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This week in summary: Player settings and optimization! This week we added almost all the remaining settings to the options screen, which also meant we could disable the default launcher, so the game now boots straight up on launch. We also begun our first major optimization pass, this week focusing on switching to a better optimized rendering pipeline and reducing draw calls. What does that mean? Significantly improved CPU performance, especially on systems that support DirectX 11.
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0.939145 |
What years did Ford make the F-100?
The Ford F-100 was produced from 1981 to 1983.
When did Ford stop making the F-100?
Ford stopped production on the F-100 in the 1983 model year. Ford produced the F-100 for 2 years.
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0.941181 |
John Douglas (1830–1911) was an English architect based in Chester, Cheshire. His output included new churches, alterations to and restoration of existing churches, church furnishings, new houses and alterations to existing houses, and a variety of other buildings, including shops, banks, offices, schools, memorials and public buildings. His architectural styles were eclectic, but as he worked during the period of the Gothic Revival, much of his work incorporates elements of the English Gothic style. Douglas is probably best remembered for his incorporation of vernacular elements in his buildings, in particular half-timbering. Of particular importance to Douglas' church furniture is his use of joinery and highly detailed wood carving.
Most of the churches on which Douglas worked have been recognised as listed buildings by English Heritage, Historic Environment Scotland or, in Wales, by Cadw. In England and Wales a Grade I listed building is one "of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important", Grade II* consists of "particularly important buildings of more than special interest", and in Grade II are buildings which "are nationally important and of special interest". There is only one Scottish church in the list; it is graded in Category A. This category contains "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic, or fine little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type".
Douglas' church restorations were influenced by the Oxford Movement, which advocated moving the centre of importance in the church from preaching to the sacrament of the Eucharist; from the pulpit to the altar. Consequences of this included moving the pulpit from a more central position to the side of the church, replacing box pews with open pews, creating a central aisle to give a better view of the altar, and the removal of galleries. Another consequence was that a larger chancel was required for the associated ritual. Douglas' father was a joiner by trade and it is likely that this influenced his own work. One of the hallmarks of Douglas' designs is his attention to detail, especially in respect to wooden articles, and this applies to his items of church furniture. Examples of all these features are to be found in this list, which consists of the works carried out by Douglas, alone or in conjunction with his partners, on pre-existing churches and includes restorations, additions and amendments to churches, and ecclesiastical furnishings. The details have been taken from the Catalogue of Works in the biography by Edward Hubbard. Work on churches attributed to Douglas by Hubbard on stylistic grounds together with evidence of a local association, even though they are not confirmed by other reliable evidence, are included. Where this is the case, it is stated in the Notes column. Unexecuted schemes are not included.
A Buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic, or fine little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type.
4. Undated Douglas' work in 1862 consisted of the restoration of the chancel. The later works are attributed to him; they comprise a southeast vestry and organ chamber, a lych gate, and a screen in the northeast chapel.
2. 1877 Douglas was married in this church in 1860. In 1868 he restored the chancel and provided stalls and rails; in 1877 he added a north porch, replaced the south aisle and added pews and a pulpit.
1869 St Chad's was badly damaged during the Civil War and had to be almost completely rebuilt. Douglas restored the Barnston Chapel in the south transept.
1869–70 Douglas rebuilt almost the whole of an older church, including replacing the nave and chancel and adding an upper stage and a short spire to the tower. He also designed the lych gate and boundary wall which were paid for by the 1st Duke of Westminster.
1869–70 Retaining the tower and most of the aisle walls from an older church, Douglas rebuilt the rest of the church in Perpendicular style, and added a timber-framed porch.
1870 St Garmon's dates mainly from 1736, and contains some medieval fabric. Douglas' restoration probably included the addition of bracing to the colonnade and Gothic style windows. The pulpit is also attributed to him.
1870–71 St Peter's is a Georgian church. Douglas' restoration included removal of the pews, the gallery, and the ceiling.
1870–72 Douglas made additions and alterations to the church, and designed the organ chamber and reredos.
2. c. 1878 The restoration of 1871 included the addition of a bell turret. The later restoration, which included the addition of a chancel, is attributed to Douglas.
2. 1883 Some restoration was carried out in 1871 but more extensive work was done in 1883; this included an almost complete rebuilding of the nave, which in the opinion of the authors of the Buildings of England series was "carefully done".
1871–73 Restoration of the chancel was carried out by Ewan Christian, while Douglas was responsible for the rest of the church. His work included the vaulting of the under-tower space.
1874–75 This was a major restoration with the addition of a short chancel, which was largely paid for by the 2nd Baron Delamere. The medieval arcading and 18th century walling were retained.
3. 1905 Douglas worshipped at this church. The 1876 work was virtually a rebuilding, incorporating parts of an earlier church. The south aisle was added in 1902, and the clock turret dated 1905 is attributed to Douglas.
4. 1887 In 1876 Douglas added the wall, gate and railings to the churchyard, made alterations to the chancel seats and designed a reredos. The Early English west tower of the church collapsed in 1881, destroying the north porch; Douglas rebuilt this in a similar style. In 1886–87 he added a bell tower to the northeast of the church and in 1887 he rebuilt the north aisle in Early English style, which was paid for by the 1st Duke of Westminster.
3. 1880 In 1876–77 Douglas carried out a restoration of the church, removed the west gallery, the box pews and the three-decker pulpit, and replaced them with furnishings of his own design. In 1879 he enriched the altar table and the following year he restored the upper part of the tower.
1876–78 St Mark's dates from 1836–37. Douglas' restoration included a new chancel "in a discreetly more competent lancet style".
5. 1908–09 Work on this church was carried out for W. E. Gladstone and his family. In 1877 a gateway was added in memory of Sir S. R. Glynne. In 1884 improvements were made to the Whitley Chancel. A chancel porch was added in 1896 and between 1901 and 1906 further restorations and alterations were carried out. Vestries were added in 1908–09.
2. 1880–81 Douglas carried out a restoration of the church in 1877, which included work on the furnishings. In 1880–81 he added a wall to the churchyard.
1877–79 The work involved a major restoration which included a new chancel, a vestry and a roof to the nave.
1878 Douglas designed a reredos for this church.
4. 1911–12 In 1879 a reredos was designed by Douglas and side wings were added in 1895. A vestry was added in 1908–10 and an organ case in 1911–12.
1880 c. 1880 Repairs were carried out for Rowland Egerton-Warburton. These included the replacement of the eastern end of the church by enlarging it and adding half-timbered gables, a low tower and a short broach spire.
1881–82 The restoration of an early medieval church included the removal of the north door, the addition of a vestry, the replacement of windows, and the addition of a new bellcote with a spire, and a lychgate.
1883 St Garmon's is a small ancient church which retains some Norman features; Douglas' restoration included "a thorough scraping, stripping and refitting".
1884 c. 1884 St Mary's is a large church in Perpendicular style; Douglas designed carved wooden prayer desks (or clergy stalls) for A. H. Smith-Barry.
1886 St Peter's stands at Chester Cross; the restoration included the addition of a pyramidal spire to the tower.
1887–89 An extensive restoration was carried out for the 1st Duke of Westminster; this included rebuilding the clerestory and, probably, the addition of the pyramidal spire.
1888–89 The restoration was started for the railway engineer, W. B. Buddicom, and completed after his death; it includes the addition of south windows, the south porch, the upper stage and buttresses of the tower, and, internally, stalls, pews and the screens in the arcade.
1889–90 The west tower is attributed to Douglas; it has a stair-turret at one corner, a low timber bell stage, and a spire with low broaches.
2. Undated Douglas designed a reredos for the church, and the restoration and addition of a vestry in 1890 is attributed to him.
1891–92 Douglas removed the plaster from the walls and designed wooden furniture for the church.
1891–92 This extensive restoration included redesigning the chancel in Perpendicular style, and removing a plaster ceiling, replacing it with an open roof containing carved tracery; Douglas also designed furnishings including seating for the chancel and nave, and an organ case.
1892 Douglas designed a reredos for the church.
1892–94 Douglas carried out a remodelling for the 4th Earl of Sefton; this included adding a low tower with a spirelet and a short chancel with Perpendicular windows, and replacing the nave windows.
1894 Douglas designed a lectern for the church.
1895–97 A vestry was added to the northwest of the church, the plaster was removed from the interior, a Perpendicular style east window was inserted, and mullions and tracery were added to the windows on the south of the church.
2. 1897 In the remodelling of 1896 Douglas added a spire and did much work on the structural woodwork of the interior; the following year he designed a lych gate.
4. 1904 Douglas carried out work on this church for W. E. Gladstone and his family. In 1897–99 he added vestries, and later a chancel, a southwest porch and a lych gate. About this time he also remodelled the tower and, in 1904, he rebuilt the nave and added aisles.
1898 A restoration was carried out for Rev and Mrs T. J.Williams. Plaster was removed from the walls, the chancel floor was raised, the seating was replaced, and a screen was added between the nave and chancel. Douglas provided a new pulpit, lectern, prayer desks, altar rails and table, sedilia and a credence table, and he also designed the lych gate.
1899 Douglas carried out a restoration for R. M. Greaves.
1899 Douglas added a northeast vestry and an organ chamber, replaced the internal plaster with limestone fragments, extended the chancel into the nave and provided furnishings.
1900 Alterations were made to the chancel and a vestry was added.
1903 Douglas designed a screen for the northeast (Boteler) chapel.
2. 1907 In 1904 Douglas widened the north aisle and in 1907 he added a baptistery.
1906–07 This building originated as a school designed by G. E. Street in 1868. Douglas converted it into a church, adding a chancel and a saddleback roof.
1907 Douglas designed the chancel and the bell tower. Further work was done on the church in 1924 by Paul Waterhouse.
1910 Douglas added the chancel to a church designed in 1870–71 by Ewan Christian.
1912 In collaboration with F. (or J.) Walley the south aisle was added. This was not completed until after Douglas' death.
Undated Douglas designed stalls and prayer desks for the church.
Undated The addition of the southwest porch has been attributed to Douglas. The church has been demolished.
^ Price 1998, pp. 44–46.
^ Hubbard 1991, p. 1.
^ Hubbard 1991, p. 84.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 84–88.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 238, 251, 256.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 141, 247.
^ Hubbard 1986, pp. 320–321.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 358–359.
^ Hubbard 1991, p. 240.
^ a b Hubbard 1991, pp. 129–130, 241.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 333.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 626.
^ Hubbard 1991, p. 241.
^ Hubbard 1986, pp. 186–187.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 431.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 139, 242.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 242–243.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 139, 242, 249.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 375.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 141, 242, 253.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 139, 243.
^ Hubbard 1986, pp. 182–183.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 124–125, 245.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 666–667.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 125–126, 201, 247, 273, 274.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 280.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 184–185, 247, 251, 256, 257.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 237–240.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 140, 247, 249, 250.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 185, 248, 254, 266, 272–273, 274, 276.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 140–141, 248, 250.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 659–660.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 141, 248.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 249, 265, 276, 277.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 142–145, 250.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 141–143, 251.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 141, 253.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 185, 254.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 184, 256.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 185, 256.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 185, 257–258.
^ Hubbard 1986, p. 337.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 184, 258.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 201.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 260. 278.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 389.
^ a b Hubbard 1991, p. 261.
^ Hubbard 1986, p. 211.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 185, 261.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 471–472.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 185, 262.
^ Hartwell & Pevsner 2009, p. 486.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 185, 266.
^ Hubbard 1986, p. 446.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 182–183, 266.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 200–201, 268, 272, 273, 274.
^ Hubbard 1986, pp. 332–333.
^ a b c Hubbard 1991, p. 271.
^ Hubbard 1986, p. 292.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 108.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 274, 275.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 679–680.
^ a b Hubbard 1991, p. 275.
^ Hartwell et al. 2011, p. 199.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 203, 276.
^ Hubbard 1986, p. 355.
^ Hubbard 1991, pp. 203–204, 277.
^ Hubbard 1991, p. 277.
^ Hubbard 1991, p. 278.
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0.999341 |
Skeletal muscle eEF2 and 4EBP1 phosphorylation during endurance exercise is dependent on intensity and muscle fiber type. / Rose, Adam John; Bisiani, Bruno; Vistisen, Bodil; Kiens, Bente; Richter, Erik.
I: American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Bind 296, Nr. 2, 2009, s. R326-R333.
Rose, Adam John ; Bisiani, Bruno ; Vistisen, Bodil ; Kiens, Bente ; Richter, Erik. / Skeletal muscle eEF2 and 4EBP1 phosphorylation during endurance exercise is dependent on intensity and muscle fiber type. I: American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2009 ; Bind 296, Nr. 2. s. R326-R333.
N2 - Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is known to decrease during exercise and it has been suggested that this may depend on the magnitude of the relative metabolic stress within the contracting muscle. To examine the mechanisms behind this, the effect of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) phosphorylation, key components in the mRNA translation machinery, were examined together with AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) in healthy young men. Skeletal muscle eEF2 phosphorylation at Thr(56) increased during exercise but was not influenced by exercise intensity, and was lower than rest 30min after exercise. On the other hand, 4EBP1 phosphorylation at Thr(37/46) decreased during exercise and this decrease was greater at higher exercise intensities, and was similar to rest 30min after exercise. AMPK activity, as indexed by AMPK alpha-subunit phosphorylation at Thr(172) and phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate ACCbeta at Ser(221), was higher with higher exercise intensities, and these indices were higher than rest after high intensity exercise only. Using immunohistochemistry, it was shown that the increase in skeletal muscle eEF2 Thr(56) phosphorylation was restricted to type I myofibers. Taken together, these data suggest that the depression of skeletal muscle protein synthesis with endurance-type exercise may be regulated at both initiation (i.e. 4EBP1) and elongation (i.e. eEF2) steps, with eEF2 phosphorylation contributing at all exercise intensities but 4EBP1 dephosphorylation contributing to a greater extent at high versus low exercise intensities. Key words: exercise, skeletal muscle, signaling.
AB - Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is known to decrease during exercise and it has been suggested that this may depend on the magnitude of the relative metabolic stress within the contracting muscle. To examine the mechanisms behind this, the effect of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) phosphorylation, key components in the mRNA translation machinery, were examined together with AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) in healthy young men. Skeletal muscle eEF2 phosphorylation at Thr(56) increased during exercise but was not influenced by exercise intensity, and was lower than rest 30min after exercise. On the other hand, 4EBP1 phosphorylation at Thr(37/46) decreased during exercise and this decrease was greater at higher exercise intensities, and was similar to rest 30min after exercise. AMPK activity, as indexed by AMPK alpha-subunit phosphorylation at Thr(172) and phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate ACCbeta at Ser(221), was higher with higher exercise intensities, and these indices were higher than rest after high intensity exercise only. Using immunohistochemistry, it was shown that the increase in skeletal muscle eEF2 Thr(56) phosphorylation was restricted to type I myofibers. Taken together, these data suggest that the depression of skeletal muscle protein synthesis with endurance-type exercise may be regulated at both initiation (i.e. 4EBP1) and elongation (i.e. eEF2) steps, with eEF2 phosphorylation contributing at all exercise intensities but 4EBP1 dephosphorylation contributing to a greater extent at high versus low exercise intensities. Key words: exercise, skeletal muscle, signaling.
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0.945493 |
Trying to create a heat map in graph builder down to street level. I would also like to include a county outline. Is this possible to do?
I think the answer depends on exactly what you mean, and I'm not quite sure, unfortunately. JMP can use custom shape files to display and select geo-spatial information, and also background maps to help the interpretation of point-oriented data.
Do any of the examples at: http://www.jmp.com/support/help/Examples_of_Creating_Maps.shtml come close? Do you have an example of what you have in mind?
So what i am looking to do is to do a heat map with the street level map, then a county outline around the street level map. does that make sense?
Does this look like what you are trying to do?
This graph shows crime data for San Francisco (from JMP's sample data). I used the background map options for both OpenStreetMap and US counties. Then I turned on the Heatmap, which shows counts of number of crimes in each area. I then applied transparency using the color legend so that I could still see the map underneath the Heatmap. Notice I changed the color of the county lines to orange so they would stand out more.
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0.928503 |
This discussion took place in Keto After 40 with Case group on Facebook where members shared their Keto plan of what they eat during a given day. Here are some examples of what Keto people eat from that discussion.
Here is my daily Keto diet plan. Breakfast: 3 egg omelet with cheddar cheese, broccoli, mushroom. Bacon. Lunch: 2 cups of lettuce, 1/2 small tomato, cheddar cheese, ham, 4 tablespoons of Caesar dressing. Dinner: 3 boiled eggs made into deviled eggs. That is what I ate yesterday. - Michelinda Smith.
I ate eggs (3 egg omelet with some cheese typically) in the AM along with Coffee. Then I had a midday snack of some almonds or cheese sticks. My dinner includes Beef, Chicken or Pork with a salad / Caesar dressing. If I am having dessert, there is a 5g carbs Chocolate and a Peanut Butter cake that my wife makes. I drink a good amount of sparkling water throughout the day. I also make a "Cheeseburger Casserole" that has 5g per serving. - Steve Kaye.
My keto diet plan includes once a day and most of the time eggs and/or sauerkraut soup. Another day it would include fried squid rings/fish or tiger prawns or cheese fingers coated in egg and sesame seeds and deep fried in ghee butter. - Tina Med.
Today marks eight weeks on following a keto diet plan for me. About five days ago I started only being hungry once a day. In the mornings I sip on warm water, (used to be warm lemon water). but the lemon had carbs. I have a coffee with heavy whipping cream midmorning. Sometimes I will sip on some bullion, but most of the time I will just have a pickle (although some say pickles are not keto) or two and maybe a half an ounce of almonds. I do drink a lot of water. We eat dinner around 4 PM as I go to bed early because I have an early work schedule. It’s usually some protein and a cup of non-starchy vegetables. I used to always want to have something sweet in the evenings now I just have one square of 72% organic dark chocolate. It satisfies me, which I still find amazing. I have lost 20 pounds of weight in 2 months. - Jennifer Harris.
May daily keto diet plan includes coffee with a tablespoon coconut oil. Then I take a late brunch to lunch: 4 scrambled eggs with bacon. Dinner: romaine lettuce salad with chicken, cheese, few grape tomatoes and minimal ranch dressing. Yesterday I also had a shot of pink salt. - Nancy Bullock.
Breakfast: 3 coffees with 2 drops liquid stevia, 1/2 teaspoon of coconut oil and 1 tsp heavy cream each.
Lunch: 2 oz. leftover steak, 1 cheese stick, 4 olives, 1 bedder cheddar.
Dinner: 8 oz. ground beef, 1 oz. cheddar cheese, 1 slice of tomato, 2 slices avocado, 1 tbsp homemade avocado oil mayo, 1 pickle slice.
That's from a group member Jennifer Monaghan.
Yesterday my keto meal was chia pudding with cottage cheese for breakfast, Arby's beef and cheddar (no bun or red sauce) for lunch and chicken thighs, fried cabbage and cheese stuffed mushrooms for dinner. I also had radishes and celery with ranch for snacks. - Tisa Barber.
My daily keto diet plan includes 3 eggs fried with PAM and generous splashes of Atkins Milk Chocolate Shake in my morning coffees. Then lunch varies. Sometimes it's a low carb sandwich, low carb TV dinner (not many out there, but when you get salad and sandwich exhaustion, it's great in a pinch), or a big salad full of spinach, a meat (bacon, chicken, etc), cheese, a bit of onion for flavor, and nuts for crunch. Then I have a single serving of homemade chocolate (1 T coconut oil mixed with about 1 T of unsweetened baking chocolate and a half a packet of Truvia, frozen in a silicon baking cup). Later in the afternoon, I serve up 1 ounce of cream cheese on celery sticks, and sometimes I have an afternoon cup of leftover coffee with a sprinkle of Truvia and unsweetened vanilla almond milk. Then dinner is a veggie and a meat. Last night it was tacos. I did some homemade tortillas (low carb baking blend, psyllium, and egg whites. messy but did the job). That's about it! I work at home, so all this prep is super easy at the moment. - Lori Mulsoff.
My Keto has 2 pieces of bacon and one egg fried or scrambled in butter. One cup of coffee with 1 tsp heavy whipping cream. My lunch is a small serving salmon or ribeye and a small salad with ranch dressing. Dinner: ribeye, or chicken drumettes, Chuck roast cooked with radishes. Creamed spinach. - Nitta Harris.
I had coffee, HWC and Truvia for "breakfast," steamed shrimp with broccoli for lunch (some olive oil on top), and sardines with hot sauce and a cup of bouillon broth for dinner. Some days I eat more, some days less. That's my keto daily plan. - Rosa Burgos.
"On a normal day here is my Keto eating plan," writes Jolie Rollins.
I have never been a big snacker, but I do keep HB Eggs, uncured pepperoni, and good quality cheese on hand. And Macadamia nuts. I drink water (all the time), Black Coffee, Tea with or without HWC, and the few times I have had alcohol, although it’s been rare. I also use red wine or tequila, adds Rollins.
What does your daily meal plan include? If you are a beginner in following a Keto diet plan, take this Keto Diet advice and success tips for newbies from veterans. Also, you can lose weight with these keto diet steps to get you started on keto the right way. Please, let us know about your plan in the comments section below for discussion. It may help others.
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0.998891 |
Find all elements with text string?
I am trying to remove all html-elements (tags) that contain a specific text-string. I have 2376 html-documents, all with different doctype standards. Some even don't have a doctype (might be irrelevant to this question).
So, I am looking for a text string that says "How to cite this paper", and I've found that it is enclosed within either a <p>-tag, <h4>-tag or a <legend>-tag.
The task at hand is to find these tags and remove them from the file, and then save the file again. I do have more tags to remove, but need some help understanding HAP and XPath, and how to locate specific tags based on their values or other unique data.
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0.969823 |
What is COPD and how is it distinguishable from other lung conditions? Since 2011, COPD is has been officially ranked as the fourth leading cause of death on the planet. This information may surprise you but it is good reason why we should all be informed about what COPD is. Everyone is susceptible to contracting this medical condition so being armed with some knowledge about it for prevention and maintenance, or even potential cure if already acquired, is worthwhile.
COPD or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a medical condition where lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema which narrows the airways by blocking airflow. People with this lung disease often have difficulty in breathing. It is generally caused by gas or toxic particles from smoking. This then causes an inflammatory reaction in the lungs. Similar to asthma people with this lung disease experience limited airflow, except asthma is not progressive. COPD is a progressive disease which most likely becomes worse after a long period of time and is less likely to be reversible.
COPD is not only known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, it also goes by several different names like CAL (Chronic Airflow Limitation), COAD (Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease), COLD (Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease), and CORD (Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disease). Others also refer to it as Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis, Chronic Airflow Obstruction, Chronic Airways Obstruction, Non-Reversible Obstructive Airways Disease and Alpha-1 antitrypsin.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is considered as one of the most common lung disease in the world. Based from World Health Organization, more than 64 million people worldwide has acquired COPD around 2004 and about 3 million people have already died because of it in 2005. This count contributed to about 5% of the total deaths per year in the world. In 2010, England alone has about 842,100 out of 50 million people were diagnosed to have COPD. In the United States, COPD is the third leading cause of death on the year 2007. This number may even skyrocket in the future, so being aware what is COPD and its symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment can help lessen the numbers.
Since COPD is a life threatening medical condition which is not fully reversible, it would not be enough to only know what is COPD but it would be best to distinguish what the symptoms are. To start with, the most common symptom of a person with COPD is abnormal sputum, breathlessness or the need for air upon simple exertion, as well as chronic coughing.
Knowing what is COPD and its causes can surely help anyone determine it before it gets worsen. COPD is most commonly caused by cigarette smoking whether firsthand or secondhand exposure. Other than that, harmful and toxic particles like dusts and chemical fumes, irritants, and vapors can also cause COPD especially if exposed frequently or for a long period of time. Still others, COPD can be caused by exposure to indoor or outdoor pollution or frequent LRTI (Lower Respiratory Tract Infections) during childhood years. Even in the early years of childhood, frequent respiratory infections must be reported to avoid COPD.
People who are suspected to have COPD undergo a diagnostic test referred to as spirometry. It gauges the amount of air that the suspected person is able to inhale and exhale. Also, it measures the speed that the air moves when going in and out of the lungs. Unlike other lung diseases, COPD is known to develop quite slowly. People 40 years and older are among those who are frequently diagnosed with COPD.
COPD has no current cure, although medical science is offering some new hope using stem cell research. Treatments can be done only to slow down its progress as well as control its symptoms. The treatments also help in increasing the quality of life of people with this lung condition. People with COPD are also advised to stop smoking and avoid people who do as well as areas which are highly polluted so as not to aggravate the condition and slow the damage it does to the lungs.
There are also pulmonary rehabilitations that can be taken so that you can still stay active without having the difficulty of breathing. And as opposed to what others believe, there are certain exercises which can still be engaged too even if you have COPD. These exercises will help strengthen the muscles and the body but it is best to inquire with a therapist or doctor about it before actually exercising. At times, surgery may also be required though only a small number of people actually benefit from it. Surgery is sometimes done to help other parts of the lungs which are not yet diseased by removing some diseased areas. In worst or severe cases, a lung transplant may also be done.
If you would like to further your knowledge about “What is COPD”, feel free to explore the pages below, or you can return to the Contents navigation area above, for articles in more specific areas of the subject.
COPD Facts allow us to be informed to the extent that we not only avoid this leading cause of death ourselves but also understand and support anyone we know who might have it.
Understanding what causes COPD is the foremost step in combating the malady. There are four common causes of COPD, most of which are from long term exposure to irritations that damage the lungs.
COPD patient education is extremely important for those that are suffering from this pernicious disease and there are many sources of education for patients that suffer from it.
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0.999998 |
What if we preserve the best features of our communities and region for generations to come, trying to accommodate growth without changing what we value in the region?
Existing suburban and urban communities could look much like they do today, with moderate increases in density. Without dramatically changing the character of our communities quality of life could be improved by aesthetic improvements to our public spaces, streetscaping, and planning for diverse communities. The region's Transportation system could be upgraded to serve more people more efficiently, but without major new projects -- instead, it could use small-scale improvements like the addition of bike lanes, sidewalks, and more transit.
This future for our region would preserve our assets -- but it might be difficult to accommodate our region's growth between now and 2040.
In 2040, much of the region will resemble our older, mixed-use, medium-density communities. Growth will occur in existing communities in a way that does not damage their assets or character, and preserves their affordability and accessibility to diverse residents.
The region's success in attracting and retaining businesses will depend primarily on the quality of our workforce, as businesses will increasingly value human capital. The economy will continue to shift toward professional, finance, tourism, and service-based jobs which capitalize on the region's reputation for a high quality of life.
The region will preserve the natural environment by explicit protection of these resources and the sensitive design of infrastructure that affects them. Measures will be taken to conserve energy and natural resources, focusing on small-scale solutions for conservation rather than major investments in infrastructure or technology.
Transportation improvements will focus on making small-scale, low-capital improvements to the current system, such as improved transit operations or more bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Even without major capacity increases, the transportation system will operate more effectively by making systematic management and operations improvements.
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Post‐translational acetylation of histone H4 N‐terminal tail in chromatin has been associated with several nuclear processes including transcription. We report the purification and characterization of a native multisubunit complex (NuA4) from yeast that acetylates nucleosomal histone H4. NuA4 has an apparent molecular mass of 1.3 MDa. All four conserved lysines of histone H4 can be acetylated by NuA4. We have identified the catalytic subunit of the complex as the product of ESA1, an essential gene required for cell cycle progression in yeast. Antibodies against Esa1p specifically immunoprecipitate NuA4 activity whereas the complex purified from a temperature‐sensitive esa1 mutant loses its acetyltransferase activity at the restrictive temperature. Additionally, we have identified another subunit of the complex as the product of TRA1, an ATM‐related essential gene homologous to human TRRAP, an essential cofactor for c‐Myc‐ and E2F‐mediated oncogenic transformation. Finally, the ability of NuA4 to stimulate GAL4–VP16‐driven transcription from chromatin templates in vitro is also lost in the temperature‐sensitive esa1 mutant. The function of the essential Esa1 protein as the HAT subunit of NuA4 and the presence of Tra1p, a putative transcription activator‐interacting subunit, supports an essential link between nuclear H4 acetylation, transcriptional regulation and cell cycle control.
Eukaryotic gene transcription can be regulated in several ways, many of which involve chromatin structure. Nucleosomes suppress basal transcription initiation, increasing the dependence on the function of sequence‐specific activator proteins (reviewed in Owen‐Hughes and Workman, 1994). Chromatin structures are remodeled prior to or concurrent with transcription activation, creating DNase I‐hypersensitive sites at regulatory elements (reviewed in Steger and Workman, 1996). Genetic and biochemical studies have identified multiprotein complexes implicated in this remodeling. Complexes which use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to perturb chromatin structure include yeast and mammalian SWI/SNF complexes (Côté et al., 1994, 1998; Kwon et al., 1994; Owen‐Hughes et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1996), Drosophila NURF, CHRAC and ACF complexes (Tsukiyama and Wu, 1995; Ito et al., 1997; Varga‐Weisz et al., 1997) and the yeast RSC complex (Cairns et al., 1996).
Another group of complexes modify histones in chromatin in order to regulate transcription. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDs) play a critical role for positive and negative regulation of transcription (reviewed in Grunstein, 1997; Struhl, 1998). A number of studies have correlated acetylation of specific lysine residues in the N‐terminal tails of histones with the transcriptional activity of chromatin (reviewed in Turner and O'Neill, 1995). Hyperacetylated histones accumulate in actively transcribed chromatin (Hebbes et al., 1994), while hypoacetylated histones are enriched in transcriptionally repressed domains (Braunstein et al., 1993). Acetylation of histone N‐terminal tails is thought to reduce their affinity for nucleosomal DNA (Hong et al., 1993), and increase the binding of transcription factors to their binding sites within a nucleosome (Lee et al., 1993; Vettese‐Dadey et al., 1996). Becker and colleagues showed that histone hyperacetylation increases DNase I sensitivity and conformational flexibility of chromatin, as well as facilitates transcription of the Drosophila hsp26 gene in chromatin (Krajewski and Becker, 1998; Nightingale et al., 1998).
Several transcriptional regulatory proteins have intrinsic HAT activity. These include coactivators like Gcn5 (Brownell et al., 1996), p300/CBP (Bannister and Kouzarides, 1996; Ogryzko et al., 1996), p/CAF (Yang et al., 1996), ACTR (Chen et al., 1997), Src‐1 (Spencer et al., 1997) and TAFII250 (Mizzen et al., 1996). All these proteins are members of multisubunit complexes involved in transcriptional activation through interaction with sequence‐specific activators. Similarly, HDs are present in corepressor complexes (see Struhl, 1998 and references therein). Other proteins having in vitro HAT activity include Tip60 (Yamamoto and Horikoshi, 1997) and Esa1 (Smith et al., 1998; Clarke et al., 1999), two members of the MYST family of putative acetyltransferases (Borrow et al., 1996; Reifsnyder et al., 1996; Hilfiker et al., 1997), and Hat1, the cytosolic deposition‐related HAT (Kleff et al., 1995; Parthun et al., 1996). The identification of those proteins as HATs also demonstrated their differing substrate specificities. Recombinant Gcn5, p/CAF, TAFII250 and src‐1 acetylate mainly histone H3, whereas Tip60, Esa1p and Hat1p prefer histone H4. CBP/p300 and ACTR modify both histone H3 and H4 (see respective references above). Importantly, the ability to acetylate histone tails in the context of chromatin is thought to be a necessary characteristic of transcription‐related HATs.
We have previously identified four native high molecular weight complexes from yeast extracts that contain HAT activities which function on polynucleosomal substrates (Grant et al., 1997). Gcn5p is the catalytic subunit of two of these complexes, termed SAGA and Ada. Both complexes also contain ADA2 and ADA3 gene products, confirming their role as native transcription adaptor complexes, and modify primarily histone H3 in chromatin, and H2B to a lesser extent. The SAGA complex also contains Spt20/Ada5, Spt3 and Spt7, a group of transcriptional regulators thought to be involved in helping TBP function (Winston, 1992), and a subset of TBP‐associated factors (TAFIIs) originally identified in the TFIID complex (Grant et al., 1998a). The presence of ADA, SPT and TAFII gene products in the SAGA complex indicates the importance of histone acetylation in transcription activation, a reaction mediated by interaction with transcription activators and general transcription factors. It is important to note that the presence of Gcn5p in native complexes stimulates its activity on chromatin substrates, suggesting the presence of subunit(s) involved in chromatin binding and/or stimulating Gcn5p activity. Finally, we have identified two other HAT activities, termed complexes 2 and 3 (Grant et al., 1997), which acetylate nucleosomal histones H4 and H3, respectively. Since the subunit composition of these complexes was unknown, they were named NuA4 (Nucleosome acetyltransferase of histone H4) and NuA3 according to their substrate specificity.
In this report we show the purification and characterization of the NuA4 complex. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we show that Esa1p is the catalytic subunit of this 1.3 MDa native HAT complex. We also demonstrate that stimulation of GAL4–VP16‐driven transcription on chromatin templates by NuA4 requires a functional Esa1p subunit. Since the ESA1 gene product is essential for cell cycle progression in yeast (Clarke et al., 1999), this demonstrates the first purification of a native essential HAT complex. Furthermore, it is also the first native complex targeting mainly histone H4 in chromatin, which are the most thoroughly studied N‐termini. Esa1p is a direct homolog of MOF, a putative acetyltransferase necessary for X chromosome hypertranscription and H4 acetylation in Drosophila males (dosage compensation) (Hilfiker et al., 1997). We have also identified the ATM/PI‐3 kinase‐related protein Tra1p as a subunit of NuA4. Tra1p is essential for cell viability (Saleh et al., 1998) and is the homolog of human protein TRRAP, a c‐Myc‐ and E2F‐interacting protein essential for their oncogenic activities (McMahon et al., 1998). These facts and the finding that yeast NuA4 stimulates in vitro transcription from chromatin templates implicate NuA4 as a transcriptional adaptor/regulatory complex essential for cell cycle progression.
In a previous report we have shown that nickel–agarose resin binds several native nucleosomal HAT activities from yeast extracts (Grant et al., 1997). When the fraction was further separated over a monoQ column, four distinct native nucleosomal HATs were identified. An example of this fractionation is shown in Figure 1A. Two HATs, Ada and SAGA, preferentially acetylate N‐termini of H3/H2B (Figure 1A, fractions 22–24 and 42) and were shown to contain Gcn5p as the catalytic subunit as well as other transcription regulatory proteins (Grant et al., 1997). The two other nucleosomal HATs were not further characterized aside from their substrate specificities. NuA3, like Ada and SAGA, also preferentially acetylates N‐termini of nucleosomal H3, but fails to modify H2B (Figure 1A, fractions 36–38). NuA4 is unique amongst these HATs as it targets mainly the N‐termini of histone H4 in oligonucleosomes, and H2A to a lesser extent (Figure 1A, fractions 24–28). Further fractionation of NuA4 by gel filtration over Superose 6 indicated an apparent molecular weight of ∼1.3 MDa (Figure 1B, fraction 21). Therefore, like the SAGA and Ada complexes, NuA4 is also a high molecular weight multisubunit complex.
Fractionation of four different native nucleosomal HATs from yeast. (A) Gel HAT assay on fractions from a monoQ column using oligonucleosomes as substrate. One microgram of oligonucleosomes is incubated with 1 μl of each fraction in the presence of radioactive acetyl‐CoA for 30 min at 30°C; each reaction is then loaded on an 18% SDS–polyacrylamide gel, Coomassie Blue stained and treated for fluorography to detect histone acetylation (upper panel). The four different activities are identified showing their respective histone specificity (corresponding histone labeled on the right). The lower panel shows the equal amount of histones present in each reaction as revealed by Coomassie Blue staining of the gel. (B) Gel filtration over calibrated Superose 6 of the H4‐specific monoQ pool. HAT activity of the fractions on oligonucleosomes is shown in the fluorogram. NuA4 is a high molecular weight complex of ∼1.3 MDa. The H3‐specific Ada complex is ∼0.8 MDa. Two of the markers used for calibration are indicated.
To further characterize the acetyltransferase specificity of NuA4, we compared its activity toward HeLa oligonucleosomes, HeLa free histones and yeast free histones. As shown above, NuA4 efficiently acetylates H4/H2A in oligonucleosomes, while the Ada complex targets H3/H2B (Figure 2A, lanes 2 and 3). When oligonucleosomes were replaced by free histones as substrate in the reaction, the specificity of NuA4 was still mainly histone H4, while Ada targeted mainly H3 (Figure 2A, lanes 5 and 6). However, it is important to note that amongst free histones H3 can be acetylated by NuA4, while it is not modified in oligonucleosomes (compare lanes 3 and 6, see also Figure 4D, lanes 1 and 5). NuA4 activity was also tested on yeast free histones and gave very similar results to the ones obtained with human free histones, as expected from the strongly conserved lysine residues in the N‐terminal tails of histones (Figure 2A, compare lanes 6 and 9).
Substrate specificity of the NuA4 HAT complex. (A) Comparison of NuA4 activity toward mammalian oligonucleosomes (lanes 1–3) and free histones (lanes 4–6), and yeast free histones (lanes 7–9). The Ada complex is also shown for comparison. One microgram of substrate and 0.5 μl of Superose 6 respective peak fractions were used in the HAT assay. NuA4 specificity is unchanged when yeast histones are used instead of human ones. Also H3‐specific acetylation by NuA4 is not apparent when chromatin is used as substrate. (B) TAU gel HAT assay showing that NuA4 is able to create fully tetra‐acetylated histone H4 in chromatin. Oligonucleosomes (8 μg) were incubated in the absence or presence of purified NuA4 (over five columns, see Figure 5A) and radioactive acetyl‐CoA for 1 h at 30°C. Reactions were then loaded on a TAU gel to distinguish the N‐terminal acetylation levels of histone H4. The left panel shows the Coomassie Blue‐stained gel and the position of the non‐acetylated H4. Note that oligonucleosomes already contain 10–15% of monoacetylated H4 and traces of the diacetylated form. The right panel shows the NuA4‐dependent incorporation of radioactive acetate in H4, producing mono‐, di‐, tri‐ and tetra‐acetylated forms, which were visualized by Coomassie Blue staining (left panel).
Esa1p co‐elutes with the NuA4 complex and anti‐Esa1p serum immunoprecipitates NuA4 activity. (A) Fluorogram of a HAT assay on monoQ fractions similar to Figure 1 (upper panel) and immunoscreening for Esa1p, Ada2p and Swi2p in corresponding fractions as indicated (lower panels). One microliter of fractions was used in the HAT assay and 5 μl in Western blot analysis. As shown previously the Ada and SAGA complexes co‐elute with Ada2p, which is in direct interaction with Gcn5p in these complexes (Grant et al., 1997). Interestingly, Esa1p signal by Western blotting co‐elutes perfectly with NuA4 activity. (B) Liquid HAT assay showing that the purified NuA4 activity is depleted by anti‐Esa1p serum but not the pre‐immune serum. NuA4‐containing fraction 21 from a Superose 6 column as in Figure 1B was incubated with pre‐immune serum cross‐linked to protein A beads. After incubation at 4°C the supernatant was then incubated with anti‐Esa1p beads in similar conditions. Equivalent amounts of initial, pre‐immune and immune supernatants were then assayed for HAT activity on oligonucleosomes by liquid scintillation counting. The results are presented in a histogram with the standard deviation of three independent experiments. (C) Gel HAT assay showing the depletion of NuA4 activity and partial recovery on the anti‐Esa1p beads. Experiment similar to (B) except that the sample used was a side fraction containing both NuA4 and Ada activities. Also the beads themselves were tested by HAT assay and the results were visualized by fluorography. As expected the pre‐immune beads did not deplete any HAT activity from the initial sample (lane 2 versus 1). In contrast, H4‐specific acetylation (NuA4) was clearly depleted by the anti‐Esa1p beads (lane 4 versus 1), while H3‐specific acetylation (Ada) was unaffected. Some NuA4 activity could be detected when the immune beads were tested for acetylation (lower activity than the amount depleted presumably because of less efficient assay and/or steric hindrance when using beads, lane 5).
Temperature‐sensitive mutation of Esa1p destroys NuA4 HAT activity at the non‐permissive temperature. (A) In vivo temperature sensitivity of NuA4 in an Esa1‐414 ts strain. Gel HAT assays of monoQ fractions prepared from yeast strains producing wild‐type or ts‐Esa1p. Equivalent amounts of proteins for corresponding fractions in all strains/growth conditions were assayed; incubation was at room temperature (RT). Cultures were grown at RT to exponential growth and were then put at 37°C or RT for 4 h as indicated. Ada and NuA3 activity are given as internal controls. Note that NuA4 in the ts strain grown at RT (upper panel) is already 10 times less active than NuA4 from the wt strain (lower panel). Shifting the ts strain to 37°C provokes the loss of NuA4 activity while the other two complexes are unaffected (middle panel). (B) In vitro temperature sensitivity of NuA4 in fraction purified from an esa1‐ts strain. MonoQ peak fractions from ESA1 wt and ts mutant strains grown at RT were incubated at the non‐permissive temperature for the time indicated before performing the HAT assay at RT on both oligonucleosomes (lanes 1–4) and free histones (lanes 5–8) substrates. Three times more ts fraction was used than wt to achieve closer levels of NuA4 activity. Note that, while NuA4 activity is specifically lost in the ts‐Esa1 mutant fraction by treatment at 37°C, weaker H3‐specific HAT activity coming from contaminating Ada complex remains unaffected (lane 8 versus 6). (C) Anti‐Esa1p Western blotting shows that the amounts of wt and ts Esa1p are comparable between monoQ fractions; thus the NuA4 complex is not physically destabilized by the mutation. The same total amounts of proteins were loaded from monoQ fraction 26 of ESA1 wt and ts mutant strains grown at RT. Note that ts‐Esa1p (Esa1‐414p) migrates more quickly than the wt because of the frameshift mutation making it 22 amino acids shorter. (D) Comparison of NuA4 activity of bacterially produced Esa1p and Esa1‐414p. Clarified bacterial extracts containing approximately the same amount of recombinant Esa1 proteins were incubated with 1 μg of HeLa free histones or oligonucleosomes in HAT assay conditions. Unlike purified NuA4 (after five columns, see Figure 5A), recombinant Esa1p is not able to acetylate H4 in chromatin. Also the ts‐mutant is completely inactive in bacteria even on free histones, suggesting that another subunit(s) of NuA4 gives Esa1p chromatin capabilities.
Histone H4 isoforms acetylated at specific lysines (K5, K8, K12 and K16) are selectively localized on Drosophila chromosomes (Turner et al., 1992). For example, acetylated lysine 16 of H4 on the male X chromosome is associated with dosage compensation in Drosophila (Bone et al., 1994), while heterochromatin seems to be acetylated only on lysine 12 (Braunstein et al., 1996). Nevertheless, potentially active euchromatin can be modified at all the H4 acetylatable lysines, whereas mostly silent heterochromatin is hypoacetylated (O'Neill and Turner, 1995). Unlike H4 in chromatin, newly synthesized H4 is diacetylated at K5/K12, which is thought to be involved in chromatin assembly (Sobel et al., 1995). Thus, it was important to determine which specific lysine in the N‐terminal tails of nucleosomal H4 can be acetylated by NuA4. Oligonucleosomes were incubated in the presence or the absence of NuA4 and radioactive acetyl‐CoA. Histones were then separated on a Triton–acetic acid–urea (TAU) gel which can resolve the different levels of H4 acetylation (0–4 acetylated lysines). In the left panel of Figure 2B, in the absence of NuA4, H4 migrates mainly as a non‐acetylated form but 10–15% of the population is monoacetylated. In the presence of NuA4, mono‐, di‐, tri‐ and tetra‐acetylated forms were produced. This is clearly shown in the autoradiography (right panel, Figure 2B), which demonstrates the NuA4‐dependent incorporation of radioactive acetate in each of the four levels of H4 acetylation. These data reveal that NuA4 is able to create fully tetra‐acetylated histone H4 in nucleosomes. Specific acetylation of the lysines at position 5, 8, 12 and 16 was also confirmed by microsequencing as reported recently (Ohba et al., 1999). Since each of the four lysine residues in H4 tails can be acetylated by NuA4, we next wanted to determine if this was due to a cascade of lysine acetylation in a specific order on the same histone tail. This was partially answered by using synthetic peptides corresponding to the first 24 amino acids of H4. By using lysine or acetylated lysine during chemical synthesis, six different peptides were produced, each one having different lysines available for acetylation. Incubation with NuA4 and liquid assay quantification showed that each of the four conserved lysine residues on the H4 tail could be independently acetylated (data not shown).
Besides NuA4, only three proteins have been shown to acetylate primarily the H4 N‐termini in vitro. These include yeast Hat1p, the major deposition‐related cytoplasmic activity (Parthun et al., 1996), human HIV Tat‐interacting protein Tip60 (Yamamoto and Horikoshi, 1997) and the very recently identified yeast essential protein Esa1 (Smith et al., 1998; Clarke et al., 1999). A hat1‐null mutant strain is known to have wild‐type level of NuA4 activity (L.Duggan, P.Grant, J.Savard, J.Côté, J.Workman and S.Berger, unpublished data). While these proteins have weak activities on histones within nucleosomes, both recombinant Tip60 and Esa1p have very similar substrate specificity on free histones, i.e. H4>>H3>H2A, which is identical to NuA4 specificity on the same substrate (Figures 2A and 4D). We decided to investigate the possibility that Esa1p contributed to the catalytic activity of the NuA4 HAT complex. We produced an antiserum against the first 14 amino acids of Esa1p and analyzed our fractions by Western analysis. A monoQ fractionation of the nickel–agarose eluate was used to look for potential cofractionation (Figure 3A). As previously shown, the Ada and SAGA complexes were found to co‐elute tightly with Ada2p while Swi2p, a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, did not co‐elute with any HAT activity. The antiserum directed against Esa1p detected strict cofractionation of a 55 kDa band with NuA4 activity. From the predicted molecular weight of Esa1p (52.5 kDa) and the fact that our antibody specifically recognized recombinant Esa1p (data not shown), we concluded that this 55 kDa signal was likely to represent Esa1 protein.
To confirm the NuA4–Esa1p relationship, we prepared resins containing cross‐linked pre‐immune or immune serum. When a NuA4 fraction from a Superose 6 column was incubated with the pre‐immune resin, no depletion of HAT activity from the supernatant was detected (Figure 3B). By contrast, when the anti‐Esa1p immune resin was used, a very strong depletion of NuA4 activity was observed. We confirmed the specificity of this depletion by using a cruder fraction containing both NuA4 and Ada HATs and looked further for activities on the antibody beads after the binding reaction (Figure 3C). Again, NuA4 activity on histones H4/H2A was not affected by the incubation with the pre‐immune beads while incubation with anti‐Esa1p beads resulted in depletion (Figure 3C, lanes 1, 2 and 4). Importantly, H3/H2B HAT activity of Ada was unaffected by the incubation with either resins. Moreover, we could partially detect the specific recovery of NuA4 activity on the anti‐Esa1p beads (Figure 3C, lane 5, the weaker activity is likely due to the less efficient HAT assay with beads in suspension, steric hindrance due to IgG binding to Esa1). These data strongly suggest that Esa1p is part of the NuA4 complex.
The next step was to determine the role of Esa1p in the nucleosomal HAT activity of NuA4. The most direct way would be to purify the HAT activity from a yeast bearing a disrupted copy of the candidate gene (Grant et al., 1997). However, since Esa1p is essential for growth in yeast (Smith et al., 1998; Clarke et al., 1999), we used a strain in which the ESA1 ORF was deleted, and carried either a wild‐type or a temperature‐sensitive allele of ESA1 on a plasmid. The mutation is a frameshift at amino acid 414 of Esa1p (Clarke et al., 1999). Mutant and wild‐type strains were grown at permissive temperature up to early log phase. At that time half of each culture was shifted to the non‐permissive temperature and incubations were continued for 4 h. As expected, the temperature‐sensitive culture placed at 37°C rapidly stopped growing while the wild‐type culture was unaffected (data not shown; Clarke et al., 1999). Whole cell extracts were prepared and fractionated over nickel–agarose resin. Equivalent amounts of proteins from each growth condition were then fractionated over the monoQ column and assayed for HAT activity (Figure 4A). When the wild‐type strain was analyzed, the typical successive elution of Ada, NuA4 and NuA3 HAT complexes was seen (Figure 4A, lower panel). The ts‐esa1 mutant strain grown only at room temperature gave similar results, except for the fact that NuA4 HAT activity was weaker while Ada and NuA3 were equivalent to the activity detected in the wild‐type strain (Figure 4A, upper panel). When the extract was prepared with the mutant strain that had been shifted to 37°C, Ada and NuA3 activities were again unchanged compared with the permissive growth condition or the wild‐type strain (middle panel). However, no NuA4 activity was detected. This demonstrates clearly the essential role of Esa1p for the nucleosomal HAT activity of NuA4. The variation in NuA4 activities between the wild‐type and mutant strains was not due to different levels of episomal Esa1 protein expression, since Western analysis with anti‐Esa1p serum showed equivalent amounts of protein between samples (Figure 4C). Also the equivalent mutation in a bacterially expressed recombinant Esa1p was shown to destroy HAT activity on free histones (Figure 4D, lanes 2 and 3; Clarke et al., 1999). In fact, we could not further purify the NuA4 complex from the ts‐esa1 mutant strain grown at room temperature since the weak remaining HAT activity was highly unstable and lost after only a couple of freeze–thaw treatments (data not shown).
