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Authoritarian rule in Taiwan ended peacefully in the late 1980s. Since then, state institutions and private organizations have repeatedly attempted to address the atrocities committed during authoritarianism (1945-1987). This essay explores the various factors that have determined transitional justice in Taiwan over the last two decades. It demonstrates that post-authoritarian Taiwan has experienced three distinct periods: first, limited apology and compensation (1988-2000); second, attempts at transitional justice that ended in failure (2000-2008); and third, a reversal of all transitional justice mechanisms and a relapse to the past (2008-present). These changes are due in significant part to indigenous conflicts in Taiwan that have not been resolved, but also to global economic and political events that have drastically reduced the focus on democratic governance and accountability.
At the end of World War II, the United States, as the principal occupying power of Japanese territory, authorized Chinese President Chiang Kai-shek to administer Taiwan. At the time, the Chinese Kuomintang government promoted Han ethno-nationalism with the aim of establishing a Han nation, consisting of one state, one people, and one language. As part of this attempt, the government sought to assimilate the native population of Taiwan through social control and education. Regulations forbade the use of Japanese as well as aboriginal and Sinitic languages in favor of Mandarin. Ethnic origin and the ability to speak Mandarin allowed one to qualify for public and political positions and thereby became instruments of social control. State institutions were purged of the Taiwanese, and within a few years Chinese nationalists held most key positions in government and state-run industries.
Social and political injustices caused by the Han nationalists’ dogma of racial superiority and widespread bureaucratic inefficiency led to public protests and culminated in a massacre on February 28, 1947 (known as the 2–28 Incident), in which Chiang Kai-shek’s troops brutally killed thousands of Taiwanese civilians. Two years later, the Kuomintang lost the civil war on the Chinese mainland and retreated to Taiwan, where martial law was imposed from 1949 to 1987.
The defeat on the mainland and Mao Zedong’s subsequent proclamation of the People’s Republic of China as the de facto and de jure successor state of the Kuomintang’s Republic of China caused a crisis of legitimacy for the Chiang Kai-shek regime. On the international stage, the United States assisted Chiang Kai-shek in maintaining that the Kuomintang government was the sole legitimate government of China. Domestically, this position, while untenable from a juridical point of view, was kept alive by promoting Han nationalism and persecuting opponents. At the end of the 1980s, socioeconomic consequences of rapid economic growth, such as a growing middle class and labor disputes, and pressure from the international community, especially from members of U.S. Congress and organizations such as Amnesty International, forced the Kuomintang regime to initiate political reforms. Martial law was lifted in 1987, and subsequent constitutional amendments paved the way for democratization.
During the authoritarian period (1945–1987), several laws restricted political rights and civil liberties. The military, the police, and a Kuomintang network of informers protected the authoritarian state. The total number of victims of the Kuomintang regime is unknown, because many executions were extrajudicial and not recorded. According to declassified information, most extrajudicial executions were carried out in the 1950s, when 130,000 people went missing. Torture and (extrajudicial) executions were widespread until the late 1970s. Reports by the Ministry of Justice, parliamentary interpellation, and other government sources suggest that 30,000 political trials involving more than 200,000 individuals were held in military courts. About 20 percent of the accused were sentenced to death or punished with lifelong imprisonment. Some 60 percent received prison terms between one and 15 years, while others had to undergo reformatory education.
Since 1987, transitional justice in Taiwan has proceeded in three main stages. The first attempts to address the past were made under the presidency of Lee Teng-hui, a native of Taiwan who succeeded Chiang Ching-kuo after his death in 1988.
Compensation and Apology (1988-2000): The immediate post-martial law years saw several large-scale protests demanding political and social reforms. Although human rights activists and victims of the Kuomintang atrocities called for transitional justice, in 1988, President Lee started his term in office with a press conference merely stating that the people of Taiwan should look forward and forget the past. Lee’s long career in the repressive regime and his close friendship with his predecessor likely prompted his refusal to address the past. Political realities, however, forced Lee to rethink these policies. Unlike his predecessors, Lee was neither a Mainlander nor a staunch supporter of Chinese nationalism. Senior party leaders aware of his support for Taiwanese nationalism repeatedly attempted to oust him from the party leadership and the presidency. As his conflict with the conservative wing of the Kuomintang intensified, Lee saw public support as the key to his political survival, and thus presented himself as a statesman who listened to the people. Consequently, he adjusted his transitional justice policies to accommodate public opinion. To this end, he pursued a policy of apology and compensation without investigating the role of the Kuomintang government in past atrocities.
In 2000, Lee’s policy of apology and compensation was abrogated by his successor, Chen Shui-bian, who believed that all previous government policies failed to address the question of who was responsible for past crimes. The focus of transitional justice thus shifted to identifying the perpetrators. Chen’s two terms in office can be seen as the second stage of Taiwan’s transitional justice.
Identifying the Perpetrators (2000-2008): Chen Shui-bian was the first Taiwanese president who was not a Kuomintang member. During the martial law era, the Kuomintang persecuted Chen for his opposition activity. As a victim himself he was determined to challenge the Kuomintang’s interpretation of the 2–28 Incident and other crimes committed during authoritarian rule. In 2004, he set up a special committee comprised of historians and jurists to research legal and political responsibility for the massacre. The final report, released in February 2006, concluded that Chiang Kai-shek was the prime culprit of the 2–28 Incident. The committee’s findings proved helpful in the new Democratic Progressive Party government’s attempt to gain more public support for its transitional justice policies. As a consequence, dozens of statues were removed and several important public places were renamed. During Chen’s term in office, the government also sponsored research on legal responsibility for the persecution of political opponents during the martial law era. Such research included concrete plans to prosecute the perpetrators. In addition, there was growing support for legislation demanding that the Kuomintang return property that it had obtained illegally or by improper means.
President Chen’s transitional justice initiatives, however, encountered social, institutional, and political obstacles and thus remained unfinished when his term ended in 2008. As for the social obstacles, Taiwan developed into a leading economy under authoritarian rule and thus public opinion on former political leaders is divided. As for institutional and political obstacles, the president of Taiwan is the head of state but not a chief executive with strong veto powers. He therefore lacks the means to push through legislation when his party does not enjoy a majority of parliamentary seats. During Chen’s tenure (2000–2008), the Kuomintang and its supporters controlled parliament and transitional justice became tied to national identity and race. As the key perpetrators of Kuomintang atrocities were Chinese nationalists, demands for transitional justice have mainly come from supporters of Taiwanese nationalism while resistance to it has come from Chinese nationalists. President Chen’s calls for transitional justice have hence been interpreted as racial persecution. During the 2004 presidential election, for example, the Kuomintang compared Chen with Adolf Hitler in official campaign advertisements and asked the people to end Chen’s dictatorship.
The issue of national identity has become one of the major internal obstacles in Taiwan’s attempt to redress the past. The polarization is reflected in almost any discourse on transitional justice, including the debate on the content of school textbooks. Taiwanese nationalists support detailed descriptions of Kuomintang atrocities in textbooks, whereas Chinese nationalists complain that Japanese war crimes are not properly addressed. Although the Taiwanese were subject to human rights abuses during the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945), they still support Japan. Some of the most important Taiwanese nationalist leaders hold degrees from Japanese universities and are well connected with right-wing politicians there. Many Taiwanese nationalists venerate Imperial Japan and Japanese right-wing intellectuals such as writer Kobayashi Yoshinori, who denies the existence of the Nanjing Massacre and other crimes committed by the Japanese in the 1930s and 1940s, which makes it difficult to convince liberal intellectuals to endorse Chen’s call for transitional justice.
Chinese Historical Revisionism (2008–present): The third stage of transitional justice began in 2008 with the presidential election victory of Ma Ying-jeou (Kuomintang). As an outspoken supporter of Chinese nationalism, Ma is known for his ambivalent view of democratic institutions and transitional justice. Soon after his inauguration, most of the previous government’s transitional justice policies were reversed without public consultation. The former dictators’ mausoleums were reopened, and the National Taiwan Democracy Memorial Hall was renamed the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial. Museums and other places commemorating the Kuomintang atrocities were “sanitized,” meaning that exhibits illustrating the reign of terror were removed and commemorative sites repurposed by renaming and turning them into cultural centers with art performances that no longer honor the victims.
Although indigenous factors have been important in determining Taiwan’s transitional justice policies, the development itself has predominantly been the result of extraordinary global circumstances and Taiwan’s adaption to such changes. In this respect, Taiwan’s state capacity in foreign relations plays a crucial role. It may well be argued that Taiwan is short on structural power in that its ability to determine the rules of interstate exchanges is rather limited. In other words, it is a weak state and as such it is forced to rely on its bargaining power to survive.
During the Cold War, Taiwan’s existence depended on U.S. military and political support. It was Taiwan’s geopolitical importance that helped it get the necessary support and protection from the United States and its allies. But support was not unconditional. The Kuomintang government had to ensure socioeconomic development and political stability in Taiwan.
The end of the Cold War, the emergence of a further global wave of democratization, and the subsequent proclamation of liberal democracy as the prevailing form of political governance changed the environmental setting. Taiwan under Lee Teng-hui thus attempted to increase its state capacity in foreign relations by using its economic and political achievements as bargaining chips. Domestically, the global democratic atmosphere helped (or convinced) Lee to accelerate democratic reforms and to initiate transitional justice. On the international stage, he sided with the victorious West and became an outspoken critic of the “Asia values” paradigm, while trying to shore up Taiwan’s international clout and contain China’s growing ambitions.
Lee’s successor, Chen Shui-bian, followed in his footsteps and tried even more to “sell” Taiwan’s outstanding democratic achievements to extend the country’s international influence, but he proved less successful. His attempt to transform Taiwan into a cosmopolitan state prepared to work toward the fulfillment of the global democratic project was appreciated neither at home nor abroad. Internal factors for Chen’s failure were addressed above; as for the external ones, a series of global events, such as the U.S.-led War on Terror, the deepening fiscal crises in the United States and Europe, and the rise of China, have put an end to the immediate post-Cold War democratic euphoria. These developments have shifted the world’s focus away from the global democratic project to state-centric interests, such as national security and economic growth.
These global developments also changed the Kuomintang’s perception of its commitment to the United States and liberal democracy. Ma Ying-yeou’s term in office consequently brought about the end of transitional justice in Taiwan.
Since the lifting of martial law in 1987, transitional justice in Taiwan proceeded in three main stages. First, between 1988 and 2000, President Lee Teng-hui of the Kuomintang promoted a policy of compensation and apology. Second, from 2000 to 2008, Chen Shui-bian of the opposition Democratic Progressive Party made transitional justice a priority, but most of his policies failed to materialize for various social, political, and institutional reasons. Third, since 2008, President Ma Ying-jeou (Kuomintang) and his government have reversed almost all previously adopted transitional justice policies.
Although indigenous factors have played a decisive role in transitional justice in Taiwan, its development (or lack thereof) has predominantly been the outcome of global political changes. During the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, global democratic euphoria and Taiwan’s dependence on international support paved the way for transitional justice initiatives. The rise of China, the War on Terror, and other developments have made democratic values less attractive to policy makers in Taipei, and as a consequence have put an end to transitional justice initiatives in Taiwan.
As for the newly democratizing countries of the Arab world, Taiwan’s experience has shown that whatever the specific indigenous circumstances of each country, global factors play a decisive role in determining the success or failure of transitional justice.
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where all these kids are?
1. Log into Easy IEP using your own username and password.
2. From the Home page, click "Students" in the green menu bar.
3. At the bottom of the page, click "Advanced Student Search."
5. At the bottom of the page, click "View Students" to see a list of ALL students at your school who are in the Easy IEP system. Or, use the various checkbox options to narrow your search.
For instance, to find all of the students who have speech therapy scroll down to the "Related Services" section and check the box that says "Speech/Language." Then go to the bottom of the page and click "View Students."
To see the students at your school who do not have a case manager listed, go to the "Case Manager" section and click "Only include students with no Case Manager." Then go to the bottom of the page and click "View Students."
6. You can organize this list by clicking the headings at the top of each column. For instance, if you click The word "Disablilty," the list will be sorted according to the students' disability. This is helpful if you need to find, say, all of the speech-only (SP) students at the school. If you click "Eligibility Date," the students will be listed in order of oldest eligibility to newest. This is helpful in determining which students will be eligible for reevaluation soon.
You can also click "Export Search Results" to open the information in an Excel spreadsheet. However, depending on your version of Excel, all of the results may not display properly.
1. Click "Wizards" in the green menu bar at the top of the page.
2. At the bottom of the list, click "Caseload Setup Wizard."
3. If you already have a caseload, a list of students will display. To remove students from your caseload, uncheck the box next to the student's name and click "Update the Database" at the bottom of the page. This will not remove the student from Easy IEP or designate him as no longer in need of special education services, it will only remove him from your list.
4. To add students to your caseload, scroll to the bottom of the page and click "Add More Students to Caseload."
5. Search for individual students by name, or by ID number (found on the list you printed out.) At the bottom of the page, click "View Students."
6. Check the box under Case Manager OR Team Member. If you are the speech therapist and the student is a special needs student, you are always a Team Member. If you are the speech therapist and the student is a speech-only (SP) student, you are always the Case Manager. Click either "Add Students to Caseload," or "Add Students to Caseload, Then Find More."
7. To add multiple students from the same school to your caseload quickly, on the Caseload Setup Wizard page, click "Add More Students to Caseload."
8. Choose your school from the dropdown menu and click "View Students."
9. Using the list that you printed earlier, check the boxes under Case Manager or Team Member next to the students you want to add to your caseload, and click "Add Students to Caseload" at the bottom of the page.
10. To see your caseload later, click "Students" in the green menu bar at the top of any Easy IEP page. Scroll down and click "View My Caseload." Use the column headings to sort the list by disability, eligibility date, etc.
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0.999935 |
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Chris Claremont Papers; Box and Folder; Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Library.
Papers of novelist and comic book writer Chris Claremont. Collection includes business records and writings including comic book scripts, drafts of novels, and Claremont's early short stories.
The Claremont collection consists of Claremont's professional papers, including his comic book work and drafts and manuscripts of novels, short stories and screenplays. Claremont's comic-related files include project proposals, scripts, and story ideas; his work with the X-Men franchise and his independent, creator-owned series Sovereign Seven are particularly well represented in the collection. The papers also include Claremont's business records, many of which relate to publicizing and promoting his work, and mail from his readers and fans.
Project Files contains scripts and other files related to Claremont's various writing projects, including comic books that Claremont scripted and files related to his non-comic book related projects such as his early short stories, some screenplays, and drafts of novels.
A typical comic project file may include Claremont's original, hand-written notes; correspondence with his editorial team or artist; copies of the book art at different stages of the production process; and typed scripts for the book. In addition to the scripts for the various books that Claremont worked on, there are proposals for books and series, some of which were eventually put into production, and some of which were not. These files are arranged alphabetically by project.
Short Stories, Novels, and Screenplays includes project proposals, outlines, manuscript drafts, and editorial correspondence related to Claremont's novels, short stories, and other prose projects. There are often multiple drafts for each manuscript, showing Claremont's creative process and documenting the ways that a project changed over the courseof various rewritings and revisions. This subseries also includes files related to Claremont's work on various non-novel and non-comic book projects. Many of these are tied to his work in the comics industry, such as novelizations for the X-Men movies X2 and X-Men: The Last Stand and the scripting of X-Men video games. This subseries is arranged in roughly chronological order, keeping trilogies and other serial projects grouped together.
The Business Records includes records related to the business side of Claremont's creative career. This series is particularly valuable in the ways that it documents Claremont's various relationships with the comics industry as a staff writer, a freelancer, and an editor.
Acting and Early Career includes material related to Claremont's training and early career as an actor and theatre technician. This subseries also includes a small amount of personal correspondence.
Professional Correspondence and Activities is comprised of business and professional records, including professional and editorial correspondence, contracts, and other business records. Also included in this series are files related to George R.R. Martin's Wild Cards anthology series, which Claremont contributed to. The subseries records Claremont's creative process and relationships with various editors, publishers, and agents throughout his career.
Fan Mail includes correspondence directly to Chris as well as printouts of internet fan sites and message boards dedicated to Claremont's work (particularly his comic work such as the X-Men and Sovereign 7). This reflects the networks of fandom that developed around Claremont's work and the ways that comic fans interact with the industry more generally.
The Notebooks series is comprised of Claremont's notebooks. These notebooks include story ideas, scripting ideas, character notes, and notes from business and editorial meetings as well as more personal and prosaic notes and lists. The notebooks are arranged roughly chronologically and researchers interested in a particular project should look both in the project files and the notebooks series.
Addition of boxes 29-33 processed December 2018 by Rachel Klepper.
Machine readable finding aid generated from MARC-AMC source via XSLT conversion December 10, 2013 Finding aid written in English.
2013-12-10 xml document instance created by Carrie Hintz.
2013-12-10 Archives Websites Series added by Jane Gorjevsky.
Chris Claremont is the internationally recognized comic book writer and novelist best known for his work on Marvel's X-Men comic books and, in particular, his 17 year stint writing the book The Uncanny X-Men.
Claremont was born in London in 1950. His family moved to the U.S. in 1952 and settled in Long Island when Claremont was eight. He attended Bard College where he studied political theory and theatre, though he was regularly writing short stories and drafting novels during his college career as well. Claremont had been an avid comic book reader throughout his youth and, while an undergraduate at Bard, he took a position as a gofer at Marvel Comics.
Upon graduating from Bard in 1972 Claremont pursued a career as an actor, though he continued to write. In 1973 he took a part-time editorial job at Marvel. In 1975 Claremont took a full time position with Marvel as a staff writer. He was hired to reinvigorate the comic The Uncanny X-Men , which, when he took over the book was one of Marvel's least popular titles. Claremont transformed the book into a bestseller for Marvel, and over the course of the next sixteen years Claremont wrote the The Uncanny X-Men and created the spin-off titles= New Mutants , Excalibur , Wolverine , and X-Men . He created, co-created, or significantly developed some of the most complex and fully developed characters in the Marvel canon. In particular, Claremont insisted upon writing strong and nuanced female characters-- a rarity for comic books at the time.
While Claremont is best known for his work on various X-Men titles, his comic career is prolific and includes his work as a writer and editor for Marvel, a free-lance career that includes stints writing for established books such as DC Comics's Justice League of America and creating original work such as the creator-owned book Sovereign Seven and fantasies such as Black Dragon and Marada, the She Wolf.
In addition to his work in the comics industry, Claremont is a prolific novelist whose work includes First Flight, the Chronicles of the Shadow War trilogy based on the George Lucas film Willow, and Dragon Moon , co-authored with his wife, editor and writer Beth Fleisher.
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0.999999 |
I am a bad actor!
Drama is about life stories, and our body contains our memories of the past and imagination for future.
It is always safe to discuss thoughts and opinion, explore human relationship and issues in family, workplace and society in and through drama.
We can “rehearse” our new suggestions or decisions in dramas, and get immediate feedback, which will facilitate our decision and strategy making to be more humanized and empathetic.
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0.978193 |
This article is about the section of U.S. Route 101 in Washington. For the entire route, see U.S. Route 101.
U.S. Route 101 (US 101) is a United States Numbered Highway that runs along the Pacific Coast from Los Angeles, California to Tumwater, Washington. Within the state of Washington, US 101 connects cities on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and encircles the Olympic Peninsula around the Olympic Mountains and Olympic National Park.
The highway enters from Oregon on the Astoria–Megler Bridge over the mouth of the Columbia River near Astoria, Oregon. From there, it runs for 365 miles (587 km) north through Ilwaco, Raymond, Aberdeen, Hoquiam, and Forks before turning east towards Port Angeles. US 101 turns south near Discovery Bay and continues along the Hood Canal through Shelton towards Olympia, where it becomes a freeway and terminates at Interstate 5 (I-5) in Tumwater.
Start of US 101 in Washington.
US 101 enters Washington from Oregon on the Astoria–Megler Bridge, a four-mile (6 km) bridge that carries vehicles across the Columbia River near its mouth; it is the longest continuous truss bridge in North America and among the longest of its kind in the world. At the north end of the bridge is an intersection with State Route 401 (SR 401), where US 101 turns west to follow the north bank of the river, forming part of the Lewis and Clark Trail Scenic Byway. The highway passes under Fort Columbia State Park in a tunnel and continues along the Willapa Hills through Chinook towards Baker Bay. At the head of the bay, near Port of Ilwaco Airport, US 101 intersects a short alternate route that bypasses the coastal section of the highway. US 101 then dives southwesterly along the Wallacut River into Ilwaco, where it runs through town as Spruce Street before turning north onto 1st Avenue after an intersection with SR 100.
From Ilwaco, US 101 travels northwest into Seaview, where it intersects SR 103 at the foot of Long Beach and turns east onto 40th Street. The highway intersects the north end of the alternate route and crosses northeast over the Bear River and enters the Willapa National Wildlife Refuge. US 101 continues north along the east side of Willapa Bay and crosses the Naselle River before turning east towards Johnston's Landing, where SR 4 terminates.
Soon, US 101 turns north towards Raymond. In Raymond, US 101 intersects the western end of SR 6 and southern end of SR 105, which it will intersect again in Cosmopolis.
After intersecting with SR 105 and SR 107, US 101 crosses the Chehalis River, which leads the highway to the western end of US 12 in Aberdeen. The roadway turns southwest and splits into two streets for each direction until it reaches Hoquiam, where it intersects the southern end of SR 109 and the eastern end of SR 109 Spur.
US 101 then turns north to the Quinault Indian Reservation and then into the isolated area bordered by Olympic National Park and the Quinault Indian Reservation. After turning east at Lake Quinault and entering the Quinault Indian Reservation again, US 101 goes north to the Olympic National Park on the Pacific coast.
The road then curves north to Forks and north to Beaver, where it turns east after intersecting with SR 113 and touching the shore of Lake Pleasant. After a mile of going east, US 101 enters its second segment in the Olympic National Park, about one-mile (1.6 km) east of the west shore of Lake Crescent and then exits at the eastern shore of the same lake.
After exiting park boundaries, US 101 intersects SR 112. Shortly later, it intersects SR 117 (the Tumwater Truck Route) in an odd interchange/intersection hybrid. It then enters Port Angeles and turns onto Lincoln Street. It then turns onto a one-way couplet of First and Front streets, which lasts until Golf Course Road. There, the roads merge into one four-lane road, divided only by a two-way left turn lane, and leaves Port Angeles.
Following the dangerous Morse Creek S-Curves is a Rest Area and viewpoint at the Deer Park Loop interchange. The road then becomes a divided expressway until it reaches Carlsborg and crosses the Dungeness River. It enters the town of Sequim and turns into a super-two expressway, bypassing the town. East of Sequim, the road turns back into a standard two-lane road and goes to Sequim Bay and then Discovery Bay, where it intersects SR 20 and turns south. After a short distance, US 101 intersects the western end of SR 104. The road then turns south to the town of Quilcene. Exiting Quilcene, the road heads southwest into Olympic National Forest and crosses a 227 m (744 ft 9 in) pass between Mount Walker and Buck Mountain, after which it proceeds sharply downhill southeast towards Dabob Bay, where it continues following the shore and reaches Hood Canal.
At the Hood Canal, US 101 follows the western shore to SR 106, where it turns directly south to the east end of SR 106 and Shelton, to meet the west end of SR 3. After some time going south, US 101 meets SR 108, the second-to-last major junction. After going southeast, US 101 finally joins SR 8 and turns into a freeway to its easternmost point of US 101 in Washington, the so-called "north end" at I-5 near Tumwater.
Before U.S. Route 101 was created, two roads existed in the place of US 101. They were State Road 9 and State Road 12. These were two roads that were part of the early Washington State Road system that was created in 1923. US 101 was created in 1926 and was co-signed with these two routes. US 101 took part of State Road 9's route and part of State Road 12's route.
In 1937, the Washington State Legislature established a new system, the Primary and secondary system. State Road 9 became Primary State Highway 9 or PSH 9. State Road 12 became PSH 12, and they both held the co-signed designation with US 101.
There was nothing changed about US 101's route from 1937 to 1956. In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Interstate Highway Act into law. This eliminated part of the U.S. Route system and encouraged Washington's Legislature to once again change the highway system.
In January 1964, the Washington State Legislature and the Washington Department of Highways (renamed WSDOT) approved a new state route system with no branches or secondary route with names, but a full system that lives on today. PSH 9 and PSH 12 became part of U.S. Route 101 with no co-designation and parts of them became other new state routes.
U.S. Route 101 Alternate is a 0.61-mile (0.98 km) bypass of Ilwaco. US 101 Alt. opened in 1931 as a branch of PSH 12, the early designation of the southern section of US 101 through Washington. The highway was not fully recognized by the AASHTO until October 2006, even though many maps from the 1930s state that it is part of the U.S. Route system.
^ a b c Multimodal Planning Division (January 3, 2018). State Highway Log Planning Report 2017, SR 2 to SR 971 (PDF) (Report). Washington State Department of Transportation. pp. 796–879. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ Read, Richard (December 27, 2015). "Astoria-Megler Bridge straddles 4 miles, guides ship pilots, withstands gusts". The Oregonian. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ a b Google (June 23, 2018). "U.S. Route 101, Washington" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ "Highways of Washington State- PSH". Retrieved April 3, 2008.
^ "Highways of Washington State- PSH 12". Retrieved April 3, 2008.
^ "Highways of Washington State- PSH 9". Retrieved April 3, 2008.
^ "Highways of Washington State- US 101". Retrieved April 3, 2008.
^ Google (May 27, 2008). "US 101 Alt" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 101 in Washington (state).
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A friend is sailing to Vanuatu and has invited us to join him in exploring the islands. I have stayed at Port Vila and Efate, on Espiritu Santo and Tanna. We're interested in seeing more of the distinct cultures on the different islands. What other islands would you suggest visiting?
I'll list a couple of islands you might consider visiting, starting from south and working up north.
Epi, which is close to Efate, is a 444sq km small island that's filled with adventure. You can snorkel in Lamen Bay, home to dugong and sea turtles. Sea kayaks and outrigger canoes are available for rent. Other activities include reef fishing and spear fishing (locals take you out at night). The eastern side of the island is also home to two submarine volcanoes that cast a deep scarlet glow at dusk.
Further north, the slightly larger Ambrym is a good place to soak up local craft and culture. You can find some of Vanuatu's best tree-fern carvings and tamtam (slit drum or gong made from a carved log). Mt Marum and Mt Benbow attract volcanologists from all over the world, and the island is also a source of the country's sorcery - you can witness traditional magic ceremonies at villages.
The island of Pentecost is the place to witness the naghol (land diving) custom that is spectacular and breath-taking.
The men spend weeks building towers from off tall trees (up to 35m high). Each diver selects his own liana vines to bind it to themselves. They dive off a platform while women sing and dance below. The falling body stops short of hitting the ground and only their hair is meant to touch the ground - an act that symbolises the fertilising of the ground.
There are many more islands worth visiting but these should be a good start.
A school reunion European adventure for a group of about 60 girls is my task to plan. A cooking school in Italy is one alternative to the villa experience that has been suggested. Can you recommend any options, especially in Umbria or Tuscany, that would also give us time each day to explore the area? There could be six to 10 of us in a group and it would be wonderful if we could be accommodated at the school, perhaps a large villa.
Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance and home to Machiavelli and Michelangelo, is a good base to be in.
is run by United States-born, Florence-based Judy Fancini. She offers programmes including tours, tastings, marketing and, of course, cooking in a villa.
offers tours and tasting sessions.
also does three- to seven-night food experiences in Tuscany.
has access to a villa and can organise private cooking lessons if you decide to rent your own villa.
Note that the staff at these businesses will probably be able to help you find a villa to stay in (if they don't already provide one).
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Review date: 24 March 2004.
WeWa are a popular brand in the solid state digital music player market.
Most of WeWa's products, however, are like many other odd-brand MP3 players. They're probably powered by SigmaTel, they're probably made by Tai Guen Enterprise, and they may look mildly different, but they all work much the same.
...but this one bucks the trend.
It's WeWa's WMP-3000+ "Butterfly", and its basic functionality is the same as the various George-alikes. MP3 and WMA playback, plug-and-go USB Mass Storage Device operation for file transfers (only USB 1.1 speed, I'm afraid), and "256Mb" of storage.
As with pretty much every storage device that claims a particular capacity, this one doesn't give you quite as many real megabytes as it says on the sticker. But its formatted capacity is 247Mb, which isn't bad.
The Butterfly comes in grey, red and blue versions (I got the boring grey for review), and cost $AU291.50 from Aus PC Market here in Australia, when this review was new in March 2004. The world of MP3 players moves fast, and the Butterfly isn't available from Aus PC any more; they have plenty of other MP3 players, though.
I now return this review to its original present tense.
That ain't dirt cheap - pay Apple $AU157.50 more and they'll send you a 15Gb iPod - but this is a 36 by 83 by 19.5mm device that weighs 64 grams (1.4 by 3.3 by 0.77 inches, 2.3 ounces), and it packs in a lot of extra stuff.
Like a lot of other current small players, this one can record voice notes, with an integrated microphone.
That's where the basic features stop and the fancy ones take over, though.
The most obvious fancy feature is that this player has speakers. They're tiny, they're tinny, and there really might as well be one bigger one instead of two little ones for all the stereo you can get with speaker separation of about 4.5 inches. But they work, and they're surprisingly loud. I measured about 70dbA at 50cm, with volume set to maximum and hideous bass distortion. The distortion's less of a problem for speech, though; this thing's loud enough that you'll be able to play voice notes back on it on the other side of a quiet room and hear them clearly.
An extra you can't see is that the Butterfly has an internal rechargeable lithium ion battery. It charges whenever the Butterfly's plugged into a USB port.
To hook up, you just fold the Butterfly's wings right back, exposing the USB plug - I think this thing's named after the knife that's named after a butterfly. The Butterfly's wide enough that it probably won't fit if there's a cable connected to the USB port next door, and it doesn't come with a USB extension cable, but you can get those cheaply enough. If you have to plug your Butterfly into the back of a computer, you'll want one.
The Butterfly also has a stereo FM tuner, which isn't all that amazing these days - but this one can be set for European, Japanese or "other" channel intervals ("other" works here in Australia), and it of course has proper presets so you don't have to re-scan stations every time you select FM mode.
Like almost every other little portable FM radio in the world, this one uses the headphone cable as its antenna, so you have to plug the 'phones in even if you only want to listen to the radio through the little speakers.
There's also a line in connector, under a snug little rubber cap that people without fingernails, pointy tools or needle nosed pliers will never be able to extract. Plug in a line level stereo source and the player automatically switches into line-record mode, encoding whatever you feed it into a 96 kilobit per second stereo constant bit rate MP3. You can start and stop recording at will, and record as many files as you like - well, up to the storage limits of the Butterfly and the number limits of the "line_xxx.mp3" file names, anyway.
The sound quality of these recordings is good enough to be able to tell what music sounds like, but not good enough to enjoy it. It's not the lousiest 96 kilobit CBR encoding I've heard, but there are plenty of underwater effects. Still - proper line in recording, people!
The Butterfly, by the way, also records voice in MP3 format, instead of the low bit rate uncompressed WAVs that older tiny-players have used. Voice clips are only 32 kilobit per second mono, so there's awesome amounts of recording space on the 247Mb Butterfly.
As is usual for these little gadgets, by the way, the Butterfly's voice-note microphone is omnidirectional, and sensitive enough to produce a perfectly clear recording of normal speech when the recorder's held at arm's length with the microphone side facing away from you. It's also tolerant of overload; you can press it right up to your mouth and still get a quite intelligible, if distorted, result.
The Butterfly's display is split into two, with a similar overall pixel count to the one-piece displays of other weeny-players.
The designers of this thing, though, have given some thought to the user interface, and it works surprisingly well. Every screen makes good use of the real estate available - menus, for instance, have a horizontal row of icons with text under them. This may seem a bit obvious, but it's clearly not to the people who make little MP3 players whose menus are vertical lists that let you see only two or three items at a time, wasting lots of space to the right of the text on the skinny horizontal screen.
The Butterfly's controls are about as ergonomic as you can expect from a tiny-player. The power button on the other side of the player does double duty as a mode switcher (click it to cycle through MP3, FM and voice record modes, hold it to turn off), but the pair of levers on this side handle most of the control work. They're both "clickable" - you can push them in as well as move them back and forth. Between them, they make the Butterfly quite easy to handle - though large-fingered people who bite their nails may beg to differ.
The play/pause/skip/scan lever works in the usual way. The menu lever, however, is the volume control if you just move it back and forth without clicking it. Click it and you get the setup menu, which is easy to navigate partly because of the abovementioned sensible layout, and partly because the designers have left out useless stuff. There's no option to change the voice recording bit rate, for instance.
You do, however, get the option to change the all-important MP3 playback visualisation mode. You can pick an oscillator, horizontal two-bar level display or vertical multi-bar spectrum display, all of which get a mighty 13 by 32 pixels of the screen to do their thing on.
When I first started playing with the Butterfly, it seemed, to my horror, to always have its speakers turned on, whether or not headphones were plugged in.
Fortunately, it just doesn't know whether headphones are there or not - the speakers are turned on and off with a setup menu option.
The rest of the setup menu is the usual stuff - select how long the blue backlight stays on after you do something, change screen contrast, set equalisation mode (including, blessedly, a no-EQ flat mode), choose repeat mode (single, random, all, folder), and so on.
Unusually, there's a playlist option as well, with an internal playlist editor that works as well as an editor with a one-line display can be expected to. I dare say the editor has its uses, but if you've packed the player with 60 files I doubt you're going to be too keen to shuffle through all of them one at a time to pick the play order you want.
Here's the other hardware you get with your Butterfly. One little plastic-coated lanyard, one pair of I Can't Believe They're Not Headphones (you don't have to spend much to get something a lot better), and one stereo 1/8th-to-1/8th lead.
This last lets you easily hook the Butterfly's line-in jack to anything with a 1/8th inch socket - other portable audio devices and computers, mainly. Drop a few bucks on a couple of other adapters (RCA-to-1/8th and 1/4-to-1/8th) and you'll be able to hook up to most other line out connectors.
The Butterfly's box (another of those nifty little TGE ones with a magnetic latch on the lid) also contains an exceedingly basic paper pamphlet-manual, and a software CD packed with a grand total of 8.9Mb of data.
That's all it needs, though. There's a driver for Win98 users (the Butterfly should Just Work on later Windows versions, and possibly also recent Mac OS and Linux versions, though the Mass Storage Device standard isn't actually quite as standardised as it should be...), and a proper 17 page PDF format manual. This manual's unusually informative about the player's technical details (mentioning the 10-milliwatts-per-side headphone power output, for instance), and quite comprehensible. There's a perhaps-someone-at-WeWa-is-German warning not to clean the player with benzene, but that's about it for weirdness.
The Butterfly's speaker output is unexpectedly loud, and it drives headphones well, too; at full volume it got quite respectable response out of my big Sennheiser HD 590s without any very noticeable signs of running out of breath. Its flat EQ setting seems to be pretty much flat, too. Some little players have nasty frequency response oddities even when they're not supposed to be doing anything to the sound, but this one doesn't.
Did the Butterfly sound better, and louder, through an amp? Yes. Is it essential that you get an amp to use with this player? No.
Battery life was good, too. The Butterfly's meant to run for "up to 15 hours" from a charge; I've run it long enough to know that this isn't a horrendous lie, but I don't know how close to 15 hours you're going to get without setting the headphone volume to essentially zero.
Since you can only fit a bit more than four hours of 128 kilobit per second music into the Butterfly's memory, and since it recharges automatically whenever it's connected to a USB port, and since a full from-nothing charge only takes a couple of hours, I think most people should be very happy with the battery life.
Bear in mind that rechargeable batteries don't last forever, and that lithium ion batteries in MP3 players commonly need replacing after a couple of years of normal use - or maybe less than a year, for really heavy users.
This player can be dismantled, though, so anyone who can get hold of one of the weeny flat batteries it uses and knows one end of a soldering iron from the other should be able to swap in a new one.
While testing the Butterfly, I noticed that the battery icon sometimes blinks to indicate little charge left, when there's actually plenty of juice remaining. I think running hefty headphones and/or the speakers at high volume can cause this. No problem, though; the player doesn't actually crap out.
File transfer was about as fast as I expected. The Butterfly's only a USB 1.1 device; you can plug it into a USB 2 port and it'll work fine, but you won't get the impressive transfer rates that full speed USB 2 can deliver.
When I copied 108Mb of MP3s to it (18 files worth), I got a write speed of about 525 kilobytes per second, which is unexciting but acceptable, even if you're moving more than 200Mb of data. Read speed was only a little better, at about 570k/s.
If you want a carry-around storage device for a couple of hundred megabytes of files, the Butterfly will do, but a USB 2.0 flash drive (or a USB 2 card reader with a "256Mb" memory card) won't make you wait ten minutes for reads and writes. Most people don't shift that much data very often, though. If you're only dealing with a few megabytes of stuff at a time, or don't mind starting to load your MP3 player with new music ten minutes before you depart, then this speed is perfectly fine.
The Butterfly's build quality is good enough, but the hinge between the two halves wiggles too much horizontally to really inspire faith. It'd be good if a pin dropped into a hole at the far end of the player when it was closed, to stop it flexing this way and that in your hand; it's got two clear rubber buffers that stop the two halves of the player from rubbing on each other, but that's all they do.
The flash-memory MP3 player market is filled with very similar products. It's nice to see something genuinely different. It's even nicer when that something works well.
If you don't care about the speakers, FM tuner and line in, then you might as well buy a cheaper player than this - Aus PC Market have quite a few. The Butterfly's extra features aren't just tinsel, though; people need devices that do what this thing does.
If you're looking for an MP3 player that can do useful things as well as fun stuff, the WeWa Butterfly may be just what you want. Recommended.
Aus PC Market don't sell this product any more (though they have plenty of other MP3 players), but you can still try a price search at DealTime!
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0.949103 |
Keane are an English rock band. They started in East Sussex. They are known for using pianos and their little use of guitars in their music. They listen to artists like The Beatles, U2 and Oasis.
Tim Rice-Oxley and Dom Scott composed the songs that the band played from 1997 to 2001. When Dom left in 2001, Tim composed all the future songs.
Pianist Tim Rice-Oxley and singer Tom Chaplin were friends since they were kids. Rice-Oxley's brother was born on the same day and hospital in 1979.
They studied at Vinehall School and later at Tonbridge School. There, they met the other member of the band, Richard Hughes.
Tim made the band in 1995 with his friend Dominic Scott. They named the band "The Lotus Eaters". They changed their name to "Cherry Keane" in 1997, when Chaplin entered the band. Cherry Keane was a woman who served tea at Tim and Tom's school. The name changed again to "Keane". In an interview on 2006, Rice-Oxley said that the band was called Coldplay, but he gave this name to a friend (Chris Martin, of Coldplay).
Keane began playing songs by other artists, but soon they wanted to play their own songs.
Their first live performance (gig) was in 1998, at the "Hope & Anchor" pub (bar) in England.
They made 2 CDs and sold at the pubs where they played. Scott left the band in 2001. Tim wrote "Everybody's Changing" for this.
In December 2002, Simon Williams of Fierce Panda went to a Keane gig in and he offered to make the band's next and first commercial single (song), "Everybody's Changing". The single was released on 2003.
After another single, in 2004, Island Records invited Keane to make a single with them. "Everybody's Changing" was made after "Somewhere Only We Know". An album was released in May and called "Hopes And Fears". The album was very successful and it was the second best-seller album of the year.
The album sold five million (5,000,000) copies. In 2006, they competed for a Grammy but they lost.
Keane began recording their second album, "Under the Iron Sea", in 2005, with producer Andy Green.
The first two singles from the album were "Atlantic" and "Is It Any Wonder?". Now, the album has sold one million (2,000,000) copies in the world.
Their third album is called Perfect Symmetry. It was released 13 October 2008 to favourable reviews.
The band's fourth album was released in May 2012 through Island Records. It went straight to No.1 in the UK Albums Chart.
This is a list of Keane's equipment.
Yamaha Maple Custom "Absolute Nouveau"
↑ "Keane finds 'perfect' balance". Chicago Tribune. 14 October 2008.
↑ Farrar, Justin (May 2012). "Album Information Strangeland by Keane". Napster.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keane.
Singles: "Call Me What You Like" | "Wolf at the Door" | "Everybody's Changing (Part 1)" | "This Is the Last Time (Part 1)" | "Somewhere Only We Know" | "Everybody's Changing (Part 2)" | "Bedshaped" | "This Is the Last Time (Part 2)" | "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore" | "Bend and Break" | "Atlantic" | "Is It Any Wonder?" | "Crystal Ball" | "Nothing in My Way" | "A Bad Dream" | "Try Again" | "The Night Sky" | "Spiralling" | "The Lovers Are Losing" | "Perfect Symmetry" | "Better Than This" | "Stop for a Minute" | "Silenced by the Night" | "Disconnected" | "Sovereign Light Café"
This page was last changed on 3 July 2018, at 07:58.
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0.991208 |
The way how to remove policies from an object should be explained in more detail.
- Get the object and identify the policy id you like to remove.
- Fetch the policies collection of the object.
- Walk through the feed and find the policy object where cmis:objectId == policy id to remove.
- Get the self URL (?) of this policy object.
- Perform a DELETE on this URL.
That looks pretty expensive to me.
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0.997844 |
what a salary history example looks like?
From time to time, you will encounter a prospective employer that requests your salary history. Knowing the format of a salary history makes it easier to create your own.
Whether or not employers should or should not request this kind of information is not going to be the subject of discussion at this time. That is an entirely different situation. The assumption here is that you are going to provide a salary history to the employer and that you want to format it properly. First, know that there is no one "perfect" salary history example. The format can vary and it isn't a problem. The main issue is ensuring that all of the appropriate information is provided in a clear and concise way. Next, be sure to use a separate sheet of paper for the salary history. Do not include this information in your resume or in your cover letter. Lastly, detail your work experience exactly as you do on the resume (in the same reverse chronological order) so that everything matches up neatly. Here is a sample salary history for you to read through.
This is just one salary history example. The information can be altered somewhat and the format can be adjusted depending upon your situation. In short, it's flexible. Again, whether or not employers should even request this kind of information is an entirely different situation. If you feel that your chances of making a favorable impression are enhanced by providing this information, then it's probably in your best interest to provide it to the prospective employer. The main reason you might not want to include it is if you feel it limits your ability to garner a better salary in the new position. One way to limit that liability is to provide an "expected salary range" for the new position at the bottom of the salary history sheet to let the prospective employer know what your expectations are. There are no hard and fast rules. Unfortunately. Just make the choice that seems to work best for you.
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0.976664 |
The legend within a single line circle: ONE RUPEE INDIA and - 1940 - Surrounded by a saracenic scroll composed of conventional representations of a rose, thistle and shamrock. At the top and bottom are different representations of the Indian lotus flower. All this is within another plain circle. All within a raised, decorative-toothed border. (Yek rupiya = One rupee in Persian).
Crowned head of the King facing left and surrounded by the legend: GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR. All within a raised with decorative-toothed rim. Second Large Head with small rim decoration. Mintage Years: Mumbai (Bombay): 1939-1941 and 1943.
King George VI ruled from 12 Dec 1936 to Indian Independence on 15 Aug 1947.
After the death of King George V his son, King Edward VIII became the King, but abdicated before the coronation. No coins were minted using his portrait. His younger brother the Duke of York was crowned as King George VI in May 1937 and the first coin of India with his effigy was minted in 1938. After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the price of silver started going up, in practice the silver coins became valuable then the value written on them. This led to reducing the use of silver in coins. The 1940 1/4-Rupee, 1/2-Rupee and One Rupee coins were reduced from 0.917 silver to 0.500 silver (there were a limited number of 1939 Rupees minted in 0.500 silver).
Mainly there is no mint mark for Calcutta, the Bombay issues have a small raised dot or diamond (commonly known as reverse B) under the lotus flower, near the bottom of the coin and the Lahore mint used a small "L" in the same position.
1. In First Head the two fleurs de lis on the royal crown are larger and extend upward to touch the beaded crest at the top of the crown, while the two fleurs de lis on the crown of the Second Head are smaller and extended upward to touch only the line on the crown below the beaded crest.
2. In First Head with high relief the lines coming upwards from the center of the crown are curved and touches the beads. Second Head with low relief has straight lines, coming upwards from the center of the crown and does not touch the beads.
3. First Head with high relief has large triangles on left and right in the center of the crown while there are smaller triangles for Second Head with low relief.
I have georse 6 king emperor 1 rupee coin 1940.
I have one coin. What is the value of this coin ? I want to sell this.
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0.957956 |
Born Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina, April 30, 1909, in The Hague, Netherlands; died of pneumonia, March 20, 2004, in Baarn, Netherlands. Monarch. Princess Juliana of the Netherlands was an institution in her country, a former queen as well as queen mother, royal princess, wife and mother, and her death in March of 2004 was mourned by thousands in the progressive Western European nation. Juliana and her family were among Europe's prototypical "bicycle-riding" royals, whose relatively modest lifestyles contrasted sharply with Britain's more ceremonious House of Windsor.
Juliana inherited the throne through her bloodline. She was a descendant of William I, founder of the House of Orange, who was assassinated in 1584. Her mother was Queen Wilhelmina, who came to the throne at the age of ten; the country was governed by the Queen Dowager until Wilhelmina's eighteenth birthday in 1898. Juliana was born in 1909, Wilhelmina's only child with her husband, the former Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and grew up in the royal palaces in The Hague and Apeldoorn. Her mother was a pious and earnest woman, and Juliana was compelled to address her only as "Madame." She was said to have been a lonely child, with few playmates, and grew into a shy, plainly dressed young woman. Her mother did not allow her to wear makeup, even at the age of 18, when she was installed in the Council of State as part of her role as heir to the throne.
Juliana began to blossom when she entered Leiden University, from which she graduated with a degree in international law in 1930. She twinned her official royal duties with unofficial charity work, but she was also an avid skier, and promptly entered a whirlwind romance with a dashing German prince, Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, after the two met at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Bavaria. They were married in January of 1937, and their first child, the Princess Beatrix, was born the following year. A second daughter followed, but the couple was forced to flee with the two children when the Netherlands was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940. Juliana settled in Canada, near a favorite cousin who was a member of the British royal family, and produced a third daughter, Margriet, during the war years. Later, Juliana sent an annual supply of famous Dutch tulips to Ottawa as thanks for its wartime hospitality.
After the war, Juliana and her family returned home, and the hardships of the postwar years were compounded by personal tragedy, when she contracted German measles during her fourth pregnancy. Daughter Marijke (later known as Princess Christina) was born nearly blind. A new era was ushered in a year later, however, when her mother chose to abdicate and Juliana became queen of the Netherlands on September 4, 1948.
Recalling her own lonely childhood, Juliana strove to provide her four daughters with as normal a life as possible. Their family home, Soestdijk Palace, was in the countryside near Baarn, and the girls attended local schools. Juliana was known to buy her clothes off the rack, and could even be spotted in the local supermarket at times. She also loved to ride her bicycle, and the family was often seen in Baarn or on streets of The Hague, like countless other Dutch citizens, doing just that. Along with the modern, modest-living royal houses of Sweden and Norway, Juliana and her family gave rise to the term "bicycle-riding" royals, those whose lifestyles were a drastic departure from that of the world's most famous monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of Britain, and her brood.
Juliana's aversion to pomp translated into one of her first decrees as queen, which abolished the curtsey rule at court. In 1949, she ended a 346-year legacy of colonial rule by severing Dutch authority over its remaining colonies in the East Indies, including Java and Sumatra. Her 32-year reign was not scandal-free, however: early on, she reportedly grew close to a psychic, who had promised to restore Princess Christina's sight and then seemingly delivered on it, and the woman had to be banished from the royal household in 1956. A more shameful episode occurred 20 years later, when Prince Bernhard was implicated in a bribery scandal involving kickbacks from the Lockheed Corporation, the American aerospace firm. Bernhard allegedly used his influence with Dutch military officials to help Lockheed land lucrative contracts, and he narrowly avoided criminal prosecution for his transgressions. Aghast when the scandal broke, Juliana offered to abdicate, but her daughter Beatrix was unwilling to accede to the throne during a time of crisis. Instead, Bernhard was instead stripped of his public offices.
Four years later, Juliana followed her mother's lead and abdicated on her 71st birthday, in April of 1980. She and Prince Bernhard remained active skiers well into the early 1990s, but her health declined and she reportedly suffered from Alzheimer's disease in her final years. She died of pneumonia on March 20, 2004, at the Soestdijk Palace; she was 94. She is survived by her four daughters and numerous grandchildren; Prince Bernhard did, as well, but he died later that year. Thousands of Dutch paid their respect to the plain, warm-hearted woman who once said she would have been a social worker had she not become queen. Her coffin lay in state at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague for a week, and then an honor guard of 9,000 lined the route from the palace to Juliana's final resting place, at a Delft cemetery next to William of Orange.
BBC.com, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3580397.stm (February 23, 2005).
Guardian (London), March 22, 2004, p. 21.
Independent (London), March 22, 2004, p. 34.
New York Times, March 21, 2004, p. A33.
Times (London), March 22, 2004, p. 24.
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0.966702 |
Distance from Washington, D.C. to Mount Juliet is 890 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 553 miles.
The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Washington, D.C. and Mount Juliet is 890 km= 553 miles.
If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Washington, D.C. to Mount Juliet, It takes 0.99 hours to arrive.
Washington, D.C. is located in United States.
Mount Juliet is located in United States.
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0.976767 |
The day started with me arriving early to the hospital, as I didn't want to miss the Dr's doing there rounds, and more importantly what they had to say in regards to Dylan's labs. I relieved Amber so she could get a mental break, she was able to take a much needed/wanted shower and head to the cafeteria for some food for us. The emotional stress of the last few days had really taken a toll on us, literally from extreme highs to the lowest low's...and that doesn't really do it justice explaining it like that. I often times make sure I don't dive too deep into our inner feelings, as I don't care to upset or make others feel badly. I can say that this "experience" is one that has been beyond overwhelming and very mentally and obviously physically challenging.
The Doc's popped into the room and said, "Dylan are you ready to go home today?", he was like "yeaaaaaaah". They agreed and told us his labs had come back down and stabilized enough to satisfy there criteria to continue this journey out of the hospital setting and if we were ready we can start to pack up. Amber and I were so relieved and honestly scared at the same time. It had only been 8 days and our transplant hospital stay had come to an end but this process was far from over. Part of being able to check out of the hospital is showing the team that we as Dylan's parents are fully prepped to continue his care and medicine regime. Amber was sent off to Redwood City (about a 15-20 min drive) to go fetch Dylan's many meds from Kaiser, did I say many? I should reword that as a truck load of meds. It is unreal what is needed to keep things going, literally its a full time job of keeping track of when, where, and what is due. Amber finally made her way back to the hospital and showed the team all the proper meds and we were officially free to go.
We made our way to our temporary living arrangements and it felt so good to just be together as a family again. Things were very different but just being in each others arms, air space, and same central location really felt good. Amazing how just a few short days ago we were hearing terms of "status 1A", "liver transplant #2", and here we were 48hrs later having dinner together...simply beautiful is what it was. The night was finished off with attempting to head to bed early, as we had to be back at the hospital by 7:30am. Dylan will have follow-up appointments and lab draws nearly daily for the next few months.
We headed to the hospital bright and early...ONLY to forget the standing order lab slip, ugh, what a pain. Amber headed back to grab it and quickly rush back for Dylan's lab draw. Eventually all worked out and Dylan had his needle stick for the day, which by the way he is not too happy about. This whole process has really made him very angry, not trusting of others, and unsure of what people's intentions are. Rightfully so, he has been through a lot thats for sure.
We decided to make our way to Target and get some stuff for daily living and make our place a bit more comfortable and more like "home" feeling. We quickly realized that our lives are going to be far from normal. Dylan is just so agitated and uncomfortable, he also doesn't like that he has to wear a mask in public and have a bile bag (this is very similar to a colostomy bag and is worn on his hip, its attached to his biliary tree to visually see bile color/flow), this will be removed in a few weeks and the line will stay in for up to 3 months. Dylan's meds are also very tedious and very often. We are accustom to Dylan taking a lot of meds but we had our old routine down and this new one is just a bit different so we have a learning curve to overcome. Furthermore, Dylan is not wanting to take his meds and it just breaks my heart that its yet another item that he has no control over and he MUST take on time every time. We found ourselves in the parking lot, in the rain, with Dylan having a break down and Amber trying to tell him why he must take his meds at that moment and to stop fighting her about it. For me it was just too much, I started to cry and just got really upset...I just want him better and I know this process is essential for him to do well in the future.
Dylan is currently taking about 20-25 doses of meds per day right now, the anti-rejection alone has very strict guidelines around it, which is no food/drink 1 hr before and no food/drink 1 hr after. I know there is light at the end of the tunnel but it seems so far away. In about a month's time he will have about 5 doses removed, in another 3 months time a few more. In about 1 years time the goal is for only 2 meds. 2-3 years out the hope is he is only on the anti-rejection meds and ideally a very low dose. The fine balance between our care for Dylan and how we give these meds and the medical teams ability to balance these drugs will determine Dylan's future. It's such a long and tough road in front of us, all I can think of is the present but I dream of Dylan's future...it brings a lump to my throat each and every time.
Please keep Dylan in your thoughts, this road we have traveled down has just begun.
*We receive all your comments and contact (email) entries, please know we take each and every one of these to heart. We will be responding to the hundreds of emails over the course of the next week or so. We have not forgotten about any of you and you will hear from us real soon, we just needed a little time for things to settle down before we can respond to every individual person who has taken the time to send us an email.
Wow, I am overjoyed. I know this is a frightening time (admittedly, I have no idea how frightening)...but, please, remain Strong, Positive, Hopeful, and Trusting. It will be a very long journey, But....Dylan will recover. God Bless!
This is such an amazing process. Reading this puts me in such a state of humility that I almost don't feel worthy to even be reading it.
This is such an amazing example of the strength of family, love and childhood.
The story about riding in the car and singing to music was beautiful. The things we can take advantage of every day but when looked at in the proper light are so awesome. I love riding around with my daughter in the car with me.
As a father of 2 young kids (3 and 1), i can honestly say that watching the pictures of Dylan in the hospital just broke my heart. however, reading your entry and seeing your scar also reminds me that as parents, it is our job to always be there for our children and that there is nothing that i wouldn't do for my kids. you both are amazing and Dylan is lucky to have you as parents. stay strong and no matter how hard it gets, know that you have many people (even ones like myself who never met you or Dylan) supporting you and praying for Dylan.
Wow, i'm relieved to hear that Dylan was well enough to leave the hospital, the last entry you wrote was a cliffhanger. Although things are still plenty stressful and overwhelming, it's so wonderful that you guys are on the road to recovery and headed in the right direction. Even more, i'm glad you now are able to be together as a family again. Sending you guys strength and positive vibes, take care.
Hang in there, you've done the hard bit, it'll get easier every day.
On the plus side you've got a little boy who's got the strength to fight you on taking his meds!
Most parents can relate to that, sounds like things are on the up.
Love the color in Dylan's face and his smiles! :) Hang in there and hugs to all.
So good to hear he is out of the hospital. You and Amber are amazing parents/people to be able ot keep up with such strict guidelines for adminsitering meds! Keep up the fight brother! Im prayin for you guys every day!
Noah, you are a great man and I am just happy you guys are ok. Thank you very much for sharing all of this with us. You know you and your family are all loved by everyone. God bless you all and always keep you in the best health. Get well soon so you can work on my car dude.
Thank you so much everyone...we really love reading all your comments and it really does mean a lot to us.
All this stuff is so hard, I can say it feels like its getting better day by day but none the less, its very challenging on all levels and unfortunately this is a life long challenge we are engulfed in.
Amber and I feel so blessed to have Dylan as our child, we know he was given to us for a reason and that we will be tested in every manner possible but love of family and love of others will see us through these hard times.
I came accross Dylan's Story as it was the "Site of the Day" on Weebly and curiosity told me "check this out". As I read, my heart was overcome. I had to stop several times to clear my eyes so I could continue reading. The only words I have are these....I will keep Dylan in my prayers. I truly in my heart feel God has a devine plan for him. I don't know any of you, Noah, Amber, and of course this precious little boy. But my heart goes out to you all. I gave all I all today and will continue to support as much as I can. I will be posting an ad as well to encourage others to aide Dylan in any way that they can. Please, Keep on Keepin' On !!!
Thank you so much for sharing your story and the pictures! I have been following your story since the article was in the Press Democrat and have read all of the journal entries. I am so glad that your baby is out of the hospital! Seeing the pictures of him in the hospital bed just brought tears to my eyes and made my heart ache but seeing him with his daddy smiling...there are no words for it! What a beautiful child! Keep smiling Dylan! God Bless all of you!
