼1.5 kpc, where the disks become exponential. We plot log[−log(Σ)] versus log(r) because that has a constant slope of 1/n in a Sersic profile with projected normalized column density Σ=exp[−(r/r0)1/n]. The model bulges have steep Sersic indices, with an average of n≃4 (between 3 and 4.5) in the 100–500 pc radial range. The Sersic index decreases at radii of 500 to 1000 pc. The bulge in the higher-resolution run HR-0 also has a Sersic index clearly larger than 2 and close to 4 for r<500 pc; the best fit in the 100-500 pc range is n=3.4. Thus the model produces central concentrations with the morphology of classical bulges.
The bulges formed by clump coalescence are not fast rotators. Figure 5 shows the line-of-sight velocity (V) and velocity dispersion (σbulge) for the fiducial run 0 at the final stage, considering two orthogonal edge-on projections. The bulge central velocity dispersion was measured as follows: for each model, we built 50 independent 2-D projections of the stellar content, uniformly distributed over the sine of the inclination to represent an average over all possible viewing angles. The line-of-sight velocity dispersion was computed inside a projected aperture diameter of 110 pc (the grid resolution), and for each model we kept the average value over all projections. We do not attempt to subtract the disk component from edge-on projections, nor to make a direct 3-D measurement, because this would not be done in observations. Measuring the mass-weighted line-of-sight dispersion within a larger projected aperture of 500 pc, we find values between 7% higher and 11% lower than the measurement in the central 110 pc. Thus the projected radial gradient in the dispersion is relatively small in the bulge. This result was also found observationally by Gebhardt et al. (2000), who showed that the dispersion gets high only in the very central regions close to a black hole.
Figure 5 indicates that the bulge region has a strong increase in the velocity dispersion compared to the disk. While the V/σbulge ratio in the exponential disk exceeds 2, the luminosity-weighted average value in the central 750 pc, which contains two-thirds of the bulge mass (green circles on Fig. 5), is much smaller, between 0.4 and 0.5 for the two projections. This is actually an upper limit to V/σbulge in the bulge because of unavoidable disk contamination. In this respect, clump mergers that form bulges are like galaxy mergers that form elliptical galaxies. Both provoke a large kinematical heating that forms a spheroid dominated by random motions. Clump mergers are not like the in-spiral of small dense clusters from dynamical friction, which can leave a rapidly rotating core. Values of the bulge line-of-sight velocity dispersion for all simulations are in Table 1. The average is 130 km s−1.
The bulge velocity dispersion was not affected by resolution. Even at higher resolution, the bulges are slowly rotating and have high velocity dispersions. The bulge morphology and kinematics in model HR-0 are shown in Figure 8. This bulge is rotating with V≤ 60 km s−1, and it has a velocity dispersion σ≥ 80 km s−1 within its half-mass radius.
All of the bulges are somewhat flattened in both the high and low resolution runs. This flattening results from a combination of slight bulge rotation, anisotropic velocity dispersion, and a flattened disk potential.
The models described so far and in BEE07 include star formation but no SN feedback. The concern is whether energy injected by SNe can disrupt the clumps before they reach the center. Immeli et al. (2004a,b) had feedback in their models and the clumps were not disrupted, however their clump masses were larger than in the observations and in our models. Here we consider three high-resolution models, HR-0-F1, HR-0-F2, and HR-0-F3, that have different fractions ϵ of SN energy re-injected into the local gas kinetic energy (ϵ=2×10−4, 10−3, and 10−2, respectively). The evolution of these models is shown in the bottom three rows of Figures 6 and 7.
According to Mihos & Hernquist (1994), realistic values for ϵ in kinetic feedback models should be around 2×10−4 (our run HR-0-F1) and not higher than 10−3 (our run HR-0-F2). These two runs have long-lived, massive clumps of gas and stars in their disks that survive until they coalesce into the central bulge (Figs. 6 and 7). Only the lowest mass clumps (107 M\sun) are significantly reduced by feedback. As measured in Table 1, the masses of the largest clumps are only slightly reduced when feedback is added, and as a result the bulge growth is reduced too, both by about 10%. This is a rather small effect, so feedback is not the main driver of clump disruption. As shown in BEE07, clumps typically release half of their mass into the disk before they reach the bulge because of tidal forces and shear. This keeps the final bulge-to-disk mass ratio rather low. In our models HR-0-F1 and HR-0-F2, SN feedback further regulates the bulge growth in a modest way, but the cores of the clumps clearly survive until they reach the central kpc and coalesce into the bulge.