The in vivo inactivation of Esa1p indicates that it is directly or indirectly necessary for NuA4 activity in vivo. In fact, no Esa1p could be detected by Western blotting in the fractions prepared for the mutant strain grown at non‐permissive temperature (data not shown). To distinguish between these possibilities we tested whether the temperature sensitivity of the mutant Esa1p could be reproduced on the native protein in vitro, using partially purified fractions. We used NuA4 monoQ fractions from Esa1 wild‐type or mutant strains grown at room temperature and incubated them at 37°C for 15 min before performing the HAT assay (Figure 4B). Using the wild‐type fraction, no obvious decrease of NuA4 HAT activity was detected after treatment at 37°C (Figure 4B, compare lanes 1 and 3). In contrast, the ts‐Esa1 fraction completely lost its NuA4 HAT activity after the same treatment at 37°C (Figure 4B, compare lanes 2 and 4). Since the mutant NuA4 complex could be falling apart during the heat treatment as suggested by the in vivo data, we performed the same assay using free histones to determine if other HAT proteins were present in the complex (Figure 4B, lanes 5–8). This is based on previously published data showing that monomeric HAT proteins can acetylate free histones easily (e.g. Gcn5p, Hat1p, Esa1p, p300/CBP, p/CAF, TAFII250, SRC‐1) while they may need to be part of a native complex to work efficiently on chromatin (e.g. Esa1p in NuA4, see Figure 4D; and Gcn5p in SAGA/Ada, see Grant et al., 1997). NuA4 activity on free histones in the mutant fraction was also lost upon heat treatment while the wild‐type complex was unaffected (compare lanes 6 with 8 and 5 with 7). As a convenient internal control, the weaker H3‐specific HAT activity present in the same fraction (from contaminating Ada complex) remained unaffected by the heat treatment. Taken together, the data obtained with the anti‐Esa1p antibodies along with the effect of Esa1 ts‐mutant on NuA4 activity, demonstrate the function of Esa1p as a true nucleosomal HAT within the NuA4 complex. Moreover, the essential requirement of functional Esa1p for both nucleosomal and free HAT activity from the native NuA4 complex strongly argues that it is the primary catalytic subunit of NuA4.
Since NuA4 binds to the nickel column even without the presence of a His‐tagged protein in the complex, it was possible that a portion of cellular Esa1p was not associated with NuA4 and would not bind to the column (we cannot detect Esa1p by Western blotting on whole cell extract, data not shown). We answered that question by using a strain expressing a His‐tagged version of Esa1p (i.e. all Esa1p molecules would bind to the nickel column). Since we did not see any new Esa1p Western blot signal or stronger NuA4 activity appearing in our subsequent fractions, we concluded that all cellular Esa1p is associated with the NuA4 complex (data not shown). As Esa1p is required for cell cycle progression, this makes NuA4 the first essential nucleosomal HAT identified in yeast.
Unlike NuA4, recombinant Esa1p is unable to acetylate H4 in nucleosomes under these conditions (Figure 4D, compare lanes 1 and 5 with 2 and 6) (Smith et al., 1998; Clarke et al., 1999). This suggests that other proteins in the NuA4 complex give nucleosomal capabilities to Esa1p HAT activity by presenting the H4/H2A N‐termini from within nucleosomes. Obvious candidates for this kind of histone binding activity were Hat2 and Cac3/Msi1 proteins, respectively subunits of the cytoplasmic HAT complex and the chromatin assembly factor‐1 complex, that were proposed to be involved in histone binding (Parthun et al., 1996; Kaufman et al., 1997). We purified NuA4 from yeast strains bearing wild‐type and disrupted HAT2 or MSI1 genes, but failed to detect any effect on NuA4 nucleosomal HAT activity (data not shown). In agreement with this, it was recently suggested that Hat2 and Cac3/Msi1 are involved in binding core histones in their soluble form, whereas nucleosomal DNA inhibited this binding (Verreault et al., 1998).
To demonstrate further the association of Esa1p with NuA4 and to visualize its subunit complexity, we purified the complex over seven columns (Figure 5A). We found continued co‐fractionation of Esa1p with the HAT activity of NuA4 over all these columns. Figure 5B shows the protein profile of the NuA4‐containing fractions from the final column, heparin–Sepharose. No further purification was obtained by binding NuA4 to glutathione S‐transferase (GST)–H4 tail or GST–VP16 resins (data not shown). As expected from the large size of the complex, there were numerous polypeptides in the most purified fractions. Importantly, many of the NuA4 co‐eluting bands appear to be present in similar amounts, including a band of the predicted size of Esa1p (55 kDa) which corresponds to the Western blot signal (arrowhead in Figure 5B) and follows the H4‐specific HAT activity.
Purification of the NuA4 complex. (A) The NuA4 complex purification scheme with seven chromatographic steps. (B) Silver stained SDS–PAGE, fluorogram of the HAT assays on oligonucleosomes and anti‐Esa1p and anti‐Tra1p Western blot analysis of the fractions from the last column, heparin–Sepharose. Twenty‐four microliters of the fractions were used for gel staining while 15 and 2 μl were used for Western blot and HAT assay, respectively. Based on the Western signal, the position of the 55 kDa Esa1p band is shown by a closed circle and an arrow. The asterisk shows the co‐eluting 400 kDa band corresponding to the Tra1p Western signal. Positions of the molecular weight markers are indicated. (C) Gel HAT assay and Western blots on the sixth column (Superose 6) to show that the size of the NuA4 complex is not changed during the purification and that Esa1p and Tra1p are again closely co‐eluting.
Interestingly, a very high molecular weight protein was detected in the most purified fraction (asterisk in Figure 5B). Only a few yeast ORF could produce that size of a protein (∼400 kDa). The SAGA complex was very recently shown to contain Tra1p, an essential ATM‐related 433 kDa protein homologous to human TRRAP (transformation/transcription domain‐associated protein; 27.3% identity/58.9% similarity), a necessary cofactor for c‐Myc or E2F‐mediated cell transformation (Grant et al., 1998b; McMahon et al., 1998; Saleh et al., 1998). Using a Tra1p antiserum, we determined whether the 400 kDa band in the heparin fraction was in fact Tra1p. As shown in the lower panel of Figure 5B, Tra1p is indeed the high molecular weight band and is perfectly co‐eluting with NuA4 activity and Esa1p. Since the serum was raised against the N‐terminal peptide sequence of Tra1p, potential cross‐reactivity with other ATM‐related proteins is avoided (Grant et al., 1998b). The region of homology of Tra1p and its human homolog to other ATM/PI‐3 kinase‐related proteins is limited to ∼300 amino acids at the C‐terminus (McMahon et al., 1998). Interestingly, the amino acids required for the PI‐3 related kinase activity within this region are not present in Tra1p or TRRAP (McMahon et al., 1998).
Strict co‐elution of Tra1p with Esa1p and NuA4 activity was confirmed also on earlier columns including DNA–cellulose, histone–agarose and Superose 6 (Figure 5C). Physical interaction of Tra1p with NuA4 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation experiments (Figure 6). Affinity‐purified Esa1p IgG was produced and cross‐linked to protein A–Sepharose. A partially purified NuA4 fraction (Ni2+–agarose/monoQ/Superose 6 fraction 20) was precleared and then incubated with the αEsa1p resin. After several washes, equivalent amounts of initial sample, bead supernatant (FT) and beads were tested for the presence of Esa1p and Tra1p by Western blotting (Figure 6A). As expected from the 80–90% depletion of NuA4 activity (data not shown), the Esa1p signal seems almost completely recovered in the bound fraction (Figure 6A, compare lane 3 versus lane 1, lower panel). Strikingly, Tra1p signal follows exactly the same pattern, where all the initial signal is found in the Esa1p‐bound fraction. This shows that all the Tra1p present in this fraction has a direct or indirect interaction with Esa1p. To confirm further this interaction, we performed the reciprocal co‐immunoprecipitation experiments. We prepared Superose 6 NuA4 fractions (as in Figure 6A) from yeast strains expressing natural Tra1p or an N‐terminal Myc‐tagged version, which is capable of sustaining growth (Saleh et al., 1998). When the fractions were incubated with anti‐myc beads and then assayed for NuA4 activity, very different results were obtained (Figure 6B). With the untagged fraction (Figure 6B, compare lanes 1–3) all NuA4 activity stayed in the supernatant fraction as expected. On the other hand, using the myc‐tagged fraction, the majority of NuA4 activity disappeared from the supernatant and was recovered on the anti‐myc beads (Figure 6B, compare lanes 4–6; note that a HAT activity physically linked to beads can be underestimated compared with an equivalent fully soluble one). The remaining NuA4 activity present in the supernatant is most likely explained by the presence of endogenous untagged Tra1p expressed by the cell (myc–Tra1p is expressed by a centromeric plasmid in a wild‐type background) (Saleh et al., 1998). These immunoprecipitation experiments confirm the stable association of Tra1p within the NuA4 complex. The relative amount of Tra1p in the NuA4 complex versus the SAGA complex could not be addressed. This was due to the fact that Tra1p seems to be part of at least two other complexes also binding to the nickel and monoQ columns, and partially co‐eluting with NuA4 (data not shown).
Tra1p is a component of the purified NuA4 complex. (A) Anti‐Esa1p antibodies co‐immunoprecipitate Tra1p. Affinity purified anti‐Esa1p antibodies were used to prepare an immunoaffinity resin. Pre‐cleared partially purified NuA4 complex (Ni2+–agarose/monoQ/Superose 6 fraction 20) was incubated with the resin and beads were then washed twice with 500 mM NaCl and twice with 150 mM NaCl. Equivalent amounts of initial, bound (beads) and unbound (FT) fractions were analyzed by Western blotting using Esa1p and Tra1p antiserum. (B) Antibodies against Tra1p specifically immunoprecipitate NuA4 activity. Superose 6 NuA4 fractions as in (A) were prepared from yeast strains FY23 and KY320 expressing an episomal myc‐tagged version of Tra1p. Pre‐cleared Superose 6 NuA4 fractions were incubated with anti‐myc–protein G–Sepharose for 2.5 h at 4°C, washed several times and equivalent amounts of initial, unbound (FT) and bound (αmyc beads) fractions were tested for nucleosomal HAT activity. NuA4 activity was recovered on the beads from the myc‐Tra1p‐expressing strain (lane 6), while all NuA4 activity remained in the supernatant when using the wild‐type Tra1p‐expressing strain (compare lanes 1 and 2). (C) Pre‐cleared Superose 6 NuA4 fraction as in (A) was incubated with affinity‐purified anti‐Esa1p–protein A–Sepharose protein A. Beads were then washed twice with 300 mM and twice with 150 mM NaCl. The bound NuA4 complex was eluted with 100 mM glycine–HCl pH 2.5, neutralized and precipitated with TCA. The sample was then loaded on a 10% SDS–polyacrylamide gel followed by silver staining. Positions of Esa1p, Tra1p and seven other protein bands that were reproducibly obtained from several independent experiments are indicated by arrowheads. Positions of molecular weight marker bands are also indicated (kDa).
To further characterize the subunit composition of NuA4, the immunoprecipitations were scaled up to visualize true Esa1p‐associated polypeptides. NuA4 fraction from Superose 6 as in Figure 6A was incubated with affinity‐purified Esa1p antibodies cross‐linked to protein A beads. After binding, the beads were washed extensively in 350 mM NaCl. The bound complex was eluted with 100 mM glycine–HCl pH 2.5 and loaded on a SDS–polyacrylamide gel (Figure 6C). This allowed us to visualize a complete set of Esa1p‐interacting polypeptides, subunits of the NuA4 complex. Importantly, all protein bands appear in equivalent amounts, including Esa1p and Tra1p as indicated. This experiment was repeated several times using NuA4 fractions at different stages of conventional purification and the same protein bands in equivalent stoichiometry were repeatedly obtained. Migration over a gradient gel showed that p59 seems to contain in fact two different proteins, which explains the apparently stronger signal in Figure 6C (data not shown). A shorter migration showed at least two more subunits of smaller molecular weights (p32 and p36, data not shown). These 11 bands add up to >1 MDa in good agreement with NuA4 size determined by gel filtration. Finally, the presence of both Tra1p and Esa1p in affinity‐purified NuA4 complex (as in Figure 6C) was further confirmed by a first attempt at mass spectrometry analysis. MS/MS peptide sequences were obtained from trypsin digestion and included five peptides derived from Tra1p (amino acids 150–164, 603–617, 798–813, 3217–3236 and 3529–3545) and three peptides derived from Esa1p (amino acids 98–118, 334–350 and 351–366).
Recently, we presented biochemical evidence that interactions between two native HAT complexes, SAGA and NuA4, and the VP16 activation domain target GAL4–VP16‐bound nucleosomes for acetylation (Utley et al., 1998). Moreover, GAL4–VP16‐driven transcription from chromatin templates was stimulated by both HAT complexes in an acetyl‐CoA‐dependent manner. These data showed transcription activation domain targeting of NuA4 and its participation as nucleosomal acetyltransferase in transcription activation. Importantly, stimulation of transcription by the NuA4 complex was only apparent on nucleosomal templates (Utley et al., 1998) and can be targeted by the VP16 activation domain (Ikeda et al., 1999). We further analyzed the role of Esa1p in the transcriptional stimulatory activity of the NuA4 complex. Figure 7A shows an in vitro transcription assay by primer extension using a naked DNA HIV promoter as internal control and a chromatin reconstituted E4 promoter containing five GAL4 binding sites. Since the E4 promoter containing five GAL4 sites is within a spaced array of 5S rDNA nucleosome positioning sequences, the reconstituted template has two nucleosomes formed over the promoter region, in phase with the repeated 5S nucleosomes (Utley et al., 1998). GAL4–VP16 was present in all the lanes and, as expected, was able on its own to produce a low level of transcription from chromatin template (Figure 7A, lanes 3 and 4). However, GAL4–VP16‐driven transcription was greatly stimulated by the NuA4 complex (Figure 7A, lane 2). Importantly, this NuA4‐dependent stimulation required the presence of acetyl‐CoA, indicating the importance of the acetyltransferase activity (Figure 7A, compare lanes 1 and 2). On the other hand, recombinant Esa1p is unable to stimulate transcription in this assay, again supporting the need for other subunits in NuA4 for efficient targeting and action on chromatin (data not shown; Ohba et al., 1999). We then used the NuA4 monoQ fraction prepared from the yeast strain with episomal expression of wild‐type ESA1 gene. The level of acetyl‐CoA‐dependent stimulation of transcription by this NuA4 fraction was very similar to the one obtained with purified natural NuA4 (Figure 7B, compare lanes 1 and 2 with 5 and 6). In contrast, when a NuA4 fraction obtained from the temperature‐sensitive esa1 mutant strain was used, no obvious stimulation of transcription was detected (Figure 7B, lanes 3 and 4). Since the amounts of Esa1 protein present in the different NuA4 fractions used in these studies were very similar (see Figure 4C), we can conclude that a fully functional Esa1 acetyltransferase subunit was required for NuA4 to stimulate transcription in this assay.
Chromatin‐specific and acetyl‐CoA‐dependent stimulation of transcription by NuA4 requires a fully functional Esa1p subunit. (A) In vitro transcription assay of a chromatin‐reconstituted E4 promoter bearing five GAL4 sites. Neighboring 5S rDNA nucleosome‐positioning sequences force the formation of in‐phase positioned nucleosomes on both GAL4 sites and E4 promoter and downstream sequence (Utley et al., 1998). Unreconstituted HIV LTR transcription is shown as control. Five nanomolar GAL4–VP16 is present in all lanes. Acetyl‐CoA is present in lanes 2 and 4 while 1 μl of purified NuA4 (fifth column) is present in lanes 1 and 2. Note the acetyl‐CoA dependence of NuA4 stimulation of the E4 transcript. (B) Comparison of the NuA4 monoQ fractions obtained from the ESA1 wt and ts strains. In vitro transcription was performed as in (A). The NuA4 monoQ peak fraction from the ESA1 wild‐type strain (1 μl, lanes 1 and 2) is able to stimulate transcription on the chromatin template as efficiently as the purified NuA4 complex (lanes 5 and 6). In contrast, even three times more proteins from the NuA4 monoQ peak fraction from the esa1 temperature‐sensitive mutant strain is not able to stimulate transcription (4 μl, lanes 3 and 4).
There is a striking correlation between the presence of acetylated lysines in core histone N‐termini and transcriptional activity of chromatin (Turner and O'Neill, 1995). The discovery of multiple yeast HATs having different core histone substrate specificities may contribute to the distinct functions of different histone tails in transcription activation and repression in vivo (Fisher‐Adams and Grunstein, 1995). Acetylation of histone tails is thought to reduce interactions of transcriptional repressors with nucleosomes (Hecht et al., 1995; Edmonson et al., 1996), and to enhance binding of transcriptional activators or basal transcription factors (Imbalzano et al., 1994; Vettese‐Dadey et al., 1996). The fact that H4 N‐terminal acetylation is the histone modification most frequently implicated in those proposed mechanisms suggested the presence of a very important nucleosomal H4‐specific HAT in vivo. In vitro binding experiments have even demonstrated that the transcription activator USF binds preferentially to acetylated H4‐containing nucleosomes compared with those containing acetylated H3 (Vettese‐Dadey et al., 1996). In our initial fractionation of native yeast nucleosomal HATs we found three different activities targeting mainly H3 tails but only one preferentially acetylating H4 in chromatin, NuA4 (Figure 1A) (Grant et al., 1997).
The discovery that the Esa1 protein functions as a HAT preferentially modifying H4 tails in free histones (Smith et al., 1998; Clarke et al., 1999) suggested that it might be involved in NuA4 activity. Esa1p is the first essential HAT and clearly functions in the cell cycle (Clarke et al., 1999). It is a member of the MYST family of proteins, which includes putative acetyltransferases Sas2p and Sas3p, which affect gene silencing (Reifsnyder et al., 1996), and MOZ, which is involved in a chromosomal translocation resulting in a form of acute myeloid leukemia (Borrow et al., 1996). Two other members of this family have even stronger homology with Esa1 by sharing a chromo‐like domain, identified in several proposed chromatin‐binding transcription regulators (Koonin et al., 1995). Tip60 was cloned by two‐hybrid screening with HIV Tat transactivator and was recently shown to acetylate free histones but not chromatin in vitro, with a specificity very similar to Esa1p (Yamamoto and Horikoshi, 1997). MOF was discovered in a genetic screen for genes necessary for dosage compensation in Drosophila (Hilfiker et al., 1997). It is thought to be part of the dosage compensation complex and is required for male X chromosome hypertranscription and its associated H4 acetylation at Lys16. Significantly, the mof mutant obtained in the screen contained a single point mutation in the putative HAT domain of the protein (Hilfiker et al., 1997).
Although recombinant Esa1p is a potent acetyltransferase of free histones, it has little ability to access and/or modify core histones associated with DNA in oligonucleosomes, the expected relevant substrate for nuclear HATs (Figure 4D) (Smith et al., 1998). In this report we show that Esa1p functions as a nucleosomal HAT in the context of a native multisubunit high molecular weight complex, i.e. NuA4. Biochemical data have illustrated targeting of NuA4 activity by transcription activators (Gcn4p, VP16) and that it stimulated transcription on chromatin templates (Steger et al., 1998; Utley et al., 1998; Ikeda et al., 1999). These data, along with the homology of Esa1p with transcription regulators and the colocalization of acetylated H4 with transcriptionally competent chromatin, strongly support a primary role for NuA4 in transcription mechanisms in vivo. The importance of NuA4 is further emphasized by the fact that the NuA4 catalytic subunit, Esa1p, is essential for cell growth (Smith et al., 1998; Clarke et al., 1999). Such an important role in transcription implies that NuA4 might be generally involved in the activation of a great number of yeast genes, or in a subset of genes whose expression is essential for cell cycle progression. A recent study also suggests that the acetyl‐CoA binding domain of Esa1p is necessary for Esa1p function in vivo (Clarke et al., 1999), as it is in the case of Gcn5p (Kuo et al., 1998; Wang et al., 1998). Temperature‐sensitive esa1 mutant strains replicate their DNA but fail to proceed normally through mitosis in a manner dependent on the RAD9 checkpoint gene, a phenotype similarly obtained by mutations of H4 N‐terminal lysines (Megee et al., 1995; Clarke et al., 1999).
The specificity of NuA4 activity is also shared by a very recently identified nucleosomal HAT in Tetrahymena, which seems to work as a single 80 kDa polypeptide (Ohba et al., 1999). The ability of NuA4 to fully modify the H4 and H2A N‐termini in chromatin could have several structural effects on chromatin. NuA4 increases the cutting efficiencies of restriction endonucleases on HIV‐1 chromatin in vitro, independently of transcription (Steger et al., 1998). The Tup1 repressor protein was shown to bind preferentially to underacetylated forms of H4 (Edmonson et al., 1996) and acetylation of H4 Lys16 is thought to destabilize interaction with Sir3, another repressor protein (Hecht et al., 1995). USF was shown to preferentially bind nucleosomes with H4 tails bearing acetylated Lys5 (Vettese‐Dadey et al., 1996). Indeed, specific acetylation of this lysine seems to be decreased in the temperature‐sensitive esa1 mutant strains at non‐permissive temperature (Clarke et al., 1999). The X‐ray crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle illustrates that residues 16–25 of H4 tails interact with a negatively charged pocket of the H2A‐H2B dimer in the adjacent nucleosome (Luger et al., 1997). This raises the possibility that H4 acetylation at Lys16 (and probably Lys5, 8, 12) could have a negative effect on internucleosomal interactions. The acetylation of the histone H2A N‐terminal tail has been relatively poorly studied. Nevertheless, this domain of H2A seems to bind DNA at two defined locations within nucleosome cores, centered around a position 40 bp from the nucleosomal dyad (Lee and Hayes, 1997). The defined structure adopted by this tail and its interaction with DNA would certainly be greatly affected by acetylation of its lysine residues.
We identified Tra1p as a stably associated subunit of the NuA4 complex. Like Esa1p, Tra1p is essential for cell growth (Saleh et al., 1998). It is an ATM/PI‐3 kinase‐related protein homologous along its entire length to the human protein TRRAP, a cofactor interacting with c‐Myc and E2F transactivation domains and essential for their oncogenic activities (McMahon et al., 1998). Unlike the other members of the ATM superfamily, Tra1p does not seem to have the specific motifs conserved in the catalytic site of PI‐3 kinases, but this does not rule out such activity. Tra1p is also a component of the SAGA and SAGA‐like complexes (Grant et al., 1998b; Saleh et al., 1998) and TRRAP is part of the homologous human P/CAF complex (Vassilev et al., 1998). Tra1p could have a structural role in multisubunit complexes as suggested by the fact that it interacts separately and independently with Spt7p and Ada2p in the SAGA complex (Saleh et al., 1998). More importantly, the transcription activator‐binding abilities of its mammalian homolog suggest that it might play a similar role in yeast multisubunit complexes. This could explain the fact that both SAGA and NuA4 complexes interact with VP16 and GCN4 transcription activation domains in vitro while Ada and NuA3 complexes do not (Utley et al., 1998). Interactions with transcription activators promoting cell cycle progression (as c‐Myc and E2F) are definitely plausible in the light of the cell cycle phenotype of temperature‐sensitive esa1 strains (Clarke et al., 1999). The need for Tra1p for cell growth might reflect primarily its presence in NuA4 since the HAT subunit of SAGA, Gcn5p, is non‐essential, like several other subunits (Ada, Spt). This will be best understood by analyzing temperature‐sensitive mutants of the TRA1 gene.
In conclusion, we have purified and characterized a native transcription‐related nucleosomal H4 HAT complex, NuA4. Identification of its primary catalytic subunit as essential Esa1 protein supports a necessary link between histone H4 acetylation in chromatin, transcriptional activation and cell cycle control. Furthermore, the presence of Tra1p in NuA4 suggests a role for this cofactor in transcriptional regulation through the recruitment of NuA4 HAT activity to an activator‐bound promoter important for cell cycle progression. Tra1p being a member of the ATM superfamily with similarity to PI‐3 kinases suggests a possible function in transduction of stimulatory and/or inhibitory signals. Identification of other subunits of this 1.3 MDa complex will provide further important insights into its regulation and role in gene expression linked to cell cycle control.
The yeast strain CY396 has been described (Peterson et al., 1994). The yeast strains LPY3317 and LPY3123 with episomal wild‐type ESA1 or temperature‐sensitive mutant esa1‐414 in an esa1 null mutant genomic background are described elsewhere (Clarke et al., 1999). Recombinant wild‐type Esa1p and mutant Esa1‐414p were produced in Escherichia coli as described (Clarke et al., 1999). The yeast KY320 strain expressing an N‐terminal myc‐tagged version of the TRA1 gene on a centromeric plasmid has been described (Saleh et al., 1998).
HeLa core histones and H1‐depleted oligonucleosomes were isolated as described (Côté et al., 1995). Yeast core histones were generously provided by Dr Sharon Roth, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and prepared as described (Edmonson et al., 1996). Sera against a peptide corresponding to the N‐terminal first 14 amino acids of the yeast Esa1 protein were produced in rabbits. Partial purification of the IgG fraction from the sera was performed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography over CM‐Affigel‐blue resin (Bio‐Rad). For immunopurification of the NuA4 complex, anti‐Esa1p antibodies from partially purified serum were obtained by affinity‐purification over a resin (Sulfolink, Pierce) harboring the immunizing peptide following standard protocols (Harlow and Lane, 1988). Anti‐HA antibody for Swi2p detection was purchased from Boehringer Mannheim. Anti‐Ada2p serum was kindly provided by Dr Shelley Berger, The Wistar Institute. Anti‐Tra1p serum produced against the N‐terminal first 20 amino acids of the protein has been described (Grant et al., 1998b). Anti‐myc monoclonal antibodies were obtained from Babco.
Liquid HAT assays were performed essentially as described (Grant et al., 1997) using 0.5 μg of free core histones or oligonucleosomes, protein fractions and 0.125 μCi of [3H]acetyl‐CoA (4.7 Ci/mmol) in HAT buffer [50 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 5% glycerol, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 10 mM sodium butyrate] for 30 min at 30°C. Quantification was performed by spotting the reactions on Whatman P81 filters and liquid scintillation counting as described (Brownell and Allis, 1995). Visualization of histone specificity was obtained by loading the reactions on an 18% SDS–polyacrylamide gel, followed by Coomassie Blue staining to ensure equivalent loading of histones in each lane, destaining and fluorography with Enhance (DuPont NEN). Assays with H4 N‐terminal peptides were performed with 70 ng and quantified by scintillation. The wild‐type peptide sequence is SGRGKGGKGLGKGCAKRHRRVLRDC. Lysine residues in bold were replaced by acetylated lysines in the mutant peptides to allow only one remaining free lysine in each peptide.
For the TAU gel in Figure 2B, HAT assays were performed using 8 μg of oligonucleosomes with 0.075 μCi of [14C]acetyl‐CoA (51 mCi/mmol) at 30°C for 1 h. Electrophoresis was performed as described (Braunstein et al., 1993), the gel was Coomassie Blue stained, dried and exposed.
Preparation of whole‐cell extract from 20 l of yeast strain CY396 and fractionation over Ni2+–NTA agarose (Qiagen) and a monoQ HR 5/5 column (Pharmacia) were described (Côté et al., 1994; Grant et al., 1997). Typically 1 μl of fraction was tested for HAT activity on 0.5 μg of oligonucleosomes for 30 min at 30°C. Peak nucleosomal H4/H2A acetyltransferase activity from the salt gradient elution from the monoQ was pooled (fractions 24–28), diluted to 100 mM NaCl with buffer A (20 mM HEPES 7.5, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.1% Tween‐20, 10% glycerol and protease inhibitors) and loaded directly on a monoS HR 5/5 column (Pharmacia). Bound proteins were eluted with a 20 ml linear gradient of 100–500 mM NaCl. Peak fractions of NuA4 activity were pooled, diluted to 50 mM NaCl and loaded on a 1 ml histone–agarose column (Sigma). Bound proteins were eluted with a 10 ml linear gradient of 50–500 mM NaCl. Peak fractions of NuA4 activity were pooled, diluted to 50 mM and loaded directly on a 1 ml DNA–cellulose column (Sigma). NuA4 peak fractions from a 10 ml 50–500 mM NaCl gradient were pooled and concentrated down to 0.6 ml with a Centriprep‐30 concentrator (Amicon). The sample was then split and run successively on a calibrated Superose 6 HR 10/30 column (Pharmacia) in buffer A plus 350 mM NaCl and 20% glycerol. Pooled NuA4 fractions (19–23) were then diluted to 150 mM NaCl and loaded directly on a 1 ml heparin–Sepharose column (Pharmacia). Purified NuA4 was then eluted with a 7.5 ml linear gradient from 0.15 to 1 M NaCl. Fractions (0.25 ml) were supplemented with 50 μg/ml of insulin, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C.
Whole‐cell extracts were prepared from 2–4 l of other yeast strains grown as described in the text, bound to Ni2+–NTA agarose, eluted with 300 mM imidazole and fractionated on monoQ and Superose 6 columns as described for the larger cultures (Grant et al., 1997).
Aliquots of 10–15 μl of fractions were typically used for Western blotting after electrophoresis on a 10% SDS–polyacrylamide gel. Immunoblotting with anti‐Esa1p partially purified serum was carried out as a 1:3000 dilution in 1% non‐fat dry milk in PBS–0.1% Tween‐20 for 4 h at room temperature. For immunoprecipitation studies, partially purified antisera were cross‐linked to protein A–Sepharose resin (Pharmacia) with dimethylpimelimidate (Pierce) following standard protocols (Harlow and Lane, 1988). Samples were diluted in buffer B (40 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10% glycerol) plus 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton buffer and precleared with protein A–Sepharose. Precleared supernatant was incubated with preimmune or immune cross‐linked beads for at least 2 h at 4°C as a 30% slurry. After incubation, beads were washed twice with each of the following buffers: buffer B containing 150 mM NaCl–1% Triton then buffer B containing 350 mM NaCl and finally buffer B with 150 mM NaCl. HAT assays were performed directly on equivalent amounts of supernatant or resuspended beads. For the immunoprecipitations using anti‐myc monoclonal antibodies (Figure 6B), protein G–Sepharose was used instead of protein A–Sepharose. For immunopurification of the NuA4 complex shown in Figure 6A and C, affinity‐purified anti‐Esa1p antibodies were used (0.5–1 mg Ab/ml of resin) and the complex was eluted by resuspending the beads in 100 mM glycine–HCl pH 2.5, neutralized, followed by TCA precipitation and SDS–PAGE. Sequence analysis of the obtained peptides was performed at the Harvard Microchemistry Facility by microcapillary reverse‐phase HPLC nano‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (uLC/MS/MS) on a Finnigan LCQ quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer.
Protocol and reagents for in vitro transcription assays on chromatin templates are described thoroughly elsewhere (Steger et al., 1998; Utley et al., 1998). Reactions containing 15–21 ng of nucleosome reconstituted template DNA were incubated with 5 nM of GAL4–VP16 in the absence or presence of NuA4 complex in final conditions (60 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES pH 7.8, 5 mM DTT, 0.5 mM PMSF, 5% glycerol, 0.25 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 1.25 μM acetyl CoA, 10 mM sodium butyrate) at 30°C for 20 min. HeLa nuclear extracts and nucleoside triphosphates were added and transcription/primer extension assays were carried out according to Steger et al. (1998).
We thank Isabelle Ruel for technical assistance with rEsa1p, Benoit Leblanc and David Clark for the His‐tagged ESA1 strain, Shelley Berger for Ada2p anti‐serum, Sharon Roth for yeast core histones, Mark Parthun and Daniel Gottschling for hat2− and isogenic wild‐type strains, Paul Kaufman for msi1− and isogenic wild‐type strains, Michael Grunstein for GST–H4 expression plasmid, and Michael Green and Joe Reese for GST–VP16 expression plasmid. We are grateful to William S.Lane and the Harvard Microchemistry Facility for preliminary mass spectrometry analysis. We also thank Edwin Smith, David Allis, Arri Eisen and John Lucchesi for sharing results before publication. This work was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada (MRC) to J.C. and C.J.B., NIGMS to J.L.W. and NIH to L.P. P.G. is supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the American Cancer Society. J.L.W. is a HHMI investigator. J.C. is a Canadian MRC Scholar.
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0.943389 |
1. Click on the note on the window, read it then put it back on the window. Go right.
2. Solve the Sudoku game on the table, using the instructions in the red Sudoku book on the shelf, if needed. Take the gun magazine (clip) from the drawer and leave the screw behind.
3. Click the bottom of the lamp. Take the paper clip and then the bullet from behind the left lamp wheel. Replace the paper clip underneath the lamp.
4. Click the first aid kit. Remove the asprin at the upper left and look for the faint outline of a bullet underneath that spot. Click it to take the bullet. Replace the asprin. Also take the scissors, glove and the stethoscope. Maximize the gun clip and put the two bullets you have into it. Go right.
5. Take the teddy bear from the playpen. Maximize it, then use the scissors on the X on its belly. Take the brown key, then replace the teddy bear in the playpen. Go left once and replace the scissors in the first aid kit. Go right twice.
6. Click behind the right side of the safe. Take lipstick. Maximize it and click the top striped gold part to remove the top. Use the glove to take out the red lipstick. Take the bullet from the lipstick tube and put it in the gun clip. Replace the lipstick tube behind the safe.
7. Go down for the large view of the safe. Take the stethoscope from your inventory, keeping it minimized. Click on the number tumblers on the front of the safe. Be sure the sound is up on your computer. Click each tumbler with the stethoscope. The correct number for each one will have a double click sound. The numbers change with each attempt at the game. When you have all six numbers correct you'll hear another sound. Go down and the safe will be open. Take out the money, retrieve the bullet, then replace the money in the reverse order from which you took it out of the safe. Put the bullet in the gun clip.
8. Check each of the three pockets of the blue coat for another bullet. When you find it, put it in the gun clip. You now have 5 bullets in the magazine. Go left twice. Replace the glove and the stethoscope into the first aid kit. Go down. Go left once.
9. Use the brown key on the treasure chest on the bottom shelf of the bookcase. Remove nine fake gems from the middle of the chest. Take the bullet, then put all the fake gems back into the chest in reverse order from how you took them out. Go down, then check behind the left back corner of the chest. Take another bullet. Go down. Put both bullets into the magazine. You have seven bullets in it now.
10. Lift the left pillow on the bed, retrieve the bullet from underneath it. Click on the rearmost bed leg in the corner to get the under bed view. Take the wrapped candy. Maximize the candy, click the wrapper, take the bullet. Put both bullets into the gun clip. The clip is now full with nine bullets in it. Go down. Go left.
11. Click the wastebasket. Take the broken bowl and the brush out, then take the gun. Put the brush and bowl back, in that order. Go down, go left once.
12. Click the door. Take the magazine from the inventory and put it over the gun in your inventory. Click once to combine them, keeping both of them minimized. Keeping the loaded gun minimized, shoot around the doorknob nine times and YOU'RE OUT!
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0.937187 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island nation in the Caribbean, north of Trinidad and Tobago. It shares the southernmost Grenadines Islands with the independent island nation of Grenada.
Bananas and other agricultural products remain the staple of this lower-middle income country's economy. Although tourism and other services have been growing moderately in recent years, the government has been ineffective at introducing new industries. Unemployment remains high, and economic growth hinges upon seasonal variations in the agricultural and tourism sectors.
While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent shortly before 1700. Carib Indians aggressively prevented European settlement on St. Vincent until the 18th century. African slaves, whether shipwrecked or escaped from St. Lucia or Grenada and seeking refuge in St. Vincent, intermarried with the Caribs. St. Vincent was ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris in 1763), restored to French rule in 1779 and regained by the British under the Treaty of Versailles in 1783.
Slavery was abolished in 1834; the resulting labour shortages on the plantations attracted Portuguese immigrants in the 1840s and east Indians in the 1860s. From 1763 until independence, St. Vincent passed through various stages of colonial status under the British and it was granted associate statehood status on October 27, 1969, giving it complete control over its internal affairs. Following a referendum in 1979, St. Vincent and the Grenadines became the last of the Windward Islands to gain full independence.
Natural disasters have plagued the country throughout the 20th century. In 1902, Soufrière volcano erupted, killing 2,000 people. Much farmland was damaged, and the economy deteriorated. In April 1979, La Soufriere erupted again. Although no one was killed, thousands had to be evacuated, and there was extensive agricultural damage. In 1980 and 1987, hurricanes devastated banana and coconut plantations; 1998 and 1999 also saw very active Hurricane seasons, with hurricane Lenny in 1999 causing extensive damage to the west coast of the island.
Tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November).
The largest airport is E.T. Joshua Airport just outside of the capital of Kingstown. Most flights in and out are relatively local, mostly flying to nearby islands such as Canouan, St. Lucia, Barbados, and Saint Kitts. A new international airport is under construction and is estimated to be completed in 2011, at which time E.T. Joshua will cease operation.
The islands have many docks and bays, including two large enough to accommodate a cruise ship. Despite this, very few cruises stop in the country and the vast majority of travellers come to the country by aeroplane.
The island is relatively small, but the mountainous landscape makes it difficult to get around. The main highways run along the coasts and as such it is necessary to drive around the whole of the island to get from one side to the other. In terms of public transportation the island is served by a large number of privately owned vans that act as a bus service. These vans have an "H" at the beginning of their license plates, meaning they are "for hire." Cost to ride is EC$1. Many of them have graphics on the front. Driving is on the left.
Windward Islands - Windward Islands, one of the worlds largest yacht charter companies, can take care of all crewed charter (no bareboat available) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Operating from 8 international offices (USA, UK, Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland, Caribbean, Monaco).
TripSailor - Marinas and Cruising Logs in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
The main language on the islands is English. As a former British colony, British spellings are more common than American spellings.
The official currency of St. Vincent and the Grenadines is the East Caribbean Dollar (XCD). The exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.67. A helpful hint: When using US dollars, multiply the price you see by .4 and you will get change back. Most merchants accept both paper U.S. and all forms of E.C. currency. U.S. coins are not accepted, as the central bank does not accept them as currency.
In Kingstown, the water is safe to drink, but be a bit careful at some other locations. The water quality can vary depending upon the season of the year and how the water (often rain water) is collected. Bitter Lemon is a popular soda. Hairoun is a popular locally produced beer. Adventurous drinkers will want to try Black Wine.
Many tourists arrive in the Grenadines, stay at a resort, and never get the opportunity to interact with the citizens. If you want to get a taste of the true culture, consider a guest house or apartment in Kingstown. Fort View Guest House in Edinboro is a good choice. It is within walking distance of downtown Kingstown.
Hurricanes are an annual risk. The La Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is occasionally active, but a sophisticated advance warning system is in place and resulted in zero casualties in its latest eruption in 1979.
The US government suggests that hepatitis A and B shots be given to anyone travelling in the Caribbean, however there are no major health risks in the country.
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0.999999 |
Im looking for the front lower spoiler for the ground effect that will fit my camaro 85 but its not an iroc nor berlinetta not rs nor z28. Its a contempo cantara body kit. Missing the driver side skirt door panel.
Need help identifying that front part if ever exists. Also need a front grill replaced.
Don't think you'll find that one. That body kit is long gone. It was made by Contempo Vans in Elkhart, Indiana. Not sure if they are still in business. If they are, you can always give them a ring to see if they have old inventory.
There's one for sale in Oregon if you are willing to pay for a whole car for that one part. You may have to make one (or two so they match).
And by the way, I've had two, so I know a lot about these cars. They only made 50, supposedly.
I bought the 86 Cantara in Portland. I also recently noticed that there is no front air dam. If there was one from the factory its gone now. I did pick up a standard Camaro air dam to direct air into the radiator and will get that installed soon.
I was also looking at the early 82-84 Z28 lower air dams to see if one could be made to work with the side skirts. Unfortunately I dont see any easy way to use it unless u cut that edges off near the Fender opening to clear the fiberglass flares.
Hey, Ian. Welcome to the Contempo Cantara club. Sorry I'm just getting back to this. But I doubt you will find the lower front chin spoiler. Most cars were made as yours is. They are based off a sport coupe and are designed to flow int the body without one. It's a pointy nose, like on a Pantera.
They made 4 Cantara GTs which came with the Fiero style rear wing and the chin spoiler. That spoiler is off a Choo Choo El Camino, if I recall correctly. The tool (mold) to make them was destroyed in a fire years ago. When I bought my GT, the spoiler was mangled so I tracked the part down and called the Choo Choo folks. That was like 10 years ago. I ended up having mine rebuilt since most of it was still there.
Message me if you have any questions about Contempos, but rest assured, they came without the chin spoiler, so you aren't missing anything. And there are not many left. No more than 10, I think.
And by the way, if you look closely at the pictures, my spoiler is cut. If you look closely at the corners, there is a small piece that connects to the main piece. And it does NOT blend into the bumper. I will look for a picture and post.
1986 Camaro Contempo GT - notice how the chin spoiler does not "blend" into the wide-body front fender. And if you look closely, the angled piece at the corner is separate from the main chin spoiler.
Due to the lack of knowledge on these cars, I would suggest you post your questions and answers here for future reference and for others to learn from.
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0.955958 |
Briefly describe transition plan The station will go off the air, install new antenna, transmission line, and transmitter and return to operation when all necessary modifications have been made.
Justification for New Transmitter Screen Service is no longer supported and will not operate on the new channel.
Justification for New Antenna Existing channel 48 antenna will not work on the new repacked channel.
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0.972484 |
Burrito spread of your choice: pork, ground beef or chicken, one beef taco and a side of rice or beans.
One chicken chimichanga topped with cheese and served with rice and beans.
Two tostaditas of your choice: bean, chicken, or beef, served with rice and beans.
One fish taco topped with pico de gallo and one enchilada served with a side of rice.
One beef taco, one chicken taco, and one enchilada of your choice: cheese and onion, chicken or beef.
Two shrimp or two carne asada taquitos on soft corn tortillas topped with pico de gallo served with a side of guacamole and rice.
One chicken or steak fajita topped with bell peppers, onions, and pico de gallo served with rice and beans.
Two enchiladas of your choice: cheese and onion, beef or chicken served with a side of rice.
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0.998913 |
Given a set of distinct integers, S, return all possible subsets.
Elements in a subset must be in non-descending order.
The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets.
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0.973949 |
How to resolve the so-called “paradoxes” of quantum mechanics?
It might be helpful to read Lubos Motl.
Quantum mechanics also has a lot of serious weirdness wired into it that is not particularly paradoxical (and not at all controversial, with consequences that are pretty close to direct experimental observation, not hidden deep behind arcane statistical analysis of difficult experiments) just weird. Besides the famous example of things acting both like particles and waves, consider antimatter, and the Pauli exclusion principle.
AFAIK the “paradoxes” people like to fuss about generally aren’t paradoxes, they are mostly people refusing to believe what the equations say, mostly unreasonably (i.e., in regimes where the experiments can be done and lo, turn out like the equations say) and occasionally sorta justifiably (in regimes where the equations simply break down into nonsense, as in the interaction between QM and cosmically cataclysmically superstrong gravitational fields, or in regimes where maybe the fundamnental equations don’t break down but we still have great difficulty solving the equations very well, as in QCD).
The closest thing to an exception that I can think of is the paradoxes related to the “Einstein/Podolsky/Rosen paradox”, in which the equations are conceptually hard to reconcile with Einstein’s plausible intuition that information doesn’t travel faster than the speed of light. That’s not quite a paradox — Einstein’s intuitions don’t have to be right, they merely had a respectably good batting average — but at least worth poking around in very carefully. And so naturally, it has been done… The resolution is fairly typical quantum weirdness in that it is clearly mindblowing (more or less: the elves running the show conspire faster than light behind the scenes, while you in the audience still cannot take advantage of this behavior to send messages to other audience members faster than light) but unambiguously what the equations say and lo, what the (difficult) experiments turn out to say as well.
It is not unheard of for physics to be surprising or unintuitive once it gets away from the experiments that children can do with sticks and puddles and marbles and rubber bands. Admittedly uantum mechanics carries this to a new extreme, but even electromagnetism shows this pretty well, and even thermodynamics shows it a little bit. E.g., even though in hindsight the first and second laws of thermodynamics show up in everyday experience, they were not AFAIK foreshadowed by anyone’s informal common sense. And the way that magnetic fields curve around electrical currents, while changing magnetic fields induce electrical currents, also seems to take people by surprise. And the way that Maxwell’s equations accommodate magnetic monopoles on the same footing as electrically charged particles, but the universe just seems to have none of them anyway, seems at least as annoyingly unintuitive as the EPR paradox. But despite the traditional name for the EPR paradox, neither EPR nor missing monopoles are truly a paradox, and AFAICS there isn’t anything to resolve, it’s merely the universe flaunting its prerogative to behave in its own peculiar way regardless of whether that’s what you might reasonably anticipate.
The blowup where fullblown general relativity (superstrong gravitation) meets QM is a real problem, but it’s not a paradox, or at least it’s not an idiomatic use of the word paradox. It’s halfway closely analogous to the old “ultraviolet catastrophe” in the pre-quantum statistical mechanical analysis of black body radiation. The closely analogous half is that then as now, the equations blow up so badly in that regime that they really can’t be right. The entirely unanalogous part is that experiments on the relevant regime for the ultraviolet catastrophe (both variants of black body emission, and other heat-and-EM-radiation experiments like the famous photoelectric effect) were straightforward to do on a tabletop with a reasonable budget, while the QM-vs-GR problems generally arise in “thought” experiments involving utterly insanely extreme conditions like the Big Bang (or, e.g., first procure two black holes heading toward a very near collision…) that are completely out of reach of current experimental tech.
Quantum mechanics isn’t that surprising.
What’s very surprising is that gyroscopes know which way to precess. How do they know the right-hand rule? They don’t have hands, let alone brains.
Similarly, a wire loop with a current being driven by a Lenz’s law type interaction both has a voltage and has no voltage. It must have a voltage, as current is being driven. W = V*A. It can’t have a voltage, because the situation is rotationally symmetric, so the potential must be the same everywhere.
Faster than light travel or communications must be forbidden to preserve causality. FTL means no causality. And that is the issue for physicists.
Finally, it has been noted that Einstein’s theory of General Relativity is the last flowering of classical physics, and that Einstein is the last great classical physicist. While General Relativity has been confirmed numerous times, it has to be pointed out that classical physics failed its tests, particularly in the case of the ultraviolet catastrophe. Quantum mechanics was developed in response to its failures.
Schantz, whose book I am currently reading (good Heinlein) is evidently a multi-worlds Bohmist (of pilot wave fame).
Causality strikes me as a human conceit, a demand to the universe that it make sense, an imposition of order where there is none.
The general idea of causality is that it is a mechanism whereby you are prevented from creating paradox by way of changing something when you travel in time, something you are bound to do when you set out to subvert the limitations of light’s speed. Presumably, to do that, you will have to step outside the framework of our universe, and then return. Having done so, what makes anyone think that the return is going to be at the same point in time? Outside the framework, time is just another variable, and there is no reason you would automatically come back into the framework at the same point in time you left it.
Which puts causality into a bit of a quandary; how does it handle the new information your return represents? My guess is that we are going to find that it doesn’t care–Go back in time, kill your grandfather, whatever; causality police are not going to chase you down and erase you. Too much work; instead, you are now severed from consequence because of that trip through whatever lies outside of spacetime, and represent a new reality where your murder of grandpa is immaterial to your actual existence. Grandpa’s dead, and everything he contributed to making you is irrelevant, because for the purposes of causality, your existence in this frame wasn’t brought about by your birth, but by your entrance into it from outside the current spacetime framework that causality works within.
Breaking the lightspeed rules will have consequences way past what we are thinking, and I suspect that our classic hard-and-fast view on causality will be one of them. And, of course, the scale of the thing is going to make it really hard for classic views on causality to work–Say that getting to Proxima requires traveling back in time a few thousand years, along with spanning the distance. How is “changing the past” going to affect anything here, at that remove?
I appreciate the interest in my fictional and scientific work. In real-life, I’m not a “Many-Worlds” proponent. It’s merely a great fictional justification for an alternate history science fiction tale. There are, however, overlooked “hidden truths” in electromagnetics that could have been uncovered a century ago. You’ll find a summary of my electromagnetic ideas in this blog post: Dirac’s Big Mistake. Alternatively, here’s a video lecture I presented at a conference a few years back.
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0.920911 |
Are Venezuela's Communal Councils an extension of central power or an explosion of popular power?
VOICEOVER: This is La Vega, one of the many barrios, or poor neighborhoods, positioned precariously on the sloping hills of the Venezuelan capital, Caracas.
DAVID DOUGHERTY, CARACAS, VENEZUELA: Like in many urban settlements in Latin America, barrios like La Vega were built from the ground up, mostly by the residents themselves, in the absence of the state. People are proud of the communities they have built, but often encounter problems with basic infrastructure that can make life difficult, and at times dangerous.
VOICEOVER: Areas like this section of La Vega called Carretera Negra, or Black Highway, are susceptible to frequent flooding and landslides during heavy rains. Residents had petitioned previous governments for decades to build a proper drainage system to address the problem, which often left homes flooded or inaccessible. Now community residents are almost done with the construction of a drainage system along the side of the road, one of the latest examples of a series of projects proposed and executed by their consejo comunal, or communal council. The communal councils are an initiative of president Hugo Chavez’s government that have grown in Venezuela, described as a new model of participatory democracy. They involve the formation of self-organized neighborhood organizations comprised of residents from the community who propose and vote on development projects and public policies, which they then execute themselves utilizing resources distributed by the state. Alexis Rojas is active in the Carretera Negra communal council and has helped in the construction of the new water drainage system.