You guys are amazing parents with a beautiful and amazing boy! I pray to God that he gets all fine super quick and never needs to see hospital again... Miracles happen! Keep smiling Dylan, God bless you little angel!
I just came across your website and I am so in awe of all that your family has gone through. You'll definitely be in my prayers!
its great to see you guys doing well and the smile on D's face is priceless!
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Croatia is becoming an increasingly popular holiday destination, well known for it's 1244 beautiful islands and stunning towns & cities offering incredible value for money holiday opportunities. Every year millions of tourist are attracted by the natural beauty of Croatia and the crystal clear warm waters of the Adriatic sea.
There are a number of interesting historic and cultural sites to discover while on your holiday to Croatia, seven of which are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by the UNESCO as of special cultural or physical significance. The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
1. Diocletian's Palace (Split) - Built by the Roman emperor Diocletian at the end of the 4th century AD, the palace later served as the basis of the city of Split. During the Middle Ages a cathedral was built inside the ancient mausoleum along with churches, fortifications, Gothic and Renaissance palaces. The Baroque style makes up the rest of the area.
2. Plitvice Lakes National Park (Plitvika Jezera) - Natural dams have been created over time where water has flowed over the natural limestone and chalk creating a series of connecting lakes, waterfalls and caves. The nearby forests are home to bears, wolves and many rare bird species. The National Park is renown for its breathtaking scenery and beautiful water colours.
3. Old City of Dubrovnik (Dubrovnik) - During the Middle Ages Dubrovnik became a prosperous Maritime Republic and was the only eastern Adriatic city-state to rival Venice. Supported by its wealth and skilled diplomacy, the city achieved a incredible level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries.
4. Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica (Porec) - With its remarkable mosaics dating back to the 6th century, the episcopal complex is one of the best examples of early Byzantine art and architecture in the Mediterranean region and the world. Included in the complex are the basilica itself, a sacristy, a baptistery and the bell tower of the nearby archbishop's palace.
5. Historic city of Trogir (Trogir) - Trogir's rich culture was created under the influence of old Greeks, Romans, and Venetians. Trogir is the best-preserved Romanesque-Gothic complex not only in the Adriatic region, but in all of Central Europe. Trogir's medieval centre, surrounded by walls, is made up of a preserved castle and tower with a series of dwellings and palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods.
6. Cathedral of St.James (Sibenik) - The cathedral is a triple-nave basilica with three apses and a dome (32 m high inside) and is one of the most important architectural monuments of the Renaissance in the eastern Adriatic.
7. Stari Grad Plain (Hvar) - Set up by the ancient Greek colonists in the 4th century BC, the Stari Grad Plain is an agricultural landscape which remains in use today. The plain is still mostly in its original form with the ancient layout having been preserved by careful maintenance of the stone walls over 2,400 years.
You can visit any of these cultural and natural protected sites by booking your holiday to Croatia with Balkan Holidays. Croatia is the upcoming tourist destination of Europe and is sure to give you an experience to remember and cherish for years to come.
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Hutts are a sentient species.
The Hutts are a large species of gastropods who control a great empire in the Hutt Space. While their adopted homeworld is Nal Hutta, their native planet is thought to be Varl, although this is not certain. Usually, the Hutts are recognized as crime lords and generally unreliable. The full grown adults of this species are very large and have a massive body-weight. As their appearance may suggest, they have semi-sedentary habits. In the Hutt society, weight is equated with power, and the thin Hutts are considered weak and inferior. Surprisingly, their thick skin hides a very powerful musculature, especially in the bigger Hutts, which allows them to move very quickly and strike powerful blows with their tails.
The Hutts are also an extremely resistant species: not only their body is immune to several substances that would be lethal to others, their mind is immune to Force mind tricks, and some rare Hutts are even Force-sensitive. Furthermore, they can also regenerate body parts when injured.
The Hutts are hermaphroditic, and while some of them are considered female and the others male, said distinction doesn't come from a biological difference, but from their own choice; in fact, even a pregnant Hutt could still consider himself male if he so prefers.
The Hutts originated on the planet Varl in the Ardos system.
The Hutt legends say, that their native planet Varl orbited around two suns, Evona and Ardos. Evona was consumed by a black hole, and in fury, Ardos expelled its gaseous external layers and destroyed the other planets of the star system. Somehow, however, Varl survived, though its atmosphere was torn away and its biosphere devastated, and left as wasteland with acid rain. The Hutts, too, survived the cataclysm, and soon left the planet. Their survival instilled in the species a sense of superiority that led the species to consider themselves almost near-godlike.
This tale has generally been dismissed as more Huttese hyperbole, and the most commonly accepted alternate theory is that the Hutts destroyed their world themselves, in some ancient war. Interestingly, there are signs indicating that the cratered wasteland of planet Varl was once a pleasant green world.
In 15,000 BBY, the Hutts migrated across space to Evocar in the Y'Toub system, which the Hutts renamed Nal Hutta, which translates to "Glorious Jewel" in Huttese. Having decided that Evocar was a suitable home, they traded their technology with the native Evocii in exchange for pieces of land. Only when it was too late, though, the Evocii realized that the Hutts were slowly buying the whole planet's surface.
The Evocii were later captured and enslaved in order to build even more structures on Nal Hutta, and many of them were relocated in the planet's fifth moon, Nar Shaddaa. While many of them worked to death or died due to the polluted atmosphere, the few survived Evocii still live in Nar Shaddaa's underslums.
This page was last edited on 4 September 2015, at 17:03.
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What's your favorite horror movie car?
Some suggestions for horror movie characters: always run into the woods for help when there's a house 20 feet away, say goodbye to your obnoxious "friend" early, and always drive a cool car. What's your favorite horror movie car?
Naturally, it's the 1971 Plymouth Barracuda in Don Coscarelli's 1979 cult classic, Phantasm. The movie car sported a 340ci V8, despite having been cloned to look like the coveted 440 six-pack 'Cuda. Subsequent Phantasm sequels used several different '71s and a '70 convertible, but the kickoff model is still the ultimate Phantasm 'Cuda.
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Answer 30 questions in 15 minutes.
1. Areas of the world have shown limited economic growth.
Modern capitalism can be divided into basic sectors.
2. Provide a method to analyze the goods & services in a society.
3. How to allocate resources among competing & alternative uses. How to distribute goods & services among the population. How to provide economic stability & security. How to provide continued economic growth.
Restricted growth is the result of a combination of many factors.
5. Since ther are not enough resources to satisfy all wants - there is a conflict between unlimited wants & limited resources. Societal choice: what to produce - how to produce - & for whom to produce.
6. Fulfills primary & basic needs.
7. Is a theory that bases taxation in accordance with the benefits received by the taxpayer; hunting & fishing fees are examples.
8. The quality of land - labor - & capital are key factors that determine economic growth. Less - developed countries usually have high population densities. Low incomes retard economies by restricting the opportunity to consume goods.
9. Is a theory that bases taxation in accordance with income and wealth position.
10. Transmit the ideals & values of society.
11. Are the cornerstone of the US tax system.
12. And influence in our economy has steadily grown throughout history.
13. Has created problems in providing essential public services such as police and fire protection and sewage disposal.
14. People have simply demanded more of government.
15. A competitive - free - market - free - price system is necessary for capitalism to function efficiently.
16. Has created problems in labor - management relations that government seems to be able to handle best.
17. Commitments & military expenditures have had lasting effects on the role of government in the economy.
18. Direct - indirect - proportional - progressive - and regressive. Federal personal & corporate taxes are progressive. Most state and local taxes are proportional. Nearly all excise - sales - and property taxes are regressive.
20. Is a source wealth & income & involves the inflow & outflow of goods and services. The economic growth of the US is measured by the Gross National Product (GNP) - which is the value of all goods & services produced in a particular year.
21. Provides a means of analyzing the economy.
22. Of property is fundamental to a capitalistic society.
23. Of government activity comes from its spending - taxing - and public debt policies.
25. Of the world's population is economically deprived.
26. Is a measurement of assets on hand at a given point in time.
27. In the economy include direct controls over the economy - ownership of production (for example - Hoover Dam) - and welfare expenditures.
28. Has to do with its ability to command goods & services. Measuring changes in the value of the dollar is a key economic concept.
29. Based on concepts of modern capitalism.
30. Is the monetary return or other material benefits from currently produced goods & services.
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Solmization is a system of attributing a distinct syllable to each note in a musical scale. Various forms of solmization are in use and have been used throughout the world, but solfège is the most common convention in Europe and The Americas.
The seven syllables normally used for this practice in English-speaking countries are: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, and ti (with sharpened notes of di, ri, fi, si, li and flattened notes of te, le, se, me, ra).
Guido of Arezzo is widely considered to be the origin of the European tradition of solmization. In Guido's Micrologus (1026), the ut–re–mi–fa–so–la syllables are derived from the initial syllables of each of the first six half-lines of the first stanza of the hymn Ut queant laxis, whose text is attributed to the Italian monk and scholar Paulus Diaconus.[not in citation given] Giovanni Battista Doni is known for having changed the name of note "Ut" (C), renaming it "Do" (in the "Do Re Mi ..." sequence known as solfège). An alternative explanation, first proposed by Franciszek Meninski in Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalum (1680) and later by J.-B. Laborde in Essai sur la Musique Ancienne et Moderne (1780), is that the syllables were derived from the Arabic solmization system درر مفصّلات Durar Mufaṣṣalāt ("Separated Pearls") (dāl, rā', mīm, fā', ṣād, lām, tā') during the Middle Ages, but there is no documentary evidence for it.
In India, the origin of solmization was to be found in Vedic texts like the Upanishads, which discuss a musical system of seven notes, realized ultimately in what is known as sargam. In Indian classical music, the notes in order are: sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, and ni, which correspond to the Western solfege system.
Byzantine music uses syllables derived from the Greek alphabet to name notes: starting with C, the notes are ni (eta), pa (alpha), vu (beta), ga (gamma), di (delta), ke (epsilon), zo (zeta).
In Han people's music in China, the words used to name notes are (from fa to mi): 上 (siong or shang4), 尺 (cei or chi3), 工 (gong), 凡 (huan or fan2), 六 (liuo or liu4), 五 (ngou or wu3), 乙 (yik or yi3). The system is used for teaching sight-singing.
In Japanese music, the first line of Iroha, an ancient poem used as an "ABC" of traditional kana, is used for solmization. The syllables representing the notes A, B, C, D, E, F, G are i, ro, ha, ni, ho, he, to respectively. Shakuhachi musical notation uses another solmization system beginning "Fu Ho U".
In Indonesia, Javanese musicians derive syllables from numbers; ji-ro-lu-[pi]-ma-nem (siji, loro, telu, [papat, normally skipped in pentatonic scales], lima, enem).
In Scotland, Canntaireachd was used as a means of communicating bagpipe music verbally.
See also Do Re Mi for songs named after those solmization syllables.
^ Palisca, Claude V. "Theory, theorists §5 Early Middle Ages". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
^ McNaught, W. G. (1893). "The History and Uses of the Sol-fa Syllables". Proceedings of the Musical Association. London: Novello, Ewer and Co. 19: 35–51. ISSN 0958-8442. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
^ Morris, Robert (2009). "Architectonic Composition in South Indian Classical Music: The "Navaragamalika Varnam"". In Tenzer, Michael. Analytical Studies in World Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 309. The svara sections are sung in sargam (Indian solfege), using the Indian note names, sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni (which correspond to the Western do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti).
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The organism is considered opportunistic insofar as serious infection often occurs during existing diseases or conditions – most notably cystic fibrosis and traumatic burns. It generally affects the immunocompromised but can also infect the immunocompetent as in hot tub folliculitis. Treatment of P. aeruginosa infections can be difficult due to its natural resistance to antibiotics. When more advanced antibiotic drug regimens are needed adverse effects may result.
It is citrate, catalase, and oxidase positive. It is found in soil, water, skin flora, and most man-made environments throughout the world. It thrives not only in normal atmospheres, but also in low-oxygen atmospheres, thus has colonized many natural and artificial environments. It uses a wide range of organic material for food; in animals, its versatility enables the organism to infect damaged tissues or those with reduced immunity. The symptoms of such infections are generalized inflammation and sepsis. If such colonizations occur in critical body organs, such as the lungs, the urinary tract, and kidneys, the results can be fatal. Because it thrives on moist surfaces, this bacterium is also found on and in medical equipment, including catheters, causing cross-infections in hospitals and clinics. It is also able to decompose hydrocarbons and has been used to break down tarballs and oil from oil spills. P. aeruginosa is not extremely virulent in comparison with other major pathogenic bacterial species – for example Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes – though P. aeruginosa is capable of extensive colonization, and can aggregate into enduring biofilms.
The word Pseudomonas means "false unit", from the Greek pseudēs (Greek: ψευδής, false) and (Latin: monas, from Greek: μονάς, a single unit). The stem word mon was used early in the history of microbiology to refer to germs, e.g., kingdom Monera.
The species name aeruginosa is a Latin word meaning verdigris ("copper rust"), referring to the blue-green color of laboratory cultures of the species. This blue-green pigment is a combination of two metabolites of P. aeruginosa, pyocyanin (blue) and pyoverdine (green), which impart the blue-green characteristic color of cultures. Another assertion is that the word may be derived from the Greek prefix ae- meaning "old or aged", and the suffix ruginosa means wrinkled or bumpy.
The names pyocyanin and pyoverdine are from the Greek, with pyo-, meaning "pus", cyanin, meaning "blue", and verdine, meaning "green". Pyoverdine in the absence of pyocyanin is a fluorescent-yellow color.
The genome of P. aeruginosa consists of a relatively large circular chromosome (5.5–6.8 Mb) that carries between 5,500 and 6,000 open reading frames, and sometimes plasmids of various sizes depending on the strain; Comparison of 389 genomes from different P. aeruginosa strains showed that just 17.5% is shared. This part of the genome is the P. aeruginosa core genome.
P. aeruginosa is a facultative anaerobe, as it is well adapted to proliferate in conditions of partial or total oxygen depletion. This organism can achieve anaerobic growth with nitrate or nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor. When oxygen, nitrate, and nitrite are absent, it is able to ferment arginine and pyruvate by substrate-level phosphorylation. Adaptation to microaerobic or anaerobic environments is essential for certain lifestyles of P. aeruginosa, for example, during lung infection in cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia, where thick layers of lung mucus and bacterially-produced alginate surrounding mucoid bacterial cells can limit the diffusion of oxygen. P. aeruginosa growth within the human body can be asymptomatic until the bacteria form a biofilm, which overwhelms the immune system. These biofilms are found in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia, and can prove fatal.
P. aeruginosa relies on iron as a nutrient source to grow. However, iron is not easily accessible because it is not commonly found in the environment. Iron is usually found in a largely insoluble ferric form. Furthermore, excessively high levels of iron can be toxic to P. aeruginosa. To overcome this and regulate proper intake of iron, P. aeruginosa uses siderophores, which are secreted molecules that bind and transport iron. These iron-siderophore complexes, however, are not specific. The bacterium that produced the siderophores does not necessarily receive the direct benefit of iron intake. Rather, all members of the cellular population are equally likely to access the iron-siderophore complexes. Members of the cellular population that can efficiently produce these siderophores are commonly referred to as cooperators; members that produce little to no siderophores are often referred to as cheaters. Research has shown when cooperators and cheaters are grown together, cooperators have a decrease in fitness, while cheaters have an increase in fitness. The magnitude of change in fitness increases with increasing iron limitation. With an increase in fitness, the cheaters can outcompete the cooperators; this leads to an overall decrease in fitness of the group, due to lack of sufficient siderophore production. These observations suggest that having a mix of cooperators and cheaters can reduce the virulent nature of P. aeruginosa.
An opportunistic, nosocomial pathogen of immunocompromised individuals, P. aeruginosa typically infects the airway, urinary tract, burns, and wounds, and also causes other blood infections.
It is the most common cause of infections of burn injuries and of the outer ear (otitis externa), and is the most frequent colonizer of medical devices (e.g., catheters). Pseudomonas can be spread by equipment that gets contaminated and is not properly cleaned or on the hands of healthcare workers. Pseudomonas can, in rare circumstances, cause community-acquired pneumonias, as well as ventilator-associated pneumonias, being one of the most common agents isolated in several studies. Pyocyanin is a virulence factor of the bacteria and has been known to cause death in C. elegans by oxidative stress. However, salicylic acid can inhibit pyocyanin production. One in ten hospital-acquired infections is from Pseudomonas. Cystic fibrosis patients are also predisposed to P. aeruginosa infection of the lungs. P. aeruginosa may also be a common cause of "hot-tub rash" (dermatitis), caused by lack of proper, periodic attention to water quality. Since these bacteria like moist environments, such as hot tubs and swimming pools, they can cause skin rash or swimmer's ear. Pseudomonas is also a common cause of postoperative infection in radial keratotomy surgery patients. The organism is also associated with the skin lesion ecthyma gangrenosum. P. aeruginosa is frequently associated with osteomyelitis involving puncture wounds of the foot, believed to result from direct inoculation with P. aeruginosa via the foam padding found in tennis shoes, with diabetic patients at a higher risk.
P. aeruginosa uses the virulence factor exotoxin A to inactivate eukaryotic elongation factor 2 via ADP-ribosylation in the host cell, much as the diphtheria toxin does. Without elongation factor 2, eukaryotic cells cannot synthesize proteins and necrotise. The release of intracellular contents induces an immunologic response in immunocompetent patients. In addition P. aeruginosa uses an exoenzyme, ExoU, which degrades the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, leading to lysis. Increasingly, it is becoming recognized that the iron-acquiring siderophore, pyoverdine, also functions as a toxin by removing iron from mitochondria, inflicting damage on this organelle.
Phenazines are redox-active pigments produced by P. aeruginosa. These pigments are involved in quorum sensing, virulence, and iron acquisition. P. aeruginosa produces several pigments all produced by a biosynthetic pathway: pyocyanin, 1-hydroxyphenazine, phenazine-1-carboxamide, 5-methylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid betaine, and aeruginosin A. Two operons are involved in phenazine biosynthesis: phzA1B1C1D1E1F1G1 and phzA2B2C2D2E2F2G2. These operons convert a chorismic acid to the phenazines mentioned above. Three key genes, phzH, phzM, and phzS convert phenazine-1-carboxylic acid to the phenazines mentioned above. Though phenazine biosynthesis is well studied, questions remain as to the final structure of the brown phenazine pyomelanin.
When pyocyanin biosynthesis is inhibited, a decrease in P. aeruginosa pathogenicity is observed in vitro. This suggests that pyocyanin is most responsible for the initial colonization of P. aeruginosa in vivo.
With low phosphate levels, P. aeruginosa has been found to activate from benign symbiont to express lethal toxins inside the intestinal tract and severely damage or kill the host, which can be mitigated by providing excess phosphate instead of antibiotics.
In higher plants, P. aeruginosa induces soft rot, for example in Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce). It is also pathogenic to invertebrate animals, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila and the moth Galleria mellonella. The associations of virulence factors are the same for plant and animal infections.
Regulation of gene expression can occur through cell-cell communication or quorum sensing (QS) via the production of small molecules called autoinducers. The extracellular accumulation of these molecules signals to bacteria to alter gene expression and coordinate behavior. P. aeruginosa employs five interconnected QS systems – lasRl, rhlRl, PQS, iqs and pch – that each produce unique signaling molecules. Detection of these molecules indicates P. aeruginosa is growing as biofilm within the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. QS is known to control expression of a number of virulence factors, including the pigment pyocyanin. Another form of gene regulation that allows the bacteria to rapidly adapt to surrounding changes is through environmental signaling. Recent studies have discovered anaerobiosis can significantly impact the major regulatory circuit of QS. This important link between QS and anaerobiosis has a significant impact on production of virulence factors of this organism. Garlic experimentally blocks quorum sensing in P. aeruginosa.
Polysaccharide synthesis locus (PSL) and c-di-GMP form a positive feedback loop. PSL stimulates c-di-GMP production, while high c-di-GMP turns on the operon and increases activity of the operon. This 15-gene operon is responsible for the cell-cell and cell-surface interactions required for cell communication. It is also responsible for the sequestering of the extracellular polymeric substance matrix.
PEL is a cationic exopolysaccharide that cross-links extracellular DNA in the P. aeruginosa biofilm matrix.
Upon certain cues or stresses, P. aeruginosa revert the biofilm program and detach. Recent studies have shown that the dispersed cells from P. aeruginosa biofilms have lower c-di-GMP levels and different physiologies from those of planktonic and biofilm cells. Such dispersed cells are found to be highly virulent against macrophages and C. elegans, but highly sensitive towards iron stress, as compared with planktonic cells.
Biofilms of P. aeruginosa can cause chronic opportunistic infections, which are a serious problem for medical care in industrialized societies, especially for immunocompromised patients and the elderly. They often cannot be treated effectively with traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms seem to protect these bacteria from adverse environmental factors. P. aeruginosa can cause nosocomial infections and is considered a model organism for the study of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Researchers consider it important to learn more about the molecular mechanisms that cause the switch from planktonic growth to a biofilm phenotype and about the role of QS in treatment-resistant bacteria such as P. aeruginosa. This should contribute to better clinical management of chronically infected patients, and should lead to the development of new drugs.
Recently, scientists have been examining the possible genetic basis for P. aeruginosa resistance to antibiotics such as tobramycin. One locus identified as being an important genetic determinant of the resistance in this species is ndvB, which encodes periplasmic glucans that may interact with antibiotics and cause them to become sequestered into the periplasm. These results suggest a genetic basis exists behind bacterial antibiotic resistance, rather than the biofilm simply acting as a diffusion barrier to the antibiotic.
Depending on the nature of infection, an appropriate specimen is collected and sent to a bacteriology laboratory for identification. As with most bacteriological specimens, a Gram stain is performed, which may show Gram-negative rods and/or white blood cells. P. aeruginosa produces colonies with a characteristic "grape-like" or "fresh-tortilla" odor on bacteriological media. In mixed cultures, it can be isolated as clear colonies on MacConkey agar (as it does not ferment lactose) which will test positive for oxidase. Confirmatory tests include production of the blue-green pigment pyocyanin on cetrimide agar and growth at 42 °C. A TSI slant is often used to distinguish nonfermenting Pseudomonas species from enteric pathogens in faecal specimens.
When P. aeruginosa is isolated from a normally sterile site (blood, bone, deep collections), it is generally considered dangerous, and almost always requires treatment. However, P. aeruginosa is frequently isolated from nonsterile sites (mouth swabs, sputum, etc.), and, under these circumstances, it may represent colonization and not infection. The isolation of P. aeruginosa from nonsterile specimens should, therefore, be interpreted cautiously, and the advice of a microbiologist or infectious diseases physician/pharmacist should be sought prior to starting treatment. Often, no treatment is needed.
P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, aerobic (and at times facultatively anaerobic), rod-shaped bacterium with unipolar motility. It has been identified as an opportunistic pathogen of both humans and plants. P. aeruginosa is the type species of the genus Pseudomonas.
Identification of P. aeruginosa can be complicated by the fact individual isolates often lack motility. Furthermore, mutations in the gene lasR drastically alter colony morphology and typically lead to failure to hydrolyze gelatin or hemolyze.
In certain conditions, P. aeruginosa can secrete a variety of pigments, including pyocyanin (blue), pyoverdine (yellow and fluorescent), pyorubin (red), and pyomelanin (brown). These can be used to identify the organism.
Clinical identification of P. aeruginosa may include identifying the production of both pyocyanin and fluorescein, as well as its ability to grow at 42 °C. P. aeruginosa is capable of growth in diesel and jet fuels, where it is known as a hydrocarbon-using microorganism, causing microbial corrosion. It creates dark, gellish mats sometimes improperly called "algae" because of their appearance.
Many P. aeruginosa isolates are resistant to a large range of antibiotics and may demonstrate additional resistance after unsuccessful treatment. It should usually be possible to guide treatment according to laboratory sensitivities, rather than choosing an antibiotic empirically. If antibiotics are started empirically, then every effort should be made to obtain cultures (before administering first dose of antibiotic), and the choice of antibiotic used should be reviewed when the culture results are available.
antipseudomonal penicillins: carboxypenicillins (carbenicillin and ticarcillin), and ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin, azlocillin, and piperacillin). P. aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to all other penicillins.
As fluoroquinolones are one of the few antibiotic classes widely effective against P. aeruginosa, in some hospitals, their use is severely restricted to avoid the development of resistant strains. On the rare occasions where infection is superficial and limited (for example, ear infections or nail infections), topical gentamicin or colistin may be used.
For pseudomonal wound infections, acetic acid with concentrations from 0.5% to 5% can be an effective bacteriostatic agent in eliminating the bacteria from the wound. Usually a sterile gauze soaked with acetic acid is placed on the wound after irrigation with normal saline. Dressing would be done once per day. Pseudomonas is usually eliminated in 90% of the cases after 10 to 14 days of treatment.
One of the most worrisome characteristics of P. aeruginosa is its low antibiotic susceptibility, which is attributable to a concerted action of multidrug efflux pumps with chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., mexAB, mexXY, etc.) and the low permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes. In addition to this intrinsic resistance, P. aeruginosa easily develops acquired resistance either by mutation in chromosomally encoded genes or by the horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants. Development of multidrug resistance by P. aeruginosa isolates requires several different genetic events, including acquisition of different mutations and/or horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Hypermutation favours the selection of mutation-driven antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa strains producing chronic infections, whereas the clustering of several different antibiotic resistance genes in integrons favors the concerted acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants. Some recent studies have shown phenotypic resistance associated to biofilm formation or to the emergence of small-colony variants may be important in the response of P. aeruginosa populations to antibiotics treatment.
Mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance have been found to include production of antibiotic-degrading or antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, outer membrane proteins to evict the antibiotics and mutations to change antibiotic targets. Presence of antibiotic-degrading enzymes such as extended-spectrum β-lactamases like PER-1, PER-2, VEB-1, AmpC cephalosporinases, carbapenemases like serine oxacillinases, metallo-b-lactamases, OXA-type carbapenemases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, among others have been reported. P. aeruginosa can also modify the targets of antibiotic action, for example methylation of 16S rRNA to prevent aminoglycoside binding and modification of DNA, or topoisomerase to protect it from the action of quinolones. P. aeruginosa has also been reported to possess multidrug efflux pumps like AdeABC and AdeDE efflux systems that confer resistance against a number of antibiotic classes. An important factor found to be associated with antibiotic resistance is the decrease in the virulence capabilities of the resistant strain. Such findings have been reported in the case of rifampicin-resistant and colistin-resistant strains, in which decrease in infective ability, quorum sensing and motility have been documented.
Mutations in DNA gyrase are commonly associated with antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa. These mutations, when combined with others, confer high resistance without hindering survival. Additionally, genes involved in cyclic-di-GMP signaling may contribute to resistance. When grown in vitro conditions designed to mimic a cystic fibrosis patient's lungs, these genes mutate repeatedly.
Two small RNAs : Sr0161 and ErsA were shown to interact with mRNA encoding the major porin OprD responsible for the uptake of carbapenem antibiotics into the periplasm. The sRNAs bind to the 5'UTR of oprD causing increase in bacterial resistance to meropenem. Another sRNA: Sr006 was suggested to positively regulate (post-transcriptionally) the expression of PagL, an enzyme responsible for deacylation of lipid A. This reduces the pro-inflammatory property of lipid A. Furthermore, similarly to study in Salmonella Sr006 regulation of PagL expression was suggested to aid in polymyxin B resistance.
Probiotic prophylaxis may prevent colonization and delay onset of Pseudomonas infection in an ICU setting. Immunoprophylaxis against Pseudomonas is being investigated. The risk of contracting P. aeruginosa can be reduced by avoiding pools, hot tubs, and other bodies of standing water; regularly disinfecting and/or replacing equipment that regularly encounters moisture (such as contact lens equipment and solutions); and washing one's hands often (which is protective against many other pathogens as well). However, even the best hygiene practices cannot totally protect an individual against P. aeruginosa, given how common P. aeruginosa is in the environment.
Phage therapy against P. aeruginosa has been investigated as a possible effective treatment, which can be combined with antibiotics, has no contraindications and minimal adverse effects. Phages are produced as sterile liquid, suitable for intake, applications etc. Phage therapy against ear infections caused by P. aeruginosa was reported in the journal Clinical Otolaryngology in August 2009.
Last 2013, João Xavier described an experiment in which P. aeruginosa, when subjected to repeated rounds of conditions in which it needed to swarm to acquire food, developed the ability to "hyperswarm" at speeds 25% faster than baseline organisms, by developing multiple flagella, whereas the baseline organism has a single flagellum. This result was notable in the field of experimental evolution in that it was highly repeatable.
P. aeruginosa has been studied for use in bioremediation and use in processing polyethylene in municipal solid waste.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Netflix's Use Of Train Disaster Video In 'Bird Box' Causes Uproar In 2013, an American-owned oil tanker train exploded in the Quebec city of Lac-Megantic and killed 47 people. Canadians are furious that video of the disaster is being used by Netflix in sci-fi films.
The Netflix series Travelers uses video footage from an oil train disaster in Lac-Megantic, Quebec for its fictional series about time-travelers. The use of the footage has angered Canadians.
Canadians are furious over Netflix's use of real-life footage of a deadly oil-train disaster in two of the company's recent science fiction productions. The 2013 accident in Lac-Megantic, Quebec, involved an American-owned oil tanker train and left 47 people dead. It incinerated the community's historic downtown — video images of towering pillars of smoke and fire went viral on Youtube.
This winter, those images began appearing again on Canadian TV screens, not in newscasts or documentaries, but in sci-fi stories, including the hit alien invasion film Bird Box with Sandra Bullock. In the Bullock film, the Lac-Megantic images are part of a fake newscast that purports to show violent turmoil in Europe.
The clip appears briefly again in Travelers, a joint U.S.-Canadian sci-fi series about time-travelers, repurposed in a fake newscast describing a nuclear attack on London.
Lac-Megantic Mayor Julie Morin declined to speak with NPR, but provided a statement calling use of the video unethical.
"Those images are the representation of our city's worst day in history, a day from which we are still working hard to recover," Morin wrote. She called for the film industry to reconsider the use of footage taken from "real tragic human events" for fictional entertainment.
Canada's Parliament agrees. In late January, MP Pierre Mantel spoke on the floor of the House of Commons, denouncing Netflix and introducing a nonbinding resolution calling for the company to "compensate local residents and remove the video clip from the films." The proposal was approved unanimously and drew a round of applause in the chamber.
Some commentators in Canada have pointed out that stock footage of real disasters has been used by Hollywood in entertainment films for years. In an open letter addressed to the community of Lac-Megantic, Netflix executives wrote that they "regret any pain" their productions caused, but they haven't offered compensation.
The stock film distribution company that sold the video clip also apologized and says it's reviewing its policy for how images can be repurposed by clients in the film industry. "It has recently come to our attention that our footage depicting the Lac-Mégantic rail disaster was taken out of context," said the firm Pond5 in a statement.
"We deeply regret that this happened and sincerely apologize to anyone who was offended, especially the victims and their families," the company added.
Producers of the Travelers sci-fi series now say the fiery images will be clipped out and replaced as soon as possible. Netflix is refusing to remove the footage from the film Bird Box.
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In this article, we will see how to convert a given String to different cases using simple looping and methods of the String class and the Character class. First, we clearly specify what these different cases are. Then, we move on to see the different methods of the Character and String class we would be using after which we proceed to the algorithms. Finally we present a complete program which takes a String input and outputs it in the five different cases.
Upper Case : A String is converted to Upper Case by capitalizing each of the letters. Letters that are already capitalised are left as they are. Non letters like numbers and special characters are not altered.
Lower Case : The conversion of a String to lower case is similar to upper case except that we change each of the letter to its lower case form. Toggle Case : Small letters a-z are converted to capital letters A-Z and vice versa.
Camel Case: In Camel Case, the first letter of every word is capitalized.
Sentence Case: The starting letter of the first word of every sentence is capitalized.
Given below is an example illustrating the conversion of a String to the five different cases mentioned above.
Upper Case: HELLO JAVA. HELLO WORLD.
Lower Case: hello java. hello world.
Toggle Case: hEllO JAVA. HELLO worLd.
Camel Case: Hello Java. Hello World.
Title Case: Hello java. Hello world.
We would be using length() and charAt(int) methods of the String class. The length() method returns the numbers of characters that the String contains. The charAt() method takes an integer argument and returns the character contained at that integer index. It is to be noted that the indices begin from 0. The following code snippet illustrates the usage of these two methods.
The Character class contains a number of static methods which can be used to test whether a character is upper case or lower case and also convert between the two forms. The two methods isUpperCase(char) and isLowerCase(char) take a character as an argument and return a boolean value indicating whether the argument passed is an upper case char or a lower case char. The methods toUpperCase(char) and toLowerCase(char) take char arguments and return a char which is the upper case form and the lower case form of the passed char respectively. If the character passed is not a letter, the return value will be the same as the character passed. Here is a code snippet illustrating the use of the above stated methods.
To convert a String to Upper Case, we use a for loop whose counter, say i, runs from 0 through the length of the String (-1). A String variable 'result' is initialised with an empty String. Within the loop, we extract the character at position i, convert it to an upper case character using the toUpperCase () method and append the returned char to the result. At the end of the loop, the result contains the input string with all characters changed to upper case. Scroll down to the bottom of this page to the method toUpperCase() to view the code.
This task would be similar to the above except that instead of using the method toUpperCase (), we use the method toLowerCase() to convert the characters to their lower case form.
To convert the String to its toggle form, we extract each character as we have done for upper case conversion. We then use an if else decision making statement to check if the extracted character is upper case or lower case. If the character is upper case, we convert it to lower case and append it to the result. Otherwise, the upper case form of the character is appended to the result. View the code at the bottom of this page.
It should be noted that we cannot use an if else if statement decision making statement as shown below.
This is because there is a possibility for a character to be neither upper case nor lower case - digits and special symbols like < , > etc. If a decision making statement as shown above is used, these characters would be ignored.
Of course, a modified form of the above code can be used where we first check if the character is an upper case character. Then we check if it is a lower case character. And finally, if the character is neither an uppercase character nor a lower case character, we simply append it to the result without any conversions.
As already said, in camel case, we capitalise the first letter of each word. To do so, we use a loop similar to what we have used in the previous conversions. Within the loop, we check if the character at index i-1 is a space. If it is so, we capitalise the current character at index i and append it to the result. Otherwise, we convert the current char to lower case and append it.
However, we will experience a problem when the loop counter i has the value of zero as accessing character at index (0-1) will result in an exception. To avoid this, before the loop, we check if the length of the input string is zero. If it is so, we simply return an empty String. Otherwise, we initialise the result with the capitalized version of the character at index zero and then start the loop from i = 1. The code is shown at the bottom of this page.
In sentence case, the first letter of each sentence is capitalized. This conversion cannot be solved in a way similar to the camel case problem, replacing the space with a period. The reason is that a sentence does not always end in a period. Sentences also end with question marks and exclamation marks. The second reason is that the first letter of the sentence doesn't always immediately follow the period. In most cases, there is a space between the two.
To tackle the above problems, we maintain an array of terminal characters - the characters with which a sentence ends such as period, exclamation mark and question mark. We will also use a boolean variable 'terminalCharacterEncountered' which will be set to true whenever one of the terminal characters is encountered. Within the loop, we first extract a character, if the terminalCharacterEncountered flag is false, we simply append the character to the output String. If the flag was true, the current character is capitalized and appended to the result. And then, the flag is reset to false. After performing the above task, we check if the current character is one of the terminal characters. If so, the flag is set to true again so that the first character of the next sentence will be capitalised. The code is shown in the next section ( scroll down).
Given below is a complete program which takes an input String from the user, converts it into different cases and displays them on the console.
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How do we move toward releasing what does not serve us in order to sense a greater feeling of emotional freedom and inner balance?
There may be a few ways to describe emotional freedom. To me, emotional freedom is the intelligent integration, healing and release of heavy and overpowering emotion. Emotion that limits or constricts our natural flow in some way, shape or form. If we are loaded with unhealed inner grief and pain- we are not emotionally free. If we are constantly anxious and fearful- we are not emotionally free. And if we continually suffer by the power of our own or another’s emotion- we are not emotionally free.
We are emotional beings and we are innately designed to feel every emotion. Often the weight of what we feel burdens and limits us, leaving us feeling out of control and at the mercy of our emotion. Emotion is intrinsically tied to all that we do and all that we are. Emotions are the juice of life. We can surf them weightlessly or we can bury ourselves beneath them. The responsibility that comes with emotion is ours and ours alone. Essentially, emotional freedom means understanding and processing your emotion with love, integrity, and the strength of intuitive heart-intelligence.
If we do not feel, then we cannot heal. We are not born with mechanical hearts. The power of our heart is far greater than that of our brain. So why do we shut down the voice of our heart? Sometimes, it is less messy that way because emotions run deep and we may dive into that abyss and never quite know how we will pull ourselves out from it. Fearfully, we end up denying that emotion, locking it away, and hiding it beneath the human veil. Maybe we are afraid of what we’ll find when we begin to dig through our concealed emotions, and what sits at the very heart of our being. The wounds from our choices and life experiences must be processed and worked through so that we can free ourselves from the suffocating and overwhelming feelings of loss, heartbreak, and emotional trauma.
As human beings, our survival instinct inherently means we want to avoid pain, and yet it is the pain we so much want to refute and forsake that can transcend and transform us in a deeply personal and positive way. We confront our deepest fears when we face our deepest pain. We are shaped and fortified by our experiences. When we absorb them, we learn from them and let them go with courage and grace.
Freedom is something that we inspire within. External circumstances are bound to limits, rules and laws that we may not always have control over. This can cause us to feel very trapped and caged in our outer world. An enlightened awareness of what we have the power to change can move us forward. And we only have this power over ourselves. We cannot effect changes in our external world without recognizing them firstly through our emotional compass and inner dynamics. Truth ignites freedom. It is the capacity to independently be who we are. It means to live unashamedly and to stop apologizing to the world for our quirks and flaws and everything that makes us unique. When we live with truth and authenticity then we shift our inner gears to find the blossoms of that honesty in our outer world too.
If we lie to ourselves and abandon our heart then the world around us becomes a more confusing, suspicious and anxious place. When we open our hearts to truth and integrity it mirrors that freedom right back to us. Freedom begins from within. Realise that your fundamental essence supersedes your circumstances and the grave of yours or another’s judgements.
And everything you are not.
Hold your heart in your hands and cherish its riches.
How much do you trust yourself? Often, what we actually lack is the beauty of trust within ourselves. If we don’t believe and trust in who we are then how can we heal our inner wounds? And how can we ever be free? If we don’t respect or value our emotions then how can we be responsible for managing them toward meaning, purpose, and progression through life? When everything falls down around us and life hits us with tough times and sorrow, it is trust and belief in the person that we are that pulls us through. If we are emotionally dependant on someone else or anything external to us then that forms the opposite of emotional freedom. It creates further cycles of wounded emotions that weigh upon our spirit.
Think about it. If we cannot trust, love and respect ourselves then how can we truly trust, love and respect anyone else? We should seek kindness, grace and compassion within ourselves first. The more we do this, the more we vibrate that love outwardly. To trust in ourselves is to be emotionally free from the shackles born of the opinions and beliefs of others.
Wherever you are on your emotional journey, healing is inevitable at some point because without that retreat into your inner world for understanding it becomes so much harder to function in your outer world. Life always finds a way to steer us toward the conditions that we need in order to evolve so that we may intuitively unravel our emotions and arise far stronger for it. We experience emotions for a reason so we should not numb ourselves from them. By the same token, we should not remain isolated and stuck within them.
Sometimes it takes a broken heart, swollen with inner grief and sorrow to act as a catalyst toward a higher emotional plane and maturity. We cannot force our hearts to open or push ourselves to heal. It is our experiences and connection with ourselves and those close to our heart that give rise to the emotions we are challenged to overcome and transcend.
Our heart is well timed to the nature of our soul. Perhaps the first step to becoming emotionally free is to fervently trust in the power and commitment of your heart and your emotional direction. The goal being, to feel safe in your own spiritual skin and hold yourself within that love. A place where you feel free to just be.
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0.999827 |
By Fatih Hafiz Mehmet</p> <p>ANKARA (AA) - Turkey's president said Thursday that to protect Syria’s territorial integrity, the terrorist PYD/YPG must be swept away from areas where it persists near the Turkish border.</p> <p>"Syria's territorial integrity will not be ensured unless the PYD/YPG terror group is cleared away from Manbij, [and] east of the Euphrates," Recep Tayyip Erdogan told Russian President Vladimir Putin in Sochi, Russia, ahead of their trilateral meeting with their Iranian counterpart.</p> <p>In its more than 30-year terror campaign against Turkey, the PKK -- recognized as a terror group by Turkey, the U.S. and the EU -- has been responsible for the deaths of some 40,000 people, including women and children. The YPG/PYD is the group's Syrian branch.
Turkey has promised a counter-terrorist operation against the PYD/PYG in Syria, following two similar successful operations since 2016.
Erdogan also said Turkey welcomes Russia's positive attitude towards a proposed safe zone in northern Syria, adding that Turkey also supports the idea as long as it serves to address Turkey's national security concerns.
He said they may soon conclude the formation of Syrian constitutional committee, taking into account reservations expressed by the UN.
"It is very important that the cooperation which took place regarding the use of airspace in Idlib also takes place in Afrin and the area [liberated by] Operation Euphrates Shield — one of the previous counter-terror operations –," Erdogan added.
After a meeting in Sochi last September between Erdogan and Putin, the two sides agreed to set up a demilitarized zone — in which acts of aggression are expressly prohibited — in Idlib, northwestern Syria.
But according to the Syrian White Helmets civil defense group, at least 30 people in Idlib were killed in January, including women and children, while another 180 were injured — in Idlib, Hama and Latakia — by regime drone attacks and artillery fire.
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0.998709 |
I came to these conclusions during my senior year of college. It was the eventual answer to the question "What do you want to do when you leave college?".
There were a few answers that came to mind "Have fun.", "Be happy.", "Do what I love.", "Make a positive impact on the world." but none felt as good as the conclusion below.
I am lucky. I am intelligent and was not born into poverty.
Inheritly, I have a responsibility since I am endowed with this gift.
I am responsible to do what they cannot because they don't have the same opportunities or priveleges as I do.
As a result, I dedicate my free time to making the world a better place.
I don't mean for the above to come off as pretentious. I am being as honest as I can. I apologize if I offended you with what I believe is the truth.
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0.999995 |
DARREN Aronofsky is an American film director known for his dark and sometimes disturbing movies and his romance with Hollywood megastar Jennifer Lawrence.
Who is Darren Aronofsky, how old is he and what is his background?
Darren Aronofsky is a 48-year-old film director born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1969.
He is known for his dark psychological dramas but has also made epics, including a biblical movie and a love story about the possibility of eternal life.
His parents are Jewish and regularly took him to see Broadway shows during his childhood, while his sister was a pro ballerina.
Initially, Darren was interested in biology and travelled to Kenya to study its animals, before going backpacking across Europe and the Middle East.
He then studied anthropology and filmmaking at Harvard, before studying directing at the AFI Conservatory, which has produced the likes of David Lynch, Andrea Arnold and Terrence Malick.
What movies has Darren directed?
In 1997 Darren shot his first movie Pi, a horror-thriller which did fairly well at the box office and became the first ever film to be available for download online.
His 2000 follow-up, the profoundly unsettling Requiem For A Dream, astonished critics and viewers.
The surreal drama, based on a novel by Hubert Selby Jr, depicts addiction in all its forms and stars Jared Leto, Ellen Burstyn and Jennifer Connelly.
Aronofsky's future success seemed assured after that, and he was set to make a Batman reboot starring Christian Bale, but it didn't come together - though Bale later starred in Nolan's Dark Knight trilogy.
He then made romantic epic The Fountain - starring his fiancee Rachel Weisz - in 2006, to mixed reviews.
Then, after ten years thinking about it, Aronofsky made 2009 drama The Wrestler, starring Mickey Rourke as a washed-up wrestling star, which became Darren's highest-grossing film to date.
After that, he made what is probably his best-known film Black Swan, starring Natalie Portman as a troubled ballerina, and the lead actress won an Oscar for the part.
Aronofsky went in a very different direction in 2014 with his biblical epic Noah, starring Russell Crowe, Emma Watson, Antony Hopkins and Ray Winstone.
The director recently released his horror film Mother! starring Jennifer Lawrence, Javier Bardem, Michelle Pfeiffer and Domhnall Gleeson.
Aside from making movies, Darren is a climate change activist and a supporter of animal rights.
Darren Aronofsky was engaged to English actress Rachel Weisz in 2005 after starting a relationship in 2001.
They had a son, Henry, in 2006 - the year The Fountain came out - but separated in 2010, before Rachel got married Daniel Craig in June 2011.
After splitting from Weisz, the director dated Canadian producer Brand-Ann Milbradt in 2012.
As of September 2016, he was dating US actress Jennifer Lawrence, who he met while they were working on Mother!.
They got together soon after Jennifer split from Coldplay's Chris Martin. Jennifer is 21 years Darren's junior.
In an August 2017 interview, Jennifer described Darren as "brilliant" and saying: "I had energy for him. I don’t know how he felt about me.
"I've been in relationships before where I am just confused. And I'm never confused with him."
In November 2017, EtOnline reported the couple had called it quits but had split amicably and would remain friends.
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0.960817 |
How do I exchange money in Cuba?
You will be able to exchange money once you have arrived in Cuba either at the airport or at CADECA bureaus can exchange currency (US and Canadian dollars, Euros, British pounds, etc.) for you. Larger chain hotels are often the most convenient place to make currency exchanges. Be sure to have proper ID (passport) on hand and make sure you receive a receipt for the transaction and count your change.
Do not accept offers to exchange currency from anyone who approaches you on the street. It is illegal and a common scam practiced all over the world to take advantage of travelers, who are unfamiliar with new currencies. This is particularly applicable, due to the dual currency system used in Cuba.
Securely carrying your funds in a money belt and leaving excess funds behind in your hotel safe is also a good idea.
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0.999871 |
Box 1. Box 2 Box 3 Box 4 Box 5 Box 6 Box 7 Box 8 Box 9 Box 10 Box 11 Box 12 Box 13 Box 14 Box 15 Box 16 Box 17 Box 18 Box 19 Box 20 Box 21 Box 22 Box 23 Box 24 Box 25 Box 26 Box 27 Box 28 Box 29 Box 30 Box 31 Box 32 Box 33 Box 34 Box 35 Box 36 Box 37 Box 38 Box 39 Box 40 Box 41 Box 42 Box 43 Box 44 Box 45 Box 46 Box 47 Box 48 Box 49 Box 50 Box 51 Box 52 Box 52 Box 53 Box 53 Box 54 Box 55.
Founded in 1862 by Henry Augustus Ward (1834-1906), Ward's Natural Science Establishment, in the nineteenth century, was a leading supplier of natural science materials to museums in North America. Henry A. Ward spent most of his time travelling around the world and needed someone to lead the main office. As a result, Frank A. Ward, a cousin of Henry's, became treasurer of the Establishment in 1884 and supervised the operations in Rochester. In the few years before his death in 1906, Henry A. Ward gave up his interest in the company and Frank A. Ward became president. By the 1920s, the original purpose of the Establishment proved inadequate as museums started to operate their own collection and taxidermy departments, and no longer purchased from Ward's in their original volume. As a result, the Establishment's sales were weak. A series of deaths in the Ward family in 1927, including Frank A. Ward, led the Ward family to donate the company to the University of Rochester in 1928.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science at the University of Rochester, as the gift was known, at first did not prosper under its new owners. A fire in 1930 destroyed much of the company's records and inventory, and the Great Depression led to further reductions in sales. The University considered shutting down the company, but the scientific and museum community pleaded with the University to continue operations. In addition, Dean L. Gamble (1892-1981), a vice-president of the General Biological Supply House in Chicago wrote to Rush Rhees, University president, asking to be considered for the position of president of Ward's. The University hired Gamble, gave him complete control, and loaned the Establishment money to continue its operations. Throughout the 1930s the Establishment operated on small budgets and continued to lose money until late in the decade. As the economy recovered before World War II, so did Ward's and in 1940, the University sold the company's stock to Dean L. Gamble and Frank Hawley Ward, Frank A. Ward's son, for the amount of money owed the University by Ward's.
Dean L. Gamble led the transformation of Ward's from an obsolete museum supplier into a modern educational supply house. The company maintained its roots in the natural sciences, but shifted its emphasis to schools. Central to this project was development of new products that could make scientific material accessible to students. Gamble pioneered the use of 2"x2" photographic slides as a means of showing biological and geological specimens to a large number of people. He also developed a method of encasing specimens in plastic to allow a student to examine a specimen closely.
Just before World War II, Gamble moved the Establishment from the center of Rochester to a site on Irondequoit Bay that had room for expansion. Ward's grew with the "Baby Boom," and by 1970 sales grew to $10 million. In the 1960s, Ward's purchased land for expansion in the town of Pittsford since a residential subdivision hemmed in the Irondequoit site.
William C. Gamble (b.1926) joined the Establishment in 1950, at the beginning of this period of expansion. He started as a sales representative, but quickly came to lead the company. Dean L. Gamble divorced and re-married in 1949, and moved to Monterey, California in the 1950s. He opened a subsidiary, Ward's of California, to serve the West Coast.
William Gamble led the company through its period of greatest growth. Not only did the "Baby Boom" swell the nation's classrooms, but the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik in 1957 fueled tremendous interest in science education. Ward's was a beneficiary of the National Defense Education Act of 1957 which sent millions of dollars to schools to fund expanded programs in the sciences. William Gamble also proved an innovator. He pushed the company to develop filmstrips on the sciences and led the effort, in conjunction with other educators, to develop a series of overhead projection transparencies. Dyna-Vue, as Ward's called the transparencies, proved to be a tremendous success for the Establishment. During the 1960s, Ward's developed a self-contained specimen and magnifying glass called Magnimount was not as successful. In addition, attempted expansion into elementary school science proved unsuccessful. Despite these setbacks, the 1960s were the period of Ward's greatest growth as a business and innovation in science education.
The growth and successes of the 1960s meant Ward's always needed more capital to fund expansion and product development. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, all the Establishment's profits were reinvested. William Gamble attempted to transform the Establishment from being closely held to publicly held through the sale of stock. Such a sale would have allowed the company both to grow and to remain independent. By the late 1960s, public sale of Ward's stock was not possible. Instead Gamble examined merging the company. After rejecting various suitors, Gamble arranged the sale of the Establishment, in April, 1970, to KDI Corporation of Cincinnati, Ohio, for $9.3 million in KDI stock.
By the late 1960s, however, the economic climate for educational suppliers changed. The "Baby Boom" was over, interest in science education waned after the moon landing, and the economic and foreign policy decisions of the 1960s helped slow the rate of economic growth. In addition, the merger-mania of the 1960s led to rash decisions and unintended consequences. What was expected to help Ward's turned into a disaster when, in late 1970, six months after the merger, KDI declared bankruptcy after an accounting variance was discovered. In the aftermath of the bankruptcy, KDI's need for capital greatly affected Ward's. New product research and development, the key to Ward's success since 1930, stopped for several years. The Establishment also depended on public school budgets for most of its business. When recession and the tax revolt of the mid-1970s reduced those budgets, the company was also hurt.
In the late 1970s, the outlook for science education continued to be bleak. KDI, which had successfully recovered from bankruptcy, decided to sell Ward's. In August of 1980, Science Kit, a private science supplier purchased Ward's for $3.2 million cash. Shortly after the purchase William Gamble was promoted to Chairman of the Board. Since then Ward's has consolidated all of its operations in a new facility in Henrietta, New York. The company continues to be a leading educational supplier. William Gamble took a position as Executive Vice-President with KDI Corporation and retired in 1986.
This collection continues the history of Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, New York, as started in the Henry Augustus Ward Papers (call number A.W23). Most documents in the collection are from between 1955 and 1980, though some material dates to 1930, and a little is from the nineteenth century. Papers in the collection cover the finances and internal operation of the Establishment, several elementary and secondary educational products, as well as mergers and sales of the company. Also included are the personal papers of William C. Gamble, president of the firm between 1962 and 1980. Material in the collections would be useful to historians of science, science education, business, and the City of Rochester.
The collection was given by William C. Gamble, University of Rochester Class of 1950, between 1981 and 1990. Mr. Gamble also provided funds for processing and cataloging the collection.
Historical Material. Magazine articles about the Establishment. Memoirs, reminiscences, scrapbooks. Boxes 1-3, 49-50.
Box 1, Folder 1 contains letters from William C. Gamble to Karl Kabelac, manuscripts librarian. Gamble sent the collection in many shipments of a few boxes each. With each shipment he wrote a letter describing what was in the shipment along with his commentary on the people or times covered. The letters offer insight into the operation of Ward's, Gamble's relationship with his father, the KDI merger, and some of the unique individuals who supplied Ward's with human skeletons and preserved materials.
Boxes 17-20: William C. Gamble's Punchbooks. These were general purpose notebooks that held financial information, memoranda, and Gamble's business diary. Gamble's punchbooks, in conjunction with other business files, offer a fairly complete picture of company finances during the 1960s. They also provide material on Gamble's civic-minded activities during the same period.
Correspondence. Boxes 23-33. Four subcategories.
Educational Materials. Boxes 34-37. Details and examples of Ward's educational projects such as the expansion into elementary science during the 1960s. This section also includes catalogs, and incomplete series of Ward's Natural Science Bulletin and associated publications.
Box 37: Catalogs. Along with samples of Ward's catalogs, this box also contains runs of Ward's Natural Science Bulletin and associated publications. While these bulletins served as a vehicle for selling the Establishment's products, the articles published were quite serious and offer a way of tracking changes in science education.
Merger and Stock Materials. Box 38. Correspondence, stockholder meetings, and minutes, 1963-1970.
KDI Corporation Files. Boxes 39-40. Correspondence, treasurer's files and reports regarding Ward's.
Photographs, Ephemera. Box 41. Photos of Dean L. and William C. Gamble, David E. Jensen, Clayla (Mrs. Frank Hawley) Ward.
Gamble family material, including William C. Gamble. Boxes 42-51.
Ward family material. Henry Augustus Ward. His sons Charles H. Ward and Henry L. Ward and grandson Roswell H. Ward, boxes 52-54.
1. Correspondence: William C. Gamble and Karl Kabelac, 1980-1990.
4. Letter: Sherman Bishop to Dean L. Gamble, 1930.
5. Map of Ward's Irondequoit Property, 1949.
6. Historical material on Ward's to 1960.
7. Historical material of operations, 1940s.
8. Correspondence: William C. Gamble to H. W. Kellick, 1951.
9. William C. Gamble, "The Role of the Biologist in Biological Supply Houses" ca. 1965.
10. Maps of Casco Bay, Maine. Dogfish site.
11. Articles about Ward's, 1951, 1981.
13. William C. Gamble, "The Production of Audio-Visual Products at Ward's," ca. 1975. Typescript 13p.
14. Articles about the Schmitt box.
15. "Phineas T. Barnum's Changing Beast," Natural History, February 1973.
16. Dean L. Gamble, "The Old Red Barn." Typescript 2p. Photographs.
1. Dean L. Gamble, "The Morphology of the Ribs and Transverse Processes in Necturus Maculatus," 1922.
2. Dean L. Gamble, "My Forty Years With Ward's." Photocopy.
3. Dean L. Gamble, "My Forty Years With Ward's." Original, Part 1.
4. Dean L. Gamble, "My Forty Years With Ward's." Original, Part 2.
5. Dean L. Gamble, "My Forty Years With Ward's." Original, Part 3.
6. Dean L. Gamble, "My Forty Years With Ward's." Original, Part 4.
1. Ward's Corporate Seal in Embossing Device.
2. Ward's Corporate Seal (2).
Business Files. Planning to 1960.
1. Sales Information to 1953.
2. Executive Committee Minutes, 1948-49.
3. Plocar Management Consultants Study, 1948.
5. Standard Practice Bulletins, 1952.
6. William C. Gamble's duties, 1954-55.
8. Supplier's Lists, ca. 1955.
9. Slide Department Reports, 1954-6.
13. Biology Division Reports, 1958-1962.
14. Biology Division Planning, 1958-60.
Business Files. Department Planning, 1958-74.