The edge-on view of the gas disk in run HR-0-F2 (ϵ=10−3; Fig. 7) shows that it is significantly thickened. At the mid-course of the simulation, the gas layer has an average scale-height of 1.6 kpc, larger than the initial conditions and thicker than the star-forming layers in chain galaxies (Elmegreen & Elmegreen 2006). This model should then be taken as an upper limit on the feedback efficiency, in agreement with what Mihos & Hernquist inferred at lower redshift. Even in this case, though, the cores of the massive clumps survive until they reach the central bulge. If we increase even more the feedback efficiency (run HR-0-F3), the clumps become short-lived: they form in the gas but are rapidly disrupted, with no visible counterpart remaining in the stellar mass. In this case no bulge formation by clump coalescence can occur. The gas disk is also nearly destroyed in this case: the thickening is so large that the gas disk resembles a spheroid and even the stellar disk thickens over time.
It is thus unlikely that supernova feedback can disrupt 108M⊙ clumps in high-redshift galaxies; otherwise the gas disk itself would get dispersed. Assuming a lower feedback efficiency but a higher star formation efficiency, or a higher supernova fraction in the IMF, would lead to the same conclusion. If the energy input from stellar feedback is low enough to preserve the gas disk, then the most massive clumps that form are likely to survive for a few disk rotations and reach the center. Supernovae feedback should be more important in lower-mass galaxies, which should have lower gas turbulent speeds and easier clump disruption. This could explain why lower mass galaxies (i.e., later Hubble types) tend to have lower bulge-to-disk mass ratios.
Three of the models have a cuspy initial dark matter halo, following Navarro et al. (1997). The evolution of the disk does not depend much on this cusp, as shown above, but the evolution of the cusp depends a little on the disk. Figure 9 shows the halo density profiles before and after these three simulations. A control run with a rigid disk potential is also shown (dotted line). When the disk can evolve through the formation and interaction of clumps, the central cusp becomes considerably weaker, amounting to a factor of ∼3 in central halo density. The cusp scale-length increases also. This change is a result of halo heating by the moving massive clumps when they reach the center. The central cusps do not go away, but they get reduced. Their reduction should be greater in lower mass galaxies if the disk Jeans mass is about the same (i.e., if the gas velocity dispersion and column density are about the same for a smaller mass galaxy). The reduction should be greater also if several episodes of gas accretion, clump formation and bulge growth take place during the life of a galaxy. Each episode would erode the cusp a little more.
Numerical simulations suggest that primitive gas-rich disks should fragment into clumpy star-formation complexes with masses of ∼108M⊙ or more, and that these complexes should interact gravitationally and move to the galaxy center where they combine to form a bulge. The surrounding disk becomes exponential in the process. There are many assumptions here, the simulations are highly idealized, and the initial galaxies are not fully cosmological with realistic gas accretion and hierarchical build-up. Still, the most important aspects of the model are rather fundamental: young galaxies are gas-rich, gravitational instabilities are inevitable (as in modern galaxies), and clump interactions follow from the relatively large Jeans masses. Our models also suggest that the most massive clumps can survive star-formation feedback during the time it takes them to coalesce. Thus, we are led to ask whether this bulge formation scenario is compatible with the properties of real galaxies and if there is either direct or indirect evidence for it.
First, we have illustrated the kinds of young galaxies where these processes should operate: the clump cluster and chain galaxies with weak or no bulges that are seen out to the detection limit at z∼5 in all high-resolution deep images (Sect. 1, 2). The observed clump masses, sizes, positions, numbers, and ages in these galaxies are reproduced by the models without fine tuning. The key ingredient is a ratio of velocity dispersion to rotation speed that is several times larger than in local galaxies: this large dispersion makes the interstellar Jeans mass equal to the observed clump mass for star formation that is triggered by gravitational instabilities (e.g., Elmegreen et al. 2007b). Such large dispersions are observed in high redshift disks (Sect. 1).
Sargent et al. (2007) also note that the co-moving density of bulge-free disks among intermediate-size galaxies increases out to z=1, while the co-moving density of classical bulgy disks (as determined from their high-n Sersic profiles) decreases, keeping the total disk comoving density about the same. They conclude that at least some high-n bulges have formed by secular disk processes since z=1. Balcells & Domínguez-Palmero (2007) find a similar coeval evolution of classical bulges and disks: bulge colors correlate with disk colors and red bulges are rarely surrounded by purely blue disks in the redshift range from 0.1 to 1.2. Thus there is good evidence for bulge-free disks at high redshift, and for a transition from bulge-free to classical-bulge galaxies over time. This is compatible with the standard model of bulge formation in galaxy mergers, and also with our model of bulge formation by baryonic clump mergers.