ALEXIS ROJAS, COMMUNAL COUNCIL PARTICIPANT, LA VEGA: Here we have seen how not only does the area looks nicer but now there is also a system of water collection that runs the length of the road in the area of our communal council, this has improved our quality of life, water doesn’t leak into the houses now and it avoids the possibilities of landslides…today with this new popular organization we now rely on ourselves the citizens to make decisions in the public policies that do or don’t affect us… here we see behind me that the people from the community are the ones who do the work, and here we are exercising this form of community labor.
VOICEOVER: President Hugo Chavez’s leadership style has been described by critics as authoritarian and top-down oriented, raising questions about who really makes decisions in the communal council model. But many participants like lifelong resident and community organizer of La Vega Freddy Mendoza say that the communal councils constitute a distinct development model that has helped to encourage Venezuela’s poor to lead development initiatives in their communities through processes of self-organization and participatory democracy, addressing decades of neglect from previous governments.
VOICEOVER: Another example of a communal council project carried out in La Vega is the establishment of a public computer and technological information center in an extra room in the Mendoza family’s home as part of a state’s “infocentro†program, where people can access the Internet, attend computer education workshops, and produce documentaries and community news reports using video editing software. Women constitute the majority of participants in communal council assemblies and elected committee posts, standing at around 60 percent. Thais Rojas of Carretera Negra says the communal councils are empowering women to play a previously unheard of role in public decision-making processes.
THAIS ROJAS, COMMUNAL COUNCIL PARTICIPANT, LA VEGA: Before the only ones who made decisions were the men, why the men? because of the same machista culture in the country that still exists today that said that men were the only ones capable of making decisions…the women see in the communal councils the opportunity to get to know everything they are capable of achieving, because of this the woman has come out of the house, out of the role of only taking care of the children, in order to integrate herself into the council and struggle against all the problems facing her community.
VOICEOVER: The communal councils have been described as the popular motors of the Bolivarian Revolution and Venezuela’s 21st Century Socialism, but they have not grown without their tensions. Some commentators like Venezuelan sociologist Edgardo Lander are critical of a relationship that has developed between the communal councils and the state that he describes as clientelistic.
EDGARDO LANDER, SOCIOLOGIST, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF VENEZUELA: We are talking about tensions and contradictions; I think the dominant tendency is a clientelistic relationship, where the state and party structures impose a certain type of uniform logic on the popular sectors, and that this undermines the possibility of autonomy. This is not to say that the struggle for autonomy and self-organization does not exist, and that it does not also exist in part as a consequence of the public policy of this government, because the public policy has gestated, driven, and promoted organizational forms and the people are taking these organizational forms and appropriating them and doing things with them, so it’s not a question of either/or, but it could be said that there does exist a strong tension.
VOICEOVER: Carretera Negra resident and communal council member Freddy Mendoza says there have arisen cases of corruption in some of the councils, and that it is primarily up to community residents themselves, and not just the state, to resolve conflicts and contradictions as they continue developing their new model of participatory democracy.
FREDDY MENDOZA, COMMUNAL COUNCIL PARTICIPANT, LA VEGA: There are cases where the communal councils are taken over by one or two people, this is a continuation of a system based on representation, not participation, there have been communal councils where they are handed the resources and they simply disappear with the money and take the resources, or cases where they haven’t built the project that the resources were destined for… but these are cultural facts, ethical and moral facts, that have still not ceased to impose themselves on our political consciousness as the poor, this is a part of our political struggle, the process is not over after we vote for Chavez, the process is not over when we obtain the solution to a problem in the barrio, there must be a constant discussion and learning process, and reflection, on the role that each of us are playing within this process that must flow into a revolution, establishing a distinct system of production, organization and participation that is participatory democracy, and so on.
VOICEOVER: Opposition presidential candidate Henrique Capriles Radonski has stated that the communal councils have become overly politicized, and has proposed legislation seeking decentralization. A leaked document allegedly outlining Capriles’ economic policy in the event of a victory in the October 7th elections includes a plan to gradually reduce the transfer of state resources to communal councils for development projects.
DAVID DOUGHERTY, CARACAS, VENEZUELA: With elections now less than 2 weeks away, campaigning efforts have heated up in Chavez stronghold barrios like La Vega, where community residents have pledged to defend the model of participatory democracy that is radically reshaping power relations and community development for the Venezuelan poor.
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0.999994 |
Try these methods and see which works best.
1. Hold the tail of the ball of yarn in your left hand and drape the yarn clockwise over the top of it to form a circular loop.
2. Hold the loop between left thumb and forefinger, then insert the crochet hook through the centre of the loop from front to back.
3. Catch the ball end of the yarn with the hook and pull it back through the centre of the loop, taking the yarn through with it.
4. Pull both ends of the yarn to tighten the knot, then pull just the ball end to tighten the loop so it’s close to the hook, but not touching it.
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0.99998 |
String, where all symbols, that equal to the first symbol are replaced to the last symbol.
hello, haxor! how are you?
?ello, ?axor! ?ow are you?
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0.959561 |
Given the (albeit marginal) possibility of ˈsʌtl̩li and perhaps less marginal possibility of ˈsʌtl̩i, which may conceivably both be motivated by orthography, does anyone think that there is ever any similarly motivated difference in behaviour between ˈfɪzɪkl̩i and ˈpʌblɪkli?
I don't. I don't think there's any difference on the phonemic level between adverbs from -ic and from -ical adjectives, even if of a given pair only one is in use.
A lot of people glottalize the c in both spellings of the adverbs, and right enough I don't see how any difference could survive that! But they hardly ever come in pairs! And although 'historic' and 'historical' are differentiated, 'historicly' doesn't exist (officially, that is, but even the hits on Google reflect some awareness of this: 124,000 for historicly, 24,100,000 for historically – and that in spite of massively widespread misspelling of –ically adjectives).
Publicly and publically are both standard, though they are considered a single lexeme without differentiation in meaning. As far as I know, the trisyllabic pronunciation is used even by people who use the latter spelling.
I don't think you can suggest they're equally standard. No BrE dictionaries seem to recognize 'publically', and even the AmE ones that do seem to varying extents to give it a guarded welcome, for example only giving a sound file for 'publicly'. And the no-holds-barred Wiktionary gives it "fairly rare" (in spite of the "massively widespread misspelling" that goes on). You may be interested in the account of it in Stammtisch Beau Fleuve.
And if 'publically' is rum, 'physicly' is rummer: I can't find it in any dictionary at all, though astonishingly there are 157,000 Google hits for that (42,300,000 for physically).
So there would be quite enough scope for "similarly (i.e. orthographically) motivated difference in behaviour between ˈfɪzɪkl̩i and ˈpʌblɪkli"!
So perhaps we can say that the underlying (or historical) forms actually contain a double /l/, but that this geminate has been simplified in many commonly used words?
In some Queen song, I heard Freddie Mercury pronouncing "candlelight" with one /l/. It wouldn't have surprised me, and probably I wouldn't even have noticed it, if it were an extremely common word, or a word with non-obvious etymology.
Another factor tending to preserve the geminated /l/ is that the previous vowel sound is long. In all your examples with single /l/, the previous vowel is short.
The only word I can think of with an added -ly suffix where I pronounce ll is "solely". And I am petty sure I have [ɫl] --- a Janus Gemini.
Yep, solely, genteelly, stalely, coolly, vilely all have a double l for me. For some reason (frequency?), really doesn't.
Richard, yes I think it does tend to preserve the geminated /l/ if the previous vowel sound is long (or a diphthong). But on the 'wholly holy' thread I had already given 'really', along with 'fully', as really fully ungeminatable, and 'cruelly' (which I don't think I ever geminate), along with 'solely' (on which I differ from John M above in not geminating significantly more than I do with 'wholly'!), and even 'palely' and 'vilely' as belonging with 'wholly' to a whole spectrum of geminatability.
As in every other branch of linguistics we are operating with a Procrustean bed: 'really', 'fully' etc. fit the non-geminated one perfectly, but 'solely', 'cruelly', even 'vilely', etc. come in all shapes and sizes of non-gemination.
I pronounce fully, wholly, and really with degeminated /l/, but shrilly and coolly with geminated /l/. I noticed this when I heard Jim Dale pronouncing them with degeminated /l/ in the Harry Potter audiobooks.
Thanks for the deep and complete analysis of this topic dear John. I have never heard of wholly pronounced with 2 l's always with one though.
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0.999546 |
Are you a transactional attorney interested in a contract job opportunity in Irvine, CA? You will be responsible for drafting, reviewing, redlining, and negotiating international and domestic commercial agreements, including operations, consulting, logistics, procurement, etc.; developing improvements in standard contract templates; assisting with negotiations and RFP responses; performing analysis to combat potential risk and compliance issues; and other tasks as assigned.
|
0.950588 |
Why are Romanians flocking to Spain...?
Their languages are from the same family. In other words, it's easy for Romanians to learn Spanish. Also, it's an easy access country for them in comparison to the options of similar or better quality.
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0.948997 |
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Can You Walk With A Fractured Spine?
A Fractured Spine is a condition in which the bones in the spine which are also known as vertebrae break or collapse. The primary reason behind a Fractured Spine is a forceful trauma such as during a motor vehicle crash or falling from a height on the feet or the buttocks. Trauma from a stab or a gunshot wound to the spine may also result in a Fractured Spine.
There are also certain medical conditions like osteoporosis, which make the bones extremely weak and brittle, and predispose an individual to a fracture of the spine even with slightest of jerks or movements such as when coughing or sneezing. Osteoporosis is seen mainly in females who are above the age of 50.
Degeneration of the spine due to the natural aging process also predisposes an individual to a fractured spine. In some cases, certain forms of cancer like lung or breast cancer make the bones weak and increase the risk factors for a fractured spine. Such fractures are called as pathological fractures as they are caused as a result of an underlying medical condition.
If someone has a Fractured Spine then that individual will have a tough time carrying out activities of daily living or work related activities due to the pain and disability that comes along with a Fractured Spine.
The answer to this question is, yes, an individual can walk with a fractured spine but it will be extremely difficult for the individual to walk without aggravating the symptoms. An individual with a fractured spine will have severe pain in the back which will get worse with any attempts at sitting, standing, or doing any activities.
Walking is one such activity which will make the pain associated with fractured spine worse to such an extent that the patient will have no choice but to sit or lie down. Generally lying down and resting alleviates the symptoms of a fractured spine to some degree. Additionally, the individual will also have problems with bending, twisting, or lifting any object from the floor as a result of a fractured spine.
In conclusion, while an individual may be able to walk with a fractured spine but it will be extremely difficult as doing this activity will cause an aggravation of symptoms especially pain and cause the patient to lie down and rest. Thus, it is highly recommended that an individual should no try to ambulate when diagnosed with a fractured spine.
Can A Fractured Vertebrae Heal On Its Own?
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0.999996 |
p. 58, para 3 Text should read: "For example, in the left panel of Figure 3.2, there are about 20 tracts where the median value (MEDV) is between $5000 and $10,000."
Fig 3.16 caption "blue and orange" should be "light pins"; "red" should be "dark pins"
Figures 4.8-4.11 The first print of the textbook had an error with these four figures. See this PDF file for the correct figures.
p. 98 Sentence should read "High scores on principal component 1 mean that the cereal is low in calories and the amount per bowl, and high in protein and potassium."
p. 98 and 100 End of p.98 should read "as we move from right (bran cereals) to left"; p.100 top should read "middle-left"
Text about ROC diagonal should read: "The comparison curve is the diagonal, which reflects the average performance of a guessing classifier that has no information about the predictors or outcome variable. This guessing classifier guesses that a proportion alpha of the records is 1's and therefore assigns each record an equal probability P(Y=1)=alpha. In this case, on average, a proportion alpha of the 1s will be correctly classified (sensitivity=alpha), and a proportion alpha of the 0s will be correctly classified (1-specificity=alpha). As we increase the cutoff value alpha from 0 to 1, we get the diagonal line Sensitivity = 1-Specificity. Note that the naive rule is one point on this diagonal line, where alpha=proportion of actual 1's.
A common metric to summarize an ROC curve is area under the curve (AUC), which ranges from 1 (perfect discrimination between classes) to 0.5 (no better than random guessing)"
p. 121 box In the box, replace "False-Positive Rate" with "False Discovery Rate", and replace "False-Negative Rate" with "False Omission Rate"
A common metric to summarize an ROC curve is "area under the curve" (AUC), which ranges from 1 (perfect discrimination between classes) to 0.5 (no better than random guessing)"
p. 151, last para The corrected paragraph should read: "The results for stepwise selection can be seen in Figure 6.6. It chooses the same subsets as exhaustive search for subset size of one to 9 predictors. R2-adj is largest at 9 predictors, and Cp also indicates the 9-predictor model is best."
p. 153 Problem 6.1 part (c), ignore the final text "What is the prediction error?"
Table 8.1 (X=1) should be under Prior Legal, (X=0) should be under No Prior Legal and Total should be in the last column.
p. 191 [This is a clarification] Addition: "As with k-nearest-neighbors, a predictor with m categories (m>2) should be factored into m dummies (not m-1). In addition, whether predictors are numerical or categorical, it does not make any difference whether they are standardized (normalized) or not."
Prob 9.3 In parts (a) and (b), replace the instruction "Keep the minimum... least restrictive." to "Set the parameters for the tree so as to produce as deep a tree as possible and obtain scores from this deep tree." In (a)(iv.) change "full tree" to "deep tree".
Prob 9.3(a)iii Due to the software change, replace this problem with "How might we achieve better validation predictive performance at the expense of training performance?"
Prob 9.3(a)iv Replace text with "Create a best pruned tree using the same data partitioning. Compared to the deeper tree, what is the predictive performance on the validation set? and on the training set?"
p. 240 Corrupted word in title is "Profiling"
p. 252 The acceptance score for observation 4 should be "dislike"
p. 285 Sentence should read: "For instance, the no-injury classification score for the first accident in the training set is -24.5+(1.95)(1)+(1.19)(0) +...+ (16.36)(1) = 31.42. The nonfatal score is similarly computed as 30.93, and the fatal score as 25.94.
p. 300, Table 13.3 Voter 1's values for "Flyer" and "Moved_AD" should be 0 for "Flyer" and 1 for "Moved_AD"
p. 304 Problem 13.2 part (a) should read "setting... terminal nodes to 50"
p. 311, Table 14.1 Row 7 should read "red, blue" instead of "white, orange"
p. 344 (top) In Distance Measures for Categorical Data, replace "x_ij's" with "p measurements", and replace n with p in the table and in the Matching coefficient formula.
"cluster 1" should be "cluster 6". "cluster 3" should be "cluster 4"
p. 383 In last sentence, replace "Month" with "Season"
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0.960022 |
There are a variety of different places across the world where you can buy, sell or exchange Crypto. The most popular way to do it though is on a dedicated Cryptocurrency exchange. There are many exchanges now operating across the globe, with a very small number of those accounting for most of the trading in Cryptocurrency.
Some of the biggest exchanges are based in South Korea. South Korea has become a major hub for trading all types of Cryptocurrency for a variety of reasons. The local population has embraced the technology in far greater numbers than anywhere else in the world meaning that exchanges based on South Korea can have a very large effect on prices. This is especially true in the case of Bitcoin.
However even though Cryptos are traded internationally and there are multiple exchanges based around the globe, Bitcoin for example, which can be easily sent across borders, is up to 30% more expensive on exchanges based in South Korea.
In a normal market this price differential would quickly disappear as traders in one market moved their holdings to South Korea and sold them there and vice versa. This would push down the price of Bitcoin on these exchanges to the international average.
This is not happening however. The question that must be asked is why?
The reason that this price difference exists is down to local laws in South Korea. In order for traders based in Korea to sell their Bitcoin on international exchanges they must first change the local currency, the Korean Won, into US dollars.
However, this is not easy to do as local residents and others who wish to move more than $50,000 out of the country in a single year must submit a large amount of documentation to local authorities in order to do so.
This is not the only problem. Transactions with a value that is greater than $10,000 must be highlighted to the local tax authorities too.
Not all market participants may be comfortable with this for various reasons. Thus, there is a huge amount of traders with money to invest who can only invest on exchanges based in South Korea. This causes the price to be much higher than elsewhere.
In addition to the above legal obstacles, it is a slow process to move Bitcoin on the network. In the hour or so that it takes for a transaction to be confirmed, the price of the coin may have swung dramatically leaving an investor holding a potential loss.
For an international trader the higher price in Korea should not have much impact. It may even be a good sign as it could potentially mean that the price you are buying and selling Bitcoin at is more likely to be a more accurate global price.
In the future this price difference will probably disappear but for now, it should not be something that causes too much concern.
However a limited and closed market could experience much greater levels of price volatility. This could in theory spread to other Crypto trading parts of the world.
Again, its the result of unique local circumstances so should be viewed cautiously by those who trade, hold and develop Cryptocurrency.
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0.999875 |
In the past six years, Zoro has grown from a group of 6 people working out of a 2,000 square foot building, offering fewer than 100,000 products to a group of 150+ working out of a 60,000+ square foot building, offering more than 1,800,000 unique products.
Imagine what you could help us achieve as a Data Engineer!
Zoro is seeking a Data Engineer. The Data Engineer develops and maintains data architecture for the company to enable knowledge worker productivity, improve customer experience and business decision making with accurate, timely, and consistent information. The role works with solution and cloud architects, business partners, and external service providers to ensure that new capabilities comply with the data architecture and meet the data needs of the company.
Develop standards, process flows and tools that promote and facilitate the mapping of data sources, documenting interfaces and data movement across the enterprise.
Define governance and best practices around meta-data to ensure an integrated definition of data for enterprise information, and to ensure the accuracy, validity, reusability, and consistent definitions for common reference data.
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0.999999 |
Kentucky is one of the best states to travel around in the spring time. Catch glimpses of breathtaking natural beauty while visiting some of its 49 state parks. You may be surprised to learn that Kentucky State Parks feature a wide range of landscapes, from majestic mountains, to beautiful shorelines, deep caves, and majestic woodlands.
The best way to truly enjoy all of Kentucky’s natural beauty is to spend at least a few days exploring several of the state parks. To make this trip a comfortable and memorable experience for you and your family, an RV trip is a great choice.
Kentucky State Parks cater to those with traveling in RVs by providing 31 campgrounds spread all over the state. These parks offer beautiful locations, and a variety of services to help you make the best of your travel experience.
While visiting Kentucky State Parks why not take a side trip on the Kentucky Bourbon Trail?
This scenic route located between Louisville and Lexington, reflects the state’s signature tradition of creating world class Bourbon. You can view or visit huge distilleries and warehouses as you drive along this trail. The idea behind this trail is to give you a first-hand glimpse into how bourbons are made in Kentucky. Start with the Maker’s Mark Distillery located in Loretto and wind through nine distilleries to get the full experience.
A great place to stay if you want to visit the Kentucky Bourbon Trail is My Old Kentucky Home State Park.
The park offers all the right amenities to make your RV trip a success. It has utility hookups, shower areas, rest rooms and everything else you need to stay comfortably. A grocery store and a laundry are also located nearby for your convenience. The park area is breathtaking with abundant trees, a golf course, museum, outdoor theater and more.
In short, an excellent way to explore the beauty of Kentucky is by taking a trip to this amazing state in your RV.
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0.950381 |
More than a million Brazilians took to the streets of at least 80 Brazilian towns and cities in demonstrations that saw violent clashes and renewed calls for an end to government corruption and demands for better public services.
Riot police battled protesters in at least five cities, with some of the most intense clashes in Rio de Janeiro, where an estimated 300,000 demonstrators swarmed into the city's central area.
An 18-year-old man was killed in Sao Paulo after a car drove through barricades, while television images showed police firing tear gas canisters and rubber bullets into crowds of young men, their faces wrapped in T-shirts.
The scenes prompted president Dilma Rousseff to end her near-silence on the unrest sweeping the country by declaring that 'the voice of the street must be heard and respected'.
Rouseff delivered an address on primetime TV, which saw her pledge to improve public services and hold a dialogue with protest leaders.
She said peaceful demonstrations were part of a strong democracy, but that violence could not be tolerated.
'I'm going to meet with the leaders of the peaceful protests, I want institutions that are more transparent, more resistant to wrongdoing,' Rouseff said in referecence to perceptions of deep corruption in Brazilian politics, which is emerging as a focal point of the protests.
'It's citizenship and not economic power that must be heard first,' she said.
But it remained unclear exactly who could represent the massive and decentralised groups of demonstrators taking to the streets to vent their anger at woeful public services in spite of high taxes.
The President has called off a scheduled visit to Japan to deal with the crisis.
Though offering no details, Rousseff said that her government would create a national plan for public transportation in cities - a hike in bus and subway fares in many cities was the original catalyst for the protests.
She also reiterated her backing for a plan before congress to invest all oil revenue royalties in education and a promise she made earlier to bring in foreign doctors to areas that lack physicians.
The leader, a former Marxist rebel who fought against Brazil's 1964-1985 military regime and was imprisoned for three years and tortured by the junta, pointedly referred to earlier sacrifices made to free the nation from dictatorship.
'My generation fought a lot so that the voice of the streets could be heard,' Rousseff said.
The President had been widely criticised for being all but invisible amid the protests and failing to engage with the people who were demanding her government's attention.
Official estimates suggest that there were more than a million protesters out across the country in total.
Edvaldo Chaves, a 61-year-old doorman in Rio's upscale Flamengo neighborhood, said he found the president's speech yesterday convincing.
'I thought she seemed calm and cool. Plus, because she was a guerrilla and was in exile, she talks about the issue of protests convincingly,' Chaves said.
Others were less sure, including Bruna Romao, an 18-year-old store clerk in Sao Paulo, who said Rousseff's words probably wouldn't have an impact.
Trying to decipher the president's reaction to the unrest had become a national guessing game, especially after some one million anti-government demonstrators took to the streets nationwide on Thursday night to denounce everything from poor public services to the billions of dollars spent preparing for next year's World Cup soccer tournament and the 2016 Olympics in Brazil.
The protests continued yesterday, as about 1,000 people marched in western Rio de Janeiro city, with some looting stores and invading an enormous $250 million arts center that remains empty after several years of construction.
In Brasilia, police struggled to keep hundreds of protesters from invading the Foreign Ministry as protesters lit a small fire outside.
Other government buildings were attacked around the capital's central esplanade, and police resorted to tear gas and rubber bullets in attempts to scatter the crowds.
Clashes were also reported in the Amazon jungle city of Belem, in Porto Alegre in the south, in the university town Campinas, north of Sao Paulo, and in the north-eastern city of Salvador.
The protests took place a week after a violent police crackdown on a much smaller protests in Sao Paulo galvanised Brazilians to take to the streets.
The unrest is hitting the nation as it hosts the Confederations Cup football tournament with tens of thousands of foreign visitors in attendance.
It also comes a month before Pope Francis is scheduled to visit the nation, and ahead of the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics, raising concerns about how Brazilian officials will provide security.
In Salvador, police shot tear gas canisters and rubber bullets to disperse a small crowd of protesters trying to break through a police barrier blocking one of the city's streets.
One woman was injured in her foot. Elsewhere in Salvador 5,000 protesters gathered in Campo Grand Square.
Despite the energy on the street, many protesters said they were unsure how the movement would win real political concessions.
People in the protests have held up signs asking for everything from education reforms to free bus fares while denouncing the billions of public pounds spent on stadiums in advance of the World Cup and the Olympics.
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0.999993 |
Can I borrow from my 401(k) for any reason? Like to pay credit cards, car's loan, or other debts?
Maybe. This is plan specific, so you will have to check with your plan administrator to see if there are any restrictions for use of the funds and if you plan even allows loans at all.
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0.930388 |
Why do people think that putting in more hours = more productivity and sitting extra makes you a more hard working employee?
So in return they're not going to show 'respect' and 'thankfulness' for putting effort into company's competitiveness and profit? If you know what I mean.
my dedication is logarithmic to the amount of respect i get.
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0.973418 |
Ecology is generally spoken of as a new science, having only become prominent in the second half of the 20th Century. More precisely, there is agreement that ecology emerged as a distinct discipline at the turn of the 20th Century, and that it gained public prominence in the 1960s, due to widespread concern for the state of the environment. Nonetheless, ecological thinking at some level has been around for a long time, and the principles of ecology have developed gradually, closely intertwined with the development of other biological disciplines. Thus, one of the first ecologists may have been Aristotle or perhaps his student, Theophrastus, both of whom had interest in many species of animals. Theophrastus described interrelationships between animals and between animals and their environment as early as the 4th century BC (Ramalay, 1940).
Throughout the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the great maritime powers such as Britain, Spain, and Portugal launched many world exploratory expeditions to develop maritime commerce with other countries, and to discover new natural resources, as well as to catalog them. At the beginning of the 18th century, about twenty thousand plant species were known, versus forty thousand at the beginning of the 19th century, and almost 400,000 today.
These expeditions were joined by many scientists, including botanists, such as the German explorer Alexander von Humboldt. Humboldt is often considered a father of ecology. He was the first to take on the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment. He exposed the existing relationships between observed plant species and climate, and described vegetation zones using latitude and altitude, a discipline now known as geobotany.
In 1804, for example, he reported an impressive number of species, particularly plants, for which he sought to explain their geographic distribution with respect to geological data. One of Humboldt's famous works was "Idea for a Plant Geography" (1805).
Other important botanists of the time included Aimé Bonpland.
In 1856, the Park Grass Experiment was established at the Rothamsted Experimental Station to to test the effect of fertilizers and manures on hay yields.
Alfred Russel Wallace, contemporary and competitor to Darwin, was first to propose a "geography" of animal species. Several authors recognized at the time that species were not independent of each other, and grouped them into plant species, animal species, and later into communities of living beings or biocoenosis. The first use of this term is usually attributed to Karl Möbius in 1877, but already in 1825, the French naturalist Adolphe Dureau de la Malle used the term societé about an assemblage of plant individuals of different species.
While Darwin focused exclusively on competition as a selective force, Eugen Warming devised a new discipline that took abiotic factors, that is drought, fire, salt, cold etc., as seriously as biotic factors in the assembly of biotic communities. Biogeography before Warming was largely of descriptive nature - faunistic or floristic. Warming’s aim was, through the study of organism (plant) morphology and anatomy, i.e. adaptation, to explain why a species occurred under a certain set of environmental conditions. Moreover, the goal of the new discipline was to explain why species occupying similar habitats, experiencing similar hazards, would solve problems in similar ways, despite often being of widely different phylogenetic descent. Based on his personal observations in Brazilian cerrado, in Denmark, Norwegian Finnmark and Greenland, Warming gave the first university course in ecological plant geography. Based on his lectures, he wrote the book ‘Plantesamfund’, which was immediate translated to German, Polish and Russian, later to English as ‘Oecology of Plants’. Through its German edition, the book had immense effect on British and North American scientist like Arthur Tansley, Henry Chandler Cowles and Frederic Clements.
It is often held that the roots of scientific ecology may be traced back to Darwin. This contention may look convincing at first glance inasmuch as On the Origin of Species is full of observations and proposed mechanisms that clearly fit within the boundaries of modern ecology (e.g. the cat-to-clover chain – an ecological cascade) and because the term ecology was coined in 1866 by a strong proponent of Darwinism, Ernst Haeckel. However, Darwin never used the word in his writings after this year, not even in his most “ecological” writings such as the foreword to the English edition of Hermann Müller’s The Fertilization of Flowers (1883) or in his own treatise of earthworms and mull formation in forest soils (The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms, 1881). Moreover, the pioneers founding ecology as a scientific discipline, such as Eugen Warming, A. F. W. Schimper, Gaston Bonnier, F.A. Forel, S.A. Forbes and Karl Möbius, made almost no reference to Darwin’s ideas in their works. This was clearly not out of ignorance or because the works of Darwin were not widespread, but because ecology from the beginning was concerned with the relationship between organism morphology and physiology on one side and environment on the other, mainly abiotic environment, hence environmental selection. Darwin’s concept of natural selection on the other hand focused primarily on competition. The mechanisms other than competition that he described, primarily the divergence of character which can reduce competition and his statement that "struggle" as he used it was metaphorical and thus included environmental selection, were given less emphasis in the Origin than competition. Despite most portrayals of Darwin conveying him as a non-aggressive recluse who let others fight his battles, Darwin remained all his life a man nearly obsessed with the ideas of competition, struggle and conquest – with all forms of human contact as confrontation.
Tansley's concept of the ecosystem was adopted by the energetic and influential biology educator Eugene Odum. Along with his brother, Howard Odum, Eugene P. Odum wrote a textbook which (starting in 1953) educated more than one generation of biologists and ecologists in North America.
At the turn of the 20th century, Henry Chandler Cowles was one of the founders of the emerging study of "dynamic ecology", through his study of ecological succession at the Indiana Dunes, sand dunes at the southern end of Lake Michigan. Here Cowles found evidence of ecological succession in the vegetation and the soil with relation to age. Cowles was very much aware of the roots of the concept and of his (primordial) predecessors. Thus, he attributes the first use of the word to the French naturalist Adolphe Dureau de la Malle, who had described the vegetation development after forest clear-felling, and the first comprehensive study of successional processes to the Finnish botanist Ragnar Hult (1885).
Vito Volterra 1860-1940 Independently pioneered mathematical populations models around the same time as Alfred J. Lotka.
Jan Christian Smuts 1870-1950 Coined the term holism in a 1926 book Holism and Evolution.
Friedrich Ratzel 1844-1904 German geographer who first coined the term biogeography in 1891.
The Gaia theory, proposed by James Lovelock, in his work Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, advanced the view that the Earth should be regarded as a single living macro-organism. In particular, it argued that the ensemble of living organisms has jointly evolved an ability to control the global environment — by influencing major physical parameters as the composition of the atmosphere, the evaporation rate, the chemistry of soils and oceans — so as to maintain conditions favorable to life.
This vision was largely a sign of the times, in particular the growing perception after the Second World War that human activities such as nuclear energy, industrialization, pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources, fueled by exponential population growth, were threatening to create catastrophes on a planetary scale. Thus Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis, while controversial among scientists, was embraced by many environmental movements as an inspiring view: their Earth-mother, Gaia, was "becoming sick from humans and their activities".
The history of ecology, however, should not be conflated with that of environmental thought. Ecology as a modern science traces only from Darwin’s publication of Origin of Species and Haeckel’s subsequent naming of the science needed to study Darwin’s theory. Awareness of humankind’s effect on its environment has been traced to Gilbert White in 18th-century Selborne, England. Awareness of nature and its interactions can be traced back even farther in time. Ecology before Darwin, however, is analogous to medicine prior to Pasteur’s discovery of the infectious nature of disease. The history is there, but it is not particularly relevant.
Neither Darwin nor Haeckel, it is true, did self-avowed ecological studies. The same can be said for researchers in a number of fields who contributed to ecological thought well into the 1940s without avowedly being ecologists. Raymond Pearl’s population studies are a case in point. Ecology in subject matter and techniques grew out of studies by botanists and plant geographers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that paradoxically lacked Darwinian evolutionary perspectives. Until Mendel’s studies with peas were rediscovered and melded into the Modern Synthesis , Darwinism suffered in credibility. Many early plant ecologists had a Lamarckian view of inheritance, as did Darwin, at times. Ecological studies of animals and plants, preferably live and in the field, continued apace however.
When the Ecological Society of America (ESA) was chartered in 1915, it already had a conservation perspective. Victor E. Shelford, a leader in the society’s formation, had as one of its goals the preservation of the natural areas that were then the objects of study by ecologists, but were in danger of being degraded by human incursion. Human ecology had also been a visible part of the ESA at its inception, as evident by publications such as: “The Control of Pneumonia and Influenza by the Weather,” “An Overlook of the Relations of Dust to Humanity,” “The Ecological Relations of the Polar Eskimo,” and “City Street Dust and Infectious Diseases,” in early pages of Ecology and Ecological Monographs. The ESA’s second president, Ellsworth Huntington, was a human ecologist. Stephen Forbes, another early president, called for “humanizing” ecology in 1921, since man was clearly the dominant species on the Earth.
This auspicious start actually was the first of a series of fitful progressions and reversions by the new science with regard to conservation. Human ecology necessarily focused on man-influenced environments and their practical problems. Ecologists in general, however, were trying to establish ecology as a basic science, one with enough prestige to make inroads into Ivy League faculties. Disturbed environments, it was thought, would not reveal nature’s secrets.
The tension between pure ecology, seeking to understand and explain, and applied ecology, seeking to describe and repair, came to a head after World War II. Adams again tried to push the ESA into applied areas by having it raise an endowment to promote ecology. He predicted that “a great expansion of ecology” was imminent “because of its integrating tendency.” Ecologists, however, were sensitive to the perception that ecology was still not considered a rigorous, quantitative science. Those who pushed for applied studies and active involvement in conservation were once more discretely rebuffed. Human ecology became subsumed by sociology. It was sociologist Lewis Mumford who brought the ideas of George Perkins Marsh to modern attention in the 1955 conference, “Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth.” That prestigious conclave was dominated by social scientists. At it, ecology was accused of “lacking experimental methods” and neglecting “man as an ecological agent.” One participant dismissed ecology as “archaic and sterile.” Within the ESA, a frustrated Shelford started the Ecologists’ Union when his Committee on Preservation of Natural Conditions ceased to function due to the political infighting over the ESA stance on conservation. In 1950, the fledgling organization was renamed and incorporated as the Nature Conservancy, a name borrowed from the British government agency for the same purpose.
Two events, however, led to changes in ecology’s course away from applied problems. One was the Manhattan Project. It had become the Nuclear Energy Commission after the war. It is now the Department of Energy (DOE). Its ample budget included studies of the impacts of nuclear weapon use and production. That brought ecology to the issue, and it made a “Big Science” of it. Ecosystem science, both basic and applied, began to compete with theoretical ecology (then called evolutionary ecology and also mathematical ecology). Eugene Odum, who published a very popular ecology textbook in 1953, became the champion of the ecosystem. In his publications, Odum called for ecology to have an ecosystem and applied focus.
The second event was the publication of Silent Spring. Rachel Carson’s book brought ecology as a word and concept to the public. Her influence was instant. A study committee, prodded by the publication of the book, reported to the ESA that their science was not ready to take on the responsibility being given to it.
Carson’s concept of ecology was very much that of Gene Odum. As a result, ecosystem science dominated the International Biological Program of the 1960s and 1970s, bringing both money and prestige to ecology. Silent Spring was also the impetus for the environmental protection programs that were started in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations and passed into law just before the first Earth Day. Ecologists’ input was welcomed. Former ESA President Stanley Cain, for example, was appointed an Assistant Secretary in the Department of the Interior.
The environmental assessment requirement of the 1970 National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), “legitimized ecology,” in the words of one environmental lawyer. An ESA President called it “an ecological ‘Magna Carta.’” A prominent Canadian ecologist declared it a “boondoggle.” NEPA and similar state statutes, if nothing else, provided much employment for ecologists. Therein was the issue. Neither ecology nor ecologists were ready for the task. Not enough ecologists were available to work on impact assessment, outside of the DOE laboratories, leading to the rise of “instant ecologists,” having dubious credentials and capabilities. Calls began to arise for the professionalization of ecology. Maverick scientist Frank Egler, in particular, devoted his sharp prose to the task. Again, a schism arose between basic and applied scientists in the ESA, this time exacerbated by the question of environmental advocacy. The controversy, whose history has yet to receive adequate treatment, lasted through the 1970s and 1980s, ending with a voluntary certification process by the ESA, along with lobbying arm in Washington.
Then, in 1997, the dangers the biosphere was facing were recognized from an international point of view at the conference leading to the Kyoto Protocol. In particular, this conference highlighted the increasing dangers of the greenhouse effect -- related to the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to global changes in climate. In Kyoto, most of the world's nations recognized the importance of looking at ecology from a global point of view, on a worldwide scale, and to take into account the impact of humans on the Earth's environment.
^ Coleman, W. (1986) Evolution into ecology? The strategy of Warming’s ecological plant geography. Journal of the History of Biology, 19(2), 181-196.
^ Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species (1st ed.). London: John Murray. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=16.
^ Futuyma, D. J. (2005). The Nature of Natural Selection. Ch. 8, pages 93-98 in Cracraft, J. and Bybee R. W. (Eds.) Evolutionary Science and Society: Educating a New Generation. American Institute of Biological Sciences.
^ a b Baker, H. G. (1966). "Resoning about adaptations in ecosystems". BioScience 16 (1): 35–37. http://www.jstor.org/pss/1293551.
^ Nyhart, L. K. (1998). "Civic and Economic Zoology in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The "Living Communities" of Karl Mobius". Isis 89 (4): 605–630. http://www.jstor.org/pss/236735.
^ Coleman, W. (1986). "Evolution into ecology? The strategy of warming's ecological plant geography". Journal of the History of Biology 19 (2): 181–196. http://www.springerlink.com/content/l620506185326641/.
^ Forbes, S. (1887). "The lake as a microcosm". Bull. of the Scientific Association (Peoria, IL : .): 77–87. http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/ciencias/scasado/documentos/Forbes.PDF.
^ Forbes, S. A. (1915). "The ecological foundations of applied entomology". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 8 (1): 1–19. http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/ciencias/scasado/documentos/Forbes.PDF.
^ Cohen, J. E. (1987). "LOTKA, ALFRED JAMES (1880-1949)". in Eatwell, J.; Newman, P.. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. New York: Stockton Press. pp. 245-247. http://www.rockefeller.edu/labheads/cohenje/PDFs/147LotkaNewPalgraveDictEconTheoryDoct1987.pdf.
^ Volterra, V. (1926). "Fluctuations in the Abundance of a Species considered Mathematically". Nature 118: 558-560. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v118/n2972/abs/118558a0.html.
^ a b c Kingsland, S. E. (1994). "Review: The History of Ecology". Journal of the History of Biology 27 (2): 349–357. http://www.springerlink.com/content/m51188130814962k/.
^ a b Simberloff, D. (1980). "A succession of paradigms in ecology: Essentialism to materialism and probalism.". Synthese 43 (1980) 3-39: 3–39.
^ Berryman, A. A. (1992). "The Orgins and Evolution of Predator-Prey Theory". Ecology 73 (5): 1530-1535. http://entomology.wsu.edu/profiles/06BerrymanWeb/Berryman%2892%29Origins.pdf.
^ W. C. Allee, Alfred E. Emerson, Orlando Park, Thomas Park, and Karl P. Schmidt, Principles of Animal Ecology (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1949).
^ Julian S. Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (London: Allen and Unwin, 1942).
^ Sharon E. Kingsland, The Evolution of American Ecology: 1890-2000 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).
^ a b Robert A. Coker, Pioneer Ecologist: The Life and Work of Victor Ernest Shelford, 1877-1968 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991).
^ Victor E. Shelford, “The Ideals and Aims of the Ecological Society of America,” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 1 (1917): 1-2.
^ Stephen A. Forbes, “The Humanizing of Ecology,” Ecology 3 (1922): 89-92.
^ Charles C. Adams, “The Relation of General Ecology to Human Ecology,” Ecology 16 (1935): 316-335.
^ Frederic E. Clements, “Experimental Ecology in the Public Service,” Ecology 16 (1935): 342-63.
^ Paul B. Sears, Deserts on the March (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935).
^ Chas. C. Adams, “First Report of the committee of the Ecological Society of America for an Endowment Policy and Program,” November 29, 1947.
^ William L. Thomas, Jr., ed., Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956).
^ Donald Worster, Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
^ Joel B. Hagen, An Entangled Bank, The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1992).
^ (William Dritschilo, Earth Days: Ecology Comes of Age as a Science (iUniverse, 2004).
^ Richard S. Miller, “Summary Report of the Ecological Study Committee with Recommendations for the Future of Ecology and the Ecological Society of America,” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 46 (1965): 61-81.
^ W. Frank Blair, Big Biology: The US/IBP (Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, 1977).
^ Chunglin Kwa, “Representations of Nature Mediating between Ecology and Science Policy: The Case of the International Biological Programme,” Social Studies of Science (1987): 413-42.
^ James W. Curlin, “Courts, Ecology, and Environmental Planning,” Ecology (1972): 373-4.
^ Stanley I. Auerbach, “Ecology, Ecologists and the E.S.A.,” Ecology (1972): 205-7.
^ D. W. Schindler, “The Impact Statement Boondoggle,” Science (1976): 509.
^ Virginia H. Dale, Gary W. Barrett, Alan T. Carpenter, C. Ross Hinkle, William J. Mitsch, and Louis F. Pitelka, “ESA’s Professional Certification Program: Let’s Make It Work,” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 81 (2000): 255-7.
^ Glen W. Suter, “Ecosystem Theory and NEPA Assessment,” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 62 (1981) pp. 186-92.
^ Daniel S. Simberloff, “A Succession of Paradigms in Ecology: Essentialism to Materialism to Probabilism,” Synthese 43 (1980): 3-39.
^ Robert Henry Peters, “Tautology in Evolution and Ecology,” The American Naturalist 110 (1976): 1-12.
^ Robert Henry Peters, A Critique for Ecology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
^ Daniel S. Simberloff and Lawrence G. Abele, “Island Biogeography Theory and Conservation Practice,” Science 191 (1976) pp. 285-6.
^ Alston Chase, In a Dark Wood: The Fight Over Forests and the Rising Tyranny of Ecology (Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 1995).
^ David Takacs, The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1996.
Humboldt, A. von. 1805. Essai sur la géographie des plantes, accompagné d’un tableau physique des régions équinoxiales, fondé sur les mésures exécutées, depuis le dixième degré de latitude boréale jusqu’au dixième degré de latitude australe, pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, et 1903 par A. De Humboldt et A. Bonpland. Paris: Chez Levrault, Schoelle et Cie. Sherborn Fund Facsimile No.1.
_______. 1805. Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland. Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent. 5e partie. “Essai sur la géographie des plantes”. Paris. Facs intégral de l’édition Paris 1905-1834 par Amsterdam: Theatrum orbis terrarum Ltd., 1973.
_______. 1807. Essai sur la géographie des plantes. Facs.ed. London 1959. His essay on “On Isothermal Lines” was published serially in English translation in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal from 1820 to 1822.
Ramalay, Francis. 1940. The growth of a science. Univ. Colorado Stud., 26: 3-14.
Egerton, Frank N. 1977. History of American Ecology. New York: Arno Press.
Egerton, Frank N. 1983. The history of ecology: achievements and opportunities; Part one. Journal of the History of Biology, 16 (2): 259-310.
Hagen, Joel B. 1992. An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Kingsland, Sharon E. 1995. Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McIntosh, Robert P. 1985. The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mitman, Gregg. 1992. The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900-1950.
Real, Leslie A. and James H. Brown, editors. 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentary. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tobey, Ronald C. 1981. Saving the Prairies: The Life Cycle of the Founding School of American Plant Ecology, 1895-1955. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Weiner, Doug. 2000. Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Worster, Donald. 1994. Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas, 2nd ed. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
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There was a buffalo on a farm. The buffalo was slaughtered and then put and a package and sent to people who like the taste of slaughtered, chemical filled buffalo. In other words, people who like buffalo wings.
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create the best possible experience for your customer.
Take a look at your site with fresh eyes - This is important because as somebody who manages an eCommerce site, you live and breathe that environment, which can make it hard to see what your customer is seeing. Ideally, a UX expert would be able to offer a different perspective on how to best target your customer.
Uncovering kinks in the pipeline that can cost you - These can be as small as a button that is not working, or a pop up that is causing friction and blocking key elements on a page, but these mistakes can be expensive, and could be causing your conversion rate to sink.
Discover ways to optimize key flows - The way your customer navigates the site is very important. Identifying that path - or flow, is imperative to maximize your conversion. Finding a way to improve upon a current flow can yield great results.
Ensuring that your checkout is working and not creating any friction - One of the key touch points on any eCommerce site is your checkout. Any friction in this process can cause a customer to be frustrated or feel that the site is not trustworthy. This in turn can cause them to leave - or bounce.
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Research Methodology. Research Methodology can be defined as the process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions. The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical information.
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0.934051 |
There is a phenomenon in African politics called the preponderance of incumbency. Simply put, it maintains that it is difficult to defeat an incumbent president in an election because they control the state institutions, which they can use to retain power. Consequently, only in Zambia, where presidents Kenneth Kaunda and Rupiah Banda lost in the 1991 and 2011 respectively, is there an established record of incumbents losing to an opposition challenger.
Many analysts have blamed this for Robert Mugabe's latest victory in Zimbabwe's presidential election, and his Zanu-PF party securing a two-thirds majority in parliament.
Morgan Tsvangirai, Mugabe's main challenger and the outgoing prime minister, has described the result "null and void". Tsvangirai maintains that his crushing election defeat was the result of rigging by the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) and the registrar general's office, which manages the voters roll.
Tsvangirai and his MDC-T party went into a power-sharing government in 2009 hoping to reform various institutional reforms so as to nullify this preponderance of incumbency in Zimbabwe. Mugabe's party certainly obstructed and subverted the implementation of such reforms – anything other than this would have been political suicide.
But to say that the preponderance of incumbency continued in the latest election entirely because of Zanu-PF's obstruction and subversion of reforms would be incomplete.
Tsvangirai's party lost sight of the need for rapid and comprehensive institutional reforms in the early years of power-sharing. It expended most of its energies in fighting for appointments to the ministry of agriculture, attorney general, the central and provincial governors. By the time it refocused on institutional reforms, the period to elections had shortened significantly. There was little time, energy and external goodwill left for the MDC-T to pursue what should have been its main pursuits from the beginning.
However, the MDC-T from early on sought to reform one particular institution: the military, which it saw as having blocked its ascent to power in the 2008 election. According to Tsvangirai, Zimbabwe underwent a "de facto coup d'état" in 2008 and was now run by "a military junta", making security sector reform necessary. But the MDC-T's pursuit of this reform was based on a misunderstanding of the military's relationship with Zanu-PF. The military does not and never has ruled Zimbabwe; the MDC-T has never presented evidence to the contrary, despite its passionate claims.
Mugabe wields effective control of the military because of his power as commander in chief. Zimbabwe's liberation history also shapes the relationships of civilian and military elites in a manner that maintains the former's control over the latter. The MDC-T's mistaken focus on the perceived lack of civilian authority over the military resulted in it needlessly haranguing and antagonising military generals with no real political power. The MDC-T's efforts would have been better spent trying to improve its ideological appeal to the military.
I followed the election contest closely throughout July and had unique access to some of the individuals involved in the campaigns. The Zanu-PF campaign was run by a network of party officials, youth and retired military officers who fought in Zimbabwe's liberation war. The party's commissariat department was an important nerve centre in its campaign and had as its principal directors the retired air vice-marshal Henry Muchena and the former director internal of the Zimbabwean intelligence service Sydney Nyanungo. On one of my visits to Nyanungo, I found him and Muchena making plans for a campaign rally by the vice-president, Joice Mujuru, in Binga. She was going to there to campaign on behalf of Mugabe.
Why did you guys retire to work for the party, what is in it for you, I asked. Nyanungo rolled up the sleeve on his left arm to reveal a deep scar and burn marks, and answered: "I operated the anti-aircraft equipment in the 1977 Rhodesian attack on our Chimoio camp during the liberation war. I almost died during that attack. I cannot allow this country to go to people [the MDC] who do not connect to that liberation legacy. That is why I came back to the party. I am not even paid to do this job. It is my duty."
There was a greater sense of unity, purpose and discipline in the Zanu-PF campaign than in the MDC-T one. For instance, 29 members of the MDC-T who were disgruntled with the manner the party's primaries were conducted defied the leadership and ran as independents. Only three disaffected Zanu-PF candidates did likewise. MDC-T divisions were particularly stark in Manicaland province, where imposition of parliamentary candidates by Tsvangirai resulted in a serious rift between him and the provincial executive. Manicaland – unlike in 2008 — voted for Zanu-PF this time.
All opinion polls on the likely outcome of the 2013 election demonstrated a rise in Zanu-PF support while that of the MDC-T was shown to be declining.
A largely unstated factor so far in debates about how Zanu-PF won this election is that for the first time in years the MDC-T ran a less effective campaign because of financial constraints. As MDC-T insiders have revealed to me, the party's traditional western backers were not as forthcoming with financial support as they were in 2008. During the campaigns Tsvangirai publicly criticised the west for giving up on removing Mugabe from power in preference for eventual accommodation with the Zimbabwean president. The west has been unequivocal in its public condemnation of Zanu-PF's victory but in the coming weeks it must answer hard questions about why it abandoned the MDC-T financially prior the election.
Zimbabwe is largely calm and peaceful in the aftermath of the election. But debate about the result is continuing behind closed doors. I have been part of furious debates among Harare's middle-class intellectuals. A clear fissure has emerged between those who maintain that Mugabe's election win is entirely down to the preponderance of incumbency and those who argue that this does not tell the whole story. I'm one of this latter group, who take the view that a multiplicity of factors converged to ensure Mugabe's election win last week. The challenge in the coming days is for these intellectuals and indeed the MDC-T to produce hard evidence demonstrating that Zanu-PF's victory is explained by rigging alone.
Even in the MDC-T there is no consensus that rigging was to blame. Some of its senior party officials have quietly sent messages to Zanu-PF conceding defeat and making clear their public pronouncements to the contrary are a means of managing disillusioned supporters. Some of the leadership of the smaller MDC party, which broke away from Tsvangirai's group in 2005, have even broken ranks. Paul Temba Nyathi, for example, states: "I got a feeling that Gwanda North [my constituency] was unwinnable. People who used to come to our rallies and support us suddenly could not look me in the eye. They started vacillating. We had a free and fair contest, everyone was free to canvass and the vote was peaceful in Gwanda North. Hand on heart, I think Zanu-PF beat us fair and square. There is something that made people to fall in love with Zanu-PF again."
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If that is the case, how does Twitter know just the right post from people you have not followed to show to you? Are those posts random? Far from it, those posts are not random. In fact Twitter implies that those posts are shown to you because they feel you might be interested in them.