1. Biology Division Planning, 1960.
2. Geology Division Report, 1959-60.
3. Slide Department Planning, 1958-60.
7. Department Plans for 1959-60.
9. General Department Reports, 1963.
10. Compter Consultant Proposal, 1963.
11. General Department Reports, 1964.
12. Planning Sessions, 1965 Management Conference.
15. Compter Consultant Proposal, 1969.
16. Geology Division Report, 1969.
17. Science Division, 1960s and 1970s.
18. Microscope Slide Department Reports, 1960s-1974.
1. Executive Committee Reports, March to May, 1950.
2. Executive Committee Reports, 1962-3.
3. Executive Committee Reports, January-June 1964.
4. Executive Committee Reports, July December 1963.
5. Executive Committee Minutes, 1968.
6. Executive Committee Minutes, 1969.
7. Executive Committee Minutes, 1970.
8. Executive Advisory Group, 1967.
Executive Committee Reports, January 1965 to February 1969.
3. Accounts Payable Report, circa 1953.
4. Appraisal of Property, 1955.
6. Key man Business Insurance, 1956.
7. Key man Business Insurance, 1958.
16. Preliminary Comparative Sales, Year-to-Date 1972.
17. Comparative Sales Expense, 1968-1972.
20. Mineral Sales Projections, 1973.
21. Product Line Profit and Loss, 1974.
23. Product Line Profit and Loss, 1979.
24. Financial Statements, August 1980.
3. Location of Minerals, ca. 1973.
5. Slide Department Plan, 1973.
9. Mineral List Requests, 1974.
10. Science Division Organization, 1974.
11. Ingram-Ward Machine Line, 1974.
12. Thin-Section Slide Department, 1973-75.
2. Job Descriptions and Corporate Organization, 1962.
5. Introduction to Ward's, ca. 1965.
6. Salaries and Rates, 1965-67.
9. Wardite, 1969-70. Company Newsletter.
10. Tom Forrester, Personnel Director, 1965-67.
11. Earl A. Tieppo, 1962-66.
12. New York State Department of Labor, Bureau of Standards and Appeals, 1965.
18. Union File, 1972, Part 1.
19. Union File, 1972, Part 2.
Employee Affairs, 1970s. Miscellaneous 1970s. Data Processing Program, 1972-75.
1. Geology Division Meeting, 1972.
3. U.S. Department of Labor, 1973.
6. Insider, 1970s-80s. Company Newsletter.
7. Plastic Embedment Survey, 1972.
10. Data Processing system proposals.
11. Data Processing feasibility, 1971.
12. Data Processing Report, 1972.
13. Data Processing Problems, 1972.
14. Cooper and Lybrand's 1972 Audit.
15. Data Processing Report, April 1973.
16. Monthly Data Processing Reports, 1973.
17. Data Processing Procedures, 1973.
18. Data Processing Report, May 1973.
19. First Computer Run, 1972.
20. Data Processing Reports, 1975.
4. Dr. Gustav Garay, 1968-1974.
5. Henry L. Gresham, 1957.
7. John T. O'Connor, 1966-1973.
8. John T. O'Connor, 1970s.
9. Jack C. Hosking, 1950s-1960s.
10. Jack C. Hosking, 1970s.
1. William C. Gamble Intercessions, 1960s.
4. KDI Management Inventory, 1971.
6. Retirement Letters to Jensen, 1974.
10. Jensen letters to Kay Wilson, added April 1995.
1. Photographs and newspaper clippings.
4. Speeches and press releases.
William C. Gamble Punchbook, 1964-65.
William C. Gamble Punchbook, 1965-67.
William C. Gamble Punchbook, 1967-69.
William C. Gamble Punchbook, 1970-71, 1980.
Expansion and Other Business Files.
5. Western New York Animal Resources, 1963.
6. Dean L. Gamble Approval Requests, 1965. Pittsford Expansion.
12. American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1960s.
Correspondence: William C. Gamble and Dean L. Gamble, 1962-1966.
2. "Historical File" Correspondence: 1960-7.
3. "Historical File" Correspondence: 1963.
8. "Hold" Correspondence: October, 1970-June, 1971.
10. Customer Service Correspondence: 1972.
11. Customer Service Correspondence: 1973.
12. Customer Service Correspondence: 1974.
13. Customer Service Correspondence: 1975.
14. Customer Service Correspondence: 1976.
15. Customer Service Correspondence: 1978.
16. Customer Service Correspondence: 1979.
17. Customer Service Correspondence: 1980.
2. Correspondence: V.J. Camardo, 1972-75.
3. Correspondence: V.J. Camardo, 1976-77.
4. Correspondence: V.J. Camardo, 1978-80.
5. Action Without A Board Meeting, 1973.
6. Action Without A Board Meeting, 1974-78.
7. Action Without A Board Meeting, 1979.
8. Action Without A Board Meeting, 1980.
9. Correspondence: KDI. 1970-1980. General.
10. William C. Gamble and Louis Matthey, 1970-72.
11. William C. Gamble and Louis Matthey, 1972-74.
12. William C. Gamble and Louis Matthey, 1975-76.
13. William C. Gamble and Louis Matthey, 1977.
14. William C. Gamble and Louis Matthey, 1978.
15. William C. Gamble and Louis Matthey, 1979-80.
16. William C. Gamble and Keith Taylor, 1973-77.
7. Kathryn Cook Collection, 1972. Disposition.
8. Kathryn Cook Collection, 1972. Disposition. Navajo Rugs.
1. William C. Gamble Science Achievement Award, 1975-1980.
5. Russian Minerals Correspondence, 1978-80.
7. Minerals Stamp Issue, 1974.
8. Preserved cat Letters, 1969.
9. Museums and Zoos, 1975-80.
1. Amazjuvelirex Export Co., 1980.
3. Clifford J. Awald, 1971-78.
4. Stanley Blake, Drew Universty, 1971-75.
7. Biological Supply Company, 1974.
13. Central Scientific Co., 1976-1980.
16. Corpus Christi Laboratory Science Materials, 1969.17. Dynalon, 1977-80.
17. Educational and Scientific Plastic. 1978-80.
18. Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Moscow, 1978-80.
22. Rep. Frank Horton, 1972-79.
1. New World Jade Products, 1973.
3. Learning Technology Incorporated, 1970-79.
6. Mote Marine Laboratory, 1972-78.
7. Mote Marine Laboratory Newsletter, 1974-79.
11. Paleontological Research institute, 1972.
12. Hal B. Parks, 1962.
13. Dr. Rose Parks, 1971-73.
16. Rochester Business Institute, 1963.
17. Dr. Ross, Core Biological, 1978.
Named Correspondence: S-Z. Sanker Sen Correspondence.
2. Harvey Segal, 1961-63, 1978.
5. Robert G. Swan, 1962.
6. Aris P. Turinge, 1979-80.
7. Woodlands Biological Laboratory, 1948-51.
8. William C. Gamble to Karl Kabelac, 6 June 1985.
10. Correspondence: Sanker Sen and William C. Gamble, 1960s.
11. Correspondence: Sanker Sen and William C. Gamble, 1971-75.
12. Correspondence: Sanker Sen and William C. Gamble, 1976-77.
13. Correspondence: Sanker Sen and William C. Gamble, 1978-80, 1985.
Correspondence: John M. Youngpeter, 1961-1980.
Curriculum Aids Project. 1961-ca. 1975. Other educational publications.
1. Curriculum Aid Planning, 1961.
2. Curriculum Aid leaflets, 1962.
3. Curriculum Aid folder, 1962.
4. Curriculum Aid 1, 1962.
5. Curriculum Aid 1, Planning, 1961.
6. Curriculum Aid 2, 1962.
7. Curriculum Aid 3, 1962 and later editions.
8. Curriculum Aid 4, 1962.
9. Curriculum Aid 4, Planning, 1961.
10. Curriculum Aid 5, 1962 and later editions.
11. Curriculum Aid 6, 1962.
12. Curriculum Aid: The Living Animal Cell, n.d.
13. Curriculum Aid: How to Use Injection Materials, 1966.
14. Curriculum Aid: How to Prepare Skeletons, n.d.
15. Curriculum Aid: Ready Reference Laboratory Guide, n.d.
16. Curriculum Aid: How to Lead a Field Trip, n.d.
17. New York State Museum and Science Service, "Introduction to Vertebrate Fossils, 1966.
18. Justus Mueller, Development of the Frog, 1949.
19. The Student's Collection of Minerals.
20. Teacher's Guide: Grand Canyon Model Kit, 1966.
21. Basic Earth Science Catalog, 1966.
22. Question Print Set: Classifying and Natural History, n.d.
1. Earth Science Games for Elementary Schools, 1967.
2. Animal Kingdom Outline, 1967.
4. Distribution Center Flyers, 1966.
5. Elementary Science Workshop Notes, 1963-66.
6. Study Guide: The Living Cell, 1970.
9. Entomological Supplies, ca. 1965.
10. Teacher's Workshop Bulletin, ca. 1965.
11. Lesson Pak, ca. 1966.
12. General Biological Supply, Turtox Service Leaflets, 1958-59, Part 1.
13. General Biological Supply, Turtox Service Leaflets, 1958-59, Part 2.
15. Heymann, Marita. "Golgi Silver Impregnation of Neurons in Cerebrum and Cerebellum"
16. Directions, Science Activities, Fall 1984, 1985.
Dyna-Vue and Other Educational Efforts. Educational Correspondence.
1. Dyna-Vue Planning, 1963, Part 1.
2. Dyna-Vue Planning, 1963, Part 2.
3. Dyna-Vue Sales History, 1964-73.
4. X-Ray Phantom Development, 1963.
5. Elementary Science Conference, 1965.
6. High School Co-op Program, 1967.
7. Educational Materials Production Council, Audio-Visual Survey, 1971.
8. Filmstrip: Man In the Biosphere, 1971.
9. Business Agreement, Dr. Robert L. Gering, 1971.
10. Chemistry Solo-Learn and Dyna-Vue, 1971.
11. College Chemistry Proposal, 1972.
12. Venereal Disease Proposal, 1972.
13. Correspondence: Benson and Benson, 1971-72.
14. Benson and Benson Survey, 1973, Part 1.
15. Benson and Benson Survey, 1973, Part 2.
16. Education Materials Production Council, Audio-Visual Survey, 1973.
17. Education Materials and Ward's News, 1979.
18. Cleveland Public Schools Study Sheets, n.d.
1. Ward's Mineral Catalog, 1878. Photocopy.
2. Catalog Photographs, ca. 1960.
3. Todd Harris Survey, 1961.
4. New Ward's Bulletin, 1962.
6. Flyer for Elementary Education, 1966.
7. The Whale Mobile, 1967.
8. Treasures from the Earth's Crust, 1970.
Merger and Stockholder Information, 1962-1970.
5. Stock Bonus Plan, 1960s.
6. Reports to Stockholders, 1963-1969.
7. List of Stockholders, 1970.
8. Shareholder Meetings and Minutes, 1964-69.
9. Correspondence: Fisher Scientific, 1967.
10. Correspondence: Litton Industries, 1969.
1. KDI Treasurer's File, 1968-73.
2. KDI Treasurer's File, 1970.
3. KDI Treasurer's File, 1972-75.
7. Legal Documents, Sale of Ward's to Science Kit, Inc., 1980.
1. KDI History, 1960s-70s. William C. Gamble's Comment on Merger of Ward's and KDI, n.d.
2. KDI Corp. Annual Reports, 1982,1984, 1985.
4. Wall Street Journal, 19 August 1975. Story on KDI.
5. KDI Stockholder and Annual Reports, 1973-80.
6. KDI Subsidiary Guide, 1985.
7. KDI Securities and Exchange Commission Form 10-K, 1985.
8. Pin commemorating KDI's Listing on the New York Stock Exchange, 1981.
1. Photos, 1950s-1970s. Mostly Dean L. Gamble and Carolyn Gamble.
2. Photos, 1960s-1970s. Ward's staff, Gamble family, aerial of Rochester Museum and Science Center.
3. Mrs. Hawley Ward, n.d.
4. Photos of Ward's Irondequoit property.
6. Photo: David E. Jensen, 1974.
7. Photo: William C. Gamble, 1975, 1980.
8. Photo: John McCauley, n.d.
9. Ephemera. Business Cards, Letterhead stationery.
1. Dean L. Gamble and Carolyn Gamble Employment Agreements, 1965.
2. Dean L. Gamble retirement, 1977.
3. Letter. William C. Gamble to Karl Kabelac 19 June 1985.
4. Correspondence: William C. Gamble to family, 1968-70.
5. Correspondence: Dean L. Gamble and William C. Gamble, 1972-73.
6. Correspondence: Dean L. Gamble and Carthage College.
7. Correspondence: Gamble Family 1973.
8. Correspondence: Gamble Family 1974.
9. Correspondence: Gamble Family 1975.
10. Correspondence: Gamble Family 1976.
11. Correspondence: Gamble Family 1977.
12. Correspondence: Gamble Family 1978-80.
13. Correspondence: William C. Gamble and Jane Gamble Stabler, 1962-66.
14. Dean L. Gamble, death, 1981.
15. William C. Gamble memoir of Samuel D. Saiken, 1960s.
William C. Gamble Personal Papers.
1. Speech materials, 1970s-1980s. Includes historical material.
5. Newspaper clippings regarding Gamble v. KDI, 1986.
6. Gamble v. KDI, 1988.
9. William C. Gamble's sales of KDI Stock, 1970s-1980s.
10. William C. Gamble Employment Contracts 1965-1980.
11. William C. Gamble's Ward's pension, 1984.
12. William C. Gamble Personal History. Penfield School Board and Ward's.
William C. Gamble Personal Materials.
1. William C. Gamble Personal: Thirtieth Anniversary at Ward's, Travel.
2. William C. Gamble Personal: Newspaper Clippings, Travel, Civic Activities, Friends.
3. Photograph: William C. Gamble and Dean L. Gamble, 1975.
4. William C. Gamble Twenty-fifth Anniversary Celebration Plans, 1975.
5. William C. Gamble Twenty-fifth Anniversary Celebration Plans, 1975.
6. William C. Gamble Notes on his twenty-fifth anniversary at Ward's.
7. Transfer of Ward's to Science Kit, Inc., 1980.
8. William C. Gamble Honorary Degree from Rochester Business Institute, 1964.
1. Correspondence: Pensee de Darwin, 1960s.
2. William C. Gamble Personal Notes and Cards, 1960s.
3. William C. Gamble Business diary, 1963.
4. Correspondence: William C. Gamble and Ward's 1980-86.
5. Correspondence: William C. Gamble and Ward's 1981-86.
6. Correspondence: William C. Gamble Personal, 1981.
7. Correspondence: William C. Gamble Personal, 1982.
8. Correspondence: William C. Gamble Personal, 1983.
9. Correspondence: William C. Gamble Personal, 1984.
10. Correspondence: William C. Gamble Personal, 1985.
11. Correspondence: William C. Gamble Personal, 1986.
3. Correspondence: Lou and Muriel Beuschlein.
4. Personal Messages, Cards, 1975-80.
5. Personal Messages, Cards and Letters, 1975-80.
7. Boughton Hill, Victor, New York, 1960s. Iroquois Indian Site.
1. William C. Gamble, 1962.
2. William C. Gamble, 1974.
3. William C. Gamble, 1979.
4. William C. Gamble, 1980.
Photo Albums. Ward's and Gamble family.
1. Photo Album circa 1963.
2. Photo Album circa 1963.
1. Photo: Elizabeth Pearsall, n.d.
1. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward and P.T. Barnum, 1885-1886. Original.
2. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward and P.T. Barnum, 1885-86. Photocopies.
3. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward and P.T. Barnum, 1885-86. Photographs and Photocopies.
4. Bill: Henry A. Ward to P.T. Barnum, 20 August 1886.
5. Henry A. Ward Correspondence with the British Museum, 1863-1886. Photocopies.
6. Correspondence: J.B. Ward to H.A. Ward, 1867; Joseph Henry to H.A. Ward, 1866.
7. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward to Edwin E. Howell, 1876. Also contains note with dates of correspondence in the following folders. Name of compiler unknown; Roswell Ward assumed.
8. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward to Edwin E. Howell, 1885.
9. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward to Edwin E. Howell, 1886.
10. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward to Edwin E. Howell, 1887.
11. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward to Edwin E. Howell, 1888.
12. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward to Edwin E. Howell, 1889.
13. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward to Edwin E. Howell, 1890,1892.
14. Correspondence: Henry A. Ward or Edwin E. Howell to George Kunz, 1882- 1891.
15. Correspondence: Frank H. Ward to George Kunz, 1930 (2).
16. Bill: Henry A. Ward to the American Museum of Natural History, 1885.
17. Mourning Card for Jumbo, 1885.
18. Columbian Exhibition Medal to Henry A. Ward, 1893.
19. Photograph: Henry A. Ward's Tombstone in Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester. With comment by Dean L. Gamble.
20. W.T. Hornaday, "The King of the Museum Builders," 1896.
21. Printed Obituary: William Morton Wheeler, 1937.
22. Correspondence: Ward's and the Bishop Museum, 1899-1902.
24. Charles H. Ward, "Directions for Mounting a Human Skull," n.d. Manuscript.
25. Typescript of item in folder 23.
26. Photograph: Charles H. Ward and human skeleton, n.d.
27. Catalog: "Medical Students Price List of Human Skeletons," n.d.
28. Charles H. Ward,"The Birth of an Anatomical Laboratory," Manuscript and typescript, n.d.
29. Charles H. Ward, "The Hidden Inscription," typescript, n.d. "The Homecoming of Dr. Jackson," typescript, n.d.
30. Letter about Charles H. Ward. 1978.
1. Correspondence: Roswell Ward and Charles H. Ward, 1930s-1940s.
2. Roswell H. Ward, "The Air Service Technical Museum," The Slipstream, 1924.
3. Roswell H. Ward, "Mammoths and Meteors," 1933. Newspaper copy.
4. Photocopy of item in folder 3.
5. Newspaper Obituary of Roswell H. Ward, 1966.
2. Cubic Zirconia Sales, 1980 (9).
3. Correspondence: WC Gamble and DL Gamble, 1955 (23).
4. Correspondence: WC Gamble and DL Gamble, 1957-61 (23).
5. Correspondence: WC Gamble and DL Gamble, 1966-70 (23).
6. Correspondence: WC Gamble and DL Gamble, 1971-73 (23).
7. Correspondence: "Funny" Letters, 1970s (26).
8. Correspondence: Toyonobu Ikeda, 1970s (30).
9. Correspondence: Rochester Museum and Science Center, 1970s (31).
10. Merger Discussions, 1960s (38).
11. KDI Incentive Plan, 1970s (39).
1. KDI Corporate Development, 1980s (40).
2. WC Gamble Articles, 1970s (43).
3. Travel. London and Germany, 1970s (46).
4. Travel. Moscow, 1979 (46).
5. Travel. Tehran, Iran, 1975 (46).
6. WC Gamble Personal Papers, 1940s-1980 (46).
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0.99997 |
To keep their factories producing, the industrialized countries needed many kinds of raw materials, such as wood and rubber. To get these materials, European countries began colonies in Africa and Asia. As time passed, the Europeans took control of more lands in the two continents to protect their trading interests. Soon the European countries began to compete with one another to add more lands to their colonial empires. Many people in Asia and Africa came under the rule of European governments. Such empire building is called imperialism.
As imperialism grew, so did another idea nationalism.
Nationalism is loyalty to one's nation or country, based on religious or cultural ties. In the 1800s, nationalism brought some people together, but it also created many conflicts.
European leaders began to build up their nations' armies and create alliances with each other.
The alliances were not strong enough to keep peace in Europe, however. When Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the future ruler of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated on June 28,1914, it started what is known as World War I.
What effect did imperialism and nationalism have on the world's people?
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0.999889 |
Following the account of Jules Verne, a scrambled message written by the middle age alchemist Arne Saknussemm, and deciphered by professor Lidenbrock, started the incredible travel to the center of the Earth. The scrambling procedure used by Arne is alike the procedure given below.
1. Take a non empty message M that contains letters from the English alphabet, digits, commas, dots, quotes (i.e. '), spaces and line breaks, and whose last character is different than space. For example, consider the following message whose translation reads "In Sneffels's crater descend brave traveler, and touch the center of the Earth".
viator, et terrestre centrum attinges.
2. Choose an integral number 0<K≤length(M) and add trailing spaces to M such that the length of the resulting message, say M', is the least multiple of K. For K=19 and the message above, where length(M)=74 (including the 8 spaces and the line break that M contains), two trailing spaces are added yielding the message M' with length(M')=76.
Write a program that deciphers non empty messages scrambled as described. The length of a message, before scrambling, is at most 1000 characters, including spaces and line breaks.
The program input is from a text file where each data set corresponds to a scrambled message. A data set starts with an integer n, that shows the number of fragments of the scrambled message, and continues with n strings of characters that designate the fragments, in the order they appear in the table from step 4 of the scrambling procedure. Input data are separated by white-spaces and terminate with an end of file.
The deciphered message must be printed on the standard output, from the beginning of a line and must be followed by an empty line as shown in the input/output sample below.
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0.82904 |
\");"; var sefjspfok = '\n\ google_ad_client = "ca-pub-0242156374298669";\n\ /* film-carre-pagepersonne */\n\ google_ad_slot = "6694731144";\n\ google_ad_width = 300;\n\ google_ad_height = 250;\n\ '; //afp(sefjspfok, 'p_bf1', 0, 300, 250); Samuel M "Sam" Raimi (born October 23, 1959) is an American film director, producer, writer and actor, famous for creating the cult horror comedy Evil Dead series, as well as directing the original Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and the superhero film Darkman; his most recent work is 2013's fantasy film Oz the Great and Powerful. Raimi has produced several successful television series and is the founder of Renaissance Pictures. Recently, he worked as the producer of The Possession, and the 2013 remake of Evil Dead. He is currently working on a film adaption of the critically acclaimed video game The Last of Us.
He is the older brother of actor Ted Raimi and the younger brother of screenwriter Ivan Raimi. Sam also has a long history of collaboration with B-movie star Bruce Campbell.
In 2007, Rolling Stone reported Raimi had donated $9,999 to the Republican Party (the maximum legal amount allowed for individuals and groups).
In 1969 in Pasadena, California, a couple seeks the aid of the medium Shaun San Dena (Flor de Maria Chahua) saying their son (Shiloh Selassie) has been hearing evil spirits' voices after stealing a silver necklace from gypsies. San Dena aids the family by carrying out a seance, but they are attacked by an unseen force that pulls the boy into Hell. The medium says she will encounter the force again one day.
According to mythology a gem held dear by individuals generates energy for sustaining vitality. Its existence began at the start of the universe. Villain Kyla (Richard Moll) tries to find the object and utilize its inherent energy to increase his sphere of influence. He successfully obtains the device subsequent to defeating its protectors on the world called Sintaria. Meanwhile protagonist Ladera (Brigitte Nielsen), a freedom fighter with the ability to invisibility, makes her way to Earth to seek out a sister gem to stymie Kyla so he cannot obtain the object. Once there she discovers Jed retrieved the object already from its secure location, however Victor Menendez and his mercenaries also wish to own the device in recompense for monies owed to them by Jed. Ladera dispatches Victor and his minions and in the process protects her friend Jed. Ladera and Jed band together to seek out the first gem in order to thwart the plans of Kyla.
In December 1958, Norville Barnes (Tim Robbins), a business college graduate from Muncie, Indiana, arrives in New York City looking for a job. He struggles due to lack of experience and becomes a mailroom clerk at Hudsucker Industries. Meanwhile, the company's founder and president, Waring Hudsucker (Charles Durning), unexpectedly commits suicide during a business meeting by jumping out of a top-floor window. Afterwards, Sidney J. Mussburger (Paul Newman), a ruthless member of the board of directors, learns Hudsucker's stock shares will be soon sold to the public, he mounts a scheme to buy the controlling interest in the company by temporarily depressing the stock price from hiring an incompetent president to replace Hudsucker.
At a government laboratory in rural California, a weaponized version of influenza (called Project Blue) is accidentally released, immediately wiping out everyone on staff except for military policeman Charles Campion and his family, who flee the base. However, Campion is already infected by the superflu, nicknamed "Captain Trips", and spreads it to the outside world. That evening, Campion crashes his car at a gas station in East Texas where Stu Redman (Gary Sinise) and some friends have gathered. When they investigate, they find Campion dying of the flu next to his wife and baby daughter, who are already dead. Campion tells Stu with his dying breath that he was followed from the base by a mysterious figure, and states "You can't outrun the Dark Man". The next day, the U.S. military arrive to quarantine the town. While the other townspeople quickly become ill and die, Stu remains healthy and is confined at a CDC facility in Vermont order to study a possible cure. This proves futile and the superflu rages unchecked, causing civilization to collapse and killing over 99% of the population of the entire world in less than two months.
"Unca" Lou Handler (Alan Arkin), the beloved camp director and owner of Camp Tamakwa, invites eight former campers, all now adults, back to the camp to announce his retirement. Lou claims to have chosen these friends as they were the group from the camp's "golden years" 20 years previously. Once there, the group comes to feel nostalgic memories of their youth and the unresolved feelings for each other begin to surface.
Skye (Brooke Shields) is interviewing beloved former child star Ricky Coogin (Alex Winter). Rather bluntly, Skye asks how Ricky so quickly went from one of America's sweethearts to a name that makes children scream in terror.
Prologue A creepy-looking coroner introduces three different horror tales involving his current work on cadavers in "body bags".
After being pulled through a time portal, Ash Williams (Bruce Campbell) lands in A.D. 1300, where he is soon captured by Lord Arthur's (Marcus Gilbert) men, who suspect him to be an agent for Duke Henry (Richard Grove), with whom Arthur is at war. He is enslaved along with the captured Henry, his gun and chainsaw confiscated, and is taken to a castle. Ash is thrown in a pit where he fights off a Deadite and regains his weapons from Arthur's Wise Man (Ian Abercrombie). After demanding Henry and his men be set free (as he knew Henry was innocent, and his persecution was simply a witch hunt) and killing a deadite in full view of everyone, Ash is celebrated as a hero. He also grows attracted to Sheila (Embeth Davidtz), the sister of one of Arthur's fallen knights.
After being impaled by a pipe and plunging into a river at the end of the previous film, the undead Maniac Cop Officer Matthew Cordell acquires a junked police cruiser and continues his killing spree through New York City. Finding a convenience store in the middle of a robbery, he kills the clerk; the thief is subsequently killed in a shootout with police. As Cordell stalks the streets, his enemies Officers Jack Forrest and Theresa Mallory are put back on duty by Deputy Commissioner Edward Doyle, who has the two undergo a psychiatric evaluation under Officer Susan Riley. While Jack is content that Cordell is long gone and wants to go on with his life, Theresa is convinced that Cordell is still alive and plotting his revenge.
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0.999808 |
Cooking rice in large quantities is relatively easy once you get the hang of it. However, it's nearly impossible to do on a stovetop in a residential kitchen because your burners will be too small for the large pots you'll require. Some outdoor propane cooking stoves are big enough to do the trick, but ideally, you'll have access to a commercial or restaurant kitchen. Alternatively, you can bake the rice in batches in the oven.
The answer to the question of "1 cup of rice is how many servings" depends on how many other items you plan to serve to make up your meal. One cup of dry rice makes about a pound of cooked rice, which is four servings if your meal also includes a main dish and at least one other side.
To cook rice for 200 people, use two 20-quart pots or one 40-quart pot. If possible, to avoid burning the rice, use heavy, high-quality pots that will distribute the heat evenly. Either boil 12 quarts of water in each of the 20-quart pots or boil 24 quarts of water in the 40-quart pot. Salt the water if desired. While the water is boiling, measure 24 cups of rice for each pot.
After the water comes to a boil, slowly add the rice. Once the water returns to a boil, lower the heat and cover the pan tightly, and then cook it on low heat until all the water is absorbed. The cooking time varies depending on the type of rice you're using. Don't stir the rice while it's cooking.
The trick to cooking rice in large quantities without burning it is to turn off the heat once the rice puffs up to the level of the water, which occurs a little before the rice is almost fully cooked. Then let the heat that's already in the pot continue cooking the rice until the water is fully absorbed.
White rice cooks faster than brown rice, and long-grain rice cooks faster than short grain. White rice or white basmati rice can cook in as little as 15 to 20 minutes, and short-grain brown rice usually takes 30 to 40 minutes. The higher the flame, the quicker your rice will cook. However, cooking your rice too hot can leave you with a burnt mess to clean, and your rice could be chewy, because water gets boiled out of the pan rather than steaming back into the rice.
When cooking rice in large quantities, allow some extra cooking time. It'll take longer for the water to boil, and the rice itself will take longer because of the sheer volume.
The oven method of cooking rice is relatively foolproof as long as you have enough oven space or enough time to cook the rice in batches. To make oven rice for 50 people, use 12 cups of dry long-grain white rice or white jasmine or basmati rice. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Lightly spray a large roasting pan with oil, and then spread the rice on the bottom of the pan.
Boil 5 quarts water on the stovetop. Add 1 tablespoon salt or, if you prefer, leave the water unsalted. Carefully pour the water into the roasting pan with the rice. Cover the pan with foil and then bake it until all the water is absorbed, about 40 to 45 minutes.
To cook rice in the oven for 200 people, you'll probably have to do two batches of two pans each unless your oven can accommodate four shelves. Start your rice 1 1/2 to 2 hours before you plan to serve the meal, and boil the water for the second batch when the first batch is nearly done – it always takes longer than you think to boil a big pot of water. It's OK to leave the first batch at room temperature while the second batch is cooking, because it won't cool down enough in 45 minutes to create food safety concerns.
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0.999555 |
Get off your perch and have some fun!
A chicken and an egg are lying in bed. The chicken is leaning against the headboard smoking a cigarette with a satisfied smile on its face. The egg, looking a bit ticked off, grabs the sheet, rolls over and says ... Well, I guess we finally answered "THAT question!"
Once upon a time there was a horse and a chicken who were good friends. They lived on a farmyard with lots of other animals and were very happy. One day, while they were playing near the farm's pond, the horse stepped into a hole of quicksand. The horse rapidly sank and was yelling for his friend, the chicken, to save him. The chicken thought for a minute, then ran back to the farmhouse, and jumped into the farmer's 735csi BMW. Luckily, the keys were in the ignition, and the chicken managed to start the car, and put it in gear. It raced over to the sinkhole, where the horse had almost disappeared by now. The smart chicken tied a rope around the back of the BMW and threw the other end around the front legs of the horse. The chicken hopped back in the driver's seat and stepped on the gas. Ever so slowly, the horse eased out of the quicksand and jumped to safety. The horse, still on shaky legs, stuttered: "You just saved my life. Thank you!" The chicken just said, "Don't mention it - That's what friends are for!!" They returned the BMW and went out to dinner together in the barn yard.
A few days later, the horse got up from a good night's rest, and heard some muffled cries for help coming from the backyard. The horse followed the sounds and came upon a terrible scene. There was his best friend, the chicken, stuck in a hole of quicksand! The sand was already up to its neck-feathers and the cries for help had almost stopped. The horse took a quick look around: No rope in sight And the farmer had gone to town with his BMW. What to do? The horse took a deep breath and spread his body and legs out over the hole. His member was dangling down right above the poor chicken. "Here, my friend, grab my thingie and I will pull you to safety!". With its last bit of energy, the chicken grabbed a hold of the big horse-thingie and the horse straightened its body, pulling the chicken from its trap. With one big step, both were on solid ground and safe. The chicken slumped down on the ground, exhausted: "Now You saved my life, my friend!!" The horse just smiled. And what is the moral of this story? ... If you're hung like a horse, you don't need a BMW to pick up chicks.
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0.999695 |
If you have a real fire at home, then you will need to have it swept regularly. They need to be clear to avoid the build up of any dangerous gasses, and soot removal is essential to avoid chimney fires.
how often you have it done will depend on the frequency you use the fireplace, and the type of fuel it burns. As a rule, using solid fuels will mean you need to get the chimney swept more regularly, and gas and oil slightly less frequently, but consult with a qualified sweep to find out according to your usage.
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0.999957 |
Design for safe access around the site and to other key destinations.
When subdividing a larger section, make sure to incorporate safe pathways to create well-connected and walkable neighbourhoods. Streets should be designed with pedestrians in mind. They should follow guidelines for walkable streets as well as safe accessways, as outlined in the Retrofitting for Safer Connection section.
Provide clear, direct, and well-connected routes that are accessible by everyone (i.e. pedestrians, cyclists, and people pushing prams or wheelchairs).
Be as wide as possible - The walking route should be at least 1.8m wide or greater to avoid crowding on footpaths. Reducing crowdedness also reduces possible tension between the users of the space. This is particularly important in places with higher foot traffic, such as areas with bars, restaurants, or other entertainment venues.
Be straight - Direct connections provide clear access, making users feel safer by increasing their confidence in navigating the space. If it is not possible to design straight footpaths, the design should focus on increasing visibility through the path, especially around corners.
Have clear visibility through the space - People feel safer when they can get a clear understanding of their surroundings, including both the environment and other users. Designs should focus on increasing visibility around any corners or setbacks by manipulating landscaping, fencing or glazing.
Be well lit - Visibility is decreased when there is little light, therefore lighting can increase the perception of safety on dark paths. However, lighting should only be used on paths that are intended for use at night.
Increase the accessibility through a site by including multiple entrance and exit points. This increases the flow of users through a space, contributing to increased visitation. User’s paths also become less predictable, and therefore more difficult to target for crime.
activating the space with vibrant local businesses and activities.
The main access to buildings should be easily identifiable from the street, including entrances to the public amenities, such as public toilets. This assists with pedestrian navigation and helps to activate the streets.
when on-site parking is provided, a separate entrance for pedestrians should be provided from the street as well.
access to rear lanes or non-public areas should be controlled.
the level of lighting, passive surveillance, wayfinding signage, active frontages on entrance points.
Wherever possible, apply design best practices to create the safest environments from the start. Retrofitting is a last resort – ideally, these conditions should not be built in the first place.
Alterations can be made to improve the safety of existing conditions; however, there is a danger of creating other undesirable consequences in their place. For example, two cul-de-sacs – entrapment spots – may be connected using pedestrian routes. However, such pathways come with their own set of safety challenges, as outlined in the following section.
Cul-de-sacs are generally discouraged as they are entrapment areas, with only a single access point. They limit connectivity, walkability, and the efficient access of public transport and emergency services to neighbourhoods. They are considered to have a negative impact on the social and physical wellbeing of residents, and are therefore considered unsafe.
it is challenging to create pathways that have high visitation and clear visibility.
Alternatively, grid design is a layout option that inherently provides increased connectivity within neighbourhoods.
grid design creates a walkable environment that provides more route options, shorter distances between locations, and avoids the need for narrow walkways.
the increased connectivity allows for a more even distribution of traffic, therefore reducing congestion.
Ideally, a good design has connectivity built in from the beginning and does not need pedestrian accessways. Existing accessways are often narrow, surrounded with high solid fences, and little frequented. They are perceived as unsafe environments and are commonly prone to graffiti and vandalism.
Well-lit according to AS/NZS 1158. Less frequented routes are an exception – the decision may be made to not light such paths to discourage use after dark. This needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
Limited or no public activity is expected. For example, a 24/7 through-site links should consider active monitoring and sufficient lighting for the decreased usage during the night.
Certain developments, such as terrace housing or retail blocks, often require rear or service lanes for access to garages and refuse areas. These lanes often come with problems similar to those of pedestrian accessways and they are often perceived as unsafe.
use landscaping and quality materials to create visibility and foster a sense of local pride.
Underpasses are considered poor design practice and should be avoided. On the other hand, overpasses provide a greater sense of safety, with more visibility throughout their path.
If unavoidable, they must be as short as possible and provide adequate lighting and clear visibility. Design should avoid corners or ridges, and be as wide and tall as possible.
Where possible, activities like news-stands and coffee kiosks should be located at the entrances and exits of underpasses and overpasses.
Underpasses and overpasses should be secured or closed off after their intended hours of use. Appropriate signage should be in place to inform the public of operating hours.
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The first half of the season has gone much better for QPR than many fans will have expected, with the Rs bouncing back from a slow start to drag themselves into the wider play-off picture by the turn of the year.
With 20 games to go, they are just 17 points shy of last season’s 56-point total and have, at least on the surface of things, tightened up a defence which shipped 70 goals last season.
However, there are still a couple of issues to resolve in January if QPR are going to build on an impressive few months, as we look at, below.
Speaking to Football.London in December, Jake Bidwell revealed he hadn’t heard anything from the club with regards to a new contract. Since then, the left-back has scored his first goal of the season against Leeds United in the FA Cup, and won a penalty in the same match.
Bidwell has been one of QPR’s most important players in the Championship this season, starting each of the club’s first 26 matches, and has provided a good balance to the more defensive Angel Rangel and Darnell Furlong on the right.
The former Everton youngster would be an asset to most teams in the second tier, and QPR could do without having a player with an uncertain future or, worse still, a player who has already committed his long-term future to a different Championship club before the season is over. Luke Freeman recently signed a new deal after plenty of speculation about his future, and many will hope his left-sided partner is the next to follow suit.
Ebere Eze has been a revelation for QPR this season, appearing buoyed after inheriting the number 10 shirt previously worn by Tjaronn Chery and Leroy Fer, and has earned an England Under-20 debut as a result.
However, we need to recognise that not only is he young, but he has yet to play a full season. The 20-year-old has already played more Championship minutes this season than in the rest of his career to date, and has been made to work harder under Steve McClaren than when he perhaps had a freer role last season.
While his quality is unmatched by many in the squad, the test will come in whether he’s able to sustain it as we enter the spring and, beyond that, into a 2019-20 season in which his skill will surely make him a target for opposition defenders.
In normal circumstances, a piece about issues to solve in January would be dominated by a discussion of potential new recruits. However, these are not normal circumstances.
The transfer restrictions are nothing new, albeit QPR will be even more limited than a summer window in which they didn’t pay a fee for a single player.
Steve McClaren’s team are under a near-total embargo in January when it comes to first-team players, though they are able to sign players for their Under-23 squad, but players can be brought in – with some stringent rules – to replace any first-team player who departs.
Ryan Manning has already returned from a loan spell at Rotherham where, by all accounts, he impressed for the Yorkshire club. However, the next target will surely be freeing up some wage budget by offloading those with high wages and limited first-team opportunities.
Idrissa Sylla has become the first to depart, moving to Belgian side Zulte-Waregem for an undisclosed fee after playing just 96 minutes of first-team football under Steve McClaren, while the likes of Alex Baptiste and Sean Goss might also be allowed to leave for the right offer, having barely featured this season.
That would allow McClaren to invest in a squad which might benefit from just one or two new faces, even if he claimed to be “delighted” with his current squad. After all, the Rs are already depleted with injuries to a few key players, and just one or two more might be enough to tempt the manager into the transfer market.
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0.882988 |
Can GPS and broadband co-exist?
You might think those two things — GPS and broadband — would go hand-in-hand rather than be competing interests.
With precision agriculture now firmly entrenched on the farm, it is inevitable that anything interfering with the necessary GPS (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS) signals won’t be accepted with a smile. At the same time, growers know that rural America would massively benefit from reliable broadband coverage.
You might think those two things — GPS and broadband — would go hand-in-hand rather than be competing interests.
However, as it currently stands in mid-September, LightSquared (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightSquared) — a massive communications company that says it will bring much-needed broadband coverage to rural America — has upset industries, commodity groups, municipalities and government agencies that lean heavily on GPS receivers.
The reason: LightSquared’s system uses some of the same frequencies and that causes interference with GPS signals.
In January, the Federal Communications Commission (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC) approved LightSquared’s multi-billion dollar proposal to build its network. Then the GPS interference issues surfaced and the FCC and other government entities put the brakes on LightSquared plans and requested more testing.
So far, despite promises of an easy solution, the needed fixes — which government officials say, among other things, are necessary to maintain quick GPS-reliant natural disaster warnings and responses — haven’t emerged.
“LightSquared is a high-speed broadband wireless service provider looking to branch out and begin putting up around 40,000 towers around the country” says R.J. Karney, American Farm Bureau Federation (http://www.fb.org/) Appropriations Specialist.
The National Cotton Council (http://www.cotton.org/) is of a similar opinion.
For more on the NCC position, see here (http://www.cotton.org/news/releases/2011/gpsamd.cfm) and here (http://www.cotton.org/news/av/broadcast/110715.cfm).
Initial testing “indicated there would be significant interference with just about every GPS operation,” says Norman. “Some are affected in their accuracy and some are completely knocked off-line.
“There are questions about some of the technical aspects of this. Can there be a filtering device added to the new GPS equipment to alleviate the problem? Can retro-fit filtering reduce the magnitude of this problem for existing units and, if so, what would it cost?
When the FCC “auctioned off different amounts of the spectrum to run a variety of operations” LightSquared purchased the specific frequency in the auction. The unfortunate thing, says Karney “is that the GPS frequency and LightSquared frequency are adjacent to each other. Picture a rainbow — GPS and LightSquared are both in the yellow section of the rainbow.
Asked about possible remedies, Norman says other than additional testing “there is an appropriations measure — an amendment to the appropriations bill — to prevent the FCC from spending any money to allow” the LightSquared system to come on-line without a GPS fix.
What is GPS worth to farmers?
As for what producers should watch for next in the process, Norman says there is “a continual dialogue taking place between the coalition (Save Our GPS) and the FCC and LightSquared. We’ll see how the responses are sorted out.
Meanwhile, LightSquared has put together another proposal “containing solutions they believe may lead to an answer,” says Karney.
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0.999987 |
Is Arthur and the Invisibles on Netflix United States?
Yes! Arthur and the Invisibles (2006) is available on Netflix United States.
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0.999925 |
All the deserts in the list are hot deserts, with the exception of the Great Basin Desert.
The landscape of the Mojave Desert in the US.
The United States covers nearly 3.8 million square miles. Within this large area, the country is divided into several environments, from snow-capped mountains to hot, sandy deserts. This article takes a look at the latter; specifically the four major deserts of the southwestern US.
The landscape of the Mojave Desert.
The Mojave Desert stretches across Nevada, Arizona, and California, covering 47,877 square miles. It receives under 2 inches of precipitation every year, which makes this desert the driest in North America. The hottest temperature recorded here is 134° fahrenheit.
Across its wide expanse, the Mojave Desert experiences a significant change in elevation. The highest point located here is the Telescope Peak at 11,049 feet above sea level. In contrast, the lowest point is Death Valley, at 282 feet below sea level. One of the most famous features of this desert is the Joshua Tree, which is native to the Mojave and is found along its borders. This tree is considered to be an indicator species that is believed to provide life to between approximately 1,750 and 2,000 other plant species.
The Sonoran Desert spreads from Mexico through Arizona and into southern California. It covers an area of around 100,000 square miles, bordering the Mojave Desert, the Peninsular Ranges, and the Colorado Plateau.
The lowest point in the Sonoran Desert is the Salton Sea, which is 226 feet below sea level and has a higher salinity level than the Pacific Ocean. Other sources of water for this desert include the Colorado and Gila Rivers. One of the most famous features of this desert is the Saguaro Cactus, which only grows here. It can reach over 60 feet in height and grows branches from its main trunk, resembling human arms. Its flowers are pollinated by bats, bees, and white-winged doves.
The Chihuahuan Desert runs between the US and Mexico and is comprised of an area of 139,769 square miles. The majority of this desert is located in Mexico. On the US side, it can be found in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico.
The Chihuahuan Desert has a unique and ever-changing landscape. Its highest point is measured at 12,139 feet above sea level, while its lowest point is at 1,969 feet above sea level. Although an arid desert, it is home to several plant and animal species, including: prickly pear cactus, agave, creosote bush, and yucca. Approximately 800,000 acres of this desert are protected by the Big Bend National Park. The Rio Grande River crosses the Chihuahuan Desert, providing a much-needed source of water before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico.
The Great Basin Desert covers an area of around 190,000 square miles, making it the largest of the major US deserts. It is considered a temperate desert that experiences hot and dry summers with cold and snowy winters. This effect is in part due to its higher than average elevations: encompassing Arizona, California, Utah, Oregon, and Idaho. During most of the year, the Great Basin Desert is dry because the Sierra Nevada mountains block moisture from the Pacific Ocean. This desert is home to the oldest known living organism in the world, the Bristlecone Pine tree. Some of these trees are estimated to be over 5,000 years old.
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0.998458 |
Is there a name for our form of government in which the forms of democracy are observed while all meaningful power lies with money? If so, I don't know what it is, but there should be one.
roi - that's easy: Oligarchy. This is what prevails in Russia, the middle east, most of Latin America, including the pseudo-socialist states like Chavez's Venezuela and Fidel's Cuba, where the oligarchs wear fatigues.
Oligarchy in the present environment denotes that polity where the commanding heights of the economy are controlled by a few actors who move frictionlessly in and out of the halls of political power.
The main political idea of the oligarchs is of a continuum between the state and private enterprise. Unlike fascism, which seeks to organize and co-opt powerful private groups (labor, industrial sectors, the church, etc) into "corporate" entities existing in uneasy harmony with the reigning political party, the oligarchs have little interest in society as such and are motivated less by power than by the desire for financial gain. They are happy to preserve a two- or multi-party system, so long as each side recognizes that political power is merely a stepping stone to the lucrative, state-affiliated key industries of investment banking and political lobbying.
While the twin oligarchic parties in this country fight bitterly over social issues, on the core issue of access to financial power, the parties share a fundamental belief that the state is subservient to financial interests which themselves are viewed as the the key driver of economic growth and the ultimate arbiter of wise policy.
Some oligarchs extend this belief further to the idea that the nation = the state, and that those who control the state-- the permanent political class, which rotates in and out of power into lobbying firms and corporate suites closely aligned to the state-- have sole authority for the state's direction, scope and resources. In this political model, the public is redirected away from fundamental economic and financial discussions toward socio-cultural battles via feigned outrage, "dog whistles", phony controversies.
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0.999524 |
While myotonia congenita occurs naturally due to the genetic makeup of an animal, fainting goats only exist as a breed only because humans want them around.
It's hard to imagine an animal with myotonia congenita lasting long in the wild. If a predator was to approach, the animal would stiffen up, fall over and natural selection would take its course. The strong survive, the weak perish -- that is, unless human breeders are there to protect the weaker animals and encourage their traits. This is known as unnatural selection, and it can be seen in any number of domestic and farm animal breeding programs.
While myotonia congenita itself likely predates recorded history, the encouragement of the trait in goats and the resulting emergence of fainting goats as a distinct breed can be dated back to the early 1880s in Marshall County, Tennessee. Some accounts link the breed to a particular farmer named John Tinsley, who reportedly brought a number of goats exhibiting symptoms of myotonia congenita down from Nova Scotia, Canada. According to this account, the animals were bred by a local doctor, and a little more than 120 years later, herds of fainting goats can be found throughout the United States.
But why has this breed been successful?
Historically, humans have always selectively bred animals for two reasons: to encourage certain behavioral traits and/or to encourage certain physical features.
For example, a guard dog may be bred for aggressiveness. Toy and show dogs may be bred for appearance. Whether the purpose is to breed an animal for amusement or to carry out a particular task, there's a purpose driving the course of unnatural selection.
For meat: As are the primary use for most farm goats, the fainting variety is often raised for slaughter. Goats are natural climbers and jumpers, so they're also natural escape artists when fenced or penned in. Extra effort is often needed on the part of farmers to keep the animals enclosed. Myotonia congenita, however, tends to curb the animals' natural inclinations, as the acts of climbing and jumping can also trigger fainting. Additionally, the excessive muscle tensing tends to result in greater muscle mass, less body fat and a higher meat-to-bone ratio than other breeds of goat.
For amusement: Like many animals, fainting goats are also sometimes raised as pets. Some owners raise them for the uniqueness of their fainting spells, while others choose them simply because they're easier to keep in an enclosure. Like other breeds of goats, their temperaments and physical appearance often make them good companion animals.
To accompany herds: Since a fainting goat would fall over or be reduced to a hobble following a fright, many farmers saw them as an excellent form of protection for sheep herds. If a predator such as a wolf or coyote were to attack the herd, the non-myotonic animals could run away, leaving behind any fainting goats either immobilized or hobbled by the fright. The herd would escape and the predators would focus on the easiest kill. But this use has largely fallen out of practice, and the degree to which it was actually used is uncertain.
Whether food or friend, fainting goats don't seem to be going away anytime soon. Numbering an estimated 3,000 to 5,000, the animals are recognized as an official breed and are raised throughout the United States. Enthusiasts have even established breed standards and regularly show their prize animals at livestock festivals.
Fainting goats are used for many purposes: as food, as amusement and as protection for herds.
To learn even more about fainting goats and myotonia congenita, check out the links below.
Jody Workman, International Fainting Goat Association. Personal interview.
Jordan Crump, The Humane Society of the United States. Personal interview.
Kathy Guillermo, Director of Research, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Personal interview.
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0.678075 |
Are GI Bill Payments Taxable?
You may wonder if you have to report your GI Bill benefits as income on your taxes, well the good news is that the answer is NO.
GI Bill benefits are NOT taxable and should NOT be reported on your tax return as income. You will not receive a W-2 from the VA.
"Payments you receive for education, training, or subsistence under any law administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) are tax free. Do not include these payments as income on your federal tax return.
If you qualify for the American Opportunity Credit or Lifetime Learning Credit and are using the GI Bill you may have to reduce the amount of tax deductions you are due from those programs by the amount of GI Bill benefits you receive.
This applies only to the part of your GI Bill that is required to be used for education expenses.
So, if you are getting $1,534 monthly housing allowance direct deposit to your checking account, and $3,840 in tuition paid directly to your college neither of these benefits is taxable, and you do not report them on your tax return.
But, if you want to claim an American Opportunity Tax Credit on your return you must deduct the GI Bill money from your total tax deduction.
You do not subtract any amount of the BAH because it was paid to you and not designated to be used only for education.
The good news is that you don't have to pay income taxes on GI Bill benefits because they are considered a benefit rather than an income.
This is similar to how you had to pay taxes on any military pay like base pay, hazardous duty pay, etc. but didn't pay taxes on your military allowances like Basic Allowance for Housing, Basic Allowance for Subsistence, etc.
The bad side to all of this is that since your GI Bill benefits aren't considered as income, you are fairly limited on claiming them as such when you apply for a credit card, loan, or mortgage.
You may be surprised that you need other, steady sources of income to apply for credit.
Of course, you can always apply for a VA guaranteed home loan from a lender who understands the unique situations veterans face.
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0.998892 |
I've learned through doing this work how to think of others' feelings.
It's okay if you can't do something, but still giving the effort.
Being aware of lots of different things.
Not forgetting that you're an "idol".
I think each person has a respective image of an ideal idol, so it's important for you to always be aware of this and have that self-awareness.
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0.992359 |
How neck jutting will recess your lower third.
When you aren't chin tucking, you are eccentrically loading the suprahyoid triangle that attaches to your chin. If you can feel these submental muscles tighten, you are recessing your chin and mandible. This recessive motion will pull your chin and mandible towards the hyoid. There is a negative feedback loop because neck jutting will result in more recession and have more of the urge to neck jut and appear more forward grown. Doing this can cause a recessed chin even if your maxilla is properly positioned and forward grown. Whenever you tilt your head up, do not force the mandible to follow or the suprahyoid muscles will tighten.
Chin tuck = good and you will improve lower third projection combined with mewing.
Neck jut = horrible, you will look better while doing it but you are actually causing recession.
Your profile will look subhuman when you chin tuck, but it will be 100% worth in the long run.
Also, flexing the mentalis by pushing up the lower lip will recess the chin, when you stop doing this, it often grows back.
Genetics are paramount, but habits and things like sleeping on your face, resting your chin on the desk, or falling on your brow bone will easily morph the bone and affect symmetry. Chin tucking is for reversing the effects of neck jut, it's not the natural posture.
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0.733136 |
A quantum point contact was used to observe single-electron fluctuations of a quantum dot in a GaAs heterostructure. The resulting random telegraph signals (RTS) contain statistical information about the electron spin state if the tunneling dynamics are spin-dependent. We develop a statistical method to extract information about spin-dependent dynamics from RTS and use it to demonstrate that these dynamics can be studied in the thermal energy regime. The tunneling rates of each spin state are independently measured in a finite external magnetic field. We confirm previous findings of a decrease in overall tunneling rates for the spin excited state compared to the ground state as an external magnetic field is increased.
A random telegraph signal (RTS) is a natural phenomenon frequently observed in nanoscale solid state devices when an electron tunnels into and out of a trapping defect due to thermal fluctuations Kandiah et al. (1989); Ghibaudo and Boutchacha (2002) . An RTS can be produced in a controllable way by trapping an electron in an electrostatically defined quantum dot Lu et al. (2003) . The fluctuating electron influences the conductance of a nearby quantum point contact (QPC) Buttiker (1990) , resulting in a conductance signal which switches back and forth between two distinct levels, low when an electron is present and high when it is not, as shown in Fig. 1 (c). RTS are also produced in experiments which drive an electron to a low-lying excited state, and serve as a signature of single-electron excitation Xiao et al. (2004); Yin et al. (2013) .
While an RTS exhibits only two distinct conductance levels, each corresponding to a charge state of the quantum dot, it is possible that more than two quantum states participate in the fluctuation. For example, the electron has a spin state which cannot be directly observed; nevertheless this extra “hidden” state may influence the statistics of the electron tunneling events in a measurable way. An existing strategy for finding statistical evidence for such states in RTS data has been to compute the full counting statistics (FCS) of the electron transits Gustavsson et al. (2009); Flindt et al. (2009) . Such analysis can reveal hidden structure in the RTS if multiple RTS are analyzed simultaneously Gustavsson et al. (2006) . The FCS approach does not take advantage of all of the information available in the signal and is subject to biases due to event reconstruction errors (see Supplementary Material). In a previous paper some of us proposed an analysis approach based on the hidden Markov model (HMM), which fits a rate equation model to the system to determine transition rates House et al. (2009) . Here we present an adaptation of that approach based on Markov-Modulated Gaussian Process (MMGP) models Roberts and Ephraim (2008) . These models account for noise in the signal so that it does not bias parameter estimates. They do not assign a definite state to the system at each point in time, only a probability of each state, which makes them robust against noise in the signal and the effect of the finite bandwidth of the measurement channel House et al. (2009) . The models we use are very general and could be applied to study other types of quantum states with energy spacings similar to the thermal energy, such as valley states in Si quantum dots or hyperfine states in donors with large hyperfine interactions, e. g. Bi donors in Si George et al. (2010) .
The spin states of electrons in semiconductor quantum dots are a topic of current research interest in part because of their potential application for storing and manipulating information in classical information systems Žutić et al. (2004) and quantum information systems Hanson et al. (2007); Loss and DiVincenzo (1998) . A challenge in studying electronic spins in quantum dots is that the spin cannot be observed directly but must be converted to an electrical signal for measurement Elzerman et al. (2004); Hanson et al. (2005); Petta et al. (2005) . In this Letter we demonstrate that spin-dependent single-electron dynamics measurably influence the statistics of electron transition timings in RTS of a GaAs quantum dot. By applying statistical models to RTS we detect this influence and study spin-dependent dynamics at smaller Zeeman energies within the thermal regime. Our analysis reveals a spin dependence in the tunnel-out rates of electrons in GaAs quantum dots, similar to previous experimental findings on the tunnel-in rates Amasha et al. (2008) .
Figure 1: (a) SEM image of the active area of the device. A quantum dot is formed in the region highlighted by the dashed circle, connected by a tunnel barrier to a reservoir of free electrons at the lower right. A QPC channel through the upper half of the device is used to monitor the charge state of the quantum dot. (b) Schematic of the chemical potential levels of the quantum dot and occupancy of states in the lead. Indicated are the chemical potentials μ↓ and μ↑ for spin-up and spin-down electrons respectively, the Fermi level of the lead Ef, the detuning ϵ, and the Zeeman energy EZ. The red curve represents the Fermi distribution of occupied states in the lead. (c) Example of part of one RTS data trace. (d) Most-likely state sequence reconstructed from a two-state model fit to the RTS shown in (d). (e) Most-likely state sequence from a three-state model fit. (f) Overall tunneling rates ΓIN (red circles) and ΓOUT (blue triangles) as a function of detuning, determined by the two-state model at B=0 T.