The simulations show that the bulges formed this way have properties typical of classical, early-type galaxy bulges. They are slow rotators with high velocity dispersions, thick perpendicular dimensions, and high Sersic indexes. The model timescale from the formation of giant clumps to their merging in the bulge is about 1 Gyr, consistent with the evidence summarized in Section 1 for rapid formation of classical bulges, including that in the Milky Way (e.g., Lecureur et al. 2007) and z∼2 galaxies (Genzel et al. 2008; Elmegreen et al. 2008). Longer bulge formation timescales are possible if the clump formation phase in the disk is prolonged, as might be the case with continued cosmological gas accretion.
The merger of disk clumps is somewhat similar to the merger of small galaxies. The initial angular momentum of the clumps is lost to the disk and halo, so all that remains after their merger is a spheroidal bulge supported mainly by velocity dispersions. An important difference between bulge formation by clump mergers and bulge formation by galaxy mergers concerns the dark matter content of the merging entities. Disk clumps, forming by disk instabilities, contain no halo dark matter from the surrounding galaxy, and so the bulges they form contain no additional dark matter either. In contrast, galaxy mergers bring in considerable amounts of dark matter with them, and much of this should end up in the bulge or spheroid (e.g. Dekel et al. 2005). The amount of bulge dark matter depends on how many bulge stars form at the time of the merger: merger-driven gas accretion followed by star formation to make a bulge brings in relatively little dark matter, whereas merging warm stellar populations should preserve their initial dark matter content. Because observations of early-type galaxy bulges show relatively little dark matter (Corradi & Capaccioli 1990, Noordermeer et al. 2007, Corsini 2007), the galaxy merger model of bulge formation could have more difficulty than the clump merger model in this respect.
Another test of our model involves dark matter cusps (Navarro et al. 1997). Dark matter in merging galaxies adds to the cusp during hierarchical buildup, while massive baryonic clumps that stir the central regions reduce these cusps by increasing the central dark matter velocity dispersion (see also El-Zant, Shlosman, & Hoffman 2001; Sect. 6). Neither of these two bulge-forming mechanisms can completely remove the cusps. Either real galaxies never had cusps, or their cusps have been washed out by various dynamical mechanisms. The merging of disk clumps into a bulge eases the cusp problem, while the merging of cusp-containing galaxies makes the problem worse.
The case for classical bulge formation by galaxy coalescence has been weakened also by the observation that early-type bulges may have smaller Sersic n than previously thought. Carollo, Stiavelli, & Mack (1998) found nuclear star clusters in half of the 75 galaxies they observed with HST, spanning a wide range of Hubble types, and noted that many had exponential profiles outside the clusters and few had pure n=4 Sersic profiles. Balcells et al. (2003) also found for early-type galaxies (S0-Sbc) that nuclear star clusters, which are usually unresolved from the ground, convert low-n profiles into high-n profiles artificially. High-n profiles can be explained by major mergers and violent relaxation (van Albada 1982; Barnes 1988; Bournaud et al. 2005, Naab & Trujillo 2006) or by numerous minor mergers (Bournaud et al. 2007b), but if the profiles have lower n, then the merger scenario is less compelling. Our models form high-n bulges by clump mergers and are subject to the same criticism. If all bulges have low n except for unresolved nuclear clusters, then our model cannot explain them – or strong supernova feedback is required to decrease the mass concentration. More high-resolution bulge profiles are required for this important test.
In the case of late-type or low-mass bulges, which are mostly pseudo-bulges, there is considerable evidence that they come from disks, including correlations between bulge colors and scale lengths and disk colors and scale lengths (MacArthur et al. 2003; Carollo et al. 2001; 2007; see Kormendy & Kennicutt 2004). The implied processes usually involve torque-driven inflows and vertical resonances from bars and spirals. Our models differ from this in that they are fast and require a more primitive disk, one dominated by turbulent gas and little pre-existing bulge, bar, or spiral potentials. A predominantly stellar disk with a bar already, or with enough of a stellar mass to generate strong spiral torques, is not as likely as a primitive disk to fragment into giant clumps that interact gravitationally and merge in the center. We showed in Section 4.1 that an initial bulge increases the tidal force on the clumps and limits the mass they can deliver to the center.