Invariably they are saying that they know what you are interested in.
STEP 1: Log into your Twitter account and then visit your Info page.
If you are on mobile, you will have to tap on Settings and privacy from the navigation drawer, then tap on Account.
STEP 2: Click on Your Twitter Data from the left sidebar menu.
On mobile, from the Account page, scroll down and tap on Your Twitter Data.
STEP 3: On desktop, scroll down to Interests and ads data section and then click on Inferred interests from Twitter.
On mobile, tap on Interests and ads data then Inferred interest from Twitter.
You can simply click >>> HERE <<< then type in your password in the next page to login.
From the Inferred interests from Twitter page, you will see all the topics that Twitter thinks you are interested in.
You will also notice that there is a check box next to each topic. This is so that if you see a topic that is incorrect, then you can uncheck (telling Twitter that they are wrong and that the topic is not of interest to you).
As of now though, you cannot add new topics to the list, you can only unlike a topic in the list that is not of your interest.
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Rates, damned rates and statistics!
There's no real definition of a low interest loan; because so many other factors: intervene: perhaps convenient repayments or a repayment holiday, or benefits in kind. Either way, for a low interest rate, look at the APR, and be sure to add on any payment protection insurance for a true assessment of the cost.
In an ideal world, loans would be clear cut- the one with the lowest quoted rate would be the one to go for. But we don't live in an ideal world. For starters, the lowest quoted rate might be introductory- what matters is the APR (Annual Percentage Rate, usually in brackets), which is a rate including all charges you might have to pay across the entire term of the loan. It's the best judge of whether a loan can really be called a low interest loan.
Then, don't forget to bolt on a premium insurance package if you're borrowing for any length of time, or if you have any reason to be worried about your future ability to pay. And let's remember the fact that the interest rate quoted on-site isn't necessarily the one you'll be offered. The process of credit scoring means that as an individual (especially with banks- the supermarkets are less cagey) you will be offered a rate matched to your circumstances- and that rate may be a good bit higher than the "best" rate shown in promotional literature. So what looks like a low interest loan when quoted in the literature might be beatable.
So now you have a whole raft of reasons to not trust the numbers, and to shop around. There are low interest loan products; and there are deals on offer that beat other deals- but you will have to put some effort in- and don't be afraid to apply for loans and then not sign the papers; that's often the best way to find the exact figure you're expected to pay.
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0.996205 |
The company outperformed expectations across the board.
What: Shares of connected home technology company Alarm.com (NASDAQ:ALRM) soared as much as 27.9% on Friday after the company announced better-than-expected quarterly results and guidance. Shares are up about 26% at the time of this writing.
So what: For Alarm.com's fourth quarter, the company reported revenue and non-GAAP EPS of $57 million and $0.14, respectively. The quarter's revenue represented 25% year-over-year growth, and EPS worsened compared to Alarm.com's year-ago EPS of $0.34. Analysts, on average, were expecting the company to report revenue and non-GAAP EPS of $47 million and $0.01. So, the results were well ahead of expectations.
For 2016, Alarm.com management guided for total revenue of $236 million to $239.5 million and non-GAAP EPS $0.46 to $0.48, respectively. Analysts, on average, were expecting 2016 revenue and EPS of $232 million and $0.16, below management's guidance.
Now what: Alarm.com CEO Steve Trundle said in Alarm.com's fourth-quarter press release the company's fourth-quarter and full-year results positioned it well for 2016. Further, he noted the company's "service provider partners continued to see strong demand" for its interactive services it enables in North America "and increasingly abroad."
Alarm.com's guidance for about 14% year-over-year revenue growth in 2016 reflects management's optimism about the company's growth prospects.
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petition: Stop Australia's Live Export Trade!
Stop Australia's Live Export Trade!
Australians made their voices heard this weekend. Thousands flocked in various regional capitals to demand a ban on the nation's highly profitable live export trade.
Australia exports millions of sheep and cattle every year. Most cattle go to Indonesia, where many die while in transit from heat, thirst, suffocation, and other such causes. Additionally, animals show signs of consciousness while they are being dismembered. As a result of a recent expose, Australia temporarily halted all live exports to several Indonesian slaughterhouses earlier this summer; however, trade has since resumed.
On Thursday August 18 Australia's Parliament lifted the ban that temporarily end the live trade. Sign this petition and tell the Australian government to permanently end this cruel trade.
I am writing in regards to Parliament's planned vote on the live export trade next Thursday. Now that the eyes of the world have been opened to the horrific treatment these animals face both en route and at their final destinations, it is absolutely inexcusable that Australia continue to condone such practices by trading live cattle with certain nations, including Indonesia.
Over 6.5 million cattle have been shipped to Indonesia to be slaughtered in the past twenty years. It is impossible to support this trade and also reject animal cruelty, and it is unethical to send these animals to countries where there are no laws to protect them from horrible mistreatment. Stay on the right side of history and vote to end this dispicable practice.
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The Constitutional Convention took place from May 25 through September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, PA to address concerns in governing the United States, which up this point had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from England. The Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one.
The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the United States history.
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Baroque music began to develop in the early 1600 under the composition of Vivaldi, Bach, and Handel. Originally descending from Renaissance music, Baroque style used more elaborate and complex musical themes with substantial changes brought to the musical notation that required performers to become highly proficient in their skills.
Although Baroque music was characterised by articulations, accents and dynamics, the proficiency of the performer can be clearly noted in double-dotting. This process implied the extension of a note by one half, and provided the initial written piece a degree of exhilaration which could have not been achieved by simply performing the piece as it was written. In some cases, the compositor would add the double-dotting on to the musical sheet, yet in other circumstances it was left to the performer to add the double-dotting through his interpretation. Nevertheless, interpreters were not to distort the poetry of their songs in order to fit the musical notation, but rather to adjust the notation in order to fit properly with the words. In a performance group, the singers would thus also perform a translation of the musical notation into correct speech patterns that the instrumentalists were to follow with their performance.
The early Baroque period can be regarded as a time of experimentation, where the early concepts of toccata, sonata, concerto, suite, fugue, and prelude emerged. Contrasting rangers, tempo and tone colour from this period set the base of the modern tonality. By 1690-1750, the initial tonality of the Baroque music generated substantial formal patterns such as the ritornello form in concerto and the grand da capo aria. The Baroque period was thus strongly characterised by changes brought to musical notation and the development of new instrumental playing techniques which further contributed to the expanding complexity range, and size of the instrumental performance. This made possible the establishment of opera as a musical gender during the Baroque period. Changing the idea of notes with chords during this time became one of the basic ideas in musical notation.
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I am booked on the the Croatia and Makarska Riviera holiday departing on 17th May from Gatwick and was wondered how many people and age range that are going on this trip?
Sure There are 28 people on this trip, 5 men and 23 women. Their ages range mid 40s to early 80s.
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To begin today's installment in The Racquetball Blog instruction series, riddle me this, Racquetball Blog Readers, how many serves are you comfortable with? Ron Brown, one of Canada's National Team coaches, believes many intermediate players have only one or two serves they're comfortable with, and that's not enough.
"You need to have plan B, C, D and E," for serving says Brown, so players should have "four or five effective serves, rather than one or two pet serves."
Brown advises developing serves that "you can count on in any situation." Obviously, if you're playing with two serves rather than one, you can be more aggressive on the first serve. But your second serve in those situations shouldn't be a weak lob you have little confidence in that you hit only on second serve just because you're afraid to fault with anything else.
The time to develop these serves is in your regular, recreational games. Brown suggests making a rule with yourself - the person you're playing with needn't know - that you're only going to hit drive serves to the right, say, for one game. Then pick another serve to work on for the next game.
Alternatively, "say you can't hit the same serve twice in a row," suggests Brown, or "use a rotation of serves." You might hit a drive, then a lob, then a Z, all to the right side, and then do those serves to the left, rotating through those 6 serves regardless of what the rally outcome is.
In tournament play, Brown suggests changing serve "if your serve has been ineffective twice in a row." Thus, if your opponent has made two consecutive winning returns of a particular serve, it's time for something different.
Note, that you needn't give up on a serve after one great return by your opponent, because that great return might have been a fluke.
Brown likens serving in racquetball to pitching in baseball. A batter may be fooled by a pitcher's fast ball for awhile, but the batter's likely to catch on to it eventually. And the pitcher may tire out from bringing the heat all the time, so it's in the pitcher's best interest to vary what he's serving up to the batter.
All good pitcher's have a variety of pitches they're comfortable with, and they move those pitches around in the strike zone, giving the batter several different looks. That's what racquetball players need to do with their serves.
There are many serve possibilities: drive, lob, Z, half lob, jam, to the left or to the right. Then add in the variation of standing in different spots in the service box as well as hitting a serve backhand, and you get a very large number of possibilities, if not an infinite number of possibilities.
That said, if you find a serve that's giving your opponent fits in a tournament match, keep doing it until he or she figures it out. But be prepared for your opponent to figure it out. You'll be in trouble in situations where your opponent is returning your one or two pet serves well, and you have no other serve to go to.
If you can develop two more serves you're comfortable with this summer, then you'll be winning matches this fall that you were losing in the spring.
The USA Racquetball Junior Olympic Championships - their Junior Nationals - wrapped up on Sunday in East Lansing, Michigan. One hundred and eighty-five players participated, and there have been some upsets - more on the boys' side than the girls'. We're going to highlight the 14 & under and up divisions, as those are the players who were shooting for spots on the US Junior National Team that will compete at the IRF World Junior Championships in the Dominican Republic this December.
The number 1 seeds won all of those National team divisions, except one, and in that one, the number 1 seed lost in the semi-finals.
On the boys' side, Jose Rojas led the charge from Stockton, California, as he won the 18 and under championship, defeating third seed Taylor Knoth in the final, 15-11, 15-11. Rojas also won the doubles crown with partner Jose Serrano, defeating Bradley Kirch and John-Craig Chisholm in the final.
Marco Rojas, Jose's brother, won the 16 and under division, as he beat Jose Diaz, 15-8, 8-15, 11-8, in an all Stockton, Califonia final. This was the only final that did not feature a #1 seed, as Diaz - the 4th seed - beat the top seed Nick Montalbano in the semi-finals. Marco Rojas was seeded 2nd.
Rojas and Diaz teamed up for 16 & under doubles, but surprisingly did not win the division, or were even in the final, as they lost to Dylan Reid and Joseph Lee in the semi-finals. Montalbano and Joshua Hungerford then beat Reid and Lee in the final, while Rojas and Diaz took the third place match.
Zachary Wertz won the Boy's 14 and under final, which featured no players from Stockton, defeating Sam Reid, 15-9, 15-10. Wertz also won the 14 & under doubles title, teaming up with Adam Manilla to defeat Nicholas Riffel and Sam Reid, 15-10, 15-1.
In girls play, all three #1 seeds won their divisions in 14, 16 and 18 and under. Sheryl Lotts won the 18 and under title, defeating Danielle Key in the final, 15-10, 13-15, 11-7. Aubrey O'brien defeated second seed Devon Pimentelli, 15-11, 15-10, to win the Girls 16 and under title.
Finally, in Girl's 14 & under, top seed Kelani Bailey defeated third seed Samantha Simmons, 15-8, 14-15, 11-4, final. But the surprise in that division was Mercedes Arias, who was seeded 7th, but finished 3rd by defeating 4th seed Abbey Lavely in the third place playoff. Earlier she defeated second seed Sabrina Viscuso in the quarter finals, but lost to Simmons in the semis.
In girls' doubles, O'brien and Key teamed up to take the 18 and under title, while Jessica Munoz and Amanda Lindsay were a surprise winner in 16 and under as they were the lowest seeded team in the Round Robin playoff. Bailey won a second title: the 14 & under doubles crown with Abbey Lavely.
The USA Racquetball Junior Olympic Championships - their Junior Nationals - are currently underway in East Lansing, Michigan. The results are mostly according to form, and we'll report the champions here for you Sunday. But there is something shocking about what's happening in Michigan.
One hundred and eighty-five players are participating, and that's a nice figure. But the shocking thing is only 37 of the 185 players, or 20%, are girls. None of the girls singles divisions have more than 9 players! We're stunned by how low those numbers are.
In the Canadian Junior Nationals, there were 44 girls of 131 players (34%). In the girls 12 and under division there were 15 players at the Canadian Nationals, almost twice as many the 8 girls playing that division in Michigan.
Those looking out for the future of USA women's racquetball should be concerned that there are so few teen girls playing competitively, because all your future champions will have played when they were teens. Having a small pool of players at the teenage level does not bode well for creating excellent adult players in 5 to 10 years.
Look at where the Junior World Champions are coming from. For the last 5 years in the girls World Cup divisions (14 and under, 16 and under, & 18 and under) only 3 of the 15 champions have been American. That's a worrying statistic for an American coach, although at least those three titles have been earned by three different players: Danielle Key, Michelle Key and Ashley Willhite.
It may seem some American women like Cheryl Gudinas Holmes and Jackie Paraiso can win forever, but we know they can't. Other players have to come along and replace them.
But there are disturbingly few American girls trying to do so.
Today in our instruction series for the intermediate player, The Racquetball Blog talked to Darrin Schenck, coach of the Arizona State University (ASU) racquetball team, former top 20 player on the International Racquetball Tour (IRT), and author of Racquetball 101 and Percentage Racquetball both available through his website www.rbguru.com and Amazon.com. He stressed the importance of footwork.
"All racquet sports begin with footwork," says Schenck, so he suggests racquetball is "80% footwork."
"Many people run at the ball, and get too close to it," according to Schenck, which means they are unable to properly execute the nice level swings that they've practiced. He coaches players to approach the ball correctly, so that they can take their shot from the right position.
Schneck likens the forehand swing to hitting a baseball. Your feet are shoulder width apart; you stride into the ball such that you are parallel to the side wall. Your lead foot should be at 45 degrees pointing toward the front corner of the side wall you're facing.
"Swing from the bottom up," says Schenck. Thus, the swing begins with the feet, and then flows through your body - the legs, the hips, the torso, the shoulders, the arm, the wrist, the hand, and finally the racquet.
He coaches players to pull through the swing with the opposite side of the body to their racquet hand. So, a right handed player should pull through with the left side of her body, and vice versa for a left handed player. You shouldn't be using just your arm.
For intermediate players, getting the upper body into the swing is a big accomplishment. With advanced players, Schenck tries to get them to turn their hips into the swing before the shoulders, as this will generate more power. But this "is hard and requires good flexibility," according to him, and not every player has that flexibility, so players need to work up to that level.
One difference in Schenck's footwork philosophy is to be slightly off centre when the ball is in the back court.
For example, if the ball is in the back left corner, he advocates being a step to the right from the centre court position. His rationale for this is that it will put you in better position to hit either a cross court shot, which should come right at you, or a loose side wall-front wall shot, which should also come right over to where you are.
You'll be better positioned, according to Schenck, because it will be easier to step parallel to the right wall to take your forehand swing. By positioning yourself right in centre court, people often take "a cross over step that results in poor foot position, and limits the choices you have for your shot," according to Schenck.
It might sound like you're putting yourself out of position if your opponent hits a down the line shot, but Schenck feels you should still be able to make a play on a good down the line shot, perhaps with a ceiling ball, and loose down the line shots that come off the side wall will not be a problem, as they'll be coming in the middle. A great down the line shot is going to be a problem regardless of where you are positioned.
These are some of the techniques that Schenck's used to coach the ASU women's team to an intercollegiate national championship and the ASU team to 2nd place overall in 2007 and in 2008 the ASU women to a second place finish and a 6th place finish overall. The ASU team has no scholarship players, so they have to improve the players they have, and improving their footwork is 80% of the battle.
Last week, The Racquetball Blog asked you which of 5 women's pro players had won the most tournaments in their careers: Heather McKay, Jackie Paraiso, Rhonda Rajsich, Christie Van Hees or Shannon Wright.
Twenty-one people responded to the quiz, and their responses were divided relatively evenly between the five players with each player receiving at least three votes, and McKay getting the most at 6 followed by Wright at 5.
Paraiso has played in the most finals (43), but she hasn't won the most finals. Paraiso won 18 of those 43 finals (a 42% winning percentage).
Rajsich and Van Hees both have winning records when they reach the finals, but again neither of them has won the most. Rajsich has won 18 of her 33 finals appearances (55%), and Van Hees 15 of 26 (58%).
McKay's racquetball record is very impressive (18 wins in 37 finals, 49%), especially considering she didn't play racquetball until her late 30s. Her squash record is unbelievable, as she lost two (yes, 2!) competitive matches in a career that spanned over 20 years; no, we're not making that up; you can't make stuff like that up!
Shannon Wright, though, is the answer to our quiz question. Wright won 19 professional tournaments in her career, and was in the finals six other times (76%). In the late 1970s, Wright was the successor to Peggy Steding, racquetball's first great woman player. Steding, like McKay, began playing racquetball relatively late in her life, so when their rivalry began, Steding was giving up two decades to Wright.
So, in order it's Wright with 19 wins, McKay, Paraiso, and Rajsich all with 18 wins each, and Van Hees with 15 wins. These women are, respectively, the fourth through eighth winningest women's racquetball players of all time.
But their totals are well behind the three winningest players: Cheryl Gudinas Holmes has won 38 tournaments, Michelle Gould (Gilman) 41, and Lynn Adams is the winningest women's player in racquetball history with 43 tournament titles to her name.
But more about those three players another time.
Note: these records are the best The Racquetball Blog has now, but we don't have complete records, so these stats may not be entirely accurate. If you can help us with completing the record of women's pro racquetball results, please contact The Racquetball Blog via theracquetballblog AT gmail.com.
We'd like to send a shout out to the 116 participants in the 2009 International Racquetball Federation (IRF) World Senior Doubles Championships in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada this past weekend. This was the largest World Senior Doubles event ever. The previous participation high was 65 players in Mexico in 2008. There were 27 players from the USA, 7 from Guatemala, 1 from Mexico, and 81 from the host country.
Gary Mazaroff and Cheryl McKeeman organized the tournament: Mazaroff at the IRF level and McKeeman at the local level. McKeeman told us there was an "amazing level of play" with some "awesome racquetball."
She also thought it was great that the Guatemalans came to play, as they were very social with all the other players. McKeeman was so keen on the Guatemalans that she said "I would go to Guatemala to play."
Special notice for Vicki Panzeri, who won women's 40+ with partner Yuni Cobb, and in doing so gave up only 14 points across 12 games (each game to 11) including five donuts. She also won 45+ mixed doubles with partner Rick Howick, who also won the 40+ mixed with Cobb.
Panzeri, who played college basketball at Western Washington State, was a women's pro player on that tour in the 1980s reaching the finals 5 times and winning once in the 1984-85 season.
Hey Racquetball Blog readers, we've got a little quiz for you listed in the right sidebar. It's developed out of our research into past results from the women's pro tour, which has been called various things over the years - WIRT, LPRA, WPRO, etc.
We've done a count of tournament winners, and we're asking you to try to identify which the five players listed - Heather McKay, Jackie Paraiso, Rhonda Rajsich, Christie Van Hees, and Shannon Wright - won the most pro tournaments.
McKay and Wright are players from the 70s and early 80s. McKay was an Australian living in Canada, who had considerable success playing squash, and switched over to racquetball because it was more lucrative. Wright was the primary successor to Peggy Steding, who was the first dominant women's racquetball player.
The other three players, all former #1 players, are still active, although Paraiso and Van Hees less so.
But which of these 5 has won the most tournaments in her impressive career?
We'll tell you later this week. For now, we'll say that it's close, and they've all won more than 10 tournaments.
In the second of our series on improving your racquetball skills, The Racquetball Blog talked to Jo Shattuck of the Racquetball Academy (www.racquetballacademy.com) and a top 10 women's professional player. We asked her what she would tell a player at the C or B level, who's played some tournaments, and is looking to improve. That is, your intermediate recreational player.
In instructing players, Shattuck talks about what you do at the ball and what you do away from the ball. She finds people learn the at the ball skills much sooner, because they're the "fun stuff," and the away from the ball skills are "very neglected."
Away from the ball skills are about court positioning. Shattuck sees players often watching the ball or simply waiting after they've hit it, as if there's nothing to do until their opponent hits the ball. But there is!
You need to move back to centre court, and Shattuck's guideline is that you want to get to centre court before your shot is going to take a second bounce. Doing so should result in you being in the centre court position prior to your opponent hitting the ball.
Centre court is not the absolute centre of the 40 foot by 20 foot floor space, but rather can be identified by the intersection of two imaginary diagonal lines. One running from where the front of service box meets the right side wall to the back left corner, and the other running from the front of the service box and left wall to the back right corner. This intersection is in the middle of the court, slightly behind the dashed service reception line.
But you shouldn't blindly go to centre court, because "that could be a safety concern," according to Shattuck, as you could be moving into the path of your opponent's shot or swing. You want to think about your movement, not react without thinking.
What should you be thinking about? "Look for your opponent's windows to hit the ball," says Shattuck, as reading those windows will give you a sense of what your opponent's going to do next.
Some shots produce larger windows to hit the ball than others. For example, a ceiling ball has a relatively large window, because it could be hit at a high contact point, medium, or low. On the other hand, a drive Z serve has smaller windows to hit the ball.
Regardless, you need to be ready for whatever your opponent's going to do. Shattuck likes to see players position themselves in centre court with their hips toward the front wall slightly biased towards the side their opponent is on.
To do so, have the foot on your opponent's side slightly back of your other foot. Thus, if you're in centre court and your opponent is in the right back corner, your right foot should be 12-18 inches back from your left foot, as you look over your right shoulder at what your opponent is doing.
You need to be watching your opponent, because you don't want to guess what's going to happen based on what you think should happen or what you would do, or whatever. "Don't go until you know!" says Shattuck.
In summary, Shattuck's advice is that, first, after you hit the ball, go to the centre court position, but don't do so blindly. Second, when in centre court, have your hips facing forward with a slight bias to where your opponent is. Third, don't go until you know, so don't move from centre court until you know where the ball is going next.
When you're playing better opponents, they'll be able to make the next shot, even as your shots improve. Thus, you need to improve your away from the ball skills. In doing so, you'll improve your overall performance.
On June 11, 1977, you shocked the racquetball world and particularly Marty Hogan by defeating him in the final of the 1977 Leach/Seamco National Championship in San Diego, by scores of 21-20, and 21-19. It's widely recognized as one of the most unexpected results in racquetball history.
It was so unexpected, because Hogan had won 9 of the 11 events that season, losing only once (in the first tournament of the season), and passing on the last event just prior to Nationals, which you won. Racquetball Handball News (RHN) picked Hogan to win the Nationals. Jerry Hilecher said "Bledsoe can't change his game style enough to play against Hogan's unorthodox game." (p. 7, RHN, May 1977).
But why take Hilecher's word for it when Hogan stated "I will win the Nationals! You know why? I'm extremely smart. I'm the best server in the game; I'm the best power player in the game. Nobody has yet to match my game. I hit the ball 60 percent harder than the next hardest-hitting player. I know I'm going to win because, this season, nobody's been near to touching me. Nobody's come close to me.... I'm going to win!" (p. 9, RHN, May 1977, italics in original).
For your part, you were very low key about the event, approaching it as just another tournament, and not overtraining. But you must have had some confidence facing Hogan, as following your loss to Hogan at the Ft Lauderdale, Florida event earlier that season you said "I think I will beat Hogan next time as I have learned how to play effectively against his unorthodox style of play." (p. 1, RHN, Jan. 1977).
And 32 years ago today, as Bill Stevens put it, "Davey Bledsoe came out of nowhere to instantly become the very best player in racquetball" helping to make "the 1977 National Championship ... the most spectacular event ever staged." (p. 7, RHN, June 1977).
There are a few changes on the Women's Professional Racquetball Organization (WPRO) schedule for next season, which is still preliminary, but not as many as we might have guessed given the current state of the economy. Six Tier 1 events, two Grand Slam events, and three satellite events are planned.
That's only one fewer Tier 1 event and four fewer satellite events than last year (and satellite events could easily be added). Thus, there's little change from last season, and suggests the WPRO continues to get good support for its tour despite these trying economic times.
The events that continue from last season are the Christmas Classic in Arlington, Virginia, the Terrapin Shootout in Gaithersburg, Maryland, the Miller Lite Open in York, Pennsylvania, and the Canadian Racquetball Classic, which this season will be played in Burlington, Ontario.
The Grand Slam events are also the same as last season: the US Open in Memphis, and the season ending WPRO World Championships. However, one concern is that there's no location for the WPRO World Championships yet, which is pencilled in for May 6-9, 2010.
Some changes include the long running Great Balls of Fire tournament in Miami, Florida listed as a satellite event rather than a Tier 1, as in previous seasons. Also, the first two Tier 1 events will be in new locations. The first event of the season will be in Dallas in September, and in November, Wilmington, North Carolina will be the site for the East Coast Championships.
The tournaments are nicely spaced prior to Christmas with one event a month. Then in the new year after a few satellite events, the rest of the main events (3 Tier 1s & 1 Grand Slam) are packed into less than two months at the end of season. Also in that period will be the Pan American Championships, which will be the first week of April.
Further that period will be followed by national championships in May, which will be crucial next year for making national teams for the 2010 World Championships.
That's going to be a lot of racquetball for some of the players in a short span of time.
Happy 47th Birthday Sherman Greenfeld!
Your characteristic backhand slice serve done while standing just outside of the right side drive serve zone helped make you the best Canadian player of your time. The proof is in the 10 Canadian Championships you won, first in 1986 and last in 1998. You also were a finalist in 1999, but lost to a teenager named Kane Waselenchuk.
Often you'd be aiming that serve behind you into the right wall and floor crack by the 5 foot line, and more often than not you'd hit it, so the ball would just dribble across the floor. It gave your opponents fits.
But you'd also anticipate what shot your opponent was going to do before they even hit it. So when your opponent was deep in a back corner setting up to hit a pinch shot that looked like a sure winner, it wouldn't be a winner, because you'd have positioned yourself up by the front wall to re-kill it, even if the shot was almost flat.
Your game style of an unorthodox serve, great anticipation on court and excellent shot making, helped you defeat some of the best players of your era at one time or another, including John Ellis, Andy Roberts, Dan Obremski, Tim Doyle, Egan Inoue, Mike Ray and Cliff Swain.
Internationally, you played for Canada 17 times, second only to Mike Green for Team Canada appearances by a male player. Five times you were a champion, winning the International Racquetball Federation (IRF) World Championships twice, in 1994 and 1998, and the Tournament of the Americas (now Pan American Championships) three times, in 1990, 1994, and 1998.
Next month racquetball is going to be in the World Games for the first time since 1993. You played in 1993 World Games in The Hague, Netherlands, and came home with the bronze medal, behind Michael Bronfeld and John Ellis.
Despite the domestic and international success, you made few appearances on the pro tour. The Boss Consulting IRT Archive lists you in 34 pro matches (15 wins, 19 losses) from 1980 to 1998, which is a rate of only about 2 matches a year. In comparision, Mike Ceresia, a Canadian with a similar length career, played three times as many matches (102). We wonder what your pro record would have been if you'd played more.
But more than the excellence you displayed on court you were also a gentleman off court and well liked by all. It's for that reason that Racquetball Canada chose to designate the award they present to a junior male player, who demonstrates excellence on and off the court at the Canadian Junior Nationals, the Sherman Greenfeld Award.
Finally, we'd love to see you go down to the US Open in Memphis and play in the Classic Pro Racquetball Tour (CPRT) event there, because we're sure you could beat those guys. But you don't seem interested in the idea, feeling we suppose that your career is over and all good things must come to an end.
But your career wasn't just good. It was great.
It's June 1st, and if you're a pro racquetball player, you've likely put the racquet down for awhile. If you're playing in the World Games next month, you'll likely pick it up again in a couple of weeks. But if you're not, then you might wait until July.
But the rest of us are likely looking to continue playing, and you may be wondering what you can do to improve your racquetball game. Thus, The Racquetball Blog will bring you instructional information from some of the best coaches in the world about what you can do to improve your game.
To begin, let's talk about how racquetball instruction has changed.
Marty Hogan's Power Racquetball was published in 1978 to a burgeoning racquetball populous that wanted to know what Hogan was doing to become the dominant racquetball player. In it Hogan describes his power racquetball swing as a pendumlum motion, and that's how he generates his tremendous power. Moreover, Hogan states "I get more than 50 percent of my power from my wrist!" (p. 49).
However, the pendulum swing is problematic and that Hogan got that much power from his wrist is simply false.
The pendulum swing is problematic, because if your racquet follows the path of a pendulum, there's only going to be one good point to hit the ball. If you don't hit the ball at the very bottom of that pendulum path, then it's likely going to go higher or lower than you intend. Higher will likely lead to a set up for your opponent, but lower will likely be a skip.
Thus, timing is crucial to this technique. Perfect timing is very difficult, especially when you're under pressure, as you're likely to be in any competitive match. That Hogan was so successful with it speaks volumes to his athletic ability.
Currently, instruction has changed from the pendulum swing to the flat swing. With a flat swing, the racquet moves through a horizontal plane rather than a vertical plane in, what we'll call, the contact zone, which is the area generally between the shoulders. The ideal contact point is at the lead shoulder, but you may want to hit it early or late in the zone depending on the shot you're planning.
Contacting the ball early or late when swinging flat will likely result in a pinch or cross court shot rather than an intended down the line, but not a set up or a skip, as with a mistimed pendulum swing. Thus, a flat swing is a more consistent method to hitting the ball than the pendulum swing.
You may well have heard of the flat swing, but you might still be of the belief that much of the power in a racquetball swing comes from the wrist, as Hogan believed. To understand why that's incorrect, please lay your forearm against your thigh, and tell us which is bigger?
Unless you're an anatomical freak (perhaps like Wolverine, who was always drawn with huge forearms in those old X-men comics), your leg is bigger. So, dear Racquetball Blog Reader do you think your leg or your wrist/arm can generate more power?
What's that you say? You're holding the racquet in your hand not your foot so shouldn't the arm be more important than the leg here? Hmm, how can we put this? No. Not only no, but absolutely not.
Look, does a baseball player hit the ball using only his arms? Or a baseball pitcher throw with only his arm? No. Hitting and pitching, just like swinging a racquet, are whole body movements, and in such movements, most of the power is coming from the largest muscles: the legs, as well as torso.
The photos of Marty Hogan's Power Racquetball well illustrate this, as Hogan's legs are like tree trunks, and we're not talking popular saplings. Thus, it's easy to understand how Hogan generated such power in his shots with legs like that.
So, when you're on court next, try pushing off with your legs when hitting the ball, or alternatively consciously stepping into your shot, moving forward to meet the ball. The easiest time to do that is when drive serving. See how that goes. We bet you'll hit the ball that much faster, and in doing so gain little more advantage over your opponent.
In the coming days and weeks, look for more information on improving your racquetball game.
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The United States established diplomatic relations with Cameroon in 1960, following the independence of the French-administered part of the country. Cameroon has had two presidents since independence. U.S. relations with Cameroon are positive, although from time to time they have been affected by concerns over human rights abuses and the pace of political and economic liberalization.
The two countries are partners in addressing issues of democracy, regional security, environmental protection, public health, and economic development. The United States hopes to continue to work with Cameroon to consolidate democratic gains and economic growth, particularly as Cameroon embarks upon senatorial, municipal, and legislative elections planned for 2013. The United States supports Cameroon's efforts to strengthen electoral institutions, enhance transparency, and allow for contestation of results.
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Have you ever attended a funeral that left you feeling worse than when you arrived? Maybe the funeral was too impersonal and didn’t reflect the life of the one you loved so much. Often, the extent to which services are personalized for the individual directly affects the comfort, hope, and closure experienced by those who attend.
Because designing a unique ceremony can help friends and family begin the healing process following a loss, planning is important. If you are planning ahead for your own services or for someone you love, consider how you might include personal elements that are significant, meaningful, and comforting for loved ones.
The funeral ceremony is an ideal time to bring in meaningful elements to help loved ones reflect and remember. Special music, including live music, selected readings, and shared memories are wonderful ways to bring personal touches to the service. Photo displays and tribute videos that highlight significant moments are also often used to share memories.
Another way to personalize a funeral service is to include significant items as part of the arrangement, or to place them in the reception or visitation areas. For example, someone who has worked as a rancher may have their saddle, boots, and riding equipment on display. A person who enjoyed collecting antiques could incorporate favorite pieces, as could someone who had a passion for photography, art or crafts.
Additionally, it is helpful to choose speakers who can share personal memories and reflections on the life that has been lived.
The location of a funeral or memorial service can also be a significant choice. Outdoor memorial services or graveside services can incorporate butterfly, balloon or dove releases, which help family and friends visualize releasing their loved one.
Anyone who enjoys the outdoors could be celebrated in a special place, such as an outdoor garden, a favorite golf course, the beach or lakeside, in a nature preserve, or favorite park. If weather permits, having the ceremony in a beautiful outdoor setting can be a healing reminder of the natural cycle of life and death and may give loved ones some comfort as they begin the healing process.
Spending time with family and friends is important after a loss. A catered meal or pot-luck style gathering can be customized in a number of ways. Planning for specific food or arranging for a certain recipe to be prepared may remind loved ones of home and of special events or holidays.
Gatherings can also be organized around a specific theme and accompanied by photos, stories, and even a time for family traditions or activities. Events in which loved ones can gather for support may also be an ideal occasion for acts of remembrance and closure, such as candle-lightings, symbolic releases, scattering ceremony, or the establishment of physical memorials.
Are you wondering how you’ll manage the costs associated with yours or a loved one’s End of Life? This important life passage deserves a well-considered financial plan.
Paying for final care and services may be easier than you think. There are several financial resources available to help you pay for final costs and reduce the financial burden on your loved ones as you near End of Life and after you pass away.
You may need to use personal savings to pay for your End of Life costs. We suggest that you review your financial resources including your personal savings and any income you receive from investments, stocks, bonds, mutual funds, 401ks, pension or other retirement funds. You may also be able to leverage the value of your home through a reverse mortgage to help you pay for End of Life costs.
Insurance policies can help you pay for End of Life care and final services and help support your loved ones after you pass away.
Life insurance – replaces the loss of income that your loved ones would experience in the event that you pass away. You may be able to use some life insurance policies to pay for long-term care services.
Funeral insurance – also called burial, final expense or pre-need insurance, includes financial products and services to pay for final arrangements.
Medicare – is a federal insurance program for people age 65 and older and younger people with certain disabilities. For more information about Medicare coverage for End of Life care visit: www.medicare.gov.
Medicaid – is a federal and state insurance program and the largest source of funding for medical and health-related services for people with limited income and resources. Medicaid covers many End of Life services including personal care, home health care and nursing home care. Eligibility and specific End of Life service coverage varies by state. For more information about Medicaid coverage in your state visit:www.medicaid.gov.
Social Security – is a federal insurance program that provides benefits to retired people and those who are unemployed or disabled. For general informationon End of Life benefits visit: www.socialsecurity.gov or call 800.772.1213.
Veterans Administration – The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides US Military Servicemembers, Veterans and their families with many End of Life benefits and services including final care, pension, life insurance and burial benefits. Call 800-222-8387 or visit: www.va.gov for more information.
Please visit: www.passare.com for more information and expert resources on managing End of Life financial matters and many other End of Life Management topics.
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0.999987 |
Tips to win No Thanks!
Sooner or later, you will run out of chips, which means that you will have to take a card. Therefore, especially at the beginning of the game, don't be too hesitant about taking a card that doesn't have that many chips next to it. A 15, for example, with three or four chips next to it, may well be worth considering.
A good way to grab as many chips as possible is to decline a card which you yourself could easily take (because it would complete or add to one of your sequences), but which your fellow players won't want (because it would get them too many points).
Just send it around for another turn or two; it will come back to you with a lot more chips.
Example: Sabrina already has the 34 in front of her. The next card to be turned over is the 35. Sabrina could take it at once, as it would allow her to form a sequence with the 34 she already has.
Her fellow players, however, do not want to take the 35 at all, because to them it's worth 35 points. Thus, Sabrina doesn't accept the 35 on her turn, but declines it, waiting until it comes back her way with a decent number of chips.
Note: Of course, you can try to send a very high card around several times, but you shouldn't get too greedy! When some other player runs out of chips, he will have to take it - and you can never know when that moment will come.
Since nine cards are put aside at the beginning of the game, there will necessarily be a few gaps between the cards. Of course, you'll have to speculate upon being able to close gaps between some of your cards at a later point (for example, between the 22 and the 24) - a little luck is part of the game - but you can never rely on that happening.
The bigger the gap (say, between the 30 and the 35), the smaller the chance that all necessary cards to close it are in the deck - and that you will get them all.
If you want to put a little more emphasis on tactics, you can try the following variant rule: At the beginning of the game, each player only gets 10 chips. The cards with the numbers 10, 20 and 30 are taken out and put into the box, before the 24 cards for the deck are counted off (face-down).
The six cards which then remain are also put into the box. The rest of the game is unchanged, but knowing three of the nine gaps in advance increases the tactical element of the game.
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0.998483 |
I have wanted to ask something. Just curious of the process of this Endo. I don't know if this may be a common thing, or if anyone has thought of it before. I, personally, started my period at a very young age. I was 8 when I bled for the first time and 9 when I started my actual period. I was put on b.c at a young age too, because my periods were so bad. I was only 13, and not sexually active. I am just curious if anyone else here started early and had similar experiences. I could be way off base here, but I've wanted to ask.
I have endo and my period started when i was 10 (5th grade), which was young compared to others. I didn't go on birthcontrol until I was 18, but when i was younger i had very painful cramps from my period. There may be a connection with how early you get your period.
I started my cycle when I was 11 and the cramps where bad then and they got worse as I got older. But I was not put on birth control at an early age.
I was also 13 when I started my period. I had to take time off school because it was so heavy and the cramps were so bad. At first, the teachers didn't beleive me. My mom actually had to call in sick for me when I was on my period. Sometimes it used to last for 8 or 9 days. They put me on b.c when I was just turning 14. My cramps practically dissapeared, and my flow was much lighter. I also only had my period for 4 days exactly. Does that help?
Hey...thanks for your responses. I was just wondering if other women had similar experiences in this in order to maybe find a common ground that we could bring up to our doctors. I do find it interesting that 3 out of the 4 of us started early and was started on b.c at an early age. Maybe it's the fact that our bodies under went a process that "average" women start later in their teenage years....I don't know, I'm just trying to figure out why I, like so many other women have this disease...don't know why and don't know if they will ever feel normal again. I just want some kind of an answer, you know?
I was 10 when I started my period and always had horrible cramps and really heavy periods from the very first one. I didn't go on birth control pills until I was 15. I have thought about that since I was diagnosed with endo last year. It's something to think about.
Somebody should mention this to the endo research people! I am seeing a trend here. I also started my period at age 11, and have had bad cramps since the very first cycle.
Hi, I didn't start my period until I was 11 but was also put on birth contol at the young age of 12 because of heavy bleeding and not sexually active. I've also wondered what sort of long term effects the pill has caused me over the years. Don't you think that being on it at such a young age and for a long period of time could cause a bad over all effect on us when we got older ?
I am definetly glad I asked! I wonder about the other women in our case too...I wish there was a way to poll us all. Then it would actually make an impact with the researchers maybe. Anyone have any ideas? I mean, if anyone could figure out why this is happening to all of us....maybe they could find a real cure! Wouldn't that be amazing? Here's to hoping for answers!
I started my period at age 8 too, and was put on the pill around 14 or 15 (although they never told me it was birth control). My sister who does not have endo started around 12 or so. I must admit I always thought there was a connection too, but I never really tought about asking others.
Your experience sounds just like mine! I was 10 when I started my period and started seeing a pediatric gyno at the age of 11. She perscribed me birth control pills to regulate my horrible periods(not sexually active). I remember missing 2-3 days of school every period. My mom was diagnosed with endo when I was 16 (she was 40) and then I was finally diagnosed with it at 18.....My mom also started her period at a young age...10-11.
Just like shiloblue mentioned- I always wonder about being put on birth control at such a young age and wondering if it has something to do with not being able to treat it now....really makes you wonder.
Also, just throwing this out there. Does stress get your pain flared up?
I don't know about anyone else, but stress can wreak havoc with me. I generally just stay home these days.
I put up a couple of discussion topics. "THEY NEED FEED BACK" is one where I included a link, and it's the researchers from the "Endometriosis Association" looking for some feedback from women who are suffering from ENDO. I also have "Depo for Endo???" That one has a link to, and it shows that Depo-Provera was being used to help treat Endo when it frist came out...Also, if this helps www.womenshealthmatters.ca that's a really cool website. It's ALL explained in terms that even a kindergarten drop-out would understand!
Hope you check out these topics I have up...They might be really helpful.
yes stress is a problem with mine.
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0.99621 |
В обзоре литературы представлен анализ методов диагностики нейродегенеративных изменений проводящих путей зрительного анализатора при первичной открытоугольной глаукоме. У большинства больных с длительным течением заболевания даже на фоне нормализованного внутриглазного давления происходит прогрессивное ухудшение зрительных функций. По последним данным, глаукоматозное повреждение не ограничивается ганглионарными клетками сетчатки, а распространяется на весь зрительный путь: сетчатку, зрительный нерв, зрительный перекрест, зрительные тракты, латеральные коленчатые тела, зрительную лучистость и кору головного мозга. В статье представлены результаты обследования больных первичной открытоугольной глаукомой с помощью стандартной магнитно-резонансной томографи и, функциональной магнитно-резонансной томографии и диффузионной тензорной визуализации. Также представлены результаты морфологических методов исследования, которые подтверждают дегенеративные изменения, выявленные с помощью неинвазивных методов. В последние годы все чаще встречаются работы, в которых первичная открытоугольная глаукома рассматривается как нейродегенеративное заболевание наряду с таким заболеванием, как болезнь Альцгеймера. В данном обзоре приведены факты, объединяющие эти заболевания. Полное понимание ретробульбарного и интракраниального глаукоматозного повреждения может позволить проводить наиболее эффективную диагностику первичной открытоугольной глаукомы и способствовать открытию новых терапевтических стратегий для защиты зрительного нерва.
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11. Schneider K.A., Richter M.C., Kastner S. Retinotopic organization and functional subdivisions of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: a high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2004; 24:8975-8985. doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2413-04.2004.
12. Lestak J., Tintera J., Svata Z., Ettler L., Rozsival P. Glaucoma and CNS. Comparison of fMRI results in high tension and normal tension glaucoma. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2014; 158(1):144-153. doi.org/10.5507/bp.2013.038.
13. Williams A.L., Lackey J., Wizov S.S., Chia T.M., Gatla S., Moster M.L. et al. Evidence for widespread structural brain changes in glaucoma: a preliminary voxel-based MRI study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013: 5880-5887. doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-11776.
14. Dai H., Mu K.T., Qi J.P., Wang C.Y., Zhu W.Z., Xia L.M. et al. Assessment of lateral geniculate nucleus atrophy with 3T MR imaging and correlation with clinical stage of glaucoma. Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:1347-1353. doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a2486.
15. Lee J.Y., Jeong H.J., Lee J.H., Kim Y.J., Kim E.Y., Kim Y.Y. et al. An investigation of lateral geniculate nucleus volume in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma using 7 tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55(6):3468-3476. doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-13902.
16. Iba-Zizen M.T., Istoc A., Cabanis E.A. The results of MRI exploration of glaucoma patients: what are the benefits? Fr Ophtalmol 2008; 6:24-28.
18. Ciccarelli O., Catani M., Johansen-Berg H., Clark C., Thompson A. Diffusion-based tractography in neurological disorders: concepts, applications, and future developments. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:715727. doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70163-7.
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21. Filippi M., Cercignani M., Inglese M., Horsfield M.A., Comi G. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001; 56:304-311. doi.org/10.1212/wnl.56.3.304.
22. LeBihan D. Looking into the functional architecture of the brain with diffusion MRI. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4:469-480. doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2006.04.006.
23. Hui E.S., Fu Q.L., So K.F., Wu E.X. Diffusion tensor MR study of optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007:4312-4315. doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4353290.
24. Garaci F.G., Bolacchi F., Cerulli A., Melis M., Spano A., Cedrone C. et al. Optic nerve and optic radiation neurodegeneration in patients with glaucoma: in vivo analysis with 3-T diffusion-tensor MR imaging. Radiology 2009; 252:496-501. doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2522081240.
25. Li K., Lu C., Huang Y., Yuan L., Zeng D., Wu K. Alteration of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity in glaucoma: novel results of a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies. PLoS ONE 2014; 9(5): e97445. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097445.
26. Anjari M., Srinivasan L., Allsop J.M., Hajnal J.V., Rutherford M.A., Edwards A.D. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging with tract-based spatial statistics reveals local white matter abnormalities in preterm infants. Neuroimage 2007; 35:1021-1027. doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.035.
27. Bolacchi F., Garaci F.G., Martucci A., Meschini A., Fornari M., Marziali S. et al. Differences between proximal versus distal intraorbital optic nerve diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging properties in glaucoma patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:4191-4196. doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-9345.
28. Zhang Y.Q., Li J., Xu L., Zhang L., Wang Z.C., Yang H. et al. Anterior visual pathway assessment by magnetic resonance imaging in normal-pressure glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmologica 2012; 90:295-302. doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02346.x.
29. Gupta N., Ang L.C., Noel de Tilly L., Bidaisee L., Yucel Y.H. Human glaucoma and neural degeneration in intracranial optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:674-678. doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.086769.
30. Engelhorn T., Haider S., Michelson G., Doerfler A. A new semiquantitative approach for analysing 3T diffusion tensor imaging of optic fibres and its clinical evaluation in glaucoma. Acad Radiol 2010; 17:1313-1316. doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2010.04.017.
31. Engelhorn T., Michelson G., Waerntges S., Otto M., El-Rafei A., Struffert T. et al. Changes of radial diffusivity and fractional anisotopy in the optic nerve and optic radiation of glaucoma patients. Scientific World J 2012; 1-5. doi.org/10.1100/2012/849632.
32. Zikou A.K., Kitsos G., Tzarouchi L.C., Astrakas L., Alexiou G.A. et al. Voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging of the optic pathway in primary open-angle glaucoma: a preliminary study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:128-134. doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a2714.
33. Wu S., Chen K. An efficient key-management scheme for hierarchical access control in e-medicine system. J Med Syst 2012; 36:23252337. doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9700-7.
34. Yucel Y.H., Zhang Q., Weinreb R.N., Kaufman P.L., Gupta N. Atrophy of relay neurons in magno- and parvocellular layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42: 3216-3220.
35. Алексеев В.Н., Газизова И.Р. Нейродегенеративные изменения у больных первичной открытоугольной глаукомой. Практическая медицина 2012; 4:154-156.
36. Crawford M.L., Harwerth R.S., Smith E.L., Shen F, Carter-Daw-son L. Glaucoma in primates: cytochrome oxidase reactivity in parvo- and magnocellular pathways. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 2000; 41(7):1791-1802.
37. McKinnon S.J., Schlamp C.L., Nickells R.W. Mouse models of retinal ganglion cell death and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88(4):816-24. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.12.002.
38. Wang W.H., McNatt L.G., Pang I.H., Hellberg P.E., Fingert J.H., McCartney M.D. et al. Increased expression of serum amyloid A in glaucoma and its effect on intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 5:1916-1923. doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-1104.
39. Goldblum D., Kipfer-Kauer A., Sarra G.M., Wolf S., Frueh B.E. Distribution of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-beta immunoreactivity in DBA/2J glaucomatous mouse retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 11:5085-5090. doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-1249.
40. Nucci C., Martucci A., Martorana A., Sancesario G.M., Cerulli L. Glaucoma progression associated with altered cerebral spinal fluid levels of amyloid beta and tau proteins. Clin Exper Ophthalmol 2011; 3:279-281. doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02452.x.
41. Masters C.L., Simms G., Weinman N.A., Multhaup G., McDonald B.L., Beyreuther K. Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82:4245-4249. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.12.4245.
42. Grundke-Iqbal I., Iqbal K., Tung Y.C., Quinlan M., Wisniewski H.M., Binder L.I. Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau (tau) in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83:4913-4917. doi.org/10.1097/00002093-198701030-00020.
43. Bayer A.U., Ferrari F., Erb C. High occurrence rate of glaucoma among patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Eur Neurol 2002; 47:165-168. doi.org/10.1159/000047976.
44. Tamura H., Kanamoto T., Kato T., Yokoyama T., Sasaki K., Izumi Y. et al. High frequency of open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 2006; 246:79-83. doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2006.02.00946.
45. Бачурин С.О., Шевцова Е.Ф. Возможные мишени для создания лекарственных препаратов для лечения болезни Альцгеймера: новые аспекты. Психиатрия 2008; 4-6:43-47.
47. Ricci J.-E., Gottlieb R.A., Green D.R. Caspaze-mediated loss of mitochondrial function and generation of reactive oxygen species during apoptosis. J Cell Biology 2003; 160(1):65-75. doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200208089.
48. Nowak A., Przybylowska-Sygut K., Gacek M., Kaminska A., Szaf-lik J.P. et al. Neurodegenerative genes polymorphisms of the -491A/T APOE, the -877T/C APP and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma in the Polish populacion. Ophthalmic Genet 2013; (IGR: 15-3). doi: 10.3109/13816810.2013.838277.
49. Vickers J.C. The cellular mechanism underlying neuronal degeneration in glaucoma: parallels with Alzheimer’s disease. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1997; 25:105-9. doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01290.x.
50. Copin B., Brézin A.P., Valtot F., Dascotte J.C., Béchetoille A., Garchon H.J. Apolipoprotein E-promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect the phenotype of primary open-angle glaucoma and demonstrate interaction with the myocilin gene. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70(6):1575-1581. doi.org/10.1086/340733.