The experiment was performed on a quantum dot formed electrostatically in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure, a device on which we have reported previously Li et al. (2012) . Fig. 1 (a) shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surface gates. The quantum dot is defined in the area circled in the image by negative voltages applied to the five gates LT, RT, LB, RB, and P. Gates Q, LT, and RT form a QPC channel for sensing the charges on the quantum dot. The experiment was performed in a 3He refrigerator operating at a base temperature of 240 mK. The quantum dot was tuned so that the tunnel barrier between LB and LT was completely closed and the barrier between RB and RT was adjusted so that the tunneling rate between the quantum dot and the lead to the lower right was smaller than the bandwidth of the measurement channel (30 kHz). The capacitive coupling strength of gate P acting on the quantum dot was measured to be α=0.022 eV / V by a Coulomb diamond plot. To generate RTS data sets, VP was tuned so that the chemical potential of the dot was close to the Fermi level of the lead for the N=0↔N=1 electron transition so that one electron tunneled on and off the dot, leaving it empty when the electron tunneled out. Each RTS trace was sampled at 131.1 kHz and collected for 7.6 seconds. After each RTS was collected, the voltage VP was stepped to change the de-tuning ϵ of the quantum dot’s chemical potential relative to the Fermi level of the reservoir, and another RTS data set was taken. Each RTS was then analyzed independently by fitting statistical models to the data as described below.
where Γ↓/↑0 are the gross tunneling rates for the two spin states, f is the Fermi distribution, EZ=gμBB/2 the Zeeman energy, β a factor accounting for the energy dependence of the tunneling rates MacLean et al. (2007) , and ΛOUT a term which accounts for a small back-action effect on which we have reported previously Li et al. (2012) . The ± in these equations is + for spin-up and − for spin-down. The g-factor in GaAs quantum wells is g=−0.44. By applying an in-plane magnetic field |B|>0 the energy levels of the two spin states are split and the two spin states have distinct tunneling rates near zero detuning.
Figure 2: Results of fitting a three-state MMGP model to two sets of RTS. (a)-(d): magnetic field B=0 T. (e)-(h) B=3 T. (a) and (e) show the model selection statistic ΔBIC as a function of detuning ϵ. Negative ΔBIC indicates that differences between two spins are statistically significant. (b) and (f) Tunnel-out rates Γ↓OUT and Γ↑OUT extracted from the three-state model fits. Those detuning points for which the three-state model is selected are emphasized by filled symbols and 90% confidence intervals. (c) and (g) Tunnel-in rates Γ↓IN and Γ↑IN. (d) and (h) Spin-flip transition rates W↓↑ and W↑↓. Solid lines in (f) indicate fits of Eq. (2) to those data points where the three-state model was selected.
where p is a row vector whose element pi(t) is the probability of the system being in state i at time t, and Q is a matrix whose element Qij is the instantaneous probability of transition from state i to state j. For each recorded data point the signal IQPC is taken from a Gaussian distribution whose mean μk depends on the state of the system at the time of the measurement (proportional to the number of electrons on the dot); the standard deviation σ represents the experimental noise amplitude. For a given RTS the model parameters Q, μ0,μ1, and σ can be estimated by the Roberts-Ephraim algorithm Roberts and Ephraim (2008) . The number of states the model system must be selected in advance.
where ΓIN and ΓOUT are respectively the mean tunneling rates for electrons in and out of the quantum dot. Fig. 1 (d) shows a state sequence reconstruction of the data in Fig. 1 (c) by fitting to the two-state model, as reconstructed by the Viterbi algorithm Viterbi (1967) . The two-state model was fit to a sequence of RTS, each of which was taken at a different tuning of the quantum dot with respect to the Fermi level of the reservoir. The tunneling rates estimated by these model fits are shown in Fig. 1 (f). ΓIN is high, and ΓOUT low, at negative detunings because the occupancy of states in the lead is high; as the detuning is increased ΓIN decreases and ΓOUT increases with the decreasing occupancy of states in the lead. The maximum ΓIN is approximately twice the maximum of ΓOUT because there are two electron states for the system to tunnel into, ΓIN≈Γ↓IN+Γ↑IN, while the observed tunnel-out rate represents an average of the two spin states, ΓOUT≈(Γ↓OUT+Γ↑OUT)/2.
where e.g. Γ↓IN is the rate for an electron to tunnel into the dot in the state |↓⟩ , W↓↑ is the rate for a spin-flip transition from |↓⟩ to |↑⟩ , and so on. States |↓⟩ and |↑⟩ both correspond to the same mean QPC signal level μ1 while |0⟩ corresponds to level μ0. By fitting this model to an RTS we can extract estimates for the spin-dependent transition rates Γ↓OUT, Γ↑OUT,Γ↓IN,Γ↑IN, W↓↑, and W↑↓. Shown in Fig. 1 (e) is the most-likely sequence of states in the three-state model fit to the data in Fig. 1 (c). The model preferentially assigns the state |↑⟩ to longer dwells of the electron on the dot and |↓⟩ to shorter ones.
To determine whether the spin-dependent dynamics included in the three-state model are justified by the data or not, we compare the goodness-of-fit of the two models to each RTS by their Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) statistic Kass and Raftery (1995) . The BIC of each model is computed as BIC=−2log(^L)+Klog(N), where ^L is the maximum-likelihood value of the model (evaluated by the Roberts-Ephraim algorithm), K is the number of degrees of freedom in the model, and N is the number of data points. For a given data set the preferred model is the one with the lower value of BIC. Under this selection criterion the two-state model (having fewer degrees of freedom) will be selected unless there is significant evidence in the data for the three-state model, as reflected in its higher likelihood. If the three-state model is selected we may confidently say that the RTS data is not adequately explained as a two-state system and that there must be a third state with unique dynamics present.
The results of three-state model fits to a series of RTS with applied magnetic field B=0 T are shown in Fig. 2 (a)-(d). Fig. 2 (a) shows the difference in BIC between the two-state model and the three-state model. At every detuning point the two-state model is selected (ΔBIC is positive), indicating that there are no statistically significant spin-dependent effects. This is expected, since with no applied magnetic field the two spin states are degenerate and should have the same tunneling rates. Fig. 2 (e)-(h) show the same results taken with applied magnetic field B=3 T. In this case, at moderate negative detunings the selection criterion favors the three-state model (ΔBIC is negative). It is in this region where the two tunnel-out rates Γ↓OUT and Γ↑OUT are different and there are a large enough number of electron transitions observed to make the difference statistically significant. At positive detunings most of the electron transitions involve the spin-up state and there are not enough instances of the spin-down state to make its rates distinguishable. At large negative detunings the tunnel-out rates become small and there are relatively few transitions to either state. Because of the nature of the way the tunnel rates influence the RTS statistics, the individual tunnel-out rates can be measured with greater accuracy than the tunnel-in rates (see Supplementary Materials). In this experiment the spin-flip transition rates W↓↑ and W↑↓ were too small to measure, but an upper bound can be placed on them as shown by the confidence intervals in Fig. 2 (h). All of the uncertainties are statistical and could be reduced by taking longer RTS traces.
Figure 3: (a) Gross tunnel-out rates for the two spin states, Γ↓0 and Γ↑0, as a function of applied magnetic field. These were determined by fits to the rates extracted from a series of RTS such as shown in Fig. 2 (f) for B=3 T. (b) Ratio of the gross tunnel-out rates for the two spin states, Γ↓0/Γ↑0, as a function of applied magnetic field. The tunneling rate for spin-down electrons decreases relative to the spin-up tunneling rate as the Zeeman energy difference between the two states increases.
The solid lines in Fig. 2 (f) represent fits of Eq. 2 to the tunnel rates for each spin, using only those data points where the three-state model was selected. The same analysis was applied to similar data sets taken with applied magnetic fields from B=1 T to B=8 T. At B=1 T the Zeeman energy splitting (2EZ=25μeV) is comparable to the thermal energy (kBT=21μeV), and the spin states are distinguishable in this regime (see Supplementary Materials). The gross tunneling rates Γ↓0 and Γ↑0 extracted from these fits are plotted in Fig. 3 (a) as a function of magnetic field, which shows that for |B|>0 the overall tunneling rate for spin-down electrons is smaller than that for spin-up, even after accounting for the Fermi distribution of occupied states in the lead and the energy dependence of the tunneling rate. This difference in tunneling rates increases as the magnetic field is increased and the ratio of the tunneling rates of the two spins, Γ↓0/Γ↑0, plotted in Fig. 3 (b), is seen to decrease monotonically with increasing B as reported by Amasha, et al. Amasha et al. (2008) . The spin selective tunneling effect may be due to an enhancement of the g-factor of the electron in the lead to which the electron is coupled, but it is still not well understood Stano and Jacquod (2010) . Here we are able to see the effect primarily in the tunnel-out rates instead of tunnel-in rates, and at lower energies than previously reported.
In order to verify that there are no additional states participating in the electron fluctuations we used two additional models: a model containing one one-electron state and two zero-electron states (an unphysical model according to our interpretation), and a model containing two states for each electron number (four states total). In every case, the BIC for these models were greater than for the models described previously, indicating that there is not significant evidence for state configurations other than those we addressed.
In summary, we have described a technique for analysis of RTS and detecting structure the underlying system such as a difference in tunneling rate for two different states of a quantum dot with the same electron number. We used this technique on data obtained from a GaAs quantum dot and detected an extra “hidden” state at negative detunings when a magnetic field is applied. We identified the extra state in this system with the spin of the electron because its behavior is consistent with Zeeman physics in the presence of an applied magnetic field. The approach is very general and could be used to study other effects in RTS that cannot be observed directly, such as other spin configurations, valley states, or hyperfine states. Because RTS occur at the thermal energy scale, this type of analysis can reveal such effects happening at smaller energies than other experimental methods. The same type of modeling could also be applied to detect hidden structure in quantum jumps, which have the same statistical nature as RTS Sauter et al. (1986); Vijay et al. (2011) . In the future the classical MMGP model can be extended to apply to fully quantum mechanical processes, which will allow an experimenter to estimate quantum coherent effects in stochastic processes House (2012) .
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"Cromwell" redirects here. For other uses, see Cromwell (disambiguation).
For other topics referred to as Oliver Cromwell, see Oliver Cromwell (disambiguation).
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658)[a] was an English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republic.
Cromwell was born into the middle gentry to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive along with a summary of a speech that he delivered in 1628. He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, taking a generally tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period. He was an intensely religious man, a self-styled Puritan Moses, and he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640–1649) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil Wars on the side of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians, nicknamed "Old Ironsides". He demonstrated his ability as a commander and was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to being one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army, playing an important role under General Sir Thomas Fairfax in the defeat of the Royalist ("Cavalier") 11th forces.
Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649–1653). He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649–1650. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. During this period, a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland), and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651.
On 20 April 1653, he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as Barebone's Parliament before being invited by his fellow leaders to rule as Lord Protector of England (which included Wales at the time), Scotland, and Ireland from 16 December 1653. As a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Royalists returned to power along with King Charles II in 1660, and they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded.
Cromwell is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles, considered a regicidal dictator by historians such as David Sharp, a military dictator by Winston Churchill, a hero of liberty by John Milton, Thomas Carlyle, and Samuel Rawson Gardiner, and a revolutionary bourgeois by Leon Trotsky. His tolerance of Protestant sects did not extend to Catholics; his measures against them in Ireland have been characterised by some as genocidal or near-genocidal, and his record is harshly criticised in Ireland. He was selected as one of the ten greatest Britons of all time in a 2002 BBC poll.
Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 25 April 1599 to Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. The family's estate derived from Oliver's great-grandfather Morgan ap William, a brewer from Glamorgan who settled at Putney in London, and married Katherine Cromwell (born 1482), the sister of Thomas Cromwell, the famous chief minister to Henry VIII. The Cromwell family acquired great wealth as occasional beneficiaries of Thomas's administration of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Morgan ap William was a son of William ap Yevan of Wales. The family line continued through Richard Williams (alias Cromwell), (c. 1500–1544), Henry Williams (alias Cromwell), (c. 1524 – 6 January 1604),[b] then to Oliver's father Robert Williams, alias Cromwell (c. 1560–1617), who married Elizabeth Steward (c. 1564 – 1654), probably in 1591. They had ten children, but Oliver, the fifth child, was the only boy to survive infancy.
Cromwell's paternal grandfather Sir Henry Williams was one of the two wealthiest landowners in Huntingdonshire. Cromwell's father Robert was of modest means but still a member of the landed gentry. As a younger son with many siblings, Robert inherited only a house at Huntingdon and a small amount of land. This land would have generated an income of up to £300 a year, near the bottom of the range of gentry incomes. Cromwell himself in 1654 said, "I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in considerable height, nor yet in obscurity".
Cromwell was baptised on 29 April 1599 at St John's Church, and attended Huntingdon Grammar School. He went on to study at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, then a recently founded college with a strong Puritan ethos. He left in June 1617 without taking a degree, immediately after his father's death. Early biographers claim that he then attended Lincoln's Inn, but the Inn's archives retain no record of him. Antonia Fraser concludes that it was likely that he did train at one of the London Inns of Court during this time. His grandfather, his father, and two of his uncles had attended Lincoln's Inn, and Cromwell sent his son Richard there in 1647.
Oliver (1622–1644), died of typhoid fever while serving as a Parliamentarian officer.
Bridget (1624–1662), married (1) Henry Ireton, (2) Charles Fleetwood.
Richard (1626–1712), his father's successor as Lord Protector, married Dorothy Maijor.
Henry (1628–1674), later Lord Deputy of Ireland, married Elizabeth Russell (daughter of Sir Francis Russell).
Elizabeth (1629–1658), married John Claypole.
Little evidence exists of Cromwell's religion at this stage. His letter in 1626 to Henry Downhall, an Arminian minister, suggests that Cromwell had yet to be influenced by radical Puritanism. However, there is evidence that Cromwell went through a period of personal crisis during the late 1620s and early 1630s. In 1628 he was elected to Parliament from the Huntingdonshire county town of Huntingdon. Later that year, he sought treatment for a variety of physical and emotional ailments, including valde melancholicus (depression), from the Swiss-born London doctor Théodore de Mayerne. In 1629 he was caught up in a dispute among the gentry of Huntingdon over a new charter for the town, as a result of which he was called before the Privy Council in 1630.
In 1631 Cromwell sold most of his properties in Huntingdon—probably as a result of the dispute—and moved to a farmstead in nearby St Ives (then in Huntingdonshire, now in Cambridgeshire). This signified a major step down in society compared with his previous position, and seems to have had a significant emotional and spiritual impact. A 1638 letter survives from Cromwell to his cousin, the wife of Oliver St John, and gives an account of his spiritual awakening. The letter outlines how, having been "the chief of sinners", Cromwell had been called to be among "the congregation of the firstborn". The language of this letter, which is saturated with biblical quotations and which represents Cromwell as having been saved from sin by God's mercy, places his faith firmly within the Independent beliefs that the Reformation had not gone far enough, that much of England was still living in sin, and that Catholic beliefs and practices needed to be fully removed from the church.
Cromwell became the Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in the Parliament of 1628–1629, as a client of the Montagu family of Hinchingbrooke House. He made little impression: records for the Parliament show only one speech (against the Arminian Bishop Richard Neile), which was poorly received. After dissolving this Parliament, Charles I ruled without a Parliament for the next 11 years. When Charles faced the Scottish rebellion known as the Bishops' Wars, shortage of funds forced him to call a Parliament again in 1640. Cromwell was returned to this Parliament as member for Cambridge, but it lasted for only three weeks and became known as the Short Parliament. Cromwell moved his family from Ely to London in 1640.
A second Parliament was called later the same year, and became known as the Long Parliament. Cromwell was again returned as member for Cambridge. As with the Parliament of 1628–29, it is likely that Cromwell owed his position to the patronage of others, which might explain why in the first week of the Parliament he was in charge of presenting a petition for the release of John Lilburne, who had become a Puritan cause célèbre after his arrest for importing religious tracts from the Netherlands. For the first two years of the Long Parliament Cromwell was linked to the godly group of aristocrats in the House of Lords and Members of the House of Commons with whom he had established familial and religious links in the 1630s, such as the Earls of Essex, Warwick and Bedford, Oliver St John and Viscount Saye and Sele. At this stage, the group had an agenda of reformation: the executive checked by regular parliaments, and the moderate extension of liberty of conscience. Cromwell appears to have taken a role in some of this group's political manoeuvres. In May 1641, for example, it was Cromwell who put forward the second reading of the Annual Parliaments Bill and later took a role in drafting the Root and Branch Bill for the abolition of episcopacy.
Failure to resolve the issues before the Long Parliament led to armed conflict between Parliament and Charles I in late 1642, the beginning of the English Civil War. Before joining Parliament's forces Cromwell's only military experience was in the trained bands, the local county militia. He recruited a cavalry troop in Cambridgeshire after blocking a valuable shipment of silver plate from Cambridge colleges that was meant for the King. Cromwell and his troop then rode to, but arrived too late to take part in, the indecisive Battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642. The troop was recruited to be a full regiment in the winter of 1642 and 1643, making up part of the Eastern Association under the Earl of Manchester. Cromwell gained experience in a number of successful actions in East Anglia in 1643, notably at the Battle of Gainsborough on 28 July. He was subsequently appointed governor of the Isle of Elyand a colonel in the Eastern Association.
By the time of the Battle of Marston Moor in July 1644, Cromwell had risen to the rank of Lieutenant General of horse in Manchester's army. The success of his cavalry in breaking the ranks of the Royalist cavalry and then attacking their infantry from the rear at Marston Moor was a major factor in the Parliamentarian victory. Cromwell fought at the head of his troops in the battle and was slightly wounded in the neck, stepping away briefly to receive treatment during the battle but returning to help force the victory. After Cromwell's nephew was killed at Marston Moor he wrote a famous letter to his brother-in-law. Marston Moor secured the north of England for the Parliamentarians, but failed to end Royalist resistance.
The indecisive outcome of the Second Battle of Newbury in October meant that by the end of 1644 the war still showed no signs of ending. Cromwell's experience at Newbury, where Manchester had let the King's army slip out of an encircling manoeuvre, led to a serious dispute with Manchester, whom he believed to be less than enthusiastic in his conduct of the war. Manchester later accused Cromwell of recruiting men of "low birth" as officers in the army, to which he replied: "If you choose godly honest men to be captains of horse, honest men will follow them ... I would rather have a plain russet-coated captain who knows what he fights for and loves what he knows than that which you call a gentleman and is nothing else". At this time, Cromwell also fell into dispute with Major-General Lawrence Crawford, a Scottish Covenanter attached to Manchester's army, who objected to Cromwell's encouragement of unorthodox Independents and Anabaptists. He was also charged with familism by Scottish Presbyterian Samuel Rutherford in response to his letter to the House of Commons in 1645.
Partly in response to the failure to capitalise on their victory at Marston Moor, Parliament passed the Self-Denying Ordinance in early 1645. This forced members of the House of Commons and the Lords, such as Manchester, to choose between civil office and military command. All of them—except Cromwell, whose commission was given continued extensions and was allowed to remain in parliament—chose to renounce their military positions. The Ordinance also decreed that the army be "remodelled" on a national basis, replacing the old county associations; Cromwell contributed significantly to these military reforms. In April 1645 the New Model Army finally took to the field, with Sir Thomas Fairfax in command and Cromwell as Lieutenant-General of cavalry and second-in-command.
At the critical Battle of Naseby in June 1645, the New Model Army smashed the King's major army. Cromwell led his wing with great success at Naseby, again routing the Royalist cavalry. At the Battle of Langport on 10 July, Cromwell participated in the defeat of the last sizeable Royalist field army. Naseby and Langport effectively ended the King's hopes of victory, and the subsequent Parliamentarian campaigns involved taking the remaining fortified Royalist positions in the west of England. In October 1645, Cromwell besieged and took the wealthy and formidable Catholic fortress Basing House, later to be accused of killing 100 of its 300-man Royalist garrison after its surrender. Cromwell also took part in successful sieges at Bridgwater, Sherborne, Bristol, Devizes, and Winchester, then spent the first half of 1646 mopping up resistance in Devon and Cornwall. Charles I surrendered to the Scots on 5 May 1646, effectively ending the First English Civil War. Cromwell and Fairfax took the formal surrender of the Royalists at Oxford in June 1646.
Cromwell had no formal training in military tactics, and followed the common practice of ranging his cavalry in three ranks and pressing forward, relying on impact rather than firepower. His strengths were an instinctive ability to lead and train his men, and his moral authority. In a war fought mostly by amateurs, these strengths were significant and are likely to have contributed to the discipline of his cavalry.
In February 1647 Cromwell suffered from an illness that kept him out of political life for over a month. By the time he had recovered, the Parliamentarians were split over the issue of the King. A majority in both Houses pushed for a settlement that would pay off the Scottish army, disband much of the New Model Army, and restore Charles I in return for a Presbyterian settlement of the Church. Cromwell rejected the Scottish model of Presbyterianism, which threatened to replace one authoritarian hierarchy with another. The New Model Army, radicalised by the failure of the Parliament to pay the wages it was owed, petitioned against these changes, but the Commons declared the petition unlawful. In May 1647 Cromwell was sent to the army's headquarters in Saffron Walden to negotiate with them, but failed to agree.
In June 1647, a troop of cavalry under Cornet George Joyce seized the King from Parliament's imprisonment. With the King now present, Cromwell was eager to find out what conditions the King would acquiesce to if his authority was restored. The King appeared to be willing to compromise, so Cromwell employed his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, to draw up proposals for a constitutional settlement. Proposals were drafted multiple times with different changes until finally the "Heads of Proposals" pleased Cromwell in principle and would allow for further negotiations. It was designed to check the powers of the executive, to set up regularly elected parliaments, and to restore a non-compulsory Episcopalian settlement.
Many in the army, such as the Levellers led by John Lilburne, thought this was not enough and demanded full political equality for all men, leading to tense debates in Putney during the autumn of 1647 between Fairfax, Cromwell and Ireton on the one hand, and radical Levellers like Colonel Rainsborough on the other. The Putney Debates ultimately broke up without reaching a resolution.
The trial of Charles I on 4 January 1649.
The failure to conclude a political agreement with the King led eventually to the outbreak of the Second English Civil War in 1648, when the King tried to regain power by force of arms. Cromwell first put down a Royalist uprising in south Wales led by Rowland Laugharne, winning back Chepstow Castle on 25 May and six days later forcing the surrender of Tenby. The castle at Carmarthen was destroyed by burning. The much stronger castle at Pembroke, however, fell only after a siege of eight weeks. Cromwell dealt leniently with the ex-royalist soldiers, but less so with those who had previously been members of the parliamentary army, John Poyer eventually being executed in London after the drawing of lots.
During 1648, Cromwell's letters and speeches started to become heavily based on biblical imagery, many of them meditations on the meaning of particular passages. For example, after the battle of Preston, study of Psalms 17 and 105 led him to tell Parliament that "they that are implacable and will not leave troubling the land may be speedily destroyed out of the land". A letter to Oliver St John in September 1648 urged him to read Isaiah 8, in which the kingdom falls and only the godly survive. On four occasions in letters in 1648 he referred to the story of Gideon's defeat of the Midianites at Ain Harod. These letters suggest that it was Cromwell's faith, rather than a commitment to radical politics, coupled with Parliament's decision to engage in negotiations with the King at the Treaty of Newport, that convinced him that God had spoken against both the King and Parliament as lawful authorities. For Cromwell, the army was now God's chosen instrument. The episode shows Cromwell's firm belief in "Providentialism"—that God was actively directing the affairs of the world, through the actions of "chosen people" (whom God had "provided" for such purposes). Cromwell believed, during the Civil Wars, that he was one of these people, and he interpreted victories as indications of God's approval of his actions, and defeats as signs that God was directing him in another direction.
In December 1648, in an episode that became known as Pride's Purge, a troop of soldiers headed by Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents. Thus weakened, the remaining body of MPs, known as the Rump Parliament, agreed that Charles should be tried on a charge of treason. Cromwell was still in the north of England, dealing with Royalist resistance, when these events took place, but then returned to London. On the day after Pride's Purge, he became a determined supporter of those pushing for the King's trial and execution, believing that killing Charles was the only way to end the civil wars. Cromwell approved Thomas Brook's address to the House of Commons, which justified the trial and execution of the King on the basis of the Book of Numbers, chapter 35 and particularly verse 33 ("The land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.").
The death warrant for Charles was eventually signed by 59 of the trying court's members, including Cromwell (who was the third to sign it). Though it was not unprecedented, execution of the King, or "regicide", was controversial, if for no other reason due to the doctrine of the divine right of kings. Thus, even after a trial, it was difficult to get ordinary men to go along with it: "None of the officers charged with supervising the execution wanted to sign the order for the actual beheading, so they brought their dispute to Cromwell...Oliver seized a pen and scribbled out the order, and handed the pen to the second officer, Colonel Hacker who stooped to sign it. The execution could now proceed." Although Fairfax conspicuously refused to sign, Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649.
After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the "Commonwealth of England". The "Rump Parliament" exercised both executive and legislative powers, with a smaller Council of State also having some executive functions. Cromwell remained a member of the "Rump" and was appointed a member of the Council. In the early months after the execution of Charles I, Cromwell tried but failed to unite the original "Royal Independents" led by St John and Saye and Sele, which had fractured during 1648. Cromwell had been connected to this group since before the outbreak of civil war in 1642 and had been closely associated with them during the 1640s. However, only St John was persuaded to retain his seat in Parliament. The Royalists, meanwhile, had regrouped in Ireland, having signed a treaty with the Irish known as "Confederate Catholics". In March, Cromwell was chosen by the Rump to command a campaign against them. Preparations for an invasion of Ireland occupied Cromwell in the subsequent months. In the latter part of the 1640s, Cromwell came across political dissidence in the "New Model Army". The "Leveller" or "Agitator" movement was a political movement that emphasised popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance. These sentiments were expressed in the manifesto "Agreement of the People" in 1647. Cromwell and the rest of the "Grandees" disagreed with these sentiments in that they gave too much freedom to the people; they believed that the vote should only extend to the landowners. In the "Putney Debates" of 1647, the two groups debated these topics in hopes of forming a new constitution for England. There were rebellions and mutinies following the debates, and in 1649, the Bishopsgate mutiny resulted in the execution of Leveller Robert Lockyer by firing squad. The next month, the Banbury mutiny occurred with similar results. Cromwell led the charge in quelling these rebellions. After quelling Leveller mutinies within the English army at Andover and Burford in May, Cromwell departed for Ireland from Bristol at the end of July.
Cromwell led a Parliamentary invasion of Ireland from 1649–50. Parliament's key opposition was the military threat posed by the alliance of the Irish Confederate Catholics and English royalists (signed in 1649). The Confederate-Royalist alliance was judged to be the biggest single threat facing the Commonwealth. However, the political situation in Ireland in 1649 was extremely fractured: there were also separate forces of Irish Catholics who were opposed to the royalist alliance, and Protestant royalist forces that were gradually moving towards Parliament. Cromwell said in a speech to the army Council on 23 March that "I had rather be overthrown by a Cavalierish interest than a Scotch interest; I had rather be overthrown by a Scotch interest than an Irish interest and I think of all this is the most dangerous".
Cromwell's hostility to the Irish was religious as well as political. He was passionately opposed to the Catholic Church, which he saw as denying the primacy of the Bible in favour of papal and clerical authority, and which he blamed for suspected tyranny and persecution of Protestants in continental Europe. Cromwell's association of Catholicism with persecution was deepened with the Irish Rebellion of 1641. This rebellion, although intended to be bloodless, was marked by massacres of English and Scottish Protestant settlers by Irish ("Gaels") and Old English in Ireland, and Highland Scot Catholics in Ireland. These settlers had settled on land seized from former, native Catholic owners to make way for the non-native Protestants. These factors contributed to the brutality of the Cromwell military campaign in Ireland.
At the Siege of Wexford in October, another massacre took place under confused circumstances. While Cromwell was apparently trying to negotiate surrender terms, some of his soldiers broke into the town, killed 2,000 Irish troops and up to 1,500 civilians, and burned much of the town.
After the taking of Drogheda, Cromwell sent a column north to Ulster to secure the north of the country and went on to besiege Waterford, Kilkenny and Clonmel in Ireland's south-east. Kilkenny surrendered on terms, as did many other towns like New Ross and Carlow, but Cromwell failed to take Waterford, and at the siege of Clonmel in May 1650 he lost up to 2,000 men in abortive assaults before the town surrendered.
One of his major victories in Ireland was diplomatic rather than military. With the help of Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Cromwell persuaded the Protestant Royalist troops in Cork to change sides and fight with the Parliament. At this point, word reached Cromwell that Charles II (son of Charles I) had landed in Scotland from exile in France and been proclaimed King by the Covenanter regime. Cromwell therefore returned to England from Youghal on 26 May 1650 to counter this threat.
The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland dragged on for almost three years after Cromwell's departure. The campaigns under Cromwell's successors Henry Ireton and Edmund Ludlow mostly consisted of long sieges of fortified cities and guerrilla warfare in the countryside. The last Catholic-held town, Galway, surrendered in April 1652 and the last Irish Catholic troops capitulated in April of the following year.
In the wake of the Commonwealth's conquest of the island of Ireland, the public practice of Roman Catholicism was banned and Catholic priests were killed when captured. All Catholic-owned land was confiscated under the Act for the Settlement of Ireland of 1652 and given to Scottish and English settlers, Parliament's financial creditors and Parliamentary soldiers. The remaining Catholic landowners were allocated poorer land in the province of Connacht.
The massacres at Drogheda and Wexford were in some ways typical of the day, especially in the context of the recently ended Thirty Years War, although there are few comparable incidents during the Civil Wars in England or Scotland, which were fought mainly between Protestant adversaries, albeit of differing denominations. One possible comparison is Cromwell's Siege of Basing House in 1645—the seat of the prominent Catholic the Marquess of Winchester—which resulted in about 100 of the garrison of 400 being killed after being refused quarter. Contemporaries also reported civilian casualties, six Catholic priests and a woman. However, the scale of the deaths at Basing House was much smaller. Cromwell himself said of the slaughter at Drogheda in his first letter back to the Council of State: "I believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants. I do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives." Cromwell's orders—"in the heat of the action, I forbade them to spare any that were in arms in the town"—followed a request for surrender at the start of the siege, which was refused. The military protocol of the day was that a town or garrison that rejected the chance to surrender was not entitled to quarter. The refusal of the garrison at Drogheda to do this, even after the walls had been breached, was to Cromwell justification for the massacre. Where Cromwell negotiated the surrender of fortified towns, as at Carlow, New Ross, and Clonmel, some historians[who?] argue that he respected the terms of surrender and protected the lives and property of the townspeople. At Wexford, Cromwell again began negotiations for surrender. However, the captain of Wexford castle surrendered during the middle of the negotiations, and in the confusion some of his troops began indiscriminate killing and looting.
Although Cromwell's time spent on campaign in Ireland was limited, and although he did not take on executive powers until 1653, he is often the central focus of wider debates about whether, as historians such as Mark Levene and John Morrill suggest, the Commonwealth conducted a deliberate programme of ethnic cleansing in Ireland. Faced with the prospect of an Irish alliance with Charles II, Cromwell carried out a series of massacres to subdue the Irish. Then, once Cromwell had returned to England, the English Commissary, General Henry Ireton, adopted a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation. Total excess deaths for the entire period of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in Ireland was estimated by Sir William Petty, the 17th Century economist, to be 600,000 out of a total Irish population of 1,400,000 in 1641. More modern estimates put the figure closer to 200,000 out of a population of 2 million.
In 1965 the Irish minister for lands stated that his policies were necessary to "undo the work of Cromwell"; circa 1997, Taoiseach Bertie Ahern demanded that a portrait of Cromwell be removed from a room in the Foreign Office before he began a meeting with Robin Cook.
Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650 and several months later invaded Scotland after the Scots had proclaimed Charles I's son Charles II as King. Cromwell was much less hostile to Scottish Presbyterians, some of whom had been his allies in the First English Civil War, than he was to Irish Catholics. He described the Scots as a people "fearing His [God's] name, though deceived". He made a famous appeal to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, urging them to see the error of the royal alliance—"I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken." The Scots' reply was robust: "would you have us to be sceptics in our religion?" This decision to negotiate with Charles II led Cromwell to believe that war was necessary.
His appeal rejected, Cromwell's veteran troops went on to invade Scotland. At first, the campaign went badly, as Cromwell's men were short of supplies and held up at fortifications manned by Scottish troops under David Leslie. Sickness began to spread in the ranks. Cromwell was on the brink of evacuating his army by sea from Dunbar. However, on 3 September 1650, unexpectedly, Cromwell smashed the main Scottish army at the Battle of Dunbar, killing 4,000 Scottish soldiers, taking another 10,000 prisoner, and then capturing the Scottish capital of Edinburgh. The victory was of such a magnitude that Cromwell called it "A high act of the Lord's Providence to us [and] one of the most signal mercies God hath done for England and His people".
The following year, Charles II and his Scottish allies made a desperate attempt to invade England and capture London while Cromwell was engaged in Scotland. Cromwell followed them south and caught them at Worcester on 3 September 1651, and his forces destroyed the last major Scottish Royalist army at the Battle of Worcester. Charles II barely escaped capture and fled to exile in France and the Netherlands, where he remained until 1660.
To fight the battle, Cromwell organised an envelopment followed by a multi-pronged coordinated attack on Worcester, his forces attacking from three directions with two rivers partitioning them. He switched his reserves from one side of the river Severn to the other and then back again. The editor of the Great Rebellion article of the Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh edition) notes that Worcester was a battle of manoeuvre compared to the early Civil War Battle of Turnham Green, which the English parliamentary armies were unable to execute at the start of the war, and he suggests that it was a prototype for the Battle of Sedan (1870).
In the final stages of the Scottish campaign, Cromwell's men under George Monck sacked Dundee, killing up to 1,000 men and 140 women and children. Scotland was ruled from England during the Commonwealth and was kept under military occupation, with a line of fortifications sealing off the Highlands which had provided manpower for Royalist armies in Scotland. The northwest Highlands was the scene of another pro-royalist uprising in 1653–55, which was put down with deployment of 6,000 English troops there. Presbyterianism was allowed to be practised as before, but the Kirk (the Scottish church) did not have the backing of the civil courts to impose its rulings, as it had previously.
Cromwell was away on campaign from the middle of 1649 until 1651, and the various factions in Parliament began to fight amongst themselves with the King gone as their "common cause". Cromwell tried to galvanise the Rump into setting dates for new elections, uniting the three kingdoms under one polity, and to put in place a broad-brush, tolerant national church. However, the Rump vacillated in setting election dates, although it put in place a basic liberty of conscience, but it failed to produce an alternative for tithes or to dismantle other aspects of the existing religious settlement. In frustration, Cromwell demanded that the Rump establish a caretaker government in April 1653 of 40 members drawn from the Rump and the army, and then abdicate; but the Rump returned to debating its own bill for a new government. Cromwell was so angered by this that he cleared the chamber and dissolved the Parliament by force on 20 April 1653, supported by about 40 musketeers. Several accounts exist of this incident; in one, Cromwell is supposed to have said "you are no Parliament, I say you are no Parliament; I will put an end to your sitting". At least two accounts agree that he snatched up the ceremonial mace, symbol of Parliament's power, and demanded that the "bauble" be taken away. His troops were commanded by Charles Worsley, later one of his Major Generals and one of his most trusted advisors, to whom he entrusted the mace.
After the dissolution of the Rump, power passed temporarily to a council that debated what form the constitution should take. They took up the suggestion of Major-General Thomas Harrison for a "sanhedrin" of saints. Although Cromwell did not subscribe to Harrison's apocalyptic, Fifth Monarchist beliefs—which saw a sanhedrin as the starting point for Christ's rule on earth—he was attracted by the idea of an assembly made up of men chosen for their religious credentials. In his speech at the opening of the assembly on 4 July 1653, Cromwell thanked God's providence that he believed had brought England to this point and set out their divine mission: "truly God hath called you to this work by, I think, as wonderful providences as ever passed upon the sons of men in so short a time." The Nominated Assembly, sometimes known as the Parliament of Saints, or more commonly and denigratingly called Barebone's Parliament after one of its members, Praise-God Barebone. The assembly was tasked with finding a permanent constitutional and religious settlement (Cromwell was invited to be a member but declined). However, the revelation that a considerably larger segment of the membership than had been believed were the radical Fifth Monarchists led to its members voting to dissolve it on 12 December 1653, out of fear of what the radicals might do if they took control of the Assembly.
After the dissolution of the Barebones Parliament, John Lambert put forward a new constitution known as the Instrument of Government, closely modelled on the Heads of Proposals. It made Cromwell Lord Protector for life to undertake "the chief magistracy and the administration of government". Cromwell was sworn in as Lord Protector on 16 December 1653, with a ceremony in which he wore plain black clothing, rather than any monarchical regalia. However, from this point on Cromwell signed his name 'Oliver P', the P being an abbreviation for Protector, which was similar to the style of monarchs who used an R to mean Rex or Regina, and it soon became the norm for others to address him as "Your Highness". As Protector, he had the power to call and dissolve parliaments but was obliged under the Instrument to seek the majority vote of a Council of State. Nevertheless, Cromwell's power was buttressed by his continuing popularity among the army. As the Lord Protector he was paid £100,000 a year.
Cromwell had two key objectives as Lord Protector. The first was "healing and settling" the nation after the chaos of the civil wars and the regicide, which meant establishing a stable form for the new government to take. Although Cromwell declared to the first Protectorate Parliament that, "Government by one man and a parliament is fundamental," in practice social priorities took precedence over forms of government. Such forms were, he said, "but ... dross and dung in comparison of Christ". The social priorities did not, despite the revolutionary nature of the government, include any meaningful attempt to reform the social order. Cromwell declared, "A nobleman, a gentleman, a yeoman; the distinction of these: that is a good interest of the nation, and a great one!", Small-scale reform such as that carried out on the judicial system were outweighed by attempts to restore order to English politics. Direct taxation was reduced slightly and peace was made with the Dutch, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War.
England's American colonies in this period consisted of the New England Confederation, the Providence Plantation, the Virginia Colony and the Maryland Colony. Cromwell soon secured the submission of these and largely left them to their own affairs, intervening only to curb his fellow Puritans who were usurping control over the Maryland Colony at the Battle of the Severn, by his confirming the former Catholic proprietorship and edict of tolerance there. Of all the English dominions, Virginia was the most resentful of Cromwell's rule, and Cavalier emigration there mushroomed during the Protectorate.
Cromwell famously stressed the quest to restore order in his speech to the first Protectorate parliament at its inaugural meeting on 3 September 1654. He declared that "healing and settling" were the "great end of your meeting". However, the Parliament was quickly dominated by those pushing for more radical, properly republican reforms. After some initial gestures approving appointments previously made by Cromwell, the Parliament began to work on a radical programme of constitutional reform. Rather than opposing Parliament's bill, Cromwell dissolved them on 22 January 1655. The First Protectorate Parliament had a property franchise of £200 per annum in real or personal property value set as the minimum value in which a male adult was to possess before he was eligible to vote for the representatives from the counties or shires in the House of Commons. The House of Commons representatives from the boroughs were elected by the burgesses or those borough residents who had the right to vote in municipal elections, and by the aldermen and councilors of the boroughs.
Cromwell's signature before becoming Lord Protector in 1653, and afterwards. 'Oliver P', standing for Oliver Protector, similar in style to English monarchs who signed their names as, for example, 'Elizabeth R' standing for Elizabeth Regina.
Cromwell's second objective was spiritual and moral reform. He aimed to restore liberty of conscience and promote both outward and inward godliness throughout England. During the early months of the Protectorate, a set of "triers" was established to assess the suitability of future parish ministers, and a related set of "ejectors" was set up to dismiss ministers and schoolmasters who were deemed unsuitable for office. The triers and the ejectors were intended to be at the vanguard of Cromwell's reform of parish worship. This second objective is also the context in which to see the constitutional experiment of the Major Generals that followed the dissolution of the first Protectorate Parliament. After a royalist uprising in March 1655, led by Sir John Penruddock, Cromwell (influenced by Lambert) divided England into military districts ruled by Army Major Generals who answered only to him. The 15 major generals and deputy major generals—called "godly governors"—were central not only to national security, but Cromwell's crusade to reform the nation's morals. The generals not only supervised militia forces and security commissions, but collected taxes and ensured support for the government in the English and Welsh provinces. Commissioners for securing the peace of the commonwealth were appointed to work with them in every county. While a few of these commissioners were career politicians, most were zealous puritans who welcomed the major-generals with open arms and embraced their work with enthusiasm. However, the major-generals lasted less than a year. Many feared they threatened their reform efforts and authority. Their position was further harmed by a tax proposal by Major General John Desborough to provide financial backing for their work, which the second Protectorate parliament—instated in September 1656—voted down for fear of a permanent military state. Ultimately, however, Cromwell's failure to support his men, sacrificing them to his opponents, caused their demise. Their activities between November 1655 and September 1656 had, however, reopened the wounds of the 1640s and deepened antipathies to the regime.
As Lord Protector, Cromwell was aware of the Jewish community's involvement in the economics of the Netherlands, now England's leading commercial rival. It was this—allied to Cromwell's tolerance of the right to private worship of those who fell outside Puritanism—that led to his encouraging Jews to return to England in 1657, over 350 years after their banishment by Edward I, in the hope that they would help speed up the recovery of the country after the disruption of the Civil Wars. There was a longer-term motive for Cromwell's decision to allow the Jews to return to England, and that was the hope that they would convert to Christianity and therefore hasten the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, ultimately based on Matthew 23:37–39 and Romans 11. At the Whitehall conference of December 1655 he quoted from St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans 10:12–15 on the need to send Christian preachers to the Jews. William Prynne the Presbyterian, in contrast to Cromwell the Congregationalist, was strongly opposed to the latter's pro-Jewish policy.
On 23 March 1657 the Protectorate signed the Treaty of Paris with Louis XIV against Spain. Cromwell pledged to supply France with 6,000 troops and war ships. In accordance with the terms of the treaty, Mardyck and Dunkirk – a base for privateers and commerce raiders attacking English merchant shipping – were ceded to England.
In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement, presenting him with a dilemma since he had been "instrumental" in abolishing the monarchy. Cromwell agonised for six weeks over the offer. He was attracted by the prospect of stability it held out, but in a speech on 13 April 1657 he made clear that God's providence had spoken against the office of King: "I would not seek to set up that which Providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust, and I would not build Jericho again". The reference to Jericho harks back to a previous occasion on which Cromwell had wrestled with his conscience when the news reached England of the defeat of an expedition against the Spanish-held island of Hispaniola in the West Indies in 1655—comparing himself to Achan, who had brought the Israelites defeat after bringing plunder back to camp after the capture of Jericho. Instead, Cromwell was ceremonially re-installed as Lord Protector on 26 June 1657 at Westminster Hall, sitting upon King Edward's Chair, which was moved specially from Westminster Abbey for the occasion. The event in part echoed a coronation, using many of its symbols and regalia, such as a purple ermine-lined robe, a sword of justice and a sceptre (but not a crown or an orb). But, most notably, the office of Lord Protector was still not to become hereditary, though Cromwell was now able to nominate his own successor. Cromwell's new rights and powers were laid out in the Humble Petition and Advice, a legislative instrument which replaced the Instrument of Government. Despite failing to restore the Crown, this new constitution did set up many of the vestiges of the ancient constitution including a house of life peers (in place of the House of Lords). In the Humble Petition it was called the Other House as the Commons could not agree on a suitable name. Furthermore, Oliver Cromwell increasingly took on more of the trappings of monarchy. In particular, he created three peerages after the acceptance of the Humble Petition and Advice: Charles Howard was made Viscount Morpeth and Baron Gisland in July 1657 and Edmund Dunch was created Baron Burnell of East Wittenham in April 1658.
Cromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria and from "stone", a common term for urinary and kidney infections. In 1658, he was struck by a sudden bout of malarial fever, followed directly by illness symptomatic of a urinary or kidney complaint. The Venetian ambassador wrote regular dispatches to the Doge of Venice in which he included details of Cromwell's final illness, and he was suspicious of the rapidity of his death. The decline may have been hastened by the death of his daughter Elizabeth Claypole in August. He died at age 59 at Whitehall on Friday 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester. The most likely cause was septicaemia following his urinary infection. He was buried with great ceremony, with an elaborate funeral at Westminster Abbey based on that of James I, his daughter Elizabeth also being buried there.
He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard. Richard had no power base in Parliament or the Army and was forced to resign in May 1659, ending the Protectorate. There was no clear leadership from the various factions that jostled for power during the reinstated Commonwealth, so George Monck was able to march on London at the head of New Model Army regiments and restore the Long Parliament. Under Monck's watchful eye, the necessary constitutional adjustments were made so that Charles II could be invited back from exile in 1660 to be King under a restored monarchy.
Cromwell's body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey on 30 January 1661, the 12th anniversary of the execution of Charles I, and was subjected to a posthumous execution, as were the remains of Robert Blake, John Bradshaw, and Henry Ireton. (The body of Cromwell's daughter was allowed to remain buried in the Abbey.) His body was hanged in chains at Tyburn, London and then thrown into a pit. His head was cut off and displayed on a pole outside Westminster Hall until 1685. Afterwards, it was owned by various people, including a documented sale in 1814 to Josiah Henry Wilkinson, and it was publicly exhibited several times before being buried beneath the floor of the antechapel at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in 1960. The exact position was not publicly disclosed, but a plaque marks the approximate location.
The Cromwell vault was later used as a burial place for Charles II's illegitimate descendants. In Westminster Abbey, the site of Cromwell's burial was marked during the 19th century by a floor stone in what is now the RAF Chapel reading: "The burial place of Oliver Cromwell 1658–1661".
During his lifetime, some tracts painted Cromwell as a hypocrite motivated by power. For example, The Machiavilian Cromwell and The Juglers Discovered are parts of an attack on Cromwell by the Levellers after 1647, and both present him as a Machiavellian figure. John Spittlehouse presented a more positive assessment in A Warning Piece Discharged, comparing him to Moses rescuing the English by taking them safely through the Red Sea of the civil wars. Poet John Milton called Cromwell "our chief of men" in his Sonnet XVI.
Several biographies were published soon after Cromwell's death. An example is The Perfect Politician, which describes how Cromwell "loved men more than books" and provides a nuanced assessment of him as an energetic campaigner for liberty of conscience who is brought down by pride and ambition. An equally nuanced but less positive assessment was published in 1667 by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon in his History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. Clarendon famously declares that Cromwell "will be looked upon by posterity as a brave bad man". He argues that Cromwell's rise to power had been helped by his great spirit and energy, but also by his ruthlessness. Clarendon was not one of Cromwell's confidantes, and his account was written after the Restoration of the monarchy.
During the early 18th century, Cromwell's image began to be adopted and reshaped by the Whigs as part of a wider project to give their political objectives historical legitimacy. John Toland rewrote Edmund Ludlow's Memoirs in order to remove the Puritan elements and replace them with a Whiggish brand of republicanism, and it presents the Cromwellian Protectorate as a military tyranny. Through Ludlow, Toland portrayed Cromwell as a despot who crushed the beginnings of democratic rule in the 1640s.
During the early 19th century, Cromwell began to be portrayed in a positive light by Romantic artists and poets. Thomas Carlyle continued this reassessment in the 1840s, publishing an annotated collection of his letters and speeches, and describing English Puritanism as "the last of all our Heroisms" while taking a negative view of his own era. By the late 19th century, Carlyle's portrayal of Cromwell had become assimilated into Whig and Liberal historiography, stressing the centrality of puritan morality and earnestness. Oxford civil war historian Samuel Rawson Gardiner concluded that "the man—it is ever so with the noblest—was greater than his work". Gardiner stressed Cromwell's dynamic and mercurial character, and his role in dismantling absolute monarchy, while underestimating Cromwell's religious conviction. Cromwell's foreign policy also provided an attractive forerunner of Victorian imperial expansion, with Gardiner stressing his "constancy of effort to make England great by land and sea".
During the first half of the 20th century, Cromwell's reputation was often influenced by the rise of fascism in Nazi Germany and in Italy. Harvard historian Wilbur Cortez Abbott, for example, devoted much of his career to compiling and editing a multi-volume collection of Cromwell's letters and speeches, published between 1937 and 1947. Abbott argues that Cromwell was a proto-fascist. However, subsequent historians such as John Morrill have criticised both Abbott's interpretation of Cromwell and his editorial approach.
Late 20th-century historians re-examined the nature of Cromwell's faith and of his authoritarian regime. Austin Woolrych explored the issue of "dictatorship" in depth, arguing that Cromwell was subject to two conflicting forces: his obligation to the army and his desire to achieve a lasting settlement by winning back the confidence of the nation as a whole. He argued that the dictatorial elements of Cromwell's rule stemmed less from its military origin or the participation of army officers in civil government than from his constant commitment to the interest of the people of God and his conviction that suppressing vice and encouraging virtue constituted the chief end of government. Historians such as John Morrill, Blair Worden, and J. C. Davis have developed this theme, revealing the extent to which Cromwell's writing and speeches are suffused with biblical references, and arguing that his radical actions were driven by his zeal for godly reformation.
In 1776, one of the first ships commissioned to serve in the American Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War was named Oliver Cromwell.
19th-century engineer Sir Richard Tangye was a noted Cromwell enthusiast and collector of Cromwell manuscripts and memorabilia. His collection included many rare manuscripts and printed books, medals, paintings, objects d'art, and a bizarre assemblage of "relics". This includes Cromwell's Bible, button, coffin plate, death mask, and funeral escutcheon. On Tangye's death, the entire collection was donated to the Museum of London, where it can still be seen.
In 1875, a statue of Cromwell by Matthew Noble was erected in Manchester outside the Manchester Cathedral, a gift to the city by Abel Heywood in memory of her first husband. It was the first large-scale statue to be erected in the open in England and was a realistic likeness, based on the painting by Peter Lely and showing Cromwell in battledress with drawn sword and leather body armour. It was unpopular with local Conservatives and the large Irish immigrant population. Queen Victoria was invited to open the new Manchester Town Hall, and she allegedly consented on the condition that the statue be removed. The statue remained, Victoria declined, and the town hall was opened by the Lord Mayor. During the 1980s, the statue was relocated outside Wythenshawe Hall, which had been occupied by Cromwell's troops.
During the 1890s, Parliamentary plans turned controversial to erect a statue of Cromwell outside Parliament. Pressure from the Irish Nationalist Party forced the withdrawal of a motion to seek public funding for the project; the statue was eventually erected but it had to be funded privately by Lord Rosebery.
Cromwell controversy continued into the 20th century. Winston Churchill was First Lord of the Admiralty before World War I, and he twice suggested naming a British battleship HMS Oliver Cromwell. The suggestion was vetoed by King George V because of his personal feelings and because he felt that it was unwise to give such a name to an expensive warship at a time of Irish political unrest, especially given the anger caused by the statue outside Parliament. Churchill was eventually told by First Sea Lord Admiral Battenberg that the King's decision must be treated as final. The Cromwell Tank was a British medium weight tank first used in 1944, and a steam locomotive built by British Railways in 1951 was the BR Standard Class 7 70013 Oliver Cromwell.
^ Dates in this article are according to the Julian calendar in force in England during Cromwell's lifetime; however, years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year. The Gregorian calendar counterparts are: born 5 May 1599; died 13 September 1658 (see Old Style and New Style dates).
^ Morrill, John (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 April 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Sharp 2003, p. 60.
^ Churchill 1956, p. 314.
^ Trotsky, Leon. "Two traditions: the seventeenth-century revolution and Chartism". marxists.anu.edu.au. Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 17 July 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
^ "Ten greatest Britons chosen". BBC. 20 October 2002. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
^ David Plant. "Oliver Cromwell 1599–1658". British-civil-wars.co.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
^ Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament, 4 September 1654, (Roots 1989, p. 42).
^ "Cromwell, Oliver (CRML616O)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ a b Antonia Fraser, Cromwell: Our Chief of Men (1973), ISBN 0-297-76556-6, p. 24.
^ "Cromwell's family". The Cromwell Association. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ a b c d e f "Oliver Cromwell". British Civil Wars Project. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ David Plant. "1643: Civil War in Lincolnshire". British-civil-wars.co.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
^ "Fenland riots". www.elystandard.co.uk. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
^ Cromwell: Our Chief of Men, by Antonia Fraser, London 1973, ISBN 0297765566, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, pp. 120–129.
^ "The Battle of Marston Moor". British Civil Wars. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "Sermons of Rev Martin Camoux: Oliver Cromwell". Archived from the original on 16 May 2009.
^ "A Survey of the Spirituall Antichrist Opening the Secrets of Familisme and Antinomianisme in the Antichristian Doctrine of John Saltmarsh and Will. del, the Present Preachers of the Army Now in England, and of Robert Town".
^ Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as a soldier, in Morrill, pp.117–118.
^ "A lasting place in history". Saffron Walden Reporter. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ Woolrych, Austin (1987). Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates (Clarendon Press), ISBN 0-19-822752-3, ch. 2–5.
^ See The Levellers: The Putney Debates, Texts selected and annotated by Philip Baker, Introduction by Geoffrey Robertson QC. London and New York: Verso, 2007.
^ "Spartacus: Rowland Laugharne at Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk". Archived from the original on 25 October 2008.
^ "Death Warrant of King Charles I". UK Parliament. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ Hart, Ben. "Oliver Cromwell Destroys the "Divine Right of Kings"". Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ "The Regicides". The Brish Civil wars Project. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ David Plant (14 December 2005). "The Levellers". British-civil-wars.co.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
^ Cromwell, Oliver (1846). Thomas Carlyle, ed. "Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations". William H. Colyer. p. 128. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ "Act for the Settlement of Ireland, 12 August 1652, Henry Scobell, ii. 197. See Commonwealth and Protectorate, iv. 82-5". the Constitution Society. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
^ Carlyle, Thomas (1897). "Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches II: Letters from Ireland, 1649 and 1650". Chapman and Hall Ltd, London. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as soldier, in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman), ISBN 0-582-01675-4, p. 112: "viewed in the context of the German wars that had just ended after thirty years of fighting, the massacres at Drogheda and Wexford shrink to typical casualties of seventeenth-century warfare".
^ The Thirty Years War (1618–48) 7 500 000: "R.J. Rummel: 11.5M total deaths in the war (half democides)"
^ Woolrych, Austin (1990). Cromwell as soldier, p. 111; Gaunt, p. 117.
^ "Eugene Coyle. Review of Cromwell—An Honourable Enemy. History Ireland". Archived from the original on 21 February 2001.
Alan Axelrod (2002). Profiles in Leadership, Prentice-Hall. 2002. Page 122. "As a leader Cromwell was entirely unyielding. He was willing to act on his beliefs, even if this meant killing the King and perpetrating, against the Irish, something very nearly approaching genocide"
Morrill, John (December 2003). "Rewriting Cromwell—A Case of Deafening Silences". Canadian Journal of History. University of Toronto Press. 38 (3). Retrieved 23 June 2015. Of course, this has never been the Irish view of Cromwell. Most Irish remember him as the man responsible for the mass slaughter of civilians at Drogheda and Wexford and as the agent of the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in Western Europe as, within a decade, the percentage of land possessed by Catholics born in Ireland dropped from sixty to twenty. In a decade, the ownership of two-fifths of the land mass was transferred from several thousand Irish Catholic landowners to British Protestants. The gap between Irish and the English views of the seventeenth-century conquest remains unbridgeable and is governed by G.K. Chesterton's mirthless epigram of 1917, that 'it was a tragic necessity that the Irish should remember it; but it was far more tragic that the English forgot it'.
Mark Levene (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: Volume 2. ISBN 978-1-84511-057-4 Page 55, 56 & 57. A sample quote describes the Cromwellian campaign and settlement as "a conscious attempt to reduce a distinct ethnic population".
^ Faolain, Turlough (1983). Blood On The Harp. p. 191. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ O' Connell, Daniel (1828). A collection of speeches spoken by ... on subjects connected with the catholic question. p. 317. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ Patrick, Brantlinger. Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800-1930. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ Dregne, Lukas. "Just Warfare, or Genocide?: Oliver Cromwell and the Siege of Drogheda". University of Montana. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ Cunningham, John. "Conquest and Land in Ireland". Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
^ "Charles Worsley". British Civil Wars Project. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ Roots 1989, pp. 8–27.
^ Woolrych, Austin (1982). Commonwealth to Protectorate (Clarendon Press), ISBN 0-19-822659-4, ch.5–10.
^ "Cromwell, At the Opening of Parliament Under the Protectorate (1654)". Strecorsoc.org. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
^ "First Anglo-Dutch War". British Civil Wars project. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ Fischer, David Hackett (1991) . "The South of England to Virginia: Distressed Cavaliers and Indentured Servants, 1642–75". Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 219–220. ISBN 9780195069051.
^ Coulton, Barbara. "Cromwell and the 'readmission' of the Jews to England, 1656" (PDF). The Cromwell Association. Lancaster University. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
^ McMains 2015, p. 75.
^ Rutt 1828, pp. 516–530.