Gas-rich disks with relatively high turbulent speeds should fragment into massive, star-forming clumps and quickly evolve to resemble the chain and clump-cluster galaxies observed at high redshift. Further evolution should lead to clump coalescence and the overall structure of early-type disk galaxies, with smooth (Type II) exponential profiles and Sersic n∼4 bulges. The bulge and inner thick disk stars form fast enough to become enriched with α elements, as required, and their velocity dispersions are realistically large. Direct observations in support of this model include clumpy, highly-turbulent disks and the presence of relatively young, low-mass bulges at intermediate to high redshifts (Sects. 1, 2). Indirect observations include a gradual transition in the classical bulge fraction in disks from redshift z∼1 to 0 (Sect. 7), a high fraction of massive galaxies with relatively low-mass bulges (Sect. 1), and a lack of dark matter specific to the bulge component (Sect. 7), all of which constrain bulge formation by major mergers of individual galaxies. We also note some tendency for clump interactions to heat a dark matter cusp if there is one, and in our simulations, this lowers the cusp density by a factor of ∼3. More simulations will be required to determine if multiple bulge-building episodes continue to reduce the cusp density.
The primary two motivations to consider bulge formation by this mechanism are the large turbulent speeds and the extremely clumpy structures observed in high redshift galaxies. Gravitational instabilities in highly turbulent disks will form stars in extremely massive clumps, so the two observations go together. The present simulations start at this point and show that such clumps will interact strongly with the disk stars and with each other and, as a result, lose angular momentum and migrate to the center. Bulge formation follows. Our simulations with supernova feedback indicate that the massive clumps survive long enough for this whole process to occur, even if feedback regulates bulge growth slightly. The models also indicate that clump coalescence is a lot like galaxy coalescence in that the final bulges formed by these two mechanisms have similar velocity dispersions, rotations, light profiles, and three-dimensional structures. Bulge formation by clump coalescence is expected to get less frequent over time as disk turbulence subsides, because the star-forming clumps will get less massive with the lower turbulent speeds. This decrease in bulge formation by clump coalescence parallels the decrease expected for bulge formation by galaxy coalescence.
The dynamical processes shown here are fundamental yet rapid, suggesting they may be present but unrecognized in other published simulations, including large-scale cosmological simulations that have enough resolution to see structure in disk galaxies (e.g., Rasera & Teyssier 2006; Ocvirk et al. 2008). If the clumpy-disk, bulge-formation phase lasts for only a few disk rotations, and most of the time in a simulation consists of calm secular phases alternating with minor and major mergers, then this important first step in the formation of a galaxy might be missed compared to the subsequent longer-term evolution. The contribution of such clumpy phases to the star formation history might be overlooked too. Still, the processes described here should be present in simulations with enough resolution.
Numerical simulations were carried out on the NEC-SX8R vector computer at CEA/CCRT. D.M.E. thanks Vassar College for publication support. Helpful comments by the referee are gratefully acknowledged.
Note. – 1. Run ID. Runs with N start with a NFW halo profile, runs with B start with an initial bulge.
2. Mass fraction in clumps at the time of peak clumpiness.
3. Bulge mass (measured as in BEE07).
4. Final bulge-to-total mass ratio, not including dark matter in the total.
5. Bulge central line-of-sight velocity dispersion averaged from 50 projections uniformly distributed over the sine of the inclination angle.
Figure 4: Normalized column density profile in the inner 800 pc plotted so that the slope is inversely proportional to the Sersic index, n. The bulge profiles have a high Sersic index at radii of 100-500 pc, indicating they resemble classical bulges. The thin dashed lines are runs 0 to 7, the thick solid line is run HR-0 (higher resolution) and the thick dotted line is run HR-0-F2 (supernova feedback).
Figure 9: Density profiles of the dark matter in the three simulations started with NFW haloes (solid line). The three final profiles are at 1 Gyr, when the clumps have finished there migration, disruption and merging. The control run is with a rigid disk potential, showing that the profile evolution on the other runs is not a numerical artifact from the relaxation of the model halo, but caused by the clump-cluster evolution. The final profiles have a lower central peak density and somewhat larger scale-length, but are still cuspy.
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0.999992 |
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Reading Literature 8.2: Determine the theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary of the text.
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