Для цитирования: Газизова И.Р., Зайнуллина С.Р. Нейровизуализация дегенеративных изменений при первичной открытоугольной глаукоме. Национальный журнал глаукома. 2015;14(4):72-77.
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0.947894 |
Given all the claims and counterclaims on the internet, it can be difficult to know what internet browsers are the most popular and what internet browsers people actually use.
• There are four major internet browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome and Safari.
• Internet Explorer is still the dominant internet browser, although Firefox is also very popular. These two browsers account for about 70% of the market.
• Most websites are optimized for Internet Explorer and Firefox, so they continue to remain the safe bets for surfing the internet.
• There have been recent media reports suggesting that Chrome had overtaken Firefox in popularity. Certainly in the field of genealogy this is not true. Chrome is growing in popularity, but Firefox is still significantly ahead of Chrome.
• Safari has also grown significantly in popularity, mainly due to the increasing use of the iPad.
• If we disaggregate the data further, it shows that almost 10% of the traffic to our website now comes from smart phones and tablets like the iPad.
• The GenealogyInTime Magazine website was actually designed to be used with the iPad (clean look, lots of white space, large print, serif font, etc.). If you get a chance, check out our website with the iPad.
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0.998346 |
Cite this item: Palmer J, "Implications of the New Rule Against Penalties" (2016) 47 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 287-308.
Whether a contractual term is penal and therefore unenforceable has usually been determined by distinguishing it from stipulations that are a reasonable contemplation of loss resulting from breach. This article considers recent decisions of the High Court of Australia and the United Kingdom Supreme Court that have made significant revisions of the rule. Both Courts have diverged from the traditional formulation and, to some extent, from each other. I argue that the traditional rule against penalties reflects foundational principles of contract law and not merely notions of fairness or justice in the round. The recent revisions to the rule have implications for the role and boundaries of contract law more generally and reflect increasing attention being paid to the "performance interest".
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0.928372 |
When you think about growing the wealth of a family what comes to mind? Is it their balance sheet or how they treat each other? The difference they make in the world? Their family values, or how they come together as a family?
It’s actually all of the above yet something tends to happen in wealthy families, they define themselves by their financial wealth. One of the first families I worked with had one financial value articulated when I met them, and it was, “don’t invade the principle.” I’m not suggesting that there is something wrong with that value, but as a stand-alone idea it didn’t give the family a focus or direction to move them forward.
A more positive approach is for a wealthy family to articulate that their financial capital supports their family to invest in the human and social aspects of its members. Meaning that the family backs individual members in leading a life that is fulfilling where pursuing a calling is valued. The family grows from dealing with differences and is able to communicate openly. Lastly they see that the money is a gift and it is their job to be good stewards of the wealth.
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0.980616 |
Apple and HP readying LED-based notebooks?
Apple and HP are both poised to introduce notebooks in 2007 that use LED-backlit LCDs, according to new rumors. Taiwanese newspaper DigiTimes reports that the two computer makers are expected to launch these notebooks in the second quarter of the year.
LED-backlit displays have slowly been making their way into consumer electronics lately, with Samsung leading the way with some of their LED HDTVs—the company has also claimed that all of their LCDs will be LED-based by 2008. However, LED-backlit displays have been criticized for their high power consumption (and often higher cost), therefore making them less suitable for portable use.
Despite this, companies like Apple and HP could be interested in promoting their notebooks as multimedia machines as well as portable workstations. If so, they would likely benefit from LED displays that offer better color reproduction and uniformity throughout the display, as well as improved contrast ratio and brightness uniformity. DigiTimes' sources claim that the HP notebook will run Windows Vista and "will aim at high-end, multimedia uses," but there are no details on the Apple notebook.
Fact or fiction? Apple has had a knack for introducing new technology to the consumer-level buyer in the past, so it wouldn't be shocking to see them launch an LED-based MacBook Pro sometime in the near future. The long-anticipated $100 laptop is also expected to make use of a dual-mode display that will be LED-based, so perhaps it may not be long before notebooks with LED displays make it into the hands of consumers.
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0.949757 |
Administrative history The Justices have long been concerned (and still are) with the licensing of alehouses An Act of 1503 (19 Henry VII cap. 12) authorised them to suppress disorderly alehouse, while under an Act of 1551 (5 & 6 Edward VI cap. 25) all alehouse or tipplinghouse keepers were to be licensed in open Sessions or by two Justices, and to enter into recognizances from time to time (and soon afterwards yearly) "as well as for and against the using of unlawful gains as also for the using and maintenance of good order and rule". These recognizances were to be "certified" at the next Quarter Sessions and there "to remain of record". An Act of 1729 (2 George II cap. 28) established the yearly petty divisional licensing sessions to be held within the first 20 days of September. The main provisions of licensing legislation were enlarged and consolidated by an Act of 1753 (26 George II cap. 31). This provided that the Clerk of the Peace was required to keep registers of alehouse. The system of recognizances was abolished by the Act of 1828 (9 George IV cap. 61); this reduced and consolidated all the licensing laws and was the basis of all legislation until 1910. Under this Act, and that of 1830 (11 George IV and 1 William IV cap. 64) the powers of the Justices were limited. The only type of licence under the 1828 Act was a full publican's licence granted at special brewster sessions in August and September, while the 1830 Act (Beerhouse Act) enabled any householders assessed for the poor rate to obtain from the Excise without a Justices' licence a licence to sell beer.
There were further Acts in 1834 (4 & 5 William IV cap. 85) and 1840 (3 & 4 Victoria cap. 61) to regulate abuses which had arisen following the 1830 Act. The Justices regained some of their control over licensing following the Wine and Beerhouse Act of 1869 (32 & 33 Victoria cap. 27) and the Licensing Act of 1872 (35 & 36 Victoria cap. 94). The Act of 1869 provided that no licence was to be granted or renewed by the Excise except on the production of a Justice's certificate; the Act of 1872 required a Justice's licences or certificate in all cases where intoxicating liquor was sold by retail with the exception of the sale of wine and spirits of the premises. There was to be a uniform method of application for licences. The grant of new licences was to be confirmed by conformation authorities, while the Justices could remove licences from one part of a district to another. The Licensing Act of 1904 (4 Edward VII cap.23) made further amendments particularly in respect to the "extinction" of licences and the grant of new ones. Its main provisions were to guard against existing licences being taken away without any compensation for reasons other than misconduct. This compensation was raised by the "trade" through a mutual insurance scheme and the establishment of a compensation fund for each county. The Licensing (Consolidation) Act of 1910 (10 Edward VII & 1 George V cap. 24) mainly reproduced existing legislation in a simplified form. There was further amending legislation in 1949 and 1964.
Unlike all the other administrative functions of the Justices in Quarter Sessions, they continued to be concerned with the licensing of inns and alehouses after 1889 and the creation of the County Councils. Licensing is carried out by the Justices in Petty Sessions, supervised by the County Licensing Committee.
The North Riding Justices concerned themselves with the suppression of disorderly houses and houses kept without licence (chiefly through the legal devices of presentment and indictment at the Court) as well as with licensing. "Brewster Sessions" or Special Sessions for licensing were held from at least 1717 and perhaps earlier, possibly in an attempt to establish a regular system of licensing sessions even before the 1728-9 Act. The dates of special licensing sessions in the North Riding were further regulated at Michaelmas Sessions 1828 following the Act of that year.
By the middle of the 19th century, the North Riding Justices were apparently dissatisfied with the operation of the existing licensing laws and in January 1869 they passed a resolution that "in the opinion of the Court the present system of licensing for the sales of beer, wines and spirituous liquor is bad and requires to be amended". A memorial was sent to the Home Secretary and a Committee of Justices appointed to wait upon him and to act in conjunction with the Justices of Lancashire and other counties for this object. A County Licensing Committee under the Licensing Act of 1872 was set up at Michaelmas Sessions 1874. This continued, becoming the Committee under the Licensing Act 1904 and the Licensing (Consolidation) Act 1910. Under these two Acts, the Committee was to act both as the Compensation Authority and the Confirming Authority.
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A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt. Directed by Richard Corley.
"...swimming in the opposite direction."
Episodic, Brechtian-style theater can be very engaging. When I first saw "A Man For All Seasons" back in 1965 I was an Eric Bentley Brechtian, intent on seeing the engagement of alienation techniques. This play, with its fascinating character known as The Common Man, gave me everything I expected in such a performance genre. Bolt, the playwright, forged a split-level drama with the slightly forced story of Sir Thomas More who won�t give an inch in his principles to satisfy the needs of his king at the upper level and the progress of a common man from servant to executioner with stops along the way to become cleric and pre-judging jury of his betters. Bolt, like Brecht, wanted his audience to understand how the classes can communicate through action. Bolt provided his audience, principally the wealthier patrons in the front rows, with a series of ugly images of mankind, both physical and moral leaving us, in the cheap seats at the back of the balcony, smugly aware of how disquieting it was for front-row "ambassadors" to be caught directly in the vision of such unfeeling humanity.
When I went to see the movie, which starred the brilliant stage More - Paul Scofield - I was sorely disappointed that the playwright, as screenwriter, had removed the element of alienation completely, discarding the Common Man for a series of handsome, young actors playing the "roles" assumed by that character in the play. Gone was the contrast between the common and uncommon man. Gone was the tension of watching the lower elements get the best of the betters. Gone was the angst of the final moments of the play.
I never thought anyone could do that to me again, but in this new production at The Berkshire Theatre Festival they pulled a fast one and screwed me out of that chill the final speech of the play sent through me by taking away the punch line from the man with the one-two punch at his beck and call. I do not know whose decision it was to make this totally egregious choice. After three hours and ten minutes of dynamic theater it is a lousy act, a criminal act in fact, to change the impact of a line written in simplicity yet warning the front row patrons that the masses are out there behind them, in the balcony seats, in the parking lots, in the world.
In the script we have this description: "THE COMMON MAN: Late middle age. He wears from head to foot black tights which delineate his pot-bellied figure. His face is crafty, loosely benevolent, its best expression that of base humor." On stage we have Walter Hudson, tall, lithe, slender, half-naked in beige leather pants. Oddly, considering the change to the final lines, he still says in his opening appearance: "Is this a costume? Does this say anything? It barely covers one man's nakedness! A bit of black material to reduce Old Adam to the Common Man." Here the blatantly different aural and visual image makes no sense and is startlingly hard to understand. Surely if the final lines can be irresponsibly altered, the word black can become beige without hampering the play or the author�s intent. In its current form it merely confuses.
Hudson does a wonderful job with the character. He knows when to directly confront the audience and how to make that pay. He knows how to play the misunderstandings of his servant-self and the deeper comprehension of the conniving going on that motivates him later. Where we really go astray with his performance is at the final moments of the drama, the beheading of the leading character. He has not been given the motion, nor the sound effect to be truly on target and then there�s that mistake of line appropriation...oh well, Mr. Hudson, you could have been the man Bolt is describing as a "man for all seasons," for surely that applies more to this character than to Sir Thomas who is a man for one season only.
More is played by Eric Hill in a larger than life, slightly pompous, deeply moving portrayal of a man who can only act on legal grounds to protect his moral rights. When he gives himself over to the words of the play and allows himself to play the scenes with wife, with friends, with king, he is absolutely brilliant, but all too often he pulls back from this to play the moral of the show and there he loses us a bit. Hill has the ability to be brilliant in this part and instead he chooses only to be very good. He has the good fortune to play some of his best scenes opposite Diane Prusha as his wife Alice. Prusha takes her into every deep emotion the character possesses and comes out at the end as the best of wives, the finest of human spirits even though the acts that precede this final change would have us dislike her for her lack of humanity, her disdain for her husband�s decisions. Prusha has the gift and uses it well in this role to create a more sympathetic woman than Bolt may have wished.
Tara Franklin shines with her simplicity in playing More�s daughter Margaret. Past editions of the show have made their relationship suspect, but here she is just a daughter, loving and sweet and understanding of her father�s worst decisions. Her lover, then husband, is played nicely by Greg Keller.
The Duke of Norfolk, More�s best friend and last ally, is played by James Lloyd Reynolds who manages to hold the Duke in check so that he never seems quite the ninny he is made out to be, particularly by Thomas Cromwell, neatly recreated by David Chandler. Chandler is almost too slimy at times, but his character never falters. He brings a true sense of power to the part, as does Andrew Belcher as Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.
Gareth Saxe has impact in his one scene as Henry VIII. Peter Kybart is a sinister Cardinal Wolsey. Allison Vanouse has two very good small scenes as "the Woman."
A goodly portion of the play belongs to Tommy Schrider in the role of Richard Rich, who begins as an impoverished gentleman who befriends More, uses him to climb the social ladder through employment and who ends up as the lying, cheating, avaricious Lord Chamberlain who ultimately brings about the demise of More. Schrider�s consistency in the part is fascinating as we see him alter visibly, yet never find him different no matter which rung of ladder he clings to on his constant climb upward.
Richard Corley moves his characters beautifully through a wonderfully flexible set designed by Joseph Varga through the moody and elemental lighting designed by Matthew E. Adelson. Murell Horton�s costumes are principally just right for the sixteenth century period. Scott Killian�s music is often too loud.
More, toward the end of his days, says, "I do none harm, I say none harm, I think none harm." It would seem to be the message of the play, but not so. That message has been left to the man who begins the tale and, in the script at any rate, ends it. The Common Man is supposed to say "...if you must make trouble, make the sort of trouble that's expected. Well, I don't need to tell you that. Good night. If we should bump into one another, recognize me." Considering the path he has taken and the changes it has brought him to, that final sentence is a warning, not a plea for recognition, a warning that no matter how important you may be, or think you may be, the Common Man is always there, always available to take on the unpleasant jobs, always at your back, a man for any and all seasons, for any and all reasons.
That message is lost in Stockbridge. Without it you do not have this play, no matter how good a job everyone has done. And for the most part they have all done a brilliant job. They just missed the point. And who has chosen to change this most important line? I cannot even begin to tell you, for I do not know. And I don�t want to guess.
A Man For All Seasons plays at the Berkshire Theatre Festival on Route 7 in Stockbridge through August 9. For tickets, which range from $23 to $68, call the box office at 413-298-5576.
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0.920694 |
How laptop rentals secures the business with reference to the data?
Laptops have always remained as a gadget which many business executives prefer for most of their business accomplishment across the landscape and at times it really becomes very detrimental for the laptops when the data within is prone to any sort of data theft by hackers.
In today’s digitally evolved ecosystem, the promotional products have been the most prominent components that bring about the phenomenal impact on the advertising efforts being put by the product company in specific.
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0.989879 |
This article is about the direct video recorder. For the company, see TiVo Corporation.
TiVo (/ˈtiːvoʊ/ TEE-voh) is a digital video recorder (DVR) developed and marketed by TiVo Corporation and introduced in 1999. TiVo provides an on-screen guide of scheduled broadcast programming television programs, whose features include "Season Pass" schedules which record every new episode of a series, and "WishList" searches which allow the user to find and record shows that match their interests by title, actor, director, category, or keyword. TiVo also provides a range of features when the TiVo DVR is connected to a home network, including film and television show downloads, advanced search, personal photo viewing, music offerings, and online scheduling.
TiVo was developed by Jim Barton and Mike Ramsay through a corporation they named "Teleworld" which was later renamed to TiVo Inc. Though they originally intended to create a home network device, it was redesigned as a device that records digitized video onto a hard disk. They began the first public trials of the TiVo device and service in late 1998 in the San Francisco Bay Area.
After exhibiting at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 1999, Mike Ramsay announced to the company that the first version of the TiVo digital video recorder would ship "In Q1", (the last day of which is 31 March) despite an estimated four to five months of work remaining to complete the device. Because 31 March 1999 was a blue moon, the engineering staff code-named this first version of the TiVo DVR "Blue Moon".
The original TiVo DVR digitized and compressed analog video from any source (antenna, cable or direct broadcast satellite). TiVo also integrates its DVR service into the set-top boxes of satellite and cable providers. In late 2000, Philips Electronics introduced the DSR6000, the first DirecTV receiver with an integrated TiVo DVR. This new device, nicknamed the "DirecTiVo", stored digital signals sent from DirecTV directly onto a hard disk.
In early 2000, TiVo partnered with electronics manufacturer Thomson Multimedia (now Technicolor SA) and broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting to deliver the TiVo service in the UK market. This partnership resulted in the Thomson PVR10UK, a stand-alone receiver released in October 2000 that was based on the original reference design used in the United States by both Philips and Sony. TiVo ended UK unit sales in January 2003, though it continued to sell subscriptions and supply guide data to existing subscribed units until June 2011. TiVo branded products returned to the UK during 2010 under an exclusive partnership with cable television provider Virgin Media.
TiVo was launched in Australia in July 2008 by Hybrid Television Services, a company owned by Australia's Seven Media Group and New Zealand's TVNZ. TiVo also launched a special 2009 Christmas TiVo DVR that has a 320Gb hard Drive and comes with the HNP free.[clarification needed] TiVo Australia also launched Blockbuster on demand and as of early December launched a novel service called Caspa on Demand. TiVo also went on sale in New Zealand on 6 November 2009.
Janet Jackson's Super Bowl halftime show incident set a record for being the most watched, recorded and replayed moment in TiVo history. The baring of one of Jackson's breasts at the end of her duet with Justin Timberlake, which caused a flood of outraged phone calls to CBS, was replayed a record number of times by TiVo users. A company representative stated "The audience measurement guys have never seen anything like it. The audience reaction charts looked like an electrocardiogram." In November 2017, TiVo appointed Enrique Rodriguez as new President and CEO.
A TiVo DVR serves a function similar to that of a videocassette recorder (VCR), in that both allow a television viewer to record programming for viewing at a later time. Unlike a videocassette recorder, which uses removable magnetic tape cartridges, a TiVo DVR stores television programs on an internal hard drive, much like a computer.
TiVo DVRs "call home" (access TiVo servers) daily to receive program information updates, including description, regular and guest actors, directors, genres, whether programs are new or repeats, and whether broadcast is in High Definition (HD). Information is updated daily into its program guide from Tribune Media Services.
TiVo pioneered recording programs based on household viewing habits; this is called TiVo Suggestions. Users can rate programs from three "thumbs up" to three "thumbs down". TiVo user ratings are combined to create a recommendation, based on what TiVo users with similar viewing habits watch. For example, if one user likes American Idol, America's Got Talent and Dancing with the Stars, then another TiVo user who watched just American Idol might get a recommendation for the other two shows.
Unlike most DVRs, TiVo DVRs are easily connected to home networks, allowing users to schedule recordings on TiVo's website (via TiVo Central Online), transfer recordings between TiVo units (Multi-Room Viewing (MRV)) or to/from a home computer (TiVoToGo transfers), play music and view photos over the network, and access third-party applications written for TiVo's Home Media Engine (HME) API.
The TiVo service was launched in the United Kingdom in the autumn of 2000. It sold only 35,000 units over the next 18 months. Thomson, makers of the only UK TiVo box, abandoned it in early 2002 after BSkyB launched its Sky+ integrated "set-top" decoder and DVR which dominated the market for DVRs in homes subscribing to BSkyB's paid-for satellite television service. Many manufacturers, including Thomson have launched integrated decoder boxes/DVRs in the UK for other digital platforms, including free satellite, terrestrial, cable and IPTV.
Since December 2010, UK TiVo units that were not already on an active monthly subscription or lifetime subscription could no longer be re-activated. BSkyB who were operating the support for TiVo no longer had full access to the TiVo systems to activate accounts.
On 24 November 2009, cable television provider Virgin Media entered into a strategic partnership with TiVo. Under the mutually exclusive agreement, TiVo developed a converged television and broadband interactive interface to power Virgin Media's next generation, high definition set top boxes. TiVo will become the exclusive provider of middleware and user interface software for Virgin Media's next generation set top boxes. Virgin Media will be the exclusive distributor of TiVo services and technology in the United Kingdom. Virgin Media released its first TiVo co-branded product in December 2010. On 17 March 2011, Virgin Media enabled access to a third tuner.
TiVo DVRs are based on PowerPC (Series1) or MIPS (Series2) processors connected to MPEG-2 encoder/decoder chips and high-capacity IDE/ATA hard drives. Series1 TiVo units used one or two drives of 13–60 GB; current Series2 units have drives of 40–250 GB in size. TiVo has also partnered with Western Digital to create an external hard drive, the My DVR Expander, for TiVo HD and Series3 Boxes. It plugs into the TiVo box using an eSATA interface. It expands the High-Definition boxes by up to 67 hours of HD, and around 300 hours of standard programming. Other TiVo users have found many ways to expand TiVo storage, although these methods are not supported by TiVo, and may void the warranty.
All standalone TiVo DVRs have coax/RF-in and an internal cable-ready tuner, as well as analog video input — composite/RCA and S-Video, for use with an external cable box or satellite receiver. The TiVo unit can use a serial cable or infrared blasters to control the external receiver. They have coax/RF, composite/RCA, and S-Video output, and the DVD systems also have component out. Audio is RCA stereo, and the DVD systems also have digital optical out.
Until 2006, standalone TiVo systems could only record one channel at a time, though a dual-tuner Series2DT (S2DT) box was introduced in April 2006. The S2DT has two internal cable-ready tuners and it supports a single external cable box or satellite receiver. The S2DT is therefore capable of recording two analog cable channels, one analog and one digital cable channel, or one analog cable and one satellite channel at a time, with the correct programming sources. Note, however, that the S2DT, unlike earlier units, cannot record from an antenna. This is due to an FCC mandate that all devices sold after March 2007 with an NTSC tuner must also contain an ATSC tuner. TiVo therefore had to choose between adding ATSC support, or removing NTSC support. With the S2DT they opted to remove NTSC; the Series3 supports NTSC and ATSC, along with digital cable channels (with CableCards).
In 2008, some cable companies started to deploy switched digital video (SDV) technology, which initially was incompatible with the Series3 and TiVo HD units. TiVo Inc worked with cable operators on a tuning-adapter with USB connection to the TiVo to enable SDV. Some MSOs now offer these adapters for free to their customers with TiVo DVRs.
TiVo has partnered with Western Digital to create an external hard drive, the My DVR Expander eSATA Edition, for TiVo HD and Series3 systems. The external drive plugs into the TiVo box using an eSATA interface. The first version of the eSATA drive shipped was a 500 GB drive that shipped in June 2008. In June 2009 the 1 TB version of the drive began shipping. The 1 TB version expands the TiVo HD and Series3 systems' capacity by up to 140 hours of HD content or 1,200 hours of standard programming.
Users have installed additional or larger hard drives in their TiVo boxes to increase their recording capacity. Others have designed and built Ethernet cards, a web interface (TiVoWeb), and figured out how to extract, insert and transfer video among their TiVo boxes. Other hacks include adding time to the start and end of recording intelligently and sending daily e-mails of the TiVos activity.
Other distributors' competing DVR sets in the United States include Comcast and Verizon, although both distribute third-party hardware from manufacturers such as Motorola and the former Scientific Atlanta unit of Cisco Systems with this functionality built-in. Verizon uses boxes fitted for FiOS, allowing high-speed Internet access and other features. However, TiVo is compatible with the FiOS TV service because when the TV programming arrives at the home via FiOS Fiber to the Home network, it is converted to CableLabs specification QAM channels exactly as those used by cable TV companies. AT&T is an IPTV service that is incompatible with the TiVo.
TiVo collects detailed usage data from units via broadband Internet. As units are downloading schedule data, they transmit household viewing habits to TiVo Inc. Collected information includes a log of everything watched (time and channel) and remote keypresses such as fast forwarding through or replaying content. Many users were surprised when TiVo released data on how many users rewatched the exposure of Janet Jackson's breast during the 2004 Super Bowl. TiVo records usage data for their own research and they also sell it to other corporations such as advertisers. Nielsen and TiVo have also previously collaborated to track viewing habits. This data is sold to advertising agencies as a way of documenting the number of viewers watching specific commercials to their corporate clients.
During early 2005, TiVo began test marketing "pop-up" advertisements to select subscribers, to explore it as an alternative source of revenue. The idea was that as users fast-forward through certain commercials of TiVo advertisers, they would also see a static image ad more suitable and effective than the broken video stream.
In 2006, Free Software Foundation (FSF) decided to combat TiVo's technical system of blocking users from running modified software. This behavior, which FSF dubs "tivoization", was tackled by creating a new version of the GNU General Public License (GPL v3) prohibiting this activity. The operating system kernel included in the TiVo is distributed under the terms of the GPL, and the FSF's goal is to ensure that all recipients of software licensed under the new GPL are not restricted by hardware constraints on the modification of distributed software. This new license provision was acknowledged by TiVo in its April 2007 SEC filing: "we may be unable to incorporate future enhancements to the GNU/Linux operating system into our software, which could adversely affect our business". Regardless, the Linux kernel has not been changed to use GPL v3.
^ "The Second Greatest Story Ever Told: The 4th Annual Blue Moon Holiday - TiVo Community Forum Archive 1". Archive.tivocommunity.com. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ a b "Virgin Media Selects Tivo For Next Generation Tv Platform". Virgin Media. November 24, 2009.
^ "TiVo Models | What is TiVo". myTivo.com.au. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ "Entertainment On-Demand | Movies & TV On-Demand | What is TiVo". myTivo.com.au. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ a b Pullar-Strecker, Tom (August 18, 2009). "Sticking point for TiVo". The Dominion Post. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
^ "Jackson's Super Bowl flash grabs TiVo users". CNET. February 4, 2004. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
^ Chmielewski, Dawn C. (November 13, 2017). "TiVo Names Enrique Rodriguez As The Company's New President and CEO". Deadline. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
^ "How to connect your TiVo DVR to your network and the Internet". Tivo.com.
^ "TiVo Joins with Jaman to Deliver the Best of the Big Screen to Living Rooms Across the Country". Tivo.com.
^ "TiVo and Netflix Announce Partnership". Tivo.com.
^ "TiVo Service closed in Australia". Mytivo.vom.au.
^ Freeview/Freeview Playback/Satellite/Cable, PVR UK website, Undated.Accessed: 04-30-2008.
^ Latest Range Freeview website, Undated.Accessed:04-30-2008.
^ TiVo Suggestions in the UK — Update, TiVo Community Forum, 09-29-2008.Accessed: 1 November 2008.
^ "AltEPG - Home Page". Altepg.com.
^ "Virgin Media's TiVo platform to go live". Digital Spy. December 1, 2010.
^ "Virgin Media unlocks third TiVo tuner". Digital Spy. March 17, 2011.
^ Sparkes, Matthew (February 12, 2014). "Virgin Media announces two millionth TiVo customer". Telegraph.co.uk.
^ "List of compatible adapters". Tivo.com. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ "TiVo support for DVR Expander problems". Support.tivo.com.
^ "TiVo Website showing 1TB drive and stock status". Tivo.com.
^ "The page is no longer available". www.wdc.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
^ Tridgell, Andrew. "tivo-ethernet isa_adapter". Retrieved January 2, 2016.
^ Anderton, Stuart. "Automatic soft padding running on the TiVo".
^ "Get ready for TiVo in the cloud, DVR box optional". Cnet.com. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
^ "Bankruptcy Blues for PVR Maker". Wired. March 24, 2003.
^ "TiVo's Q4 2011 Results". Investor.tivo.com. February 23, 2012.
^ "Stat of the Week". Broadcasting & Cable. March 7, 2016. p. 4.
^ Charny, Ben (February 6, 2004). "TiVo watchers uneasy after post-Super Bowl reports". CNET. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
^ Hansell, Saul (July 26, 2006). "TiVo Is Watching When You Don't Watch, and It Tattles". Nytimes.com.
^ "Simulmedia to use TiVo data". Direct Marketing News. June 18, 2012.
^ Terdiman, Daniel (September 14, 2005). "TiVo copy protection bug irks users". CNET. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
^ Peter Rojas. "TiVo testing banner ads during fast-forwarding?".
^ "Tivo Testing Popup Banner Ads". FirstAdopter.com. March 28, 2005. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ "TiVo tests pop-up-style ads - CNET News". News.cnet.com. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ "TiVo Fast Forward Popup Ads Return". Betanews.com. January 16, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ "Business Week: TiVo Wants to Be the Google of Television. How?". Businessweek.com.
^ "Richard Stallman explains the new GPL provisions to block "tivoisation"". Fsfe.org.
^ "InformationWeek: TiVo Warns Investors New Open Source License Could Hurt Business". Informationweek.com.
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If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome.
Natural selection is defined as a process by which species of animals and plants that are best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, while those that are less well adapted die out.
Natural selection ensures only the fittest survive to pass their genes on to the next generation.
In evolution, the process by which those individuals (of a species) with characters that help them to become adapted to their specific environment tend to leave more offspring and transmit their characters, while those less able to become adapted tend to leave fewer offspring or die out, so that in the course of generations there is a progressive tendency in the species to a greater degree of adaptation.
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0.999993 |
Как поступите, если запретят ночную торговлю спиртным?
фигня все это-и ваш опрос, в том числе, надо напиться-напьюсь днем, а по ночам мы спим!
во разбогатеют продавцы нелегальной водки возле Идла Кескус.
Давно пора запретить.Ночь для того что бы спать и не нарушать покой другим.Тогда и в семьях будет порядок.
Я никак не поступлю.А алкоголь должен быть менее доступен.Чем лучше владельцы этих магазинов тех же наркодилеров.И те и другие наживаются на человеческом горе,на искалеченных судьбах,разбитых семьях.Свое благополучие не построешь на чужом несчастье-судьба вернет это все обратно бумерангом.
zapret do horoschego ne dovodit nikogda.
Запрет даст новый заработок таксистам, ((им тоже жить надо) и самогонщикам. В остальном ничего не изменится.
Я начну алкоголь продавать ночью.Так хоть заработаю деньжат.В моем подъезде уже одна такая точка есть.Еще и я буду обязательно.Спасибо,если это постановление вступит в силу.Если не хотят понять,что кто хочет найти-тот всегда найдет.Лучшее средство борьбы-заставить работать полицию,а таковой у нас нет.
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The Nike Air Max 1 Paris is a women’s exclusive release that’s a unique Bespoke iD version whose silhouette is inspired by Parisian architecture, fashion and culture. The shoe features Metallic Golden metal Nike Air Max decks with laser-cut Roman numerals “LXXV”, which represent both the department number of Paris and the number of copies created in this version (75).An Air Max 90 embroidered insole features the initials of the designers who participated in the design of this model, while an embroidered reinforcement bears the number of Nike Flyknit Trainer each of the 50 pairs that will be sold. Besides quality leather, a rubber outsole and an Off-White midsole, each unique element of this Nike Flyknit shoe contributes to the elegance of this urban-inspired premium sneaker.Limited to 75 pairs worldwide, the Nike Air Max 1 “Paris” will only release 50 Nike Air Max pairs through Nike SNKRS Paris. The remaining 25 pairs will be given to friends and family. The retail price tag is set at 280 Nike Outlet Euro.
Inspired by the Nike Air Flight Huarache, Nike Sportswear has officially debuted their all-new Nike Air Flight Huarache Ultra silhouette. The two pairs Nike Air Max 95 that have released come dressed an OG-inspired White/Lyon Blue/Bold Berry-Black and the other in Black/White/Volt-Black.The brand new Nike Air Huarache model features a Jacquard Nike Outlet Store and textile constructed upper with an external leather heel clip sitting atop a lightweight foam midsole and durable rubber outsole.Check out both colorways below Air Max 1 Ultra Moire and you can now find them available directly on Nike.com. The retail price tag is set at $130 USD.
Nike Basketball designed a special Nike Air Max Tailwind 8 edition Nike KD 10 Be True as part of the celebration for Pride Month. Debuted by WNBA Star Essence Carson. This “Be True” edition Nike Internationalist Nike KD 10 features a black-based upper highlighted with its rainbow-like translucent outsole as a nod to the LGBT community.No word on a release Nike Air Max 2016 date, but you can get a full look at the “Be True” Nike KD 10 below. Let us know what you guys think in Air Max 2017 the comments below and stay tuned to Sneaker Bar for further updates.
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0.993148 |
Is it impossible to recover deleted data or lost data from Nubia or Nuoio phone? Many Nubia and Nuoio users have such ideas. As compared to Samsung, HUAWEI and other Android phone, Nubia and Nuoio belongs to the minority category. Come very naturally, they think there are few methods available to solve the problem from Nubia and Nuoio. In fact, this view is one-sided. May be Nubia and Nuoio can't compare brands like Samsung and HUAWEI at the moment, but they all have one thing in common - running the Android system. From this point of view, many of the methods are interlinked and can be supported by each other. Take the data recovery problem as an example, and then the method we use not only can be used for Nubia and Nuoio, but also support Samsung, HUAWEI or other Android phone.
I can firmly tell you that deleted or lost data can be recovered from Nubia and Nuoio, as long as the you uses dr.fone - Recover (Android Data Recovery).
dr.fone - Recover (Android Data Recovery) is a data recovery software compatible with a variety of Android devices, so it supports Nubia, Nuoio, Samsung, HUAWEI, ZTE, LG, OPPO, vivo and other brands. At the same time, it can restore the deleted or lost data, such as SMS, photos, video, contacts, call history, documents, audio, etc. The operation of the software is simple, and you can restore the deleted data in a few minutes. More importantly, the software is secure, and no one can get the data in your phone except yourself.
First of all, you need to download and install dr.fone on your computer. Then, running it, select "Recover" from all of the functions.
Then, use a USB line to connect your Nubia/Nuoio to your computer. Of course, you also need to open USB debugging on your Nubia/Nuoio. When your Nubia/Nuoio is successfully connected to the computer and is identified by the program, you will enter the next interface.
Next, you can see some type of file that they can be scanned. Select the data type according to your needs and click "Next".
If your Nubia/Nuoio doesn't have a rooted, you need to choose a scan way. Here you can see there are two options, respectively "Scan for deleted files" and "Scan for all files". Click on "Next" after selecting a way according to your needs.
Next, the program begins to analyze your Nubia/Nuoio and scan the data.
It will take a few minutes to finish scanning your Nubia/Nuoio. When the scan is finished, you can preview all the scanned files. Then check the data that you need to restore, and click "Recover".
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0.928806 |
Can I swallow bee pollen granules whole?
Is it ok to just swallow bee pollen granules whole with a glass of water rather than chew them? I did read that we don't digest them completely when whole but didn't know if this was true. I'd like to get the whole benefit from taking it!
It is okay to swallow bee pollen granules whole. By failing to initiate the digestive process through chewing, you will likely not digest them quite as well as if you had chewed them thoroughly. I do recommend chewing if possible. Many people don't like the taste of bee pollen and do need to swallow them whole. This is not the end of the world but not preferable. One other option for you would be to blend them into a smoothie. This will help the digestive process and the blender will do the work for you!
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0.982302 |
I have a scar on my chest and want to get rid of it. How can I get rid of it please?
I will advise you to get to a surgeon in order to know whether it can be removed.
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0.99999 |
2000-AUG-8: England: Location for movie shooting: According to the London Times, UK, the 900 year-old, Anglican, Gloucester Cathedral will be used to represent Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the upcoming movie by Warner Brothers. The Dean of Canterbury Cathedral had previously turned down a "generous" offer from the movie company, because of concern at the use of Pagan imagery in the stories. The Very Rev Nicholas Bury, Dean of Gloucester, commented: "Gloucester is one of the most beautiful cathedrals, and its friendliness and human scale have often been remarked upon. It is an atmospheric place and good for a story about a boy making friends in his first year at school."
2000-AUG-9: USA: Rumors of movie casting: According to Reuters, Hollywood Reporter said that actor Richard Harris, star of This Sporting Life and The Field is negotiating with Warner Brothers to play the role of Headmaster Dumbledore in the Harry Potter movie. Alan Rickman, star of Galaxy Quest and Dogma is negotiating for the Professor Snape role.
2000-OCT-22: World: Error in Book #4: According to the Toronto Star, a nine-year-old reader discovered an error in the fourth book. A leading character, Crouch, went missing early in the book but later makes an unplanned reappearance. Apparently the sentence should refer to Cornelius Fudge.
2000-NOV-21: USA: Web site: Muggles for Harry Potter will become Kidspeak on DEC-1. They will become the "first Web site dedicated to defending the First Amendment rights of kids."
2001-MAR-3: World: Web site: The Harry Potter web site at http://harrypotter.warnerbros.com/web/home.jsp has a flashy introduction, the first trailer from the upcoming movie, and many other features.
2001-MAR-4: World: Textbooks: J.K. Rowling has written two Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry textbooks: "Quidditch Through the Ages" and "Fantastic Beasts & Where to Find Them." They will be released on MAR-12. Profits will be donated to Harry's Books Fund established by Comic Relief UK to aid poor children around the world. They will be released on MAR-12.
2001-AUG: World: The Movie: Warner Brothers will be releasing the first Harry Potter movie, based on Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, (called Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in England and Canada) on 2001-NOV-16.
2001-NOV-11: UK: Box office records shattered: The gross income for the Harry Potter movie ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,'' in the UK reached a new record.
2001-DEC-21: UK: Stills stolen: Someone broke into a room in Leavesden Studios, North of London where the file "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" is being filmed. Stolen were photographic stills from the unfinished movie. The movie itself is scheduled to be released in 2002-NOV.
2001-DEC-26: UK: Rowling completes epilogue: Author J.K. Rowling has already sketched out the plots of all seven of her books, even though only four have been actually published. She has written the final chapter: In an interview broadcast by the BBC on DEC-29, she said: "It's the epilogue and I basically say what happens to everyone after they leave school, those who survive -- because there are deaths, more deaths coming."
2001-DEC-28: USA: Movie does well: The movie was released on NOV-16. By DEC-24, it had grossed $260 million, making it the year's top-grossing film. The Harry Potter books have been best-sellers since the first was published in 1997, and publisher Scholastic Books says there are 55 million copies of ''Harry Potter'' books in print in the United States.
are duplicates of each other. Yet he later admits that the "good" witches at Hogwarts "have nothing to do with the Wiccan or black magic kinds of witches." His main point seems to be that children who are fascinated by the fantasy witchcraft in Harry Potter books may later become interested in real Witchcraft, as practiced by Wiccans, for the simple reason that they use the same ten letter word to describe themselves. He is concerned that since Wicca is a very different religion from Christianity, some children might be lured away from the faith of their parents. Within the belief system of conservative Christians, this would result in God's wrath descending on their children after death, in the form of an eternity of torture in Hell.
2002-OCT-22: An eighth book? The British media have been speculating that J.K. Rowling may write an eight book in the Harry Potter series. Neil Blair of Christopher Little literary agents denied the rumor.
2002-NOV-15: The second Harry Potter movie, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets," was released.
2002-NOV-20: Conservative Christian parents opposed to Harry: ChristianWebSite.com held a opinion poll, which asked the question: "Will you (or would you) allow your children to see the new Harry Potter Movie?" The response was 81% opposed, 19% in favor. This is a Fundamentalist Christian web site. The poll results may well represent the opinion of conservative Christians, but would not be accurate for the general population.
End of 2002: Movie earnings: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone has grossed about 625 million (U.S. funds). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets has grossed almost 500 million.
2003-JAN-16: Harry Potter 5 launch date announced: The fifth of seven books in the Harry Potter series, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix," will go on sale on 2003-JUN-21. Perhaps by coincidence, this is the date of the summer solstice. The publisher has released to short segments from the book. It begins: "The hottest day of the summer so far was drawing to a close and a drowsy silence lay over the large, square houses of Privet Drive.....The only person left outside was a teenage boy who was lying flat on his back in a flowerbed outside number four." Later in the novel, J. K. Rowling writes: "Dumbledore lowered his hands and surveyed Harry through his half-moon glasses. 'It is time,' he said, 'for me to tell you what I should have told you five years ago, Harry. Please sit down. I am going to tell you everything.' " Author J.K. Rowling had produced the first four books at the rate of one a year. The delay in completing the fifth book was caused by her recent marriage, her pregnancy, and the logistical difficulties in verifying that the details of the new book are consistent with earlier books in the series. You can read reviews (by people who have not yet read the book) or place your advance order now and Amazon.com will ship it to you when it arrives!
"Harry Potter in trouble -- censorship or legitimate concerns over the separation of church and state?," AANEWS, American Atheists, news release 2000-SEP-22.
Phinjo Gombu, "Lawyers ward off Harry Potter imitators," The Toronto Star, Toronto ON, Canada, 2002-SEP-19, Page A35.
Sue Leeman, "Four arrested in U.K. for Potter book theft," Associated Press, The Toronto Star, 2003-MAY-9, Page D12.
Hillel Italie, "Critics and child reviewers love Harry Potter No. 5," Toronto Star, Toronto, ON, 2003-JUN-24.
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0.999793 |
Why this hotel? Great value for money. Great for sightseeing. Free WiFi.
The well-rated Tara Angkor Hotel is in a very good location for sightseeing and visiting the Angkor Wat and tourist attractions in Siem Reap.
Each large, en suite room features free WiFi, cable TV, tea & coffee maker and safe. The hotel has excellent facilities including 4 restaurants, outdoor pool, gym, spa and a tour desk.
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0.966267 |
Cavitation is a general term used to describe the behavior of voids or bubbles in a liquid. Cavitation is usually divided into two classes of behavior: inertial (or transient) cavitation and non-inertial cavitation. Inertial cavitation is the process where a void or bubble in a liquid rapidly collapses, producing a shock wave. Such cavitation often occurs in pumps, propellers, impellers, and in the vascular tissues of plants. Non-inertial cavitation is the process where a bubble in a fluid is forced to oscillate in size or shape due to some form of energy input, such as an acoustic field. Such cavitation is often employed in ultrasonic cleaning baths and can also be observed in pumps, propellers etc.Cavitation is, in many cases, an undesirable occurrence. In devices such as propeller and pumps, cavitation causes a great deal of noise, damage to components, vibrations, and a loss of efficiency.
When the cavitation bubbles collapse, they force liquid energy to very small volumes. Thereby, they create spots of high temperature and emit shock waves which are the source of noise. The noise created by cavitation is a particular problem for submarines, as it increases the chances of being detected by the enemy.
Although the collapse of cavities is a relatively low energy event, it is highly localized and can even erode metals such as steel. The pitting caused by the collapse of cavities produces great wear on components and can dramatically shorten a propeller or pump's lifetime.
Yes you have prop spin.
so it does not sound like cavitation? what would the signs of cavitation be?
yes, generally speaking, prop spin = cavitation.
what would be a way to prevent that if that is the case?
it just happens sometime or another to everyone. to fix it if that's what it is, just take the pump off and put it back on and make sure it's in the groove on the pump.
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0.979509 |
This article is about the song by the Beach Boys. For other uses, see I Get Around (disambiguation).
"I Get Around" is a song written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love for American rock band the Beach Boys. It was released as a single in May 1964 with "Don't Worry Baby" as its B-side and became the group's first number-one charting song in the United States. In the United Kingdom, it charted at number seven and was the band's first top ten single there. It was included as the opening track on their studio album All Summer Long in July 1964.
An autobiographical narrative, "I Get Around" begins with a multi-part a cappella introduction that quickly shifts into rock-style verses sung by Mike Love and a pop chorus sung in falsetto by Brian Wilson, who also produced and arranged the song. During its recording session, Wilson's father Murry was relieved of his duties as the group's manager.
In 2017, "I Get Around" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
The song was originally credited to Brian Wilson alone until Love v. Wilson, a 1994 lawsuit by Mike Love which amended the song's copyright to include him as a co-writer. In an interview with Goldmine, published September 18, 1992, Love insisted that he and not Wilson "came up with 'round round get around'".
Rolling Stone writer Anthony DeCurtis referenced the song as an example of Wilson's ability to "be very complex and have every single thing you do have an emotional impact, and have the hearer not even be aware of it—just hear it the first time and get it. That's hard."
The instrumental track for "I Get Around" was recorded on April 2, 1964, at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, along with "Little Honda". According to biographer Steven Gaines, manager Murry Wilson was in the control room "criticizing the song and Brian's production techniques ... rambl[ing] on about what a loser Brian was, how poor the music was, and how only Murry had the real talent in the family. At one point he insisted that Brian end the [recording] session because something was wrong with the bassline." The disagreement eventually resulted in Brian relieving him of his managerial duties. Brian would later say, "We love the family thing – y'know: three brothers, a cousin and a friend is a really beautiful way to have a [rock] group – but the extra generation can become a hang-up." The vocals were recorded during a session eight days later on April 10.
"I Get Around", backed with "Don't Worry Baby", was released as a single in the United States on May 11, 1964. The single entered the Billboard chart on May 23 at #76. The song reached the #1 spot on the Billboard charts on July 4, replacing "A World Without Love" by Peter and Gordon and becoming the band's first #1 hit in the United States. The song remained at #1 for two weeks before being replaced by "Rag Doll" by The Four Seasons. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 5 song of 1964. The single also reached #1 on the United States Variety charts on July 1.
Released in June 1964 in the United Kingdom the single peaked at #7 on the Record Retailer chart and thus becoming the band's first top ten hit in the United Kingdom. According to some sources, Mick Jagger, when appearing on the UK television show Ready Steady Go!, stated that he thought the song was a great record. This most likely played a part in boosting the single's success, while also helping the band become more popular in the United Kingdom.
In Germany the single peaked at #38 on the Hit Bilanz chart, which was only the band's second single to chart in Germany. The single was the band's first charting single in the Netherlands, charting at #38 on the Netherlands singles charts. The single reached the top 10 in both the Canadian and Swedish singles charts, peaking at #10 in both countries.
The song was first released on an album in 1964 on the band's All Summer Long album. Despite the album being available in both mono and stereo formats, "I Get Around" along with the title track "All Summer Long" were never mixed in stereo for the original album release for unknown reasons. In the following year, the band re-recorded the song as a medley along with "Little Deuce Coupe" for their 1965 Beach Boys' Party! album. The medley was a send-up of the original recording. The mock recording replaces lyrics such as "we always take my car cause it's never been beat" with "we always take my car although it's a heap". On the 1996 country styled studio release Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 the band re-recorded the song for the album which featured country band Sawyer Brown as guests on the track who played several of the instruments on the recording as well as featuring a lead vocal by band member Mark Miller.
The instrumental track of the song without any vocal overdubs was released on the 1993 five-disc box set Good Vibrations: Thirty Years of The Beach Boys.
The song received its first official stereo mix on the 2012 reissue of All Summer Long. Due to multitrack session tapes for the second vocal and guitar solo overdub being missing, the remix was created by utilizing new DES (Digitally Extracted Stereo) technology to isolate instruments and vocals directly from the mono master. The basic instrumental track and first vocal overdub were released on the rarities compilation Keep an Eye on Summer – The Beach Boys Sessions 1964 in 2014.
After the song became the band's first United States number one hit song, it immediately became a regular in the Beach Boys' live set. During the band's first British tour in 1964, they performed this song as well as "When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)" on their first television appearance in Britain on Ready Steady Go!.[not in citation given] The band performed I Get Around on the Ed Sullivan Show on September 27, 1964.
^ Howard, David N. (2004). Sonic Alchemy: Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-634-05560-7.
^ Richie Unterberger, Samb Hicks, Jennifer Dempsey. Music USA: The Rough Guide. ISBN 1-85828-421-X. p 383.
^ "RECORDINGS BY MERLE HAGGARD, BILLIE HOLIDAY, NIRVANA, N.W.A, ELVIS PRESLEY, PRINCE, AND R.E.M. AMONG 2017 GRAMMY HALL OF FAME® INDUCTIONS". GRAMMY.org. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
^ Doe, Andrew G. "Album Archiveq". Bellagio 10452. Endless Summer Quarterly. Archived from the original on 2012-03-24.
^ Sellars, Jeff, ed. (2015). God Only Knows: Faith, Hope, Love, and The Beach Boys. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4982-0767-6.
^ Gaines, Steven (1986). Heroes and Villains: The True Story of The Beach Boys. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 0306806479.
^ Timothy White, The Nearest Faraway Place (New York: Holt, 1996) pp. 230–236.
^ Taylor, Derek (October 5, 1966). ""The Beach Boy Empire"" (JPG). Hit Parader: 13.
^ a b Slowinski, Craig (2014). Keep an Eye On Summer 1964 (Digital Liner). The Beach Boys. Capitol Records.
^ Black, Frank (2014-12-03). "FRIDAY NIGHT BOYS: The Beach Boys 1964: Keep an Eye on Summer – new copyright extension release". Fridaynightboys300.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
^ a b Badman, Keith (2004). The Beach Boys: The Definitive Diary of America's Greatest Band on Stage and in the Studio. p. 59.
^ Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. New York: Billboard Books. p. 151. ISBN 0823076776.
^ Badman, Keith (2004). The Beach Boys: The Definitive Diary of America's Greatest Band on Stage and in the Studio. p. 62.
^ "German Singles Charts". Mountvernonandfairway.de. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
^ "Dutch Singles Charts". Mountvernonandfairway.de. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
^ "Canadian Single Charts". Mountvernonandfairway.de. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
^ "Swedish Singles Charts". Mountvernonandfairway.de. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
^ "Beach Boys". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
^ "The Beach Boys awards on Allmusic". Allmusic. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
^ "Year End Charts – Year-end Singles – The Billboard Hot 100". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
^ "The Beach Boys – I Get Around (Live/2013)". YouTube. 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
This page was last edited on 26 February 2019, at 00:13 (UTC).
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You will be surprised to know that we are carrying non-human genes in our genome. Our genome is not completely human genome. I mean to say, we, human beings have some of the non-human genes (foreign genes) initially derived from some other organism during the course of evolution.
According to a recent study published in Genome Biology, human beings (every one of us) harbor about 145 foreign genes that were incorporated into our genetic material during the course of evolution. The source of foreign genes includes bacteria, viruses, and some other single-celled organisms.