^ a b "Cromwell's head". Cambridge County Council. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 March 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
^ "MONCK, George (1608-70), of Potheridge, Merton, Devon. - History of Parliament Online". Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ Terri Schlichenmeyer (21 August 2007). "Missing body parts of famous people". CNN. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
^ a b Larson, Frances (August 2014). "Severance Package". Readings. Harper's Magazine. Harper's Magazine Foundation. 329 (1971): 22–5.
^ Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Diary entries from October 1664. Thursday 13 October 1664. Retrieved 4 August 2017. When I told him of what I found writ in a French book of one Monsieur Sorbiere, that gives an account of his observations herein England; among other things he says, that it is reported that Cromwell did, in his life-time, transpose many of the bodies of the Kings of England from one grave to another, and that by that means it is not known certainly whether the head that is now set up upon a post be that of Cromwell, or of one of the Kings.
^ "Westminster Abbey reveals Cromwell's original grave". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ "Westminster Abbey site: Oliver Cromwell".
^ "RPO - John Milton : Sonnet XVI: To the Lord General Cromwell". Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ Carlyle, Thomas (December 1843). Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches (PDF).
^ "Death of Sir Richard Tangye" (PDF). New York Times. 15 October 1906. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
^ "War websites". Channel4. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
^ "Greater Manchester Photographic Memories". Francis Frith. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ "Oliver Cromwell". Public Monument and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
^ Moss, John. "Manchester during the Reformation, Oliver Cromwell & the English Civil Wars". Manchester2002-uk.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ "STATUE OF OLIVER CROMWELL". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 25 April 1899. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ "The Cromwell Statue at Westminster – Icons of England". Icons.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ Kenneth Rose, King George V, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984, p. 160-61. The King also vetoed the name HMS "Pitt", as sailors might give the ship a nickname based on its rhyming with a "vulgar and ill-conditioned word".
^ "Cromwell Mark I". On war. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ National Railway Museum (May 2004). "Oliver Cromwell on the move again!" (Press release). Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
^ Comerford, Patrick (6 July 2009). "Is Cromwell's head buried in Sidney Sussex Chapel?". Patrick Comerford: my thoughts on Anglicanism, theology, spirituality, history, architecture, travel, poetry and beach walks. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Davies, Godfrey (1959). The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660 Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-821704-8. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
"Archival material relating to Oliver Cromwell". UK National Archives.
Vallely, Paul. The Big Question: Was Cromwell a revolutionary hero or a genocidal war criminal?, The Independent 4 September 2008.
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0.998852 |
In January 1992, while at a formal dinner in Japan, then president George Bush became ill, vomiting on the Prime Minister of Japan, Kiichi Miyazawa, then fainting. Earlier in the evening, Bush had told his physician he was feeling unwellThis all happened at a presidential news conference and dinner in Tokyo. It was later famously parodied by Dana Carvey on Saturday Night Live.
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0.934665 |
Can parents be too overprotective in raising their children?
Many schoolteachers across North America are already reporting being overwhelmed by overprotective parents who seem disinclined to let their children fight their own battles. But reports out of Asia suggest that things could be worse. Much worse.
Years after Amy Chua first introduced the concept of the "tiger mother" and the draconian parenting practices that supposedly helped children excel, much of Asia is now experiencing the rise of "monster parents" and the terror they bring to their children's teachers. Taken from a Japanese term for irrational parenting, monster parents are known for their bizarre blend of authoritarianism and overprotectiveness in raising their children. According to one writer, "monster parents wrap their children in cotton wool and cannot countenance criticism of their progeny."
1. A need to control their children (regardless of age). They shift the responsibility of their children back to themselves, not giving them autonomy and hence discouraging their thinking abilities.
2. Forcing their children to do things that they don’t really like, like taking classes in different subjects or socializing with others, depriving them of their childhood.
3. Viewing academic results before anything else. If the results are good, parents praise them. But if bad, they attribute the poor results to external factors such as the quality of the school, the quality of the teachers, cheating by other students, or the negative effect of "other" students who are considered to be disruptive.
4. They tend to think their children are right in everything they do, even if it's something that's not socially appropriate. These parents may look down on children and parents from other backgrounds who are regarded as inferior or undeserving of the same educational opportunities as their own children.
According to Japanese sociologists, the rise of monster parents (at least in Japan) is directly linked to the sharp decline in the birth rate in recent years. This motivates parents more than ever to provide their children with the best possible upbringing by demanding that their opinions on education be heard and followed. Along with Japan, Hong Kong and other regions plagued by low birthrates are seeing more monster parents than ever.
In Hong Kong especially, the competition for placement in private kindergartens and preschools remains fierce. Many parents begin preparing their children almost from birth to excel in academic settings. There is often competition for the "best" playgroups in which to place their toddlers and continues all the way through preschool and beyond.
Even when their children are placed in first-class schools, this need for control means constant monitoring of their child's progress. One of the best methods that monster parents have for controlling how their children are educated is through constant complaints to teachers and school boards which can continue all the way from preschool through to university.
In one recent news story about monster parents, a woman described how she had her four-year-old son attend soccer class on Mondays, piano and violin on Thursdays, extra English and maths on Thursdays and Fridays and music on Saturdays. She was also considering Mandarin and swimming, and all this on top of kindergarten. While this case may be extreme, there is an entire industry that has sprung up to help parents provide their children with enriched educational opportunities.
As the competition becomes more intense, many parents lacking the luxury of emigrating somewhere more congenial have no choice but to embrace their inner monster parent to ensure their children have the best education available. That this means more financial strain for lower-income families who find it harder to compete is just adding to the problem.
The tension over having children succeed is especially evident in places like Hong Kong which only have a limited number of spots for university. As a result, families are forced to either arrange for their children to study abroad or to emigrate themselves to give their children better opportunities elsewhere. But this isn't an option for everyone, hence the pressure on parents and students to excel in academics above all else.
To add to this tension for Hong Kong parents, they are also facing competition from "cross-border students" coming from other parts of China to fill valuable university spots once reserved for Hong Kong students alone. Though groups such as the Hong Kong's Progressive Teachers' Alliance are calling for greater flexibility and less competitiveness for parents and children, coming up with better alternatives won't be easy, especially while competing with the millions of university-age students in China pushing to enter university there.
But is monster parenting limited to Asian cultures? Just about any schoolteacher in North America can describe harrowing encounters with parents determined to root out anything that might get in the way of their children's education. Here, they are more commonly known as "helicopter parents" (because they "hover" over every aspect of their child's life) and the long-term psychological effects on their children seem to be as profound as what is being reported in Hong Kong and Japan.
For many parents however, watching over their children simply makes good economic sense given the enormous financial costs associated with seeing a child through university. Many families find that university tuition represents the single greatest expense they might have and, like all good investments, this means careful monitoring of every detail to ensure their money is being properly spent.
There are other drawbacks as well given the pressure children experience to meet unrealistic expectations. They also face constant pressure to pass examinations and get good grades, something that many schools encourage as well. It is hardly surprising that suicide and non-suicidal self-injury is rising among many young people.
In warning about the problems associated with overparenting, Doctor Deborah Gilboa, founder of AskDoctorG.com, points out that many parents have difficulty keeping a proper perspective about what their children really need. "The problem is that, once parenting becomes governed by fear and decisions based on what might happen, it is hard to keep in mind all the things kids learn when we are not right next to them or guiding each step," she explains. "Failure and challenges teach kids new skills, and, most important, teach kids that they can handle failure and challenges."
Ultimately, parents need to accept that their children need to struggle in order to develop the self-esteem and life skills they will need as adults. As Doctor Gilboa suggests, "Remembering to look for opportunities to take one step back from solving our child's problems will help us build the reliant, self-confident kids we need."
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0.999992 |
What variation in writing style was used by the man known for the quote, “Let no man who is not a mathematician read the elements of my work"?
Search [academy survived 900 years] to find Plato. Search [Plato Raphael painting] to find that it was the School of Athens, an educational institution that lasted for 900 years until it was closed by the emperor Justinian on the grounds that it was pagan.
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0.996839 |
There is a large community of Java developers in Vietnam. This article talks in detail about the hiring of Java developers in Vietnam.
Java is common in desktop, web and Android applications. It can also be found in embedded software, robotics and Big Data. As a result, Java is found everywhere, including huge platforms like Amazon, Ebay and Twitter.
Java is intended to be WORA (write once, run anywhere). This is achieved by compiling into an intermediate language called bytecode, which runs in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This allows applications written in Java to be platform-independent.
Java is a multi-paradigm programming language, that can support functional, procedural and object-oriented programming.
Java is multi-threaded, allowing tasks to be completed simultaneously.
Java supports stack allocation of memory, providing another option to heap allocation. This has speed benefits.
Java has security benefits, as it reduces the likelihood of mistakes that lead to security flaws.
Note that other languages will run in the Java Virtual Machine and it has been suggested that Java’s importance will decline. However, despite the emergence of Kotlin, Scala and others, Java remains a very popular programming language. Java frameworks, libraries and the ecosystem will remain well into the future.
What does a Java Developer do and know?
Java developers are responsible for the development and management of Java-based applications. Their responsibilities will be related to development, testing, deployment, maintenance and improvement. More experienced Java developers may also have input into architecture or project management.
Java developers should be strong in Java and several web frameworks (such as JSP, JSF, SpringMVC, Struts or Servlets). They’ll also have experience in DI frameworks like Spring, and ORM frameworks like Hibernate. They should be familiar with relational and non-relational databases. Related infrastructure technologies (such as ElasticSearch, Redis) are also important for effective searching, caching, logging and other functions. A range of DevOps tools are also useful.
Java developers are abundant in Vietnam, with a similar level of availability as PHP, .NET and C/C# developers. There is a range of experience available from junior to senior developers.
Most Java developers in Vietnam have experience with later versions of Java, including J2EE / J2SE. Java Developers will generally have experience with IDEs such as Eclipse and NetBeans, and with frameworks such as Servlets and/or Spring. Most developers will have experience with web / applications servers like TomCat, Wildfly, WebSphere or WebLogic.
They’ll also have skills in database design and programming (including MySQL and SQL, or their alternatives), often extending to Object Relational Mapping tools like Hibernate.
Some Java developers will have experience with UI frameworks like SpringBoot. Senior profiles may also have experience with Docker, Jenkins, Maven, Selenium and other helpful tools for developers.
Java developers in Vietnam will generally have experience with GIT and/or SVN. They are also likely to have experience with Agile.
There are a range of considerations if you’re looking to build a hire a Java developer or a team of Java developers in Vietnam.
The gross monthly salary range of a senior developer will rarely exceed $1,300 – $2,500 USD.
However, salary expectations can be highly variable. Applicants will consider the attractiveness of the project or the company, the career progression opportunities, and the working location. A premium may be paid for high levels of English or value-adding capabilities like project management, team leadership or software architecture.
Remember that salaries in Vietnam are subject to taxation and social insurance. There is also an expectation of a bonus for Lunar New Year and a range of employment benefits.
There is a large pool of Java developers in Vietnam. Various job listing sites exist, including ITViec and Stack Overflow.
What about the career path? Is training offered?
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0.964194 |
Romania (/roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen) ro-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the southeast, Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, and Moldova to the east. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate. With a total area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi), Romania is the 12th largest country and also the 7th most populous member state of the European Union, having almost 20 million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași, Constanța, Craiova, and Brașov.
The River Danube, Europe's second-longest river, rises in Germany's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km (1,775 mi), coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest, include Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of 2,544 m (8,346 ft).
The Republic of Moldova is the most common country of origin of foreign-born residents in Romania.
Romania has recently experienced a growing wave of immigration, mostly from the Republic of Moldova, Turkey, Italy, Spain, China, and Vietnam, but also from North Africa, the Middle East, and the former Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent other parts of the world. In 2013, there were 198,839 immigrants living in Romania, of which 13,000 were refugees. Immigration is expected to increase in the future, as large numbers of Romanian workers leave the country and are being replaced by foreigners.
The Kingdom of Romania was neutral for the first two years of World War I, entering on the side of the Allied powers from 27 August 1916 until Central Power occupation led to the Treaty of Bucharest in May 1918, before reentering the war on 10 November 1918.
It had the most significant oil fields in Europe, and Germany eagerly bought its petroleum, as well as food exports. King Carol favored Germany but after his death in 1914, King Ferdinand and the nation's political elite favored the Entente. For Romania, the highest priority was taking Transylvania from Hungary, with its 3,000,000 Romanians. The Allies wanted Romania to join its side in order to cut the rail communications between Germany and Turkey, and to cut off Germany's oil supplies. Britain made loans, France sent a military training mission, and Russia promised modern munitions. The Allies promised at least 200,000 soldiers to defend Romania against Bulgaria to the south, and help it invade Austria.
In the Romantic era, the concept of a national state emerged among the Romanians, as among many other peoples of Europe and a "national awakening" began. Defining their nation against the nearby Slavs, Germans, and Hungarians, the nationalist Romanians looked for models of nationality in the other Latin countries, notably France.
About 10.5% of Romania's population is represented by minorities (the rest of 89.5% being Romanians). The principal minorities in Romania are Hungarians (Szeklers, Csangos, and Magyars; especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Romani people, with a declining German population (in Timiș, Sibiu, Brașov) and smaller numbers of Poles in Bukovina (Austria-Hungary attracted Polish miners, who settled there from the Kraków region in contemporary Poland during the 19th century), Serbs, Croats, Slovaks and Banat Bulgarians (in Banat), Ukrainians (in Maramureș and Bukovina), Greeks (Brăila, Constanța), Jews (Wallachia, Bucharest), Turks and Tatars (in Constanța), Armenians, Russians (Lippovans, in Tulcea), Afro-Romanians and others.
The Romanian Academy (Romanian: Academia Română) is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 acting members who are elected for life.
Romania's administration is relatively centralized and administrative subdivisions are therefore fairly simplified.
According to National Tourism Statistics 15.7 million domestic and foreign tourists stayed in overnight accommodations in 2018. Of these 2.2 million are recorded as foreign tourists.
Osk, Rapid and CFR Cluj, each of whom had mixed European success. Romania is one of only four national teams from Europe that took part in the first World Cup in 1930. The Romania national football team has taken part in seven FIFA World Cups and had its most successful run during the 1990s, when they reached the quarterfinals of the 1994 FIFA World Cup, losing a semifinal place against Sweden on the penalty kicks, Romania was ranked third by FIFA in 1997.
Romania is one of the world's largest wine producers and fifth largest among European wine-producing countries, after Italy, France, Spain, and Germany. In 2018 it produced around 5.2 million hectolitres of wine. In recent years, Romania has attracted many European business people and wine buyers, due to the affordable prices of both vineyards and wines compared to other wine-producing nations such as France, Germany, and Italy.
On May 14, 1981 Romania became the 11th country in the world to have an astronaut in space. That astronaut, Dumitru Prunariu is today's president of Romanian Space Agency.
This is a timeline of Romanian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Romania and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Romania.
The Early Middle Ages in Romania started with the withdrawal of the Roman troops and administration from Dacia province in the 270s. In the next millennium a series of peoples, most of whom only controlled two or three of the nearly ten historical regions that now form Romania, arrived. During this period, society and culture underwent fundamental changes. Town life came to an end in Dacia with the Roman withdrawal, and in Scythia Minor – the other Roman province in the territory of present-day Romania – 400 years later. Fine vessels made on fast potter's wheels disappeared and hand-made pottery became dominant from the 450s. Burial rites changed more than once from cremation to inhumation and vice versa until inhumation became dominant by the end of the 10th century.
Romania was the largest European producer of oil in World War II. The oil extracted from Romania was essential for Axis military operations. The petrochemical industry near Ploieşti was bombed heavily by American bombers (see Operation Tidal Wave). After the war, a heavy reconstruction and expansion was done under the communist regime. Since then, most of the industry has been privatized.
... that Romanian literary scholar Bonifaciu Florescu had the reputation of an unrepentant bohemian and allegedly slept on a pile of hay?
... that Romanian poet Petre Stoica, assigned to study German by a dean meeting a quota, later became an accomplished translator of German-language authors?
... that after taking up arms against Hungary during the failed 1848 revolution, Ioan Pușcariu, an ethnic Romanian, returned to work in Hungarian government service for decades?
... that Paludititan is a Romanian island dwarf?
... that in marking the centenary of the Horea, Cloșca and Crișan revolt, Transylvanian lawyer Rubin Patiția clashed with both the Hungarian authorities and his own Romanian Orthodox Church?
... that the literary historian Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga, once a member of the Romanian Communist Party's central committee, became a nun late in life?
Do you have a question about Romania that you can't find the answer to?
For editor resources and to collaborate with other editors on improving Wikipedia's Romania-related articles, see WikiProject Romania.
Timișoara (German: Temeschburg, Hungarian: Temesvár) was designated the European Capital of Culture in 2021.
The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest completed a $90 million renovation in 2011.
Gutthiuda, or the land of the Gothic-speaking Thervingi, and the neighboring tribes (370s AD).
"Goddess" (an anthropomorphic clay figurine of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture).
Eastern Orthodoxy is the most widespread religious denomination in the country.
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in the Iron Curtain that brought an end to Communist rule.
Ethnic map of Romania based on 2011 census data.
The Bucharest Stock Exchange Palace, situated in the capital's historical city centre.
Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Romania based on the 1930 census data.
Alexandru Ioan Cuza was the first Domnitor (i.e. Prince) of Romania (at that time the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia) between 1862 and 1866.
Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only Northern Transylvania was regained after the end of World War II.
King Carol I of Romania with his nephew Ferdinand I of Romania and great-nephew Carol II of Romania.
American B-24 Liberator flying over a burning oil refinery at Ploiești, as part of Operation Tidal Wave on 1 August 1943. Due to its role as a significant supplier of oil to the Axis, Romania was a prime target of Allied strategic bombing in 1943 and 1944.
Sibiu (German: Hermannstadt, Hungarian: Nagyszeben) was the European Capital of Culture in 2007.
Nicolae Ceaușescu ruled Romania as its Communist leader from 1965 until 1989.
University of Bucharest was opened in 1864.
Romania is the fourth largest contributor of troops in Afghanistan.
Romania joined the European Union in 2007 and signed the Treaty of Lisbon.
Romanian marine troopers during a combined Dutch-Romanian exercise at Vadu beach.
Simona Halep has ended 2017 and 2018 as WTA's World No. 1.
Romania has seen large waves of protests against judicial reforms during the 2017–2018 Romanian protests.
Romania is a noteworthy ally of the United States, being the first NATO member state that agreed to support increasing its defence spending after the 2017 Trump-Iohannis meeting at the White House.
Since 2007, Romania has been part of the EU single market.
Romanian is an Eastern Romance language, part of the larger linguistic family of Romance languages alongside French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan.
Skull from the "Cave with Bones" (the oldest known remain of Homo sapiens in Europe).
Romania joined NATO in 2004 and hosted its 2008 summit in Bucharest.
A 4th-century pectoral cross from Dinogetia (a Roman town in Scythia Minor).
King Michael I of Romania was forced to abdicate by the Communists in late December 1947, concomitant with the Soviet occupation of the country.
The CEC Palace is situated on Bucharest's Victory Avenue.
Changes in Romania's territory since 1859.
Ceramics from Histria (a Greek colony on the Black Sea coast).
Cristina Neagu is the only female handball player in history to win three IHF World Player of the Year awards.
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0.999693 |
Ideas, that are too old (too much things changed) or won't be implemented cause of some reasons or if there are obvious better suggestions.
After Playing around enough with the new 0.17 Campaign I'd like to describe my experience, give my opinion on what I personally think it gets wrong and also give a number of suggestions that might help improve it.
What might help understand the given criticism a bit better: I first got the demo for 0.16.51 about half a year ago and decided to buy the full version only about 5-10 mins in. I currently have a bit more than 350hrs on the game and will probably spend a multiple of this number on it still.
Overall, I needed two tries to complete it.
The first time, I got anihilated.
I was pretty excited to finally check out the brand new campaign and didn't give myself a whole lot of time. Maybe not very smart in hindsight, but probably not far from what any person would feel like when purchasing one of steam's best rated games Also I decided I'd ignore what I had learned about factorio until then and just let things happen.
In Short: I didn't have a clue what to do with the feeder, so I inserted directly onto it from contemporarily set up chests. Which had me absolutely neglect belts and only craft what I needed for completing the goals. Which meant I barely had anything when I started the second part of the map. I then had no time to catch up on automating production, because the biters had me pinned to the iron mining site pretty much from the beginning. At the time I naturally had no idea the attack intensity was tied to science progression, so I just let it running. With next to no automation and ever increasing attacks I didn't have a single chance. When I ran to the stone patch to see if my mining site there could still be rescued, I got surrounded by about 20 biters, practically disabling my movement and mauling me to death instantly. The Intro was confusing before the evacuation and pure hell after, resulting in my most comically drastic death in all my playtime.
The second time I succeeded rather easily, but not without a lot of thinking ahead.
After My very crushing "first steps", I watched the discussions in the forums and learned a lot about the intro, like: Biter attacks scale with pollution and science progression and at 90% science progression will consume 100% of a factory's output at any given pollution rate.
So: I knew what was coming and I simply wanted to see how hard it was to win using all my factorio knowledge.
In short: I moderately over-produced on the first map, knowing from FFF#284 I was supposed to connect belts to the feeder. After evacuation I set up a properly automated production, switched to electric mining as fas as I could and had my turrets auto-feeded from belts. When I finished the last research I was kinda surprised about the now subjectively low difficulty.
As much as I love factorio, I just can't bring myself not to seriously dislike the new campaign. The first time I just got shredded alive, I honestly don't know if I would have gotten the full game if that had been my first experience. I was able to beat it rather easily in the end as I mentioned but only after researching its basic mechanics on the forums for a couple of hours, using a number of tricks to reduce bitter aggression, implementing factory layout elements I had learned from youtubers long ago and simply ignoring the almost continously red-flashing damage notifications. Which I know would have driven me mad if I was new to the game.
Introducing concepts that contradict themselves or actual free play mechanics.
I get that all of this is part of the "creative learning" philosophy... But I honestly find it confusing and misleading as to what will actually happen in freeplay, sorry.
It's honestly kind of bewildering seeing this being supposed to teach creativity, it feels so restrictive, so severely punishing.
Perceived difficulty, or: the Balance between challenge and disappointment.
People think the campaign is too hard. I know this has been discussed a lot and might be done some more here. But If you look at the forums, there's heaps of players are seriously unhappy with the current difficulty.
Is it all just vet bias, would a true new player not intuitively do better? This has been brought up a lot even by the devs, but at least in my case, it's just plain wrong. I didn't give 100% (meaning using over 350 hours of in-game experience) and got destroyed, I decided to bring in some real strats and vet experience and did it easily. And even then: What damage would it do toning difficulty down in comparison to taking the risk of scaring away so many new players?
It's called "first steps". There's nothing wrong with them being easier than what's to come.
To keep it short: There are two big points that seem very important to me because they touch on most of what I've said above. But I'm also aware there might not be time or interest to make fundamental changes, so I'll follow them up with some rather small tweaks that would at least help improve the experience some in my eyes.
The Functional stage: GUIs, controls, Inventory, interaction... Elemental stuff.
The Creative stage: learn and play around with mining, smelting and production, introducing the concepts of upscaling, optimizing and diversification in production. Teaches (very basic) skills in factory building without much pressure and is an introduction to default settings free play, which is probably going to feel similar in the first hour or two.
The Survival stage: Putting the player to work under pressure. An ever inclining difficulty curve calls for quick reactions and new strategies, it can be seen as a foreboding to deathworld.
About the mechanical differences between Campaign and Free Play: There's two ways to counter that.
One can either bring the Intro a lot closer to the main game in terms of mechanics and order of steps. That would mean streamlining the "creative learning" aspects of what we currently have, stripping off everything that doesn't properly translate into free play. I know this doesn't sound very appealing but would most likely do the job of getting new players ready to play.
On the other hand, making it an entirely different experience is not only plausible but also kind of exciting. That, however would require an even more deliberate depart from the main game mechanics and a play time of several hours to not feel out of proportion.
Turn down difficulty at least a bit. I don't need to go into detail because when talking about optimizations, obviously the devs know their stuff a lot better than I do. But it's plain necessary looking at player feedback.
Make turrets available before the biters come knocking. Having new players sit through the research while attacks start coming in in 30s intervals is killing every sense of creativity.
I do believe that the player would profit more from making underground belts and splitters awailable rather than electric mining. With them being a core component of the game I feel like they need to be introduced early on. If they're available late enough, the player will already have played around enough with spaghetti to understand how things work. Electric mining however doesn't really add anything besides one or two steam engines.
More Compilatron! I like the guy. If I remember correctly, he was introduced at least partly because the start of the game feels so desolate. Right now he's just soulless machine, so some kind of quirk or distinct personality would probably help build attachment and spice things up quite a bit.
"Players should not receive help until they need it". It felt so awfully staggering waiting for compilatron giving the next hint for a dozen seconds or so at a time. He's there to help, let him do just that. If I want I can still ignore him, and of course he'll be rather silent during the later stages that allow for creativity.
I'll leave it with that. If Anybody made it through so much text, please feel free to comment and give me your oppinion on the matter, I'll be more than happy to know what others think!
I'd like to weigh in a little here on this and say I think this is exactly what a player should do if they have trouble with something: go look for help.
First machines don't use electricity, but only a couple of minutes later they suddenly do.
Draw power lines to the initial machines from the power source, maybe? Clarify that they are currently hooked up to power, but if you build another machine you'll have to hook it up yourself.
Feeders are one of the first machines the new player interacts with and yet he'll never see them again.
Have to agree on this. Feeders make no sense to me. I think the player should be taught to use inserters here.
Is it all just vet bias, would a true new player not intuitively do better?
I don't think it's so much "intuitively" as "rationally." There's a lot of vague threatening about making sure you have your defences set up. I'd like that to be less vague, but I think it's clear that you're about to face some attacks. It's just... not clear how vicious those attacks are going to be.
Agreed. I don't think the campaign as it stands is too hard, but I do think it's hard. And maybe less-hard is better.
Stage 1: The first area, before any biters show up.
Stage 2: The second area, up to the point Compy tells you to research logistics science.
Stage 3: You start the research and everything goes right to hell.
I'm on my ninth run-through of the campaign right now, because I don't remember how much it tells you about electricity. The criticism has been raised that it doesn't tell you about pollution, and I was going to say "well it doesn't tell you about electricity either" and then I went "wait, does it?" and I wasn't sure. So now I have to play all the way through to the second area just to see what it says about electricity.
I also want to try completing the campaign without walls. I've never done that, and I think it might make a huge difference in the experience. If it's sufficiently large, I might come down on the side of "the player should be taught and told to put up walls."
There's a contradiction in the way I play the campaign, incidentally. I am talking out of both sides of my mouth on the question of "doing as you're told," because I also assume the player is going to snoop through the research and slyly research everything, but I object to the idea of the player overbuilding because I don't think they'll do that. But why would they over-research and not over-build? That doesn't make sense. Either you stick to the game plan or you don't.
The first decision point comes in when you are told to research basic mapping technology, and you get an option to research electric inserters. I always go "yay inserters" and do that first. But would a new player do that? Or just the basic mapping tech he's been told to research?
Well... Obviously that's a reasonable thing to do, especially in factorio... But I assume the first steps' to-do list should avoid concluding on "go on the internet and look up a tutorial for the tutorial"?
From a technical point I agree that there really are (although I would draw the line just before the first biter attack), but not from what's being communicated. You start out on map 1 and get shown around, then after you evacuate to map 2 you need to set up defenses and survive. To me, that's clearly a two-phase game.
Isn't that how we all learned freeplay? Most of the game's systems are only vaguely explained, and if you're having trouble, turning to the manual - in modern terms, the wiki - is the usual solution. When you can't get the answer there, you turn to the community. If you literally can't complete the campaign without doing this, that's one thing, but plenty of people do. So I don't think turning to the internet for help is automatically a detractor.
Isn't that how we all learned freeplay?
A tutorial teaches everything you need to get started, external documentation everything beyond. If the first steps cause a considerable portion of players to see themselves ill-prepared for what they're told to do, its design is probably not optimal.
And you need to start understanding what you said.
No, I totally do disagree. If you turn to the internet in the first few minutes of playing a game, that is just fine, and there is nothing wrong with you or the game.
I did not want anyone telling me how many turrets to place or where to place them or what was driving the biter spawning algorithm until I solved the problem and beat the scenario myself. And if the game did literally anything more than what it did, I would have had less fun and faced less of a challenge. So I did not look for help on the internet, because I did not want any.
If you want the campaign to tell people more and make things easier, you're literally saying players like me should not have as much fun playing it. I strongly disagree with this. Players like me exist, and we matter, and we should not be thrown under the bus because some players might be frustrated when they don't know the answer and won't look it up. The part where they won't look it up is their own damn fault.
And don't give me this "you shouldn't have to" garbage. You never have to. Nobody makes you. You look it up when you think that's the best next step. You choose to look it up. Whenever you do that is on you.
I'm just... Baffled. Where do you take all this from? At no point did I suggest anything you describe?
- This is just... unrelated.
Just like it's up to me to not buy the game because I dislike the Demo for being too punishing.
I've said it before: I bought the game because I loved the 0.16 Demo, even if it didn't even do much. However, I don't know if I would have cared to spend the money if I had played the 0.17 demo first.
I believe this to be potentially interesting to the devs and the community, no more, no less.
But I also see the language getting stronger, so it probably doesn't make sense to argue any more here.
You have your own playstyle? That's good.
I make my own experiences in the game? Ok.
We have different oppinions? Ok.
Like I said: you need to start understanding what you said.
I said it's perfectly fine for people to search the internet when they want answers. You said your first steps shouldn't end with "look on the internet."
Yes. Yes, they should. That is exactly where they should end.
That's where every list of steps ends: "go get help." And the game cannot stop you from doing it.
The game can, however, stop you from solving the problem without help - by helping you, when you didn't want help, or ask for it.
It's a balancing act. On one side of the problem, you have all the people who want the problem to be easier. On the other, you have all the people who want the problem to be harder. And right in the middle are the people who like the problem just the way it is, at least enough to buy the game.
It doesn't matter whether you or I are in the middle. It only matters whether the middle is wide enough. Giving the player more help to solve the problem pushes the middle farther to the "make it easier" side, but does it make the middle wider? Because if it doesn't, there's no benefit to that. And the exact same problem happens on the other side, of helping the player less. That shoves the middle more to the "make it harder" side, but does it get any wider?
You kind of gave me that idea. Thank you.
Difficulty sliders, unfortunately, come with a serious stigma that if you turn them down you're a loser. Also, real gamers turn them all the way up. There's this whole elitism thing, where letting people make the game easier doesn't actually make the game easier for most people.
Which is a shame, since it means a lot of people are refusing to set games at an enjoyable difficulty level because people might find out and call them names.
Thanks for your very well thought out post.
Since the current experience is a rather bad tutorial, yes, this is what ought to be done.
You're very much welcome, that's what the community is for!
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0.998382 |
is there a way to get perfectly flat cupcakes??
You have to cut off the top to make them flat. If there were a trick to perfectly risen, yet still flat-topped cakes I'm pretty sure bakers would be using it to cut out the rather tricky step of trimming later on.
you could skip the leavening (baking powder and/or soda) but I don't recommend it. I think that's why there are special cake pans for such things.
Under fill your cup cake pan/ line small ramekins will cupcake liners, and under fill/ cut off the muffin tops.
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0.999568 |
An Icelandair-owned hotel in Iceland apologized for offering an "Apartheid" cocktail on Dec. 19, 2014.
A hotel in Iceland is in hot water for a tone-deaf cocktail named after South Africa's brutal, decades-long system of racial segregation.
The Hotel Reykjavik Marina, owned and operated by Icelandair, was called out on Twitter for serving what it called an "Apartheid" cocktail — featuring vodka, stout liqueur, cream and roasted hazelnuts.
But further exhibiting its cluelessness, the airline responded to the tweet, sent by the popular @AfricasaCountry Twitter account, with a cheerful holiday greeting and calling the cocktail "simply scrumptious."
@Icelandair @AfricasaCountry DID THIS JUST HAPPEN??
@Icelandair @AfricasaCountry This is hilariously tone deaf.
@Icelandair @AfricasaCountry You're frickin' kidding, right?! U named drink after 1 of most barbaric,savage institutions ever created!
Once the airline realized the true meaning of the word, it quickly apologized and blamed an "Iceland-based team member" who was "unaware of the word's meaning."
When asked what that team member thought it meant, the airline further stated, "She thought the word just meant separation and did not understand the connotation and historical significance."
@AfricasaCountry She thought the word just meant separation and did not understand the connotation and historical significance.
"The name of this drink was a clear mistake made by the bar located in the Reykjavik Marina hotel. They have apologized and taken the drink off of the menu," Icelandair's VP of corporate communications, Guðjón Arngrímsson, said in an email.
"They will make sure such mistakes will not happen again. We are very sorry about the situation and apologize to anyone who was offended."
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0.848215 |
I would like to ask a question regarding the use of hats/sunglasses. Why does it seem like IFAB/FIFA wants to intentionally make things as difficult as possible for referees?
Hats aren't that big of a deal but I know sometimes they are frowned upon, even fully black hats. Hats provide a great deal of sun relief, why do they need to try to create friction over their use?
And sunglasses, I can understand the eye contact aspect. But referees in other sports like MLB baseball umpires in a similar situation to soccer referees freely wear sunglasses. Sunglasses exist to give people relief from looking into the sun and glare. Glare is a common issue I run into on fields, especially turf fields, especially wearing contact lenses in heat on turf fields that sunglasses help shield my eyes from the glare/heat blasts with wind. People act like sunglasses are black paper completely covering your eyes when in reality all they do is give a slightly darker/greyed tone to the world and do not affect my vision in any way, shape or form when refereeing. Even coaches will wear sunglasses so why is it so bad for me to wear them? People wear sunglasses in every other aspect of their lives including driving and other sports ballplayers do as well.
One is safety and the other is how it looks.
On the safety side referees have from time to time been struck in the head with a ball. Wearing any sorts of glasses increases the risk of serious injury.
Some think it funny yet imagine wearing glasses in such a situation.
On the second one there is an element of it looking different and perhaps unprofessional. I know that referees who wear glasses tend to be viewed unfavourably in that their eyesight is somewhat limited or that they are not taking the game seriously if wearing sunglasses.
I also believe that at the highest level how it looks is important and sometimes the *fashion police* have a say in the examples of undershorts colour, head covering colour etc.
Neither FIFA nor the IFAB has any officially-published position on referees wearing hats or sunglasses, as far as I am aware. Certainly, they are not mentioned in the Laws of the Game. I think it's more a question of the refereeing authorities in each country not being in favour of them, as a general rule. Also, as far as sunglasses go, there is the safety aspect to consider, as ref McHugh mentions.
I think there is a common perception in refereeing circles that hats and sunglasses are just not appropriate attire for referees in most cases, rather than there being any formal rule against them. I have seen match officials (AR's) in high-level games wearing baseball caps when the sun was causing them problems, which is another indication that they are not officially prohibited.
if those who control the matches frown upon it and decided they prefer you do not but then you do. Their personal opinions strengthened by the political will and authority they have over your career could decided you are not suitable for advancement.
There is no LOTG stating they are not to be used only a preference not to.
I posses a set of normal glasses that darken in the sun but I mostly wear contacts rather than glasses as the, can not see with 4 eyes never mind two, often follow me about. Darkened sunglasses give a perception of poor vision & a set of mirrored ones are simply NOT a consideration if you were to do so!
As for hats most pro referees ref a single match in a given day, tournament referees I have refereed 4 or 5 a day, to heck with not wearing a hat on a sunny day, I do and blast those who think otherwise!
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0.977606 |
David A. Ellis receives funding from Research Councils UK, and from other public and private sector organisations.
Brittany I. Davidson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
With New Year’s resolutions in full swing, many people may have chosen to cut down on their tech use – or even give it up altogether. The growing popularity of such “digital detoxes” is encouraged by a slew of negative findings about the effects of technology use, alongside claims that such action can help reduce stress and help people become more “present” and compassionate.
One of the reasons that digital detoxes seem good for us is the misconception that technology is inherently harmful. There are numerous studies that link excessive technology use with poorer sleep, increased depressive symptoms, and higher levels of anxiety.
But while studies ask participants questions about how much they use technology and how depressed or anxious they are, they are unable to explain the direction of any effect. Essentially, we cannot tell if they use social media because they are depressed, or they are depressed because they use social media. And, of course, many other factors might explain why a person feels depressed or anxious.
Most studies also rely on self-reported estimates of technology use, which often don’t reflect reality. Studies that rely on people self-reporting may get inaccurate information. Interestingly, when time in front of a screen is measured automatically by an application or device, depression and anxiety severity aren’t associated with total smartphone usage.
Research often tends to treat all technology use as equal. This assumption overlooks the fact that we have a different experience with each kind of technology we use. For example, mindlessly scrolling Instagram is very different to chatting on WhatsApp, or using a fitness tracker.
The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), the UK body representing doctors who specialise in children, recently argued that screen time is not “toxic” to health and that the evidence for harm is overstated. But negative findings continue to have a greater influence on public opinion as they appear more frequently in the popular press. This can sometimes lead to a vicious cycle where research responds directly to “hoax” media claims. The results then generate even more alarming headlines.
Meanwhile, there’s little evidence that digital detoxes actually have any benefit. The majority of what exists is based on anecdotes rather than scientific studies. Some arguments might seem sensible, such as that giving up technology may encourage people to be more physically active. But again, no research has demonstrated that this is actually true.
Giving up technology also means giving up the good things about it. For example, smartphones and social media help people communicate and socialise, which is known to increase happiness. So it’s not surprising that some studies have found complete withdrawal from social media can have adverse consequences such as lower satisfaction, boredom, feelings of social pressure, and fear.
While giving up a digital existence for a short time may let people reconnect with other aspects of their lives, this is often a temporary state that is impossible to maintain. Most people will simply return to prior habits that have become an essential part of everyday life.
People have always been concerned about almost every mass-adopted technology invented, and social media and smartphones are no different. But the idea that screen-based technologies are harming society continues to be a source of considerable debate surrounded by questionable evidence and media hype. As more research is completed, it’s important that findings are presented carefully to prevent further misinterpretation and fear-mongering.
When it comes to digital detoxes, there is unlikely to be anything seriously wrong with stepping away from technology for the majority of people. But the notion that they’re a “good idea”, or that they have any lasting effects, is yet to be supported by science. In fact, seeing as there’s little evidence to suggest that technology is inherently bad, it might be that digital detoxes have no problem to solve in the first place.
While the evidence we do have is patchy from decades of bad practice, the truth is slowly emerging with improved methods. This is starting to suggest that technology use is not harmful in itself. As politicians consider the impact, they should be mindful of these developments.
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0.952637 |
Best Opening Sicilian Najdorf is THE BEST.
.....and especially... .....players who don't mind boredom.
My friend I think you are unaware of what Sicilian Najdorf is. It produces the most exciting games.
This is one of Kasparov's most widely used opening.
Najdorf I am well aware of it what it is, and indeed have played against it with one of your mates (e4c5Nf3d6).
As for Kasparov, are you trying to say that because he uses it a lot, THEREFORE it's the best?
The best opening An opening is said to be good if the player knows its weakness and its strong points and if he can play with it naturally (because of his style).
I have to agree with rafaelluiz The "best" opening is one that personally gives you a high scoring percentage.
The best opening is the one with an element of suprise, which fits your positional and tactical prerequisites.
Seriously, at beginner and into intermediate levels, openings don't matter. Some players play 20 moves without even know any of the reasons behind the moves. For example, I won many games with the Latvian Defense (2...f5), but if your at a professional level, you have to use outstanding openings.
My favorite "real opening" is also the Najdorf, especially for white. Like Fischer, I enjoy the Bc4 line, which gives white excellant attacking chances.
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0.999991 |
Embarrassment, shame and guilt. What's the difference? It doesn't seem like there is a standard way to distinguish between them. But, roughly speaking, embarrassment involves discomfort with oneself in the context of socially unacceptable behavior and at the time of contact, while shame does not necessarily involve public humiliation and it can linger on after it's triggered. Guilt, on the other hand, is an emotion experienced when we realize or believe that we have compromised our own standards of conduct or moral values, carrying a sense of responsibility or remorse after the fact. Embarrassment, shame and guilt are popularly defined as "negative emotions", but I tend to disagree. After all, psychopaths don't have any true sense of guilt or remorse.
What embarrasses or shames you - and what does not - is a good self-indicator or who you are. On TV reality shows, when people are asked the simplest common knowledge questions such as, where Canada is on the map, or the name of the Vice President, and they can't answer, they don't show any signs of embarrassment. On the other hand, a pimple on the face is the end of the world for some - at least for a few days. In modern times, appearance seems to matter a whole lot more than knowledge. And, what embarrasses or shames us as a society is also a good gauge of "our collective values". So, what does embarrass or shame you?
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0.962911 |
A system in psychology focused on the belief that the essence of humans is their existence.
Existential psychology is an approach to psychology and psychotherapy that is based on several premises, including: understanding that a "whole" person is more than the sum of his or her parts; understanding people by examining their interpersonal relationships, understanding that people have many levels of self-awareness that can be neither ignored nor put into an abstract context, understanding that people have free will and are participants rather than observers in their own lives, and understanding that people's lives have purpose, values, and meaning. Therapists who practice existential psychology treat their clients by submerging themselves in the client's world. For the therapist, therapy is a process in which they, too, are participating. This is a process that seeks meaning within the whole of the person's existence, including the client's personal history.
An important distinction exists between the concept of existentialism and existential phenomenology, even if the two are often linked to one another. According to a leading existential psychologists, Swiss Psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger, "…while the existential therapist enters into the phenomena present before and with him or her, existentialism does not confine itself to states of withness. It includes the existence of the whole being." In other words, existential therapists are concerned with the whole of their clients as they can experience with them, whereas existential phenomenology studies the whole being—that which can be experienced as well as that which cannot. Binswanger formulated his belief around three different aspects of human existence. These included the Umwelt, or "world around," meaning the biological drive natural to humans; Mitselt, or "with world," the social and interpersonal human relationships; and the Eigenwelt, or "own world," the subjective, phenomenological world of the self.
Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard (1813–55) is commonly referred to as the "Father of Existentialism." Kiekegaard stated, "I exist, therefore I think," in contrast to philosopher Rene Descartes's famous words, "I think, therefore I am." This simple statement influenced an entire group of European philosophers and psychologists, changing their approach to treatment. Kiekegaard's philosophy was not as readily accepted in the United States. Rollo May (1909–94), the American psychologist who would become one of the existential movement's biggest proponents, attributed the introduction of the existentialist idea in the United States to the famed psychologist and philosopher, William James. James was an advocate of the principle of free will, a crucial component in existential thought. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, existentialism was being quietly introduced, primarily in university classrooms. May himself was introduced to the idea through Paul Tillich at the Union Theological Seminary in New York where he was studying to be a Congregationalist minister. Noted professionals such as Viktor Frankl (1905–97) were beginning to introduce existentialism to the world through their writings and lectures. Frankl had survived internment at the Nazi death camp Theresienstadt and wrote personally of the events that shaped his beliefs. It was not until May and fellow psychologists Abraham Maslow and Herman Feifel participated in the American Psychological Association (APA) Symposium on Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy on September 5, 1959, that the idea of existential psychology and its terms began to reach the forefront of psychological thought and practice.
After the symposium, the term existentialism had become one of the "buzz" words of psychology in the 1960s. May described the existential approach to psychotherapy by stating that the task of therapy was to understand the patient fully as that patient truly exists. Such therapy would require a commitment on the part of the patients to fully understand the lives they were living, or the lives in which they were existing.
In addition to its significance as a major system of psychological practice, existentialism represented an awareness that emerged following World War II, particularly with the Baby Boomer generation. No longer were such philosophical concepts as existentialism left to the private halls of universities. For example, May's book Love and Will remained on U.S. lists of bestsellers for over four months, indicating that a new age of people from various educational backgrounds were ready to look into themselves as only a few had done in the preceding decades. Self-help books also lined bookstore shelves, an indication of the willingness of people to explore deep into their own existence.
Benner, David G., and Hill, Peter C., eds. Baker Encyclopedia of Psychology & Counseling Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999.
Frankl, Viktor. Man's Search for Meaning. (Original publication date: 1963) Harcover: Beacon Press, May 2000. Mass Market Paperback, 1990.
May, Rollo. Love and Will. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1969.
May, Rollo. The Discovery of Being: Writings in Existential Psychology. (Reprint) New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1994.
Rollo May Center for Humanistic Studies, Saybrook Graduate School & Research Center. 450 Pacific, 3rd floor, San Francisco, California, USA. 94133, 800-825-4480.
Viktor Frankl Institut. Langwiesgasse 6, A-1140, Vienna, Austria. (+43-1) 914-2683.
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0.999997 |
I am getting a little older in age, and things that were once simple, like exercising, require a LOT more effort. I’ve been advised over the years that good stewardship of your health is also good stewardship of your finances because being in good health can save you so much money. What’s your advice on the best way to do that and any tips on insurance plans or ways to save?
You have brought up a topic that I take very seriously! Stewardship of our health directly impacts our finances. That’s why I walk and swim laps at home and walk or use hotel fitness centers when traveling.
There’s no doubt that many health-related expenses are beyond our control. But fortunately, more of our healthcare costs than we realize are directly related to lifestyle choices. Fortunately? Yes, because with discipline and perseverance, the choices we make can often reduce the amount of money we spend on healthcare. For example, a healthy diet and regular exercise can significantly lower the risk of obesity, heart attacks, high cholesterol, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and even cancer, as well as reduce the risk of depression, anxiety, and sleep issues.
Obesity is a serious health concern and financial burden. It is associated with poorer mental health, reduced quality of life, and many of the leading causes of death in the U.S. and worldwide, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer. It puts us at risk physically and financially.
One study concluded that inactivity costs the world economy approximately $68 billion annually in medical expenses and lost productivity. The United States alone is estimated to lose almost $28 billion every year. Most of the global costs were carried by governments and businesses, but nearly $10 billion is out-of-pocket costs.
The same study also found that, on average, someone who walked or worked out for 30 minutes five times a week saved $2,500 a year in health care expenses related to heart disease than someone who did not exercise. That includes annual savings of nearly $400 on prescriptions plus fewer visits to emergency rooms or hospital stays.
One comparison outlines the impact of various health stewardship habits on the overall cost of healthcare. The difference in healthcare costs between smokers and non-smokers is roughly $2,056 per person per year. The difference between those who are physically active and those who are not is about $1,313 per year. Having high blood pressure costs an additional $733 per year, obesity adds $2,085, and those with diabetes spend $2,151 more than those who are diabetes-free.
A full night’s sleep and regular exercise has been linked to higher pay. “Those who are fortunate enough to stay healthy are likely to do better financially,” says James Poterba, a professor of economics at MIT, who studied household assets by health status using data from the early 1990s to 2008. He discovered that the healthiest people in their fifties had more than double the assets of the least healthy. People are discovering that getting healthy is one way to get wealthy.
He also wrote A man without self-control is like a city broken into and left without walls. (Proverbs 25:28 ESV) A fool is one who does not control himself and leaves himself vulnerable to enemies, in this case, our health and wealth.
Drive less and walk more.
Grow some of your food. You get exercise, vitamin D, and more nutrients.
Work out. Find something you enjoy doing and stick with it. A friend or family member can provide great support and accountability.
Give up bad habits. Set goals, have someone hold you accountable, and reward yourself periodically with a pair of running shoes, new socks, t-shirt, etc.
Pack your lunch. It reduces costs and the temptation to eat more calories than you need.
Lose weight. Dropping a few pounds can save you 25% or more on life insurance.
Drink water. Families spend $850 a year on soft drinks that add pounds and negatively affect teeth and bones.
Consume less sugar to boost your immune system and lower your sick days.
Health insurance is costly! Many believers are choosing to share medical bills. Several organizations offer plans where members must pledge to make healthy lifestyle choices because those choices impact healthcare costs.
Your finances are affected by the choices you make. Steward well and you will benefit physically and financially!
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0.999999 |
If you have ever thought about running a marathon in South America, stop thinking and start training.
On July 6th and 7th, 2019, Pacasmayo, located on the northern coast of Peru, will once again host one of the most spectacular and demanding marathons in the world.
All four races start simultaneously in Pacasmayo and run in the direction of the small town of Jequetepeque. The 5 Km race is an out and back race. At the 2.5 Km mark, the runners return to the starting / finish line.
Participants in the 10 Km race return to Pacasmayo at the at 2.2 Km mark. The participants will return to Pacasmayo, running through the cemetery, along the boardwalk, continuing until they reach the lighthouse. The famous El Faro Lighthouse is located at the top of a sandy hill known as Heartbreak Hill. At the top of Heartbreak Hill, the runners will be directed to return to Pacasmayo in order to cross the finish line/starting line.
The 21 Km participants, run to Jequetepeque. At the 7.7 KM mark, runners will return to Pacasmayo. The 21 Km runners will then cover the same course as the 10Km runners. In other words, the 21 Km competitors, after returning to Pacasmayo, will run to El Faro, turn around and run to the finish line/starting line in Pacasmayo.
The 42 Km participants will run the first 7.7 Km with the 21 Km runners. In Jequetepeque, instead of returning to Pacasmayo with the 21 Km runners, the 42 Km participants will turn right at the 7.7 Km mark and run towards the small town of Huáscar, At the 12.8 Km mark the runners will return to Jequetepeque. At the 18.5 KM runners will turn right and continue towards Boca del Río Beach (21.5 Km). At this turn around point, runners will return to Jequetepeque (24.5 Km) and turn right in order to return to Pacasmayo. Runners will continue through the cemetery, run past the 32 Km mark on the boardwalk, and head towards El Lorito Beach (37 Km). The 42 Km participants will run along the Pacific Ocean until they meet volunteers who will direct them to return to the El Faro Lighthouse. At the El Faro Lighthouse, runners will know the finish line is near. Only 3 Km stand between the 42Km runners and hundreds of applauding runners, volunteers and spectators who will be waiting at the finish line.
“Great event with 100% local spectator support in some of the tiniest villages in Peru!!! Perfect weather (always in Peru) and great course markings for a route that was very creative and took us through villages, coastal areas, and the beach front in Pacasmayo, twice. There was always an aid station within a few miles, replete with great food and cheering volunteers! While 30-40% of this marathon may have been on asphalt, the other gravel, dirt, sand portions made it truly unique, never boring and always fun to run. And, starting all 4 races (5K, 10K, 21K, 42K) at the same time worked out great and kept people of different runs on the same course for even more support as they completed their out portion and turned around to head back to the start/finish line. Everyone’s local stone carving medallion was beautiful and gave us a chance to see the artists at work in Peru. Walking as a parade of runners through town the evening before was brilliant, allowing us to form camaraderie between runners and locals, and all of the townspeople were cheering and enjoying the dancers and music that accompanied us. Nice job.
“We have all said at some time that we would run somewhere different … elsewhere in the world that is beautifully unique … where local people are friendly and genuinely glad to see you … where hospitality comes from the heart and feel immediately at home … and where the climate throughout the year is pleasantly close to perfection. This place is waiting and called Pacasmayo, Peru.
Create a Memory for Life!
Join now and and leave a mark.
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0.978213 |
The weather in Mallorca, Majorca, epitomises the Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, windy winters.
Sun-seekers hit the beaches from May through to October and the sea is perfect for swimming from June to October. July and August can be scorching and overcrowded, but the Mallorcan coastline can often escape the worst of the summer heat by virtue of the cooling sea breezes.
Mallorca enjoys a milder winter climate relative to those further north, and is thus seen as a perfect destination for those seeking a winter-break. More and more hotels are staying opening during the winter period as tourism increases. From December through to March it can be chilly and wet at times but the Tramuntana mountain range, running along the north-west coast, protects the island from the worst of the winter weather. The higher altitudes always experience cooler temperatures and the autumn, winter and spring are ideal times for hiking and cycling in Mallorca. The peaks of the mountains can sometimes be snow-clad even when the sun floods the lower valleys.
Below is a table which summarises the Mallorca climate and seasonal weather conditions. It shows the average high and low daily temperatures, the amount of rainfall, average sea temperatures and the number of hours of sunshine you can expect in a particular month.
Summer - June, July, August - Long, sunny days. Hot and dry, day and night. Warm sea temperature.
Autumn - September, October, November - Warm days, chilly nights. Occasional rainfall. Cooler sea temperature.
Winter - December, January, February - Short temperate days. Still lots of sun, but can get very chilly and wet.
Spring - March, April, May - Warming up and lower rainfall. Pleasant temperatures and fewer crowds than summer. Sea temperature warming up after winter.
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0.969162 |
Did the Ancient Greek Philosophers actually believe in their Gods and Myths?
Is there any historical proof that shows what attitude the Ancient Greeks, specially the philosophers, had towards their Gods?
'The ancient Greek philosophers' is rather a wide reference class. We don't really know enough about the historical Socrates to be sure about his views on the traditional gods.
In the Republic Plato removes from his educational curriculum all unseemly stories about the gods but my impression is that he does this, not because he believes in the gods but because it is morally harmful in his view for the young to acquire beliefs about the less than moral conduct frequently ascribed to the gods. Misbehaving gods are not good examples to set before impressionable minds. Republic, II. 377b-379a.
In Republic VI. 503e-509c supreme goodness and reality are attributed to the Form of the Good (auto to agathon) which is an impersonal first principle absolutely unrelated to and distinct from the anthropomorphic gods of common belief.
The Timaeus refers to the Demiurgos, whose status needs careful delineation. The whole account of creation in the Timaeus is ‘a likely story’ (29c-d) - a myth, story or probable tale - not presented as fact but only as a figurative account which is all that we humans are capable of giving of such matters : peri touton ton eikota muthon apodechomenous prepei toutou meden eti pera zetein. Whatever account of God that emerges or can be derived from the Timaeus is subject to that proviso.
The main argument of the dialogue starts with the assumption that the kosmos (world, ordered universe) is a scene of ‘becoming’, of motion, of events and happenings. Whatever happens must have a cause, and in context this is taken to be an agent (28a-c). The agent is the Demiourgos, the master artisan or craftsman who created the world in its present form from a blueprint, model or archetype (paradeigma : 28a7) of which our world is a likeness or copy (eikon, image : 28b-c) which can only approximate the original. It is tempting to identify the archetype with the world of Forms in the Republic. It may be so but the summary of the Republic with which the Timaeus begins covers only Republic I - V. The Forms are introduced only in Republic VI, 507a ff.
Why make a world at all ? The answer appears to be that the agent was perfectly good and wanted to use their goodness to make something having the closest likeness to their own goodness – and not hug their goodness to themselves (30a3). The world was in a state of chaotic disorder. The first requirement was to introduce order and regularity : order was better than chaos. Introducing order meant introducing mind, intellect, intelligence (nous). Nous required a soul (psuche) to reside in; and psuche needed to be embodied in order to act on the material world. Hence we have the living organisms (zoa) which we ourselves are (30b-31b).
The Demiourgos does not stop there. Having introduced psuche into matter in the case of ourselves, it introduces psuche into the whole realm of matter, creating the 'World Soul' (Timaeus, 36d-37a). The function of the World Soul is to maintain order and regularity as best it can when the Demiougos departs, job done. That of the World Soul is perhaps a less than luminous notion.
But order and regularity, one might exclaim ! What of the disorder and irregularity? The reply is that matter inherently tends towards chaotic flux. This is why the nous-embodied psychai (souls) of living organisms such as ourselves can only have imprecise and approximate knowledge of the sense-based world rooted in matter. Precise knowledge is possible only in mathematics and metaphysics where nous can operate without engagement with matter.
It is unclear whether the Demiourgos made the world out of pre-existing materials on which order and regularity were then imposed. I am inclined to follow I.M. Crombie : ‘the Craftsman is not responsible for the world but only for its good order’ (I.M. Crombie, An Examination of Plato’s Doctrines, II, London : Routledge, 1963, 209.) I.e., the Demiourgos works on pre-existing matter. This sets ungodlike limits on the Demiourgos’ role in creation. But there is no doubt that the Demiourgos is the creator of the kosmos we inhabit. However the Demiouros is not without qualification the creator of humankind since the Demiourgos only embodies the psuche in pre-existing matter which the D. did not create.
Two points before we leave the Timaeus. The first is that it is easy to misunderstand the passages in which the Demiourgos is said to be constrained by ananke or necessity (e.g., 47e). The point is not that ananke or necessity is some external force to which the Demiourgos must bend but rather that, having introduced order or regularity, the kosmos must act according to the laws of order and regularity that the Demiourgos has imposed. The Demiourgos cannot have it both ways : introduce order and regularity and also operate in the world in ways that override them.