Alastair Crisp, a biologist from the University of Cambridge said that the “tree of life” is not simply the stereotypic tree that has perfectly branching lineages. But in reality, it is more like one of the Amazonian strangler figs where the roots are more tangled with each other in a cross back way.
Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of the genetic information from one organism to another organism (not the parent to offspring inheritance). And we know that it is a common idea of many bacteria and simple eukaryotes to share an antibiotic-resistance set of genes to adapt themselves according to the environment. However, the possibility of horizontal gene transfer from these microorganisms to higher organisms such as primates has always been a disputed topic.
As in the case of bacteria, it has been proposed that the animal cells might have adopted the foreign genes that were introduced into the host cell as small fragments of genetic materials. However, it is quite tricky to prove that we have a bit of DNA in our genome that was originally derived from another organism.
To understand furthermore, Crisp and his colleagues performed a genome sequence analysis of 40 different animal species including fruit flies, roundworms, zebrafish and some higher animals such as gorillas and human beings. They searched existing databases for close matches among the organisms of study and also among the other animals, non-animals (e.g. plants, fungi bacteria and viruses).
While analyzing the genome sequence, they looked for a gene in an animal genome that matches more closely to a non-animal gene than any other gene from an animal genome. For this analysis, they used computational methods to be sure whether the initial database search had some missing things or not.
In human beings, researchers found 145 genes that came from simpler organisms and 17 out of 145 genes had been reported to be a result of the horizontal gene transfers. This shows that the horizontal gene transfer is not limited only to the microorganisms but it has also played an important role in the evolutionary journey of many animals.
These genes are involved mainly in metabolism, and many other basic biochemical processes. However, it is still not clear about the mechanisms how these genes were transferred and its exact timeline when these genes jumped into the human genome.
This paper makes it clear that there is an existing evolutionary history of horizontal gene transfer between organisms. However, most of the researchers agree on that it is not completely indisputable evidence.
Jonathan Eisen, a microbiologist from the University of California, Davis, said that there is a little convincing evidence for horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and animal. However, there are some other explanations for the identified genes that are present only in some of the branches of the evolutionary trees.
These are the genes that existed in a far-off ancestor and could have simply lost in many other relatives during the course of evolution. He said it’s up to the researchers which to exclude other and more plausible alternatives.
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0.959599 |
One of the best things about smoking meats that take hours and hours is making something BBQ enthusiasts call Atomic Buffalo Turds or ABT's for short, as an appetizer. Everyone has their own version but they are basically a cheese stuffed jalapeno wrapped with bacon and smoked. They are spicy hot but not like you would think. I don't care for the heat of jalapenos but I think these are great. I halve jalapenos and then scrape the inside of them with a teaspoon to get out all of the seeds and veins to make a little jalapeno canoe. I put a "fat match stick sized" piece of andouille sausage in each "canoe". Then I stuff each with a 50/50 mixture of cream cheese & shredded cheese, today using colby/jack. The cheese will expand so I try not to overstuff them. I wrap each with a slice of bacon then sprinkle it with BBQ rub and turbinado sugar. Smoking them at 225f will take somewhere between 60-90 minutes, until the bacon is as crisp as you want.
Ok, now an admission. My first ribs of 2009 sucked. They were horrible, almost as bad as ribs from a restaurant. They were so bad it needed a Crime Scene Investigation. Here is a summary of where things went bad.
Meat: The spare ribs were very poor quality. I couldn't believe how bad they were as I was trimming them St. Louis style. One end of each rack of spares was ok, but the other end was scrawny, skinny. Must have been a dieting pig.
Rub: I experimented with a rub that had too much salt. Flavor was ok, but using a lot of salt in a rub on ribs makes them start to cure like a ham during the cooking process.
Fire management: I wasn't paying attention while the Big Green Egg was warming up and my temp shot up to 450f before I knew it. I struggled to get it back down to 225-250f but it ended up staying around 300f all afternoon.
No drip pan: I just put foil on the plate setter because I was out of 1/2 steam pans. So instead of the rendered fat falling into a drip pan with liquid, the grease fell onto the hot foil. That grease smoldered a bit, adding a funky flavor to the rib meat.
I've been so happy with my cooking for the past few months, so I'm not all that upset over a bad cook. Disappointed, sure. But I'll be back on my game next time.
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0.999853 |
In other words, for more than four years Assange has been holed up in a tiny room, policed at great cost to British taxpayers, not because of any allegations in Sweden but because the British authorities wanted him to remain there. On what possible grounds could that be, one has to wonder? Might it have something to do with his work as the head of Wikileaks, publishing information from whistleblowers that has severely embarrassed the United States and the UK?
In fact, Assange should have walked free years ago if this was really about an investigation – a sham one at that – into an alleged sexual assault in Sweden. Instead, as Assange has long warned, there is a very different agenda at work: efforts to extradite him onwards to the US, where he could be locked away for good. That was why UN experts argued two years ago that he was being “arbitrarily detained” – for political crimes – not unlike the situation of dissidents we support in other parts of the world.
According to a new release of emails between officials, the Swedish director of public prosecutions, Marianne Ny, wrote to Britain’s Crown Prosecution Service on 18 October 2013, warning that Swedish law would not allow the case to be continued. This was, remember, after Sweden had repeatedly failed to take up an offer from Assange to interview him at the embassy in London, as had happened in 44 other cases between Sweden and Britain.
These are only fragments of the email correspondence, after most of it was destroyed by the CPS against its own protocols. The deletions appear to have been carried out to avoid releasing the electronic files to a tribunal hearing a freedom of information request.
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0.92916 |
How do you tame stubbornly curly yarn?
Almost exactly three years ago, I made Jason a hat. In a frenzy of cleaning and organizing a few weeks back, I came across the hat and asked him why I so seldom saw it on his cabeza. His answer: The hat had been a tiny bit loose when I made it, remember? Not a problem at first, he told me, but with each successive wearing it grew. It got bigger and bigger until it was really too big -- not to mention ineffective for keeping his noggin warm.
In a world of intractable problems, I told him, this was one I could actually solve. I ripped the hat, gave the yarn -- a wool/acrylic blend, by the way -- a good washing, and hung it up to dry. I did some math and got the needles ready for a re-knit. But wait! The next morning the yarn was dry but still really curly. Huh? I repeated the bath (in warmer water this time, trying to relax the fibers a bit) and this time when I hung it to dry I hung a heavy hanger on the bottom of it to try to coax it straight. Still no luck.
My experience has been that knitting with curly yarn makes for uneven, bumpy knitting. What else can I do to straighten this out? Can I apply more tension while the yarn is drying, or will I damage it? Is there such a thing as "straight enough" for knitting?
Hm. I would have said to hang something on it while it dried, but you already tried that. I'd probably try it with more weight.
I usually wind it around my elbow, wet it down and hang it from a doorknob or something. At the bottom of the yarn loop (I seriously don't know how else to describe this but am heartened by the fact that you probably know what I'm talking about), I carefully balance some sort of canned goods on it's side. (Knob at top, can at bottom.) I then wait until my husband asks me when I might deign to take the yarn off the doors and kitchen cabinets. By then, it's usually straight!
Try wetting it and drying it with weight. Be sure to wet it for a really long time (about an hour), and then hang it with enough weight so that it looks totally straight while it is hanging. Don't take the weight off until it is totally dry (1-2 days).
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An upright fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX61) with the fluorescent filter cube turret above the objective lenses, coupled with a digital camera.
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption, to study the properties of organic or inorganic substances. "Fluorescence microscope" refers to any microscope that uses fluorescence to generate an image, whether it is a more simple set up like an epifluorescence microscope or a more complicated design such as a confocal microscope, which uses optical sectioning to get better resolution of the fluorescence image.
On 8 October 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner, and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy," which brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension".
The specimen is illuminated with light of a specific wavelength (or wavelengths) which is absorbed by the fluorophores, causing them to emit light of longer wavelengths (i.e., of a different color than the absorbed light). The illumination light is separated from the much weaker emitted fluorescence through the use of a spectral emission filter. Typical components of a fluorescence microscope are a light source (xenon arc lamp or mercury-vapor lamp are common; more advanced forms are high-power LEDs and lasers), the excitation filter, the dichroic mirror (or dichroic beamsplitter), and the emission filter (see figure below). The filters and the dichroic beamsplitter are chosen to match the spectral excitation and emission characteristics of the fluorophore used to label the specimen. In this manner, the distribution of a single fluorophore (color) is imaged at a time. Multi-color images of several types of fluorophores must be composed by combining several single-color images.
Most fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes, where excitation of the fluorophore and detection of the fluorescence are done through the same light path (i.e. through the objective). These microscopes are widely used in biology and are the basis for more advanced microscope designs, such as the confocal microscope and the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRF).
Schematic of a fluorescence microscope.
The majority of fluorescence microscopes, especially those used in the life sciences, are of the epifluorescence design shown in the diagram. Light of the excitation wavelength illuminates the specimen through the objective lens. The fluorescence emitted by the specimen is focused to the detector by the same objective that is used for the excitation which for greater resolution will need objective lens with higher numerical aperture. Since most of the excitation light is transmitted through the specimen, only reflected excitatory light reaches the objective together with the emitted light and the epifluorescence method therefore gives a high signal-to-noise ratio. The dichroic beamsplitter acts as a wavelength specific filter, transmitting fluoresced light through to the eyepiece or detector, but reflecting any remaining excitation light back towards the source.
Fluorescence microscopy requires intense, near-monochromatic, illumination which some widespread light sources, like halogen lamps cannot provide. Four main types of light source are used, including xenon arc lamps or mercury-vapor lamps with an excitation filter, lasers, supercontinuum sources, and high-power LEDs. Lasers are most widely used for more complex fluorescence microscopy techniques like confocal microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy while xenon lamps, and mercury lamps, and LEDs with a dichroic excitation filter are commonly used for widefield epifluorescence microscopes. By placing two microlens arrays into the illumination path of a widefield epifluorescence microscope, highly uniform illumination with a coefficient of variation of 1-2% can be achieved.
A sample of herring sperm stained with SYBR green in a cuvette illuminated by blue light in an epifluorescence microscope. The SYBR green in the sample binds to the herring sperm DNA and, once bound, fluoresces giving off green light when illuminated by blue light.
In order for a sample to be suitable for fluorescence microscopy it must be fluorescent. There are several methods of creating a fluorescent sample; the main techniques are labelling with fluorescent stains or, in the case of biological samples, expression of a fluorescent protein. Alternatively the intrinsic fluorescence of a sample (i.e., autofluorescence) can be used. In the life sciences fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool which allows the specific and sensitive staining of a specimen in order to detect the distribution of proteins or other molecules of interest. As a result, there is a diverse range of techniques for fluorescent staining of biological samples.
Many fluorescent stains have been designed for a range of biological molecules. Some of these are small molecules which are intrinsically fluorescent and bind a biological molecule of interest. Major examples of these are nucleic acid stains such as DAPI and Hoechst (excited by UV wavelength light) and DRAQ5 and DRAQ7 (optimally excited by red light) which all bind the minor groove of DNA, thus labeling the nuclei of cells. Others are drugs or toxins which bind specific cellular structures and have been derivatised with a fluorescent reporter. A major example of this class of fluorescent stain is phalloidin, which is used to stain actin fibres in mammalian cells.
There are many fluorescent molecules called fluorophores or fluorochromes such as fluorescein, Alexa Fluors, or DyLight 488, which can be chemically linked to a different molecule which binds the target of interest within the sample.
Immunofluorescence is a technique which uses the highly specific binding of an antibody to its antigen in order to label specific proteins or other molecules within the cell. A sample is treated with a primary antibody specific for the molecule of interest. A fluorophore can be directly conjugated to the primary antibody. Alternatively a secondary antibody, conjugated to a fluorophore, which binds specifically to the first antibody can be used. For example, a primary antibody raised in a mouse which recognises tubulin combined with a secondary anti-mouse antibody derivatised with a fluorophore could be used to label microtubules in a cell.
The modern understanding of genetics and the techniques available for modifying DNA allow scientists to genetically modify proteins to also carry a fluorescent protein reporter. In biological samples this allows a scientist to directly make a protein of interest fluorescent. The protein location can then be directly tracked, including in live cells.
Fluorophores lose their ability to fluoresce as they are illuminated in a process called photobleaching. Photobleaching occurs as the fluorescent molecules accumulate chemical damage from the electrons excited during fluorescence. Photobleaching can severely limit the time over which a sample can be observed by fluorescent microscopy. Several techniques exist to reduce photobleaching such as the use of more robust fluorophores, by minimizing illumination, or by using photoprotective scavenger chemicals.
Fluorescence microscopy with fluorescent reporter proteins has enabled analysis of live cells by fluorescence microscopy, however cells are susceptible to phototoxicity, particularly with short wavelength light. Furthermore, fluorescent molecules have a tendency to generate reactive chemical species when under illumination which enhances the phototoxic effect.
Unlike transmitted and reflected light microscopy techniques fluorescence microscopy only allows observation of the specific structures which have been labeled for fluorescence. For example, observing a tissue sample prepared with a fluorescent DNA stain by fluorescent microscopy only reveals the organization of the DNA within the cells and reveals nothing else about the cell morphologies.
The wave nature of light limits the size of the spot to which light can be focused due to the diffraction limit. This limitation was described in the 19th century by Ernst Abbe and limits an optical microscope's resolution to approximately half of the wavelength of the light used. Fluorescence microscopy is central to many techniques which aim to reach past this limit by specialized optical configurations.
Several improvements in microscopy techniques have been invented in the 20th century and have resulted in increased resolution and contrast to some extent. However they did not overcome the diffraction limit. In 1978 first theoretical ideas have been developed to break this barrier by using a 4Pi microscope as a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope where the light is focused ideally from all sides to a common focus which is used to scan the object by 'point-by-point' excitation combined with 'point-by-point' detection. However, the first experimental demonstration of the 4pi microscope took place in 1994. 4Pi microscopy maximizes the amount of available focusing directions by using two opposing objective lenses or two-photon excitation microscopy using redshifted light and multi-photon excitation.
Integrated correlative microscopy combines a fluorescence microscope with an electron microscope. This allows one to visualize ultrastructure and contextual information with the electron microscope while using the data from the fluorescence microscope as a labelling tool.
The first technique to really achieve a sub-diffraction resolution was STED microscopy, proposed in 1994. This method and all techniques following the RESOLFT concept rely on a strong non-linear interaction between light and fluorescing molecules. The molecules are driven strongly between distinguishable molecular states at each specific location, so that finally light can be emitted at only a small fraction of space, hence an increased resolution.
As well in the 1990s another super resolution microscopy method based on wide field microscopy has been developed. Substantially improved size resolution of cellular nanostructures stained with a fluorescent marker was achieved by development of SPDM localization microscopy and the structured laser illumination (spatially modulated illumination, SMI). Combining the principle of SPDM with SMI resulted in the development of the Vertico SMI microscope. Single molecule detection of normal blinking fluorescent dyes like green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be achieved by using a further development of SPDM the so-called SPDMphymod technology which makes it possible to detect and count two different fluorescent molecule types at the molecular level (this technology is referred to as two-color localization microscopy or 2CLM).
Alternatively, the advent of photoactivated localization microscopy could achieve similar results by relying on blinking or switching of single molecules, where the fraction of fluorescing molecules is very small at each time. This stochastic response of molecules on the applied light corresponds also to a highly nonlinear interaction, leading to subdiffraction resolution.
A z-projection of an osteosarcoma cell, stained with phalloidin to visualise actin filaments. The image was taken on a confocal microscope, and the subsequent deconvolution was done using an experimentally derived point spread function.
Epifluorescent imaging of the three components in a dividing human cancer cell. DNA is stained blue, a protein called INCENP is green, and the microtubules are red. Each fluorophore is imaged separately using a different combination of excitation and emission filters, and the images are captured sequentially using a digital CCD camera, then overlaid to give a complete image.
Yeast cell membrane visualized by some membrane proteins fused with RFP and GFP fluorescent markers. Imposition of light from both of markers results in yellow color.
Fluorescence microscopy of DNA Expression in the Human Wild-Type and P239S Mutant Palladin.
Fluorescence microscopy images of sun flares pathology in a blood cell showing the affected areas in red.
^ a b c d Spring KR, Davidson MW. "Introduction to Fluorescence Microscopy". Nikon MicroscopyU. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
^ "The Fluorescence Microscope". Microscopes—Help Scientists Explore Hidden Worlds. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
^ Juan Carlos Stockert, Alfonso Blázquez-Castro (2017). Fluorescence Microscopy in Life Sciences. Bentham Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-68108-519-7. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^ Ritter, Karl; Rising, Malin (8 October 2014). "2 Americans, 1 German win chemistry Nobel". Associated Press. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
^ Chang, Kenneth (8 October 2014). "2 Americans and a German Are Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry". New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
^ F.A.W. Coumans; E. van der Pol; L.W.M.M. Terstappen (2012). "Flat-top illumination profile in an epi-fluorescence microscope by dual micro lens arrays". Cytometry Part A. 81 (4): 324–331. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22029. PMID 22392641.
^ Cremer, C; Cremer, T (1978). "Considerations on a laser-scanning-microscope with high resolution and depth of field" (PDF). Microscopica Acta. 81 (1): 31–44. PMID 713859.
^ Baarle, Kaitlin van. "Correlative microscopy: Opening up worlds of information with fluorescence". Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ Reymann, J; Baddeley, D; Gunkel, M; Lemmer, P; Stadter, W; Jegou, T; Rippe, K; Cremer, C; Birk, U (2008). "High-precision structural analysis of subnuclear complexes in fixed and live cells via spatially modulated illumination (SMI) microscopy" (PDF). Chromosome Research: An International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology. 16 (3): 367–82. doi:10.1007/s10577-008-1238-2. PMID 18461478.
^ Gunkel, M; Erdel, F; Rippe, K; Lemmer, P; Kaufmann, R; Hörmann, C; Amberger, R; Cremer, C (2009). "Dual color localization microscopy of cellular nanostructures" (PDF). Biotechnology Journal. 4 (6): 927–38. doi:10.1002/biot.200900005. PMID 19548231.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluorescent microscope images.
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, blue denotes the one state and the one district won by McGovern/Shriver, gold is the electoral vote for Hospers/ Nathan by a Virginia faithless elector. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
Nixon emphasized the strong economy and his success in foreign affairs, while McGovern ran on a platform calling for an immediate end to the Vietnam War, and the institution of a guaranteed minimum income. Nixon maintained a large and consistent lead in polling. Separately, Nixon's reelection committee broke into the Watergate Hotel to wiretap the Democratic National Committee's headquarters, a scandal that would later be known as " Watergate". McGovern's campaign was further damaged by the revelation that his running mate, Thomas Eagleton, had undergone psychiatric electroshock therapy as a treatment for depression. Eagleton was replaced on the ballot by Sargent Shriver.
Nearly two years before the election, South Dakota Senator George McGovern entered the race as an anti-war, progressive candidate. McGovern was able to pull together support from the anti-war movement and other grassroots support to win the nomination in a primary system he had played a significant part in designing.
Alabama Governor George Wallace, an anti-integrationist, did well in the South (he won every county in the Florida primary) and among alienated and dissatisfied voters in the North.[ citation needed] What might have become a forceful campaign was cut short when Wallace was shot in an assassination attempt by Arthur Bremer on May 15. Wallace was struck by five bullets and left paralyzed from the waist down. The day after the assassination attempt, Wallace won the Michigan and Maryland primaries, but the shooting effectively ended his campaign and he pulled out in July.
After the convention ended, it was discovered that Eagleton had undergone psychiatric electroshock therapy for depression and had concealed this information from McGovern. A Time magazine poll taken at the time found that 77 percent of the respondents said, "Eagleton's medical record would not affect their vote." Nonetheless, the press made frequent references to his "shock therapy", and McGovern feared that this would detract from his campaign platform. McGovern subsequently consulted confidentially with preeminent psychiatrists, including Eagleton's own doctors, who advised him that a recurrence of Eagleton's depression was possible and could endanger the country should Eagleton become president. McGovern had initially claimed that he would back Eagleton "1000 percent", only to ask Eagleton to withdraw three days later. This perceived lack of conviction in sticking with his running mate was disastrous for the McGovern campaign.
McGovern later approached six different prominent Democrats to run for vice-president: Ted Kennedy, Edmund Muskie, Hubert Humphrey, Abraham Ribicoff, Larry O'Brien and Reubin Askew. All six declined. Sargent Shriver, brother-in-law to John, Robert, and Ted Kennedy, former Ambassador to France and former Director of the Peace Corps, later accepted. He was officially nominated by a special session of the Democratic National Committee. By this time, McGovern's poll ratings had plunged from 41 to 24 percent.
Richard Nixon was a popular incumbent president in 1972, as he was credited with opening the People's Republic of China as a result of his 1972 visit, and achieving détente with the Soviet Union. Polls showed that Nixon held a strong lead in the Republican primaries. He was challenged by two candidates, liberal Pete McCloskey from California and conservative John Ashbrook from Ohio. McCloskey ran as an anti-war candidate, while Ashbrook opposed Nixon's détente policies towards China and the Soviet Union. In the New Hampshire primary McCloskey garnered 19.8% of the vote to Nixon's 67.6%, with Ashbrook receiving 9.7%. Nixon won 1323 of the 1324 delegates to the Republican convention, with McCloskey receiving the vote of one delegate from New Mexico. Vice President Spiro Agnew was re-nominated by acclamation; while both the party's moderate wing and Nixon himself had wanted to replace him with a new running-mate (the moderates favoring Nelson Rockefeller, and Nixon favoring John Connally), it was ultimately concluded that the loss of Agnew's base of conservative supporters would be too big of a risk.
Although the McGovern campaign believed that its candidate had a better chance of defeating Nixon because of the new Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution that lowered the national voting age to 18 from 21, most of the youth vote went to Nixon. This was the first election in American history in which a Republican candidate carried every single Southern state, continuing the region's transformation from a Democratic bastion into a Republican stronghold as Arkansas was carried by a Republican presidential candidate for the first time in a century. By this time, all the Southern states, except Arkansas and Texas, had been carried by a Republican in either the previous election or the one in 1964 (although Republican candidates carried Texas in 1928, 1952 and 1956). As a result of this election, Massachusetts became the only state that Nixon did not carry in any of the three presidential elections in which he was a candidate.
Through 2019 this remains the last election when Minnesota was carried by the Republican candidate. Minnesota was later the only state not won by Ronald Reagan in either 1980 or 1984. It also proved the last occasion that Georgia, Hawaii, Maryland, Rhode Island and West Virginia would be won by Republicans until 1984.
^ "CQ Almanac Online Edition". Library.cqpress.com. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
^ "Hawai'i, nation lose "a powerful voice" | The Honolulu Advertiser | Hawaii's Newspaper". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
^ " Remembering Ed Muskie", Online NewsHour, PBS, March 26, 1996.
^ " A Guide to the Frances Tarlton Farenthold Papers, 1913-2013", Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
^ "New Hampshire Primary historical past election results. 2008 Democrat & Republican past results. John McCain, Hillary Clinton winners". Primarynewhampshire.com. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
^ "New York Intelligencer". New York. Vol. 6 no. 35. New York Media, LLC. August 27, 1973. p. 57. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
^ Lukas, J. Anthony (January 14, 1973). "As Massachusetts went—". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
^ "'Don't blame me, I'm from Massachusetts' bumper sticker is resurrected post-election". Boston.com. November 16, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
Giglio, James N. (2009). "The Eagleton Affair: Thomas Eagleton, George McGovern, and the 1972 Vice Presidential Nomination". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 39 (4): 647–676. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2009.03731.x.
Graebner, Norman A. (1973). "Presidential Politics in a Divided America: 1972". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 19 (1): 28–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8497.1973.tb00722.x.
Hofstetter, C. Richard; Zukin, Cliff (1979). "TV Network News and Advertising in the Nixon and McGovern Campaigns". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 56 (1): 106–152. doi: 10.1177/107769907905600117.
Nicholas, H. G. (1973). "The 1972 Elections". Journal of American Studies. 7 (1): 1–15. doi: 10.1017/S0021875800012585.
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Tips on how to achieve is often fit with nutrition and fitness exercises?
Whether or not you happen to be utilizing your fitness plan to construct muscle, it is possible to advantage from cardiovascular work out. Cardiovascular workout can help construct the endurance of one's muscle tissues, also as, raise your lung capability so that you can perform out longer without the need of getting to be fatigued. Also, it increases blood movement for your muscle tissues so you're able to attain a lot more muscle mass from other workouts.
Fitness is really a aim numerous folks seek to accomplish by lifting weights on the fitness center. In fact, all you might want to retain every one of the muscle groups on the entire body are 6 uncomplicated workouts: the push up, the pull up, leg raises, squats, handstand push ups, and bridges. These six straightforward bodyweight workouts will preserve you in best ailment for daily life and do not call for any high priced physical exercise tools or personalized trainers.
A single strategy to maximize your fitness schedule should be to alter the buy by which you count. Carrying out so will lead to optimistic contemplating, and push you to try and do superior. It will likely be virtually a "downhill" result for the brain. Pushing on your own is all about favourable contemplating and tricking your brain to perform for you personally.
1 strategy to maximize your fitness schedule would be to preserve track of the workout routines and the way very well you did. This may lead to optimistic considering and can push you to compete towards on your own. You will discover quite a few on the net logs you can continue to keep, also as units you can use to instantly track your exercises. In this way you could see your progression and formulate your individual difficulties.
One particular strategy to maximize your fitness schedule is usually to get the job done out using a good friend. This may aid with good considering and in addition assistance to push you even more than you could have gone otherwise. People ordinarily are aggressive in nature. This can include a sense of camaraderie and competitors for your routines.
Be sure to make every single work to accomplish as significantly training while you can through the entire day. It may be anything like deciding upon to trip your bicycle to function rather than driving in case you dwell near ample. You'll be able to also seek to park a couple blocks far from do the job or even the retail outlet to offer you a lot more strolling time through the entire day, just about every very little work aids.
So as to maximize your fitness probable when lifting weights, be sure you consume a good amount of meat. Meat is made up of a good amount of protein and various nutrients that help in muscle development. Lean meat is ideal, even though turkey chicken, and fish are very good for you personally also. The suggested serving is about six ounces each day.
Set reasonable fitness targets by looking at the time you have got obtainable as well as your latest degree of bodily fitness. By setting practical objectives you will be significantly less most likely to have discouraged and surrender. Objectives also aid you track your progress so that you can change your ambitions as required to accomplish an optimum fitness degree.
To enhance how speedy you may swim, do the job on building your ankles extra versatile. Use quick workout routines like alternately pointing your toes then flexing your feet to get a minute or so to boost versatility. This will likely make your feet far better at moving you promptly with the water just as water creatures' flippers propel them.
Anterior Post anterior: The way to achieve is constantly match with nutrition and fitness workouts?
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The space shuttle, officially named the Space Transportation System (STS) is perhaps the most magnificent engineering marvel that humanity has ever created. The program was launched shortly after President Nixon announced NASA's plan to develop a reusable space shuttle or space transportation system (STS). The plan prompted a massive overhaul of the Apollo program to develop a technology capable of resisting the intense heat and stress aircraft experience as they reenter Earth's atmosphere while preserving the craft to be used multiple times. The space shuttle is the leading forefront in technology and a marvel of human engineering. It was used to expand fundamental laws and restrictions currently hindering humanity from deep space exploration. Its rise of knowledge would become one of the most significant achievements mankind has ever accomplished.
However, building the space shuttle challenged engineers across the world. On paper, it seemed inconceivable to create a spacecraft resilient enough to withstand reentry and be in a working condition after. Although, unphased by the challenge, engineers at NASA soon developed the Columbia, the first space shuttle which was to carry 11 astronauts and 27,000 kilograms into space atop a 56-meter tall rocket. While each orbiter was engineered to be used for 100 flights, the Columbia rocket infamously exploded on Feb. 1, 2003, when it broke up during reentry, killing all seven astronauts on board.
The most difficult and dangerous parts of space flight is reentry. Spacecraft engineers are challenged to develop a vehicle capable of withstanding the immense heat and force the orbiter undergoes. The orbiter must slow down from its initial speed of 28 000 kilometers per hour (9 times faster than an average rifle bullet!) to a much slower 300 km/h over a vertical 4oo kilometer distance. During reentry, the acceleration is so significant it undergoes as much as 7 times the force of gravity putting incredible strain on the aircraft. As the aircraft continues to fall through the Earth's atmosphere a massive amount of drag causes the external parts of the orbiter to heat up to as much as 1,648°C.
Preventing the aircraft from becoming engulfed in flames requires several forms of tiles which are placed depending on the thermal requirements of the area. High-temperature reusable insulation tiles covered the underside with low-temperature tiles on the rest of the craft. The leading edges of the vehicle are reinforced with a carbon-carbon coating to prevent the craft from disintegrating. The main difference between the coating is the outer layer of the skin. Darker regions have a high heat transfer rate while the white surfaces excel at reflecting heat.
Despite having a craft that can withstand the extreme heat, the aircraft was also required to glide safely to the Earth with no external power. Of course, crafting such a vehicle was not an easy task. However, the dual delta wings provide just enough lift to enable the craft to glide, though it is often referred to as the flying brick.
It would seem intuitive to use a smooth surface to create a minimal amount of drag, however, NASA engineers resorted to a material with small gaps increasing turbulent flow to create a secondary air barrier to resist the heat. However, the resistance significantly impacts the aerodynamics of the shuttle, causing it to descend at virtually the same velocity of a human at terminal velocity- about 200km/h down at an altitude of about 3km. In comparison, it would be an equivalence of an airline pilot initiating a descent which takes only 2 minutes to hit the ground.
The immense rate of descent is surprisingly beneficial to reentering the atmosphere. The large swept back wings exhibit a large amount of lift which would cause the shuttle to skip off the atmosphere is it increases in density- similar to skipping a rock off of a pond. To counteract the force, a computer guidance sequence initiates a 60-degree pitch to cause the shuttle to plummet into the atmosphere.
The craft continuously slows down, however, the lift from the wings causes the aircraft to maintain a large velocity, much too fast if the shuttle was to land with a direct approach. The force of lift must be counteracted to achieve a safe level of speed, therefore, the shuttle is tilted onto its side causing the direction of lift to be perpendicular to the ground. Of course, the space shuttle is then put off course requiring it to be rotated 180-degrees to direct the force in the opposite direction. The aircraft continuously performs the maneuver until it straightens out 20 km from the runway allowing the commander to perform the final approach.
The commander lines up the module and drops the gears at the last possible moment. Without any thrust, there is only one attempt at landing. Opening the gears too soon creates a significant amount of drag that would cause the shuttle to stall and plummet to the Earth. Too much speed and the gears will collapse, similarly causing catastrophic failure.
Bret Copeland further explains the complications of landing the space shuttle.
The space shuttle is the beacon which led to the greatest achievement of humanity, installing a permanent space station which would continue to be occupied for nearly twenty years. The project has lead to significant advancements in knowledge and technologies, perhaps building the foundations which will propel the next mission to other worlds. It all, however, lies within the technologies and genius that went into engineering a spacecraft which could not only bring astronauts to space but safely back home in the same shuttle which was to be used many, many times.
Though many have lost their lives as they ventured beyond the Earths bounds, the space shuttle program has successfully launched more than 130 rockets and over 350 people into space aboard the most advanced, but worst aircraft in the world: The flying brick. It is through their daring bravery that will continue to push the forefront of space to unlock the secrets of the universe.
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We consider a Bayesian nonparametric approach to a family of linear inverse problems in a separable Hilbert space setting with Gaussian noise. We assume Gaussian priors, which are conjugate to the model, and present a method of identifying the posterior using its precision operator. Working with the unbounded precision operator enables us to use partial differential equations (PDE) methodology to obtain rates of contraction of the posterior distribution to a Dirac measure centered on the true solution. Our methods assume a relatively weak relation between the prior covariance, noise covariance and forward operator, allowing for a wide range of applications.
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West northwest wind 5 to 9 mph becoming light west in the evening.
to 12 to 17 mph in the morning.
North northwest wind 5 to 8 mph becoming light and variable in the evening.
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When should you file your 2012 Income Tax Return?
The tax law sets deadlines for filing 2012 income tax returns. However, there is room to maneuver, and the time you choose to file depends on your personal situation. Here are some guidelines to help you decide on the best time for you to file your return.
The filing season for 2012 income tax returns officially opened in end of January 2013 when the IRS began to accept electronically-filed returns. Most individuals do not file before the beginning of February in order to receive information returns, such as W-2s and 1099s, which are usually sent to taxpayers at the end of January; this information is needed to complete the return.
• To receive a tax refund. If you overpaid your 2012 taxes, the longer you wait, the longer the government has the use of your money on an interest-free basis. Usually, you can expect to receive your refund within 72 hours after IRS acknowledges receipt of your e-filed return, or three to four weeks after mailing a paper return. However, the IRS has recently indicated that some refunds may be delayed a week or two due to security measures against fraud.
• To apply a refund to 2012 IRA or HSA contributions. You can direct the IRS to transfer your refund directly to an IRA or Health Savings Account (HSA) for 2012, assuming you are eligible to make a contribution. If you want the refund to be used for a contribution that will be deducted on the 2012 income tax return, the return must be filed early enough to ensure that the transfer is complete before April 15, 2013, the deadline for a 2012 contribution. Use Form 8888 to indicate the account to which you want your refund transferred; you can split the refund into as many as three accounts.
• To get the filing obligation behind you. Many taxpayers dread income tax filing, so the sooner they complete the task, the better off they feel.
The deadline for filing the 2012 income tax return is April 15, 2013. The majority of taxpayers file by this date; it avoids the need to request a filing extension.
• Needing a completed tax return for financial aid purposes if you, your spouse, or your child is in or will attend college.
• Needing a completed tax return if you want to refinance your mortgage.
If, for any reason, you want more time, you have to request a filing extension by April 15. This is done on Form 4868. But beware: The extension only gives you more time to file the return, not to pay taxes owed. If you obtain a filing extension, pay as much of the tax you owe to minimize or avoid underpayment penalties.
The final day to file your 2012 income tax return is Oct. 15, 2012, assuming you’ve received a filing extension. If you file after this date, you’ll owe late filing penalties.
This date is also the last day to file electronically. If you miss the deadline, you’ll have to submit a paper return.
• Family problems. If there’s an illness, a move, or other personal issues distracting you, take the extra time—to October 15—to file the return.
• Obtaining missing information. For example, if you’re an owner in an S corporation, partnership, or limited liability company, you may not receive until September 15 the Schedule K-1 indicating the share of income and expenses you claim on your return.
• Funding a SEP retirement plan if you are self-employed.You may not have the cash before this date to make your contribution.
Final thought: When in doubt about the best time to file your return, talk to a tax advisor in your area or online.
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UI Artist The user interface artist is responsible for the design, implementation, and optimization of UI assets for a video game. To design and implement user interface assets, the UI artist first works with game designers to understand necessary capabilities of the interface, including navigation, menu options, player modes, and weapon selection. The first step of the design process is to create a series of flowcharts that outline how the player will be able to navigate options through different levels and modes. These outlines may go through a number of revisions before the UI artist arrives at a final plan. Next, the UI artist designs the graphic elements of the interface, including menu animation, colours, fonts, textures, and other variables. They may begin with paper sketches that are reviewed in design meetings, and then deliver several digital mockups for final approval.
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You bet - they die!
As a young child I was allowed to stay up late to watch greyhound racing from White City, which I am sure some readers will remember. Certain recent events have caused me to focus on the greyhound industry once more, and I am saddened by what I have discovered. I am submitting the following article that outlines the plight of the poor greyhound - what do other readers think?
UP TO 12,000 greyhounds are killed or abandoned every year at the end of their racing lives, a study has found.
Animal welfare groups said it provided the first reliable figures on what happens to the dogs and exploded the myth that most were kept as pets in retirement.
Abandonment and slaughter were so common that greyhounds' fate was "a major animal welfare problem", the report by the National Assembly for Wales said. It prompted calls for legislation to regulate the independent greyhound racing sector and for the industry to meet strict guidelines on the treatment of the dogs.
Researchers said that between 8,000 and 12,000 greyhounds were slaughtered or abandoned annually, of which only an estimated 2,800 were rescued or impounded by local authorities.
The cost to the taxpayer was estimated at £600,000 annually, with lurchers (greyhound cross-breeds used as working dogs) costing a further £1.35 million.
Up to 30,000 greyhounds cease racing each year and animal rights activists have long believed that many are killed or abandoned. The study concludes: "Large numbers of greyhounds and lurchers are abandoned once they are no longer useful. The study shows that the argument that most are kept as pets by their owners cannot be sustained."
Alain Thomas, of Greyhound Rescue Wales, said the most common methods of killing unwanted dogs were to shoot them or beat them to death. Some corpses had their ears cut off to prevent identification.
Lorraine Barrett, chairwoman of the Assembly's All Party Group for Animal Welfare, which carried out the study, said: "This report is confirmation of the terrible truth we've suspected for a number of years."
David McDowell, of the RSPCA, said: "There is no justification for abandoning or killing these animals simply because they can't do their job any more. An animal should be the owner's responsibility for life, not just until they've reached the end of their usefulness.
"It is imperative that the industry finally admits there is a problem and works with welfare organisations to look at ways at tackling this as a matter of urgency."
Greyhound racing is split between the regulated registered sector, which has 31 tracks in the UK, and the unregulated independent sector, with 21 tracks. The independent sector was singled out for criticism by the report.
Industry representatives, however, dismissed the estimates of killed and abandoned animals as "hugely overblown". Jeff McKenna, on behalf of independent track owners, said of the figures: "The only reason for euthanasia is if there's a fatal injury to a dog.
"The majority of independent owners regard their dogs as part of the family. That's the whole ethos behind independent racing. They are part of the family, not just racing machines."
Emma Johns, of the British Greyhound Racing Board, an umbrella group for registered tracks, said that the organisation was in contact with animal welfare groups to help to protect dogs, notably the Greyhound Trust, which rehomes retired animals.
"Nobody would say there can't be improvements, but we have already made many."
Researchers estimated the number of greyhounds abandoned and killed after conducting a survey of local authorities to establish the number impounded after being found abandoned.
The true figure is actually far higher than 12,000, when one also takes into account the thousands of pups and young dogs disposed of by the racing industry before they even make it to the tracks.
Such a survey is very useful though, and very necessary, seeing as the greyhound racing industry does not provide figures for the number of dogs abandoned or killed (wonder why?).
We would welcome "legislation to regulate the independent greyhound racing sector and for the industry to meet strict guidelines on the treatment of the dogs", but this would not go to the root of the problem, which is that commercial greyhound racing inevitably creates a demand for a large number of dogs to be bred, and most of those dogs will end up being be "put to sleep" or worse, because there are simply no homes for them to go to when they become surplus to the requirements of the greyhound racing industry. The only legislation which will properly protect the dogs is legislation to outlaw commercial greyhound racing.
greyhounds to be bred. In addition, most of the greyhounds running on independent tracks are dogs which were originally bred to supply the demands of the registered sector, but which failed to make the grade.
In many ways, the problem of abandoned lurchers is more difficult than that of greyhounds. To a great extent the slaughter and abandonment of greyhounds would eventually come to an end if racing and coursing were banned, but the use of lurchers is more difficult to regulate because it takes place in a much less organised and obvious manner. However, we would welcome a ban on the deliberate use of any dog to hunt or kill another animal, which would make the "working" of lurchers illegal and considerably reduce the demand for these dogs to be bred. This would be much harder to enforce than a ban on greyhound racing, but would nevertheless have a very positive effect, as well as giving some protection to wildlife, of course.
From information we have received, we believe the shooting of "unwanted" greyhounds by trainers and others connected with the racing industry to be widespread. In quite recent times, pits full of the bodies of shot greyhounds have been discovered in Oxfordshire and North Warwicks. Other case we've heard about are difficult to investigate because of the bodies being buried on private land.
If a law were passed making all greyhounds "the owner's responsibility for life, not just until they've reached the end of their usefulness", this could virtually mark the end of commercial greyhound racing, as very few people would be prepared to "own" racing greyhounds, knowing that they would have to take care of the dogs for many years after their racing days were over. We believe, however, that a straight ban on commercial greyhound racing would be a better option and easier to enforce.
We would dispute the statement that "the majority of independent owners regard their dogs as part of the family". To give an example, when the Westhoughton independent track (near Bolton) was threatened with closure early this year, many of those running greyhounds at the track rushed to get rid of their dogs. Some were "put to sleep" and others, thankfully, taken in by a local greyhound rescue. If the characters who race dogs at Westhoughton were not prepared to care for them when they thought the track was going to close, it isn't hard to imagine the fate, year in year out, of dogs they consider to be no longer good enough for racing. Sadly, we have no reason to believe that the situation is any different at any other track.
Jeff McKenna's statement that greyhounds "are part of the family, not just racing machines" actually implies that he does consider the dogs to be racing machines. It is this concept of dogs as commodities to be used to satisfy the whims of human beings which goes to the very heart of the issue.
The British Greyhound Racing Board is no doubt in touch with the Greyhound Trust, also known as the Retired Greyhound Trust (RGT), because the RGT was actually set up by the greyhound racing industry over 25 years ago in an attempt to allay fears about the fate of ex-racing greyhounds. The RGT succeeds in rehoming just 2,000 greyhounds per year of the massive number disposed of by the racing industry and contributes considerably to the overall problem by actually encouraging people to attend greyhound races. Earlier this year the Trust announced that it could no longer afford to pay for the neutering and spaying of dogs it rehomes, so increasing the risk of more "unwanted" greyhounds being born. The lack of consideration that the racing industry has for the dogs it uses is evidenced by the fact that it does not supply its own rescue with sufficient funds to operate properly.
We consider ourselves a nation of animal lovers yet this is still happening.
lt's about time people took responsibility for the animals they use for profit.
No animal should ever be owned by anyone. If people wish to have "pets", they should be registered not as "owners", but as 'Person Responsible" for the welfare of the animal, in much the same way that parents are responsible for the welfare of their children.
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We got toddler bad to our 2 years old daughter. And Night sleep became huge problem. First- she does not want to go to sleep- and when the ritual - a bit of music, coming to badroom, putting pajams, cleaning teeth- starts- she having half an hour tantrum. Then we somehow get through it and I put her in bad. Then she starts to cryyyyyyy. Then she coming out of bad and crying "play", "play". Than I firmly explain to her, that this is time to sleep, put her back and she napping. For 2-3 hourse, than once again. This happanning 3-5 times at night. I feel exhausted. In addition, as I wrote earlier, she almost completely quit daily nap. Any suggestions?
I always look for the easy answer.... can you let her sleep in her crib again? I mean is there a reason you had to move her to the toddler bed? Is there another baby coming or something? With my kids, I did have to move them only because a baby was coming... but otherwise, I would have left them in their crib FOREVER.
But if you can't change back to the crib, then just brace yourself. The transition can be a tough one. You just need to be consistent and patient. Continue to do what you do, walk her back to bed for the upteenth time. She will get the message. You will be tired for a while. The important thing is to remain passive, don't get upset and don't give her any attention when she does wake. Simply and firmly tell her that "night time is for sleeping and everyone in this house sleeps in their own bed", walk her back to bed and turn around and leave. If you give her too much attention, whether positive like snuggles or rocking or negative it will be a motivation to continue her waking.
As far as her naps go, you can't force a person to sleep. But you can insist she continue to have "quiet time" where she stays in her bed and rests her body until you come in and get her. If she's tired enough, she will fall asleep. But don't let quiet time go or you'll never have the opportunity to see if she can resume her sleep.
thank you so much for your answer. She canot get back to her crib, because we sold it out. Her kindergarten teachers told us to change the crib to toddler bad and it was enormous pressure to do that. Since it develop sense of autonomy, bla-bla, bla ;-(. But the advice to get firmly and with no a lot of attention is very important to me.
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Why do people buy jewelry? Because it’s pretty? Because it’s rare? Because it’s a great value?
These ideas may play a part in the decision to buy jewelry, but, I feel people buy jewelry because it can say something to someone else (or about yourself) that you can’t easily put into words or action.
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Spring training typically starts in mid-February and continues until just before Opening Day of the regular season, which falls in the last week of March. In some years, teams not scheduled to play on Opening Day will play spring training games that day. Pitchers and catchers report to spring training first because pitchers benefit from a longer training period. A few days later, position players arrive and team practice begins. Exhibition games usually begin around the first of March.
Babe Ruth hit a 573-foot home run in spring training, 1918. He led the league with 11 home runs and had a 13–7 record as the Red Sox won the 1918 World Series.
According to the autobiography of former Cleveland Indians owner Bill Veeck, the avoidance of racism was one reason the Cactus League was established. In 1947, Veeck was the owner of the minor league Milwaukee Brewers and the team trained in Ocala, Florida. Veeck inadvertently sat in the Black section of the segregated stands and engaged in conversation with a couple of fans. According to Veeck's book, the local law enforcement told Veeck he could not sit in that section, and then called the Ocala mayor when Veeck argued back. The mayor finally backed down when Veeck threatened to take his team elsewhere for spring training and promised to let the country know why.
Arizona had eight teams in the Cactus League in 1989, with the other eighteen in Florida. By 2018, the split was even, with 15 teams training in each location.
After World War II, some teams trained outside of the United States. The Brooklyn Dodgers trained in Havana, Cuba in 1947 and 1949, and in the Dominican Republic in 1948. The New York Yankees also trained in the early 1950s in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Spring training camps and games were also held in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and various cities of northern Mexico, sometimes by visiting major league teams in the 1950s and 1960s.
Before and shortly after big league baseball reached the West Coast, a number of teams trained in the state of California or along the state line. The Chicago Cubs trained on Catalina Island in the 1920s, '30s, and '40s. For example, early in their history, the then- California Angels held spring training in Palm Springs, California from 1961 to 1993, the San Diego Padres in Yuma, Arizona from 1969 to 1993, the Oakland Athletics in Las Vegas in the 1970s, and various major league teams had trained in El Centro, Riverside, and San Bernardino.
Unlike the Grapefruit League, teams in the Cactus League often share stadiums; of the 15 teams who train in Arizona, only the Cubs, Angels, Brewers, Giants and A's have their own home stadiums. The Cactus league teams are all within the Phoenix metropolitan area.
Minor league players participate in spring training following a telescoped schedule that generally lasts from March 1–31. At its conclusion, most players are assigned to full-season Class A, AA, or AAA farm team rosters to begin the regular minor league season. However, those players deemed unready for a full-season campaign—through inexperience or injury—are assigned to "extended spring training", a structured program of workouts, rehabilitation sessions, simulated games, and exhibition games based in the major league parent team's minor league training complex. If a player is deemed ready to participate in full-season league action, he is promoted to an appropriate-level farm club. When the " short season" Class A and rookie leagues begin play in late June, extended spring training players are assigned to those rosters, placed on the injured list (formerly the disabled list), or released.
^ "arlington hotel, oaklawn, gangster museum, hot springs baseball trail, historical landmarks - Hot Springs, Arkansas".
^ a b "Major League Spring Training in Hot Springs - Encyclopedia of Arkansas".
^ "Ban Johnson Park-Whittington Park/Majestic Park/Fogel Field - Hot Springs Arkansas - Major League Spring Training grounds".
^ "From a Fan: Rare Photos of Babe Ruth in Hot Springs Babe Ruth Central: Babe Ruth, Babe Ruth Photos, Babe Ruth Statistics, Babe Ruth Biography".
^ Budd Bailey. "Road Trips!".
^ "Historic Baseball Trail Documenting Hot Springs as Birthplace of Spring Baseball Will Open on March 29; 45 Percent of Hall of Fame, Other Legendary Players Included". Yahoo Finance. 26 March 2012.
^ "Boys of Spring - Arkansas Life".
^ "Larry Foley". Larry Foley.
^ "MLB Network to air 'First Boys of Spring' doc". Major League Baseball.
^ The Arizona Republic: "Cactus League: Then and Now." Source: Rodney Johson, the Society for American Baseball Research. March 6, 2011.
^ Philadelphia Inquirer, March 1889; SABR Spring Training Database, http://sabr.org/content/spring-training-database (restricted access), Retrieved January 25, 2012.
^ Johnson, Rodney (2012). "From Dust to Diamonds: The Evolution of the Cactus League". CactusLeague.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
^ Arsenault, Raymond. "Spring Training Baseball in Florida – Our Roots Run Deep". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
^ Veeck, Bill and Linn, Edward (2001). Veeck as in Wreck: The Autobiography of Bill Veeck. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-671-67540-0. pgs. 171–172.
^ "Buckhorn Baths: A unique Mesa landmark".
^ "Larry Doby" Retrieved 2010-03-20.
^ Clarke, Ric (March 9, 1989). "Florida lobbies for Cactus League teams". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Cox News Service. p. D5.
^ Hoynes, Paul (17 February 2015). "Cleveland Indians spring training through the years in photos: From New Orleans to Goodyear". cleveland.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
^ Suehsdorf, A. D. (1978). The Great American Baseball Scrapbook, p. 103. Random House. ISBN 0-394-50253-1.
^ Echevarría, Roberto González (1988). "The '47 Dodgers on Havana: Baseball at a Crossroads". Spring Training. Vanguard Publications. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
^ "Thomas debuts in B game". Retrieved March 8, 2008.
^ Associated Press (8 February 2018). "Players Union Will Host Spring Training Camp for Free Agents". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ Gardner, Dakota (March 13, 2014). "The amazing story of 'Uncle Robbie' Robinson's plane-assisted grapefruit catch". mlb.com.
^ "Wilbert Robinson". National Baseball Hall of Fame.
^ Semchuck, Alex. "Wilbert Robinson". Society for American Baseball Research.