The other point is that the Demiourgos is said to create the familiar gods – Rhea, Zeus, Hera and the rest. But the grounds for this claim are so obviously weak, namely that there are descendants of the gods who can be relied on to know their own ancestry (40d-e), that one suspects satire. However, it is true that as the Timaeus progresses, God makes an unmistakable appearance on stage. God as the ‘God of gods’ (theoi theon : 41a) can destroy the gods at will; they have no independent power. The relation of God to the Demiourgos is unclear, at least to me : as the dialogue proceeds they appear to coalesce. But the main message is that none of this suggests, even if the creation of gods is to be taken seriously, any endorsement of the gods of popular belief.
Even the due invocation of the gods for which Socrates calls before Timaeus launches into his speculations (27b) is effectively neutralised by Timaeus's insistence that we must appeal not only to the gods but to 'ourselves' in our use of reason (27d). Socrates' piety towards the traditional gods is hard to take seriously in view of this.
Yet if Plato did not believe in the traditional Greek gods there is quite definitely a religious element in his thought. In Laws, X, his last dialogue, atheism is to be punished and suppressed (907e ff.) by the Nocturnal Council. And what is atheism ? It is here the view that the world, including souls, is purely physical ( ‘earth and stones’ is the phrase used : 886e). The argument is produced against atheism that motion requires the activity of (non-physical) souls; that it is ‘the best kind of soul that cares of the entire universe and directs it along the best path’ (897c : Plato : The Complete Works, ed. J. Cooper, 1997, Indianapolis : Hackett, 1554); and that the best kind of soul is God, ‘who is supremely wise, and willing and able to superintend the world’ (903a : Cooper, 1559-60). There are gaps and leaps in this argument and I am not convinced that these are due solely to the summary nature of my presentation.
Aristotle does have a doctrine of God. God exists as an intrinsic part of his metaphysics and philosophy of nature. God fulfils the role of 'prime mover', the original source of motion (Physics, VIII). But Aristotle's God is so unlike the popular gods that his God is pure, immaterial form and engages in the sole occupation of thinking (the perfect activity) about Godself (the perfect entity) : Metaphysics, Lambda 7.
Plato : The Complete Works, ed. J. Cooper, 1997, Indianapolis : Hackett.
I.M. Crombie, An Examination of Plato’s Doctrines, II, London : Routledge, 1963.
Harry Austryn Wolfson, 'The Knowability and Describability of God in Plato and Aristotle', Harvard Studies in Classical Philology Vol. 56/57 (1947), 233-249.
Thomas De Koninck, 'Aristotle on God as Thought Thinking Itself', The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 47, No. 3 (Mar., 1994), 471-515.
The account of Pliny the Younger of the eruption of Vesuvius at Pompeii shows various people's actions under extreme duress, how some people were praying to gods (or otherwise expressing supernaturalist faith) and others simply weren't.
I think that philosophers like Plato may have been less likely to believe in the gods, given the power of their arguments: for example, the Euthyphro dilemma is a powerful argument against the moral argument for gods under polytheism.
I can't speak to other Greek philosophers, but Plato and Socrates shared --at least apparently --an idiosyncratic view of the Greek Gods that was at odds with the religious views of the time. In other words, they did not believe in the popularly accepted myths. The key piece of evidence comes in the Republic, where Plato depicts Socrates as explicitly rejecting all myths that depict the Greek Gods behaving badly, and strongly hints at a commitment to monotheism (in contrast to Greek polytheism).
It is true that one cannot always take Plato at face value. In the context of his other writings, however, it is plain that he would never accept that a higher being (a god) could have a lower moral standard. He also generally sees higher things as being more unified and less differentiated, which argues for his monotheism (and is part of the reason Plato was embraced by the monotheistic religions of Christianity and Islam).
It is also true that we cannot ever be sure Plato's Socrates represents the views of the real Socrates. But we do know that impiety --teaching beliefs counter to the accepted religious beliefs-- is one of the major charges that led to Socrates' execution, so his religious unorthodoxy is well-established.
Ortega y Gasset on his book about the philosophy on Ancient Greece suggested that Paremenides could not have been a believer in the Greek gods, despite the fact he quite clearly mentions them in the beginning of his famous poem and with a great deal of respect.
It's probably important not confuse philosophical musings by philosophers on the nature of the divinity or divinities with that of the civic culture. Take for example Spinoza, I've heard him described as an athiest or rationalist yet when I looked at what he wrote he was quite clearly neither of these things in the way this would be understood today. It merely meant that he had reasoned upon the divine and that he did not simply accept the conventional theistic stories of God in his time.
Given the depth of secularism in contemporary European culture it's quite possible that we read back our rationalism into ancient societies, not believing that anybody could not be as ourselves.
There are many different Greek philosophers, and they all had different ideas and attitudes towards the gods.
Other philosophers had different theories. Thales believed the world was full of divinities (DL 1.27). Anaxogoras famously described the world as having been created by Mind (νοῦς noûs). Theodorus "the Atheist" seems to have disbelieved in a god altogether. Zeno the Stoic philosopher equated God with the world (DL 7.148). Epicurus believed in gods, but "not such as the multitude believe" (DL 10.123).
Many of the early pre-Socratic philosophers were more interested in physics or astronomy, while some of the later schools (such as the Cynics) only studied ethics and technically had no theories about the gods. Most philosophers refer to "God" or "the gods" respectfully but without much explanation of how they viewed them.
I daresay most Greek and Roman philosophers and poets took the myths with a grain of salt, that is, they did not necessarily take them literally. "Even Homer sometimes nods," they said.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged reference-request history-of-philosophy or ask your own question.
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0.999986 |
Write a sentence or two that contain dialogue. The dialogue must have a quote and a tag.
"Good morning students," said Mr. LaMonica. "Please take out last night's homework assignment."
"Oh no!" cried Rebecca. "I left it on the bus."
"where is your homework" said Mr.LaMonica.
"Good luck on that Benchmark Julio" said Luke, "I know you're gonna pass it".
"Good moring,"said Mr.Turtle"did you have breakfast."
"Oh no", said tony"that wambat stole my cheese."
"AAHHH!" said Alexis, "i made the vollyball team."
"its cloudy today." saoed alexis "I hope it rains today.I love the rain." sayed Jordan.
"oh no," siad mrs.diaz "i forgot to check attendence!"
"I WANT TO BE A DANCER WHEN I GROW UP," SAID MY BABY BROTHER,"AND AN ASTRONAUT, SO I CAN DANCE IN SPACE."
''Get inside the house right know!''said tommy's mom,''coming,'' said tommy.
"Please get ready for school", said sidsid ."Why theres no school",said wendy. "No" ,said sidsid !!!!!
Jessica cried out " i did't talk behind ur back," as Jasmin punched her on the right cheak and said " i dont like it when people talk behind my back," Jessica cried out loudly as Jasmin pushed her into the lockers.
"Hi,how are u?" asked Andrew.
"This will be fun" I said.
"I hope there will be art" Sam said.
"Stop licking the floor!" cried sam.
THE DOG SAID,"HOW YOUR DAY BEEN."
"Mom can I use computer,"said Alex."NO!"Said Mom."Why,"replied Alex."Okay,"said Mom.
"Its so cold today," said Holly.
"I like to dip hotdogs in salsa," Said the wierd man. "That's not good," Said Emily.
"When are we leaving,"said Ariana.
mr. la monica said, right a comment on student portal.
"Oh no! The asparagus is over cooked! Oh well, who wants pizza?" said mom.
"Thank you, Overcooked Asparagus Gods." my brother whispered.
"shophy get up,"said mom "or im taking your phone away!"
"What is your favorite color?" said Luis.
"Yes," said josh,"I aced the test."
"Hey Mr.LaMonica," said savanah "what are we going to do today?"
"We will be takeing notes through out the whole class period and maybe tomorrow," said Mr.LaMonica.
"Have a nice day," said their mom, "Stay safe!"
"shut up!" she demanded, "Your voice is annoying!"
"Are you ready for school," asked mom."No! I have to eat my poptart!"I exclaimed."Those things are nasty,"she responded.
"what is that in the sky?" asked rob. "I think its a ufo!" screamed bob.
My mom said, "take iout the trash."
"ill beat you up home dog,"said bobby.
"YA BOY!" I SHOUTED."WERE GOING TO THE MOVIES."
"Hi class",said Mr.Rizzo,"please turn in your cell project."
"I wish you all good luck on the CST," said Mr.LaMonica.
"Wait Stop!" My mom exclaimed.
"Why? What happen?" I asked.
"You almost forgot your homework sweetheart", She said.
I answered back, "OH! Thanks mom so so much!"
"I need a notebook."said Jimmy.
"May I go to the movies with my friends?"asked Timmy to his mother.
"No you may not,"replied his mother.
"But why, I've done everything you told me to do please let me go mother,PLEASE!"pleaded Timmy.
"Well...OK but don't stay out to long.Deal?"
"DEAL!"he replied as he ran out the door.
"I need to use the restroom!"Greg yelled.
"Boo" said the little boy."Ah!" said the old lady. "Trick or treat!" he said.
"my dog ate my homework",said Bob.
''Get out of me room'' I said to my mommy.
"Great job," said the basketball coach, " Don't forget practice is tomorrow."
"Hey," said Mr.Lamonica "Are you ready for class?"
"You're so hyper!" said Rikkie.
"What time are we going to the movies ?"
"Hello!" said Vanessa. "Hey!" said Kristopher.
Bob said, "Oh no it's a hobo!
"You need to start working on your homework,"said Mrs.Apple.
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0.933151 |
.In histedit.h EditLine * el_init "const char *prog" "FILE *fin" "FILE *fout" "FILE *ferr" void el_end "EditLine *e" void el_reset "EditLine *e" const char * el_gets "EditLine *e" "int *count" int el_getc "EditLine *e" "char *ch" void el_push "EditLine *e" "const char *str" int el_parse "EditLine *e" "int argc" "const char *argv" int el_set "EditLine *e" "int op" "..." int el_get "EditLine *e" "int op" "void *result" int el_source "EditLine *e" "const char *file" void el_resize "EditLine *e" const LineInfo * el_line "EditLine *e" int el_insertstr "EditLine *e" "const char *str" void el_deletestr "EditLine *e" "int count" History * history_init void history_end "History *h" int history "History *h" "HistEvent *ev" "int op" "..." Tokenizer * tok_init "const char *IFS" void tok_end "Tokenizer *t" void tok_reset "Tokenizer *t" int tok_line "Tokenizer *t" "const LineInfo *li" "int *argc" "const char **argv" "int *cursorc" "int *cursoro" int tok_str "Tokenizer *t" "const char *str" "int *argc" "const char **argv"
The editline library provides generic line editing, history and tokenization functions, similar to those found in sh(1).
These functions are available in the libedit library (which needs the libtermcap library). Programs should be linked with -ledit -ltermcap .
The line editing functions use a common data structure, EditLine, which is created by el_init and freed by el_end.
Initialise the line editor, and return a data structure to be used by all other line editing functions. prog is the name of the invoking program, used when reading the editrc(5) file to determine which settings to use. fin, fout and ferr are the input, output, and error streams (respectively) to use. In this documentation, references to "the tty" are actually to this input/output stream combination.
Clean up and finish with e, assumed to have been created with el_init.
Reset the tty and the parser. This should be called after an error which may have upset the ttys state.
Read a line from the tty. count is modified to contain the number of characters read. Returns the line read if successful, or NULL if no characters were read or if an error occurred.
Read a character from the tty. ch is modified to contain the character read. Returns the number of characters read if successful, -1 otherwise.
Pushes str back onto the input stream. This is used by the macro expansion mechanism. Refer to the description of bind -s in editrc(5) for more information.
Parses the argv array (which is argc elements in size) to execute builtin editline commands. If the command is prefixed with "prog": then el_parse will only execute the command if "prog" matches the prog argument supplied to el_init. The return value is -1 if the command is unknown, 0 if there was no error or "prog" did not match, or 1 if the command returned an error. Refer to editrc(5) for more information.
Set editline parameters. op determines which parameter to set, and each operation has its own parameter list.
Define prompt printing function as f, which is to return a string that contains the prompt.
Define right side prompt printing function as f, which is to return a string that contains the prompt.
Define terminal type of the tty to be type, or to TERM if type is NULL.
Set editing mode to mode, which must be one of "emacs" or "vi".
If flag is non-zero, editline will install its own signal handler for the following signals when reading command input: SIGCONT, SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGQUIT, SIGSTOP, SIGTERM, SIGTSTP, and SIGWINCH. Otherwise, the current signal handlers will be used.
"const char *name", "const char *help", "unsigned char (*func)(EditLine *e, int ch)"
CC_NORM Add a normal character.
CC_NEWLINE End of line was entered.
CC_ARGHACK Expecting further command input as arguments, do nothing visually.
CC_CURSOR Cursor moved, so update and perform CC_REFRESH.
CC_REDISPLAY Redisplay entire input line. This is useful if a key binding outputs extra information.
CC_ERROR An error occurred. Beep, and flush tty.
CC_FATAL Fatal error, reset tty to known state.
EL_HIST, Xo "History *(*func)(History *, int op, ...)", "const char *ptr"
Defines which history function to use, which is usually history. ptr should be the value returned by history_init.
If flag is non-zero, editing is enabled (the default). Note that this is only an indication, and does not affect the operation of editline. At this time, it is the callers responsibility to check this (using el_get) to determine if editing should be enabled or not.
EL_GETCFN, "int (*f)(EditLine *, char *c)"
Define the character reading function as f, which is to return the number of characters read and store them in c. This function is called internally by el_gets and el_getc. The builtin function can be set or restored with the special function name EL_BUILTIN_GETCFN.
Register data to be associated with this EditLine structure. It can be retrieved with the corresponding el_get call.
el_get Get editline parameters. op determines which parameter to retrieve into result. Returns 0 if successful, -1 otherwise.
Return a pointer to the function that displays the rightside prompt.
Return the name of the editor, which will be one of "emacs" or "vi".
Return non-zero if editline has installed private signal handlers (see el_get above).
EL_GETCFN, "int (**f)(EditLine *, char *)"
Return a pointer to the function that read characters, which is equal to EL_BUILTIN_GETCFN in the case of the default builtin function.
Retrieve data previously registered with the corresponding el_set call.
Sets or clears unbuffered mode. In this mode, el_gets will return immediately after processing a single character.
Initialise editline by reading the contents of file. el_parse is called for each line in file. If file is NULL, try $PWD/.editrc then $HOME/.editrc. Refer to editrc(5) for details on the format of file.
Must be called if the terminal size changes. If EL_SIGNAL has been set with el_set, then this is done automatically. Otherwise, it is the responsibility of the application to call el_resize on the appropriate occasions.
buffer is not NUL terminated. This function may be called after el_gets to obtain the LineInfo structure pertaining to line returned by that function, and from within user defined functions added with EL_ADDFN.
Insert str into the line at the cursor. Returns -1 if str is empty or will not fit, and 0 otherwise.
The history functions use a common data structure, History, which is created by history_init and freed by history_end.
Clean up and finish with h, assumed to have been created with history_init.
H_END Cleans up and finishes with h, assumed to be created with history_init.
"void *ptr", "history_gfun_t first", "history_gfun_t next", "history_gfun_t last", "history_gfun_t prev", "history_gfun_t curr", "history_sfun_t set", "history_vfun_t clear", "history_efun_t enter", "history_efun_t add"
Define functions to perform various history operations. ptr is the argument given to a function when it is invoked.
H_SET Set the cursor to point to the requested element.
Append str to the current element of the history, or perform the H_ENTER operation with argument str if there is no current element.
Add str as a new element to the history, and, if necessary, removing the oldest entry to keep the list to the created size. If H_SETUNIQUE was has been called with a non-zero arguments, the element will not be entered into the history if its contents match the ones of the current history element. If the element is entered history returns 1, if it is ignored as a duplicate returns 0. Finally history returns -1 if an error occurred.
Delete the event numbered e. This function is only provided for readline(3) compatibility. The caller is responsible for freeing the string in the returned HistEvent.
The history function returns Gt]= 0 if the operation op succeeds. Otherwise, -1 is returned and ev is updated to contain more details about the error.
The tokenization functions use a common data structure, Tokenizer, which is created by tok_init and freed by tok_end.
Initialise the tokenizer, and return a data structure to be used by all other tokenizer functions. IFS contains the Input Field Separators, which defaults to <space>, <tab>, and <newline> if NULL.
Clean up and finish with t, assumed to have been created with tok_init.
Reset the tokenizer state. Use after a line has been successfully tokenized by tok_line or tok_str and before a new line is to be tokenized.
Tokenize li, If successful, modify: argv to contain the words, argc to contain the number of words, cursorc (if not NULL) to contain the index of the word containing the cursor, and cursoro (if not NULL) to contain the offset within argv[cursorc] of the cursor.
Returns 0 if successful, -1 for an internal error, 1 for an unmatched single quote, 2 for an unmatched double quote, and 3 for a backslash quoted <newline>. A positive exit code indicates that another line should be read and tokenization attempted again.
A simpler form of tok_line; str is a NUL terminated string to tokenize.
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0.942048 |
Recommend written by mobile The speed of shipment is very fast, and the quality of the goods is also very good!
The speed of shipment is very fast, and the quality of the goods is also very good! Very recommended!
Cheap and fast to use! Will buy back next time. Cheap and fast to use! Will buy back next time.
Highly Recommend written by mobile I was shocked when I arrived in the order within three days.
The price is cheap, the delivery speed is fast~ When you run out, you will push it with the one you bought.
After use, I feel that the diaper does not absorb a lot of water, and I need to change it once in about 2.5 hours.
Goods are really cheaper than many places. Hope can always be there, always buy every time.
Is there a price error?
The price shows that it is because the price just on the shelf is still set.
We apologize for any inconvenience. We will set the price of the product as soon as possible.
Hello, how long does the diaper manufacturing period last?
Hello, because it is delivered directly by the manufacturer, we can't tell you the correct manufacturing date but can guarantee that the manufacturing date is new.
Please forgive me for your inconvenience.
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0.999999 |
Let an ex-partner down easy when cutting off contact with this personal rejection letter that cites complicated emotions for creating distance.
Hey, so, this has been really hard. I've been trying to do it right. I want us to be able to support each other and treat each other with respect, but this breakup has been brutal on me. I know we agreed that we'd be happier this way and that we were better off friends, but I'm dealing with a lot of complicated emotions right now. Seeing you makes me question our decision, even though I know deep down it was the right one. I'm having trouble sleeping, and I've begun having some unhealthy and obsessive thoughts about you and the future and dating, and it's not good for me anymore.
I think what I need is to cut off contact for a while. I'm not saying this to be dramatic or try to punish you for living your life the way you want to. I just think it would be better for us to have some space to heal and move on. I don't want to close the door on the possibility of friendship, but it may take me some time before I can consider that as a factor in my life again.
I'm sorry I can't be a source of friendship and support right now, but please know that I love you and appreciate all the ways you've been there for me. Thank you for helping me with this incredibly hard decision by respecting my wishes and needs.
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0.999987 |
What do you believe needs to be done to finalize a portfolio website so that someone looking to hire would want to proceed in doing so?
Working through a website draft while progressing through my outlines, what I believe needs to be done to finalize a website (especially a portfolio) is the following: enough pieces to showcase your best work (put not too much!), an organized site map (buttons, descriptors), no typos and neat/professionally worded sections (to guide a potential employer with your words pertaining to your visual displays), and most importantly, a bio or introduction of some sort. A portfolio website may just as well be a resume, but a resume that only focuses on college and post-college related work. Such work would be appropriate for an employer or firm to look at upon hiring .
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0.954603 |
Have you made Baked Lasagna?
1. Directions - brown meat with onion.
2. Drain. Add tomato sauce, paste and whole tomatoes, along with oregano, Italian seasoning, minced garlic, sugar, parmesan and salt and pepper to taste.
3. Simmer for 1 hour. Place 3 cooked lasagna noodles bottom of low baking dish.
4. Over this layer spread sauce to cover the spread ricotta cheese, parmesan cheese, and mozzarella.
5. Layer on more noodles, more sauce and the 3 cheeses.
6. When all ingredients have been layered add tomato juice to liquefy.
This recipe is high in Vitamin A with 55% of your daily recommended intake per serving. This recipe is high in Vitamin C with 67% of your daily recommended intake per serving. This recipe is a good source of Vitamin E with 19% of your daily recommended intake per serving.
This recipe contains potential food allergens and will effect people with Wheat, Gluten, Tomato, MSG, Cheese, Garlic, Natural Sweeteners, Beef, Onion allergies.
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0.999668 |
Do you believe you have a business idea that has the potential to allow you to create a successful and profitable new business? Unfortunately, many entrepreneurs believe they do, but they eventually find out that their dream of starting such a venture turns into a nightmare. To avoid this situation, it’s essential to test a new small business idea before committing too much money and resources and you can do this in the following ways.
To quickly find out if shoppers and customers want your products or services, you must place them in front of your potential market. However, this can be a costly exercise.
However, there is a way to avoid committing too much money or resources to a business in the beginning. For example, if you’re a retailer, you could use a mall booth like the ones provided by Westfield Specialty Leasing. Large numbers of potential shoppers and customers pass by these booths, making this a much more cost-effective way to initially test the waters and sell to your market.
The more you know about your potential market and what the people in your market are thinking, the more confident you will be that you can provide the exact products or services they need. It can be difficult to obtain this information, but there are tools and methods available that will help you with this important exercise.
Asking possible shoppers and customers specific questions through surveys and questionnaires shines a bright light into the minds of these people and what they expect from a business. With this information, you can make a more informed decision about which products or services to offer and whether or not your business idea is a viable option at all.
Where possible, you should avoid reinventing the wheel when you are deciding what business idea to run with. Unless you have created a new invention, it is likely that other businesses have done a lot of the groundwork for you already and are running a similar type of business.
If you can identify businesses that are already succeeding with the same type of business idea as yours, you can learn a lot from these companies. In some cases, if they are not going to be a direct competitor, so you may even be able to get some valuable advice from these organizations that are similar to yours.
Sometimes, it’s difficult to gauge the interest people have in a particular product or service unless you have real-life data that you can analyze. To obtain this valuable information, you may need to carry out a test marketing campaign and see how people react to it.
Once again, you should not commit too much time or money to this campaign and it should be just big enough to give you a better insight into what people think about your business and your business idea.
Before you start a new business venture, it’s essential to test your business idea first and see what potential it has.
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0.983624 |
What are most ITA drivers using for rain tires? I'm getting ready for drivers school, and trying to decide what to use for rains. It just might be as the song says, " A Rainy Day In Georgia"
Chuck--The answer is the same for all IT classes--Deluge=Dirt Stockers; Anything else in degrees of wet and dampness is any D.O.T. radial(Kumho, Toyo, Yoko) with a tread pattern, except a dry Hoosier (their new "Intermediate" is not available in all sizes yet).
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0.960867 |
Built as a replacement for Forbes Field, which opened in 1909, the US$55 million ($375.8 million today) multi-purpose facility was designed to maximize efficiency. Ground was broken in April 1968 and an oft behind-schedule construction plan lasted for 29 months. The stadium opened on July 16, 1970, when the Pirates played their first game there. In the 1971 World Series, Three Rivers Stadium hosted the first World Series game played at night. The following year, the stadium was the site of the Immaculate Reception. The final game in the stadium was won by the Steelers on December 16, 2000. Three Rivers Stadium also hosted the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team for a single season each.
In 1958, the Pirates sold Forbes to the University of Pittsburgh for $2 million ($17.4 million today). The university wanted the land for expanded graduate facilities. As part of the deal, the university leased Forbes back to the Pirates until a replacement could be built. An early design of the stadium included plans to situate the stadium atop a bridge across the Monongahela River. It was to call for a 70,000-seat stadium with hotels, marina, and a 100-lane bowling alley. Plans of the "Stadium over the Monongahela" were eventually not pursued. A design was presented in 1958 which featured an open center field design—through which fans could view Pittsburgh's "Golden Triangle". A site on the city's Northside was approved on August 10, 1958, due to land availability and parking space, the latter of which had been a problem at Forbes Field. The same site had hosted Exposition Park, which the Pirates had left in 1909. The stadium was located in a hard-to-access portion of downtown, making it hard in later years to get in before games and leave after games. Political debate continued over the North Side Sports Stadium and the project was often behind schedule and over-budget. Arguments were made by commissioner (and former Allegheny County Medical Examiner) Dr. William McCelland that the Pirates and Steelers should fund a higher percentage of the $33 million project ($254.8 million today). Due to lack of support, however, the arguments faded.
Boat pulls a water skier from the confluence of the Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio Rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh toward Three Rivers Stadium on the northern shore of the Ohio River, circa 1977.
Ground was broken on April 25, 1968, and due to the Steelers' suggestions, the design was changed to enclose center field. Construction continued, though it became plagued with problems such as thieves stealing materials from the building site. In April 1969, construction was behind schedule and the target opening of April 1970 was deemed unlikely. That November, Arthur Gratz asked the city for an additional $3 million ($20.5 million today), which was granted. In January 1970, the new target date was set for May 29; however, because of a failure to install the lights on schedule, opening day was pushed back to July 16. The stadium was named in February 1969 for to its location at the confluence of the Allegheny River and Monongahela River, which forms the Ohio River. It would sometimes be called The House That Clemente Built after Pirates' right-fielder Roberto Clemente.
In their first game after the All-Star Break in 1970, the Pirates opened the stadium against Cincinnati on Thursday, July 16. The team donned new uniform designs for the first time that day, a similar plan was for new "mini-skirts" for female ushers. However, the ushers' union declined the uniform change for female workers. A parade was held before opening ceremonies. The expansive parking lot, both Pirates and Steelers team offices, the Allegheny Club (VIP Club) and the press boxes and facilities were not opened until weeks later due to extended labor union work stoppages. Instead of allowing cars to park, the team instructed fans to park downtown and walk to the stadium over bridges or take shuttle buses. The opening of Three Rivers marked the first time the Pirates allowed beer to be sold in the stands during a game since the early 1960s.
During batting practice on that day, a stray foul ball hit a woman named Evelyn Jones in the eye while she was walking the stadium's concourse. She sued the Pirates and their subsidiary that managed the stadium, arguing that the Baseball Rule, which usually prevents spectators at baseball games from holding teams liable for foul ball injuries, did not apply because she was away from the seating areas and not watching what was going on on the field. A jury awarded Jones $125,000, but it was reversed on appeal. That decision was in turn reversed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which agreed with her argument about the Baseball Rule and also noted that the opening to the concourse through which the foul had passed was a purely architectural choice that was not necessary to the game of baseball.
Three Rivers Stadium was similar in design to other stadiums built in the 1960s and 1970s, such as Riverfront Stadium, the Houston Astrodome, and Busch Memorial Stadium, which were designed as multi-purpose facilities to maximize efficiency. Due to their similar design these stadiums were nicknamed "cookie-cutter" or "concrete doughnut" ballparks. The sight lines were more favorable to football; almost 70% of the seats in the baseball configuration were in fair territory. It originally seated 50,611 for baseball, but several expansions over the years brought it to 58,729. In 1993, the Pirates placed tarps on most of the upper deck to create a better baseball atmosphere, reducing capacity to 47,687.
Three Rivers was the first multi-purpose stadium and the first in either the NFL or MLB to feature 3M's Tartan Turf (then a competitor to the dominant AstroTurf), which was installed for opening day. It had a dirt skin infield on the basepaths for baseball through 1972, until converted to "sliding pits" at the bases for 1973. Renovations for the start of the 1983 baseball season included replacing the Tartan Turf with AstroTurf, the center field Stewart-Warner scoreboard being removed and replaced with new seating—while a new Diamond Vision scoreboard with a White Way messageboard was installed at the top of the center field upper deck—and the outfield fence being painted blue from the previous aqua. The field originally used "Gamesaver vacuum vehicles" to dry the surface, though they were later replaced by an underground drainage system.
By the early 1990s, the multipurpose stadiums had gone out of fashion. They were considered by many to be ugly and obsolete, as well as not financially viable. Joining a wave of sports construction that swept the United States in the '90s, both the Pirates and Steelers began a push for a new stadium. This eventually culminated in the Regional Renaissance Initiative, an 11-county 1997 voter referendum to raise the sales tax in Pittsburgh's Allegheny County and ten surrounding counties ½% for seven years to fund separate new stadiums for the Pirates and Steelers, as well as an expansion of the David L. Lawrence Convention Center and various other local development projects. After being hotly debated throughout the entire southwestern Pennsylvania region the initiative was soundly defeated in all 11 counties; only in Allegheny County was it even close (58-42).
Ground was broken for the new stadiums in 1999. On October 1, 2000, the Pirates were defeated 10–9 by the Chicago Cubs in their final game at Three Rivers Stadium. After the game, former Pirate Willie Stargell threw out the ceremonial last pitch (he died the following April hours before the first regular season game was played at PNC Park). Two months later on December 16, 2000, the Steelers concluded play at Three Rivers Stadium, with a 24-3 victory over the Washington Redskins.
Three Rivers Stadium was imploded on February 11, 2001, at 8:03 a.m. on a chilly 21 °F (−6 °C) day. Over 20,000 people viewed the implosion from Point State Park. Another 3,000-4,000 viewing from atop Mount Washington and an uncounted number of people viewed the demolition from various high points across the city. Mark Loizeaux of Controlled Demolition, Inc. pushed the button that set off the 19-second implosion, while Elizabeth and Joseph King pushed the "ceremonial old fashioned dynamite plunger". The demolition cost $5.1 million and used 4,800 pounds (2,180 kg) of explosive. With the newly constructed Heinz Field only 80 feet (24 m) away, effects from the blast were a concern. Doug Loizeaux, vice president of Controlled Demolition, Inc., was happy to report that there was no debris within 40 feet (12 m) of Heinz Field.
At the time of the demolition, Three Rivers Stadium still had $27.93 million in debt ($39.5 million today), some of it from the original construction but the rest from renovations in the mid-1980s, bringing more criticism to the public funding of sports stadiums. The debt was finally retired by 2010.
In 2011, the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review reported that the Three Rivers Stadium website was still active, 11 years after the facility's demolition. The newspaper has revisited the issue and reported several times that the website remained active.
The Pittsburgh Steelers played their first game in Three Rivers Stadium on September 20, 1970—a 19–7 loss to the Houston Oilers. Throughout their 31 seasons in Three Rivers Stadium, the Steelers posted a record of 182–72, including a 13-5 playoff record, and defeated every visiting franchise at least once from the stadium's opening to close, enjoying perfect records there against seven teams. The Steelers sold out every home game from 1972 through the closing of the stadium, a streak which continues through 2008. The largest attendance for a football game was on January 15, 1995, when 61,545 spectators witnessed the Steelers lose to the San Diego Chargers. On December 23, 1972, Three Rivers Stadium was site to the Immaculate Reception, which became regarded as one of the greatest plays in NFL history. Three Rivers Stadium hosted seven AFC Championship Games from 1972 to 1998; the Steelers won four. In the 1995 AFC Championship game, the Steelers' Randy Fuller deflected a Hail Mary pass intended for Indianapolis Colts receiver Aaron Bailey as time expired, to send the franchise to their 5th Super Bowl. A Steelers symbol recognized worldwide, The Terrible Towel debuted on December 27, 1975, at Three Rivers Stadium. The Steelers would move to Heinz Field after it was closed.
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The 1977 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 45th in the National Football League. After what was considered the franchise's greatest season ever in 1976, the 1977 Pittsburgh Steelers failed to improve on their 10-4 record from 1976 and finished with a 9-5 record, however they appeared in the playoffs for their 6th straight season. The Steelers were not as sharp as usual, as they won the AFC Central with a 9–5 record. They had a hard time for most of the season as their record hovered around .500. Even the Steel curtain seemed to have a little wear and tear allowing 243 points on the season, more than 100 more than the previous season. The sloppy plays would catch up with them in the Divisional Playoffs when they are knocked off by the Broncos 34–21 in Denver.
The 1981 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 49th in the National Football League. After enduring an injury plagued 9–7 season the previous year, and missing the playoffs for the first time since 1971, the Steelers had hoped that the 1980 season was just a small hiatus from contending for championships. However, while the Steelers had flashes of their former glory years after starting the season with 2 unimpressive losses, the 1981 season would end in an 8-8 record and eventually prove to be the beginning of the end of the Steelers great dynasty of the 1970s.
The 1982 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 50th in the National Football League. The steelers returned to the playoffs after missing the playoffs for two years. This was also the Steelers 50th Anniversary season. Although the season was shortened as a result of the 1982 strike, the Steelers finished a strong 6–3 record, good enough for fourth in the AFC as a whole. Although division standings were thrown out as a result of the strike, the Steelers unofficially finished second in the AFC Central, one game behind defending AFC Champion Cincinnati.
The Steelers would lose in the first round of the playoffs to the San Diego Chargers, in what would be the last home playoff game for the Steelers for the next ten years.
The 1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 56th in the National Football League. The season began the season with the death of Hall of Fame team founder & owner Art Rooney at age 87 less than two weeks before the start of the season on August 25. The team would wear AJR patches on the left shoulder the entire season in memory of "The Chief".
The team finished the season at 5–11 failing to improve on their 8-7 record from 1987, and their worst record since finishing an NFL-worst 1–13 in 1969. As of 2018, the 5–11 mark remains the team's worst record since 1969, and have only finished with ten losses twice since, in 1999 and 2003.
The Steelers got of to a disappointing start. After winning their home opener against the Dallas Cowboys, the team lost 6 straight, their first 6 game losing streak since 1969. The team never recovered after the skid, and eventually were at one point sitting at a 2-10 record after a 27-7 loss to the Cleveland Browns. It was the Steelers worst start to a season since their 1-13 1969 season. The team had several horrible and forgetful games during the season. One of those games was their week 10 game against the Cincinnati Bengals, a game in which they lost 42-7, the most points they had allowed in a game since 1985, when they allowed 54 points against the Chargers. The Steelers would, however, finish the season on a positive note, winning 3 of its last 4 games to finish the season 5-11.
The 1991 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 59th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League.
The Steelers struggled early as Neil O'Donnell took over from Bubby Brister at quarterback. The Steelers ended the season winning their last two games, 17–10, over the Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns at Three Rivers Stadium to finish with a 7–9 record. Following the season Chuck Noll announced his retirement, ending his 23-year career in which he won four Super Bowls while posting an overall record of 209–156–1.
The 1996 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 64th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League.
This was Bill Cowher's fifth season as head coach of the Steelers, which resulted in yet another trip to the playoffs for the team, as Pittsburgh won the AFC Central Division championship for the fourth time under Cowher.
However, the team's 10–6 record was not enough to earn the Steelers a first-round bye. In their first playoff game, a rematch of the previous year's AFC Championship Game, the Steelers defeated the Colts, However, their season would come to a halt a week later as the steelers lost to the New England Patriots, 28–3.
The 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 66th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League.
This season marked the first time since the 1991 season, that the Steelers failed to make the playoffs. Pittsburgh finished 7–9 after starting the season 5–2, losing their last five games to lose a spot in the playoffs. It was Bill Cowher's first losing record as coach of the Steelers.
The season was marked by a controversial ending to the team's Thanksgiving Day game against the Detroit Lions, where Jerome Bettis claimed he called the coin toss in overtime as "tails" although referee Phil Luckett heard "heads." The Lions won 19–16 and started the Steelers' losing streak to finish the season.
The inept plays of Kordell Stewart was cited as another conflict, as the fans slowly began to turn on him. After their 11–5 1997 season, Pittsburgh lost two key offensive components: Chan Gailey, the offensive coordinator who went on to become head coach of the Dallas Cowboys, and their leading receiver, Yancey Thigpen, a Pro Bowler for Pittsburgh in 1997, who joined the Tennessee Oilers.
The 1999 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise’s 67th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League.
For the second consecutive season the Steelers have failed to make the playoffs after starting off the season by winning 5 of their first 8 games. Losing seven of the remaining eight dropped Pittsburgh to 6–10 for the year, their worst record under Bill Cowher.
The 1999 Steelers are the only NFL team since at least 1940 to concede so many as five safeties in one season.
The 2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 68th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League.
The season began with the team trying to improve on their 6–10 record from 1999 in which they failed to qualify for the playoffs. While Pittsburgh did improve to 9–7 and had their first winning season since 1997, it was not enough for the team to qualify for the playoffs. This season also marked the Steelers' last at Three Rivers Stadium.
Coach Bill Cowher named Kent Graham as the team's starting quarterback for the season, but after an auspicious 1–3 start, Graham got hurt, and Kordell Stewart, who was a backup, took over the starting job. Graham was released at the end of the season.
The Allegheny HYP Club (Harvard-Yale-Princeton Club) is a private social club in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Located at 617-619 William Penn Place, it was built in 1894 and was added to the List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks in 2002. On July 1, 1997 the club absorbed the Pittsburgh Club membership and assets.The Pittsburgh Harvard-Yale-Princeton Club was formally founded on November 7, 1930. The club merged with the Three Rivers Stadium based Allegheny Club in 2002 after Allegheny had filed for bankruptcy protection.
The Pittsburgh Pirates are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They play in the National League Central division. Originally known as the Alleghenys, they played in the American Association from 1882 through 1886, and have played in the National League since 1887. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starter is an honor, which is often given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Pirates have used 71 Opening Day starting pitchers since they began to play as a Major League team in 1882. The Pirates have a record of 69 wins and 60 losses in their Opening Day games.The Pirates have played in several different home ball parks. Between 1882 and 1909 they played in two parks called Exposition Park and in Recreation Park. They played in Forbes Field from 1909 to 1970 and Three Rivers Stadium from 1970 to 2000 and they have played in their current stadium, PNC Park, since 2001. They had a record of no wins and one loss in the first Exposition Park, four wins and no losses in Recreation Park and no wins and two losses in the second Exposition Park. They had a record of four wins and two losses at Forbes Field and a record of five wins and eight losses at Three Rivers Stadium. Through 2010, they have a record of two wins and one loss at PNC Park. That gives the Pirates an overall Opening Day record of 15 wins and 14 losses at home. They have a record of 54 wins and 46 losses in Opening Day games on the road.Bob Friend has made the most Opening Day starts for the Pirates, with seven. Babe Adams and Frank Killen each made five Opening Day starts for the Pirates, and Deacon Phillippe, Howie Camnitz, Cy Blanton and Bob Veale each made four Opening Day starts. Ed Morris, Pud Galvin, Wilbur Cooper, Ray Kremer, Rip Sewell, Steve Blass, Dock Ellis, Rick Rhoden, Doug Drabek and Francisco Liriano all made three Opening Day starts for the Pirates. Several Pittsburgh Pirates Opening Day starting pitchers have been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, including Galvin, Burleigh Grimes, Waite Hoyt, Jim Bunning, and Bert Blyleven. Bunning was elected as both a United States congressman and senator from Kentucky after retiring from baseball.The Pirates have won nine National League titles, in 1901, 1902, 1903, 1909, 1925, 1927, 1960, 1971 and 1979. They went on to win the World Series in 1909, 1925, 1960, 1971 and 1979 (the modern World Series begin in 1903). Sam Leever was the Pirates Opening Day starting pitcher in 1901, Phillippe was the Opening Day starting pitcher in both 1902 and 1903, Camnitz was the Opening Day starting pitcher in 1909, Emil Yde in 1925, Kremer in 1927, Friend in 1960, Ellis in 1971 and Blyleven in 1979.
The Pittsburgh Maulers were a team that competed in the 1984 season of the United States Football League. Their most prominent player was first pick overall in the 1984 USFL draft, running back Mike Rozier of Nebraska, who won the Heisman Trophy, collegiate football's most prestigious individual award.
They were owned by shopping mall magnate Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr., the father of Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., then-owner of the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League and the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League. The Maulers played at Three Rivers Stadium.
The Steelers–Titans rivalry is a National Football League rivalry between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Tennessee Titans that dates back to the 1970s when the Steelers and then-Houston Oilers played in the AFC Central. The two teams were realigned into separate divisions for the 2002 NFL season, however matchups are still considered heated between the two teams.
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In this email, you should clearly ask for payment, and ask the client to confirm whether they have received the message. That way, they have one less excuse to ignore your email. That way, they have one less excuse to ignore your email.
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Optometry vs. Ophthalmology: Which Does Your Child Need?
When it comes to any aspect of your child’s health, seeing the right professional at the right time is important. Eye care is performed by a range of different types of medical professionals, each with a different amount of training and expertise.
An optician is the most limited type of eye care professional. An optician’s duties involve filling prescriptions, repairing and adjusting lenses and frames, and taking measurements. Your child will not receive a diagnosis or treatment for eye disease or condition from an optician.
An optometrist provides primary vision care, conducts regular eye exams, and asses vision changes. This type of doctor can test and correct your child’s vision and diagnose and treat conditions such as astigmatism, nearsightedness, and farsightedness. Additionally, an optometrist can prescribe medications for some diseases. An optometrist completes four years of optometry school and can undergo additional, specialized training.
An ophthalmologist provides the full scope of eye and vision care, including more complex conditions. In addition to prescribing and fitting glasses and lenses, an ophthalmologist can also diagnose and treat eye diseases and even perform plastic surgery for things like drooping eyelids. This type of doctor does everything an optometrist can do, but with special ability to perform surgery and practice medicine. An ophthalmologist completes eight additional years of training, and many of these types of doctors have additional specialties that require separate training and are typically involved in scientific research for eye diseases and disorders.
When choosing the right kind of eye professional for your child, it is important to choose the right one for the issues your child is experiencing. If there are any noticeable problems or conditions, an ophthalmologist may be best. Keep in mind that all types of eye and vision professionals can work together to provide care, and you might be referred back to a different professional once a condition is controlled.
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How The Piqua Shawnee Tribe Have Been Living Since The Past The Shawnee people have been labelled as nomadic by the historians because they have found evidence proving that they moved from North America and settled in other places. Despite their migration and spread to various parts, the Shawnee tribe has been able to maintain the family unit. For a while, the Shawnee people have stayed in the state of Alabama. For that reason, some historians have argued that the Shawnee people have stayed in that place for a long period than any other place. Studies by some archeologists is that the Shawnee tribe inhabited the Alabama state first before the others. However, oral tradition states the Shawnee tribe have occupied Alabama state for the longest period. What proves their existence to long ago is the presence of burial sites of the Shawnee people. The Shawnee tribe was colonized by the European settlers, and this forced some of the nations of Shawnee to escape to other areas. Later the chaos subsided, and some families returned. A majority of families, however, chose to stay on the outskirts where there were no harassment by government officials and neighbors who were peaceful. Family stories and all the happenings since the beginning have been preserved because of the nature of Shawnee people loving to tell stories. Because of the background of telling family stories, the Piqua have lived and worked to maintain their exceptional legacy. The larger composition of the Shawnee people can be traced in other countries. The other members of the Piqua Shawnee are found in eight other states. The Piqua Shawnee organize for meetings with their other members so that they do not migrate far away from each other. There is a principal chief who enjoys the support of the villagers so that he can carry on the duties well. The affairs of the tribal government are determined by what the council dictates. The tribal council is made up of clan chiefs, clan mothers and a council of elders. The tribal council carries out its activities according to what the clan says.
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5-in-1 cleanser for normal to combination skin: cleanses, removes impurities, refreshes, tightens pores and brightens.
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L’Oréal Paris Laboratories created Hydra-Total 5 Ultra-Fresh routine, designed specifically for normal to combination skin. The Gel Cleanser makes skin feel clean and refreshed.It removes skin’s impurities and leaves a fresh feeling. Skin is perfectly clean, feels fresh and revitalized.5 ACTIONS Plus RESULTS:1. CLEANSES2. REMOVES IMPURITIES3. REFRESHES4. TIGHTENS PORES5. BRIGHTENS.
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From "The Body Electric" © 1985 - Reproduced for research purposes only.
The crudest of these armaments would be a sort of electromagnetic flamethrower with a greater range than chemical types. Dogs were cooked to death in experiments at the Naval Medical Research Institute as long ago as 1955, and high-power transmitters using short UHF wavelengths can severely burn exposed skin in seconds.
Electrmagnetic pulse (EMP) is a term designating the immensely powerful, near-instantaneous surge of electromagnetic energy produced by a nuclear explosion. It was first discovered in the late 1960s. The EMP from one detonation a few thousand miles above the earth would destroy all electrical systems throughout an entire continent. In the early 1970s new types of EMR generators emitting power levels ten or twenty times higher than ever before were developed in an effort to simulate EMP and help devise communications systems shielded from it. In 1973 these transmitters were described in an invitation-only seminar at the Naval Weapons Laboratory in Dahlgren, Virginia, where their use for antipersonnel and anti-ballistic-missle energy beams were discussed. No information about their subsequent development has since been made public, and the difficulties of long-range missle tracking argue that ABM beams haven't yet become feasible, but there are no such difficultiesin the way of EMR beam weapons for use against unshielded people.
At some UHF power densities there's an insidious moth-to-the flame allurement, which would increase such a weapon's effectiveness. As discoverer Sol Michaelson described it in 1958, each of the dogs used in his experiments "began to struggle for release from the sling," showing "considerable agitation and muscular activity," yet "for some reason the animal continues to face the horn." Perhaps as part of the same effect, UHF beams can also induce muscular weakness and lethargy. In Soviet experiments with rats in 1960, five minutes of exposure to 100,000 microwatts reduced swimming time in an endurance test from sixty minutes to six.
Allen Frey's discovery that certain pulsed microwave beams increased the permeability of the blood-brain barrier could be turned into a supplemental weapon to enhance the effects of drugs, bacteria, or poisons.
The calcium-outflow windows discovered by Ross Adey could be used to interfere with the functioning of the entire brain.
In the early 1960s Frey found that when microwaves of 300 to 3,000 megahertz were pulsed at specific rates, humans (even deaf people) could "hear" them. The beam caused a booming, hissing, clicking, or buzzing, depending on the exact frequency and pulse rate, and the sound seemed to come from just behind the head.
At first Frey was ridiculed for this announcement, just like many radar technicians who'd been told they were crazy for hearing certain radar beams. Later work has shown that the microwaves are sensed somewhere in the temporal region just above and slightly in front of the ears. The phenomenon apparently results from pressure waves set up in brain tissue, someof which activate the sound receptors of the inner ear via bone conduction, while others directly stimulate nerve cells inthe auditory pathways. Experiments on rats have shown that a strong signal can generate a sound pressure of 120 decibels, or approximately the level near a jet engine at takeoff.
Obviously such a beam could cause humans severe pain and prevent all voice communication. that the same effect can be used more subtly was demonstrated in 1973 by Dr. Joseph C. Sharp of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Sharp, serving as a test subject himself, heard and understood spoken words delivered to him in an echo-free isolation chamber via a pulsed-microwave audiogram (an analog of the word's sound vibrations) beamed into his brain. Such a device has obvious applications in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy with "voices" or deliver undetectable instructions to a programmed assassin. There are also indications that other pulsed frequenciescause similiar pressure waves in other tissues, which could disrupt various metabolic processes. A group under R.G. Olsen and J.D. Grissett at the Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory in Pensacola has already demonstrated such effects in simulated muscle tissue and has a continuing contract to find beams effective against human tissues.
In the 1960s Frey also reported that he could speed up, slow down, or stop isolated frog hearts by synchronizing the pulse rate of a microwave beam with the beat of the heart itself. Similiar results have been obtained using live frogs, indicating that it's technically feasible to produce heart attacks with a ray designed to penetrate the human chest.
In addition to the methods of damaging or killing people with EMR, there are several ways of controlling their behavior. Ross Adey and his colleagues have shown that microwaves modulated in various ways can force specific electrical patterns upon parts of the brain. Working with cats they found that brain waves appearing with conditioned responses could be selectively enhanced by shaping the microwaves with a rhythmic variation in amplitude (height) corresponding to EEG frequencies. For example, a 3-hertz modulation decreased 10-hertz alpha waves in one part of the animal's brain and reinforced 14-hertz beta waves in another location.
Some radar can find a fly a kilometer away or track a human at twenty-five miles, and several researchers have suggested that focused EMR beams of such accuracycould bend the mind much like electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) through wires. We know of ESB's potential for mindcontrol largely through the work of Jos Delgado. One signal provoked a cat to lick its fur, then continue compulsively licking the floor and bars of its cage. A signal designed to stimulate a portion of a monkey's thalamus, a major midbrain center for integrating muscle movements, triggered a complex reaction: The monkey walked to one side of the cage, then the other, then climbed to the rear ceiling, then back down. The animal performed this same activity as many times as it was stimulated with the signal, up to sixty times an hour, but not blindly - the creature still was able to avoid obstacles and threats from the dominant male while carrying out the electrical imperative. Another type of signal has made monkeys turn their heads, or smile, no matter what else they were doing, up to twenty thousand times in two weeks. As Delgado concluded, "The animals looked like electronic toys."
Even instincts and emotions can be changed: In one test a mother giving continuous care toher baby suddenly pushed the infant away whenever the signal was given. Approach-avoidance conditioning can be achieved for any action simply by stimulating the pleasure and pain centers in an animal's or person's limbic system.
Eventual monitoring of evoked potentials from the EEG, combined with radio-frequency and microwave broadcasts designed to produce specific thoughts ormoods, such as compliance and complacency, promises a method of mind control that poses immense danger to all societies - tyranny without terror. Scientists involved in EEG research all say the ability is still years away, but for all we could _sense_ of it, it could be happening right now. Conspiracy theories aside, the hypnotic familiarity of TV and radio, combined with the biological effects of their broadcastt beams, may already constitute a similiar force for mass standardization, whether by design or not.
The potential dangers of televised lethargy are no yawning matter. It's well known that relaxed attention to any mildly involving stimulus, such as a movie or TV program, produces a hypnoid state, in which the mind becomes especially receptiveto suggestion. Other inducers of hypmoid states include light sleep, daydreams, or short periods of time spent waiting for some predetermined signal or action, such as a traffic light.
The Central Intelligence Agency funded research on electromagnetic mind control at least as early as 1960, when the notorious MKULTRA program, mostly concerned with hypnosis and psychedelic drugs, in- cluded money for adapting bioelectric sensing methods(at that time primarily the EEG) to surveillance and interrogation,as well as for finding "techniques of activation of the human organism by remote electronic means." In testimony before the Senate Sub- committee on Health and Scientific Research on September 21, 1977, MKULTRA director Dr. Sydney Gottlieb recalled: "There was a running interest in what effects people's standing in the field of radio energy have, and it could easily have been that somewhere in the many projects someone was trying to see if you could hypnotize somebody easier if he was standing in a radio beam."
Hypnotists often use a strobe light flashing at alpha-wave frequencies to ease the glide into a trance. It seems forover thirty years the Communist bloc nations have been using an ELF wave form to do the same thing undetectably and perhaps more effectively. Ross Adey recently lost most of his government grants and has become a bit more loquacious about the military and intelligence uses of EMR. In 1983 he organized a public meeting at the Loma Linda VA hospital and released photos and information concerning a Russian Lida machine. This was a small transmitter that emitted 10-hertz waves for tranquilization and enhancement of suggestibility. The most interesting part was that the box had an ancient vacuum-tube design, and a man who'd been a POW in Korea reported that similiar devices had been used there during interrogation.
American interest in the hypnosis-EMR interaction was still strong as of 1974, when a research plan was filed to develop useful techniques in human volunteers. The experimenter, J.F. Schapitz, stated: "In this investigation it will be shown that the spoken word of the hypnotist may also be conveyed by modulated electromagnetic energy directly into the subconscious parts of the human brain--i.e., without employing any technical devices for receiving or transcoding the messages and without the person exposed to such influence having a chance to control the information input consciously." As a preliminary test of the general concept, Schapitz proposed recording the brain waves induced by specific drugs, then modulating them onto a microwave beam and feeding them back into an undrugged person's brain to see if the same state of consciousness could be produced by the beam alone.
Schapitz's main protocol consisted of four experiments. In the first, subjects would be given a test of a hundred questions, ranging from easy to technical, so they allwould know some but not all of the answers. Later, while in hypnoid states and not knowing they were being irradiated, these people would be subjected to information beams suggesting answers for some of hte items they'd left blank, amnesia for some of their correct answers, and memory falsification for other correct answers. A new test would check the results two weeks later.
The second experiment was to be the implanting of hypnotic suggestions for simple acts, like leaving the lab to buy some particular item, which were to be triggered by a suggested time, spoken word, or sight. Subjects were to be interviewed later. "It may be expected,: Schapitz wrote, "that they rationalize their behavior and consider it to be undertaken out of their own free will."
In a third test the subjects were to be given two personality tests. Then different responses to certain questions would be repeatedly suggested, and nonpathological personality changes would also be suggested, both to be evaluated by new testing in a month. In some cases the subjects were to be prehypnotized into talking in their sleep, so the microwave programmer could gear the commands to thoughts already in the brain. Finally, attempts would be made to produce the standard tests of deep hypnotic trance, such as muscular rigidity, by microwave beams alone.
Naturally, since this information was voluntarily released viathe Freedom of Information Act, it must be taken with a pillar of salt. The results haven't been made public, so the work may have been inconclusive, and the plans may have been released to convince the Soviets and our own public that American mind-control capabilities are greater than they actually are. On the other hand, the actualities may be so far ahead of this research plan that it was tame enough to release in satisfying FOIA requirements.
How many of the EMR weapons possibilities have actuallybeen developed and\or used? Those not privy to classified information have no way of knowing. There are plenty of rumors. Boris Spassky claimed he'd lost the world chess championship to Bobby Fischer because he was being bombarded with confusion rays. Irecall hearing about one secret American experiment in which a sceintist was supposedly set up with invitations to three conferences to give the same presentation each time. The first one went fine, but at the last two he was irradiated with ELF waves, reportedly to induce Adey's calcium efflux, and he became confused and ineffective.
Another FOIA release from the Defense Intelligence Agency in 1976 may be revealing. Prepared by Ronald L. Adams and E.A. Williams of Battelle Columbus Laboratories, it'sentitled "Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation (Radiowaves and Microwaves), Eurasian Communist Countries." the pages released merely recount Allen Frey's discoveries without mentioning his name, implying instead that only the Reds would be sodastardly as to investigate such things for use as weapons. Immediately after mention of the blood-brain barrier leak phenomenon, a paragraph was deleted, followed by the tantalizing sentence, "The above study is recommended reading material for those consumers who have an interest in the application of microwave energy to weapons." Even without this document, considering the relentless pace of arms development, we would have to be very naive to assume that the United States has no electromagnetic arsenal.
The Soviets may already be using theirs, however, on a scale far beyond that of the Moscow Signal. During the U.S. bicentennial celebration of July 4, 1976, a new radio signals was heard throughout the world. It has remained on the air more or lesscontinuously ever since. Varying up and down through the frequencies between 3.26 and 17.54 megahertz, it is pulse-modulated at a rate of several times a second, so it sounds like a buzz saw or woodpecker. It was soon traced to an enormous transmitter near Kiev in the Soviet Ukraine.
The signal is so strong it drowns out anything else on its wavelength. When it first appeared,the UN International Telecommunications Union protested because it interfered with several communications channels, including the emergency frequencies for aircraft on transoceanic flights. Now the woodpecker leaves "holes"; it skips the crucial frequencies as it moves up and down the spectrum. The signal is maintained at enormous expense from a current total of seven nations, the seven most powerful radio transmitters in the world.
Within a year or two after the woodpecker began tapping, there were persistent complaints of unaccountable symptoms from people in several cities of the United States and Canada, primarily Eugene, Oregon. The sensations - pressure and pain in the head, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, lack of coordination, and numbness, accompanied by a high-pitched ringing in the ears - were characteristic of strong radio-frequency or microwave irradiation. In Oregon, between Eugene and Corvallis, a powerful radio signal centering on 4.75 megahertz was monitored, at higher levels in the air than on the ground. Several unsatisfactory theories were advanced, including emanations from winter-damaged power lines, but most engineers who studied the signal concluded that it was a manifestation of the woodpecker. The idea was advanced that it was being directed to Oregon by a Tesla magnifying transmitter. This apparatus, devised by Nikola Tesla during his turn-of-the-century experiments on wireless global power transmission at a laboratory near Pikes Peak, hasn't been much studied in the West. It reportedly enables atransmitter to beam a radio signal _through_ the earth to any desired point on its surface, while maintaining or even increasing the signal's power as it emerges. Paul Brodeur has suggested that, since the TRW company once proposed a Navy ELF communications system using an existing 850-mile power line that ended in Oregon, the Eugene phenomenon might have been the interaction between a Navy broadcast and Soviet jamming.
Be that as it may, the woodpecker continues in operation, and there are several unsettling possibilities as to its main purpose. A former chief of naval research has privately discounted the idea that it's directed against the U.S. population. However, Robert Beck, a Los Angeles physicist who regularly serves as a DOD consultant, toldme that the signal has a threefold purpose. He said it acts as a crude over-the-horizon radar that would pick up a massive first strike of U.S. missles if Soviet spy satellites and other detectors were knocked out. Second, the signal's modulations are an ELF medium for communicating with submarines underwater. Third, he claimed the signal has a biological by-product about whichhe promised further information. Of course, I haven't been able to contact him since.
Several educated guesses can be made, however. Adey's research suggests that the best way to get an ELF signal into an animal is to make it a pulse modulation of a high-frequency radio signal. That's exactly what the woodpecker is. Within its frequency range, it could be beamed to any part ofthe world, and it would be picked up and reradiated by the power supply grid at its destination.
Raymond Damadian has theorized that the woodpecker signal is designed to induce nuclear magnetic resonance in human tissues. Damadian, a radiologist at Brooklyn's Downstate Medical Center, patented the first NMR scanner, a device that gives an image of internal organs similiar to CAT scanners but using magnetic fields rather than nuclear radiation. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, NMR could greatly magnify the metabolic interference of electropollution or EMR weapons. Maria Reichmanis calculated the pulse frequency that wouldbe required to do this with a radio signal in the woodpecker's range, and she came up with a band centered on the same old alpha rhythm of 10 hertz. And in fact, the signal's pulse is genrally about that rate, although it is often a two-part modulation of 4 + 6, 7 + 3, and so on. The available evidence, then, suggests that the Russian woodpecker is a multipurpose radiation thatcombines a submarine link with an experimental attack on the American people. It may be intended to increase cancer rates, interfere with decision-making ability, and/or sow confusion and irritation. It may be succeeding.
I keep hearing persistent rumors of American transmitters set up to try to nullify the Russians' siganl or to affect their people in a similiar way. In 1978,Stefan Rednip, an American reporter living in England, claimed access to purloined CIA documents proving the existence of a program called Operation Pique, which included bouncing radio signals off the ionosphere to affect the mental functions of peoplein selected areas, including Eastern European nuclear installations.
The whole business sounds too much like an undeclared electrmagnetic war. however, there are persistent complaints that the American effort is being hampered in a strange way. Shortlyafter the rigged National Academy of Sciences report on Project Seafarer, for example, the Navy sent a delegation to a meetingat the National Security Agency to complain about an alleged "zap gap" between the United States and the USSR, and to ask other delegates to push for more research money for turning nonthermal EMR effects into weapons. According to one of my Navy contacts, the NSA sent several "experts" who had never done any research on EMR and who firmly advised the Navy to abandon its program. Later he voiced the same suspicions I'd already heard from others: Given the allegedly vigorous Soviet electroweapons research program and the underfunding of ours, he concluded that there is a mole highly placed in the American military science establishment, perhaps in the NSA itself, who is preventing us from acquiring any clear competence in this field.
Unfortunately, mysource, having served as a hatchet man for defunding research on the environmental dangers of electropollution, isn't exactly reliable. Complaints of a mole could easily be a blind for a large and intense U.S. EMR weapons program. That there's more going on than meets the eye is clear from my last communication with Dietrich Beischer. In 1977 the Erie Magnetics COmpany of Buffalo, New York, sponsored a small private conference, and Beischer and I both planned to attend. Just before the meeting, I got acall from him. With no preamble or explanation, he blurted out: "I'm at a pay phone. I can't talk long. They are watching me. I can't come to the meeting or ever communicate with you again. I'm sorry. You've been a good friend. Good-bye." Soon afterwardI called his office at Pensacola and was told, "I'm sorry, there is no one here by that name," just as in the movies. A guy who had done important research there for decades just disappeared.
The crucial point to me is that both sides may be embarking on hostilities whose consequences for the whole biosphere no one can yet foresee. Even if the Soviets have begun an electrmagnetic war and we're totally unprepared to fight back, I doubt that a simple buildup and retaliation are the best course for our own survival.
The extent of the danger can be dramatized best by considering one last potential weapon. Around 1900, Nikola Tesla theorized that ELF and VLF radiation could enter the magnetosphere, the magnetic field in space around the earth, and changeits structure. He has recently been proven right.
The magnetosphere and it Van Allen belts of trapped particles produce many kinds of EMR. SInce they were initially studied through audio amplifiers, the first kinds to be discovered, around 1920, were given fanciful names like whistlers, dawn chorus, and lion roars. Many of them result from VLF waves produced by lightning, which bounce back and forth from pole to pole along "magnetic ducts" in the magnetosphere. This resonance amplifies the original VLF waves enormously.
Satellite measurements have proven that artificial energies from power lines are similarly amplified high above the earth, a phenomenon known as power-line harmonic resonance (PLHR). Radio and microwave energy also resonantes in the magnetosphere. This amplified energy interacts with the particles in the Van Allen belts, producing heat, light, X-rays, and, most important, a "fallout" of charged particles that serve as nuclei for raindrops.
Recent work with sounding rockets has matched specific areas of such ion precipitation with the energy from specific radio stations, and established that the sifting down of charged particles generally occurs east of the EMR source, following the general eastward drift of weather patterns. In 1983, measurements from the Ariel 3 and 4 weather satellites showed that the enormous amount of PLHR over North America had created a permanent duct from the magnetosphere down into the upper air, resulting in a continuous release of ions and energy over the whole continent. In presenting this data at the March 1983 Symposium on Electromagnetic COmpatibility in Zurich, K. Bulloughreminded the audience that thunderstorms have been 25 percent more frequent over North AMerica between 1930 and 1975 than theywere from 1900 to 1930, and suggested that the increased energy levels in the upper atmosphere were responsible.
Since the mid-1970s there has been a dramatic increase in flooding, drought, and attendanthardships due to inconsistent, anomolous weather patterns. It appears likely that these have been caused in part by electropollution and perhaps enhanced, whether deliberately or not, by the Soviet woodpecker signal. It now seems feasible to induce catastrophic climate change over a target country, and even without such weather warfare, continued expansion of the electrical power system threatens the viability of all life on earth.
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Did you just bring home a new puppy? If you’ve just gotten a pet dog, then you should know that more just providing your puppy with its basic needs, good behavior and socialization is also important. This is why it is also important to start obedience training early for your puppy. Aside from helping strengthen the bond between you and your pet, it can also go a long way. It helps when it comes to training your dog to have the right behavior and manners, and this will also help them be kept away from troubles or accidents. But most pet owners have the same question: Where should you start with obedience training?
Ideally, obedience training needs to start as early as possible. This will help you train your puppy into becoming a well-behaved dog. Teaching your puppy while it is young is also easier, because they will be able to absorb learning much quicker, saving you time, convenience and effort. Generally, most pet owners can start training their puppy as early as when they are two to three months old.
To put it simply, obedience training is a method wherein you learn your role and responsibilities as a pet parent. It is your duty to teach your pet about all the skills and behaviors that it needs to have. This way, your dog will be able to interact with others wherever you take it. Obedience training is a great method of teaching your dog the right habits and behaviors, and also a way for you to avoid future problems or negative habits.
You can start by training your dog and teaching it simply commands like: sit, stay, and stand. You can later on move and train them in more complex tasks, and help them learn how to become patient, calm, and handling other situations.
Training your puppy won’t be easy, so your need to make sure that you’ve built a foundation first before moving on to training your puppy. The first step is to build your relationship with it, and learn more about its personality so you know what type of approach you can have when it comes to training it. Do simple tasks with your puppy. This way, you can also learn about its personality and adjust to it. For example, if you notice that your puppy is more of the timid type, then try to use a calmer voice when you are training it or when you are trying to teach commands. This will also determine the type of trainer it needs as well.
Show your puppy that you know what you are doing. Lead it and it will follow you. Keep calm and show your confidence to your pet so that it will be motivated to follow you.
Dogs love attention, so make sure you give them a positive one. Avoid constantly scolding them when they are doing something bad, and ignore them when they are following your instructions. You can use treats as rewards, and this can act as a positive reinforcement, along with praises. Do this whenever your dog follows your instructions or does something that you like.
If you are still wary about training your puppy on your own, you can also get a trainer or sign up in a training class. These types of classes can help you and offer various tips on how you can train your puppy into being a well-behaved one. This also allows for a chance of socialization, along with learning some of the most basic and important commands.
Commands Your Dog Needs to Know Does Your Dog Need Obedience Training?
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I've been telling people about this guy for a while now and his movies are hard to find. Luckily he's setup his own website now though at: http://www.videogamepianist.com.
What is this you ask? It's a guy playing video game music (famous for Mario Bros) on piano usually blindfolded at incredible speeds. It's amazing!
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1. Given to biting; biting.
1. biting or given to biting.
2. sharp or caustic in style, tone, etc.
mor•dac′i•ty (-ˈdæs ɪ ti) n.
Adj. 1. mordacious - capable of wounding; "a barbed compliment"; "a biting aphorism"; "pungent satire"
2. mordacious - biting or given to biting; "they deliberately gave me a skittish and mordacious mount"
acerbic, acid, acidic, acrid, astringent, biting, caustic, corrosive, cutting, mordant, pungent, scathing, sharp, slashing, stinging, trenchant, truculent, vitriolic.
Say 'I must be more audacious with words like mordacious.
MORDACIOUS A Given to biting B Piece of music C Sickly, unwholesome who am I?
In the Imperative Persian said, "The attack is equal mordacious typhus + famine + cheat on the exam.
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The people of Tuscany generally claim to have the best of everything: architecture, the country’s greatest collection of art, beautiful contryside and some of Italy’s finest fresh produce and best-known wines. Most people visit Toscana to see the artistic splendour of Firenze, Siena and Pisa. But this region also features beautiful hill towns, Etruscan sites, pleasant beaches and natural beauties.
Prato: Museo di Pittura Murale; Cattedrale di Santo Stefano; Chiesa di Santa Maria delle Carceri; Castello dell’Imperatore.
Pistoia: Cattedrale di San Zeno; Antici Palazzo dei Vescovi; Museo Civico; Ospedale del Ceppo.
Lucca: the cathedral, that contains the Volto Santo; Chiesa di San Michele in Foro; Casa di Puccini; Via Fillungo;the city walls.
Pisa: Campo dei Miracoli where is the famous Torre Pendente; Museo delle Sinopie; Museo dell’Opera del Duomo; Piazza dei Cavalieri; Borgo Stretto.
Livorno: Fortezza Nuova and Fortezza Vecchia; Museo di Storia Naturale del Mediterraneo; the cathedral; Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori.
Siena:il Campo; the cathedral; Baptistry of St. John; Pinacoteca Nazionale; Chiesa di San Domenico; Museo dell’Opera Metropolitana; Palazzo Piccolomini; Basilica di S. Maria dei Servi; Porta Romana; Palazzo Tolomei; Palazzo Cantucci; Palazzo Salimberi; Palazzo Spannocchi.
Volterra: Piazza dei Priori; Museo Diocesano d’Arte Sacra; Pinacoteca Comunale; Museo Etrusco Guaranacci; Fortezza Medicea; Parco Archeologico; Roman Theatre; la Balza (deep ravine created by ersion).
Montepulciano: Porta al Prato; Colonna del Marzocco; Piazza Savonarola; Palazzo budelli; Palazzo Cocconi; Piazza Michelozzo with a medieval tower house topped by the town clock and the figure of Pulcinella; Piazza Grande.
Arezzo: Chiesa di San Francesco; Pieve di Santa Maria; Piazza Grande; the cathedral; Chiesa di San Domenico; Museo Archeologico; Roman Amphitheatre.
Unsalted bread and extra virgin olive oil feature in every corse. For example bread becomes a dessert when topped with egg yolk and orange rind and sprinkled with powdered sugar. Fettunta or bruschetta is a thick slice of toasted bread rubbed with garlic and soaked with oil. Panzanella is a cold mixed salad with breadcrumbs, tomato, cucumber, red onions, lettuce, oil, vinegar and basil. Typical is the ribollita, a vegetable stew or pappa di pomodoro, bread and tomato hot paste. In Florence don’t miss a bistecca alla fiorentina, slab of fiorentine steak. Lampredotto( a type of trip) and caciucco di pesce( rich fish soup served on toasted garlic bread) also are popular dishes. As a dessert try panforte, a rich cake of almonds, honey and candied melon or citrus fruit. Wines are excellent: taste the Chianti, the Brunello, the Vernaccia and the dessert wine Vin Santo.
Pisa celebrates the Palio delle Quattro Antiche Repubbliche Marinare: there is a procession of boats and race between the four rivals : Pisa, Venezia, Amalfi, Genova. The event rotates between the towns. On 17th June there is the Regata Storica di San Ranieri on the river Arno. In Siena twice yearly on 2nd July and 16th August is held the Palio, in honour of the Virgin Mary: a series of colorful pageants, a wild horse race around the Campo and much eating, drinking and celebrating in the streets.
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While some men prefer to just run into the corner drugstore and grab any cheap cologne , the rest of us consider the following to pick out the best cologne. What could be the best for one man could be the worst for another. Some men prefer heavier, spicy scent such as sandalwood and frankincense which will really compliment an older gentleman. On the other hand, lighter scents such as lilac, rose, and lavender will be more subtle and are actually very appealing on men. For a scent any man can enjoy, citrus based men’s fragrances in South Africa are really making a comeback. Lemon, orange and even grapefruit are commonly used in high end perfumes to offset the heavier, musky scents.
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This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the patronymic is Valeryevichand the family name is Kovalchuk.
Ilya Valeryevich Kovalchuk (Russian : Илья Валерьевич Ковальчук; born April 15, 1983) is a Russian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has previously played for the Atlanta Thrashers and New Jersey Devils in the NHL, and Ak Bars Kazan, Khimik Moscow Oblast, and SKA Saint Petersburg in the Russian Superleague (RSL) and Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
Kovalchuk developed in the youth system of Spartak Moscow, joining their senior team in the Vysshaya Liga in 1999. After two seasons with Spartak, he joined the Atlanta Thrashers of the NHL, who selected him first overall in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. After eight seasons with the Thrashers, he was traded to the New Jersey Devils in 2010, with whom he signed a 15-year, $100 million contract, after a 17-year, $102 million deal was rejected by the NHL. In 2013, he left the NHL to return to Russia, joining SKA Saint Petersburg, where he played for five seasons before returning to the NHL in 2018.
HC Spartak Moscow is a professional ice hockey team based in Moscow, Russia. They played in the Tarasov Division of the Kontinental Hockey League during the 2013–14 season. However, the team did not participate in the KHL league for the 2014–15 season because of financial issues, but rejoined the league prior to the 2015–16 season as members of the Bobrov Division.
The Vysshaya Liga, also referred as Higher League or Major League and commonly abbreviated as RUS-2, was a second level professional ice hockey league in Russia.
The 2001 NHL Entry Draft was held on June 23–24, 2001, at the National Car Rental Center in Sunrise, Florida.
Kovalchuk is fifth all-time in the NHL for overtime goals scored (14), 18th all-time in goals per game average (.511), and the seventh-highest scoring Russian in NHL history. In the NHL, Kovalchuk has twice been named to the end of season All-Star Team, and in 2004 finished in a three-way tie for the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy as the NHL's leading goal-scorer, sharing it with Jarome Iginla and Rick Nash.
The NHL All-Star Teams were first named at the end of the 1930–31 NHL season, to honor the best performers over the season at each position.
The 2003–04 NHL season was the 87th regular season of the National Hockey League. The Stanley Cup champions were the Tampa Bay Lightning, who won the best of seven series four games to three against the Calgary Flames.
Internationally, Kovalchuk has played for Russia in the IIHF World U18 Championship, World Junior Championship, World Championship, World Cup and Winter Olympics, and won the 2008 and 2009 World Championships. At the 2018 Winter Olympics, Kovalchuk was named the most valuable player while helping Olympic Athletes from Russia win the gold medal.
The Ice Hockey World Championships are an annual international men's ice hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). First officially held at the 1920 Summer Olympics, it is the sport's highest profile annual international tournament.
The World Cup of Hockey is an international ice hockey tournament. Inaugurated in 1996, it is the successor to the Canada Cup, which ran from 1976 to 1991 and was the first international hockey championship to allow nations to field their top players. The World Cup has occurred thrice before on an irregular basis, with the United States winning in 1996 and Canada winning in 2004 and 2016. Following the 2016 tournament, it is uncertain if the series will continue, with the 2020 tournament being cancelled.
Tver is a city and the administrative centre of Tver Oblast, Russia. Population: 414,606 ; 403,606 ; 408,903 ; 450,941 (1989 Census).
Ilya Muromets, or Ilya of Murom, sometimes Ilya Murometz, is a folk hero of ancient Kievan Rus' - a bogatyr and a character of many bylinas. In the legends he is often featured alongside fellow bogatyrs Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich.
Mirage were a 1980s Russian pop group founded in Moscow in 1986 by Russian composer-keyboard player Andrey Litjagin. The original lineup of Mirage included Litjagin, guitarist Sergey Proklov, lyricist Valery Sokolov, vocalist Natalia Gulkina and classically trained vocalist Margarita Suhankina. Their music came at a time when perestroika was radically changing the Soviet Union and their energetic disco sound captured the mood and feeling of their generation.
Entering his NHL rookie season in 2001–02, Kovalchuk scored 29 goals and 51 points despite missing 17 games with a season-ending shoulder injury. He finished second in voting to teammate Dany Heatley for the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL rookie of the year. Both were named to the NHL All-Rookie Team. After improving to 38 goals and 67 points in his second season, Kovalchuk scored 41 goals in 2003–04, making him a co-winner of the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy after tying for the NHL lead in goals with Jarome Iginla of the Calgary Flames and Rick Nash of the Columbus Blue Jackets. He also added 46 assists for 87 points, tying him with Joe Sakic of the Colorado Avalanche for second in the NHL that season, behind Martin St. Louis. Kovalchuk also participated in his first NHL All-Star Game in 2004.
Kovalchuk with the Atlanta Thrashers during the 2005–06 season.
Due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Kovalchuk returned to Russia, playing for both Ak Bars Kazan and Khimik Moscow Oblast of the Russian Superleague (RSL). After the lockout, Kovalchuk and the Thrashers could not initially agree to a new contract, so he stayed in Russia, rejoining Khimik Moscow Oblast. He played 11 games for the team, recording 8 goals and 13 points before returning to the Thrashers and NHL after signing a five-year, $32 million contract. During the 2005–06 season, he scored 52 goals, tying him with rookie Alexander Ovechkin of the Washington Capitals for third in the NHL in scoring, behind Jonathan Cheechoo of the San Jose Sharks (56) and Jaromír Jágr of the New York Rangers (54). He also tied his career-high of 46 assists for a career-high 98 points, leading the Thrashers in team scoring for the second consecutive season, while finishing eighth overall in NHL scoring. He also became the first Thrashers player to score 50 goals in a season.
In the 2006–07 season, Kovalchuk's point production dropped for the first time in his career. He finished with 42 goals and 34 assists for 76 points. During a game against the Nashville Predators on January 11, 2006, Predators head coach Barry Trotz accused Kovalchuk with "always plays with an illegal stick". Trotz had asked the referees to check Kovalchuk's stick following a Thrashers goal, but claimed Kovalchuk was able to switch his stick before the referees could check. Despite his drop in production on the season, Kovalchuk and the Thrashers qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in franchise history. Kovalchuk scored one goal and one assist in his NHL playoffs debut as the team lost in the opening round to the New York Rangers in four games.
In 2007–08, Kovalchuk scored two consecutive hat-tricks in a loss to the Ottawa Senators and a win against the Tampa Bay Lightning on November 1 and 3, 2007, respectively. Later that season, on January 23, 2008, Kovalchuk was suspended for one game by the NHL for a hit from behind on New York Rangers defenceman Michal Rozsíval in a game a day prior. He finished with his second 52-goal season in three years, along with 35 assists for 87 points.
With the departure of Bobby Holík to the New Jersey Devils in the 2008 off-season, the Thrashers' captaincy remained vacant for the first half of the 2008–09 season. Kovalchuk served as one of five alternate captains to start the season until the alternates collectively requested to general manager Don Waddell and head coach John Anderson for Kovalchuk to take over the captaincy. Soon thereafter, on January 11, 2009, Kovalchuk was named Holík's successor and the sixth team captain in Thrashers' history during the team's Casino Night charity event. The announcement came amidst speculation that the Thrashers were looking to trade Kovalchuk, as his contract was set to expire at the end of the following season. Kovalchuk completed his first season as team captain with 43 goals for his fifth consecutive 40-goal season and 91 points.
Kovalchuk (top) playing for the New Jersey Devils, alongside Travis Zajac (#19, foreground), Nick Palmieri (#32), and Mark Fayne (#34).
Kovalchuk with the Devils during the 2012 Stanley Cup Final.
On March 8, Kovalchuk's 13th career hat trick and second hat-trick as a New Jersey Devil was recorded. The Devils won 5–1 against the New York Islanders, with Kovalchuk being the first star of the night. On March 20, Kovalchuk became the 87th player in NHL history to score 400 goals. It was the lone goal of a 1–0 victory over the Ottawa Senators. He was given third star of the night.
Kovalchuk ended the 2011–12 season with seven game-deciding shootout goals and 11 shootout goals in total, setting a new record in both categories. The NHL first introduced shootouts in 2005. Kovalchuk and the Devils won the 2011–12 Eastern Conference finals against the New York Rangers in six games, setting a Stanley Cup meeting with the Los Angeles Kings. Despite leading the 2012 playoffs in scoring through the first three rounds, Kovalchuk was playing with a herniated disc and was largely ineffective against the Kings, scoring just one point in the series, an empty-net goal in Game 4, as the Devils fell to the Kings in six games.
Kovalchuk with SKA Saint Petersburg in 2012.
The first time Kovalchuk faced his former team, the New Jersey Devils was on December 6, 2018. The Devils won 6-3. Two months later, on February 5, 2019, the Kings faced the Devils at Prudential Center. Each time Kovalchuk touched the puck or if PA announcer Kevin Clark mentioned his name, he was severely booed by Devils fans. On that night, the Kings defeated the Devils 5-1, with Kovalchuk picking up one goal in the game.
Kovalchuk won his first medals with Russia in a major international event at the IIHF World U18 Championships, earning silver and gold medals in 2000 and 2001, respectively. He also competed for Russia at the World Junior Championships in 2001, but finished seventh.
The following year, Kovalchuk made his senior international debut with Russia at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, during his rookie NHL season with the Atlanta Thrashers. He recorded three points in six games to help Russia to a bronze medal finish. He then made his World Championships debut in 2003, but failed to medal.
Kovalchuk made his second straight Winter Olympics appearance in 2006 in Turin. He had a four-goal game on February 19 in a 9–2 win over Latvia, but returned to Atlanta without a medal, losing in the bronze medal game.
In 2008, Kovalchuk played in the IIHF World Championship, held in Quebec City. He scored his only two goals of the tournament in the gold medal game against Team Canada – once to force the game into overtime, then the game-winner to give Russia the championship. The following year, he led Russia to a second straight gold medal over Canada in the 2009 IIHF World Championship and was named the tournament MVP.
In May 2010, Kovalchuk played for Russia at IIHF World Championship in Germany, finishing second.
Kovalchuk with his 2018 Winter Olympic gold medal meeting Russian president Vladimir Putin.
Daniel James "Dany" Heatley is a German-born Canadian former professional ice hockey winger. Originally drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers second overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the top NHL rookie in 2002. However, after being responsible for a car crash in September 2003 that killed teammate and close friend Dan Snyder, he requested a trade and was subsequently dealt to the Ottawa Senators.
Pavel Valerievich Datsyuk, also known as The Magic Man, is a Russian professional ice hockey player and captain for SKA Saint Petersburg of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). From 2001 to 2016, he played for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). In 2017, Datsyuk was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history, and was the only active player outside of the NHL at the time of announcement.
Eric Boulton is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. Boulton was drafted 234th overall in the ninth round of the 1994 draft by the New York Rangers. While he never played for the Rangers, he played for the Buffalo Sabres, Atlanta Thrashers, New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders.
Niko Klaus Petteri Kapanen is a Finnish former professional ice hockey centre,who last played for HPK of the Finnish Liiga.
Todd White is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player.
Vyacheslav Anatolevich "Slava" Kozlov is a Russian former professional ice hockey left winger. Kozlov won the Stanley Cup in 1997 and 1998 with the Detroit Red Wings. He also played for the Buffalo Sabres and Atlanta Thrashers.
Niclas Bergfors is a Swedish professional ice hockey right winger currently playing for Djurgårdens IF Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He was drafted by the National Hockey League (NHL)'s New Jersey Devils in the first round, 23rd overall, at the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, playing for the organization for four-and-a-half seasons before joining the Atlanta Thrashers 2010, Florida Panthers in 2011 and Nashville Predators via free agency in 2011. He later joined the KHL's Ak Bars Kazan in late 2011 before signing with Severstal Cherepovets. In 2013, he joined Admiral Vladivostok, where he played for three seasons before joining Amur Khabarovsk in a mid-season trade.
Oleksiy Volodymyrovych "Alexei" Ponikarovsky is a Ukrainian-Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He most recently played for Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Ponikarovsky has previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Penguins, Los Angeles Kings, Carolina Hurricanes, Winnipeg Jets and New Jersey Devils, having originally been drafted in the third round, 87th overall, by the Maple Leafs at the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.
Vitaly Viktorovich Vishnevskiy is a Russian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He previously played in the National Hockey League for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Atlanta Thrashers, Nashville Predators, and New Jersey Devils, as well as for Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, SKA St. Petersburg and Severstal Cherepovets in the KHL.
Alexander Valerievich Radulov is a Russian professional ice hockey player and alternate captain for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He had previously had two separate stints with the Nashville Predators, the NHL team which had drafted him, as well one season with the Montreal Canadiens and eight seasons in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), split evenly between Salavat Yulaev Ufa and CSKA Moscow.
Alexei Alekseyevich Morozov is a retired Russian professional ice hockey player.
The 2006–07 Atlanta Thrashers season began with the highest expectations in franchise history, even with the off-season loss of their second-leading scorer, Marc Savard, to the Boston Bruins. Veteran centers Steve Rucchin, Niko Kapanen and Jon Sim were acquired in hopes help fill the loss of Savard. With NHL superstars Marian Hossa and Ilya Kovalchuk and a healthy goaltender, Kari Lehtonen, the Thrashers clinched the first playoff berth in franchise history following the Toronto Maple Leafs' 7–2 loss to the New York Rangers on April 1. The Thrashers had a highly disappointing playoff series against the New York Rangers, as they were swept with losses of 4–3, 2–1, 7–0, and 4–2.
Viktor Vasilievich Tikhonov is a Latvian-born Russian professional ice hockey forward currently playing for SKA St. Petersburg of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Tikhonov was originally selected 28th overall in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, by the Phoenix Coyotes. After several years in the NHL with the Coyotes, Tikhonov moved to the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) in Russia, where he spent four years with SKA St. Petersburg. In 2015, he returned to the NHL, signing a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks, appearing in 11 games for them before he was claimed on waivers by the Coyotes.
Anssi Salmela is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing with EHC Biel of the National League (NL).
Yevgeny Anatolyevich Dadonov is a Russian professional ice hockey player for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He previously played with SKA Saint Petersburg of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) having originally played for Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Russian Super League and its successor league, the KHL. Dadonov was selected by the Florida Panthers in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.
Patrice Victor Cormier is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He is currently under contract with Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Cormier was drafted in the second round, 54th overall, by the New Jersey Devils at the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.
Vladimir Andreyevich Tarasenko is a Russian professional ice hockey right winger currently serving as an alternate captain for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was originally selected in the first round, 16th overall, in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft by St. Louis, joining the team for the 2012–13 season.
1 2 3 4 Avdeyeva, Svetlana. ""Транмвай желания" Ильи Ковальчука ("Tramway of Desires" by Ilya Kovalchuk)" (in Russian). Karavan.Tver.ru. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
↑ Danilov, Yuri (2010-10-17). "Мультимиллионер, отдавший долг России (Multimillionaire, in Russia's debt)" (in Russian). Hockey.Sport.ua. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
↑ Sovetsky Sport (2005-03-19). "Валерий Ковальчук: Как мой сын стал звездой (Valeri Kovalchuk: How my son became a star)" (in Russian). Sovsport.ru. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
↑ Sovetsky Sport (2005-07-20). "Умер отец Ильи Ковальчука (Ilya Kovalchuk's father died)" (in Russian). Sovsport.ru. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
↑ "Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
1 2 3 "NHLPA PLAYER BIO: Ilya Kovalchuk". Archived from the original on 2004-11-12. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
↑ Larry Wigge (2001). "Few doubts surround top pick Kovalchuk – National Hockey League Draft, hockey player Ilya Kovalchuk". The Sporting News. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
↑ Sedov, Alexander (2005-09-10). "Ковальчук стал самым дорогим хоккеистом "Атланты" (Kovalchuk became the most expensive Atlanta player)" (in Russian). Sport.ru. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
↑ "Thrashers 4, Predators 3, SO". USA Today. 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
↑ "Kovalchuk suspended for hitting Rozsival from behind". NHL. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
1 2 3 "Call him 'captain' Kovalchuk now". Atlanta Journal-Constitution . 2009-01-12. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
↑ "Atlanta Thrashers at St Louis Blues Game Recap". Nhl.com. 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
↑ "Thrashers lose Kovalchuk, second straight game". Atlanta Journal-Constitution . 2009-10-24. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
↑ Diamos, Jason (2005-08-24). "Thrashers trade Heatley to Senators for Hossa". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
↑ TSN (2010-02-04). "Thrashers ship Kovalchuk to Devils for players, 1st Rounder". The Sports Network. Archived from the original on 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
↑ "Devils storm back late to down Leafs in Kovalchuk's debut". The Sports Network. 2010-02-05. Archived from the original on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
↑ "Lemaire reaches 600 wins in Devils edge Leafs". CNN.
↑ "Kovalchuk gets 17-year deal from Devils". ESPN. 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
↑ "Reports: Arbitrator rules in NHL's favor". National Hockey League. 2010-08-09. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
↑ "Reports: Kovy deal registered as NHL, NHLPA reach settlement". 2010-09-04. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
↑ "New Jersey Devils' penalty for Kovalchuk contract modified". 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
↑ "Ilya Kovalchuk had a Gordie Howe hat trick". Prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
↑ Kevin Hoffman/US Presswire. "Ilya Kovalchuk surprised to get pass for first hat trick with Devils". NJ.com. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
↑ "A final statistical look at 2011–12 regular season". NHL.com. 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
↑ "Kovalchuk going to SKA St. Petersburg". ESPN. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
↑ Kimelman, Adam (July 11, 2013). "Devils' Ilya Kovalchuk announces retirement from NHL". NHL.com. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
↑ Chere, Rich (July 11, 2013). "Ilya Kovalchuk leaves Devils in shock after retiring from NHL". NJ.com. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
↑ Gretz, Adam (2013). Ilya Kovalchuk announces retirement "CBSsports – Eyeon hockey"
↑ Allen, Kevin (2013-07-11). "Ilya Kovalchuk says he's retiring from NHL". USA Today.
↑ "Ilya Kovalchuk is with SKA!". July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013.
↑ Klein, Jeff Z. (July 15, 2013). "Kovalchuk Signs With SKA St. Petersburg of K.H.L." The New York Times.
↑ "Cap Comparables: Ilya Kovalchuk returns to NHL on big-ticket contract". Sportsnet.ca. June 23, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
↑ "Ilya Kovalchuk Signs 3-Year, $18.75 Million Contract with LA Kings". NHL.com. July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
↑ "Kovalchuk named MVP". IIHF . 2009-08-24. Archived from the original on 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ilya Kovalchuk .
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I often take long (20-25 mile) bike rides, rides that have a way of making me philosophize. Often, it occurs to me that life is like a long bike ride.
Some paths are straighter than others.
You have to follow the rules if you want to live through it, though it's sometimes okay to bend them. I ride on the side facing traffic, for example, and I don't always come to a complete stop before railroad tracks.
If you never go off the main road, you will miss some good stuff.
and you might need to take a little break.
Sometimes, it seems like it's all uphill, but if you stick with it, the payoff can be great.
If you don't pedal hard sometimes, you're going to be late.
Sometimes, you won't be able to keep your destination in sight, but you have to keep going.
Having a friend along for the ride makes the trip more fun.
Even when you're alone, the journey may be beautiful.
There will be times when you think you just can't go any further. Yes, you might even have to walk your bike for a bit, but you will get there eventually if you just keep moving forward.
You'll see many others pedaling faster than you; that's okay.
You'll enjoy the ride more if you stop to smell the roses now and then.
As for riding a bike, life requires balance.
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What's a good alternative for Quicken?
Greg would like an alternative to Quicken. He doesn't like the subscription service, and is tired of buying upgrades. He would prefer a Mac option that Turbo Tax will support. Leo says that he thinks Intuit wants everyone to move towards Mint, which is free. Mint automatically imports bank and credit card information. It does a great job categorizing as well. There's an open source app called Money Manager EX, which Leo says is designed for those looking to leave Quicken. Quicken is doing a Black Friday sale right now for 30% off. So he could save some money for buying a few years worth. And he can do it for the Mac. There's also IGG Banktivity.
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Context Inhaled milrinone has short-acting selective pulmonary vasodilator effect. Aims The aim of the study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of prolonged inhalation of nebulized milrinone on patients with pulmonary hypertension undergoing mitral valve replacement. Settings and design This is a controlled, randomized, double-blinded study. Patients and methods Forty patients were divided into two groups: the milrinone group and the control group. The milrinone group received milrinone nebulization before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) as the loading dose at 50 mg/kg, followed by a maintenance dose of 0.5 mg/kg/min, which was continued for 2 h after tracheal extubation. The control group received an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride. The measured and calculated variables included heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index (CI), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and systemic vascular resistance. The time points of measurements and calculations were as follows: at T 0 - after anesthesia induction and before sternotomy; at T 1 - 20 min after CPB cessation; at T 2 - 1 h after CPB cessation; at T 3 - 3 h after CPB cessation; at T 4 - 1 h after tracheal extubation; and at T 5 - 1 h after milrinone discontinuation. The duration of CPB and time of tracheal extubation were recorded. Results The milrinone group showed significant reduction in mPAP (T 2 to T 4 readings), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (T 3 reading), and PVR (T 2 to T 4 readings), increase in CI (T 3 and T 4 readings), and shorter CPB duration and tracheal extubation time. Conclusion Prolonged inhalation of nebulized milrinone proved to be feasible in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PAH) undergoing mitral valve replacement. It decreased PVR and mPAP while increasing CI. This helped shorter CPB duration and earlier tracheal extubation.
Background Severe pre-eclampsia (PE) is a potentially life-threatening multisystem disease that requires urgent management. Delivery of the fetus is the definitive treatment for PE. However, effective and safe control of severe hypertension is the most important aspect of critical care management. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety profile of hydralazine infusion versus nitroglycerin infusion as antihypertensive therapy in the acute management of patients with severe PE. Patients and methods A total of 180 patients with severe PE admitted to Ain Shams Obstetric ICU to stabilize blood pressure before delivery were randomly assigned to one of two equal groups: group H and group N. Group H received hydralazine infusion (1 mg/ml) and group N received nitroglycerin infusion (1 mg/ml). The infusion rate (5 ml/h) was adjusted to maintain systolic blood pressure at 130-140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure at 80-100 mmHg. Results As regards hemodynamic parameters, the time to achieve blood pressure control was significantly shorter in the N group compared with the H group. However, the number of cases of severe persistent hypertension and the number of attacks of hypotension were comparable between the two groups. Maternal side effects and fetal and neonatal complications were comparable between the two groups, except for maternal headache and tachycardia, which were significantly higher in the H group compared with the N group. Concerning the mode of delivery, the rate of cesarean section delivery was significantly higher than the rate of vaginal delivery in both groups. Meanwhile, the rate of cesarean section after induction of labor was significantly higher in the N group compared with the H group. Conclusion Nitroglycerin could be a good alternative option for the acute management of patients with severe PE. It is an effective antihypertensive with minimal side effects.
Enhanced recovery after surgery is a multimodal, multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach, aiming to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. The aim of this article is to review current literature in pediatric cardiac practice, implementing the ERAS approach, to identify peri-operative strategies that are associated with enhanced recovery after pediatric cardiac surgery.
Crouzon syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder, characterized by craniosynostosis. Management of difficult airway is challenging because of craniofacial abnormalities. Presentation during adulthood is rare. We describe the case of a 37-year-old man with a known case of Crouzon syndrome who was posted for fixation of humerus fracture. The patient was unique because of the presence of kyphoscoliosis with severe restrictive lung functions, atlantoaxial dislocation, and mental retardation, having almost all features of the syndrome. Anesthesia plan A was to use laryngeal mask airway proseal as the patient had adequate mouth opening. Nasal fiberoptic bronchoscopy was contraindicated and regional nerve block was not a feasible option. Plan A was not successful because of obstructed breathing pattern. Plan B of oral fiberoptic bronchoscopy-guided intubation with good airway anesthesia and sedation was successfully managed in the next attempt.
Objective Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a new, rapidly expanding technique. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided TAP block in comparison with epidural analgesia in pain management following lower abdominal surgery. Setting and duration The present study was conducted on 60 patients aged 20-75 years, who were admitted at Al-Azhar University Hospitals from February 2013 to March 2014. Patients and methods These patients were allocated to either group I (TAP, 30 cases) or group II (epidural block, 30 cases) using a randomized central computer-generated sequence held by an investigator not involved with the clinical management or data collection. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who used more than 200 mg/kg of morphine in the first 24 h on arrival at the recovery ward. Secondary outcomes included the following: morphine consumption 24 h after operation; pain measured using the visual analog score in the recovery ward and at 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 24 h after operation; and postoperative nausea and vomiting measured with the total number of vomits during the first 24 h. Results The most important finding in our study was that TAP block provided highly effective postoperative analgesia in the first 24 h, especially in the neurofascial plane in the muscles and the skin but not the visceral pain, and that the TAP block reduced the mean intravenous morphine requirements by more than 70%. This reduction in opioid requirement resulted in fewer opioid side effects. In the present study, there was no significant difference between the studied groups as regards time spent in the recovery room, need for paracetamol during the first 8 h after surgical intervention, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and duration of hospital stay. In contrast, the total morphine consumption during the first 8 h was significantly less in group I than in group II, and the time to first analgesic request was significantly longer in group I than in group II. Finally, the number of cases that required more than 200 mg of morphine during the first 24 h was significantly less in group I than in group II. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided TAP block is an effective alternative for providing postoperative analgesia after lower abdominal surgery in comparison with epidural analgesia, but further studies in larger population are necessary.
Purpose The current study evaluates the efficacy of perioperative intravenous use of NAC as a pharmaco-protective agent in liver transplant recipients. Methods One hundred patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blind, two parallel groups placebo-controlled trial; Group N (50 patients) received 150mg/kg of IV NAC infusion IV over 15 min before surgery, followed by12.5 mg/kg/h NAC for 4 h after induction of general anesthesia and a subsequent dose of 6.25 mg/kg/h continuous infusion for 3 postoperative days and Group C (50 patients) received equal volume of 0.9% saline IV continuous infusion at the same rate and volume for 3 postoperative days. Both groups will be followed for 14 days after their LT. Primary outcome include postoperative acute kidney injury (POAKI) assessed using RIFLE criteria on admission, day 7 and day 14. Secondary outcomes include severity of the post reperfusion syndrome (PRS) and the incidence of primary graft non-function (PGNF), renal functions test, total dose of loop diuretics and dopamine, adverse events, survival, as well as the length of ICU and hospital stays. Results There was no significant difference (P = 0.8) in the incidence of mild PRS, but the incidence of severe PRS was significantly reduced (P = 0.03) in Group N. RIFLE classification was significantly reduced on admission (P = 0.001), day 7(P = 0.002), and day 14(P = 0.003) respectively in Group N compared to Group C. PGNF was significantly reduced (P = 0.03) in Group N [1 (2%)] than Group C [7(14%)]. During 14 days there was a significant decrease in total dose of loop diuretics, need for dopamine, hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay, renal replacement therapy and the incidence of complications (5 vs. 14 P = 0.02) in Group N than Group C. But there was no significant difference in mechanical ventilator days, and patient survival among groups. Conclusions Perioperative intravenous NAC administration in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation decreased incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury, severity of PRS and PGNF along with decreased length of ICU and hospital stay with no adverse events , But did not significantly reduce mechanical ventilator days and mortality.
Context Anxiety and pain are common responses to surgery and can negatively affect patient outcomes. Music is increasingly being used as a nonpharmacological intervention perioperatively, to improve patient outcomes and to avoid polypharmacy. Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intraoperative music on the anesthetic requirement and stress response for laparoscopic surgeries under general anesthesia. Settings and design This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Materials and methods After approval of the hospital ethical committee, 60 ASA I patients were randomly assigned to the music and the no-music group. In the music group, classical instrumental music was played after the induction of anesthesia until the skin closure. In the no-music group, patients wore headphones but no music was played. We established three sample times for measurement of capillary blood sugar level during the procedure and one in the recovery room. Hemodynamic data were recorded. There was no statistically significant difference with respect to demographic profile, baseline hemodynamic variables, and duration of surgery. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the intraoperative hemodynamics between the two groups. The bispectral (BIS) value, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, and fentanyl requirement were comparable in the two groups. There was no significant difference in the blood sugar levels between the two groups. Conclusion In this study, we could not demonstrate the beneficial effects of intraoperative music as a nonpharmacological intervention under general anesthesia on stress response and anesthetic requirement.
Background Caudal anesthesia (CA) is used in pediatrics to avoid the possible side effect of postoperative opioids and allows for smooth and rapid emergence from anesthesia. Opioids were added to the injection in CA to prolong the effect of anesthesia. Objective To compare the effect of bupivacaine alone and with nalbuphine in CA. Patients and methods A total of 40 patients scheduled for operations under general anesthesia combined with CA were divided into two groups: in group B, CA was carried out by injection of bupivacaine 0.25% in a dose of 1 ml/kg, and in group NB, CA was carried out by injection of bupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml/kg with nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg. Hemodynamic changes, oxygen saturation, pain score at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h postoperative, sedation score, incidence of postoperative urine retention, and duration of motor block were compared in both groups. The respiratory depression effect of nalbuphine was also recorded. Results There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the hemodynamic changes. There were significant differences in postoperative pain score and sedation as group NB had prolonged analgesia and prolonged sedation time than group B. There were no significant differences in urine retention and motor block between both groups. Conculsion Nalbuphine added to bupivacaine in CA provides longer postoperative analgesia and sedation without respiratory depression.
Background This randomized, double-blind, prospective-controlled study was designed to assess magnesium sulfate, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker, as an anesthetic adjuvant decreasing emergence delirium/agitation, pain, postoperative analgesic requirement, and adverse events. Patients and methods Forty-seven patients undergoing an adenotonsillectomy were included in two parallel groups: the magnesium group received magnesium sulfate 40 mg/kg intravenously after induction of anesthesia, followed by 15 mg/kg/h by a continuous intravenous infusion during the operation. The same volume of isotonic solution was administered to the control group. Primary outcome measures were emergence delirium/agitation assessed by pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Secondary measures included intraoperative sevoflurane concentration, recovery time, pain assessed by objective pain score, time to first postoperative rescue analgesic, the total dose of rescue fentanyl required, need for rescue antiemetic, postanesthetic care unit (PACU) stay, postoperative total analgesic required, and postoperative adverse events. Results In the magnesium group, there was a reduction in the incidence and severity of pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium [(13 vs. 39%) and (8 vs. 14)], objective pain score (1 vs. 3), sevoflurane concentration (0.0001), time to discharge from the PACU (P = 0.04), postoperative analgesic requirement, and adverse events compared with the control group. Conclusion Magnesium sulfate as an anesthetic adjuvant decreased the incidence and severity of postoperative emergence agitation and pain, intraoperative sevoflurane concentration, time in PACU, and postoperative analgesic requirement.
Sedation and analgesia following pediatric cardiac surgery is of paramount importance. Individualized sedation and analgesia strategies starting in the operative theater and continuing in the postoperative period need to be recognized as an important aspect of perioperative care. This aims toward speeding recovery, minimizing PICU length of stay, and avoiding the development of postsurgical stress syndrome. Patient-tailored protocols should be implemented based on validated pain/sedation scores. Understanding the pharmacological aspects and side effects of various sedative/analgesic drugs, as well as continuous dose adjustment according to follow-up scoring system and variable patient hemodynamic state and response, is mandatory.
Takayasu's arteritis (TA), also known as pulseless disease, is a rare disease involving the aorta and its main branches. Anesthesia for cesarean section in patients with TA is complicated by associated hypertension, end organ dysfunction, stenosis of major blood vessels, and overall vasculopathy. We report a pregnant patient with TA with common carotid artery involvement with a history of two abortions. She had also undergone bilateral renal artery angioplasty for stenosis. We discuss the anesthetic considerations with emphasis on appropriate monitoring for a favorable outcome in pregnancy complicated with TA.
Objectives The aim of this randomized, double-blinded study was to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia and sedation, and the incidence of any side effect of single-dose caudal dexmedetomidine with bupivacaine versus ketamine with bupivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing inguinoscrotal surgeries. Patients and methods A total of 60 pediatric patients, 2-5 years of age, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, scheduled for inguinoscrotal surgeries were included in the study. The patients were divided into two equal groups: group A patients (n = 30) received dexmedetomidine with bupivacaine, whereas group B patients (n = 30) received ketamine with bupivacaine. For each patient, postoperative sedation score, pain score, duration of analgesia, and postoperative complications were recorded. Results The duration of postoperative analgesia was longer in group A than in group B, and sedation score was lower in group B than in group A, which was statistically significant. No significant postoperative complications were recorded in both groups. Conclusion The use of dexmedetomidine, as an additive to the local anesthetic bupivacaine in caudal epidural analgesia, during single-dose injection, prolonged the duration of postoperative analgesia following inguinoscrotal surgery compared with caudal administration of ketamine with bupivacaine, but with more sedation compared with ketamine. Both groups showed few side effects.
Background I-gel is the second generation of supraglottic airway devices with a noninflatable cuff that has several potential advantages over other supraglottic airway devices. Objective The aim of this study was to compare I-gel with proseal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) and endotracheal tube (ETT) during elective minor surgical procedures using controlled ventilation. Design and setting A prospective, randomized, comparative study. Patients and methods A total of 60 adult female patients ASA I-II scheduled for elective breast lumpectomy surgery under general anesthesia with positive pressure ventilation were divided equally into three groups (20 patients each): group I used I-gel, group II used PLMA, and group III used ETT for airway maintenance. The three devices were compared with regard to the insertion characteristics, the ease of gastric tube insertion, tidal volumes, leak volumes, airway sealing pressures, hemodynamics, gas exchange parameters, and postoperative airway complications. Results The mean insertion time for I-gel (9.8 ± 2.5 s) was significantly shorter than that of PLMA (15.4 ± 3.2 s) and ETT (14.1 ± 2.1 s) (P < 0.001). The I-gel group (19/20) and the ETT group (18/20) showed a significantly easier insertion compared with the PLMA group (13/20) (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the mean arterial blood pressure after the insertion of the airway device in the ETT group (110 ± 13 mmHg) compared with the I-gel group (100 ± 10 mmHg) and the PLMA group (102 ± 11 mmHg) (P < 0.05). There was a significantly lower incidence of hoarseness, nausea, regurge, vomiting, and dysphagia in the I-gel and the PLMA groups when compared with the ETT group. Conclusion I-gel is an effective alternative device to PLMA and ETT during minor surgical procedures using controlled ventilation as it produces minimal hemodynamic changes, less airway morbidity, and is rapid and easy to insert.
Context Epidural bupivacaine remains the most widely used local anesthetic for postoperative pain relief, but ropivacaine is increasingly being used as it has less cardiac toxicity. Aim To compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of epidural bupivacaine with fentanyl versus ropivacaine with fentanyl during abdominal surgery and in the immediate postoperative period. Materials and methods One hundred patients undergoing abdominal surgeries under general anesthesia with supplementary epidural analgesia were studied. Group B received an epidural infusion of 0.2% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2 mcg/ml at 6 ml/h intraoperatively and 0.1% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2 mcg/ml at 6 ml/h postoperatively. Group R received an epidural infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl 2 mcg/ml at 6 ml/h intraoperatively and 0.1% ropivacaine with fentanyl 2 mcg/ml at 6 ml/h postoperatively. Results Intraoperative and postoperative heart rate and mean arterial pressure in both groups were comparable. Pain scores were significantly higher in group B postoperatively up to 24 h. The number of epidural topups required was comparable intraoperatively, but in the postoperative period, group B needed significantly more number of epidural topups. The requirement of rescue analgesia showed no significant difference intraoperatively and postoperatively between groups. Conclusion An epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl provides better intraoperative and postoperative analgesia compared with bupivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl.
Background Double-lumen tube (DLT) is usually performed using blind placement followed by bronchoscopic position confirmation, which is time consuming and complications may occur. We assume that bronchoscopic-guided DLT placement and position confirmation will save time and complications may be less. Patients and methods A total of 31 patients included in this study were randomly allocated into either the conventional group (n = 15) or the bronchoscopic group (n = 16) on the basis of DLT placement; in the conventional group the DLT was inserted blindly, whereas in the bronchoscopic group the DLT was inserted under guidance of the flexible bronchoscopy passed into the bronchial lumen. Thereafter, clinical assessment was performed followed by bronchoscopic assessment in both groups. Clinical findings and bronchoscopic assessment as well as time needed for each were recorded. Hemodynamic response, oxygen saturation, and arrhythmias were also recorded. Results Both groups were comparable with respect to demographic data. There was significant difference when comparing time needed for placement and confirmation of DLT in both groups. The clinical assessment was satisfactory in 12 as against 16 patients, whereas the bronchoscopic assessment revealed proper positioning in seven as against 13 patients and misplacement in eight as against three patients in the conventional and bronchoscopic groups, respectively. Hemodynamic response, oxygen saturation, and arrhythmias did not show any differences. Conclusion Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be used safely as an initial guide for placement and position confirmation; time needed for placement and confirmation as well as complications were reduced.
Objective This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of levobupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for day-case brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Study design A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted at the Anesthesia Department of Al-Azhar University Hospitals over a period of 6 months. Patients and methods Between July 2013 and January 2014, 40 female patients were included in the study after approval of the Local Ethics Committee of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department of Al-Azhar University. Informed consent was taken from the patients who were randomized into two groups. Bupivacaine group, which included 20 patients who received intrathecal 7.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine; and levobupivacaine group, which included 20 patients who received intrathecal 7.5 mg of 0.5% levobupivacaine. About 25 mg fentanyl was added to the local anesthetic solution in both groups through the L3/L4 interspace. The upper level of sensory blockade, two-segment sensory regression, S2 regression, side effects of the local anesthetic used, urination, ambulation, and the duration of hospital stay were assessed. Results There were no significant differences between both groups regarding the level of sensory blockade, the onset of sensory blockade to the T10 dermatome, and side effects of the local anesthetic. The time to two-segment regression, S2 regression, ambulation, and the duration of hospital stay were significantly shorter in the levobupivacaine group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The mixture of 7.5 mg of 0.5% levobupivacaine+25 mg fentanyl given intrathecally was more effective as it provided sensory and surgical blockade with minimal side effects and early home discharge in ambulatory brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix compared with 7.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine+25 mg fentanyl.
Background Esmolol is the first intravenous, short-acting, titratable b-blocker for use in critical care and surgical settings. It influences core components of an anesthetic regimen, such as analgesia, hypnosis, and memory function. Aims To investigate whether perioperative esmolol infusion as an adjuvant to total intravenous anesthesia could affect the total anesthetic and analgesic requirements in adult patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Settings and design A randomized, double-blinded, prospective study. Materials and methods Eighty adult ASA I and II patients scheduled for elective arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were randomized into the esmolol group (n = 40) and the control group (n = 40). In the esmolol group, 1 mg/kg esmolol was given as a bolus over 30 s, followed by 15 mg/kg/min as an intravenous infusion, and in the control group, the same volume of normal saline was given during the same time period. The heart rate, the mean arterial blood pressure, the depth of anesthesia, the duration of anesthesia, the recovery time, total anesthetic requirements, the postoperative pain score (VAS), and the total postoperative analgesic requirements were monitored and calculated during the perioperative period. Results There was no significant difference between both groups regarding the demographic data using the unpaired t-test. There was a significant difference between both groups (P < 0.05) regarding different parameters, except the duration of anesthesia, using the unpaired t-test. Preoperative mean values of heart rate (beats/min) and the mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, after induction of anesthesia and thereafter, there was a significant reduction in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure mean values in the esmolol group when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). A significant change in bispectral index was noticed within each group in comparison with the baseline using the paired t-test. However, there was no significant difference between both groups. Postoperative pain assessments by VAS (0-100 mm) showed significantly lower pain scores in the esmolol group compared with the control group by the paired t-test (P < 0.05). There was a highly significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the total cumulative doses of morphine consumption by PCA during the first 24 h in the esmolol group compared with the control group. Conclusion Perioperative esmolol infusion reduces the total anesthetic and analgesic requirements and postoperative pain. Hence, esmolol can be considered as safe and suitable adjuvant to total intravenous anesthesia.
Background Hyperbaric ropivacaine provides adequate sensory and motor block for short duration surgical procedures, safe hemodynamic profile, rapid recovery, early ambulation, and less side effects. Aim and objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of subarachnoid block with 0.5% hyperbaric ropivacaine compared with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in elective gynecological surgeries. Methods Fifty female patients of ASA physical status I and II were randomly selected and divided into two groups: group R and group B. Group R was given 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric ropivacaine (15 mg) and group B was given 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (15 mg) during subarachnoid block. Preoperative and intraoperative hemodynamic variables such as heart rate, blood pressure, and SpO 2 were recorded. Sensory and motor block were also assessed at regular intervals. Results The mean time to achieve the highest level of sensory block was 13.1 min in group R and 12.2 min in group B (P < 0.05). Maximum sensory level was T8 and T7 in group R and group B, respectively (P < 0.05). The onset time for motor block was 6.16 min with bupivacaine versus 9.04 min with ropivacaine (P < 0.05). The duration of motor block (grade I) was longer (162.8 min) with bupivacaine than (131.7 min) with ropivacaine (P < 0.05). Despite adequate hydration, 40% of patients developed hypotension in group B compared with 16% in group R. Conclusion Hyperbaric ropivacaine has lower level of cephalad spread of sensory block, takes more time for maximum spread of analgesia, has early regression of sensory block to L5, has longer onset time for motor block, shorter duration of motor block, and causes less hypotension and other side effects compared with hyperbaric bupivacaine.
Background The aim of this study was to assess whether total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) offers an alternative anesthetic technique to inhalational anesthesia for patients undergoing radiofrequency (RF) ablation for hepatic focal lesions. Patients and methods A total of 100 American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status II patients were included and divided into two groups: the first group underwent RF ablation of hepatic focal lesions under sevoflurane inhalational anesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway applied, whereas the second group was under TIVA with propofol infusion and face mask was applied. The hemodynamic changes, as well as the changes in Spo 2 , were recorded during the procedure and in the recovery room. The time to speak and the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in the recovery room were also recorded. Results The two groups were comparable as regards the changes in arterial blood pressure values from the baseline. The TIVA group showed reductions in Spo 2 values after propofol loading, which was corrected with the application of an oropharyngeal airway. The time to speak was longer in the TIVA group than in the sevoflurane group, but it did not prolong the time of discharge from the postanesthesia care unit. The sevoflurane group showed higher incidence of PONV in the recovery room. Conclusion TIVA with propofol infusion offers an alternative anesthetic technique for RF ablation of hepatic focal lesions with the advantages of hemodynamic stability, avoiding instrumentation of the airway in a day-case patient without the development of PONV with the same technical success offered by sevoflurane anesthesia.
Does levobupivacaine have a benefit over bupivacaine in our practice?