^ a b "Spring Training Official Website". MLB. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Murdock, Zack (January 17, 2017). "Atlanta Braves pick Sarasota County for spring training". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
^ Rodriguez, Nicole (March 1, 2019). "Atlanta Braves stadium in North Port nearing completion". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
^ "Atlanta Braves Schedule, March 2019". MLB.com. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
^ "Arizona Diamondbacks, Colorado Rockies break in new park".
^ The Arizona Republic. "A successful spring: New venue helps Cactus League set attendance mark." Peter Corbett. March 30, 2011.
^ " Martinez, 5 relievers pitch perfect game", Jimmy Golen, the Associated Press, published March 15, 2000, Retrieved February 22, 2007.
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Invertebrates (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in wet grasslands in the USA found more families of insects in streams in areas grazed by cattle at lower, compared to higher, intensities.
Abundance (11 studies): Six studies (four replicated, randomized, and controlled) in grasslands or wood pasture in the USA, Chile, and Israel found higher cover of some species of plants, herbaceous plants, or native plants in areas grazed by cattle or sheep at lower, compared to higher, intensities. One controlled study in forest in Israel found higher cover of woody vegetation in areas with lower grazing intensity. Four of these studies also found lower cover or biomass of some groups of plants in sites with lower grazing intensity. Four studies in grasslands in the USA and Israel found no effect of grazing intensity on biomass, cover, or abundance of plants.
Diversity (6 studies): Three replicated, randomized, controlled studies in grasslands and wet grasslands in the USA and Israel found no differences in plant diversity between sites with different cattle-grazing intensities, in some or all comparisons. One of these also found higher diversity in some comparisons and lower diversity in others. One replicated, randomized, controlled study in wet grasslands in the USA found that plant community composition differed in sites with different cattle-grazing intensities, in some comparisons. Two replicated, randomized, controlled studies in grasslands and wet grasslands in Israel and the USA found no differences in the number of plant species between sites with different cattle grazing intensities, in some or all comparisons. One of these studies also found more species in some comparisons and fewer species in others. One controlled study in wood pasture in Chile found fewer native species and more non-native species in paddocks with lower sheep-grazing intensities.
Survival (3 studies): Three controlled studies (two replicated and randomized) in grasslands in the USA and forests in Israel found no difference in native grass, tree, or shrub survival in areas grazed by cows at lower, compared to higher, intensities.
A controlled study in 1979–1984 in improved and wooded grasslands in northern California, USA, found that the cover of different plant species varied with sheep-grazing intensity, and that the effects differed between improved and wooded grasslands. Plants: On improved grasslands, cover of one of five species was higher on plots with lower grazing intensity, whilst cover of two species was lower. Cover of two species either peaked at intermediate grazing intensities or did not vary. In wooded grasslands, cover of three of eight species was higher on plots grazed at lower intensities, whilst cover of five was either highest or lowest at intermediate intensities, or did not vary. In improved grassland, total herbaceous plant biomass was highest under intermediate grazing and lowest under high intensity (data not provided). In wooded grasslands, total herbaceous plant biomass did not vary with grazing intensity (data not provided). Methods: Improved grassland was seeded with subterranean clover and fertilized with sulphur (12 kg/ha) and triple super phosphate (11.3 kg P/ha). One plot in each habitat was grazed at each of low, medium, and high intensities (0.6, 1.8 and 3.1 sheep/ha for woodland and 5.3, 8.0 and 10.0 for improved grassland, respectively). Vegetation was monitored in April–May each year using point-step transects and clipping vegetation from ten 0.9 m2 plots in each pasture.
A replicated, randomized, controlled study in 1989–1991 in grasslands in north-central California, USA, found that blue oak Quercus douglasii seedlings survived at similar rates but had less damage from cattle when planted in plots grazed by cattle at lower densities. Plants: Survival of seedlings after 15 months did not differ between plots grazed at low, medium, or high densities (7–50% survival). Fewer seedlings were damaged by browsing and trampling as grazer densities decreased (12–57%, 38–74%, and 52–93% of seedlings damaged in low, medium, and high density plots, respectively). Methods: In December 1989, oak seedlings were planted in three pastures, each containing nine plots grazed for a week each in winter, spring, or summer with low, medium and high densities of cattle (2.5, 7.5, and 15 animals/ha, respectively). Each plot received 24 seedlings (720 in total), of which half had the area around them treated with glyphosate herbicide to reduce competition from grass.
A replicated, randomized controlled study in 1993–1997 in grasslands in northern California, USA, found no difference in the cover of herbaceous vegetation between plots that were lightly or moderately grazed by cattle, but cover was more stable in lightly grazed plots. Plants: Similar cover of herbaceous vegetation was found in lightly-grazed and moderately-grazed plots, but cover was more stable in lightly-grazed plots (along creeks: 46–47% vs 35–80% cover; by springs: data not provided). Methods: In November and February–April 1993–1997, three pastures in each of three areas had either light grazing or moderate grazing (three replicates of each). In spring, plants were monitored at springs and alongside creeks in each pasture. The area had been grazed at moderate intensity since 1960.
A controlled study in 1984–1991 in grazed broadleaf forests in northern Israel found higher cover of woody vegetation, taller trees and less herbaceous vegetation in an area moderately, compared to heavily, grazed by cattle. Plants: Woody vegetation did not decline over time in a moderately grazed area, but did in a heavily grazed area (change from 48% to 55% cover vs 49% to 41%). At the end of the study, regrowing Kermes oak Quercus calliprinos trees were taller in the moderately, compared to the heavily, grazed area (1.1 vs 0.3 m). There were no differences at the beginning of the study (0.6 m for both). Herbaceous vegetation cover and biomass increased in both areas, but increased by less in the moderately, compared to the heavily, grazed area (cover: increase from 13% to 24% vs 20% to 52%; biomass: increase from 28 to 56 g/m2 vs 17 to 218 g/m2). There was no difference in the percentage of shrubs that were alive between the areas (data not provided). Methods: In 1984, an area of woodland (mechanically cleared, treated with herbicide, and grazed for two years) was split into two areas. One was grazed moderately and one was grazed heavily (0.30 and 0.54 cows/ha, respectively). Animals were removed for December–March and May–November each year. Vegetation was monitored each April in 20–30 25 x 25 cm quadrats in each major habitat.
A replicated, randomized, controlled study in 1993–1997 in grassland in northeast Israel (same study as (12)) found few differences in the number of plant species between plots that were moderately or heavily grazed by cattle. Plants: In early-grazed plots, more plant species were found with moderate grazing, compared to heavy grazing, in three of four years (46–49 vs 36–44 species/plot). In late-grazed plots, however, fewer plant species were found with moderate grazing, in three of four years (28–42 vs 41–50 species/plot). Similar numbers of species were found in moderately-grazed and heavily-grazed plots, with continuous grazing (49–66 species/plot). Cover of tall annual grasses was higher in moderately, compared to heavily, grazed plots, for three of four years, and two of three grazing timings (12–40% vs 5–21% cover). Cover of annual thistles was lower in moderately, compared to heavily, grazed plots for two or three out of four years, depending on the timing of grazing (4–9% vs 6–18% cover). Cover of crucifers was lower with moderate, compared to heavy, grazing for two to four years, depending on timing of grazing (1–14% vs 10–20%). With early season grazing, crucifer cover was higher with moderate grazing for one year (16% vs 8%). Seven other functional groups did not vary between plots of different grazing intensities. Methods: In 1993 eight plots were established with half grazed continuously (January–October) and half grazed seasonally. In seasonal plots, half the plot was grazed early (January–April/May) and half late (April/May–October). In addition, half the plots were subject to moderate grazing (0.55 or 1.1 cow-calf pairs/ha for continuous and seasonal respectively) and half to heavy (1.1 or 2.2 cow-calf pairs/ha). Plants were surveyed every spring every two steps along permanent transects.
A replicated, randomized, controlled study in 1992–2002 in grazed wetlands in northern California, USA, found more families of aquatic insects in streams in lightly, compared to moderately, grazed plots. There were no differences in the number of plant species or the relative cover of native and non-native species, although diversity and community composition in one of two habitats did differ between grazing intensities and total plant cover was lower in moderately grazed plots. Invertebrates: There were more families of insects in streams in lightly grazed plots, compared to moderately grazed plots (data not provided). Plants: There were no differences in the number of plant species or the relative cover of native and non-native species (data not reported). Diversity relative to before the experiment was higher in lightly grazed plots, compared to moderately grazed plots. Plant community composition varied between lightly and moderately grazed plots along creeks, but not at springs, in wetlands (data reported as ordination scores). Plant cover at the end of the experiment was higher in lightly grazed, compared to moderately grazed, plots (data not provided). Methods: Three meadows were studied, with three watersheds in each randomly assigned to a grazing intensity: one with cattle excluded, one with light grazing (leaving 800–1,000 pounds of residual dry matter at the end of the season) and one with moderate grazing (leaving 600–700 pounds). Samples were taken from both the spring and along the creek in each watershed. Insects were surveyed every three months in one year. Plants were surveyed each June using line transects.
A replicated, randomized, controlled study in 1995–1998 in forested pastures in central California, USA, found no difference in plant cover on stream banks and surrounding grass between pastures moderately and intensively grazed by cattle. Plants: There was no difference in plant cover on stream banks and the surrounding grass between moderately and intensively grazed (31–84% cover). Methods: Two pastures in each of three streams were assigned to either moderate or intensive grazing (reducing stubble to 2–3 and less than 2 inches, respectively). Half of each were grazed in the dry season, and half in the wet season (July–October and October/November–May, respectively). Plant cover was measured in June on 10 transects running across the streams.
A replicated, controlled study in 1998–2000 in north-central California, USA, found no differences in purple needlegrass Nassella pulchra survival or density in lightly, compared to heavily, grazed areas. In one of three years, plants in lightly grazed plots had more reproductive stems and were taller than those in heavily grazed plots. Plants: Needlegrass mortality and density did not vary between grazed and ungrazed plots (data reported as model results). Plants in lightly grazed plots had more reproductive stems, compared to those in heavily grazed plots in one of three years (4 vs 2). Plants were also taller in lightly grazed, compared to heavily grazed, plots in one of three years (data not provided). Plant stem diameter did not vary between lightly and heavily grazed plots (data not provided). Methods: Twenty 20 x 20 m plots were rotationally grazed from January (in 1998) or December (1999, 2000) until May at a stocking density of 0.75 animal units/ha. Plots were grazed until 25% (lightly grazed) or 50% (heavily grazed) of plant biomass was removed and then rested for 35 days. Thirty individual plants were measured each year and plant density was estimated using 3–5, 1 x 1 m quadrats in each plot.
A controlled study in 1976–1983 in wood pasture (Espinal) in central Chile found fewer species of native plants, more species of non-native plants, more grasses, fewer composites, and more plant biomass in paddocks with lower stocking rates of sheep. Plants had different traits with different stocking rates. Plants: Fewer native species were found in paddocks with lower stocking rates, in three of four years (e.g., with 1 vs 3.5 sheep/ha, in the 8th year: 2.5 vs 8 native species), and more non-native species were found in one of four years (e.g., with 1 vs 3.5 sheep/ha, in the 6th year: 9.5 vs 7.5 non-native species). In two of four years, the highest numbers of non-native species were found with intermediate stocking rates (e.g., in the 3rd year, with 1 vs 2.5 sheep/ha: 11 vs 7.5 non-native species). Overall, fewer plant species (native and non-native) were found in paddocks with lower stocking rates (e.g., with 1 vs 3.5 sheep/ha, in the 8th year: 12 vs 15 species). More grasses, and fewer plants in the daisy family (composites), were found in paddocks with lower stocking rates (e.g., with 1 vs 3.5 sheep/ha, in the 8th year: 75% vs 25% relative frequency, for grasses; 10% vs 65% for composites), but similar numbers of legumes were found at different stocking rates (1–3%). More plant biomass was found in paddocks with lower stocking rates (e.g., with 1 vs 3.5 sheep/ha, in the third season: 850 vs 150 kg dry biomass/ha). Lower stocking rates were associated with taller, more palatable plants with fibrous roots and animal-dispersed seeds, whereas high stocking rates were associated with shorter plants that grow in rosettes and produce fewer wind-dispersed seeds (data reported as locations of morpho-functional traits in ordination space). Methods: The study area (32 ha) was grazed with 1 sheep/ha for at least 20 years before the study began. In 1976, seven paddocks were established with fences (2.5–10 ha/paddock, 10 sheep/paddock), each with a different stocking rate (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 sheep/ha). In paddocks with 1–3.5 sheep/ha, plants were sampled in spring (October–November, five 4 m transects/plot), and plant biomass was measured in exclusion cages at the end of the growing season (one 1 m2 cage/paddock from May to December), in 1978, 1979, 1981, and 1983.
A replicated, randomized controlled study in 1993–2002 in wetlands in central California, USA, found lower plant diversity in one of two habitats in lightly, compared to moderately, grazed plots. Herbaceous plant cover increased in lightly, but decreased in moderately, grazed plots. Species composition of plant communities differed, but variability did not, between lightly and moderately grazed plots for one of two habitats. Plants: Two measures of plant diversity were lower in lightly, compared to moderately, grazed plots alongside creeks, but not at springs (data reported as model results). Herbaceous plant cover increased over time in lightly grazed plots, but decreased in moderately grazed plots (data reported as model results). The species composition of plant communities varied between lightly and moderately grazed plots (data reported as ordination results). Plant community variability did not differ between lightly and moderately grazed plots (data presented as coefficients of variation). Methods: In 1993, three wetlands in each of three watersheds were assigned to either light grazing (reducing dry matter to 250 g/m2) or moderate grazing (reducing dry matter to 150 g/m2). Plots of 2–5 ha were established at springs and creeks in each wetland. Vegetation biomass was sampled each year in 1993–1998 from three 0.0625 m2 quadrats in each plot and plant communities sampled with transects in 1993–2002.
A replicated, randomized, controlled study in 2008–2010 in grasslands in northern California, USA, found that plant diversity did not vary between plots grazed at different intensities, but that cover of native species was higher in plots grazed at lower intensities, compared to those grazed at higher intensities, for one of three plant assemblages. Plants: Plant diversity did not differ between plots with different grazing intensities (results reported as Shannon diversity). Cover of native species was higher in plots with medium, rather than high, grazing intensity in plots sown with native perennial grasses (17% vs 22% cover), but there was no difference in plots sown with two types of non-native assemblages (2–3%). Methods: In 2007 four experimental blocks were established across two pastures. Each block was split into three areas, sown with one of three vegetation types: native perennial grasses, non-native annual forage grasses, or a non-native, non-edible annual weed. These were then divided into six plots, which were subjected to one of three treatments, each replicated twice: no manipulation, mowing and trampling by cattle to simulate medium cattle grazing, or mowing and trampling by cattle to simulate heavy cattle grazing. Plants were surveyed in a 1 m2 quadrat in May 2008–2010.
A replicated, randomized, controlled study replicated study in 1993–2012 in grassland in north-eastern Israel (same study as (5)) found no difference in plant diversity in plots grazed by cattle at moderate, compared to heavy, intensities. The cover of three of five plant functional groups varied between moderately and heavily grazed plots. Plants: Plant diversity did not differ between moderately and heavily grazed plots (data not reported). Cover of tall annual grasses was higher in moderately, compared to heavily, grazed plots for two out three grazing timings (7–52% vs 2–23% cover, no difference for early-grazed plots). Cover of short grasses was lower in moderately, compared to heavily, grazed plots (1–30% vs 3–41%), with the biggest differences in continuously, rather than seasonally, grazed plots. Cover of tall perennial grasses was lower under moderately, compared to heavily, grazed plots for one of three grazing timings, but this difference had gone by the end of the study. There were no differences in cover of perennial or annual non-grass plants between grazing intensities. Methods: In 1993 eight plots were established with half grazed continuously (January–October) and half grazed seasonally. In seasonal plots, half the plot was grazed early (January–April/May) and half late (April/May–October). In addition, half the plots were subject to moderate grazing (0.55 or 1.1 cow-calf pairs/ha for continuous and seasonal respectively) and half to heavy (1.1 or 2.2 cow-calf pairs/ha). Plants were surveyed every spring every two steps along permanent transects.
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0.949857 |
Germany: where does the ski vacation begin?
Ski Germany begins and ends in the south, in Bavaria and at the border with Austria. Bavarian Alps is the mountain range, on the slopes of which today are concentrated main ski resorts in Germany.
The highest point of the country is the Zugspitze Mountain (2962 m). Zugspitze is located at the border of Germany and Austria. At the Zugspitze foot is located the most famous ski resort in Germany - Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
Germany it is not only Garmisch. Among the most famous German ski areas are such ski resorts as Oberstdorf, Ruhpolding and others.
Almost all ski resorts in Germany offer perfect organization, developed infrastructure, elaborate system of lifts and a wide range of accommodation options. In addition to hotels of the world hotel chains, Germany offers garni hotels (small hotels for 10 rooms), ski guesthouses and pensions, where you can get acquainted with traditions of the German nationalities.
Each of the ski resorts in Germany has a strong reputation. Therefore, when selecting a place for the winter holidays in the country you should define beforehand how you want to spend the New Year, Christmas or holidays. So, Garmisch-Partenkirchen is considered to be a multi-purpose ski resort, which is interesting both for experienced skiers and family tourists. The high popularity of Garmisch means a large influx of tourists during the high season. Christmas and New Year in Garmisch is often a time of queues at the lifts.
Oberstdorf is a ski resort in the Allgäu Alps, which combines excellent opportunities for the beginners and health-improving spa vacations.
In general, combination of spa and skiing is a distinctive feature of almost all resorts in Germany. Whether it's a small village of Grainau at the foot of the Zugspitze or a small resort of Füssen - almost everywhere, apart from tracks of different complexity levels, can be met swimming pools with thermal water, common swimming pools, saunas and Turkish baths.
Ski resorts in Germany often position themselves as something special. Thus, the resort of Rettenberg is known for among other things as the most southern village brewery in Germany. Two breweries are located here. Ski resort of Mittenwald is famous for its violins, which have been produced here for nearly 500 years. Feldberg enjoys the reputation of the best ski resort in Germany outside the Alps. Feldberg is situated in the famous with its natural beauties region of the Schwarzwald.
Hotels at ski resorts in Germany, ski cottage rentals, ski villas and apartment rentals in German cities for the winter holidays can be booked on the portal ski-holidays.ru.
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0.999411 |
Been in pain for a week, can someone help me understand what's going on?
Hi, I'm Justin and I'm a male in my early 20's. So I work a very physical job and my back had been getting really sore for the past month. On my day off, a friend gave me a good massage and then helped me stretch my hip and I heard a pop in my lower back. I didn't feel anything for a couple days, but my back kept feeling more and more sore over my weekend. Over the course of a couple days I performed some back stretches to help with my back, but to be honest it kind of felt like it was doing more harm than good. It felt good doing them in the moment, but later I would feel more sore, but I can't be sure if that was the cause of my pain. When it was time to go back to work, I was getting acute, shooting pains so bad that I couldn't sleep for work.
It's been a week since then and it still hurts really bad when I try lifting boxes and bending over. Although it doesn't hurt if I stay off my back. I can feel a discomfort in my lower back as if a disk is off or something and my mid back can flare up after working to the point where I get shooting pain all over my body. My foot had also went numb as I walked around and carried out my duties at work, but is fine now. I had to leave work and see a doctor the pain was so bad. I had an MRI taken and the doctor said the only thing that came up was that a disk looked a little wonky. He said imy back should be healing on it's own and feeling better, but I don't feel much of a difference in pain after the first week. I have been taking Advil ever since. I also iced my back 4-5 times a day for 4 days and have since been using just heat.
Most people say that I'll probably be okay in 2-3 weeks and nothing bad is really going to come of this. Although, my mother says that I'm going to be stuck with this pain for the rest of my life. My question is: what does this sound like to you all? Does it sound like something that'll go away soon? And what type of damage do you think happened? Lastly, what can I do for my health and to reduce the pain? I plan to see a physical therapist per my doctor's recommendation and hopefully a chiropractor aswell.
I appreciate any input you guys have on this topic and thank you all in advance.
Ask questions..its always better to be sure than wonder.
Will do, thanks for the advice man.
Your gonna be yiue best advocate.
Your health should come first.
The end game is to be as healthy as you can for as long as you can..that way when your hair is silver..youll not be as worn out as. Some of us late learners.
Pain can be managed as well as injuries by doing the right things to protect your health.
This is going to be the diagnostic part.
How to mitigate the injury.
This will be either an ordeal, or a learning time.
Attitude can and does determine outcome.
Its gametime and getting ready for it means having your head in the right place.
Thanks man, I've been doing my best to stay positive. What do you think happened to my back? Does it sound like more of a muscle strain to you? I don't feel like the doctor the I got cares much about my situation and I was hoping for some other opinions on the matter.
Sadly, opinions and personal experience is all we can offer here on Spine-Health.
Its better for a diagnosis from a trained professional so no misunderstandings happen.
One thing though..continuing heavy lifting after injury doesnt help.
Not nessesarily re injuring..but possibly aggravating and not letting it heal.
There are many things that can happen to the spine..i reinjured mine to the point that its in constant pain..because i didnt slow down.
Money is money and sometimes the work wont wait..but there is a point of diminished returns.
I wont, man. But I was curious what would you guys recommend I do at home to help heal it, because my mid back sometimes feels like its on tacs when I lay on my back. I get shooting pains all over my body and a specific point in my lower spine feels funny/uncomfortable. I only ask because it's taking me a long time to get help from professionals. The earliest I could get a psychiatrist appointment is in 2 weeks which will then be a month after the injury. I'm just kinda scared that by then it will be irreversable and I'm wasting valuable time to heal my back. Any advice is greatly appriciated appreciated.
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0.992931 |
Which famous rapper do you like better? Snoop Dogg or Tupac Shakur?
Tupac made some real sh*t, Snoop Dogg is just a clown that smokes too much weed.
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0.999975 |
According to the 2000 Census, New Kent County, Virginia has a population of 13,462 people. Of those, 10,805 (77%) are White, 2,181 (15%) are Black, and 176 (1%) are Latino. However, 316 (or 2% of the 13,462 people) are not residents by choice but are people in prison.
A more accurate description would not include the prisoners. This would give New Kent County a population of 13,146 with a demographic that is 81% White, 15% Black, and 1% Latino.
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0.948157 |
The Takata airbag scandal grows ever more violent as it continues to claim more victims. Imagine you are sleeping in your house. You wake before dawn to a loud crash, and it is the last thing you ever know. The truck explosion in Quemado,Texas, is the latest in a series of nightmarish episodes that have occurred around the world and continue to occur with ever greater frequency as the defective airbags destabilize over time.
Some people have been killed, and others survived their injuries but with permanent emotional and physical scars. Some surviving victims of exploding Takata airbags are disfigured, and others suffer disabling injuries, while some are both disfigured and disabled.
And yet, as the defective airbags continue to mangle and kill, Takata is still manufacturing their deadly product and car manufacturers continue to use it.
Takata says it is continuing to use ammonium nitrate, the cheap but unstable explosive in the deadly airbags, but that it will phase out its use by the year 2018. The company is being forced to comply with a consent order issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, demanding Takata stop using the deadly explosive by 2018. In the meantime, we have another victim killed and four more injured as of August 22. Lucila Robles died after a truck transporting the deadly ammonium nitrate canisters exploded in front of her house. All that remained of her body was bones and teeth, found two days after the explosion in the rubble of her home.
According to an article in The New York Times, of the four surviving victims, two people were truckers who subcontracted to transport the explosive chemical along with airbag components in the truck which exploded. The other two injured victims of the latest explosion were driving down the road in their car when the truck exploded.
Investigators searched the surrounding area with metal detectors for more ammonium nitrate canisters. Takata sent officials to the Quemado public library to ask locals to be aware of the danger that there may be more explosive canisters around. Coincidentally, Quemado, the name of the town where the latest tragedy occurred, means burnt in Spanish.
Takata transports the explosive chemical over 2,000 miles, from the plant where the company manufactures the propellant in Moses Lake, Washington, to their airbag factory in Monclova, Mexico. The company requires truckers who transport the hazardous chemical to wear protective gear, including fire resistant clothing, steel-toed boots with rubber soles, safety goggles and helmets. The truckers who survived the recent explosion were able to bail out in time, and the required safety gear likely saved them from dying.
How many people have to be injured and killed before Takata is forced to stop using ammonium nitrate in its airbags right now? Like many social problems, Takata is not the only party at fault. If car manufacturers weren’t continuing to buy the explosive airbags, Takata wouldn’t still be manufacturing them. And the only reason Takata and the car manufacturers are continuing to use the deadly airbags is that they are allowed to do so by our government and government safety regulation agencies such as the NHTSA.
Takata claims it has moved toward fixing the problem by including a drying agent in some newer airbags. The drying agent is supposed to keep moisture from destabilizing the ammonium nitrate in the airbag inflator. However, the drying agent has not been thoroughly tested yet, and we won’t know for years how well it works.
According to Mark Rosekind, a spokesman for the NHTSA, car manufacturers have legal standing to continue to sell new vehicles with the deadly airbags because the airbags will not detonate for a few years, and the cars can be recalled at that time. So, if you buy a new car, you could be buying a car with a deadly time bomb inside.
Can I Demand to Know If My New Vehicle Has a Takata Airbag Before I Purchase It?
According to a recent New York Times article, auto manufacturers have no obligation to disclose which of their models contain the defective airbags. You could demand to know whether your vehicle has a defective airbag, and if the dealer does not certify in writing that the vehicle does not use Takata airbags, you can shop somewhere else. However, it is very difficult to ascertain which cars do and which do not use the explosive airbags and your car dealer might not even know. Some 2015 and 2016 models have been recalled when the cars failed airbag safety tests.
What Can I Do to Avoid Being Injured or Killed by an Exploding Takata Airbag?
The first thing you should do is to check your Vehicle Identification Number at the NHTSA website, and if it has been recalled, bring it back to the dealer to have the airbag replaced.
If you drive a 2001-2003 model Honda or Acura, don’t drive your vehicle at all until you have the airbag replaced.
If your airbag has been recalled, get it fixed as soon as possible.
Check the website frequently to see if your vehicle has been added to the recall list.
If you receive an email or snail-mail notification to take your car in and have the airbag replaced, obey it without delay.
Don’t hesitate to get your airbag replaced if you have to drive an interim vehicle that is not as luxurious as your car that is being fixed. There’s a shortage of airbag replacements, and it is an emergency.
You could speak to an attorney about your situation later if you would like to recover damages for your wait and expenses having your airbag replaced.
Of the recalled Takata airbags that have been or are being replaced, many are replaced with defective airbags, which will have to be replaced again later.The problem is that Takata is such a huge supplier that millions of vehicles are affected, and there simply aren’t enough safer airbags available to replace the defective airbags in a timely manner. Government officials have prioritized which airbags must be replaced first, and which ones are not likely to explode yet.
If you or somebody you love is injured or killed by a deadly Takata airbag explosion, you may be entitled to compensation. Call Isaacs & Isaacs Personal Injury law firm at 800-800-8888, or fill out our form now to speak to an experienced and aggressive Takata airbag injury attorney without delay.
Isaacs & Isaacs has decades of experience in product liability cases, and we are passionate about making sure that people receive the maximum compensation they are entitled to when an unethical company injures and kills. We have a 99-percent success rate in recovering damages for our injured clients.
It won’t cost you anything to enlist our help. We will represent you on a contingency fee basis: if we don’t get you your money, we won’t get paid. Isaacs & Isaacs has recovered over $890 million in damages for victims in Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio.
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I'm not opposed to that, but I think you are an outlier in terms of how skilled you play the game, from my understanding. Obviously that doesn't mean I don't want to support your style of play, but I think that is part of what creates the rift between how you're playing and what other people are seeing. No insult intended to anyone. Ultimately it's playstyle no matter how you cut it, and so trying to figure out something that works for everyone would be good.
One of the deeper implications with the speed-up mechanics: Can I game the system by intentionally speeding up an AI response to sync/desync particular events?
This is probably an added-bonus - there are often times when you want to take, say, 10 minutes to do a task with your main fleet (say free up a Dyson sphere in deep strike territory.) However, a waves is in 5, an exo in 8, following by probably another wave at 15. Here you'd probably try to hype up the AI so that the second wave is synced with the exo, leaving you with a much bigger window later on.
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0.999997 |
What do you think of Putin's new foreign policy? Will a shift eastward be productive?Putin puts forward a realistic foreign policyrbth.ruA shift eastward and policies based on economic cooperation and pragmatism will be the focus of Russia's relationship with its international partners during Vladimir Putin's third term.
http://www.izvestia.ru/news/518157Дробницкий стартует очень хорошо. Он окажется в результате чадаевым, только гораздо более зрелым. Это новое и гораздо более продвинутое "пропагандонство", поэтому Дробницкого надо читать. У Дробницкого вообще нет никакого литературного нарциссизма, он целиком развернут на читателя.
Судмедэксперты подтвердили, что смертельные травмы скончавшемуся в Казани задержанному были нанесены "твердым тупым предметом". Пятеро сотрудников отделения полиции уволены из органов, глава МВД Татарстана потребовал взять их под стражу. Имена подозреваемых пока не называются. В МВД России считают, что должны быть наказаны не только издевавшиеся над задержанным, но и те, кто допустил их до службы.
Как выяснилось, достоверных подтверждений того, что Ульяну Малашенко действительно ударили по голове дубинкой полицейские, нет. Тем не менее, главный редактор Солопов встречей доволен: Колокольцев считает недопустимым препятствовать журналистам во время работы на митингах.
Полиция не знает, кто избил журналистку "Коммерсант FM"
Главный редактор радиостанции "Коммерсант-FM" Дмитрий Солопов в понедельник встретился с начальником московской полиции Владимиром Колокольцевым и обсудил обстоятельства избиения полицией 5 марта на Лубянке журналистки "Коммерсант-FM" Ульяны Малашенко.
: Молодые берут местную власть в Москве: зачем?
Liberty and free thinking is in your genes!
Spread them around, for the true victory of Democracy!
Common traits like British individualism and Chinese conformity could be attributed to genetic differences between races according to a new study.
The study, by the department of psychology at Northwestern University in Illinois, suggests that the individualism seen in western nations, and the higher levels of collect...ivism and family loyalty found in Asian cultures, are caused by differences in the prevalence of particular genes.
'We demonstrate for the first time a robust association between cultural values of individualism–collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene,' said Joan Chiao, from the department of psychology at Northwestern University.
Chiao and her colleagues combined data from global genetic surveys, looking at variations in the prevalence of various genes. The findings were matched with other research which ranked nations by levels of individualism and collectivism.
The team focused their attentions on the gene that controls levels of serotonin, a chemical in the brain which regulates mood and emotions.
Their studies found that one version of the gene was far more common in western populations which, they said, was associated with individualistic and free-thinking behaviour.
Another version of the same gene, which was prevalent in Asian populations, they said was associated with collectivism and a greater willingness to put the common good first.
People with this gene appeared to have a different response to serotonin.
If they are confirmed, the findings made by Chiao and her colleagues would suggest that races may have a number of inherent psychological differences — just as they differ in physical appearances.
Chiao suggests that the version of the gene predominating in Asian populations is associated with heightened anxiety levels and increased risk of depression.
She adds that such populations respond by structuring their society to ward off those negative effects.
The success of such social structures would then ensure that the gene would spread.
She added the findings showed how culture could exert a powerful influence on human genetics and evolution.
Cultural traits or genetic ones?
THEY may seem like cultural stereotypes, but the traits of rugged British individualism compared with Chinese conformity may be rooted in genetic differences between races, say scientists.
Their study suggests that the individualism seen in western nations, and the higher levels of collectivism and family loyalty found in Asian cultures, are caused by differences in the prevalence of particular genes.
The scientists looked at a gene that controls levels of serotonin, the brain chemical which regulates mood and emotions. They found one version of the gene was far more common in western populations where, they said, it was associated with individualistic and free-thinking behaviour.
The other version, which was prevalent in Asian populations, was associated with collectivism and a greater willingness to put the common good first. People with this gene appeared to have a different response to serotonin.
If confirmed, the findings would suggest that races may have a number of inherent psychological differences — just as they differ in physique and appearance. “We demonstrate for the first time a robust association between cultural values of individualism–collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene,” said Joan Chiao, from the department of psychology at Northwestern University, in Illinois.
The findings, published in a paper, and in a new book called Pathological Altruism, found that Asian nations, including China, Japan and Korea tended to have higher proportions of the “collectivist” gene in their population.
Such findings will need further confirmation but could provide a tentative explanation of why the Japanese economy, for example, tends to be based around large companies showing high levels of loyalty between managers and employees. Economists often contrast such enterprises with the hire-and-fire culture of the West.
The key questions are: how can one gene have such an effect? And why should it spread in some populations and not others?
Chiao suggests that the version predominating in Asian populations is associated with heightened anxiety levels and increased risk of depression. She adds that such populations respond by structuring their society to ward off those negative effects. The success of such social structures would then ensure that the gene would spread.
Chiao said the findings showed how culture could exert a powerful influence on human genetics and evolution.
Американские ученые обнаружили у людей ген либерализма и свободомыслия, сообщает The Daily Mail.
Открытие принадлежит специалистам американского Северо-западного Университета штата Иллинойс (the Northwestern University in Illinois). Обнаруженный ген регулирует активность серотонина - химического вещества, осуществляющего передачу электрических импульсов в головном мозге. Известно, что именно серотонин отвечает за эмоции и настроение человека.
"Мы впервые продемонстрировали наличие тесной взаимосвязи между социально-культурными ценностями либерального общества с тем, как "работает" ген, отвечающий за скорость и характер действия серотонина", - заявила руководитель работ Джоан Чиао. (Joan Chiao).
Примечательно, что ученые обнаружили, что данный ген ведет себя по-разному у представителей западных и восточных народов. Так, активность гена более характерна для представителей народов, создавших современные демократические общества в Европе и Северной Америке. В результате исследователи сделали вывод о "генетической природе" свободомыслия. Таким образом, данный ген способен объяснить такие культурные различия, как стремление западных людей к либерализму и приверженность восточных народов к традициям.
Ген либерализма и свободомыслия обнаружили специалисты из американского Северо-западного Университета штата Иллинойс. Об этом сообщает в понедельник британская телерадиокорпорация BBC.
В ходе исследований научная группа установила, что существует особый ген, регулирующий активность серотонина - химического вещества, осуществляющего в головном мозге передачу электрических импульсов. Именно серото...нин, как передает ИТАР-ТАСС, влияет на эмоции и настроение человека.
Американские ученые обнаружили, что данный ген характерен для представителей народов, которые создали современные демократические общества в Европе и в Северной Америке. В результате они сделали вывод о "генетической природе" либерализма и свободомыслия.
"Ген либерализма и свободомыслия" регулирует активность серотонина в головном мозге и влияет на эмоции и настроение человека. Он присущ народам, создавшим современные демократические общества, утверждают специалисты из штата Иллинойс.
Uploaded by UBC on Feb 3, 2011 Webcast sponsored by the Irving K. Barber Learning Centre. Chiao is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Northwestern University. She studies how cultural and biological forces give rise to everyday emotion and social interaction. Research in her lab also examines how high-level factors, such as race, gender and age, affect basic cognitive, perceptual and emotional processes.
How do cultural and biological forces give rise to everyday emotion and social interaction? I use a 'cultural neuroscience' framework to investigate how cultural factors influence basic psychological and neural processes underlying social behavior and emotion processing, using functional neuroimaging (fMRI), event-related potentials (ERP), genotyping and behavioral paradigms. Research in my lab also examines how high-level factors, such as race, gender and age, affect basic cognitive, perceptual and emotional processes. At a broader level, I'm interested in integrating psychology and neuroscience research with public policy and population health issues.
Chiao, J.Y. (in press). Cultural neuroscience: A once and future discipline. Progress in Brain Research.
Chiao, J.Y. & Blizinsky, K.D. (in press). Culture-gene coevolution of individualism-collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
Harada, T., Li, Z., Chiao, J.Y. (in press). Differential dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal representations of the implicit self modulated by individualism and collectivism: an fMRI study. Social Neuroscience.
Chiao, J.Y. (Ed). (in press). Cultural neuroscience: Cultural influences on brain function. Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier Press.
Chiao, J.Y., Mathur, V.A., Harada, T., Lipke, T. (2009). Neural basis of preference for human social hierarchy versus egalitarianism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Kuhnen, C.M. & Chiao, J.Y. (2009). Genetic determinants of financial risk-taking. PLoS ONE.
Chiao, J.Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D.N., Parrish, T.B., Sadato, N., Iidaka, T. (2009). Dynamic cultural influences on neural representations of the self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
Chiao, J.Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D.N., Parrish, T.B., Sadato, N., Iidaka, T. (2009). Neural basis of individualistic and collectivistic views of self. Human Brain Mapping.
Chiao, J.Y. (forthcoming). Cultural neuroscience: Visualizing culture-gene influences on brain function. In Decety, J. and Cacioppo, J. (Eds.) Handbook of Social Neuroscience, Oxford University Press, UK.
Chiao, J.Y., Bowman, N.E., Gill, H. (2009). The political gender gap: Gender bias in facial inferences that predict voting behavior. PLoS One.
Chiao, J.Y., Harada, T., Oby, E.R. Li, Z., Parrish, T.B., Bridge, D.J. (2008). Neural representations of social status hierarchy in human inferior parietal cortex. Neuropsychologia.
Chiao, J.Y., Li, Z., Harada, T. (2008). Cultural neuroscience of consciousness: From visual perception to self-awareness. Journal of Consciousness Studies.
Chiao, J.Y., Iidaka, T., Gordon, H.L., Nogawa, J., Bar, M., Aminoff, E., Sadato, N., Ambady, N. (2008). Cultural specificity in amygdala response to fear faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
Culture–gene coevolutionary theory posits that cultural values have evolved, are adaptive and influence the social and physical environments under which genetic selection operates. Here, we examined the association between cultural values of individualism–collectivism and allelic frequency of the serotonin transporter functional polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) as well as the role this culture–gene association may play in explaining global variability in prevalence of pathogens and affective disorders. We found evidence that collectivistic cultures were significantly more likely to comprise individuals carrying the short (S) allele of the 5-HTTLPR across 29 nations. Results further show that historical pathogen prevalence predicts cultural variability in individualism–collectivism owing to genetic selection of the S allele. Additionally, cultural values and frequency of S allele carriers negatively predict global prevalence of anxiety and mood disorder. Finally, mediation analyses further indicate that increased frequency of S allele carriers predicted decreased anxiety and mood disorder prevalence owing to increased collectivistic cultural values. Taken together, our findings suggest culture–gene coevolution between allelic frequency of 5-HTTLPR and cultural values of individualism–collectivism and support the notion that cultural values buffer genetically susceptible populations from increased prevalence of affective disorders. Implications of the current findings for understanding culture–gene coevolution of human brain and behaviour as well as how this coevolutionary process may contribute to global variation in pathogen prevalence and epidemiology of affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are discussed.
Results from correlation analysis between Hofstede's individualism–collectivism index (reverse scored) and frequency of S allele carriers of the 5-HTTLPR across 29 nations. Collectivistic nations showed higher prevalence of S allele carriers (r(29) = 0.70, p < 0.0001).
Here, we demonstrate for the first time a robust association between cultural values of individualism–collectivism and allelic frequency of the serotonin transporter gene, controlling for associated economic and disease factors. Geographical regions characterized by cultural collectivism exhibit a greater prevalence of S allele carriers of the serotonin transporter gene, even when cultural regions rather than nations served as the unit of analysis. Additionally, we show that global variability in historical pathogen prevalence predicts global variability in individualism–collectivism owing to genetic selection of the S allele of the serotonin transporter gene in regions characterized by high collectivism. Importantly, we also reveal a novel and surprising negative association between individualism–collectivism, frequency of S allele carriers of the serotonin transporter gene and global prevalence of anxiety and mood disorder. Across nations, both collectivism and allelic frequency of the S allele negatively predict global prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders. Critically, our results further indicate that greater population frequency of S allele carriers is associated with decreased prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders due to increased cultural collectivism.
Activists stage a protest against the law prohibiting the "propaganda of homosexuality" in St. Petersburg in November.
A leading official in the Russian Orthodox Church has called on Russian lawmakers to adopt a national law prohibiting the promotion of homosexuality among minors.
Father Dmitry Pershin, head of the church's youth council, has called for the State Duma to approve "without delay" a law that would make it a crime to promote homosexuality to people younger than 16.
His statement came after the governor of Russia's second-largest city, St. Petersburg, signed into law a new measure calling for fines of up to $33,000 for propagating "homosexuality among minors."
Gay rights activists have protested, saying the law could be used to ban public demonstrations by Russia's embattled gay and transgender community.
Homosexuality was decriminalized in Russia in 1993, but antigay sentiments among many Russians remain strong.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty © 2012 RFE/RL, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Трудно сказать со всей определенностью, закрыт ли для представителей сексуальных меньшинств путь в рай. Зато теперь, похоже, можно сказать, что в случае выборов Георгию Полтавченко определенно закрыт путь в губернаторское кресло Петербурга.
Две роковых ошибки губернатора Петербурга.
A leading official in the Russian Orthodox Church has called on lawmakers to adopt a national law prohibiting the promotion of homosexuality among minors.
With a 64 percent landslide, Vladimir Putin claimed his third term as Russia's president Sunday, prompting celebrations, protests and accusations of voting fraud. Protesters vowed to continue demonstrating until their demands for democracy are met. Margaret Warner reports from Moscow on Russia's varying reactions to the vote.
Ahead of Sunday's presidential election, Russia's Prime Minister Vladimir Putin accused his enemies of planning dirty tricks, including ballot stuffing and even murder, in an attempt to mar the vote's outcome. Reporting in Moscow, Margaret Warner spoke with Russia's Alexei Navalny, a leading reformer and anti-corruption blogger.
Молодая, дерзкая, идущая напролом Анна Чапман символизирует образ современной России, который хотел бы популяризировать Путин, утверждает в своей новой книге, отрывки из которой опубликованы Daily Mail, обозреватель Эдвард Лукас. Книга "Обман: шпионы, ложь и то, как Россия дурит Запад" (Deception: Spies, Lies and How Russia Dupes the West by Edward Lucas) выходит 15 марта.
"На Западе на похождения Анны реагируют с изумленным пренебрежением, смешанным с благодушием", - замечает автор. По его мнению, она была никудышной шпионкой: "фирма, которую она учредила в Лондоне в качестве прикрытия, писала с ошибками свой подложный адрес в официальных документах".
"Но, не воспринимая шпионаж Анны и ей подобных всерьез, мы сами себе вредим. Российский режим тираничен, преступен, кровожаден, ничуть не менее параноидален и хищен, как его предшественник - СССР. Он считает Запад двуличным, высокомерным и алчным и хочет заполучить наши секреты - хоть военные, хоть деловые, хоть политические. Чтобы ими завладеть, он использует подпольную армию шпионов, живущих здесь, чье самое могущественное оружие - их заурядность", - говорится в статье. По мнению Лукаса, этих людей можно встретить у школьных ворот, в офисе среди сослуживцев или среди жителей соседнего дома.
По мнению Лукаса, обман - краеугольный камень современной России, поскольку страной управляют "шпионы советских времен", они же siloviki - "криминальная шайка заговорщиков, намеренных обогатиться". Имеет место захват и разграбление успешных фирм. "Люди, которые утром являются министрами, после обеда - председатели коммерческих предприятий", а реальная цель этих предприятий - "откачивать деньги для частных махинаций инсайдеров". Нигде больше гангстеризм и власть государства в такой мере не совпадали, считает Лукас.
По мнению автора, у этой новой элиты две основные черты - алчность и желание восстановить статус России в мире, не позволить Западу вновь эксплуатировать ее слабость. "В центре этого заговора стоит ФСБ" - государство в государстве, причем "его дурное влияние не останавливается у границ России", утверждает Лукас. По его мнению, в распоряжении ФСБ безграничное богатство и ресурсы государства от спутников-шпионов до подлодок. "Оно обзавелось беспрецедентными средствами шпионажа и манипуляций", - утверждает автор.
Главной статьей российского экспорта стала коррупция: "российские грязные деньги вызывают коррозию финансовых систем, культуры бизнеса и политики в странах, куда попадают", считает Лукас.
1. красивые молодые женщины из России и Восточной Европы "вешаются" на немолодых мужчин из "малоизвестных", по мнению Лукаса, организаций типа ПАСЕ. "Не может быть совпадением, что политики, у которых они работают, иногда рабски одобряют аргументы и стратегии голосования России", - полагает автор.
2. Колоссальное число эмигрантов, перебравшихся за границу: "они или их соседи по квартире или сексуальные партнеры могут знать тайны страны, где поселились".
3. Настоящие нелегалы - специально обученные шпионы, внедренные в западное общество с прицелом на будущее. Автор напоминает об агентах, арестованных ФБР наряду с Чапман.
Западное общество - рай для шпиона, предостерегает Лукас: "мы почти самоубийственно доверчивы, когда речь идет о защите наших тайн и процесса принятия наших решений". Британская MI-5 расходует на контрразведку лишь 4% своего бюджета - почти все остальное идет на борьбу с терроризмом. Между тем неясно, сколько нелегалов продолжает незаметно жить "в Британии, Европе и Америке", как выражается автор, и сколько агентов они завербовали.
Лукас советует не терять бдительности: любой новый знакомый может оказаться врагом. Он приводит совет экс-директора ЦРУ Джеймса Вулси: если вы разговоритесь с русским топ-менеджером в костюме за 3 тыс. долларов, который свободно изъясняется по-английски, учтите: он может оказаться и топ-менеджером, и разведчиком, и членом ОПГ. "Но самый интересный вариант - что он совмещает все три ипостаси", - добавляет Вулси.
Западным правительствам следует ужесточить свою позицию, советует Лукас: "мы имеем дело с решительным, злопамятным и параноидально-мыслящим врагом".
Deception: Spies, Lies and How Russia Dupes the West, Edward Lucas, New in Books, Comics Magazines , Non-Fiction , Other |eBay.
Frontline Club - Events: Russia: Another six years of Vladimir Putin?
Chaired by Edward Lucas, Central and Eastern European correspondent for The ... and most recently Deception: Spies, Lies and How Russia Dupes the West.
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11:32 AM 3/11/2012: The governor of Russia's second city Saint Petersburg signed a new law against "homosexual propaganda", in defiance of protests that it discriminates against gays… | Запрет на “пропаганду гомосексуализма” хотят ввести во всей стране | Геи проведут акции протеста около детских учреждений в Санкт-Петербурге против принятого закона о запрете пропаганды гомосексуализма среди несовершеннолетних. Активисты также намерены оспорить закон в российских судах и в Европейском суде по правам человека.
Геи проведут акции протеста около детских учреждений в Санкт-Петербурге против принятого закона о запрете пропаганды гомосексуализма среди несовершеннолетних. Активисты также намерены оспорить закон в российских судах и в Европейском суде по правам человека.
Нужны не дела , а видимость!!!
Российские правозащитники сочли оскорбительными слова госсекретаря США Хиллари Клинтон, которая назвала Владимира Путина "очевидным победителем президентских выборов" в России.
Обама обязал госдепартамент и министерство внутренней безопасности США упростить процесс выдачи виз и ускорить обработку запросов на выдачу неиммиграционных виз. Приоритетными странами в этом отношении для США являются Китай, Бразилия и Индия.
A coalition of independent and opposition activists in Moscow won 71 seats on the capital's district legislative councils, a modest step toward gaining power from the ground up.
To celebrate the beginning of a new year with RBTH and the addition of our iPad app Touch Russia to our RBTH family, we invite you to take part in the first edition of the Touch Russia Photo Competition. Cody White has travelled around Russia literally touching all things Russian (http://touchrussia.tumblr.com/). Now it’s your turn to touch Russia! Send us a photo showing us how you “touch Russia” and you might win an American Apparel T-shirt with RBTH’s logo. You can be as original and creative as you wish, and you can interpret the sentence “touch Russia” in many different ways. The photo does not need to have been taken in Russia, so you really have no excuses. Get your camera and show us how you touch Russia! You have time until the 20th of February 2012 to submit your beautiful, touchable, heart-touching photos by sending them to [email protected]. All the photos will be published in this special Facebook album, so don’t miss the opportunity!
Khar has negotiated a realistic framework of bilateral cooperation that may supersede a long history of estrangement.
George Lopez: Russia's and China's vetoes of Syria sanctions are attempts to sabotage the U.N.'s power to intervene in global crises.
Пока продолжается следствие в отношении банды Сергея Цапка, которая расправились с семьей фермера, как Кущевку потрясло новое ЧП. Вчера ночью неизвестные в масках ворвались в дом председателя ассоциации крестьянских и фермерских хозяйств Кущевского района Олега Петрянкина.
Президент России Дмитрий Медведев, который через несколько месяцев покинет свой пост, на совещании по вопросам судебной системы предложил создать специальные дисциплинарные суды, которые смогут налагать на судей дисциплинарные взыскания, а также досрочно прекращать их полномочия.
Владимир Путин проголосовал "За честные выборы". Кандидат в президенты первым из граждан страны присоединился к новому интернет-сервису, который открыт в центре "Выборы - 2012". Во время голосования там будут наблюдать за всеми избирательными процедурами и будущие, и уже состоявшиеся юристы.
Слушая Владимира Путина, пытающегося спасти свою карьеру в момент, когда осыпается фундамент его поддержки, получаешь впечатление, что российский премьер-министр все больше и больше смахивает на тех арабских диктаторов, против которых с гневными протестами выступили их собственные народы.
«Путин, уходи» – плакат с такой надписью появился в непосредственной близости от стен московского Кремля.
«Этим плакатом мы хотим выразить протест против той политики, которую реализуют власти страны, – пояснил «Голосу Америки» один из лидеров демократического движения «Солидарность» Илья Яшин. – Эта политика сводится к установлению монополии власти. Именно это является основным препятствием для функционирования независимой судебной системы и независимых СМИ».
Оппозиционный политик заявил, что требования устроителей акции во многом пересекаются с требованиями митингов на Болотной площади и проспекте Сахарова в декабре прошлого года.
«Мы посчитали нужным, – продолжил Яшин, – еще раз обозначить нашу позицию и напомнить властям те требования, которые были озвучены на массовых акциях протеста, последовавших после парламентских выборов».
По словам Яшина, время акции выбрано не случайно: «Наш протест мы приурочили к шествию оппозиции, намеченному на 4 февраля. Тем самым мы напоминаем гражданам о нарушении их прав и призываем выйти на оппозиционный марш».
Баннер был снят уже через час после появления напротив Кремля сотрудниками полиции, сообщает Lenta.ru. Как передает интернет-ресурс, об этом написал в своем Twitter фотограф Митя Алешковский, который стал свидетелем произошедшего.
Отметим, что оппозиционные активисты не в первый раз проводят подобные акции. Так, в январе прошлого года движение «Мы» размещало баннер с фотографиями Михаила Ходорковского и Владимира Путина с надписью: «Пора меняться».
По мнению эксперта Московского центра Карнеги Николая Петрова, участившиеся акции протеста, в том числе и нынешняя, указывают на усиление негативного отношения российских граждан к власти.
«Это значит, что в обществе есть достаточно сильные протестные настроения, которые власть уже не способна держать под контролем, и они проявляются в различных формах – либо в подобных демаршах, либо в акциях протеста. Все это является эффектом отказа от табу, которое ограничивало протестную активность в отношении Владимира Путина», – сказал Петров в интервью корреспонденту Русской службы «Голоса Америки».
Он также предположил, что после возвращения Путина в Кремль протестная волна в России не только не ослабнет, но усилится: «После президентских выборов в стране продолжатся акции протеста. По отношению к Путину есть резкий негативный тренд, среди граждан падает доверие к нему, он является объектом постоянных шуток и насмешек».
Эксперт прогнозирует, что в том случае, если Владимир Путин не сможет приспособиться к новым реалиям, его ждет скорый политический крах.
«Он будет слабым президентом, и это его главная проблема. Путин уже сейчас слабый политик. Либо он изменится и станет адекватным, но слабым президентом, либо политическая элита в скором времени заменит его более подходящим кандидатом», – резюмировал Николай Петров.
Николай Второй никого не смог подготовить после себя преемником, а свои дела до конца не завершил. С этой позиции судьба медведевской «модернизации» такая же. Медведев, находясь во власти, будучи главой государства, ни одно дело не довел до конца.
Активист движения "Солидарность" Павел Елизаров прокомментировал акцию с плакатом, призываюющим Владимира Путина уйти.
На оманский остров Масира, расположенный к югу от Ормузского пролива, где находится база ВВС США, начали перебрасываться войска Штатов и их союзников, сообщают израильские СМИ со ссылкой на военные источники.
Премьер-министр Владимир Путин заявил, что "никогда не хотел" принимать участие в выборах, назвав их "противными". На встрече с молодыми юристами, которые планируют стать наблюдателями на президентских выборах, один из участников попросил премьера рассказать о том, какие у него были впечатления от первых выборов, и о том, какова была его мотивация для участия вновь в этой "тяжелой процедуре".
NEWSLINK: Russians name their most important booksrbth.ruJanuary 30, 2012 In response to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin’s suggestion that a list should be made of the best books in the Russian language, Superjob.ru held an online vote to determine what these are.
NEWSLINK: The Russian elite distances itself from Putinrbth.ruJanuary 27, 2012 Duma member Ilya Ponomarev is one of the leaders of the anti-government protests that have shaken the Russian capital. Russia Beyond the Headlines’ Moritz Gathmann talked to Ponomarev about the demands the protestors are making and what they hope to accomplish.
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has revealed his concerns about the state of the Russian economy and the need to reform the system in a recent op-ed in business daily Vedomosti. But will all this talking ever turn into actions?Economic rise: all talk, no action?rbth.ruVladimir Putin’s recent article published in business daily Vedomosti has experts guessing at the prime minister’s intentions.
The U.S. State Department has confirmed that American democracy advocates, barred from leaving Egypt, have been allowed to stay as "guests" at the U.S. Embassy in Cairo.
Russia Stands Firm Over Syrian Peace PlanKey 103 ManchesterBut the Russians, and several other countries, have a different view and back the Syrian government position that the violence is mostly by armed gangs who are destabilising the country and who have killed more than 2000 security personnel.
The New York-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) is criticizing what it calls "impunity" for Pakistan's powerful Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency and is urging the Pakistani government to identify the killers of a prominent journalist.
MOSCOW (Reuters) - A senior Russian diplomat said on Tuesday that the push for adoption of a Western-Arab draft U.N. Security Council resolution on Syria was a "path to civil war," the Interfax news agency reported.
Ukraine's Foreign Ministry says it has prepared a list of international doctors who will be invited to conduct an independent examination of jailed former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko.
Reuters - Winning Russia's March presidential election could be the easy part for Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, who has called for a "decisive tax maneuver" to put the country's increasingly oil-dependent public finances on a more sustainable footing.
A prominent activist in a spiritual movement that predates Islam has gone on trial in Kyrgyzstan charged with inciting religious and ethnic hatred.
"Понимаю Шувалова, которому трудно называть вещи своими именами, даже за закрытыми дверьми, потому что он крупный госчиновник при исполнении. У нас этих проблем нет, поэтому расшифруем, что такое в данном случае "система".
Преступление, которому пытался помешать Магнитский, совершила Ольга Степанова. Именно она в составе преступной группы лиц по предварительному сговору одобрила налоговый возврат на 5,4 миллиарда из денег, ранее уплаченных в российскую казну компаниями Билла Браудера. Если бы преступная группа не знала заранее, что Ольга Степанова распорядится передать эти миллиарды из казны на счёт однодневки в мутном коммерческом банке, все остальные действия не имели бы ни малейшего смысла.
You don't know what strength is until you learn the meaning of the truth.
How could you know what strength is?
Анатомия морального разложения: так начинается инфекция; сначала точечно, исподволь, незаметно, как мимолётная медитация, затем разъедает душу — it corrupts the soul, и убивает здоровый организм. И самое интересное то, что медитационная и медийная дилемма автора вполне реалистична; кто бы не медитировал-музицировал на эту тему, если бы видел на другой стороне весов новенькие, круглые, блестящие дукаты — не их ли когда-то закопал под какой-то кремлёвский булыжник Дон Базилио? Неужто нашли?
Проблема заключается в принципе. Никто, кто бы он ни был, не может строить политическую систему — в современных условиях! - сверху вниз; в сущности, «под себя», по своему образу и подобию. Это включает и идеологические системы и политические партии. Они должны свободно и спонтанно саморазвиваться, sui generis; без давления извне, как дети должны свободно расти и естественно развиваться в своём росте. «Новая Россия» - это первое общественно-политическое кибер-движение, самозародившееся и свободно развивающееся, а не ещё один из мёртворожденных осколков КПСС. В этом — его сила и потенциал для единства и победы. Кто здесь Гекуба и кто кому в этой ситуации больше нужен (в основном к этому уравнению обычно сводится анализ политических сил) — это всё ещё открытые вопросы.
Сурков — министр «инноваций»; читай: консервации путинско-медведевского режима и социального контроля советского стиля. То есть, потёмкинская «демократия» будет по прежнему «управляться», если, конечно, Новая Россия ( по ходу придумал название для новой партии: движения 10 Декабря, по Кудрину) позволит ему собой управлять.
Opposition leaders see the jailing of Sergei Udaltsov as a way to sustain the public’s interest during the holidays, which in Russia stretch through mid-January.
After disputed elections, the Russian Orthodox Church, including Patriarch Kirill I, has defended protests and could play a major role as the political and social crisis unfolds.
Программа была создана в 2004 году. Никогда не была в эфире по цензурным соображениям.
Телеведущий Антон Красовский, который возглавил предвыборный штаб кандидата в президенты РФ Михаила Прохорова, в интервью Би-би-си рассказал, с чем идет олигарх на выборы и почему его миллиарды не должны помешать ему на выборах.
Все позиции по политическим и экономическим вопросам сравниваются с нынешним положением вещей - под портретом Владимира Путина. Идеи миллиардера Прохорова зачастую - довольно радикальные. Например - создать профессиональную армию, а на переходный период ввести добровольный призыв.
М.Прохоров опубликовал тезисы своей предвыборной программы. Кандидат в президенты Михаил Прохоров опубликовал тезисы своей предвыборной программы.
События последнего времени – похищение нынешним режимом миллионов голосов избирателей во время спецоперации 4 декабря 2011 г., игнорирование им обоснованных, законных и весьма умеренных требований российских граждан, сформулированных 10 и 24 декабря, жестокое подавление протестных действий по всей стране за частичным и, очевидно, временным исключением г. Москвы – позволяет сформулировать несколько тезисов.
Нелегитимный характер "голосования" 4 декабря 2011 г. делает претензии его "победителей" на государственную власть в России лишенными каких-либо оснований, а все органы, сформированные, и все назначения, осуществленные в их результате, – незаконными.
The Russian president’s recent appointments have gone to former officers in the K.G.B. and long-serving loyalists of his political mentor, Vladimir V. Putin.
The Kremlin's longtime political mastermind Vladislav Surkov was removed from his post Tuesday in what observers called a response to recent anti-government protests.
Комментируя митинг за честные выборы, прошедший 24 декабря на проспекте Сахарова в Москве, Кудрин заявил, что выступал не по приглашению организаторов, а в связи с пожеланиями интернет-сообщества.
Formally, Vladislav Surkov's departure as deputy Kremlin chief of staff to become deputy prime minister is a lateral move. In reality, it marks the end of an era.
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The "Translation of the Seventy" (from the Greek Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα), better known as the Septuagint (from the Latin septuaginta or "seventy", also referred to by the Roman numeral for seventy, LXX) originally referred to a 3rd century B.C. translation of the Pentateuch into Koine Greek. By the time of Justin Martyr (+ c. 160), the term has come to refer to the other scriptural and related texts translated from Hebrew and Aramaic into Greek in the next century. It is the basis of the canonical Old Testament of the Orthodox Church.
The earliest extant version of the Old Testament is the translation executed in Alexandria in the third century before the Christian era; this version became known as the Septuagint and more recently, the Alexandrian version.
It was commissioned at the behest of the Egyptian King, Ptolemy, who wished to expand the celebrated library of Alexandria to include the wisdom of all the ancient religions of the world. Because Greek was the language of Alexandria, the Scriptures therefore had to be translated into that language.
The earliest writer who gives an account of the Septuagint version is Aristobulus, a Jewish author who lived at the commencement of the second century B.C. In his Letter of Aristeas, he explains that the version of "the Law into Greek" was completed under the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and that Demetrius Phalerus had been employed about it. Since it is documented that Demetrius Phalerus died at the beginning of the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, it has been reasonably inferred that Aristobulus was a witness that the work of translation had been commenced under Ptolemy Soter.
Ptolemy contacted the chief priest, Eleazar, in Jerusalem and asked him to send translators. Six were chosen from each of the twelve tribes of Israel, giving us the commonly accepted number of seventy-two. (Other accounts have the number at seventy or seventy-five.) Only the Torah (the first five books) was translated initially, but eventually other translations (and even compositions) were added to the collection. By the time of our Lord, the Septuagint was the Bible in use by most Hellenistic Jews.
Thus, when the Apostles quote the Jewish Scripture in their own writings, the overwhelmingly dominant source for their wording comes directly from the Septuagint (LXX). Given that the spread of the Gospel was most successful among the Gentiles and Hellenistic Jews, it made sense that the LXX would be the Bible for the early Church. Following in the footsteps of those first generations of Christians, the Orthodox Church continues to regard the LXX as its only canonical text of the Old Testament. There are a number of differences between the canon of the LXX and that of Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Christians, based on differences in translation tradition or doctrine.
The differences with Rome are fairly small and have never been a subject of much contention between the Orthodox and that communion. The canonical lists are essentially the same in content (some of the names are different) but for the following items: The Latin canon does not include I Esdras (though it uses that name for what the Orthodox call II Esdras); there are only 150 Psalms in the Latin canon, while the LXX has 151 (and the Psalms are numbered and divided differently between the two canons, because the modern Latin canon is based on the Hebrew Masoretic Text, though the Vulgate used the Septuagintal Psalm numbering); the Epistle of Jeremiah is a separate book in the LXX, while it is included as part of Baruch for the Latins; and the Latins do not include either III or IV Maccabees. Traditionally, Roman Catholics used the numbering of the Latin Vulgate, which follows the Septuagint. However, since the Second Vatican Council, Roman Catholic publications, including Catholic Bibles and liturgical texts, have used the numbering found in the Masoretic Text.
The differences with the Protestant canon are based on Martin Luther's opinions about the Old Testament. His argument was that St Jerome distinguished the Hebrew Old Testament from the Greek Old Testament and that only the texts in Hebrew should be considered canonical, while the others may be good to read. When he was translating the Old Testament into German, he used the common Hebrew text available at the time, the Masoretic Text (MT), which contains a smaller canon and is based on another manuscript tradition from the LXX. Other reformers followed suit, so the MT is thus also the basis for the Old Testament text of the 17th century Authorized Version in English (the "King James Version"). There are multiple differences between the LXX and MT. The MT lacks the following texts: I Esdras, the portion of II Esdras (which the MT simply calls "Ezra") called the "Prayer of Manasseh," Tobit, Judith, portions of Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, the Epistle of Jeremiah, the so-called "additions to Daniel" (The Song of the Three Children, Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon), the 151st Psalm, and all four Maccabees books. The Psalms are also numbered and divided up differently.
Hast thou not sinned if thou hast brought it rightly, but not rightly divided it? Be still, to thee shall be his submission, and thou shalt rule over him. If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? And if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him.
And Cain said to the Lord God, My crime is too great for me to be forgiven. And Cain said unto the Lord, My punishment is greater than I can bear.
He that reviles his father or his mother shall surely die. And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death.
The Septuagint has been translated a few times into English, the first one (though excluding the Apocrypha) being The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Covenant of Charles Thomson in 1808; his translation was later revised and enlarged by C. A. Muses in 1954 under the title The Septuagint Bible. The Thomson's Translation of the Old Covenant is a direct translation of the Greek Septuagint version of the Old Testament into English, rare for its time. The work took 19 years to complete and was originally published in 1808. Lancelot Brenton's The Septuagint version of the Old Testament: according to the Vatican text, translated into English : with the principal various readings of the Alexandrine copy, and a table of comparative chronology was published in 1844 and for most of the time since its publication it has been the only one readily available, and has continually been in print. The creator of the World English Bible, Michael Paul Johnson, has produced a version of Brenton's translation in American English, entitled LXX2012: Septuagint in English 2012.
The Orthodox Study Bible was released in early 2008 with a new translation of the Septuagint based on the Greek text of Alfred Rahlfs Septuaginta, and with reference to the Brenton translation. Thomas Nelson Publishers granted use of the New King James Version text in the places where the translation of the LXX would match that of the Hebrew Masoretic text. This edition includes the New Testament as well, which also uses the New King James Version. It also includes extensive commentary from an Eastern Orthodox perspective. The Eastern / Greek Orthodox Bible (EOB) is an extensive revision and correction of Brenton’s translation. Its language and syntax have been modernized and simplified. It also includes extensive introductory material and footnotes featuring significant inter-LXX and LXX/MT variants. The New English Translation of the Septuagint and the Other Greek Translations Traditionally Included Under that Title (NETS), published in 2007 (with corrections and emendations issued in 2009 and 2014), is a major scholarly translation based on the critical texts available at the time from Gottingen and Rahlfs semi-critical Septuaginta. Kevin Mayhew Publishers has printed the translation by Peter King, SJ, in four volumes (The Pentateuch 2010, The Historical Books 2012, The Wisdom Literature 2008, and The Prophets 2013), which are now available (along with King's translation of the New Testament) as The Bible. King's work, however, is difficult to obtain in the US.
With the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in the mid twentieth century many examples have been recovered of the Old Testament in Hebrew from the time of Christ and the Holy Apostles and earlier. Scholarship during the past half century based upon these Dead Sea discoveries has revealed a close agreement between the LXX and pre-Masoretic Hebrew texts. In a review of some of this scholarship, Hershal Shanks notes that ”…many Hebrew texts [are available] that were the base text for Septuagintal translations…”. Further he notes that what ”…texts like 4QSama show is that the Septuagintal translations are really quite reliable” and ”…gives new authority to the Greek translations against the Masoretic text”. Quoting Frank Moore Cross (a co-author of the book under review), Hershal continues ”We could scarcely hope to find closer agreement between the Old Greek [Septuagintal] tradition and 4QSama than actually is found in our fragments”.
↑ Tov, Emanuel. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. 2nd Rev. Ed. Fortress Press: Minneapolis, 2001., 114-117.
The Septuagint Online - Compiled by Joel Kalvesmaki, Editor in Byzantine Studies at Dumbarton Oaks and convert to Orthodoxy 1993.
New English Translation of the Septuagint. It has been released at San Diego, November 19, 2007 by Oxford University Press. Provisional edition online. This project is being carried out under the aegis of The International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies (IOSCS). An international team of more than thirty scholars is working on the entire corpus of the Greek Jewish Scriptures. It is the first such English version in 160 years. Called the New English Translation of the Septuagint (NETS), the text reflects both the wealth of manuscript evidence that has been brought to light since the 19th century and, of course, current English idiom. (Note however, that this project is using the NRSV(1989) version as its English base of referral).
"The Eastern Orthodox Bible" - a new translation rather than a revision of another work, dedicated to the recently reposed Archbishop Vsevolod of the (canonical) Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA.
The KJV Septuagint - translated from the Septuagint edition published by the Orthodox Church of Greece's Apostoliki Diakonia, using the King James Version as a template. Scheduled to be published by St. Innocent Press in 2013, this will be the only English translation to date using an approved ecclesiastical text of the Septuagint.
R. Grant Jones. Notes on The Septuagint.
Clement of Alexandria. Chapter XXII.—On the Greek Translation of the Old Testament. In: THE STROMATA (MISCELLANIES), BOOK I.
Justin Martyr. Chapter XIII.—History of the Septuagint. In: Hortatory Address to the Greeks.
Septuagint Institute (Trinity Western University, Canada). In 2005 the Septuagint Studies department moved from the University of Toronto to TWU, forming the new Septuagint Institute (SI). The SI complements TWU's already established Dead Sea Scrolls Institute (DSSI), founded in 1995, and together they form North America's new hub of Septuagint research.
Septuaginta-Unternehmens Institute in Gottingen, Germany. The Septuaginta-Unternehmen is a special research institute that was founded in 1908 in Göttingen under the auspices of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Its purpose was to conduct sound scientific investigation into the Septuagint and to trace the history of evolution of the Septuagint text, on the basis of the mass of manuscript data, and ultimately to establish a text which could be claimed to be for all intents and purposes identical with the Septuagint in its pristine form, a proto-Septuagint.(1) The institute made Göttingen the nerve centre of Septuagint studies. The first director of the Institute, Alfred Rahlfs, published Septuaginta, 2 volume edition in 1935 (Septuagint in Greek). Rahlf's critical edition of the Septuagint for the book of Genesis rests on a foundation of some 140 manuscripts (nine pre-dating the fourth century CE), 10 daughter-versions, plus biblical citations in Greek and Latin literature. However, his two-volume, semi-critical edition Septuaginta has been supplanted by the fully critical Göttingen Septuaginta Vetus Testamentum Graecum, in 23 volumes covering approximately two-thirds of the LXX text, along with a supplementary series.
The HEXAPLA Institute. Its purpose is to publish a new critical edition of the fragments of Origen's Hexapla, focusing on the later development of Septuagint tradition.
Centre for Septuagint Studies and Textual Criticism. Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.
Aristobulus of Paneas, the earliest writer to give an account of the Septuagint version.
H. Orlinsky. "The Septuagint and its Hebrew Text." In: The Cambridge History of Judaism: Vol. II, The Hellenistic Age. Eds. W. Davies and L. Finkelstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Israel Adam Shamir. Translating the Bible into Hebrew. A Talk at Rhodes Conference, 8-12 October 2009.
Greek bibles, much older than thought. Press TV (Israel). Sat Jan 1, 2011 7:17PM.
This page was last edited on May 8, 2017, at 02:08.
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What kind of person goes to college and demands to be shielded from political views they dislike?
David Shorter, an associate professor of world arts and cultures, was the subject of a late March complaint from an organization of University of California faculty that fights anti-Semitic sentiments on college campuses. The organization, AMCHA Initiative, decried that Shorter had linked his course website to a campaign calling for a boycott of Israel.
The chair of the Academic Senate responded to the complaint by saying that Shorter was counseled to not use the link again. But Shorter said he has not agreed to do so, and was only approached informally about the issue.
During winter quarter, Shorter taught a class titled "Tribal Worldviews." The class focused on "native people's worldviews as they are expressed through language, mythology, ritual, health practices, languages and ecology," according to the syllabus.
As part of the class materials, Shorter posted a link to a site advocating for a cultural and academic boycott of Israel. Currently, he is also listed on the site as one of the endorsers of the boycott.
His status as an endorser, as well as a complaint from a student who dropped the course, led AMCHA to file a complaint with the university's Academic Senate and other UC officials on March 29.
Tammi Benjamin, co-founder of AMCHA and a lecturer in Hebrew and Jewish studies at UC Santa Cruz, said she does not see a way that the link could be used for pedagogical reasons and believes Shorter's use of the link is promoting activism that harms Israel. . . .
Shorter said he recognizes why the link could be seen as problematic, but added that the subject fit within the context of his course because Palestinians are recognized as a native people by the United Nations.
Shorter also said he discusses the issue in context during his lectures on the subject and that he points out areas where he disagrees with the boycott and discusses his evolving stance on the matter.
In an email to AMCHA, Andrew Leuchter, chair of the UCLA Academic Senate, wrote that it was "not appropriate" for a UCLA faculty member to post a link as a course resource to a political petition of which he is a signatory.
Shorter was also warned that his affiliation with the boycott could be perceived as political advocacy.
Shorter said the link to the boycott was intended as a resource for a research paper on Gaza, and was to be understood through the lens of indigenous studies.
The essay on Gaza was not a required assignment, Shorter said. It was one of four possible topics for a class research paper. Only about five out of 90 students chose to tackle the issue, he said.
AMCHA, however, saw the link as a means of political indoctrination, Benjamin said.
"We felt he was pushing and promoting (the boycott) in his class," Benjamin said. "(Students) have to go to it as a requirement for the course. … He's promoting his own political agenda and our academic integrity told us this is wrong."
This is far from new. The widespread attempt in the U.S. to suppress and even sanction criticisms of Israel has long extended to academia. Neocons succeeded in blocking a tenure offer for Michigan Professor Juan Cole from Yale based on their dislike of his political positions on Israel. Alan Dershowitz did the same thing, for the same reasons, to Israel critic Norman Finkelstein at DePaul University. Professors at Columbia, mostly Arab, have long beenaccused of anti-Semitism, and have even been the subject of formal complaints, for their views on Israel. The UCLA complaint goes a bit beyond those incidents because it seeks to penalize a Professor for nothing more than a link on his website and out-of-classroom advocacy.
But I want to leave to the side the obvious threats to academic freedom this poses. My real question is this: what kind of person goes to an academic institution and then demands to be shielded from political ideas that they find objectionable? Of all places, academia is supposed to permit and encourage the challenging of one's assumptions and beliefs. At least in theory, that's the prime value of studying at a university: learning how to think critically, which requires subjecting one's views to rigorous dispute. The petulant entitlement needed to demand that nobody in that setting ever cite or mention objectionable political views is just staggering; it also reveals a severe lack of confidence in the validity of one's own views. Whatever one thinks of it on the merits, the belief that Israel should be targeted with boycotts and divestment for its apartheid policies the way South Africa was is one that is embraced by many people in many placesaround the world. It's hard to express how anti-intellectual and oppressive it is to demand that such a view never even be discussed or aired — of all places — on an academic campus, and to formally complain against a Professor who merely mentions it on a website.
But, as the completely unhinged and bitter (and predictable) reaction to Peter Beinart's new book about Zionism (and hisproposal to boycott Israeli settlements) demonstrates, there are a sizable number of people conditioned to equate criticisms of Israel with some sort of deficiency worthy of punishment. That view is always odious, but particularly so when it asserts itself in an academic setting.
The truth is that like many liberal American Jews — and most American Jews are still liberal — I basically avoid thinking about where Israel is going. It seems obvious from here that the narrow-minded policies of the current government are basically a gradual, long-run form of national suicide — and that's bad for Jews everywhere, not to mention the world. But I have other battles to fight, and to say anything to that effect is to bring yourself under intense attack from organized groups that try to make any criticism of Israeli policies tantamount to anti-Semitism.
As M.J. Rosenberg says, that even Krugman, given his position at the NYT, is deterred by the inevitable attacks from writing about this topic is a testament to how potent the suppression efforts still are (albeit less so than they once were).
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On December 17, 2006, the FDA issued a warning to physicians using rituximab (Rituxan-TM) that two fatal cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) were reported in patients receiving this drug for the off-label treatment of SLE.
Even though rituximab is not indicated for the treatment of SLE, the manufacturer (Genentech) estimates that approximately 10,000 patients with SLE have been treated with this agent (see advisory below).
In order to put this report into perspective and explain why a physician would consider the use of an unapproved medication like rituximab in a patient with SLE, a few definitions and explanations are needed.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically and immunologically complex, systemic, autoimmune disorder that varies greatly in its clinical presentation from mild to severe and life-threatening. Those who have renal, nervous system, heart, hematologic, or lung diseases at the far end of the severity spectrum commonly will need immunosuppressive drugs, including combinations of steroids in high doses with medications such as azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, or cyclophosphamide, all of which are currently and commonly used off-label for the treatment of SLE.
As if their disease was not bad enough, these patients have to contend with drug-related, severe, or life-threatening side effects such as infections, malignancy, sterility, or osteonecrosis. Practical, cost-benefit decisions are made every day, understanding the complicated tradeoffs that patients must make in partnership with their physician. A life-threatening disease with limited therapeutic options often demands complicated decisions that one would not have made at another time. There is a constant search for “kinder, gentler” medications that can bring a more acceptable balance of disease control and adverse drug effects. Mycophenolate mofetil is a recent example.
It is for that reason that rituximab has been used, off label, in patients with severe manifestations of SLE who are unresponsive to the other medications noted above. In many such cases when patients and physicians have run out of options, rituximab has been quite effective and safe - at least in the short run.
JC virus commonly causes infections of no consequence in children with normal immune systems and remains dormant forever in the 80% of normal people who carry this virus. Unfortunately, immunosuppression due to AIDS or medications may lead to reactivation of the virus and a rare infection of the brain and spinal cord called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
Rituximab targets CD20-positive B lymphocytes, cells that can become cancerous or exhibit autoimmune effects resulting in the development of diseases like RA and SLE. Post-marketing reports of serious viral illness have included 23 confirmed cases of PML in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), either during treatment or as long as one year after the last dose.
The drug label for rituximab carries a warning about the possible development of PML in NHL patients. PML has also been reported in patients who were treated with other immunosuppressive drugs, and prior to the development and use of rituximab. No cases of PML have been reported in rituximab-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Can we test for JC virus and, if positive, does this have any predictive value for the development of PML?
While there are sophisticated tests that can tell you whether or not you have been infected with the virus, no test can predict whether or not you may get PML. Certainly, if you have been treated with rituximab or any other immunosuppressant medication such as steroids or cyclophosphamide, any new neurologic symptoms should be reported to your physician immediately.
According to the report by the FDA, the first death occurred in March 2006 in a 70-year old woman with a history of lupus nephritis. She had received prior treatment with cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and long-term corticosteroid therapy. After receiving multiple infusions of rituximab (four in 2004 and two in 2005) for the treatment of refractory hemolytic anemia, she developed vertigo, tongue biting, and difficulty walking. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple brain lesions, and brain autopsy showed characteristics of PML.
The second death occurred in July 2006 in a 45 year old woman with a 24-year history of SLE and prior treatment with cyclophosphamide and intravenous methylprednisolone. After receiving three courses of rituximab from 2002 to 2005 for the treatment of refractory thrombocytopenia, she developed neurologic signs and symptoms. MRI revealed multiple brain lesions, and tests of cerebrospinal fluid were positive for JC virus.
Here are the facts: SLE is often a life-altering - and can be a life-threatening - disease that also can have serious consequences from many of the medications used to treat it, such as corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents. Patients, in consultation with their physician, commonly must make very difficult risk-benefit decisions factoring in the knowns and unknowns relating to their disease and the medications available. What one patient may find unacceptable with a given set of facts, another may find reasonable and worthy of consideration.
The two lupus cases reported by the FDA, in patients previously immunosuppressed, do not seem to provide a high enough level of concern to eliminate the off-label use of Rituxan in systemic lupus erythematosus, in view of the limited options and the risks associated with those options. In rheumatoid arthritis patients (who are generally less desperately ill than the most severely affected lupus patients) no cases of PML have been reported in patients taking Rituxan.
Physicians should maintain a very high level of suspicion for any Rituxan-treated patient with new neurologic symptoms, such as disorientation, difficulty with balance, walking or speaking, or new visual difficulty. Published literature on follow-up of patients treated with Rituxan, along with cases reported to the FDA, will determine the risk/benefit of Rituxan in autoimmune disease.
At this time, we feel that Rituxan continues to be a reasonable option in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and lupus where their level of disease justifies the use of this medication, after consideration of the risks and benefits of available alternatives.
Physicians should evaluate all patients who have received rituximab for signs or symptoms suggestive of PML. Any suspect cases of PML should be reported immediately to Genentech, Biogen Idec, or to the FDA MedWatch program.
1. In those who have previously been treated with rituximab successfully, some may not need retreatment, and all factors, including this report of PML, will need to be considered in the decision to use rituximab again. A patient who has taken rituximab should contact their physician immediately if they develop new neurologic symptoms.
2. In those patients who are currently being treated successfully with rituximab for an active SLE problem, and if all other therapies have previously failed, the decision regarding continued use of the drug and/or retreatment will need to be made employing the new information about the rare potential development of PML. Other therapies can be considered. As new information arises regarding JC virus, its measurement, and the ability to predict who might develop PML after rituximab use becomes available, it will need to be considered in the decision process. A patient with new neurologic symptoms during their treatment with rituximab should contact their physician immediately.
3. In those who are currently considering the off-label use of rituximab, it is vital to incorporate this new PML data into the decision-making process. If other drugs have failed to help, and rituximab offers a high likelihood of improvement, it should be discussed carefully with a physician.
4. In those who are thinking of joining a study that is focused on determining whether rituximab is effective in the treatment of renal or non-renal lupus, remember that the FDA has not stopped those studies in the face of the two patients described above. That is because rituximab has good potential to be important new drug in the SLE armamentarium, and the FDA believes that such a study continues to be reasonable and important. The FDA may change the protocols in the setting of this PML information to assure greater safety, oversight, and long-term surveillance.
FDA has received reports of the death of two patients who were treated with Rituxan for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Both patients developed a life-threatening viral infection of the brain. This infection is called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML is caused by the JC virus and is usually fatal. There are no known effective treatments for PML.
The signs of PML include confusion, dizziness or loss of balance, difficulty talking or walking, and vision problems. Recognition of these warning signs of PML may be obscured by the fact that they are also associated with the underlying diseases for which Rituxan may be prescribed.
• Patients who have been treated with Rituxan should contact their doctor if they experience any warning signs like those listed above--to find out the exact cause of their warning signs and to be checked for PML.
• Physicians who are thinking about treating a patient with Rituxan for any condition should inform their patient about the chance of PML with Rituxan treatment because there is no known effective treatment for PML.
• Patients who are taking or are considering taking Rituxan should be aware of the chance of developing PML and discuss it with their doctor.
Rituxan is a powerful medication that is used to suppress the immune system. It works by blocking the effect of specific immune cells in the blood, known as B cells, for up to six to nine months. Rituxan is approved for use only in patients with certain types of cancer called non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and for rheumatoid arthritis when other treatments have failed. Rituxan is not approved for the treatment of SLE. The sponsor estimates that approximately 10,000 patients with SLE have been treated with Rituxan.
In February 2006, the labeling for Rituxan was updated to include information about reports of several different types of viral infections, including PML, that had become active again or worsened in cancer patients taking Rituxan. FDA is working to gather more information about Rituxan and PML and to strengthen the Warnings about PML in the Rituxan product label.
The FDA asks health care professionals and patients to report possible cases of PML to the FDA through the MedWatch program by phone (1-800-FDA-1088) or by the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Indication: Treatment of CD20-postive, B-cell, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and for moderately-to-severely-active rheumatoid arthritis when there has been inadequate response to other treatments.
For more information, read a related article on Rituximab and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy on the American College of Rheumatology website.
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0.999909 |
A couple of weeks ago I was asked if I would like to review an online takeaway food ordering service and there was no way I was gonna say no! As many of you know, I have been on a mission this year to try and shift the baby-weight, and as such I am usually trying to eat more healthily than my brain (and stomach!) wants me to.
So someone asking me to review a takeaway ordering service? That's the stuff dreams are made of! The service I reviewed was EatNow.com.au and I gotta say, I was most impressed.
It was super easy to use. The interface is well designed and made a lot of sense. Sometimes when you're trying out a new website for the first time, particularly one that has a shopping element, you can spend ages just finding the buttons you need to click so you can get started. I hate that!
Eat Now makes it super easy to find restaurants in your area that are using the service and available to order from. Sadly, being in the area that I am, there weren't a whole lot of options to choose from. We did however find a pizza, pasta & ribs place that we've often talked about trying, and so this seemed like the perfect time.
Their entire menu was online and easy to read. I noticed when I browsed through the restaurants in my area, that quite a few of them had special deals, and 10% discount on your first order via Eat Now.
After we made our choices it was really easy to see how much we owed, and the checkout process was fast & simple.
We had the option of pick-up or delivery, and also what time we would like our food delivered. You could even put through your order while the store was closed. I liked that idea especially, as if you've got some people coming over for a relaxed afternoon who end up staying for dinner and you don't want to cook, you can put your order in as soon as you want. You don't have to wait until they are open!
And yes, I am that lazy person who will invite people over and then order takeaway for dinner. I don't like cooking for myself, let alone other people! Why waste my time when I can pick up or have delivered some delicious food that I know most people will love?
All in all my experience of using Eat Now was really great. It was simple, easy to use. The website is really well thought out and uncluttered. No annoying pop-ups or flashing crap in the sidebars. The search results were also easy to filter out and narrow down.
Sadly I must say that our meal wasn't anything special. It wasn't bad, but Dave and I have pretty much tried every pizza & rib place in our area and they did not knock our favourite place off it's top spot! But then, there are not many places anywhere that are as good as our favourite, so it was always gonna be a hard sell.
Also, despite having asked for it to be delivered at 7:30pm, it showed up 6:50pm. Not a huge deal, but it did mean that we had to sit the food in the oven while we got the girls in bed, which is never as good as being able to eat it as soon as it arrives fresh.
However those things have nothing to do with Eat Now and everything to do with the restaurant obviously not reading the instructions properly, and it didn't taint the experience. After you place your order you get a handy email summary, as well as an instant SMS confirmation, so you know you've done everything right.
There is also an app for iPhone and Android, but I haven't tried that out. Once a few more restaurants in our area sign up to Eat Now we will most definitely be using the service again, and I daresay I'll download the app then. I am an app-junkie after all!
So all-in-all our experience was really good and I would definitely recommend having a look on Eat Now to see which of your local restaurants are listed on there. It's a super easy and convenient way to order food without having to call someone up and hope that they take down your order correctly!
Have you ever used an online food ordering service? What did you think, would you recommend them or use them again?
Disclaimer: I was paid a small fee to review and write this post. However all opinons expressed are my own, truthful ones. As my disclaimer policy says, if I thought it was crap I either wouldn't have bothered publishing it in, or would have told you it was crap from the get-go.
I've been using the EatNow app for about two months now. Where I live, just on the border of the Sydney CBD, there is hardly any takeaway places. We have a really good fish and chip restaurant and there's a curry place next door. Ok, there's an Italian restaurant on the ground floor of our building but we don't love their stuff.
While the city is teaming with places to eat during the day, there's not much home delivery going on in the evening. That was until I found the EatNow app. I love Asian food but until I got the EatNow app I wasn't aware of any good home delivery Chinese joints. Now I've found one, we have ordered from there five times in the last 7 weeks!
The app stores your ordering history so you can just reorder your favourites in a flash. I always request for ASAP delivery. Often, like this Friday just gone, the text came back saying our delivery would be made in 75 minutes. Being a Friday, and a wet one at that, this didn't surprise me. The city is a nightmare for traffic as all the workers try to escape. What did surprise me is our Chinese was delivered HOT within about 30 minutes! Ned's tummy had been rumbling so it was good news for all.
I'm sorry your restaurant wasn't up to scratch but I do agree, the EatNow platform is great. I never feel like I'm being overcharged the way other menu sites used to make me feel. As if the restaurant jacked up prices to cover the cost of being affiliated with the site. All in all a great service for us here in Millers Point.
So glad to hear the app is good, I might have to get it on my phone.
We have a sleeve tacked up on the noticeboard filled with the menus but it is forever falling down and of course the one we feel like is the one that has been destroyed by a roaming toddler!
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0.999992 |
The Patent Act does not impose a limit on the number of times and the timing of which one can file for patent invalidation before the expiry of the concerned patent. In order to avoid repeated invalidation applications and subsequent administrative proceedings, Article 33 of the Intellectual Property Case Adjudication Act (hereafter referred to as the "Adjudication Act") stipulates that "In administrative litigation concerning cancellation of a granted patent, the Intellectual Property Court (IP Court) shall take into account any new evidence submitted on the same grounds for the cancellation prior to the end of the oral debate proceeding," thus allowing the entire dispute to be resolved in one proceeding.
Article 33 of the Adjudication Act mentioned above provides the invalidator a chance to submit new evidence during the administrative litigation. However, is there any restriction to apply this provision? More specifically, the administrative litigation for a patent invalidation case may be brought by the invalidator against the Intellectual Property Office's (IPO's) rejection of his/her request for patent cancellation, or by the patent owner whose patent is invalidated by the IPO based on the invalidator's request. The abovementioned provision can inarguably be applied to the former situation; but, for the latter, the invalidator had already obtained a favorable decision during the invalidation procedure, is it still appropriate to allow the invalidator's request that the court review the new evidence submitted by the invalidator in the administrative litigation filed by the patent owner? This issue remains controversial to date.
The Supreme Administrative Court takes a negative position in its 2011-Pan-No.2247 judgment. The Court explained that the legislative intent of Paragraph 1, Article 33 of Adjudication Act is to avoid further administrative litigation resulting from repeated invalidation actions; considering that Paragraph 2 of the same article imposes a procedural requirement that "the IPO shall provide defense briefs in response to the new evidence submitted," only when the invalidator is the plaintiff (meaning the situation that the administrative litigation is filed by the invalidator to challenge the IPO's rejection decision for an invalidation request) can new evidence be submitted by the invalidator. However, the IP Court recently seems inclined to take a positive position in hopes of resolving conflicts once and for all. In other words, even in administrative litigations where the patent owner (as the plaintiff) challenges the IPO's "invalidation decision," the invalidator may still submit new evidence or combinations and have it reviewed by the court.
From the above, it can be found that there is no consensus in Taiwan's judicial practice concerning whether or not Paragraph 1, Article 33 of the Adjudication Act applies only in cases where "the invalidator is the plaintiff." The Supreme Administrative Court also addressed this problem in its 2017-Pan-No.177 judgment; however, the Court only expressed that such issue involves different legal interpretations of this article, but the appellant in that case could not assert that different interpretation constitutes manifestly erroneous in application of law.
According to the resolution of the Supreme Administrative Court's 1st Joint Conference of Presiding Judges (2) held in April 2015 and the opinion of the Supreme Administrative Court 2017-Pan-No.442 judgment, when new evidence is submitted, the IP Court should first confirm whether the patent owner has already "applied for post-grant amendment with the IPO," that "the new evidence should have been sufficiently debated by the parties involved" and that "the disputed issues should have been suitably explained by the court." Only under these circumstances can the court alter the original decision based on the new evidence in accordance with Paragraph 1, Article 33 of the Adjudication Act. Therefore, in cases where the patent owner is the plaintiff, according to the practice of the IPO, the patent owner who is subject to the "invalidation decision" is unable to defend against the invalidator's new evidence submitted after the conclusion of the invalidation proceedings by means of "applying for post-grant amendment" with the IPO. In situations where the IP Court considers the patent owner's complaint against the IPO's invalidation decision to be well reasoned, but the invalidator's new evidence is still sufficient to prove that the patent at issue lacks patentability, the patent owner would be unable to amend patent claims in response. In cases like these, is it still appropriate for the court to directly take a positive position as described above for pursuing dispute resolution in one proceeding and enforcing the rights of the invalidator to submit new evidence, resulting in an imbalance of the patent owner's procedural and actual interests? This issue requires further discussion.
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0.999117 |
In short: The Google Podcasts Android app now has 250,000 monthly active users in the United States and is growing at a steady pace, according to third-party data obtained by AndroidHeadlines. Digital insight service App Ape estimates the tool is presently installed on over half a million Android devices in the country, with some 15-percent of them (78,000) using it on a daily basis. Its weekly active user count surpassed 181,000 as of last Sunday, with the app being launched 2.2 times per day on average. Compared to last month, Google Podcasts has 115,000 new installs and 47,000 additional active users, according to the same source.
Background: Google was relatively late to the podcast game and only released its dedicated mobile solution in the segment this June. The Play Store listing of the app reveals it already has over a million installs globally, though consumer reception has been fixed so far, with the tool sitting at an average rating of 3.4 stars based on over 14,000 reviews. Most public complaints revolve around bugs and a confusing user interface, with Google's plans for the app still being unclear as the company hasn't been swift to respond to those issues and no major updates have been distributed since its June debut. Native support for Google Assistant remains one of the main selling points of Google Podcasts, though that functionality still lacks polish and consistency, according to hundreds of user reviews attached to its Play Store listing.
Impact: Despite slow updates and performance issues, Google's mobile podcast solution is steadily gaining traction in the U.S. and has now increased its install base by nearly 400-percent compared to its first month of commercial availability. The company's long-term plans for the tool are yet to be disclosed but the momentum it's currently generating makes it unlikely that Alphabet's subsidiary will be pulling the plug on the project anytime soon.
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0.936671 |
How to download and install Dependency Walker on Windows 8? I want to try Dependency Walker on my computer.
2. Click the "Download Version 2.2.6000 for x86 (Windows 95 / 98 / Me / NT / 2000 / XP / 2003 / Vista / 7 / 8) [610k]" link and save the download ZIP file as C:\fyicenter\depends22_x86.zip.
3. Unzip C:\fyicenter\ProcessExplorer.zip to C:\fyicenter\depends22 folder.
4. Double click on C:\fyicenter\ProcessExplorer\depends.exe to start Dependency Walker. You see the Dependency Walker screen with no content.
5. Click "File > Open" menu. And open C: C:\fyicenter\depends22\depends.exe.
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0.994651 |
A question and answer article with Craze Agency CEO Troy Lee and Children In Film.
1. What is the most important trait you look for in child actors?
The ability to be relaxed, comfortable, disciplined and natural in front of virtual strangers is a hard quality to find. Clients want kids to be real kids not seem like they were forced or coached by their parents.
2. What would be the ideal attire for children to wear to an audition? An interview?
Simple age appropriate clothing not to casual but also not overly dressy for both an audition and an interview. No hats or makeup. We want to see what they naturally look like.
3. Upon first impression, what might immediately deter you as an agent from selecting a child?
4. What would you say are the perks of a small boutique agency vs. a large company?
In order to provide clients with appropriate talent, we represent quite a few people that just do this part time and not as a career. We also assist talent in getting larger market representation once they are qualified and ready. I have found that successful agencies in smaller markets cannot specialize as much as most of the larger market agencies.
5. As an out-of-L.A. agent, what would you advise other out-of-L.A. parents & child actors to do to gain exposure?
Get a reputable agent in your market. It is too hard for an individual to get their foot in the door with most paying clients. Many agencies in smaller markets also rely on training the models and actors for income. This is not always bad but if you want your child also promoted properly, you have to be extra careful because they may make the majority of their income training the talent.
Do not worry too much at first about spending a ton of time finding national work for your child. Try to develop their skill level and resume with local jobs. If they want to be an actor research the best film and commercial acting instructors. In our market most theatre jobs are low or non paying so we spend our time with film, TV and commercials. Make sure your child’s headshot and resume are of industry standard quality. Then mail them with a brief cover letter to every ad agency, commercial photographer and casting director in your market. Also it is all about networking so at first do low budget or free projects just to get out there and create visibility and experience.
6. What is one important thing you feel a parent can do to benefit their child to become more successful in the industry? Or what not to do?
Encourage the child but never force them to be in the industry. Educate them on the good and bad points and be realistic. Usually there is not as much consistent work for kids until they get a little older.
7. At what point would you advise to parents choose to move to L.A.? Is it imperative?
For acting once the child is one of the most booked children in your State, which is a very small percentage. Also if they can be SAG eligible and have 2-3 years of really good experience on their resume. For modeling I would say they probably would also need to be a pretty good actor because there are a ton of cute kids already living in L.A. so they need to be able to do both well to catch the eye of the better children’s agencies.
Over the years I have had a number of really good actors and models jump too quickly to L.A., even though they were making some good income in our market and developing a nice track record with the local casting directors and ad agencies. Though I counseled them to first further develop their acting skills or modeling portfolio with tear sheets etc. they would listen to many so called industry people advising them they are L.A. ready now. Most of the time they go before they are really ready and end getting discouraged and they just quit the business… For many actors or models L.A. or New York should be the goal, but just make sure you give yourself the very best chance possible to succeed!
8. How did you get started in the entertainment industry?
I had a high school friend who managed an agency offer me a new faces recruiting agent position even though I had little experience in the Modeling and Acting world other than doing many trade show spokesperson jobs for various companies. After about a year of working for this agency I realized there were better ways to promote and recruit the talent, so I worked hard and opened up my own agency and have now been promoting talent for about 25 years.
9. What is the most important lesson you have learned working in entertainment outside of Hollywood?
10. Why are you passionate about your agency and/or being an agent?
I have a fantastic team at the Craze Agency that has worked together for years. It really gives me pleasure when I see one of our talents careers begin to flourish. I also love the fact that over the years we have assisted thousands of people in achieving some of their dreams in the entertainment industry.
This entry was posted in Craze Agency and tagged acting, Auditions, Best modeling agencies, casting calls, children’s modeling, Craze agency, Craze Agency, crazeagency actors, demonstrators, extras, Idaho modeling agencies, Idaho talent agencies, kids acting, kids modeling, kids talent agencies, models, movies, Promo Models, talent, Utah auditions, Utah modeling agencies, Utah talent agencies.
If you do not know the answer below just use your best judgment but make a choice. There really is not a right or wrong but just your interpretation.
By using this list below it should help you to perform and understand the acting scene much better.
Casting directors stress that you need to make and be able to perform strong choices when auditioning.
When practicing your audition do it for a friend or family and see if they are able to answer these questions by witnessing your actual performance.
Always try to remember the audience only knows what you are thinking by your actual performance. They do not have a script in front of them.
Learn to connect with the audience by being able to let them feel and understand what you are thinking and conveying.
Make a worksheet every time you audition and fill in the following questions.
What is the physical description of my character?
What is the personality like of my character?
What is the personality of the other characters in the scene?
Where is the scene taking place? Describe the setting.
What type of Film, T.V. series or Commercial is this?
What is my character trying to accomplish?
What are the other characters trying to accomplish?
What details or nuances that make sense I can add to the scene?
What is the pace of the scene?
Where are the key shifts in the scene?
Do I completely know and understand the scene?
This entry was posted in Craze Agency, how to become a model, model photo, modeling agencies and tagged acting, acting jobs, casting calls, casting services, children’s modeling, childrens modeling, craze, Craze agency, Craze Agency, crazeagency, crazy agency, extras, how to become a model, Idaho modeling agencies, Idaho talent agencies, kids acting, kids modeling, model, model photo, modeling agencies, modeling and talent agencies, Modeling jobs, models, movies, talent, the craze agency, troy Lee actors, Utah and Idaho casting calls, Utah and Idaho modeling, Utah modeling agencies, Utah talent agencies.
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0.930948 |
What is a Croque Monsieur (Mister crunch in French)? A Croque Monsieur is a French version of the ham and cheese grilled sandwich. The Croque Monsieur is originally served in cafés and bars as a fast food snack and then it became so popular because it is simply a crowd pleasers. The difference between an American grilled cheese and the French version is that the French version is served with a Sauce Béchamel sauce that is oozing out of the sandwich. Béchamel sauce is one the basic French sauce made with butter, flour, and milk.
Kevin does like sandwiches so I told he should try a Croque Monsieur and ever since the Croque Monsieur is his favorite sandwich. The best part of the Croque Monsieur is the combination of a crunchy bread, good ham, the best gruyere and the hot an bubbly Béchamel sauce that is for sure will satisfy your tummy!
Served on a plate with French fries! This is a great lunch!
it is also good without any side dish.
I am preparing the béchamel sauce by melting the butter.
Once the butter is melted, flour is added to the pan.
and then stirred in until the sauce all the cheese is melted.
Ham is added and the Béchamel sauce is spooned in on top of the ham.
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