Background The well-known toxic effects of bupivacaine on central nervous system and cardiovascular system were a base for the development of new long-acting local anesthetics. Levobupivacaine is the pure S(-)-enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine. This study compares the efficacy of levobupivacaine as against bupivacaine by epidural clinical study and by different routes in animal study. Materials and methods Evaluation of the analgesic activities by the hot plate method was carried out in nine groups of mice. Each four groups were injected intraperitoneally with either levobupivacaine or bupivacaine. The control group received saline. The hemodynamic effects of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine were carried out on the isolated rabbit's heart and anesthetized cats for carotid blood pressure and ECG. Thirty patients undergoing limb surgery were randomized to receive 15 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine or bupivacaine through epidural needle. Intraoperative blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. Onset time of sensory and motor block, time to T10 sensory block, complete motor block, quality of analgesia, and times for two segment regressions were detected. Results Experimentally, the intensity and duration of analgesia produced by levobupivacaine was more than that of bupivacaine. Both drugs induced significant dose-dependent negative inotropic effect, but it was lesser in levobupivacaine than in bupivacaine. An amount of 2 mg/kg levobupivacaine produced a significant rise in blood pressure and 4 mg/kg significantly decreased it, whereas 1 and 2 mg/kg bupivacaine produced a significant decrease in blood pressure. The ECG pattern of levobupivacaine showed no abnormalities, but bupivacaine at a dose of 2 mg/kg produced significant bradycardia and ECG changes. Cardiac arrest and death of cats occurred when 4 mg/kg of bupivacaine was injected. Clinically, the onset time of sensory block, time to T 10 sensory block and time to complete motor block are lower with bupivacaine than with levobupivacaine. Conclusion We found, based on the current pharmacodynamics evidence from this experimental and clinical study, that levobupivacaine has good analgesic activity and less cardiodepressant effect, and it offers advantages over bupivacaine.
Here, we present a case of difficult airway after patient consent. A young male patient presented with painless difficult mouth opening of 0.5 cm for 2 years, restricting him to only liquid diet. He was diagnosed as having bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis and was posted for release. The patient was classified as difficult for intubation with Mallampathi IV grade; systemic examination was within normal limits. Computed tomography (CT) of the temporomandibular joint showed gross bilateral osteoarthritic changes. He was planned for awake fiberoptic nasal intubation. The patient was given a detailed explanation about the procedure. The airway was prepared with topical and nebulized lignocaine. The fiberoptic bronchoscope was mounted with a 7.0 mm cuffed armored tube and inserted through the nostrils, proceeding until the vocal cords were visualized. After confirming with auscultation and by Capnography, patient was paralysed. Surgery was performed and the patient was extubated awake. Mouth opening improved to 2 cm. The use of the fiberoptic intubating bronchoscope in case of bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis with a high risk of airway control due to restricted mouth opening, a gift of modern technology, circumvents this difficulty without compromising on patient safety, with the patient being awake too, and should be considered a safe procedure.
Context Sedation is commonly used to improve patients' tolerance and comfort during flexible bronchoscopy (FB). Dexmedetomidine is a relatively novel sedative for use in FB. Aims The aim of this study was to compare dexmedetomidine and propofol as sole sedative agent in terms of hemodynamics, efficacy, safety and tolerance to the procedure among patients undergoing FB. Settings and design This study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital, and was a double-blind randomized-controlled trial. Patients and methods Sixty patients were analyzed. Group 1 received propofol (1 mg/kg bolus, then 5 mg/kg/h infusion); group 2 received dexmedetomidine (1 mg/kg bolus, followed by 0.7 mg/kg/h infusion). Intraoperative (IOP) SpO 2 , heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and respiratory rate were recorded at nine time points. Primary outcome variables were hemodynamic variables, level of sedation, and recovery time (to reach an Aldrete score 10/10). Results The dexmedetomidine group showed significantly lower mean heart rate than the propofol group at IOP 0 , IOP 2 , and IOP 4 . The mean arterial pressure was significantly higher throughout the procedure in the dexmedetomidine group compared with the propofol group (P < 0.001). A significant decrease in respiratory rate was noted in the dexmedetomidine group at IOP 4 and IOP 6 (P < 0.001). The lowest mean SpO 2 was noted in the dexmedetomidine group (97.0 ± 1.1). Incidences of bucking and coughing were significantly higher in the dexmedetomidine group. Bronchoscopist visual analogue scale scores for coughing and satisfaction were significantly lower in the propofol group (P < 0.001). Recovery time was shorter in the propofol group [3 (1.2) vs. 4.5 (1.1) min] (P < 0.001). Conclusion Propofol showed superiority over dexmedetomidine in terms of safety, efficacy, adverse-effect profile, and tolerance to the procedure in patients undergoing diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy.
Introduction Tracheostomy is one of the most common procedures performed in the ICU. Tracheostomy decreases the dead space and the effort of breathing, and facilitates suction and chest drainage. The easy placement of the tracheostomy tube makes it the only acceptable method for home ventilation. Tracheostomy can be performed either through percutaneous dilatation using the Seldinger technique in the ICU or surgically by an ENT surgeon in the operating room (OR). The approach for tracheostomy, whether percutaneous or surgical, remains a point of debate. Aim This an observational (prospective cohort) study to compare percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy (PDT) with surgical tracheostomy (ST) with regard to both perioperative and late postoperative complications. Patients and methods A total of 200 patients admitted to King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital between February 2010 and December 2013 were allocated to two groups: group A included 100 patients who had undergone PDT, and group B included 100 patients who had undergone ST. Both perioperative and late postoperative complications were recorded and compared between the two groups. Changes in blood gases, atelectasis, emphysema, pneumothorax, failure to cannulate the trachea or false passage, tracheal ring fractures, wrong site, and tracheal wall injury were considered perioperative complications, whereas bleeding, infection, stenosis, and tracheoarterial and tracheoesophageal fistula were considered late postoperative complications. Results PDT resulted in a significantly higher perioperative complication rate as regards blood gas changes, false passage, and tracheal wall injury, but there was no significant difference with regard to atelectasis, tracheal ring fractures, wrong site, emphysema, and pneumothorax. However, PDT resulted in a significantly lower postoperative complication rate as regards bleeding and infection, but no statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of stenosis. Tracheoarterial and tracheoesophageal fistula were not reported in either PDT or ST. Conclusion PDT is a safe and reliable method for tracheostomy in all ICU cases and is associated with lower incidence of postoperative complications in terms of bleeding and stomal infection.
Objective This prospective study compares the pain control after total knee replacement using a single-shot femoral nerve block (FNB) against local infiltration analgesia (LIA). Patients and methods Sixty-four patients were included the study. A total of 29 patients received single-shot ultrasound-guided FNB at the end of the procedure, whereas 35 patients received LIA. Both groups were compared as regards pain at 2 and 4 h after surgery, pain before and after physical therapy on the first postoperative day, early flexion of the knee to 90°, total opiate use, and length of stay in the hospital. Results All patients completed the study. The group that received LIA showed significantly less pain at 4 h postoperatively, on the first postoperative day, and after physical therapy. The LIA group also showed significantly better rehabilitation and less hospital stay. Patients who received FNB used significantly more opiate compared with the LIA group. Conclusion LIA gives better pain control compared with single-shot FNB after total knee replacement.
Context Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures. Intrathecal morphine is a popular and effective option for pain management following cesarean section. It is associated with side effects such as nausea, vomiting, pruritus, urinary retention, reactivation of oral herpes, and, rare but life-threatening, respiratory depression. The interest in transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block as a post-cesarean-delivery analgesic modality has surged in the past few years, and many studies have evaluated and compared its efficacy with intrathecal morphine. Aim The aim of the study was to compare spinal morphine and bilateral TAP block in cesarean section in morbidly obese parturients with respect to their postoperative analgesic efficacy and narcotic consumption. Settings and design This was a prospective randomized, double-blinded study. Materials and methods Parturients, 20 years or older, with BMI greater than 35 kg/m 2 , who were scheduled to undergo elective cesarean section were recruited for the study. They were assigned to receive either intrathecal morphine (the ITM group) 0.1 mg or TAP block (the TAP group) using ropivacaine 0.5% 20 ml on each side. The primary outcome was pain on movement, from supine to sitting position. The secondary outcomes were the presence and severity of nausea and pruritus and the presence of respiratory depression. Results We enrolled 60 patients, of whom 59 were analyzed. The numeric rating scale score for pain was less in the ITM group than in the TAP block group, and this difference was statistically significant. Both pruritus and nausea happened in more patients in the ITM group than in the TAP block group, and this difference was statistically significant in both the 8 and 16 h observations. Conclusion In morbidly obese parturients, intrathecal morphine has superior post-cesarean-delivery analgesic efficacy compared with the TAP block.
Background Perineal and anorectal surgeries performed on an outpatient basis under spinal block lead to a shorter postoperative hospital stay. Spinal anesthesia has better cost efficacy and is very well accepted by patients. Ropivacaine is less toxic with rapid motor recovery. Clonidine provides dose-dependent analgesia. Intrathecal opioids decrease nociceptive afferent input without affecting dorsal root axons. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the onset, the level, and the duration of sensory and motor blockade occurring after the administration of low-dose hypobaric ropivacaine (0.1%) either alone or with clonidine or fentanyl as adjuvants in spinal anesthesia for anorectal surgeries in the jack-knife position. Study design A prospective, randomized, double-blind, comparative, case-control study. A total of 75 ASA grade I-III patients were randomized into three groups. Results There was a significant difference in the heart rate among the three groups. The plain ropivacaine group had a significantly higher heart rate. The addition of fentanyl resulted in a stable heart rate, but with the addition of clonidine, there was a decrease in the heart rate from the baseline. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the ropivacaine group was significantly higher in comparison with the clonidine or the fentanyl groups. None of the patients in any of the groups had complete motor blockade (Bromage score ≥ 3) at any time. After 2 h, there was complete regression (Bromage score = 1) in all the patients in all the groups. The majority of cases, irrespective of their group, achieved a T10 level of sensory blockade. The time taken for two-segment regression of sensory block and the time required for the first analgesic dose was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the clonidine group. Conclusion Hypobaric ropivacaine provides adequate surgical conditions for anorectal surgeries. Also, intrathecal clonidine with 0.1% hypobaric ropivacaine is a better adjuvant than fentanyl as it prolongs the duration and improves the quality of the sensory block and provides postoperative analgesia for longer periods.
Background Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is a simple and reliable type of regional anesthesia. However, it has some limitations such as tourniquet pain, lack of postoperative analgesia, and local anesthetic toxicity in case of tourniquet malfunction. Various additives to local anesthetics, such as opioids, NSAID, ketamine, and clonidine, are used. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of dexmedetomidine to a safe intravenous dose of lidocaine for IVRA. Patients and methods a total of 50 patients undergoing elective superficial hand surgery were assigned into two groups: the L group and the LD group. In the L group, IVRA was achieved using 2 mg/kg lidocaine 2% alone, diluted with saline to a volume of 25 ml. In the LD group, IVRA was achieved using 2 mg/kg lidocaine 2% along with 0.5 mg/kg dexmedetomidine diluted with saline to a volume of 25 ml. The motor and sensory block onset and recovery times were assessed. Tourniquet pain and sedation score were assessed intraoperatively and postoperatively. The quality of anesthesia and the duration of analgesia were also recorded. Results Sensory and motor block onset times were shorter and recovery times were prolonged in the LD group. The quality of anesthesia was better in the LD group, and the fentanyl dose required intraoperatively was also lower in the LD group. The duration of postoperative analgesia was longer and the doses of lornoxicam required were lower in the LD group. Conclusion A safe intravenous dose of lidocaine can be used for IVRA for superficial hand surgery, and the addition of 0.5 mg/kg dexmedetomidine shortened the onset times for both sensory and motor blockade and improved the quality of anesthesia, with prolonged postoperative analgesia time.
Introduction The occurrence of emergence agitation (EA) in pediatric patients who received sevoflurane anesthesia is a common postoperative problem. Purpose This study aimed to compare the efficacy of propofol versus fentanyl to decrease the incidence of EA using an emergence behavior scale - pediatric agitation emergence delirium (PAED). Patients and methods This study was performed on three patient groups undergoing the same surgical procedure, under sevoflurane anesthesia: the first received saline as a control, the second received propofol, and the third received fentanyl. Thereafter, we compared the efficacy on incidence and severity of EA using an emergence behavior scale - PAED. Results Regarding the frequency of agitation, the highest frequency was observed in the control group followed by the propofol group and then the fentanyl group (46.9, 18.8, and 12.5%, respectively). The onset of agitation was delayed in the propofol and fentanyl groups when compared with the control group (P < 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups regarding the duration of agitation. The PAED scoring revealed no significant difference between the propofol and fentanyl groups (P = 0.239), but a highly significant difference between both of them and the control group was found (P < 0.001). Conclusion Both propofol and fentanyl decrease the incidence and the severity of EA, but there is no reliable significance when comparing both drugs. We recommend further studies to declare other drugs that have potency to decrease the incidence and to treat the EA.
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transdermal nitroglycerine patch as a coadjuvant to intrathecal nalbuphine with bupivacaine in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Patients and methods A total of 120 patients (ASA I or II) were randomized into two equal groups in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The control group (group C) received intrathecal 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg (3 ml) plus 0.8 mg (0.4 ml) preservative-free nalbuphine plus transdermal placebo patch, and the study group (group NG) received intrathecal 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg (3 ml) plus 0.8 mg (0.4 ml) preservative-free nalbuphine plus transdermal nitroglycerine patch (5 mg). The transdermal patch (either nitroglycerine or placebo) was applied on the chest 20 min after spinal injection. Pain intensity, hemodynamics, and adverse effects were evaluated. Results Patients in group NG had longer duration of effective analgesia with subsequent longer time for the first rescue analgesic (482.6 ± 16.3 min) compared with group C (334.2 ± 15.6 min) (P < 0.05). Moreover, group NG required less rescue analgesics in 24 h compared with group C (P < 0.05) and had lesser overall 24-h pain visual analogue scale scores. The incidence of perioperative adverse effects was similar between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Transdermal nitroglycerine (5 mg) significantly prolonged the analgesic effect of intrathecal nalbuphine and provided effective postoperative analgesia after lower abdominal surgery.
Does intrathecal midazolam improve hyperbaric bupivacaine-fentanyl anesthesia in elderly patients?
Objective To assess the effect of intrathecal midazolam with bupivacaine-fentanyl in elderly patients undergoing endourologic procedures. Materials and methods This prospective, randomized, double-blind study involved 60 ASA physical status II-III patients aged over 60 years scheduled for elective endoscopic urologic procedures under spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (5 mg/ml). They were randomized into one of three equal groups of 20 patients each: the first group, control group (group C), received 7.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% in a volume of 1.5 ml; the second group, fentanyl group (group F), received 7.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% in a volume of 1.5 ml and 10 mg fentanyl (0.1 ml); and the third group, fentanylmidazolam group (group FM), received 7.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% in a volume of 1.5 ml and 10 mg fentanyl (0.1 ml) plus 1.0 mg of midazolam (0.2 ml). Sensory and motor effects were assessed. Postoperative pain, sedation, and adverse effects were also recorded. Results The three studied groups were comparable in demographic and clinical characteristics. They were hemodynamically stable. There was no significant difference between the three groups in the onset of sensory (P = 0.721) and motor block (P = 0.342), duration of motor block (P = 0.286), and sedation score (P = 0.229). Duration of sensory block was prolonged in group F compared with the control group (P < 0.001) and prolonged more in group FM compared with the F group (P = 0.065). Time to first request of rescue analgesic was significantly longer in group F compared with the C group (P = 0.033) and in FM compared with the F group (P < 0.001). All patients reported excellent or good degree of satisfaction with anesthetic procedure (P = 0.547). Conclusion Adjuvant intrathecal midazolam resulted in intraoperative hemodynamic stability and safely potentiates postoperative analgesic effect of bupivacainefentanyl spinal anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing endourologic procedures.
Background Diffuse microvascular bleeding remains a common problem after myocardial revascularization with cardiopulmonary bypass. Objectives The efficacy of locally administered tranexamic acid (topical application) was compared with systemically administered tranexamic acid to reduce postoperative bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass in elective nonredo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods The study included 60 patients of both sexes, aged between 35 and 65 years, and scheduled for elective CABG; patients were randomly assigned to two groups: group I (the intravenous tranexamic acid group; 30 patients) and group II (the topical tranexamic acid group; 30 patients). For each patient in each group, postoperative blood loss, number of units of packed red blood cells (RBCs) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfused, frequency of resternotomy, duration of hospital and ICU stay, and mortality were recorded. Results There were statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to total postoperative blood loss and need for packed RBCs and FFP transfusion, being much greater in group I than in group II. There was no mortality in either group. Frequency of resternotomy was higher in group I than in group II, although the difference was statistically nonsignificant. The duration of hospital and ICU stay revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion Intraoperative topical administration of tanexamic acid into the pericardial cavity before sternal closure during CABG surgery has reduced the incidence of postoperative blood loss and the need for postoperative packed RBCs and FFP transfusion.
Background Postcardiac arrest syndrome has a unique pathophysiological process involving multiple organs. Pentoxifylline can modulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function, and may thus reduce multiple organ dysfunction in postcardiac arrest patients and affect the outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous pentoxifylline on organ functions and outcome in postcardiac arrest patients. Materials and methods Forty-two patients admitted to the ICU after inhospital cardiac arrest of both cardiac and noncardiac origin were included in this prospective double-blinded randomized two parallel-group study. Group P received a first dose of intravenous pentoxifylline 5 mg/kg over 5 min, followed by a 1.5 mg/kg/day infusion with a maximum of 1800 mg/day for 3 days, whereas group C received an equal volume of saline over 5 min and then infusion for 3 days as well. The primary outcome was the number of organ dysfunction-free and organ failure-free days, whereas the secondary outcome included time to initial acceptable blood pressure and systemic perfusion, number of acceptable blood pressure and systemic perfusion days, arterial lactate, Cerebral Performance Category score, duration of inotropic support, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, ICU survival, and adverse events. Results There was a significant increase in the number of organ dysfunction-free days [9 (3) vs. 6 (3), P = 0.003] and organ failure-free days [9 (3) vs. 7 (3), P = 0.008], accompanied by an increased number of acceptable blood pressure and systemic perfusion days [8 (3) vs. 6 (4), P = 0.01], with a shorter time to reach initial acceptable blood pressure and systemic perfusion [68 (51) vs. 38 (36), P = 0.03 ] and a significant improvement in the Cerebral Performance Category score on days 6, 7, and 14 in group P compared with group C. The arterial lactate level, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of inotropic support, and ICU length of stay were significantly reduced in group P, along with an improvement in ICU survival that did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion We conclude that administration of intravenous pentoxifylline in postcardiac arrest patients improved organ function and decreased length of ICU stay, with no adverse effects.
Background Increase in middle ear pressure (MEP) (mmH 2 O) is an undesirable condition because of its potential complications. The aim of this randomized study was to compare the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on MEP. Patients and methods Patients in American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) group I-II between 6 and 14 years of age undergoing tonsillectomy operation were randomized into two groups. Group 1 received isoflurane and group 2 received sevoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia after induction with thiopental and suxamethonium in both groups. MEPs were measured and recorded 1 day before the operation (T0), with the patient lying supine on the operating table (T1), after the induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation (T2), and soon after withdrawal of anesthesia (T3). Finally, MEP values were compared intragroup with the baseline value (T0) and between groups. Results In comparison with the baseline value in T0, MEP was significantly increased in T1, T2, and T3 in the two groups. There were no differences between groups at all times, but at the end of anesthesia at T3, the increase in MEP was significantly lower in group 1 (isoflurane group) than in group 2 (sevoflurane groups) (103 ± 68 vs. 138 ± 99, P < 0.01 in the right ear and 112 ± 82 vs. 141 ± 101, P < 0.01 in the left ear). Conclusion There was an increase in MEP after anesthesia with both the inhalational anesthetics, but the increase in MEP was significantly lower during isoflurane anesthesia, which makes it more suitable during middle ear surgery.
Background and aims Adding dexmedetomidine to local anesthetics in intravenous regional anesthesia has been found to produce effective anesthesia and analgesia for minor hand surgery. The aim of this study was to compare hemodynamic changes, adverse effects, patient satisfaction, and anesthetic, analgesic, and sedation qualities in patients who received lidocaine only versus those who received dexmedetomidine with lidocaine during minor hand surgery. Methods One hundred patients scheduled for minor hand surgery were randomly allocated into two equal groups: group L and group DL. Patients in group L received 3 mg/kg lidocaine 0.5% (maximum dose 200 mg), and patients in group DL received 3 mg/kg lidocaine 0.5% (maximum dose 200 mg) + 0.5 mg/kg dexmedetomidine; the total volume was diluted to 40 ml with normal saline 0.9% in both groups and injected at a rate of 20 ml/min. Anesthesia, analgesia, and sedation qualities, hemodynamic changes, patient satisfaction, and adverse effects were recorded. Results The studied groups showed no significant difference in demographic data. In hemodynamics, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate showed a statistically significant difference during and up to 30 min after tourniquet release (P < 0.001), and oxygen saturation showed no statistically significant difference during and after surgery (P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05) as regards the quality of anesthesia, time of regression of sensory and motor blocks, and patient satisfaction. There were more patients who reported excellent satisfaction in the DL group (76%) compared with the L group (20%). Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirements were greater in the lidocaine group than in the dexmedetomidine group, and postoperative pain score (visual analog scale) was lower in the DL group compared with L group. Sedation score after release of tourniquet was significantly higher in the DL group compared with the L group except in the first 5 min. Conclusion On the basis of the results in this study we concluded that dexmedetomidine is a good adjuvant anesthetic, analgesic, and sedative agent in intravenous regional anesthesia.
Objective The aim of this study was to study the implication of volume change of bupivacaine in the duration of motor and sensory blocks for early ambulation of the patient and in the rate of complications among patients. Patients and methods A total of 80 adult patients of ASA I, II, or III status, scheduled for lower limb surgery under regional anesthesia by femoral and sciatic nerve blocks, were included in this randomized prospective study. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups (group I and group II). A total volume of 40 ml of bupivacaine 0.3% was used for peripheral nerve blockade in group I: 20 ml for femoral nerve blockade and 20 ml for sciatic nerve blockade; and a total volume of 60 ml of bupivacaine 0.3% was used in group II: 30 ml for femoral nerve blockade and 30 ml for sciatic nerve blockade. Assessment of the sensory and the motor blocks was carried out including onset of anesthesia and duration of both sensory and motor blocks. The assessment was carried out intraoperatively at 10, 20, and 30 min after the establishment of the procedure, and then at 6, 12, and 24 h after performing the block. Results The onset of the block was significantly shorter in group II. The sensory block was significantly denser in group II at 12 h. The motor block was less dense in group II at 12 and 24 h. The pain scale was less in group II at 6 and 12 h. Conclusion This study revealed that increasing the volume of the local anesthetics hastened the onset of the anesthesia and increased the duration and the density of the sensory block.
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How do branding and marketing get so confused with one another so often? People view an ad on a billboard and see it as the branding of a company. Some also interchange branding with marketing by seeing the same ad on the same billboard. Marketing is the promotion or the pushing of a product or service. Branding is how a firm is viewed outside of the realms of its marketing campaigns.
Marketing is a company's promotions, advertising efforts, online website presences, SEO platforms, and social media accounts. It's a comprehensive set of tools companies use to promote products. These tools are used in unison with the singular goal of influencing and attracting an audience. These tools only scratch the initial layer of what your business is - and what it could be in the future. Like I said, marketing is the pushing of an idea or product. It's primary goal is the gain new customers by saying, "My company's products are better than theirs, and here's why."
In a well devised branding / marketing campaign, marketing is a necessity. Once its goal is completed, it quietly exits the room to give way to branding.
Where marketing is what gains new clients, branding is what keeps them loyal. Branding is how users, clients, investors, and potential clients perceive a company. It's the underlying framework of what makes companies beneficial to themselves and their customers. Branding is what makes active promoters of products after they've been acquired. If done well, people will push your brand for you, they'll tell others about its quality, and even purchase more of the brand's products as a result.
Apple has a very well-known brand. Their brand's mindset - "Let's make innovative stuff that helps humanity greet the world with cool technology." There's a lot of power in those words. It's basically saying that Apple's goal is to help and innovate humanity through creative products like the iPhone, iMac or iPad. And what have they done? They've granted the world innovation and creativity through the iPhone and their products.
This is branding at is finest because Apple does what it says - it invigorates its audience through products that change the way humanity communicates. People will continue to use Apple's software and hardware because the brand has succeeded in selling comfort, stability, reliability and above all else, happiness to the masses.
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What's the best financial news rss feed?
You can try Cityfalcon. It is a leveraged real time and curated news site that tracks some financial publications and twitter.
The advantage of this platform is that you can not only find specific financial news for specific financial assets, but also find opinions of the crowd and other influential traders/investors on twitter that can enhance your trading strategies.
I use this from time to time.
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Did you know that methadone was first produced during the mid-1900s? It came about as part of the research into the development of new pain relieving drugs that can be used as an alternative to morphine. In fact, it has been one of the more popularly researched drug treatments all over the world. The social context however is that it is prescribed as a way of prohibiting opiate use, making it more complex than other medication around.
A German scientist was responsible for the development of the chemical structure of methadone during the 1930s. The production of the synthetic substance in 1937 was led by Gustav Ehrhart and Max Bockmhl, and was called polamidon (Hoechst 10820).
Their research was expanded during World War II as the original medicine was synthesized as a response to the morphine shortage. As the war ended, the United States obtained the rights to the drug now called methadone. It was in 1947 when it was introduced in the US as a type of pain relieving medicine for various conditions. This led to the belief that it could be used in the treatment of narcotics addiction.
Scientific advancements came during the 1960s, and by the early part of the 1970s the methadone treatment started to expand with the government setting up the necessary regulations that will govern the use of methadone as part of a drug addiction treatment program.
Additional regulations were released in 2001 to modify the existing regulations to cover the manner of delivery of methadone to ensure better control.
Believe it or not, many of the abused substances today including opioids (morphine, opium, heroine, and other prescription opioids) were initially dispensed as curative measures by physicians, pharmacists, and other members of the healthcare community. Many of these were the basic ingredients of commercial products for cough suppressants, pain killers, and even beverages.
There was no doubt that the products delivered the intended results initially, until abuse eventually happened. A good example would be opioids which were best in relieving pain on the battlefields during the Civil War. The uncontrolled use however along with advertised benefits for nonmedical use led to its tolerance and addiction.
Tolerance means that the body starts needing larger quantities and more frequent usage of the opioid, usually in combination with other substances in order to get a sustained effect. This also leads to more severe withdrawal once the addiction is not fully satisfied.
Recognition of the problem opened up debates among those affected, the healthcare profession, the government, and the community leaders. The discussion centered on the incurable nature of opioid addiction, which required long-term maintenance with medication, and opioid addiction as a result of weak, lack of morals, and psychodynamic factors that requires criminalization of its uncontrolled use and distribution to promote abstinence.
Criminality associated with drug usage.
Blocking the euphoric effects delivered by heroin.
Specific dosages of methadone are required by patients and should be administered for an extended period of time (sometimes indefinitely) because of the nature of the methadone treatment, which is corrective rather than curative. Using lower doses may not yield the desired blocking effect. There should be no fear since methadone treatment has been established to be medically safe.
Government is advocating the expansion of the methadone maintenance treatment program with newer models to be implemented. The National Institutes of Health even recommended that the treatment program be made available to persons that are under legal supervision like parolees, the incarcerated, and probationers.
The educational leadership should be provided by the professional community to ensure the general public that the stigma and bias against the programs are unfounded. These should move the expansion forward.
To ensure that you are getting in the right treatment program for your addiction, get a hold of Towards Recovery Clinics.
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Biloxi is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the United States. The 2000 census recorded the population as 50,644. It is the smaller of two principal cities of the Gulfport, Mississippi-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area. The city is co-county seat with Gulfport.
The history of Biloxi, Mississippi spans more than 300 years. On August 29, 2005, Biloxi was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina, which struck with a 30-foot storm surge, but Biloxi began re-building soon after, with 3 casinos re-opened in late December, Beau Rivage re-opened on Katrina's anniversary, and other hotels and casinos being added in 2006. In the center of what fisheries biologists term The Fertile Fisheries Crescent, Biloxi offers some of the finest sportsfishing along the entire northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Biloxi has become home to several casino resort hotels, with 24-hour gambling, concert entertainment shows, and several restaurants.
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You may have heard about people who "root" their Android phone. This article attempts to explain what that means, and why you might want to do it.
Important note: because the process for rooting varies according to the device, this article won't explain how to root your device, but I will be able to point you in the right direction.
Rooting refers to the process of obtaining superuser access, also known as "root" access, on the Android operating system.
What does that mean? What's "superuser access"?
Modern operating systems have a security model in which different applications can run with different levels of access to the system. For example, most regular software runs with a low level of access, unable to modify important system files or configuration. This is a good thing, because it can reduce the damage to your system that an untrusted piece of software might do. It also means that if certain software has a bug and can be "hacked", it limits the amount of damage someone can do by hacking that piece of software.
When software needs to be able to modify the most important system files and configuration, it requires "superuser" access (also known as "administrator" access on operating systems like Windows).
The thing is, on an operating system like Windows or Mac, you (the user) are given the ability to grant this "superuser" (or "administrator") access to apps when they want to modify important systems files and configuration. When you buy an Android device, you don't have this ability. The manufacturer will have decided which important system apps should be allowed superuser access, and all other apps will be prevented from having that access, without a way for you to grant it.
"Rooting" is a way to give yourself such an ability: allowing you to grant superuser access to apps.
It's called "root" because Linux based operating systems give the username "root" to a user account that has superuser privileges.
To put it simply, rooting allows you to run apps that modify important system files and configuration that the manufacturer probably didn't want you to be able to modify.
Android is built on top of Linux and other open source tools that often accompany Linux. These tools have a wealth of configuration options, many of which cannot be configured using the standard settings tool included with Android. This may include tweaks to system performance and network configuration. Rooting allows you to use apps that modify this configuration.
Root access also allows for backup and restore apps to backup and restore data that would otherwise be inaccessible to non-root backup utilities. Utilities such as Titanium Backup rely on root access to backup a more complete amount of your data.
Rooting your device may invalidate its warranty. In some cases, this may mean that you cannot make warranty claims for problems related to software. Or in some cases, it may invalidate your ability to make any warranty claims at all. This will vary according to where you live and the conditions of the manufacturer warranty.
Granting superuser access to software increases the ability for software to damage your system if something goes wrong. This may occur if the software is untrustworthy, or if it's simply buggy or vulnerable to hacking.
Circumventing the restrictions imposed on your device by the manufacturer makes it easier to do things that tamper with the ability of Android to work correctly, and in some cases it can be difficult to reverse, requiring a higher amount of technical knowledge.
Does it allow for installing different ROMs?
Rooting your device is not directly related to the ability to install different ROMs (different or modified versions of Android). In some cases, a method for installing a custom ROM on your device might require you to first root the device, but this is not always the case.
A lot of unofficial alternative ROMs come "pre-rooted", giving superuser access as soon as the ROM is installed.
The process for rooting varies significantly between different devices, along with the level of difficulty and tools used. A good place to go for advice is to find the section relevant to your device on the XDA forums, an online community which includes people who like to develop custom firmwares or modify their device.
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The biosensor technology is based on the use of allosteric transcription factors (aTFs), regulatory proteins in bacteria that bind specific target molecules and then undergo conformational changes that alter their affinity for DNA sequences which influence metabolic activity, thus effecting environmental responses. In synthetic biology, for instance, aTFs are used as gene expression switches.
The challenge with using aTFs for the sensor technology was the need to modify their binding preference for other target molecules without disrupting their response behaviour, or allostery (the process by which the proteins transmit the effect of binding at one site to another, typically to allow for regulation of activity), according to Srivatsan Raman, formerly a post-doctoral fellow at the Wyss Institute and HMS and currently assistant professor of biochemistry at University of Wisconsin-Madison.
For their initial work, the researchers chose LacI, a natural regulatory protein from E. coli that binds allolactose, but also responds to isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Four alternative target molecules that differ in size (slightly smaller and larger, and twice the size) and with other functional groups (nucleophilic chlorine substituents) were selected as test compounds: fucose, gentiobiose, lactitol and sucralose, respectively, none of which can be metabolised by natural E. coli (Figure 1).
The first step towards development of the biosensors involved computational protein design. At this stage, only changes to the binding site were considered and the impact of the predicted binding interactions on allostery was not factored in. As a result, even the highest-scoring predicted mutants showed broken allostery, so no response behaviour could be determined.
At this point, a high-throughput method was employed to build a variant library of potential new biosensor designs based on computationally-designed LacI proteins as well as single-amino-acid saturation mutagenesis via multiplex gene assembly.
A high-throughput in vivo selection-screening method was designed to rapidly detect aTF variants that are both allosterically functional and bind to the target compound, according to Noah Taylor, a recent PhD graduate of Harvard and currently sensor engineering lead for Enevolv, a new company co-founded by senior researcher George Church, a Wyss Institute core faculty member.
To identify the variants with the most specific responses to the four target molecules of interest, the team engineered groups of E. coli bacteria to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) when the desired molecule was detected. High-throughput in vivo screening allowed identification of the most effective variants, based on their high fluorescence.
These proteins were filtered out and genetically sequenced to reveal their mutations. Whilst the proteins did bind to the four target molecules, they were not selective for them; many also retained the ability to bind to IPTG, which would make them ineffective as biosensors for the target compounds.
“At this point we developed a ‘maturation step’ to increase the selectivity of the variants that exhibited binding for the four target saccharides. This step involved combining the various mutations that were found to result in weak to strong binding for each different molecule,” Raman observes. The result was engineered proteins with high selectivities for the target sugars.
The process was developed over three years. The researchers now believe the entire process can be done in approximately two months: two weeks to complete the initial calculations, a couple of weeks for delivery of the necessary DNA oligonucleotides from a vendor, a few days for cloning and the remainder for the flow cytometry study to identify hit variants and incorporate the multiple mutations to obtain a highly selective biosensor.
Because biosensors not only indicate the presence of a specific compound, but also its quantity, they can be used to accelerate metabolic engineering dramatically, according to Taylor.“Custom-designed aTFs can be introduced into metabolically engineered microbes to monitor the production of the desired chemical, which could be a pharmaceutical or agrochemical intermediate, other fine or specialty chemicals or biofuels. The proteins can even be engineered to lead to cell death if a specific compound is lacking, which eliminates the undesirable strains from the culture,” he notes.
Enevolv is commercialising the technology (Figure 2), which it refers to as intracellular sensors, to rapidly screen billions of strain variants generated using multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE). MAGE enables massively parallel whole genome editing to take place directly in living cells through the introduction of diverse combinations of specific modifications, rapidly building vast numbers of genomic designs.
“As a result, we are able to accelerate the genome engineering process by orders of magnitude,” Taylor says. Enevolv has received funding from the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to accelerate development of the sensor technology and is in discussions with numerous companies that are interested in having custom-designed biosensors or strains developed.
Importantly, the LacI protein used in the initial development effort is only one of thousands of different allosteric transcription factors that exist in nature. “Given that the LacI protein was engineered using only sequence and structure information, the researchers expect this approach to be applicable to the engineering of other aTFs for the creation of hundreds if not thousands of biosensors for specific target molecules,” he adds.
Indeed, the researchers have already demonstrated that biosensors based on TetR aTFs from the TetOn-Off system, which are used in a number of expression systems for chemical production, can be rapidly engineered. “The TetR protein family consists of a large number of proteins with significant variation, large numbers of which have been well-characterised. With the ability to engineer these proteins, we have the potential to choose a much wider variety of target compounds,” states Raman, who is also a scientific advisor to Enevolv.
For instance, he notes that TetR controls the membrane pumps in cells and regulates the expression of antibiotics. His group is currently investigating the ability to engineer one specific TetR protein that targets erythromycin to detect not only similar polycyclic aromatic compounds, but compounds with very different structures, including straight-chain alkanes.
“The idea is to push the envelope as far as we can to determine the limits to protein design – how much change can the protein tolerate and still have not only binding but also allostery in order to provide the desired response,” Raman observes. He welcomes any suggestions for target fine and speciality chemicals with commercial relevance that would be desirable to produce via fermentation.
One unexpected finding has been the malleability of allosteric transcription factors. “The proteins we have tested to date have shown exceptional amenability to mutations, which is a huge advantage, because it suggests that we may be able to go fairly far from the chemical space of the natural target,” Taylor comments.
“At Enevolv, we’ve engineered TetR to sense and respond to several molecules vastly different than its cognate ligand, well beyond the difficulty of what we achieved with LacI and new sugar derivatives.” As a reason for this malleability, he points to the fact that in cells, aTFs often evolve new molecular responses as conditions change, such as the appearance of a new molecule.
In addition to accelerating metabolic engineering, potential applications of the biosensors include environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, bioremediation and precision gene therapies. The biosensors may also make it possible for scientists to better investigate the metabolic state in individual cells, a task that has been challenging to date. Custom-engineered aTFs inserted into a live cell could detect the presence and quantities of different metabolites as a function of time, providing near real-time information on its metabolic state, according to Taylor.
1. N.D. Taylor et al., Nature Methods 2016, 13, 177. DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3696.
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James Earl Carter, Junior (born October 1, 1924) was the 39th (1977 to 1981) President of the United States, a Democrat. He is better known as Jimmy Carter, and sued for the right to have his name appear on the ballot in that form.
Carter was born in the town of Plains, Georgia. Before entering politics, he was a peanut farmer in Plains (after serving as an officer and nuclear engineer in the U.S. Navy, serving under Admiral Hyman Rickover).
In the 1960s he served 2 terms in the Georgia State Senate. In his 1970 campaign for governor he said in speeches that the time of racial segregation was over, and that racial discrimination had no place in the future of the state. He was the first white southern politician to say this in public (such sentiments would have signaled the end of the political career of white politicians in the region less than 15 years earlier), so his victory attracted some attention as a sign of changing times.
Carter served as governor of the state of Georgia from 1971 to 1975.
When Carter entered the Democratic Party Presidential primaries in 1976 he at first was considered to have little chance against nationally better known politicians. However the Watergate scandal still fresh in the voters' minds, so his position as an outsider distant from Washington, DC became an asset. He ran an effective campaign, did well in debates, and won his party's nomination and then the election. Government reorganization was the centerpiece of his campaign platform. He was the first candidate from the deep South to be elected president since the American Civil War.
As part of his government reorganization efforts, Carter separated the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services. He also elevated the Energy agency into a new cabinet-level department, the U.S. Department of Energy.
Carter's administration is best remembered for the peace treaty brokered between the states of Israel and Egypt with the Camp David Accord, the SALT II treaty brokered with the Soviet Union, the Panama Canal treaty which turned the canal over to Panama, and an energy crisis.
In 1979, Carter gave a nationally televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a crisis of confidence among the American people. This has come to be known as his "malaise" speech, even though he never actually used the word "malaise" anywhere in the text. Rather than inspiring Americans to action as he had hoped, the was perceived by many to express a pessimistic outlook which may have damaged his reelection hopes.
Also in 1979, Carter allowed the former Iranian dictator, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into the United States for poltical asylum and medical treatment. Although Carter had ostensibly promoted human rights as a hallmark of his foreign policy, he had been a staunch supporter of the Iranian strongman during his reign. In response to the Shah's entry into the US, Iranian militants seized the American embassy in Tehran and demanded the Shah's return to Iran. The hostage crisis dominated the last year of his presidency, and his subsequent responses to the crisis, from a "Rose Garden strategy" of staying inside the White House to the botched attempt to rescue the hostages, were largely seen as contributing to defeat in the 1980 election.
After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, he announced the Carter Doctrine, according to which the US would not allow any other single power to gain control of the Persian Gulf. Also in response to the events in Afghanistan, Carter prohibited Americans from participating in the 1980 Summer Olympics, which were held in Moscow, and he reinstated registration for the draft for young males.
Carter has been accused of ordering a cover-up of the events at Three Mile Island following the near meltdown of that nuclear plant. He also been criticized for not doing enough to promote his stated human rights foreign policy stance in his administration, such as continuing to support Indonesia even while they were committing genocide in their occupation of East Timor.
Since losing his bid for re-election, Carter has been involved in a variety of human rights and charitable causes, largely through Habitat for Humanity and the Carter Center. Habitat is involved in affordable housing throughout the world and the Carter Center also focuses on world-wide health care including the campaign to eliminate guinea worm disease. Another major focus of his work has been providing election observers to help ensure free and fair elections in a variety of countries. In 2002, in a deliberate dig at the Bush administration, the Nobel Prize committee awarded Carter the Nobel Peace Prize for his human rights and mediation work. The only other president to have received the Peace Prize was Theodore Roosevelt.
American Experience: Jimmy Carter - A new presidential biography on Jimmy Carter from American Experience on PBS.
The American President: Jimmy Carter - Fact file and comprehensive biographical sketch based on PBS series. Also includes gallery and quotations.
BBC News: Jimmy Carter: Born again statesman - BBC examines how Jimmy Carter has rehabilitated his reputation with his success in mediating in international conflict. Discusses trip to Cuba in 2002.
The Carter Center - A nonprofit public policy center founded by Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter to fight disease, hunger, poverty, conflict, and oppression around the world.
Carter's Place in History Still Being Written - Article addresses some of the challenges of the Carter administration and speculates on history's final evaluation.
Character Above All: James Carter Essay - Essay provides a brief look at the circumstances and events that molded the president's character.
Have We Forgotten the Path to Peace? - An article by former President Jimmy Carter entitled "Have We Forgotten the Path to Peace?" published in the New York Times (5/27/99).
Jimmy Carter - Short biography from the official White House site.
Jimmy Carter and Habitat - Describes the Jimmy Carter Work Project (JCWP) for Habitat for Humanity. The 2002 JCWP in Africa is the largest home-building effort in the history of the 18-year-old event.
Jimmy Carter: Inaugural Address - Complete text of speech from January 20, 1977. Includes background information.
Jimmy Carter National Historic Site - Includes brief introduction and printable travel guide for Carter's Plains, Georgia, birthplace. From the National Park Service.
Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum - Provides online photos and documents, profiles of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, gift shop catalog, and information about research, events, and collections at the library.
1976 Man of the Year: Jimmy Carter - Reprint of the article that appeared in Time magazine on January 3, 1977.
A Nuclear Crisis - Article by Jimmy Carter entitled A Nuclear Crisis reprinted from the Washington Post (02/23/2000).
Peace Hero Jimmy Carter - A look at Carter's contributions to world peace efforts both during and after his administration.
POTUS: James Earl Carter, Jr. - Background information, election results, cabinet members, and links.
UCLA Webcast: Jimmy Carter "Talking Peace" - Offers a streaming link to the 21st Annual Bernard Brodie Distinguished Lecture featuring President Jimmy Carter giving a presentation entitled "Talking Peace".
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0.999952 |
The following events and venues match your search for "PHANTOM OF THE OPERA". To sort the list, click on the column header. To find tickets for the given event, date & time, click the tickets link in that row. To find events taking place at a matching venue, click that venue name.
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0.999999 |
Following the lunar calendar, this type of farming is driven by the belief that the Moon influences levels of moisture in the soil, just as the Moon’s gravitational pull affects great bodies of water. Lunar farmers believe, for example, that from the new Moon to quarter Moon phases, when the Moon is waxing, a soil’s moisture content increases, whereas drier periods occur during the waning phase. Although moisture influences seed germination, a lunar guide on when to plant and weed can be advantageous to a grower.
D) DELETE the underlined portion and begin the sentence with a capital letter.
Choice D is the best answer because it creates a grammatically complete and standard sentence.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each inserts unnecessary punctuation that disrupts the meaning of the sentence, which is to state where Giuseppe Ferrua stood.
Choice A is the best answer because the preposition “with” correctly reflects the relationship between the subject, verb, and object: “landscape,” “dotted,” and “vineyards,” respectively.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each provides a preposition that does not appropriately represent the relationship between the subject, verb, and object. A landscape can be dotted “with” vineyards; it cannot be dotted “inside,” “for,” or “on” vineyards.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not appropriately signal the information in the sentence, which elaborates on and supports the claim in the previous sentence. Rather, Choices B and C suggest that the writer is drawing a contrast, and Choice D introduces a time sequence that is not present in the paragraph.
Choice B is the best answer because it creates a grammatically complete and standard sentence. It also correctly reflects the relationship specified in the passage between moisture and the lunar calendar.
Choice A is incorrect because “Although” suggests that the second clause will say something contrary to the first. Choices C and D are incorrect because each results in a grammatically incomplete sentence.
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0.785851 |
In case of a Unity mobile app, would it be good (at all) for performance, to deactivate the navigation through canvas objects like TextFields and Buttons?
When selecting e.g. a Button or TextField in the sceneview, the inspector shows the option "Navigation", which can be set to different things and can also be visualized. This feature is usually used to tab through input fields, like you would expect it on a website. On my mobile game I don't need this "tabbing". Would there be any sort of performance increase if I deactivated it everywhere?
Would deactivating this rather be a waste of time, or even make performance worse for some obscure reason?
Usually there are 3 ways to show and hide UI. I will list them from worst to best.
This creates and destroys Objects each time. (Not Recommended).
2.Activate (Show) or Deactivate (Hide) the GameObject of that UI.
This creates garbage each time it is set to active and also cause quick freezes. You will notice this a lot when making VR apps. Fine on Desktops. Not good or recommended on mobile devices.
3.Enable (Show) or Disable (Hide) the Component of that UI.
This simply enables and disables the components. This method requires a custom function for each UI Control such as Button, Text, InputField as each Control has different components attached to them. This is the recommended method especially on mobile devices.
After long experiment with these, I came to conclusion that #3 is the best and should be used.The downside is that you have to make a function that will disable every components of each UI Control.
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0.996053 |
Why would textiles be creased?
Natural fibers are easy to be creased during the process of using which can be perceived as the results of external forces bending fibers and the fibers fail to restore after the external force disappearing. Wrinkle principles are that there are a mass of hydrogen bonds in fiber amorphous region and the fibers lack chemical cross-linking. So when the external force or water molecules act on fibers, hydrogen will be destroyed and translocation will happen between molecular chains. The deformation can not restore thoroughly when external force disappear because there are not enough constraining force between molecules to make the fibers return to their original shape. Therefore, the wrinkles appear.
1. Covering theory: textile finishing chemicals can form high elastic film nets that can cover the surface of fiber and form viscosity nodes between fibers after high temperature condensation and addition reaction which, as a consequence, can promote elastic recovery of fibers.
2. Resin deposition theory: textile finishing chemicals form resin nets inside the fiber after being baked and the resin deposition deposit on amorphous region. Resin deposition stop fiber macro molecules and basic structural units from deformation by mechanical friction and hydrogen bonds. Therefore provide textile wrinkle resistance.
3. Covalent cross-linking theory: finishing chemicals can react with fibers under certain conditions which can form covalent cross-linking among fiber molecular chains and basic structural units. Therefore it can reduce the deformation of fibers that can not restore immediately which caused by hydrogen bonds destruction during the process of deformation. As a result, it can enhance the fibers' ability of restoring from deformation and achieve the goal of anti creasing.
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0.959641 |
The First World War changed the landscape of Europe. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the First Czechoslovak Republic was established. Slovakia, as a part of the republic, first faced the aftermath of the war and later the Great Depression caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which exacerbated the internal political conflicts on our continent. In 1933, Adolf Hitler won the German general elections and became the new Reich Chancellor, an event that would determine the course of European history for the next decade..
The year is 1938 and Nazi Germany in the so-called Anschluss annexes Austria. Hitler doesn't hide his intentions to seize the neighbouring Czechoslovakia.
Hitler is trying to break up Czechoslovakia, which as a democratic country offered a refuge to the opponents of Nazism. Hitler was raising territory claims, willing to proceed through international political agitation or resort to military action. He was definitely playing the German population card - Germans living and allegedly suffering from discrimination beyond the German borders - a similar excuse as he used when he annexed Austria. It suited him that the territory of Slovakia (a relatively uninteresting country for Hitler at the time) was eyed by both Poland and Hungary. The Sudetenland and the border areas of Czechoslovakia, inhabited mostly by ethnic Germans, are at stake now.
Speech by Adolf Hitler to the Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg on 12 September 1938, in which he sharply attacked Czechoslovakia and President Eduard Benes.
Germany, Italy, Great Britain and France convened in Munich on 29 September 1938, where they decided on the fate of Czechoslovakia without its presence at the table. The Republic must cede Sudeten territory to Germany. The Czechoslovak government was particularly surprised by the attitude of their allies, France and Great Britain, but did not have any other options. A day later, on 30 September 1938, they accepted the decision, which went down in history as the Munich Agreement, sometimes called the Munich Dictate. It was one of the heralds of the coming war, before which, however, Slovakia went through several drastic political changes.
At the time of the Munich Agreement, the most influential political party in Slovakia was Hlinka's Slovak People's Party (HSPP), which in 1935 in coalition with the Slovak National Party won 30% of the votes in the elections. It was founded as Slovak People's Party in 1905, then restored by a Catholic priest and a nationalist, Andrej Hlinka. It was founded on conservative Christian values and slowly but surely became obsessed with the idea of autonomy - an independent Slovakia within the Czechoslovak Republic.
The HSPP's gradual radicalisation was epitomised by their totalitarian motto: "One Nation, One Party, One Leader."
During October 1938, the HSPP strived to solve the issue of Slovakia within the Republic and pushed for autonomy. Within the party, there were two conflicting approaches, the so-called moderate wing (represented mainly by Jozef Tiso, Jozef Sivák and Martin Sokol) and the radical wing (led by Vojtech Tuka, Ferdinand Ďurčanský and Alexander Mach). They differed in their views on autonomy and disagreed on antisemitic legislation. What was the answer of "one nation, one party and one leader" - soon to be Jozef Tiso - to these burning questions?
declaring autonomy with a focus on their northern neighbour, Poland.
On 6 October 1938, HSPP officials met in Žilina with representatives of smaller political parties to introduce their proposal for Slovak autonomy within the Czechoslovak Republic. In the documents presented at the Žilina Conference, the HSPP claimed that Slovakia welcomes a "peaceful solution to the problem in the spirit of the Munich Agreement." In their manifesto, the party welcomed the Munich Agreement and emphasised their commitment to "stand by the side of nations fighting against the Marxist-Jewish ideology of disruption and violence." They also insisted on "immediate transfer of executive and governmental control to the Slovak people." It soon became clear that according to the HSPP politicians, they were the only legitimate representatives of the Slovak people.
On 7 October 1938, the Czechoslovak government accepted the proposal by the HSPP. Jozef Tiso was declared the Prime Minister of the Autonomous Slovak Region.
The National Assembly met on 19 November 1938 and affirmed Slovak autonomy through a new constitutional law. Czechoslovakia gained a hyphen in its name and thus became the Czecho-Slovak Republic. From this moment, Slovakia is facing another challenge - rising demands from Hungary and Poland. At a meeting in Komárno, the Czecho-Slovak side, led by Tiso and without a clear strategy, started negotiations with Hungary. These negotiations lasted until November 1938 and resulted in the First Vienna Arbitration, in which Slovakia lost parts of its territory.
The Munich Dictate cost the Czechoslovak Republic the territories occupied by the Germans. Because an appendix to the Munich Agreement spoke about solving the problem of Hungarian and Polish minorities within three months of signing, it became clear that Slovakia would have to address the Hungarian territorial claims very soon. On the table was a fifth of the territory of Slovakia, including Carpathian Ruthenia and 854,218 inhabitants of this region, including 272,145 Slovak and Czech nationals.
The official negotiations between the Czecho-Slovak and Hungarian sides did not lead to a clear decision. Both countries turned to the signatories of the Munich Agreement and the large areas of Slovakia were annexed by Hungary in the First Vienna Award.
Based on the Munich precedent, Poland also claimed their piece of land, which included several villages of Orava, Kysuce and Spiš. The Slovak population that remained in their homes in the newly acquired parts of Hungary immediately became a target of oppression, humiliation, violence and even open persecution. The state was able to evacuate and shelter 50,000 Slovaks. Other people fleeing to Slovakia due to the bad conditions became refugees. According to some estimates, up to 100,000 people took refuge in Slovakia during 1938 and 1943 and became dependent on charity and state benefits after fleeing from Hungary. The number of emigrants from Slovakia to Hungary was significantly lower, since there were very few Hungarian nationals living outside the contested territories. On the initiative of the HPSS, after the declaration of autonomy a further 9,000 Czech state employees and teachers were deported, including those who voluntarily came to help out a country which did not have sufficient resources by itself.
Shortly after the declaration of autonomy, verbal attacks on Jewish minorities escalated and from 4 November, the populist regime organised the deportation of more than 7,500 people from Slovakia to the annexed territories. The government also started preparing of the anti-Semitic legislation, under the leadership of Karol Sidor.
The autonomous government called for elections to the Diet of the newly created Slovak Region on Saturday, 26 November 1938, with the date of the election on 18 December 1938. Since the lists of candidates were required to be submitted three weeks before the election, the last day of submission was Sunday, 27 November 1938. This way, the HSPP ensured that the list of candidates of the Hlinka Slovak People’s Party - Party of Slovak National Unity would be the only one accepted. Their list of candidates included the representatives of affiliated parties and minorities, but excluded the unwanted Czech and Jewish minorities. Under the pretence of "national unity", they started suppressing the freedom of the press and the freedom of assembly.
Shortly before the elections, the Ministry of Interior issued secret instructions, according to which regions with ethnically mixed population should create special polling stations for the various nationalities to more easily determine how each of them voted.
In elections, where one cannot choose a political party, but merely accept or reject the suggested list of candidates, 97,3% of voters replied positively to the suggestive question: "Do you want a new and happy Slovakia?"
The radical wing of the HSPP, represented by Vojtech Tuka, Alexander Mach and Ferdinand Ďurčanský, met with the German diplomats several times at the turn of 1938 and 1939 without the knowledge of the Slovak government. They presented the idea of declaring independence as unproblematic.
Tuka declared during a visit with Hitler: "My leader, I put the fate of my nation into your hands. My nation wants you to liberate them."
At home, the government, the Diet and the leadership of the HSPP rejected the proposition of the radicals since they envisioned the graduation to an independent state in the distant future through a natural revolution rather than Tuka’s revolution. In line with Hitler's interest, the Czecho-Slovak government in Prague found out about the Slovak desire for independence and responded by military action on 9 March 1939. They declared military dictatorship in Slovak, Jozef Tiso is dismissed from his post as the Prime Minister and Karol Sidor, Tiso's HSPP colleague, was named as his successor.
After Sidor rejected the pressure from the Nazis to declare independence, Hitler invited Jozef Tiso to Berlin, where he threatened him that if Slovakia did not declare independence (in the next few hours), he would "abandon Slovakia to its fate". This fate might have been a division of the territory between its three neighbours - Germany, Poland and Hungary, whose troops were allegedly already moving to the borders. Despite the fact that Jozef Tiso was not an official representative of Slovakia at the moment, with Hitler's support he able to ask the president Emil Hácha to call the Diet on 14 March 1939. At the meeting, the Slovak Diet declared the creation of the Slovak State and Hitler's troops entered the Czech territories the next day, declaring the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, within the German Reich. The newly created Slovak State was facing the five years of its existence, marked by the Second World War.
All artworks in this chapter can also be found in the collection at the Web of Art: Halfway to the Slovak State.
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0.999586 |
Hi, perhaps you are asking about the way to describe a need for friendship or a way to describe a state of not having people around you. If so the way to describe that feeling is "loneliness".
"How am I to describe this feeling?". It is a bit awkward but grammatically correct.
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0.960455 |
What is the largest star in the universe and how many of our suns would it take to fill the largest star up? Thank you for your time.
In order to know what the largest star in the universe is we would have had to look at all the stars. We haven't come close to that - we haven't even looked at all the stars in our galaxy. There are about 100 billion stars in our galaxy, and about as many galaxies in the observable universe so you might understand why.
The best I can do is tell you what the largest known star is, but to do that I also need to know what you mean by largest. Do we pick the brightest, or the largest in volume, or the most massive (the one with the most mass)? More massive stars are generally less dense so take up a proportionally bigger volume. The most massive known is generally accepted to be the Pistol Star, which has a mass about 100-150 times that of the Sun, and is about 10 million times brighter (see this picture). About 100 Suns would provide the same amount of stuff as the star, but we would need more that 100 Suns worth of volume to fill in the space it takes up.
Thank you for your response. I was looking for the largest know star volume wise. Could you help me? Thank you again.
The Pistol Star is still very large in volume. It has a mass about 100 times the mass of the Sun and a radius of about 100 million miles (comparable to the Earth-Sun distance, or about 300 times the radius of the Sun). More massive stars are also less dense so take up proportionally more space. Red giant stars (like Betelgeuse and Antares) are also very big in volume. When our Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years it will expand to enclose the inner planets. Antares has a radius about 400 times that of the Sun, so is bigger than the Pistol star in volume despite being smaller in mass.
Later: I should perhaps add that Steve Eikenberry, who used to be an Astronomer at Cornell has claimed to have found a star larger than the Pistol star. The star LBV 1806-20 might have a mass more than 200 times that of the sun and is about a million times brighter than the Sun! Check out this press release.
April 2008: this question has recently been used as an inspiration for a very nice multimedia piece from Analogik entitled Giant Stars. Follow the link to explore the difference in size from the Earth right up to giant stars like Antares mentioned above.
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